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CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN HORTICULTURE

jTt^^^

Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture

COMPRISING SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF HORTI-
CULTURAL PLANTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TOGETHER
WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

L. H. BAILEY

fessor of Horticulture in Cornell Univer

WILHELM MILLER, Ph.D.

Associate Editor

AND MANY EXPERT CULTIVATORS AND BOTANISTS

3IIUt9tratrti biitl)

Utoo i:^ou3anb (Eisftt !f?untitcli

iSDrtginal d^nstabmss

In Four Volumes
Vol. I-A-D

FIFTH EDITIOH

jI3cto j^orfe
THE MACMTLLAX COMPANY

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd.
1006

The riuhts nl rrprntliii-Kfii and nf Iranslalion are strictly resereed

COPTRIGHT, 1900
THE MACMILl.AX COMPANY

Set np and eI<*Ptrotyppd. .I:i
liniilca July, la03. .Mai. llHil

Anunt Jlpaaaiif ^rcs^

^ -# PREFACE

T IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK to make a complete
r(^cor(I of the status of North Aniei'it'aii horticulture as it
exists at the close of the nineteenth century. The work dis-
cusses the cultivation of fruits, ilowers and garden vegetables,
describes all the species which are known to be in the hor-
ticultural trade, outlines the horticultural possibilities of the
various states, territories and provinces, pi'esents biographies
of those persons not living who have contributed most to the
horticultural progress of North America, and indicates the leading mono-
graphic works relating to the various subjects.

It has been the dream of years to close the century with a comprehensive
index to American horticulture, and for a long period the Editor, therefore,
has collected notes, books, plants and information for the furtherance of
the work. Before the active preparation of the manuscript was begun, a
year was expended in making indexes and references to plants and litera-
ture. Every prominent plant and seed catalogue published in the United
States and Canad^ has been indexed, and the horticultui-al periodicals have
been explored. A dozen artists have been employed in various horticul-
tural centers to draw plants as they grow. Expert cultivators and botanists
have contrilnited on their various specialties. All the important articles
are signed, thus giving each author full credit for his work, and holding
him responsible for it.

The work is made first-hand, from original sources of information.
So far as possible, the botanical matter has been newly elaborated from
the plants themselves ; and in all cases it is specially prepared directly for
this Cyclopedia, and is not the work of copyists nor of space-writers. In
many of the most important suljjects, two authors have contributed, one
writing the culture and the other the l)otany ; and in some cases the
culture is presented from two points of view. When it has been
necessary to compile in comparatively unfamiliar groups, the greatest
pains has been taken to select authentic sources of information ; and the
proofs always have been submitted to recognized specialists. In fact,

(V)

vi PREFACE

proofs of every article in the work liave been read by experts in that
subject.

Every effort has been made to present a truthful picture of American
horticulture, by describing those plants which are or lately have been in
the trade, and by giving cultural directions founded upon American
experience. Therefore the Old Woi-ld cyclopedias, which represent other
horticultural floras and other methods of cultivation, have not been fol-
hjwcd. Species which are commonly cultivated in the Old World, or
whi(!h are mentioned prominently in horticultural literature, but which are
not known to be in North American connnerce, are briefly recoi'ded in
smaller type in supplementary lists. Tlx' ()l)ject has been to make the
work essentially American and wholly alive.

Particular attention has been given to the tropical and sub-ti'opical
plants which are now being introduced in southern Florida and southern
California. These plants already represent the larger part of the cultivated
tropical flora ; and a knowledge of them will be of increasing interest
and importance with tlie enlargement of our national si)here. The work
is intended to cover the entire field fi-om Key West and the Rio Grande
to Quebec and Alaska.

North America is a land of outdoor horticulture, and the hardy fruits,
trees, shrubs and herbs are given the prominence which they deserve. In
most works of this character, the glasshouse and fanciei-s' plants receive
most emphatic attention.

Since it is hoped that the work will be of permanent value, descriptions
of varieties are not included ; for such descriptions would increase the bulk
of the work enormously, and the information would be out of date with the
lapse of a few months or years. If the work finds sufficient patronage, it
is hoped that a small supplemental volume may be issued annually, to
I'ecord the new species and varieties and the general progress of horticul-
tural business and science.

The illustrations have been made under the personal supervision of
the Editor so far as possible, and, with few exceptions, they are owned
and controlled by the publishers. No trade cuts have been pui'chased. In
various confused gi'oups, copies have been made of old prints for the pur-
pose of showing the original or native form of a plant, and thereby to
illustrate the course of its evolution ; but credit is given to the source
of the illustration.

The point of view is the garden, not the herbarium. The herbarium

is the adjunct. In other words, the stress is laid upon the plants as
domesticated and cultivated subjects. Special efforts have been made to
portray the range of variation under domestication, and to suggest the
course of the evolution of the greatly modified forms. Garden plants are
worthy subjects of botanical study, notwithstanding the fact that they
have been neglected by systematists. It is desired to represent the
plants as living, growing, varying things, rather than as mere species or
bibliographical formulas.

The Editor desires to say that he considers this book but a beginning.
It is the first complete survey of our horticultural activities, and it is
published not because it is intended to be complete, but that it may
bring together the scattered data in order that further and better studies
may be made. A first work is necessarily crude. We must ever improve.
To the various ai'ticles in the work, the teacher of horticulture may assign
his advanced students. The Editor hopes that every entry in this book
will be worked over and improved within the next quarter century.

Horticultural Department, ^' ^- -oAiLiiii 1 .

College of Agriculture of Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, December SO, 1S99.

NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION

In the second edition sevei'al changes have been made for the purpose
of reducing typographical errors and inconsistencies, a class of shortcomings
which is to be found chiefly in the first volume. Perhaps a half-dozen changes
have been made in statements of fact in the first volume. There has
been no attempt at a revision, since it is the purpose of the Editor, as
explained in the preface to Vol. IV of the original issue, to let the work
stand as an expression of American horticulture at the time it was made.
This expression is very imperfect, as the Editor is well aware, but it can-
not be greatly improved by mere changes in the plates. Therefore, Crataegus
and other subjects which recently have been much studied are left as they
were understood by their authors in 1900.

In typographical matters the Editor desired to use such forms as he
thought would help the reader in consulting the articles, without making

viii PREFACE

any strenuous effort at mere uniformity or so-called consistency in the vari-
ous entires. For example, the entry-word or caption is usually capitalized
in its own article, as Cabbage in the article Cabbage, Strawberry in the
article Strawberry. This enables the reader readily to catch the word — and
therefore the leading thought — wherever it occurs. In other articles in whicli
the same word occurs, but when it is a minor note, it is not capitalized.
In some instances of general - language terms which are used repeatedly,
this rule is not followed (except, perhaps, at the beginning of the article),
as it would be of no distinct service to the reader. The article Bulbs is
an example. In general, generic names of plants, when used in a semi-
technical or botanical sense, have been capitalized; when used in a general-
language or incidental way they have not been capitalized. In all cases,
mere rules have been considered to be of very secondary importance, and
they have been broken whenever the interest of the reader seemed to
demand it.

The Editor cannot hoj^e that all the errors and shoi-tcomings have
been eliminated in this second edition. He will be glad to have readei-s
advise him of needed corrections.

L. H. BAILEY.

August 12, 7903.

COLLABORATORS

PARTIAL LIST OF COSTRIBUTORS TO THE CYCLOPEDIA

risk designates the contribittors

iroofs and

Adams, Geo. E., Asst. Horticulturist, R. I. Exp.
Sta., Kingston, B. I. {Rhode Island.)
*Ames, Oakes, Asst. Dir. Botanic Garden, and
Instructor in Botany in Harvard Univ., Cam-
bridge, Mass. {Many genera of Orchids.)
*Arnold, Jr., Geo., Florist, Rochester, N. Y.
{China Asters.)

Arthur, Prof. J. C, Purdue Univ., Lafayette,
Ind. {Physiology of Plants.)

Atkinson, Geo. F., Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaca, N. Y. {Mushrooms.)

Balmer, Prof. J. A., Horticulturist, Wash. Exp.
Sta., Pullman, Wash. {Washington.)
*Barclav, F. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. {Na-
tive Asters. Various liardy jtlatits.)

Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology,
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ills. {Fertiliza-
tion. Flower.)

Batersdorfer, H., Dealer in florists' supplies,
Philadelphia, Pa. {Everlasting flowers.)
*Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. Exp.

Sta., Geneva, N. Y. {Corn. Thinning.)
*Beadle, C. D., Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt-
more, N. C. {Bamboos.)

Beal, Prof. W. J., Mich. Agric. College, Agri-
cultural College, Mich. {Article "Grasses.")
*Beckert, Theo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa.
{Botigainvillea.)

BERCK.MANS, P. J., Pomologist and nurseryman,
Augusta, 6a. {Kaki. Has read proof of van-
ous groujjs of importance in the South.)

Blair, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, HI. Exp. Sta.,
Champaign, Ills. {Glass. Illinois.)
*Bruckner, Nichol N., Dreer's nursery, Biver-
tou, N. J. {The article "Ferns." Many groups
of tender ferns. )

BUFFUM, Prof. B. C, Horticulturist, Wyo. Exp.
Sta., Laramie, Wyo. ( Wyoming.)

Burnette, Prof. F. H., Horticulturist, La. Exp.
Sta., Baton Rouge, La. {Louisiana.)

BnsH AND Sons and Meissner, Bushberg, Mo.
{Grape Culture in the Prairie States.)
*BuTZ, Prof. Geo. C, Asst. Horticulturist, Pa.
Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. {Carnation.
Pennsylvania. )

*Cameron, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of
Harvard Univ. i Various articles and much help
on rare plants. Alpinia. Campanula, etc.)

•Canning, Edward J., Gardener, Smith College,
Botanic Gardens, Northampton, Mass. {Many
articles and much help on rare plants. Anihu-
rium, Gloxinia, etc.)

*Card, Prof. Fred. W., Horticulturist, R. I. Exp.
Sta., Kingston, R. I. {Nebraska. Botany and
culture of many bush fruits. Amelanchier. Ber-
beris. Blackberry . Buffalo Berry. Currant.)
Clinkaberrt, Henry T., Gardener, Trenton, N.
J. {Certain orchids, as Lcelia, Lycastc.)

*CoOK, O. F., Div. of Botany, Section of Seed and
Plant Introduction, Dept. of Agric, Washing-
ton, D. C. {Coffee.)
CoRBETT, Prof. L. C, Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp.
Sta., Morgantown, W. Va. ( West Virginia.)

*CoDLTER, John M., Professor and Head of the
Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois.

*Craig, Prof. John, Horticulturist, la. Exp. Sta.,
Ames, la. {Canada. Gooseberry.)

*Craig, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Arau-
caria. Ardisia. Codiwum.)
Craig, W. N., Taunton, Mass.

*Crandall, Prof. C. S., Horticulturist, Colo. Exp.
Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. (Colorado.)
CusHMAN, E. H., Gladiolus specialist, Euclid,
Ohio. {Gladiolus.)

*Davis, K. C, Science teacher, Ithaca, X. Y.
{Ranunculacece.)

*Davy, J. Burtt, Assistant Botanist, Univ. of
Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif.
{Acacia. Eucalyptus. Myrtacece.)

*DoRNER, Fred., Carnation specialist, Lafayette,
Ind. {Carnation.)
DoRSETT, P. H., Associate Physiologist and Patholo-
gist Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.( Violet.)
DuGGAR, B. M., formerly Asst. Cryptogamie Bota-
nist, Cornell Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. {Pollen.)

*Earle, Prof. F. S., Horticulturist, Ala. Poly-
technic Institute, Auburn, Ala. {Alabama.)
Earle, Parker, Horticulturist, Koswell, N. M.
{Xew Mexico.)

COLLABORATORS

*ElSELE, J. D., Foreman Dreei-'s Nursery, River-
ton, N. .T. [CordyUne..]

*Elliott, William H., Florist, Brighton, Mass.
{Asparagus plumosus. )
Emery, S. M., Director Mont. Exp. St a., Boze-
mau, Mont. {Montana.)

*Endicott, W. E., Teacher, Canton, Mass. (Aehim-
enes. Acidantliera.)

*Evans, Walter H., Office of Exp. Stations, Dept.
of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Alaska.)

*Fawcett, Wm., Dir. Dept. Public Gardens and
Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. (Trnpiml
fruits, as Cherimnya, Mangosteen, etc. )

*Fernow, Prof. B. E., Dir. College of Forestry,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Conifers. For-
estry.)

*FiNLAYSON, Kenneth, Gardener, Brookline,
Mass. (Diosma. )

*Fletcher, S. W. , Horticulturist, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Convolvulacew. Helianthus. Papavcr.)

*Franceschi, Dr. F., Manager S. Calif. Acclima-
tizing Ass'n, Santa Barbara, Calif. (Bare
plants of S. Calif., as Dasylirimi, etc.)
■Garfield, C W., Horticulturist, Grand Kapids,
Mich . ( Michigan . )

*Gerard, J. N., Elizabeth, N. J. {Many articles,
especially on bulbous plant.':, as Crocus, Iris,
Narcissus. )
Gillett, Edward, Nurseryman, Southwick, Mass.

(Hardy Ferns.)
OOFP, Prof. E. S., Horticulturist, Wis. Exp. Sta.,
Madison, Wis. ( fTisconsin .)

*GouLD, H. P., Asst. Entomologist and Horti-
culturist, Maryland Exp. Sta., College Park,
Md. (Brussels Sprouts. Celeriac. )
Green, Prof. S. B., Horticulturist, Minnesota
Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Miuiie-
sota.)
Green, Wm. J., Horticulturist, Ohio Exp. Sta.,
Wooster, Ohio. (Ohio. Sub -irrigation.)

*Greiner, T., Specialist in vegetables, La Salle,
K . Y. ( Garden vegetables, as Artichoke, As-
paragus, Bean, Cress.)

*Grey, Robert M., Gardener, North Easton, Mass.
(Cypripedium and other orchids.)
Groef, H. H., Simcoe, Ont. (Gladiolus.)

"^Gurney, James, Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden,

St. Louis, Mo. \Cacti.)
*Hale, J. H., Nurseryman and pomologist, South
Glastonbury, Conn. (Connecticut.)

^Halsted, Prof. B. D., Rutgers College, New
Brunswick, N. J. (Diseases. Fungi.)
Hansen, Geo., Landscape architect and botanist,

Berkeley, Calif. (Epidendrum.)
Hansen, Prof. N. E., Horticulturist, S. Dak.
Exp. Sta., Brookings, S. Dak. (South
Dakota.)

Hasselbring, H., Instructor in Botany, Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Iris and certain orchids,
as Gongora, Odontoglossum.)
*Hastings, G. T., Asst. in Botany, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaca, N. Y. (Some tropical plants, as Benia,
Bertholletia.)

Hatfield, T. D., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass.
( Gesnera and various articles. )

Hedrick, U. p., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture,
Agricultural College, Mich. (Evaporated Fruits )

*Henderson & Co., Peter, Seedsmen, 37 Cort-
landt St., New Y'ork, N. Y. (Biclbs. ]

*Herrington, a.. Gardener, Florham Farms,
Madison, N. J. (Chrysanthemum coccineum.)

Hexamer, Dr. F. M., Editor American Agricul-
turist, New York, N. Y. (A. S. Fuller. )
Hicks, G. H., late of Dept. of Agric, Washing-
ton, D. C. {Seed Testing.)

*Hill, E. G., Florist, Richmond, Ind. (Begonia.)
HoopES, Josiah, Nurseryman, West Chester, Pa.
(Hedges.)

*Horsford, Fred. H., Nurseryman, Charlotte, Vt.
(Alpine Gardens. Mas read proof of many ar-
ticles on native J>lants.)
HuNN, Charles E., Gardener, Cornell Exp. Sta.,

Ithaca, N. Y. (Forcing of vegetables.)
Huntley, Prof. F. A., Idaho Exp. Sta., Moscow,

Idaho. (Idaho.)
HUTCHINS, Rev. W. T., Sweet Pea specialist, In-
dian Orchard, Mass. (Sweet Pea.)

*Irish, H. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Botanical Gar-
den, St. Louis, Mo. (Capsicum.)

*Jackson & Perkins Co., Nurserymen, Newark,
N. Y. (Clematis.)
Jordan, A. T., Asst. Horticulturist, New Bruns-
wick, N. J. (New Jersey.)

*Kains, M. G.,'Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. (Minor vegetables. Pot
Herbs. Importations.)

*Keller, J. B., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. {Many
groups of hardy lierbaceous perennials.)
Kelsey, Harlan P., Landscape architect, Boston,
Mass. (North Carolina plants, as Galax and
Leucolhoi;.)

*Kennedy, p. Beveridge, Div. of Agrostology,
Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Many
genera of grasses. Begonia.)
Kerr, J. W., Nurseryman, Denton, Md. (Mary-
land.)

*KiFT, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. ( Cut-
Jlowers. )
King, F. H., Prof, of Agricultural Physics, Madi-
son, Wis. (Irrigation.)

*Kinney, L. F., Horticulturist, Kingston, R. i.
(Celei-y.)

*Lager & Htjrrell, Orchid cultivators. Summit,
N.J. (Cattleya.)

COLLABORATORS

i:iAKE, Prof. E. R., Horticultuiist, Ore. E.xp. Sta.,

Corvallis, Ore. (Oregon.)
La'JMAN, G. N., Instructor in Horticulture, Cor-
nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Geranium. Pelar-
gonium.)
^Lonsdale, Edwin, Florist, Chestnut Hill, Phila-
delphia, Pa. {Conserraton/.)
Lord & Burnham Co., Horticultural architects
and builders. Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y.
( Crreenlioiise Constriielion.)
■^LoTHROP & HiGGiNs, Dahlia specialists. East

Bridgewater, Mass.
^Manning, J. Woodward, Nurseryman, Reading,
Mass. {Pyretlirum. Has read proof of many
groups of herbaceous perennials.)
Manning, Warren H., Landscape architect,
Boston, Mass. [Article, "Herbaceous Peren-
nial.^')
Massey, Prof. W. F., Horticulturist, N. C. Exp.

Sta., Raleigh, N. C. [Figs. North Carolina.)
Mathews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, Ky. Exp.
Sta., Lexington, Ky. {Eentucki/.)
*Mathews, F. Schl'yler, Artist, 2 Morley St.,
Boston, Mass. (Color.)
Matnard, Prof. S. T., Horticulturist, Mass.
Hatch Exp. Sta., Amherst, Mass. (Massa-
chusetts. )
McDowell, Prof. R. H., Reno, Nev. (Xevada.)
*McFarland, J. Horace, Horticultural printer
and expert in photography, Harrisburg, Pa.
(Border.)
*Mc William, Geo., Gardener, Wliitinsville, Mass.

(Dipladenia.)
*Mead, T. L., Horticulturist, Oviedo, Fla. (Cri-
nu n. Has helped in matters of extreme southern
horticulture. )
Morris, O. M., Asst. Horticulturist, Okla. Exp.

Sta., Stillwater, Okla. (Oklahoma.)
Moon, Samdel C, Nurseryman, Morrisville, Pa.

(Trees for ornament.)
Mdnson, T. v., Nurseryman and grape hybridist,

Deuison, Tex. (Grape culture in the South.)
MuNSON, Prof. W. M., Horticulturist, Me. Exp.
Sta., Orono, Me. (Maine.)
*Newell, a. J., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. ( Cer-
tain orchids. )
Norton, J. B. S., Botanical Assistant, Mo. Botan-
ical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Euphorbia.)
*Ogston, Colin, Gardener, Kimball Conserva-
tories, Rochester, N. Y. (Dendrohium.)
*Oliver, G. W., Gardener, U. S. Botanic Gardens,
Washington, D. C. (Many articles on jmlms,
aroids, succulents and rare plants, andmuchhelp
on proofs. Alstrcemeria. Amaryllis.)
*Orpet, Edward O., Gardener, So. Lancaster,
Mass. (Many articles. Border. Cyclamen. Dian-
thus, and certain orchids.)

*Peacock, Lawrence K., Dahlia specialist, Ateo,

N. J. (Dahlia.)
*P0WELL, Prof. G. Harold, Horticulturist, Del.
Exp. Sta., Newark, Del. (Cherry. Delaware.)

Price, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Tex. Exp.
Sta., College Station, Tex. (^Xexas.)

*PuRDT, Carl, Specialist in California bulbs,
TJkiah, Calif. (Californian native plants, as
Brodioea, Calochortus, Fritillaria.)

Rane, Prof. F. W., Horticulturist, N. H. Exp.
Si;i., Durliam, N. H. (New Hampshire.)

*Raw.son, W. W., Seedsman and market-gardener,
Boston, Mass. (Cucumber.)

*Reasonee, E. N., Nurseryman and horticulturist,
Oneco, Fla. (Many articles, and much help on
extreme southern horticulture. Cwsalpinia.
Cocos.)

*Rehdee, Alfred, Specialist in hardy trees and
shrubs, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Botany and
culture of most of the hardy trees atid shrubs.)

*Robeets, Prof. I. P., Dir. College of Agric,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Drainage. Fer-
tility. Potato.)
Rolfs, Prof. P. H., Horticulturist, S. C. E.\p.
Sta., Clemson College, S. C. (Florida. Egg-
plant.)

*R0SE, J. N., Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb.,
Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D. C.
(Agave.)
Rose, N. J., Landscape gardener to New York
City Parks, New York, N. Y.

*RowLEE, Prof. W. W., Asst. Prof, of Botany,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Nymphwa. Nar-
cissus. Salix. Definitions.)

*Sargent, Prof. C. S., Dir. Arnold Arboretum,
Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Abies.)

*Scott,Wm., Florist, Buffalo, N.Y. (Acacia. Cy-
iisus. Convallaria. Cyclamen. Smilax, etc.)

*ScoTT, Wm., Gardener, Tarry to wn, N. Y. (Berto-
lonia and other dwarf tender foliage plants.)

*Semple, .James, Specialist in China Asters, Belle-
vue. Pa. (Aster.)

*Shinn, Charles H., Inspector of Experiment Sta-
tions, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. (Cali-
fornia. Fig, etc.)

*Shore, Robert, Gardener, Botanical Dept., Cor-
nell Univ. , Ithaca, N. Y. ( Various articles, as
Acalypha, Bedding, Marguerites, Dichorisandra,
Fittonia.)

*SiEBRECHT, Henry A., Florist and nurseryman.
New York and Rose Hill Nurseries, New Ro-
chelle, N. Y. (Draccena and various articles.
Much help on rare greenhouse plants, particularly
orchids.)
SiMONDS, O.C, Supt. Graeeland Cemetery, Buena
Ave., Chicago, 111. (Cemeteries, in article on
L-jndscape Gardeninp . )

COLLABORATORS

SLrNGERLAND, Prof. M. V., Asst. Prof. Economic
Enfomology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
( Insects. Insecticides. )

*Smith, a. W., Cosmos cultivator, Americus, Gii.
{Cosmos. Moonjfowcr.)

*Smith, Elmer D., Clirysantheraum specialist,
Adrian, Mich. (Chrysanthemum.)

*Smith, JaredG., Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. (Nearly all jialms and rii-
rious genera, as Centaurea, Cemstium , Coii/leiloii . )
Spencer, John W., Pruit-growiM-,W,.stilHl.l, Phnu-
tauqna Co., N. Y. {G-rapen. Ililp on impor-
tant fruits.)
Starnes, Prof. Hugh N., Horticulturist, Ga. Exp.
Sta., Athens, Ga. (Georgia.)

*Stinson, Prof. John T., Dir. Mo. Fruit Exp. Sta.,
Mountain Grove, Mo. (Arkansas.)
Taft, Prof. L. R., Horticulturist, Mich. Agric.
Coll., Agricultural College, Mich. (Heating.
Hotbeds. )

*Taplin, W. H., Specialist in palms and ferns,
Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. (Culture of
many palms, ferns and foliage plants. )

■*Taylor, Wm. a., Asst. Pomologist, Div. of Po-
mology, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.
(Nuts.)

♦Thompson, C. H., Assistant Botanist, Mo. Botani-
cal Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Many genera of
Cacti.)

*TouMEY, Prof. J. W., Biologist, Ariz. Exp. Sta.,
Tucson, Ariz. (Arizmia. Date.)
Tracy, S. M., Biloxi, Miss. (Mississippi.)

*Tracy, Prof. W. W., Seedsman, Detroit, Midi.
( Cabbage.)

*Trelease, Dr. Wm., Dir. Mo. Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, Mo. (Aloe. Apicra. Oasleria. Ha-
worthia.)

*Tricker, Wm., Specialist in aquatics, Dreer's
Nursery, Eiverton, N. J. {Aquarium. Aqua-
tics. Nymphtea. Nelumbium. Victoria, etc.)
Troop, Prof. James, Horticulturist, Ind. Exp. Sta.,

Lafayette, Ind. (Indiana.)
Turner, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y.
(Forcing Fruits.)

*Tuttle, H. B., Cranberry grower. Valley Junc-
tion, Wis. (Cranberry.)

*UNDER-svoon, Prof. L. M., Columbia University,
New York, N. Y. (Botany of aU ferns.)

*Van Deman, H. E., Pomologist, Parksley, Va.
(Date.)
Vaughan, J. C, Seedsman and florist, Chicago

and New York. (Cliristmas Greens.)
Voorhees, Prof. Edward B., Dir. N. J. Exp. Sta.,

New Brunswick, N. J. (Fertili::ers.)
Waldron, Prof. C. B., Horticulturist, N. Dak.
Exp. Sta , Fargo, N. Dak. (North Dakota.)

*Walker, Ernest, Horticulturist, Arkansas Exp.
Sta., Fayetteville, Ark. (Annuals. Basket
Plants. Watering.)
Watrous, C. L., Nurseryman, Des Moines, la.
(Iowa.)

*Watson, B. M., Instructor in Horticulture, Bus-
sey Inst., Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Colchicum.
Cuttage. Forcing. Bouse Plants.)
Watts, R. L., Horticulturist, Tenn. Exp. Sta.,
Knoxville, Tenn. (Tennessee.)

*Waugh, Prof. F. A., Horticulturist, Vt. Exp.
Sta., Burlington, Vt. ^Bcet. Carrot. Cucumber.
Lilium. Pentstemon. Salad Plants. Vermont.)

*Webber, H. J., In charge of Plant Breeding

Laboratory, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path.,

Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.

(Citrus.)

Whitney, Prof. Milton, Chief Div. of Soils,

Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (.So(7.)
Whitten, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Exp.
Sta., Columbia, Mo. (Missouri.)

*WlCKSON, Edward J., Prof, of Agricultural Prac-
tice, Univ. of Calif., and Horticulturist, Calif.
Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Almond, Apri-
cot, Cherry, Grape, etc., in California.)

*Wiegand, K. M., Instructor in Botany, Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Coreopsis. CordijUne.
Cyperus. Dracaina.)

*Wyman, a. P., Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Land-
scape Architects, Brookline, Mass. (Dirca,
Epigcsa, Halesia and other hardy trees and
.<<hrul)S. )

II. PARTIAL LIST OF THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED BY BEADING PROOF,
AND IN OTHER WAYS

Andrews, D. M., Nurseryman, Boulder, Colo.
(Na five western plan ts, especially n ew hardy Cacti . )

Ball, CD., Wholesale florist, Holmesburg, Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Palms. Ferns. Foliage
Plants.)

Barker, Michael, Editor "American Florist,"
32+ Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. (Many sug-
gestions. )

Bassett, Wm. F., & Son, Hammonton, N. J.
(Hibiscus and other plants.)

Berqer & Co., H. H., New York, N. Y. (Japa-
nese and Californian plants.)

Blanc, A. , Seedsman and plantsman, Philadelphia,
Pa. ( Cacti. Novelties, i

Breck & Sons, Joseph, Seedsmen, Boston, Mass.
(Portrait of Joseph Breck. )

COLLABORATORS

BuDLOKG Bros., Piekle makers, Providence, R. I.
(CiicKmier.)

Clare, Miss Josephine A., Asst. Librarian, Dept.
of Agrie., Wasliington, D. C. [Information as
to species since Index Keicensis )

COATES, Leonard, Napa City, Calif. {Fruit Cul-
ture in California.)

CoviLLE, Frederick v., Botanist, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. {Suggestions as to con-
tributors.)

CowEN, J. H., Horticulturist, Ithaca, N. Y.
{Colorado.)

Day, Miss Mary A., Librarian, Gray Herbarium
of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. [Rare
books. ^

Deane, Walter, Cambridge, Mass. ( Various
botanical ivoblems.)

Devron, Dr. G., Amateur in Bamboos, New
Orleans, La. {Bamboos.}

Dock, Miss M. L., Harrisburg, Pa. (Bartram.)

Dreer, H. a.. Seedsmen and plantsmen, Phila-
delphia, Pa. ( Many and varied services, espe-
cially in aquatics, ferns, foliage plants and rare
annuals.)

Egan, W. C. Amateur, Highland Park, Ills.
{Plants of exceptional hardiness.)

Ellwanger & Barry, Nurserymen, Rochester,
N. Y. {Hardy plants.)

Ganong, W. F., Prof, of Botany, Smith College,
Northampton, Mass. {Cacti.)

Halliday Bros., Baltimore, Md., Florists.
{Azalea. Camellia.)

LuPTON, J. M., Market-gardener, Gregory, L. I.
( Cabbage. )

Makepeace, A. D., Cranberry grower. West Barn-
stable, Mass. {Cranlerrij.)

Manda, W. A., Nurseryman, South Orange, N. J.
{Orchid pictures.)

Manning, Jacob W., Nurseryman, Reading, Mass.
{Dried specimens of herbaceous perennial
plants.)

Manning, Robert, Sec. Mass. Hort. Soc, Boston,
Mass. ( Biographical sketches. )

Mathews, Wm., Florist, Utica, N. Y. ( Orchids. )

May, John N., Florist, Summit, N. J. {Florist.^'
flowers. )

Meehan & Sons, Thos., Nurserymen, German-
town, Pa. {Hardy plants.)

Pierson, F. R., Nurseryman, Tarrytown-on-
Hudson, N. Y. {Bulbs.)

Powell, Geo. T., Pomologi-st, Ghent, N. Y.
{Important fruits.)

Rider, Prof. A. J., Trenton,

N.

{Cr

her

Robinson, Dr. B. L., Curator Gray Herbarium of

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. {Various

articles.)
ScooN, C. K., Fruit-grower, Geneva, N. Y.

(Cherry.)
Sears, Prof. F. C, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

{Canada.)
Shady Hill Nursery Co., Boston, Mass. {Her-
baceous 2ierennials.)
Slaymaker, a. W., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del.

{Delaware.)
Storrs & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville,

Ohio. {Various plants.)
Suzuki & Iida, Yokohama Nursery Co., 11 Broad

way. New Y'ork, N. Y. [Japanese plants.)
Thorburn & Co., J. M., Seedsmen, New York,

N. Y. {Numerous important and rare plants,

especially annuals.)
Todd, Frederick G., Landscape architect, Mon-
treal, P. Q. {Hardy trees and shrubs.)
Vick's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y.

{Various plants.)
Ward, C. W., Florist, Cottage Gardens, Queens,

L.I. (Carnation.)
Webb, Prof. Wesley, Dover, Del. (Delaware.)
White, J. J., Cranberry grower. New Lisbon,

N. J. (Cranberry.)
WiLLARD, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y.

(Important fruits, as Cherry.)
Wood, E. M., Florist, Natick, Mass.
Wright, Charles, Horticulturist, Seaford, Del.

(Delaioare.)

EXPLANATIONS

Horticulture is the art of raising fruits, vege-
tables, flowers and ornamental plants. The lines
of demarcation between it and the art of agricul-
ture on the one hand 'and the science of botany
on the other, are purely arbitrary. In this work,
the word horticulture has been interpreted liber-
ally. Herein are included discussions of land-
scape gardening, and brief notes of such impor-
tant agricultural subjects as Coffee, Cotton, Flax,
and such economic subjects as Cinchona, India
Rubber. Forage and medicinal plants are men-
tioned only incidentally.

fTHAT IS MEANT BY "THE TRADE"

It is the design of the Cyclopedia to describe
fully all those species of plants which are in the
American trade, — that is, the species that are
bought and sold. In order to determine what
species are in the trade, catalogues of nurserymen,
seedsmen and florists have been indexed, and
other commercial literature has been consulted;
in addition to this, specialists have been consulted
freely for lists of plants. The work includes the
plants offered by foreign dealers who have Ameri-
can agents, and who circulate in America cata-
logues printed in the English language : therefore,
the work will be found to include many species
offered by the bulb growers of Holland, and by
most other large European concerns. The pur-
pose is to make a live record of the real status
of our horticulture, rather than a mere compila-
tion from the other literature. However, im-
portant plants which are not in the American
trade are mentioned, for they may be expected to
appear at anytime: but these plants are in sup-
plementary lists in smaller type. Thus, the size
of type indicates that Abobra riridiflora is in the
trade, whereas Abroma augusta is not. It will no
doubt be a surprise to the reader, as it has been
to the Editor, to discover the great wealth of
American horticulture in species of plants.

NOMENCLATUEE

The Editor has desired to be conservative on the
vexed question of nomenclature. This effort is
particularly important in the discussion of culti-
vated plants, because names become established

(xiy)

in the trade and are worth money. A plant sells
under a familiar name, but it may be a commer-
cial failure under a new or strange one. Since
plants belong as much to the horticulturist as to
the botanist, it is only fair that the horticulturist
be consulted before wholesale changes are made
in nomenclature.

It is well to bear in mind that changes in the
names of plants proceed from two general causes, —
(1) from new conceptions respecting the limits of
genera, species, varieties, and ( 2 ) from new ideas in
the merely arbitrary fashions or systems of nomen-
clature. Changes of the former kind are usually
welcomed by horticulturists, because they eluci-
date our understanding of the plants, but changes
of the latter kind are usually deplored. At the
present moment, there is the greatest unrest in
respect to systems of nomenclature. This unrest
is, to be sure, in the interest of the fixity or per-
manency of names, but there is no guarantee —if,
indeed, there is any hope— that the system which
may be adopted to-day will be accepted by the
next generation. In fact, the very difficulty of ar-
riving at a common understanding on the question
is itself the strongest evidence that the systems do
not rest on fundamental or essential principles,
but upon expediency and personal preference.
There is no evidence that names which are mak-
ing to-day will iit-rjiist any longer than have those
which they ;n.- Mipiihiuting.

So-calk-d rtforins in nomenclature are largely
national or racial movements, often differing
widely between different peoples : consequently it
is impossible to bring together under one system
of nomenclature the cultivated plants of the world
without making wholesale changes in names.
Therefore, the Editor has accepted the most ten-
able names which the plants bring, without in-
quiring into the system under which they are
given. In general, hosvever, he believes that the
technical name of a plant is comprised of two
words, and that the first combination of these
two parts should be accepted as the name. Such
double names as Catalpa Oitalpa and Glaucium
Glauciutn are the results of carrying arbitrary
rules to the utmost limit, but their ugliness and
arbitrariness condemn them. It is t-o be expecttd
that in the names of plants, as in everything else,
the race will not long tolerate inflexibility.

EXPLANATIONS

In generic names, the system o£ Bentham and
Hooker (Genera Plantaruml has been followed.
This system makes fewer changes in accepted
horticultural names than any other, and this is
considered to be a distinct merit. The chief rea-
son for adopting the British ideas of genera, how-
ever, is that Index Kewensis affords a complete
finding-list of species under those genera. It
would be impossible, in a work like the present,
to follow the more recent system of Engler and
Prantl (Die Natiirliehen Pflanzenfamilien), be-
cause there is no index or finding-list for the
species under those genera, and to make the
proper combinations of generic and specific names
for horticultural plants would necessitate a compi-
lation practically equivalent to Index Kewensis.
However, the various contributors have been at
liberty to adopt their own ideas of generic limita-
tions, so that the work will be found to occupy a
somewhat middle ground between tlie British and
German ideas of genera.

CHIEF LITERARY AIDS.

In the compilation of this work, the Editor has
had access to most of the important world-floras,
and to the leading geographical floras. In the
systematic botany, the greatest help has been
derived from the following great general works :
Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum (1862-
1883); Hooker & Jackson, Index Kewensis (1893-
1895); DeCandollc's Prodromus (1824-1873)-
DeCandolle's Monographias Phanerogamarum
(1878-1896, and continuing); Engler and Prantl,
Die Naturliehen Pflanzenfamilien (begun 1889);
Botanical Magazine (1786 to the present, and con-
tinuing); Botanical Register (1815-1847); Revue
Hortleole, Paris (1829 to the present, and continu-
ing) ; Gardeners' Chronicle, London (1841, and con-
tinuing); Garden, London (1871, and continuing);
Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet, London (1817-1833) ;
Flore des Serres, Ghent (1845-1880) ; L'lllustration
Horticole, Ghent (1854-1896) ; Gartenflora, Berlin
(1852, and continuing); Garden and Forest, New
York (1888-1897); Nicholson's Illustrated Diction-
ary of Gardening, London (1884-1887); Mottet's
translation of Nicholson, Paris (1892-1899) ; Siebert
and Voss, Vilmorin's Blumengartneri (189G).

HOW TO USE THE KEYS

In order to facilitate the study of the plants, the
species have been arranged systematically, under
the genus, rather than alphabetically. However,
in all genera which contain 15 or more species, an
alphabetical index has been supplied for purposes
of rapid reference. The grouping of the species
is founded preferably on horticultural rather

than on botanical characters, so that the ar-
rangement does not always express botanical re-
lationships. The grouping and the keys are
arranged primarily to aid the gardener in making
determinations of species. Every effort is made
sharply to contrast the species rather than to de-
scribe them. A word of explanation will facilitate
the use of the keys. The species are arranged in
coordinate groups of various ranks, and groups of
equal rank are marked by the same letter. Thus,
group A is coordinate with aa and with AAA, and
B with BB and bbb. Moreover, whenever possible,
the coordinate keys begin with the same catch-
word : thus, if A begins "flowers," so do aa and
AAA ; and this catchword is not used for keys of
other rank. As an example, refer to Acer, page
12. Look first at a, beginning "foliage;" then at
AA (p. 15), also beginning "foliage." Under A
are the coordinate divisions B and BB, each with
"bloom" for the catchword. Under B there are
no subdivisions, but under BB there are divisions
o, CO and ccc, each with "fls." for a catchword.
Under c there are no subdivisions, but cc has
four coordinate divisions, D, dd, ddd, dddd, each
with "Ivs." for a catchword, and so on. In other
words, if the plant in hand does not fall under A,
the inquirer goes at once to aa. If it falls uuder
A, then he determines whether it belongs to B or
to BB, and so on.

A diagrammatic display of a scheme would
stand as follows:
A. Leaves, etc.

B. Flowers, etc.

c. Fruits, etc.
c. Fruits, etc.
BB. Flowers, etc.
AA. Leaves, etc.

B. Roots, etc.

c. Flowers, etc.

D. Margins of leaves, etc.
DD. Margins of leaves, etc.
c. Flowers, etc.
BB. Roots, etc.
BBB. Roots, etc.
AAA. Leaves, etc.

PROyUXCIATION

Accent marks are used to aid the reader in pro-
nouncing the name. The accent designates (1)
stress, or the emphatic syllable, and (2) the length
of the emphatic vowel. Following the American
custom, as established by Gray and others, a grave
accent ( \ ) is employed to designate a long vowel,
and an acute accent (' ) a short vowel. Thus,
officinale is pronounced oflici-im//-li : iincrnfurpus
is pronounced mieroearp'-us. Ordiii;iiily in diph-
thongs the mark is placed over tlie st-roTid It-tter.
Thus, in aitrea the an is meant to have its custo-
mary long sound, as if written aice. Double vow-
els take their customary English sounds, as ee and

EXPLANATIONS

00. Thus, the oo in Hobkeri is to be pionouneed
as in hook. la most cases, the letters oi (from the
Greek, meaning like to) are to be pronounced sep-
arately : if the i is the penultimate syllable (next
to the last), it is long, as in yuccol-dcs ; if the i is
the antepenultimate syllable (third from the end)
it is short, as in rhoniboi-dea. In dioicus and
monoicus, however, the oi is a true diphthong, as
in moist. It should be remembered that the final
« terminates a separate syllable, as commu-ne,
vuJga-re, gran' -de. This final c takes the short
sound of ?, as in whip.

These pronunciations follow, in general, the
common English method of pronouncing Latin
names. However, many of the Latinized forms
of substantive and personal names are so unlike
Latin in general construction that the pronuncia-
tion of them cannot follow the rule. As a matter
of fact, biological nomenclature is a language of
itself thrown into a Latin form, and it should not
be a source of regret if it does not closely follow
classical rules in its pronunciation. It has seemed
best to make an exception to the literary rules in
the ease of personal commemorative names in the
genitive : we retain, so far as possible, the pro-
nunciation of the original name. Thus, a plant
named for Carey is called Ca-reiji, not Careij-i;
for Sprenger, Spreng-eri, not Sprenger-i. The
original spelling (as written by the author of the
name) of the masculine genitive ending is usually
retained, whether i or ii, but the syllable is usually
pronounced as if the i were single. Whether one

J or two is used in the making of a masculine
genitive, is largely a matter of euphony and per-
sonal preference.

It may be well to add what are understood to be
the long and short sounds of the i

6 as in met.
i as in pine,
i as in pill.

6 as in cone.
6 as in con.
ii as in jute.
A as in jut.

rowel instead of i.

SPELLING

The original spelling of generic and specific
names is preferred. In some instances this origi-
nal orthography does not conform to the etymology
of the name, particularly if the name is made from
that of a person. Such a case is Diervilla, named
for Dierville. Ideally, the name should be spelled
DierviUea, but Tournefort and Linnseus did not
spell it so, and a name is a name, not primarily a
monument to a man.

In accordance with the best authorities, the di-
graph <E is used in the words cferulea, casrulescens,
caespitosa, esesia ; oe is used in coelestis and eoe-
lestinum.

Digraphs (B and (e have been dropped from Latin-
made names which have come into the vernacular.
Thus, as a common or English name, Spirtea be-
comes spirea, Peonia becomes peonia or peony,
Bougainvillsea becomes bougainvillea.

ABBREVIATIONS

1. OF UEXEEAL EXriiESSIOyS
cultivated, etc.

feet.

inches.
. nortli.
. south.

tropics, tropi
. west.

//. OF BOTANICAL TERMS

tl flower.

fl.fi flowers.

fill flowered.

/;■ fruit.

h height.

If. leaf.

Ift leaflet.

Ics leaves

St stem.

sis stems.

syn synonym.

var variety.

///. OF BOOKS AXD PERIODICALS

7n aid the student in the verification of the
work, and to introduce him to the literature of the
various subjects, citations are made to the por-
traits of plants in the leading periodicals to
which the American is most likely to have access.
TJiese references to pictures have been verified as
far as possible, both in the MS. and in the proof.
A uniform method of citation is much to be de-
sired, but is extremely difficult, because periodi-
cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc-
tance it was decided to omit the year in most
cases, because of the pressure for space, but the
student who lacks access to the original volumes
may generally ascertain the year by consulting the
bibliographical notes below.

An arbitrary and brief method of citation has
been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi-
cate whether the cited picture is colored or not.
This accounts for the two ways of citing certain
publications containing both kinds of pictures,
as The Garden, Eevue Hortieole, and Gartenflora.

The figures given below explain the method of
citation, and incidentally give some hints as to
the number of volumes to date, and of the number
of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes.

A few works of the greatest importance are
mentioned elsewhere by way of acknowledgment
(p. XV.). The standard works on the bibliography
of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's
Guide to the Literature of Botany; also, Jackson's
Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew.

A. F. . . . The American Florist. Chicago. A trade
paper fouucled Augu.st 15, 1885. The vol-
umes end with July. Many pictures re-
peated in "Ung." (14:1524=Tol.andpage).

A. G. . . . AmericanGardening. New York. Represents

14 extinct horticultural periodicals, includ-
ing The American Garden (1888-1890).
Founded 1879^ (20:89e = vol. and paee.)

B The Botanist. Edited by Maund. No years

on title pages. Founded 18S9. 8 vols.,
50 colored plates in each vol. (8:400 =
vol. and col. plate.) Cumulative index.

B. B. . . . Britton & Brown. An Illustrated Flora of

the Northern U. S., etc. New York.
1896-1898. (3:588= vol. and page.)

B. H. . . .La Belgique Hortieole. Ghent. 35 vols.
(1851-1885.)

B. M. . . . Curtis' Botanical Magazine. London.
Founded 1787. The oldest current peri-
odical devoted to garden plants. The
vol. for 1899 is vol. 125 of the whole
work. Index to first 107 volumes by E.
Tonks. London. (7690 = col. plate. )

B. R. . . . Botanical Register (1815-1847). Vols. 1-14
edited by Edwards : vols. 15-33 by Lind-
ley. In vols. 1-23 the plates are num-
bered from 1-2014. In vols. 24-33 they
are numbered independently in each vol.
There are 688 plates in vols. 24-33. "An
Appendix to the First Twenty-three Vol-
umes " (bound separately or with the
25th vol. ) , contains an index to the first
23 vols. An index to vols. 24-31 may be
found in vol. 31. (33:70 = vol. and col.
plate.)

D Dana. How to Know the Wild Flowers.

New York. 1893. (298 = page.)

Em. . . . Emerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Mas-
sachusetts. Boston. 2 vols. 149 plates.

F. C. . . . Floral Cabinet. Knowles & Westcott. Lon-
don. 1837-1840. 3 vols., 4to.

F. E. . . . The Florists' Exchange. New York. A
trade paper, whose pictures sometimes
are repeated in "A.G." Pounded Dec. 8,
1888. ( 11 : 1298 = vol. and page. )

F. M. . . . Floral Magazine. London. Series I. 1861-
1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to.
(1881 :450 = year and col. plate. )

F. R. . . . Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper.
Vol. 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 26, 1898. Two
vols, a year. (4:660 = vo'l. and page.)

XVI 11

?. S. . . . Plore des Serres. Ghent. (1845-1880.)
Inconsistent in numbering, but the plate
numbers are always found on the plate
itself or on the page opposite. Valuable
but perplexing indexes in vols. 15 and 19.
(23:2181 = vol. and col. plate.)

C5.C. . . .The Gardeners' Chronicle. London. Se-
ries 1.(1841-1873) is cited by year and
page. Series II. or "New Series "( 1874-
1886), is cited thus: II. 26: 824 = series,
volume and page. Series III. is cited
thus: 111.26:416. Two vols, a J-ear, be-
ginning 1874. A select index is scattered
through 1879 and 1880. Consult II,
12:viii (1879), and similar places in sub-
sequent vols.

0. F. . . . Garden and Forest. New York. 1888-1897.

( 10 :518 = vol. and page. )

G. M. . . . Gardeners' Magazine. London. Ed. by
Shirley Hibberd. Founded 1860. Vols.
31^2 are cited. (42 :872 = vol. and page. )

Gn The Garden. London. Founded 1871. Two

vols, a year. ( 56 : 1254 = vol. and col.
plate. 56, p. 458= vol. and page con-
taining black figure.) An Index of the
first 20 vols, was separately published.
Complete Index of Colored Plates to end
of 1888 in vol. 54, p. 334.

Gng. . . . Gardening. Chicago. Founded Sept. 15,
1892. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:.384 = vol.
and page.)

Gt Gartenflora. Berlin. Founded 1852. (Gt.

48:1470 = vol. and col. plate. Gt. 48, p.
670=vol. and page containing black
figure),

G. W. F. . Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos-
ton, 1880. (50 = col. plate.)

HBK. . . Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova
< lenera et Species, etc. Paris. 1815-25.
7 vols. Folio.

1. H. . . . L'IllustrationH..i-tir„l,.. (ilient. (1854-1896.)

(43:72 = v.il.:,i,,l,-,.i, phit, .1 The volumes
were numlH M ,| hit mi >ii~lv, but there
were 6 sfiir- -.,;.- [ .. i,s54-63. Se-
ries II.= lMil (iM >, r.rs III. = 1870-80.
Series IV.= l.'<!Sl-w;. Series V, = 1887-
93. Series VI. = 1894-96. The plates
were numbered continuouslv in the first
16 vols, from 1 to 614 : in vols. 17-33
thev run from 1 to 619: in series V. from
1 to' I!in: in Series VI. tliev betin anew
with ea.'h vol. Valuable indexes in vols.
10 and 20. Series V. in 4to. the rest svo.

J. H. . . . Journal of Horticulture. London. Founded
in 1848 as The Cottage Gardener. Series
III. only is cited, beginning 1880. (III.
39:504 = series, vol., page.)

L In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means

Lindenia. sometimes Lowe's Beautiful
Leaved Plants. See "Lind."and "Lowe."

L. B. C. . . The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817-
3.3. 100 plates in each vol. Complete
index in last vol. (20: 2000 = vol. and
col. plate.)

Lind. . . . Lindenia. Ghent. Founded 1885. Folio.
Devoted to orchids.

Lowe . . . Beautiful Leaved Plants. E. J. Lowe and
Howard. Loudon. 1864. (60 = col. plate.)

M A. B. Freeman-Mitford. The Bamboo Gar-
den. London. 1896. (224 = page.)

M. D. G. . MoUer's Deutsche Giirtner-Zeitung. Erfurt.
Founded 1886. ( 1897 :425 = year and page. )

Jin. . . . Meehan's Monthly. Germantown. Phila-
delphia. Founded 1891. (9: 192 = vol.
and page opposite col. plate.)

N Nicholson. Dictionarv of Gardening. Vols.

1-5 (1884-1901).

ABBREVIATIONS

P. F. G. . . Lindley & Paxton. Flower Garden. Lon-
don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4to.

P. G. . . . Popular Gardening. Buffalo. 1885-90.
(5; 270 = vol. and page.)

P. M. . . . Paxton's Magazine of Botany. London.
1834-49. (16: 376 = vol. and page oppo-
site col. plate.) Vol. 15 has index of first
15 vols.

R Reichenbachia. Ed. by Fred. Sander. Lon-
don. Founded 1886. Folio.

R. B. . . . Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et Etrangere.
Ghent. Founded 1875 f (23: 288 = vol. and
page opposite col. plate. ) In the first vol. of
the Cyclopedia "R.B." sometimes means
Belgique Horticole, but the confusion is
corrected in later vols., where Belgique
Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H."

R. H. . . . Revue Horticole. Dates from 1826, but
is now considered to have been founded in
1829. (1899: 596 = year and page opposite
col. plate. 1899, p. 590 = year and page
opposite black figure. )

S Schneider. The Book of Choice Ferns.

London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol. 2,
1893.

S. B. F.G. . Sweet British Flower Garden. London.
Series I., 1823-29, 3 vols. Series II.,
1831-38, 4 vols.

S. H. . . . Semaine Horticole. Ghent. Founded 1897.
(3 : 548 = year and page. )

S.M. . . .Semaine Horticole. Erroneously cited in
this fashion a few times in first vol.

S.S. . . . Sargent. The Silva of North America.
13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898.
(12:620 = vol. and plate, not colored.)

S. Z. . . . Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. Vol.
1, 1835-t4. Vol. 2 by Miquel, 1870.
(2:1.50 = vol. and plate.)

V. or V. M. Vick's Magazine. Rochester, N. Y. Founded
1878. Vols, numbered continuously
through the 3 series. Vols, begin with
Nov. (23:250= vol. and page.) Some-
times cited as "Vick."

ir. OF AUTHORS OF PLANT NAMES

By common consent, the Latin name of a plant,
in order to be considered l)y botanists, must first be
regulai-ly published by a reputable author in a rep-
utable book or periodical. As an index to this
name, the name of its author is published with it
whenever an accurate account of the species is
given. Thus, AheUa Chinensis, R.Br., means that
this name was made by Kobert Brown. This cita-
tion at once distinguishes Robert Brown's AbeUa
Chinensis from any other Abelia Chinensis ; for it is
possible that some other author may have given
this name to some other plant, — in which ease the
older name must stand. Thus, the Abelia sermta of
Siebold & Zueearini is not the A. serrala of Nich-
olson. In some cases, the fact that there are two
plants passing under one name is indicated in the
citation: Abelia rupestris, Hort., not Lindl., means
that the rupestris of horticulturists is not the rupes-
tris of Lindley. "Hort." means that the particular
name is one in use amongst horticulturists, — that
it is a garden name.

The citation of authorities gives a clue to the
time and place of publication of the species. It is

ABBREVIATIONS

an index to the literature of the subject. It is no
part of the idea merely to give credit or honor to
the man who made the name. It is held by some
that the authority is an integral part of the name,
and should always go with it ; but common usage
dictates otherwise, for tlie authority is never pro-
nounced with the Latin words in common speech.
The authority is a matter of bibliography, not of
language.

It remains to be said (as already explained un-
der the discussion of Nomenclature, page xiv.) that
the Editor holds that the name of a plant is of two
coordinate words. Therefore, it is the habit of this
work to cite the author who first made the combi-
nation of the two, not the one who first invented
the specific name. Thus, Llnnseus called a certain
plant Eupatorium coelestimim ; De CandoUe, however,
prefers to put this plant in the genus Conoclinium,
and calls it Conoclinium ccelestinum . For the name
in Eupatorium, Linnaeus is cited: for the name in
Conoclinium, De Candolle is cited. Some writers
would cite both authors under Conoclinium, thus:
Conocliniicm ccelestinum, (hinn.) DC. The authority
in parentheses is the one who invented the specific
name itself: the other is the one who made the
particular combination. This double citation is
bungling, particularly for a horticultural work. Its
merit is the fact that it suggests the history of the
name; but It is not complete in this respect, for
the name may have been used in other combina-
tions, of which the citation gives no hint. The full
history of a name can appear only in the synonymy.
Adans. Michael Adanson, 1727-1806. France.
Ait. William Alton, 1731-1793. England.
Ait. f. William Townsend Aiton, the son, 1766-1849.

England.
All. Carlo AUioni, 1725-1804. Italy.
Andr. Henry C.Andrews.botanical artist and engraver,

conducted The Botanists' Repository from 1799-1811,

and illustrated books on heaths, geraniums and roses.
AxDRE. Edouard Andrfi, once editor of Illustration

Horticole, now editor-in-chief of Bevue Horticole.
Arn'. George Arnold Walker Arnott, 1799-1868. Seot-

Baill. H. Baillon, author of the great natural history

of plants in French.
Baker. John Gilbert Baker, formerly keeper of the Her-
barium of the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, England.
Balt. Charles Baltet, frequent contributor to Revue

Horticole.
Bean. W. J. Bean, recent writer from Kew in Gard.

Chron. on bamboos.
BEAnv. Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph Falisot de

Beauvois, 1755-1820. France.
Beissn. L. Beissner, Inspector of the Botanic Gardens

at Bonn, and Instructor at Poppelsdorf, pub. Hand-

buch der Nadelholzkunde.
Benth. George Bentham, 1800-1884, one of England's

most distinguished botanists.

Ludwig Blume, b. 1796 at Braun-
1862 at Leyden. Wrote much on Javan

Ben'th. & Hook. George Bentham and J. D. Hooker,
authors of Genera Plantarum. England.

Bernh. Johann Jacob Bernhardi, 1774-1850. Germany.

Bert. Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, 1789-1831. Died be-
tween Tahiti and Chile.

BiEB. Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein,
1768-1826. German botanist; lived later in Russia.

BiGEL. Jacob Bigelow, 1787-1879. Massachusetts.

Bl. See Blume.

Blcme. Karl
schweig, d.
plants.

Boiss. Edmond Boissier, 1810-1886. Switzerland.

Bojer. W. Bojer, 1800-1856, author of a Flora of Mau-
ritius. Austria.

Britton. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director New York
Botanic Garden, New York, N. Y.

Brojjgn. Adolphe Theodore Brongniart, 1801-1876.
Prance.

Bull. William Bull, plant merchant, London.

Bull. Pierre BuUiard, 1742-1793, author of the great
fferbier de la France in 12 folio vols., with 600
plates.

Bunge. Alexander von Bunge, 1803-1890. Russia.

BuBM. Johannes Burmann, 1706-1779, Prof, at Amster-
dam, wrote on plants of Ceylon and Malabar.

BuRM. f. Niekolaus Laurens Burmann, 1734-1793. Son
of Johannes.

Carr. Elie Abel Carri&re, 1818-1896, distinguished
French botanist and horticulturist, editor of Revue
Horticole.

Cass. Alexandre Henri Gabriel Cassini, Comte de,
1781-1832. France.

Cav. Antonio JosiS Cavanilles, 1745-1804. Spain.

Cerv. Vicente Cervantes, 1759 ( ?)-1829. Mexico.

Cham. Adalbert von Chamisso, poet and naturalist,
1781-1838. Germany.

Chapm. Alvan Wentworth Chapman, 1809-1899, author
of Flora of the Southern United States.

Chois. Jacques Denys Choisy, 1799-1859. Switzerland.

CuNN. Richard Cunningham, 1793-1835. Colonial bot-
anist in Australia.

CuNN., A. Allan Cunningham, b. 1791, Scotland, d.
1839, Sidney, Australia. Brother of Richard.

CoRT. William Curtis, 1746-1799. England. Founder
of the Botanical Magazine, now known as Curtis'
Botanical Magazine.

Curtis. MoscsAshley Curtis, 1808-1873. North Carolina.

DC. Augustin Pyramus De Candolle, 1778-1841, projec-
tor of the Prodromus, and head of a distinguished
family. Alphonse De Candolle, the son (1806-1893),
and Casimir De Candolle, the grandson, are also
quoted in this work.

Decne. Joseph Decaisne, 1809-1882. Prance.

Desf. Ren^ Louiche Desfontaines, 1750-1833. France.

Desv. Augustin Nicaise Desvaux, 1784-1856. France.

DeVr. Willem Hendrik de Vriese, 1807-1862, Prof,
of Botany at Leyden. Wrote on medical plants and
plants of the Dutch East Indies.

Dicks. James Dickson, 1738-1822, Scotch writer on
flowerless plants.

Dipp. Dr. L. Dippel, of Darmstadt, Germany. Den-
drologist; pub. Handbuch der Laubholzkunde.

ABBREVIATIONS

D. Don. David Don, brother of George, 1800-1841.
Scotland.

Don. George Don, 1798-lS."iG. England.

DoNN. James Donn, 1758-1813, author of Hortus Can-
tabrigiensis. England.

Douglas. David Douglas, 1799-18.'!4, collector in north-
western America. Scotland.

Drude. Prof. O. Drude, of Dresden, Germany.

Duchesne. Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, 1747-1827.
France.

DUMORT. Barth^lemy Charles Dumortier, 1707-1878.
Belgium.

DUNAL. Michel Felix Dunal, 1789-1856. France.

Dyer. W. T. Thi.stleton-Dyer. Director of Kew Gar-
dens, present editor of the Flora of Tropical Africa,

Eaton, A. Amos Eaton, 1776-1842, author of a Manual
of Botany for North America, 1st ed. 1817, Sth ed.
1841.

Eaton, D. C. Daniel Cady Eaton, Prof, at Yale Col-
lege, and writer on fem.s.

Ehrh. Friedrich Ehrhart, 1742-1793. Germany.

Ell. Stephen Elliott, 1771-18.30. South Carolina.

Ellis. John Ellis, 1711-1770. England.

Endl. Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher, 1804-1849, Prof,
at Vienna. Numerous works.

Engelm. George Engelmann, 1809-1884. Missouri.

Engler. Prof. A. Engler, of Berlin, joint author of
Engler and Prantl's Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien.

F. C. Lehm. See Lehm., F. C.

Fee. Antoine Laurent Apollinaire F^e, 1789-1874.
France.

FisCH. Friedrich Ernst Ludwigvon Fischer, 1782-1854.
Russia.

FoRB. John Forbes, catalogued heaths, willows, coni-
fers, and other plants at Woburn Abbey.

FORSK. Pehr Forskal, 173G-1768, collected in Egypt
and Arabia.

PoRST. Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798. Germany.
(Also Georg Forster, the son.)

Pbaser. John Fraser, 1750-1811, traveled in America
1785-9G. Had a son of same name.

Prcel. Joseph Aloys Froelich, 17GG-1841. Germany.

P. V. M. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist of
Australia, author of many works on economic
plants. See Muell.

Gaertn. Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791. Germany.

Gaud. Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre, 1789-1864.
France.

Gawl. See Ker.

Gsiel. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, 1743-1774. Russia.

GoEPP. Heinrich Robert Goeppert, 1800-1884, Prof, at
Breslau. Wrote much on fossil botany.

GoRD. George Gordon, 1806-1879, author of the Pine-
tum, London, 1858.

Gray. Asa Gray, 1810-1888, Harvard University,
Massachusetts. America's most noted botanist.

Greenm. J. M. Greenman, writes from Harvard Uni-
versity on Mexican plants.

Griseb., Gris. Heinrich Rudolph August Grisebach,
1814-1879. Germany.

Hassk. Justus Karl Hasskarl, 181 1- . Germany.

Hayne. Friedrich Gottlob Hayne, 170.3-1832, Prof, at
Berlin. Medicinal plants; trees and shrubs.

Haw. Adrian Hardy Haworth, 1772-1833. England.

HBK. Friedrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1796-1859.
Germ.any. Aim^ Bonpland, 177.3-1858. France. Karl
Sigismund Kuuth, 1788-1850. Germany. Authors of
a great work on plants of the New World.

Hemsi.. W. Rotting Hemsley, Keeper at Kew, has
wi'Mrt, hi II: rrviews of genera of horticultural
» ' ' lii-on. and elsewhere.

Ill 1^ " . : I. II. rl.prt, 1778-1847. England.

H... ii-r Lin i:!;iii Friedrich Hochstetter, 1787-1860,
described many African plants.

HOFFM. Georg Franz Hoffmann, 1761-1826. Germany.

Hook. William Jackson Hooker, 1785-1865. England.

Hook. f. Joseph Dalton Hooker, the son, 1817-
England.

HoRT. Hortorum, literally of the gardens. Placed af-
ter names current among horticulturists, but not
necessarily ;dl horticulturists. Often used with less
exactness than names of authors. Frequently in-
dicates giinlon or unknown origin. Many of these
plants have never been sufficiently described.

Jacij. Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin, 1727-1817. Austria.

Juss. Antoine Laure:it Jussieu, 1748-1830, the fir.st to
introduce the natural families of plants. Prance.

Karw. Wilhelm Karwinsky von Karwin, d. 1853, col-
lector in Brazil.

Kaulf. Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss, Prof, at Halle, d.
1830. He described the ferns collected by Chamisso.

Ker. John Bellenden Ker, 17G5 (!)-1871, botanist, wit
and man of fashion. First known as John Gawler.
In 1793 was compelled to leave army because of sym-
pathy with French Rev. His name was changed in
1804 to John Ker Bellenden, but he was known to his
friends as Bellenden Ker. First editor of Eihvar.ls'
Botanical Register.

Ker-Gawl. See Ker.

Klatt. Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt, a contemporaneous
botanist. Germany.

Klotzsch. Johann Friedrich Klotzsch, 1805-1860, cu-
rator of Royal herbarium at Berlin, monographer of
Begoniacefe.

Koch. Karl Koch, 1809-1879. Germany.

KOEHNE. Eniil Koehne, Prof, at Berlin. Pub. Deutsche
DendroluL-ir.

KoTSCHY. 'I'iii -ill .!■ I\"t-i liy, Asst. curator at Vienna,
181.3-18r.h. \Vr..;. -II .iii.-ntal plants.

Kraxzl. F. KraiizliTi, I'.niin, writes on orchids in The
Gardeners' Chronicle.

KuNTH. See HBK.

Lag. Mariano Lagasca. 177G-1839, one of Spain's most
distinguislic.l liMtani-ts.

Lam. Jean l;:[iiti-ii Ant line Pierre Monnet Lamarck,
1744-182'.t. ail hur uf the Lamarckian philosophy of
organic ev.jkniuu. France.

Langs. Georg Heinrich von Langsdorf, 1774-1852,
Russian consul-general in Brazil.

Lauth. Thomas Lauth, 1758-1826, Prof, of Anatomy
at Strassburg, wrote a 40-page monograph on Acer
in 1781.

Lecij. Henry Lecoq. b. 1802, once Prof, at Clermont-
Ferrand, wrote an elementary botany, a dictionary
of botanical terms, a book on hybridization, etc.

LeCoste. John Eaton LeConte. 1784-18110. Pennsyl-
vania.

ABBREVIATIONS

Ledeh. Karl Friedrich von Ledebour, 1785-1851.

Russia.
Lehm. Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, 1792-1860,

Prof, at Hamburg, wrote several monographs, and

described many new plants.
Lehm., P. C. F. C. Lehmann, living German collector

in South America.
Leicht. Max Leichtlin, horticulturist, Baden-Baden,

Germany.
Lem. Charles Lemaire, 1800-1871. Belgium.
L'Her. C. L. L'H^ritier de Brutelle, 1746-1800.

France.
LiND. & Rod. L. Linden and E. Rodigas, once adminis-
trator and editor, respectively, of L'lllustration Hor-

ticole.
Linden. J. Linden, 1817-1898. Belgium. For many

years director of L'lllustration Horticole.
LiND., L. Lucien Linden, associated with J. Linden for

some years on L'lllustration Horticole.
LiNDL. John Lindley, 1799-1865, one of the most

illustrious of English horticulturists.
Link. Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1707-1851. Germany.
Linn. Carolus Linna>us (Carl von Linn^), 1707-1778,

the "Father of Botany," and author of binomial

nomenclature. Sweden.
LlNiN-. f. Carl von Linn^, the son, 1741-1783. Sweden.
LoDD. Conrad Loddiges, nurseryman near London,

conducted Loddiges' Botanical Cabinet from 1817-33,

20 vols., 2,000 colored plates.
LoisEL. Jean Louis Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,

1774-1849. France.
LoiiD. John Claudius Loudon, 1783-1843, an extremely

prolific English writer.
Lour. Juan Loureiro, 1715-1796, missionary in China.

Portugal.
Marsh. Humphrey Marshall, 1722-1801. Pennsylvania.
Mart. Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, 1794-1868,

Prof, at Munich, monographer of palms, founder of

the great Flora Brasiliensis, and author of many

Mast. Maxwell T. Masters, editor of The Gardeners'
Chronicle, wherein he has described great numbers
of new plants of garden value ; author of Vegetable
Teratology, etc.

Max. or Maxim. Karl Johann Maximowicz, 1827-1891,
one of the most illustrious Russian systematic bota-
nists; wrote much on Asian plants.

Medic. Friedrich Casmir Medikus, 173G-1808, director
of the garden at Mannheim, wrote a book of 96 pages
in German on North American plants in 1792.

Meisn. Karl Friedrich Meisner, 1800-1874. Switzer-

Mett. Georg Heinrich Mettenius, 1823-1806, Prof, at

Leipzig, wrote on flowerless plants.
Met. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, 1791-1851.

Prussia.
Mey., C. a. Carl Anton Meyer, 1795-1855, director

botanic garden at St. Petersburg, wrote on Russian

botany.
aiiCHX. Andr6 Michaux, 1746-1802. France, but for

ten years a resident of North America.
MiCHX. f. Francois Andr^ Michaux, the son, 1770-1855.

Prance.

Mill. Phillip Miller, 1691-1771, of Chelsea, England.

author of a celebrated dictionary of gardening,

which had many editions.
MiQ. Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel, 1811-1871.

Holland.
MiTFORD. A. B. Freeman-Mitford, English amateur,

author of The Bamboo Garden.
MoENCH. Konrad Moench, 1744-1805. Germany.
MoNCH. See Moench.
Moore. Thomas Moore, 1821-1887, curator of Chelsea

Botanic Garden, author of Index Filicura, and other

well known works.
MOQ. Alfred Moquin-Tandon, 1804-1863. France.
MORREN. Charles Jacques Edouard Morren, of Ghent.

MOTT. S. Mottet, frequent contributor to Revue Hor-
ticole, translator of Nicholson's Dictionary of
Gardening.

MuELL. Arg. Jean Mueller, of Aargau, wrote for
De Candolle's Prodromus, vol. 16.

MuELL., C. Carl Mueller, 1817-1870, who edited vols.
4-6 of Walpers' Annals.

MtTELL., F. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist at
Melbourne, has written much on Australian and
economic botany.

MUHL. Henry Ludwig Muhlenberg, 17.50-1817. Penn-
sylvania.

MuRR. Johann Andreas Murray, 1740-1791. Germany.

Mure., A. Andrew Murray, 1812-1878, author of Thp
Pines and Firs of Japan. London, 1863.

Naud. Charles Naudin, 1815-1899, botanist, frequent
contributor to Revue Horticole.

Ndn. See Naud.

N.E. Br. N. E. Brown describes many new plants in
Gardeners' Chronicle.

Nees. Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck, 1776-
1858. Prussia.

Nichols. George Nicholson, Curator at Kew, author
of The Dictionary of Gardening.

NuTT. Thomas Nuttall, 1786-1859. Massachusetts.

O'Brien. James O'Brien, current writer on orchids in
Gardeners' Chronicle.

Oliv. Daniel Oliver, once Curator at Kew, and founder
of the Flora of Tropical Africa.

Orph. Theodor Georg Orphanides, Prof, of Botany at
Athens. D. 1886.

Ortega, Oet. Casimiro Gomez Ortega, 1740-1818.

Otto. Friedrich Otto, 1782-1856. Germany.

Pall. Peter Simon Pallas, 1741-1811, professor and

explorer in Russia. Germany.
Pas. Ferdinand Pax, German botanist. Breslau.
Past. Joseph Paxton, 1802-1805. England.
Pers. Christian Hendrick Persoon, 175.5-1837. Ger-

Planch. Jules Emile Planchon, professor at Mont-

pellier. France.
POHL. Johann Emmanuel Pohl, 1782-1834, Prof, at

Vienna, wrote a large book on travels in Brazil.
PoiR. Jean Louis Marie Poiret, 1755-1834. France.
Presl. Karel Boriweg Presl, 1794-1852. Bohemia.
PURSH. Frederick T. Pursh (or PurschI, 1774-1820

Siberia, but for 12 years in the United States.

ABBREVIATIONS

Eaddi. Giuseppe Raddi, 1770-1829. Italy.

Kaf. Constantino .Samuel Raflnesque-Schmaltz, 1784-

1842. Prof, of Nat. Hist. Transylvania Univ., Lex-
ington, Ky.
K. Br. Robert Brown, b. Scotland, 1773, d. London,

1858. Author of many important works.
Kegel. Eduard von Kegel, 1815-1892, German, founder

of Gartenflora; Dir. Bot. Garden at St. Petersburg.
Reich. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, 1793-

1879. Germany.
Reich, f. Heinrich Gustav, 1823-1889, son of the pre-
ceding. Orchids.
KicH. John Richardson, 1787-1865. Scotland. [France.
Richard. Louis Claude Marie Richard, 1754-1821.
RiDDELL. John Leonard Kiddell. 1807-18G5, Prof, of

Chemistry in Cincinnati and New Orleans.
Rob. Dr. B. L. Robinson, Director Gray Herbarium of

Harvard Univ., is editing The Synoptical Flora of

North America.
Rod. Emile Rodigas, for some years connected with

L'lllustration Horticole.
KoEM. Johann Jacob Roemer, 1763-1819. Switzerland.

Also M. J. Roemer.
RoscOE. William Roscoe, 1753-1831. England.
KosE. J. N. Rose, Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb.,

Smithsonian Institution. Mexican plants.
Roth. Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, 1757-1834, Physician at

Vegesack, near Bremen.
ROXBG. William Roxburgh, 1759-1815. India.
RoYLE. John Forbes Royle, b. 1800 at Cawnpore, d.

London, 1858. Prof, in London. Plants of India.
Rciz & Pav. Hipolito Ruiz Lopez, 17G4-1815, and Jos(5

Pavon, authors of a Flora of Peru and Chile. Spain.
KUPK. Franz J. Ruprecht, 1814-1870. Russia.
S. & Z. See Sieb. & Zucc.

Sabine. Joseph Sabine, 1770-1837. England. [land.
Salisb. Richard Anthony Salisbury, 1761-1829. Eng-
Salm-Dtck. Joseph, Prince and High Count Salm-

Reifferscheidt-Dyck, b. at Dyck, 1773, d. 1861. Wrote

on Aloe, Cactus, Mesembryanthemum.
Sarg. Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent, Dir. Arnold

Arboretum, author of Silva of North America.
ScHEiDW. Michael Joseph Scheidweiler, 1799-1861,

Prof, of Bot. and Hort. at Hort. Inst, of Ghent.
ScHLECHT. Diedrich Franz Leonhard von Schlechten-

dahl. 1794-186G. Prof, at Halle, wrote several memoirs

in Latin and German.
ScHLDL. See Schlccht.
ScHOTT. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, 1794-1865, wrote

much on Aroids with Nyman and Kotschy.
ScHRAD. Heinrich Adolph Schrader, 1767-1836. Ger-
many.
ScHw., ScHWEiN. Lewis David von Schweinitz, 1780-

1834. Pennsylvania.
ScHWER. Graf Schwerin, German authority on Acer.
Scop. Johann Anton Scopoli, 1723-1788. Italy.
Seem. Berthold Seemann, Hanover, 1825-1872, wrote

on palms, and botany of the voyage of the Herald.
SiBTH. John Sibthorp, 1758-1796, author of a Flora of

Greece. England.
SlEB. & Zucc. Philipp Franz von Siebold, 1796-1866,

and Joseph Gerhard Zuccariiii. 1797-1848. Ger-
many.

SlEBERT. A. Siebert, Dir. of the Palm Gard. at Frank-
furt, joint author of Viliiiorin's Biumengartnerei.

Sims. John Sims, 17U2-l«:i,s. England, for many years
editor of Curtis' Botanical Magazine.

Smith. James Edward Smith, li'59-1828. England.

Sol., Soland. Daniel Solander, 1736-1782. England.

Spach. Eduard Spach, b. Strassburg, 1801, d. 1879.
Author of Histoires Naturelle des Vegetau.-;.

Spaeth. L. Spaeth, Berlin, nurseryman.

Spreng. Kurt Sprengel, 1766-1833. Germany.

Steud. Ernst Gottlieb Steudel, 1783-185G. Germany.

Stev. Christian Steven, 1781-1863. Russia.

St. Hil. Auguste de Saint Hilaire, 1779-1853. France.

SwARTz. Olof Swartz, 1760-1818. Sweden.

Sweet. Robert Sweet, 1783-1835, author of many well
known works, as Geraniacese, British Flower Garden.

Swz. See Swartz.

Thore. Jean Thore, 1762-1823, physician at Dax.

Thitnb. Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743-1822. Sweden.

ToRR. John Torrey, 1796-1873. New York. [setts.

TucKM. Edward Tuckerman, 1817-1886. Massachu-

Underw. Prof. LucienM. Underwood, Columbia Univ.,
New York, N. Y., has written much on ferns, etc.

Vahl. Martin Vahl, 1749-1804. Denmark.

Van Houtte. Louis Van Houtte, 1810-1876, founder
and publisher of Flore des Serres.

Veitch. John Gould Veitch, 1839-1867, and successors,
horticulturists at Chelsea, England.

Vent. Etienne Pierre Ventenat, 1757-1808. France.

Verl. B. Verlot, contributor to Revue Horticole.

Versch. Ambroise Verschaffelt, 1825-1886, founder and
publisher of L'lllustration Horticole at Ghent, Bel-
gium.

ViLL. Dominique Villars, 1745-1814. France.

ViLM. Several generations of the family of Vilmorin,
Paris, seedsmen and authors of many books and
memoirs on botany and horticulture. Pierre Philippe
Andr^ Leveque de Vilmorin, 1746-1804. Pierre Vil-
morin, 1816-1860. Henry L. de Vilmorin, d. 1899.

Voss. A. Voss, author of botanical part of Vilmorin's
Biumengartnerei.

Wahl. Georg Wahlenberg, 1781-1851. Sweden.

Wall. Nathanael Wallich, b. Copenhagen 1786, d.
London 1854, wrote on plants of India and Asia.

Walp. Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers, 1816-1853.

Walt. Thomas Walter, about 1740-1788, author of
Flora Caroliniana. South Carolina.

Wang. Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim, 1747-
1800. Germany.

Wats. Sereno Watson, 1826-1892. Harvard University.

Weud. H. a. Weddell, wrote for De Candolle's Pro-
dromus, vol. IG, etc.

Wendl., H. Hermann Wendland, Dir. Royal Bot.
Garden at Herrenhausen, one of the chief writers on
palms.

WiLLD. Karl Ludwig Waideuow, 1765-1812. Germany.

With., Wither. William Withering, 1741-1799. Eng.

Wittm. Max Karl Ludwig Wittmack, editor of Gar-
tenflora. Prof, at Berlin.

Wood. Alphonso Wood, 1810-1881. Of his Class-Book
of Botany, 100,000 copies have been sold in Amer.

Zucc Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini. 1797-1848. Prof, at
Munich.

ABIES

13. Pinsapo, Boiss. Spanish Fie. Fig. 1. Tree 70-80
ft.: trunk 4-G ft. in diam. : Ivs. short, broad, rigid,
sharp-pointed, bright green, spreading from all sides of
the stiff branchlets : cones cylindrical, slender, gray-
brown. 5ii-6 in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales.
Mountains of central and southern Spain, often grega-
rious. G.C. III. 21:407. — Not very hardy north of the
Middle states.
AA. yohiles. Leaves blue-green, ofte

.gla

xnd

,ni;liil 0)1 fertile btanches

lis, Lindl. Eed Fir Tree Io0-2i0 ft

ft. in diain. : Ivs. on lower branches g
rounded and emarginate at the ape\ n
drical, purplish or olive-brown 4-1)111 I i-
longer, thin and covering the sl il n
palegreen. Cascade and CoastMount un f
and Oregon, of ten gregarious bS 12 Oli
O. C. III. 20: 275. -There is a -lar glauca
in the trade.

15. magrnlSica, A. Murr. Red Fir Fig
2, /. Tree 200-250 ft. : trunk 6-10 ft in
diam.: Ivs. quadrangular, bluntlj pointed
on sterile and acute on fertile bianche
cones oblong-cylindrical, purpli h Ijiown
6-9 in. long; bracts much shorter thin the
scales. Sierri Nevada of California gie
garious and forming great foiests S s
12:618. Gn.V p 591 — Woodocea lomlh
manufactured into lumbei Le s haid)
in the eastern states than A tiobili

Var. Shastfinsis Lemni cf siutheni
Oregon and northern Califoin:
somewhat smaller -with braits as lonf,
or longer than the scales b S 620

A. Albertiana Murr =Tsugi heteio
phylla.— A. Saborensis Let Lvs d uk
silvery below \ ery numerous J^-l in 1 ng
cones 4 or 5 together leaching 7 oi 8 in
long and 1 in diim N Afrit
p. 106.- A. bifida Sieb
& Zucc.= A firma - A
bractedta. Hook & Arn

adensiSy Michx = Tsugi
Canadensis. — A firma
Sieb. & Zuco =A M
Sieb. Lvs. thick and rigid
lia.long:conescyhndrieal
often ein.long with keeled
scales,. Japan Promising
for S.— A. Sookenana
Murr.=»Tsuga Wertensi
ana. — A.lastocarpa ^utt

Lvs. blue-green and glaucous cones Tin long with very bioid
spineless scales Western U v, &ng 4 3 3 S b 1' 611 -A macn
cdrpo, Vasey=Ps6udotsuga macrocarpa —A Manesu Mast
Small tree with crowded bi anches and short dark foliage which
is pale below cones large darkpurple N Japan —A Merten
sidrea, Lindl =TsugaheterDphj 11a —A Numldica DeLannoy
=A. Baborensis — A Plndrow Spach isaformof A Webbiana
buthaslongerleaves and smaller cones Himalayas — A Reg\
:A. Cephalonica, var. Appolinis. — A. religibsa,
slender, drooping branches: lvs. silvery below:

ABUTA 6

ABROMA (from a, not, and broma, food). Sterculid-
cetp. Greenhouse evergreen trees. Prop, by seeds or by
cuttings in spring from half-ripened wood under glass.

A.atffjusta, Linn. f. Lower lvs. cordate. 3-.'i-lobed: upper lvs.
ovate-lanceolate. Trop As. B.K. .'.IK.-A./osdiosa, R.Br. Lower
lvs. cordate. 5-lobed; upper lvs. ovate: lis. dark purple. Trop.

ABRdNIA (from abi-os, delicate, referring to involu-
cre). Nyctaginhcem. Trailing plants, with fragrant ver-
bena-like flowers suitable for baskets and rockeries;
commonly treated as hardy annuals. Mostly tender
perennials from Calif. Height 6-18 in. For early and
continuous summer bloom, seeds may be sown in pots
ot sandv soil the previous autumn and "wintered in a
frame Peel off the husk before sowing seed. Cf. Sereuo
Watson Bot Calif. 2 : .3-5.

A. Floivers yellow.

. 3. Plant very viscid -pubescent:
lvs. thick, broadly ovate or reni-
form, obtuse, on distinct petioles:
root stout, fusiform. A. are-
ndria, Menzies, is probably the
s:iin.-, but is considered distinct by
.-111.. n,M.i;:,4r,. G.C. II.

umbellata, Lam. Whole plant
•liscid-puberulent : lvs. typically
narrower than the above, oval
or oblong : fls. pink. F. S.
P.M. 16:36. Var. gran-
diSldra, Hort., has larger fls. and
broader lvs.

villdsa, Watson. Smaller and
slenderer than the last and covered
with a glandular-villous pubes-

latlS61ia Esch Fie

cence Iv rarelv 1 in long:

Not common in cult Int IS

AAA Flow

melUfera Dougl fetoute

longer and narrower. B.M. 2879.

imalk
Lindl. Lor„

„ Mex. 'B.M.67o3. — A.Sachalinensis,Uast. Tall
tree, with pale bark, white buds, and long, slender, dark green
lvs,: cones 3 in. long. E. Asia. — A. si(6a?phm, Engelm.=lasio-
enrpa. — A.vejtitsta, Koch. Lvs. acuminate, dark yellow, green
above and silvery below : cones 4 in i-nc 'Aiiii |mi _■ .It-n-
der bracts. California. 8, S. 1- : til''. • ' I' ■■ i " — -L .

Webbiana, Jjindl. Lvs. l-2>oin. long, llni , iies

cylindrical, 6 or 7 in. long. Himalay:i
nensis, alba, Alcockiana, Engelman
miniata, Morinda, nigra, obovata, or
pungens, Schrenkiana, Smithiana. S
"^^"sa. C. S. Sargent.

ABdBRA (Brazilian name)
house climber, cult, for
grows rapidly, and may be planted out in summer. The
tuberous roots are stored like dahlias. Prop, by seeds or
rarely by soft cuttings.

viridifldra, Naudin. Height 10-15 ft.: lvs. much di-
vided: fls. small, pale green, fragrant: fr. a scarlet gourd.
Brazil. R.H. 1862: 111.

Int 1891

frigrans, Nutt. Lvs. larger than in A. umbellata,
broader at the base and more tapering: fls. night-bloom-
ing. B.M. 5544.

A.pulckella, Nicholson, Fls. pinkish rose,— A. rosea, Hart-
weg.^umbellata ? w„ jyj,

ABRUS (from abros, soft, referring to leaves). Legu-
minbsm. Deciduous greenhouse climber, or used S.
outdoors for screens. Roots have virtues of licorice.
Needs strong heat for indoor culture. Prop, by seeds
or by cuttings under glass in sand.

preoatdrius.Linn. Crab's-ete Vine. Weather-plant.
Height 10-12 ft. : leaflets oblong, in numerous pairs: fls.
varying from rose to white: seeds bright scarlet, with a
black spot, used by Buddhists for rosaries, and in India
as standards of weight. Tropics. -The absurd claims
made for its weather-prophesying properties are exposed
by Oliver in Kew Bull. Jan. 1890.

ABtlTA (native name) . MenispermAeew . Greenhouse
evergreen climber. Prop, by cuttings under glass with
bottom heat. -4. rw/^scens, Aubl. Lvs. ovate: fls. dark
purple within. S.Am. Unimportant.

4 ABUTILON

ABtTTILON (name of obscure origin). MalvAcece.
Flowering Maple. Attractive coolhouse shrub.s and
window plants. Lvs. lonK-.stalked, often niaple-lilte: fls.
with nalsed 5-cleft calyx, 5 separate obovate petals, many
stamens united in a coluTiin about tbe raany-branched

style. Of^er^ .
able for geranii
but sometimes 1

I tn h 11 I II 11\ f,rimn in pots,
d out lu sumiuti Dwarf and com-
pact varieties suitable for bedding are becoming popular.
The tall varieties arc idaptable to growing on rafters
or pillars 4

striatum and A. ,

Thompsoni are
the commonest
type forms. Prop,
by greenwood cut-
tings at any sea-
son, preferably in
late winter or

early spring ; also freely by seeds. Many
horticultural varieties, some of them no
doubt hybrids, are in common cultivation.
Following are well known : Arthur Bel-
sham, red, shaded gold. Boule de Neige,
pure white, very free. Eclipse, foliage
marbled green and yellow: fls. of fair size;
sepals scarlet; petals orange-buff : suited
for baskets and vases: a form of ..1. mega-
potamicum (another Eclipse is known).
Erecta, pink orange-veined erect fls. Gol-
den Bell, deep yellow, free-flowering. Golden Fleece,
pure yellow, free-flowering. Mary Miller, deep
pendulous fls. Mrs. John Laing, purplish rose. Rosffi-
flora, pinkish rose. Royal Scarlet, rich, shining scarlet.
Santana, deep red. Savitzii, dwarf, with white-edged
foliage: useful for bedding. Snow Storm, semi-dwarf,
pure white. Souvenir de Bonn, lvs. large, deep green,
not mottled, but edged with a broad white margin: dis-
tinct and striking: a useful bedding plant. Splendens,
bright red.

A. Leaves prominently lohed, mostly maple-like or

vine-like.

B. Corolla widely open or spreading .

D&Twini, Hook. f. Strang pubescent shrub 3-5 ft. :

Its. velvety pubescent beneath, thickish, 5-9-ribbed, the

ABUTILON

lower ones lobed to the 1
3-lobed: fls. 1-3 at a pla(
Brazil. B.M. 5917. — Blooms in both winter and summer.
Much hybridized with other species. A . grandijibrum
and A. compdctum are garden forms ; also A. floribun-
rfi<»i,Hort.,R.H. 1881: 350.

BB. Corolla mostly longer and contracted at the mouth.
striitum, Dicks. Fig.4. Glabrous throughout : lvs. thin,
deeply 5-lobed, the lobes long-pointed, ratherclosely ser-
rate, sometimes small-spotted: fls. rather small and slen-
der, hanging on peduncles 4-6 in. long, red or orange,
with browu-red veins, the stamens scarcely or not at all
exserted. Brazil. B.M. 3840. P.M. 7: 53.-Oneof the har-
diest species, blooming continuously.

Thdmpsoni, Hort. Fig. 5. Graceful but strong-growing
plant : lvs. vine-like, mostly 3-lobed, the middle lobe long-
pointed, thin and usually glabrous, mottled with green
■• i^h bloti'hes: fls. medium size, yellow or
I II il \ ■ II -, I li" column of stamens conspicu-
fi.rms. R.H. 1885:324. G.W.
- ill . Ill I- and winter. An offshoot of

, "I- ;i h I" [1 w iTh that species. In thedouble-
le Hs. are open-spreading. Cions often convey
tion to the stock. Common and valuable.
Lemaire. Very strong grower: lvs. large,
deeply palmate-lobed and strongly toothed: fls. large, 3
in. long, on peduncles 10-12 in. long. Mex. B.M. 4463.
—A showy species.

AA. Leaves not lobed, cordate, but prominentli/ toothed,
sometimes angled.
B. Corolla wide-spreading.
inaigne, Planchon. (A. igneum, Hort.). Lvs. medium
size, crenate-dentate, acuminate, villouspubescent un-
derneath: fls. large, flaring-mouthed, white with very
heavy and rich veining and markings of purple and red,
on slenderhangingpeduncles. New Granada. B.M. 4840.
(ill. 18: 2G3. — Very showy; common.

longicuspe, Hochst. VTliite-i-anoseint slirub,with long-
acuminate, broad-riinlil. nil 1 IumI Im,,!1i. .1 Imig-stalked
lvs., felt-like bel.iM : i . U. ,,n mostly

many-branched :i\il i, . \i --iiiia. — Re-

cently introducedlv ^. I ,,,,.\ III M , .^ A-soc, from
seed collected bv >cliin.iulunu aii.l .i; -i i il.uted from
Berlin in 1893.

orange w
ouslyeXM
70:133.-
A. striata
fld. form.

I-ig 0 Droop
ing habit lvs rather
■-mall, lance - ovate,
acuminate, sharp-ser-
rate : fls. 2-3 in. long,
on short drooping
stalks, the long calyx
bright red, the pro-
truding petals ■
yellow, the column of
picuously
protruding. Trop. Am.
. III. 18: 359. -A strikingly
in windows and baskets.

rdate, tomentose: lis. pale yellow.

fls 5 ellow with
■K Urge cream-

6. Abutilon megapotamicuiTi (

~ A. pulchellum. Sweet, and A. pulehrum, Don.=Plagiaiithus
palchellus. — A. ui(i/6imm, Presl. Lvs. lobed; fls. wide-spread-
hite-fiowered var.) ; plant one of the hardiest.

ACACIA (ancient name) Legummo':a> tribe Jlfinio
sea. Shrubs or trees lvs twice pinnate of many leaf
lets, or reduced to phvllodia or leaf like petioles as m
Figs. 8 and 9 (except the earlier lvs of JounR seedlings,
and occasionally those on robust shoots) fls \ ellow or
white, minute, in conspicuous globular heails or c^ lin
drical spikes, axillarj solitarj or fastiiulate or diffusely
paniculate at the ends of the branches stamens very
many, exserted. Australia (chiefly) , afewmN and S
America, N. and S. Africa and Asia Ours Australian
unless otherwise stated Prop by seeds sown under
glass as soon as ripe or bj cuttings of half ripened
wood taken with a heel m summer the seeds should
first be placed in hot water and left 1 3 sc tk 24 1 ( urs
The bark of most of the Austrilian and of srme cthei
species (especially^ pijenantha A » olh •.in i %nd 1
decuD'etts) abounds in tinnms win li mi\ t\(ntmlh
make their cultivation pre nt il If m tl s iitln\fst !• i
outdoor planting in Cilif and thi ^ kfcj in ] t ii t 1
large enough to place 111 pemianeut juirtti t r tl \ I
not transplant well Se\eril \frRnn sjt ks >ieli th
gum arable of comniei e especially 1 Sentgal Mono
graphed in part by Bir n von JluUer m his Iconography
of Australian Acaciis ited here as P v M Icon

J Bt. RTT Da% y

Of several hundred known kinds not more than 50 are
in cultivation, and a dozen species will cover those deserv
ing of greenhouse culture but these few are gems All
of this most important section thrive m a winter tem
perature ranging from 40° to 50° m fact little above
the freezing point is sufficient They do not like heat
and consequently are not adapted for forcing If w m
tered cool and allowc i U ccmc ilong mturalh with the

ind :

f tl

II fl

in March and A I iril It) til »uty

Is appreciat' il in tl j i i I i ible

to the comnu-rc-ial )l..n.Nt. 'Ihr i.ivvaihii:,' cnlcr ct all the
Australian spci-iis is yellow, xaryiug frum pak- Union to
deep orange. The tall-growing kinds, or rather those in-
clined to make long, straight shoots, make excellent sub-
jects for planting permanently against a glass partition
of a conservatory, or against a pillar. There is scarcely

ACACIA ,5

a more beautiful plant than A. puhescens, with Its
slightly drooping, yellow racemes. It deserves a fa-
vored place in every cool conservatory. The Acacias are
of easy culture. If planted permanently In the border,
provision for drainage should be made. A good, coarse,
turfy loam, of not too heavy texture, is all they want,
with the addition of a fifth part of leaf -mold or well-
rotteil spent hops. Few of our greenhouse pests trouble
theni. Water In abundance the^ike at all times, and In
their growing season, which l^M^^rly summer months,
a daily syringing is necessaryW^jIfcral of the species of
bushy habit are very largely grown as pot-plants in Eu-
rope, and are now largelv Imported and sold for the east-
ern trade. A. armala and .1. Jh-Hiiimnmlii are good
species for this purpose. We In In .. , w ,\\i ..iir hot sum-
mers, the commercial man will ,■ .. , ;niin)rtthan
to attempt to grow them fr.n i 1 li.- Acacias
need pruning, or they will s. .Mil _ I. -: i:iL_;iiiLr and un-
shapely; more especially is tlii^ iim- nt ihosu grown in
pots. After flowerinir. .Mt l.a.kil:. I. ailing shoots rather
severely. Shift into a I.ul-. r )i.if if r.i..ts demand it, and
encourage growth by a i;. nial h. at au.l syringing, giving
at same time abuiiilam ,■ ,,f li-i,t and air. They should

be pluiii," ■! null fil •< as snon as danger of frost Is

pa-i.aiii| n III Hill i.tli. -ifenhouse before any danger
of iail\ la!l tin-i-. CiiiTiii-s root surely but not quickly.
The I'i--i inati rial is tin- i-iiln shoots from a main stem
in the condition that tlmi^t^ lall halt-ripened-that is,
not green and succiiIimii a^ fnr a \a'rbena, nor as firm
and hard as the wood nf a hvluiil |i,.rpctnal rose in Nov.
The wood or shoot will Im in almut the right condition
in June. No bottom heat Is needed, but the cuttings
should be covered with a close frame and kept moder-
ately moist and cool by shading. The following spring
these young plants can be either planted out-of-doors,
where there is a good chance to keep them well watered,
or grown on in pots, as iI.-^iTiliiil almve. A few of the
finest species are -1 . /"('n m . hn, Miiialile for training on
pillars; A. Miceana maki^ a lu-li nr can be trained;
A. longifoUOy an erect sjni-ii >. ibserves a permanent
position in the greenbi use Itrdir Of all the species
best adapted for medium sized compact pot plants A
armata and ..4. Diummondii are the best The former
has small simple, dark green lvs and gl bular pure yel
lowfls 4 Diummoxdn his drcopm., -v hn In \1 ytli
lemon fls As both these flcwer in "W i 1 tl t i s
forcing in our northern greenhouses tl r il

uable acquisitions to our E ister pi ii t 11 V l
has two distmctn e charms the foln,, i titl i mill
simple and glaucous as in J iinnata rr much divided,
graceful and fern like asm 4 piibe cens All the Aca
cias are imong the freest flowering of our hard wooded
pUnts Cult ly'ttiiLUMS tt

The species in the \merRin tnd 1

nil ler the f>llo\Mng numbers \_ acii
ingustif>ln Ifa Arabica 41 irg\ r |
Bailoiui 4o lidihNl tr\ i lo, 1

4s

iltnf
1 -

1 1 n Hit ill II Dnii
1 tdkitormis 1^ F
film 1 glabra 1
grandis 46 Gieg^n
4b, holosericea 4(1 i
7, leptophylla 47 /
0 linifolia 14 lon^ I
Meissneri 9 melau \
16 neriifjlia 22 n
21 ch if I I U II

Soihjie 0 n Icii - ciu ilUtdJ4

\ I/is simple that is, reduced to phyllodia (except
the earlier lis of young seedlings, and occasionally
those of robust shoots). JPigs. 7, 8 and 9.
B. Fls. in globular heads.
c. PhyU. terete, or only slightly Jlattened.
1. diSilsa,Und\. (A. genist<rfdlia, Ijink.}. A tall, gla-
brous shrub: branches angular: phyll. %-l in. long.

0 ACACIA

1-1^ linos wide, quadrangular-linear, 1-nerved: fl. hds.
solitary, or 2 or 3 toRether; peduncles short; fls. yellow.
May. B.M. 2417. B.K. 634.

Var. cuspidita, Benth. (A. cuspidMa. Cunn.). Phyll.
54 to rarely 2 in. long, slender, often not broader than
thick.

2. juncifdlia, Benth. (A. pinifdlia, Benth.). Tall, gla-
brous shrub: branches slender, quite terete : phyll. 3-6 in.
long, often nearly tetragonous, linear-subulate, with a
scarcely prominent nerve on each side: fl. hds. solitary
or in pairs; peduncles short. P.v.M.Icon.2: 8.

3. calamifdlia. Sweet. Broom Wattle. Tall shrub 6-10
ft. : phyll. 3^ in. long, linear-subulate, slightly flattened,
with 1 nerve prominent or indistinct ; point fine, recurved
or simply oblique: fl. hds. 3 or 4, shortly racemed in
the axils of the terminal phyll. ; calyx shortly toothed or
lobed. Feb. B.R. 839.

4. exMnsa, Lindl. {A. penthdra, Kegel). Shrub:
branches angular or sometimes winged: phyll. 3-4 or
even 8 in. long, slender, linear-subulate, almost tetrago-
nous, with a prominent nerve on each side: peduncles
1-headed or rarely irregularly racemose in the a.xils of
the terminal phyll. : calyx triangular, truncate. Mar.

cc. Phyll. vertically flattened.

D. Veins of phyll. 1, or very rarely 2.

E. Fl. heads solitary or in pairs or clusters.

p. Length of phyll. 1 in. or less.

G. Stipules persistent as slender spines.

5. arrnkta., R.Br. (A. undulAta, Willd. A. paradoxa,
DC. Mimosa paraddxa, Poir.). Kangaroo Thorn.
Fig. 7. Spreading shrub, 6-10 ft. high: branches pubes-
cent: phyll. 1 in. long, semi-ovate, undulate, obtuse, or
with a short, oblique point: heads solitary: peduncles
oxlUary, equaling the phyll., borne all along the branches :

fls. fragrant. Feb. B.M. 1653. F.E.
9:401, 431.- Good hedge shrub.
Grown also for spring bloom.

GG. Stipules small, deciduous,
nrO.

fi. lineAta, f'M'!!i. Bushy shrub:
■ I., . ,,,,1., ,, , ,,t. ti-rete: phyll.
?-j-'.n 'IIn linear; point

sni:il! hmcle solitary,

axillii .1 111' 1, equaling or

.•\r,, iliiiL' iIm' |.Ii\ II., [.'labrous: fls.
11. -Ii >rll.,w. .M^ii-. 1!..M. 3346.

7. acinacea, l.iinll. [A. Latrbhei,
Mciysii.;. ^liriilj : branches gla-
brous, angular: ]iliyll. K-?iiin. long,
about 3 lines wide, obliquely oblong
or somewhat falcate, obtuse, with a
small, recurved point: peduncles
slender, about equaling the phyll.

8. obliqua, Cunn. [A. rotundi-
(■•Vut, Htmk.). Shrub : branches
L'labrescent : phyll. X 'to nearly

• in. long, obliquely obovate or or-
Miular ; mid-nerve terminating in
a minute, recurved point: peduncles
verv slender, mostly exceeding the
phyll. Mar. B.M. 4041.

9. Meissneri, Lehm. Tall shrub:
young branches glabrous, acutely
angular : phyll. K-1 in. long, 2-4
lines broad, obovate-oblong or ob-
liquely cuneate, obtuse, or with a
small, hooked point : peduncles
shorter than the phyll. : fls. vellow.
May.

FP. Lengt}i of phyll. l}4-i in.
10. dodonseifdlia.Willd. Tall shrub, very resinous, shin-
ing : phyll. 2-4 lines wide, oblong-linear or lanceolate,
mostly obtuse, 1-nerved, lateral veins prominent and
anastomosing: stipules 0: peduncles solitary or in pairs,
about )iin. long. Mar.

(XJ^).

ACACIA

EE. Fl. heads in axillary racemes (rarely reduced to

a solitary head).

F. Phyll. S in. or less long, broad.

G. Racemes much exceeding the phyll.

11. lunata.'^i. I'M .•' rf.V'fi.r'i;iiii.). Glabrous shrub:

phyll. less tl: . 1 .., 1 ,,1,1, ,,,,1, -lanceolate or ellipti-

cal-cune;ir.'. -.Iilique or recurved

point: fls. \. ., ,1 !,., II ■al,3-4 lines broad;

seeds pla.-.',l .!,,-. i.. il,. ui.i, i -unir.-. Apr. B.E. 1352.
— Without thr t'niit this may easily be mistaken for A.
linifolia vav.prominens.

12. cnltiiidrmis, Cunn. (A. cidtrAta, Ait.). Tallshrub,
glaucous with wax when young : phyll. K-54in. long,
falcate-ovate or almost triangular, mncronulate, with
thickened margins and usually a marginal gland at the
angle on the convex side: fl. heads in axillary racemes
much exceedingtbe phyll. : pods flat, about 3 lines broad;
seeds placed close to the upper suture. Mar. R.H. 1896,
p. 503. J.H. III. 34:131.

13. pravissima, F.v.M. Tall shrub or small tree; gla-
brous: phyll. mostly 3-0 lines long, obliquely falcate-
c'liniiii. ..r iiliiH.st trapezoid, recurved, imperfectly 2-
\"* ' ' ' t irland much below the angle on the

. I ,h1s in handsome axillary raceraesmuch

i\ ' III., I", i-lnll.: pods flat, about 3 lines broad;
.sLud.-- piae(_ J aluii^ the Center of the pod.

GG. liacemes not, or only slightly, exceeding the phyll.

14. linifdUa, Willd. Tall shrub: phyll. 1-lXin. long,
linear to linear-lanceolate, straight, rather thin; marginal
gland small, near the base: fl. heads in slender, axil-

2168. See No. 11.

Var. pr6minens, "Sh ■
broader, linear-lain .
gland prominent, 'h-

IN /i,5,Cunn.). Phyll.
ii:- falcate; marginal
ase. B.M. 3502.

15. brachybdtrya, I- mli. lall 1,™!.: phyll. X-lKin.,
rarely, in luxuriant s|)f''iniens, 2 in. long, obliquely obo-
vate or oblong, firm, rather broad, obtuse or mncronu-
late: fl. heads few, in short, axillary racemes, about
equaling the phyll., or rarely reduced "to 1 bead: fls 20-
50 in a head: pods flat, linear ff narrow-i-Iliptical.

Var. argyrophylla, Benth. (.1. .i nnin'rhfilht . II..ok.)-
Silvery-silkv, turning soraeti I IMS -,.1.1, n mII.iw: plivH.
mostly %-l>$ in. long: fl. heads ..it. u .^.ilitary. 1;..M. 4:W4.

Var. glaucophj'lla, Benth. (ilaucous and more or less
pubescent: phyll. mostly K-Jiin. long: fl. heads mostly
2-5, shortly racemose.

Var. glabra, Benth. Quite glabrous: phyll. small and
narrow: fl. heads small.

16. myrtildlia, Willd. Shrub, rarely tall: phyll. l-2in.
long, very variable, firm, usually acute or mucronate
and narrowed at base, with thickened, nerve-like mar-
gins, and a marginal i-hiii.l 1..I..W tlie middle: fl. heads

several, in short. :.\''i .^ . - aliout equaling the

phyll.: fls. 2-4 in a , ,. ; i , i, L.rge: pods linear,
thick, curved, with N i i : i i,;iiis, 2-3 lines broad.
B.M.302, asMimos., „ ,- .■ ..

Var. celastrifdlia, Benth. {A. celaslrifblia, Benth.).
Phyll. mostly lK-2 in. long and often 1 in. broad. B.M.
4306.

Var. norm&Iis, Benth. Phyll. mostly 1-2 in. long and
about J^^ln. broad.

FF. Phyll. 2-6-12 in. long (sometimes only V.i in. in
A. obtusata).

Var. angustifdlia, Benth. Phyll. mostly 2-4 in. long,
2—4 lines broad.

G. Tlie phyll. distinctly penniveined.

17. falcata, Willd. Tall shrub or small tree; glabrous:
branches angular: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. lon^, lanceolate-
falcate, acuminate, much narr.nvf.l i.. tin- base; margi-
nal gland close to the base ..r n: s. paN tr.-.-, narrow:
pods rather narrow; funicle . ii.inlin:: lii.- seal.

18. penninfirvis, Sieb. Tree: glal.r..us: liran.'hesangu-
lar: phj'U. 3 to above 6 in. long, oblong to lanceolate-
falcate, acuminate, much narrowed to the base; margins
nerve-like; gland distant from the base or 0: pods broad;
funicle encircling the seed. Mar, B.M. 2754.

ACACIA

Var. falcifarmis, Beiith. (.1. fah-lf^rmis, DC). Phyll.
mostly larger and more falcate: young shoots and in-
florescence minutely hoary or golden-pubescent ; pod
nearly Kin. broad.

19. salfgna, Wendl. Shrub G-10 ft. : branchlets angu-
lar: phyll. 4-f) in. long, falcate-lanceolate or oblanceolate,
narrowed to the base, rather obtuse, glaucous and
.smooth, till- lateral veins but little conspicuous: racemes
shiTt: I'tMlunrles short: fl. heads few, large. Mar.

■JO. cyanophylla, T,i.i.ll. Bi,it.-t,f.(vf,i> W^tti.k. Tall

V-J-sin. long: fl. heads ri-.-|. large, golden villow. Mar.
Gn. 52, p. 99.

21. obtUBita, Sieb. Tall, glabrous .shrub: phyll. lK-3
in. long, oblong-linear,oralmost«patulate, usually almost
straight, rather obtuse, point not curved, thick, rigid,
with thickened, nerve-like margins; marginal gland 1,
distant from the base, not prominent : racemes about
54in. long, with densely packed heads; fls. 30 or more.
Mar.

GG. TJie phijU. tJiick, usually with inconspicuous latera I
veins {conspicuous in A. pycnantha).

22. neriifdlia, Cunn. {A. reti'nddes, Schlecht. A.reti-
nddeSfVUT. floribilnda, Rort.). Fig. 8. Tall, handsome
shrub or small tree: branchlets slender: phyll. 3-5 in.
long, 2-5 lines wide, linear-lanceolate, falcate, much nar-
rowed to the base: racemes l-ZyHn. long ; peduncles
about 2 lines long : fls. bright yellow. Mar. P. v. M. Icon.
.'5:9. R.H. 18%. p. 505. A. F. 13: 880. -Useful as a street
tree in Calif.

2;?. pycnintha, Benth. Golden ^Vattle. Small tree:
phyll. 3-0 in. long, lanceolate to oblanceolate, or, on vig-
orous shoots, even obovate-f alcate, obtuse or acutish, dis-
tinctly penniveined, with a conspicuous marginal gland
near the base: fl. heads in axillary racemes, on short pe-
duncles, large, fragrant: funicle scarcely folded. Feb.
R.H. 189G, p. 501. — Very variable in shape and size of
phyll.

24. saliolna, Lindl. Small tree : branches drooping :
foliage pale: phyll. 2-5 in. long, 2M-6 lines wide, ob-
long-linear or lanceolate, narrowed at base, thick, rigid,
with a curved point; midrib and marginal veins scarcely
prominent: racemes short, often reduced to 2 or 3 heads,
or even only 1: peduncles slender: fls. about 20 in the
head: pods straight; funicle scarlet, folded under the
seed.

, different

in aspect and the nerve of the phyll. much more promi-
nent: phyll. linear-lanceolate, with an oblique or re-
curved callous point.

2(!. suavSolena, Willd. Shrub 3-6 ft. high, glabrous:
branches acutely angled: phyll. 3-6 in. long, 2—4 lines
wide, narrowly lanceolate to linear; margins thickened:
racemes about %in. long before opening, inclosed in
large, imbricate bracts: lis. 6-10 in a head. Apr.
DD. Veins of phyll. several (rarely only 2),

27. 6swaldi, P. v. M. Tall shrub: phyll. lK-2 in. long,
falcate-oblong to linear, rigid, mostly mucronate, finely
striate, twisted, mostly 3 or 4 lines broad. P. v. M. Icon.
6:10.

28. pSndula, Cunn. Weeping Myall. Handsome small
tree: branches pendulous: foliage pale or ash-colored,
with minute pubescence: phyll. l}4-2iiiii. long, nar-
rowly lanceolate or almost linear-falcate, ending in a
curved cusp; nerves few, indistinct: racemes very short,
sometimes reduced to a solitary head; peduncles 5S
lines long. P. v. M. Icon. 6 : 8.

29. harpoph^lla, F.v.M. Tree: branchlets slightly an-
gular: phyll. 0-8 in. long, lanceolate, very falcate, nar-
rowed at the end but obtuse, much narrowed at the base,
coriaceous, pale or glaucous; nerves several, fine; reticu-
late veins few and indistinct : peduncles slender, mostly
clustered in the axils : funicle short. F. v. M. Icon.

ACACIA 7

.'iO. impl6xa, Benth. Glabrous tree: branchlets nearly
terete: phyll. 3-0 in. long, 2ii-o lines wide, lanceolate
and very falcate-acuminate, with a short, hooked point,
rather thin; reticulate veins numerous and distinct: pe-
duncles few, in a very short raceme, long and slender:
fls. pale yellow or dirty white; pods rather narrow, bi-
convex, curved or twisted, slightly constricted between
the seeds; funicle yellow, folded at the end of the seed
but not encircling it. F. v. M. Icon. 8: 2.

31. melanflxylon.R. Br. Australian Blackwood. Tall
tree, usually pyramidal, glabrous: branchlets slightly
angular: phyll. mostly 3 or 4 in. long, K-1 in. wide, nar-
rowly lanceolate to falcate-oblong, or even falcate-ob-
lanceolate, much narrowed to the base, very obtuse,
thick and stiff; retictilate veins numerous: racemes oc-
casionally reduced to 1 or 2 heads ; peduncles short,
stout : fls. pale yellow or dirty white ; petals connate
above the middle : pods flat, 3-4 lines broad, often curved
in a circle ; funicle bright red, doubly encircling the
seed. Mar. B.M. 1059.

32. Cjolops, Cunn. Shrub 6-10 ft. : branchlets angular:
phyll. lK-3 in. long, nonrly straight, narrow-oblong, ob-
tuse, rigid: racemes short asionally reduced to 1 or2

heads: fls. yellow ; ].. taK sniooil,, free: pods flat, 4-6
lines wide, curved or twistrd ; fiiini-le richly colored,
doubly encircling the s. id. Apr. F. v. M. Icon. 8: 3.

BB. Fls. in cylindrical, or rarely oblong, spikes.
c. Phyll. narrow, pungent-pointed, H-l in. long.

33. oxyc^drus, Sieb. Tall, spreading shrub : phyll.
}4-%,or rarely 1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate, scattered, very rigid, striate, with 3 or 4 prominent
nerves on each side; stipules small, often spinescent:
spikes often above 1 in. long. B.M. 2928.

34. vertioilUta, Willd. {Mimosa verticimta, L'Ker.).
Bushy, spreading shrub : phyll. K-?iin. long, linear-
subulate to lanceolate or oblong, mostly whorled, rigid,
with 1 prominent central nerve ; stipules minute : spikes
%-l in. long, dense ; fls. deep yellow. Apr. B. M. 110.

35. Eice4na, Hensl. Tall shrub or small tree, hand-
some,dark green: phyll. H-%Ya. long, linear or subulate,
sometimes very narrow and 1-1 Kin. long, scattered or
whorled, 1-nerved; stipules minute: spikes interrupted,
slender, often above 1 in. long ; fls. pale vellow. Apr.
N. 1:7.

8 ACACIA

cc. Pliyll. broader, less rigid, not piingenf-poinled,
1)4-6 in. long.

36. longUAIia, Willd. Sydney Golden Wattle. Fig.
9. Tall, handsome shrub: phyll. 4-6 in. long, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate; longitudinal veins several, promi-
nent: spikes 1 in. long, loose, axillary, mostly in diver-
gent pairs; fls. golden yellow. Mar. B.R. 362. B.M.
2166. R.H. 1896. p. 504. -Useful as a street tree in Calif.

Var. Sophdrse, F. v. M. [A. Sophdrcc, R. Br.). Phyll.
2-3 in. long, 5-8 lines wide, broadly oblong, obtuse.

37. lineiris, Sims. {A. tonfflssi'ma, Wendl.). Shrub:
phyll. 4-6 in. long, linear, with 1 prominent longitudinal
nerve : spikes 1-2 in. long, loose and interrupted, slender:
fls. pale yellow or dirty white. B.M. 21,i6. B.R. 680.-
Valued as a street tree in Calif.

lines wide, narrowly linear, without prominent nerves but
minutely striate, rigid: spikes short and dense on short
peduncles: pods broad, flat, short. F. t. M. Icon. 10: 8.

39. glaucfiscens, Willd. (.4. ojBfro'sccns, Sieb.). Glau-
cous tree 50 ft. or more high: phyll. 4-6 in. long, 5-12
lines broad at the middle, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at
both ends, falcate, striate, and with 3-5 more prominent
nerves, all free from the lower margin: spikes in pairs,
1-2 in. long:- pods narrow-linear, biconvex, irregularly
twisted. Mar. B.M. 3174.

40. holoserfcea, Cunn. (A. leucophylla, Undl.). Shrub
or small tree 10-20 ft., white, silky : phyll. 4-6 in. long,
1-3 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, with 3 or 4 prominent
nerves confluent with the lower margin at the base:
spikes mostly in pairs, sessile, about 2 in. long. Mar.

AA. Jyvs. all bipinnate.

B. Fls. in globular lieads.

c. JTeads in terminal-axillary panicles or racemes:

stipules small or 0.
D. Trees: pinnw in S-15 pairs, fl. -heads panicled.

41. decurrens, Willd. Green Wattle. Branchlets with
very prominent angles decurrent from the petioles ;

ACACIA

glabrous, or the young shoots slightly tomentose-pubes-
cent : leaflets 1-2 lines long, narrow, rather distant :
fls. whitish yellow: pods mostly less than 4 lines wide,
flat, more or less contracted between the seeds. Mar.-
May.
Var. normalia, Benth. Leaflets 3^ lines long.

42. mollissima, Willd. (A. decurrens var. mdllis,
Lindl. ). Black Wattle. Branchlets with decurrent an-
gles only slightly prominent : foliage and branchlets pu-
bescent, the young shoots of a yellowish or golden tinge;
leaflets 2-3 lines long, narrow, crowded: fls. fragrant:
pods mostly less than 4 lines wide, flat, more or less con-
tracted between the seeds. Dec-Mar. B.R. 371. -The
names of this and of the next species are often inter-
changed in gardens and even in herbaria.

43. dealbita, Link. Silver Wattle. Branchlets with
decurrent angles only slightly prominent : foliage and
branchlets very glaucous or hoarj', with a fine pubes-
cence, the young shoots whitish; leaflets 2-3 lines long,
narrow, crowded : pods mostly more than 4 lines wide,
flat, hardlv constricted between the seeds. Mar. A.F.
13:880. R."H. 1896, p. 502.

DD. Shrubs or small trees: pinnm mostly in 2S pairs:
fi. heads racemed.

44. pub^scens, K. Br. Hairy Wattle. Shrub 6-10 ft.:
branches and petioles hirsute: pinnie mostly 3-8 pairs;
leaflets 6-20 pairs, 1-2 lines long, crowded, linear, gla-
brous: racemes slender, longer than the Ivs. Mar. B.M.
1263. F.R. 1:733.

45. BaileyJlna, F.v.M. Small,handsome tree: branches
and foliage glabrous and glaucous: pinnse 2-3 pairs;
leaflets about 13 pairs, lK-2}^ lines long, crowded,
linear: racemes 3-4 in. long. Jan. F. v. M. Icon. 12: 5.
G.C. III. 15:37.

Beads

cles:

46. puIchSUa, R. Br. Elegant shrub: branches slender,
glabrous or hirsute, usually armed with subulate axillary
spines : pinnee 1 pair ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 1-2 lines long,
obtuse: fl. heads solitary; fls. yellow. Apr.

Var. grindlB, Hort. {A.grdndis.Hentr.). Shrub 6ft.,
glabrous: leaflets 8-10 pairs, longer: fls. vellow. Feb.-
May. J. H. 111.35:369 (1897).

Var. hispidlBsima, Hort. {A. hispid Issima, DC).
Branches very hirsute, with long, spreading hairs :
leaflets narrow: fls. white. B.M. 4588.

47. VaTneaiina,Wnid.{A.leptophftUa,DC.). Popinac.
Opopanax. Cassie. Huisache. Much branching shrub,
6-10 ft.: stipules straight, slender, sometimes minute
spines; pinnee 5-8 pairs; leaflets mostly 10-25 pairs, 1-2
lines long, narrow, linear, glabrous: peduncles 2 or 3 in
the older axils: fl. heads large, globular, deep yellow,
very fragrant: pods almost terete, indehiscent, at length
turgid and pulpy. Feb.-Mar. Tex., Mex., Asia, Afr.
and Austral. Grown in S. France for perfumery.

48. Cavinia, Bertero. Espino. Cavax. Height 20 ft.:
spines stout: leaflets scabrous, scabious-pubescent. Oth-
erwise near to A . Farnesiana, of which it is sometimes
considered a mere variety. Chile.— A good hedge plant.

49. ArAbica, Willd. Gum Arabic Tree. Fig. 10. Small
tree, with spiny stipules: pinnse 3-6 pairs, each with 40
or less very narrow leaflets : fls. white, in globular, pe-
dunculate heads, which are usually in 3's. Arab, and Eu.

50. filiclna, Willd. Unarmed shrub : pinnae 2-15 pairs;
leaflets 20-50 or more pairs ( rarely 10-15 ) , very small :
fl. heads globular: pods linear, straight, flat, not pulpy.
Tex. and Mex.

BB. Fls. in cylindrical spikes.

51. Grfiggii, Gray. Small tree 10-20 ft., pubescent,
often with scattered, short, stout, hooked prickles :
pinnae 2-i pairs, %-! in. long ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 2 or 3
lines long, oblong or oblong-obovate, thick, and with 2 or
3 straight nerves : peduncles yi-1 in. long. Apr.
Tex., S. Calif, and Mex.

52. Cdtechu, Willd. Tree: pinnae 8-10 pairs, each bear-
ing 100 or less linear, pubescent leaflets : fls. yellow ;
spikes solitary or in 2's or 3's. E. Ind.— Yields Catechu,
a valuable tannin.

ACACIA

53. Drummondii, Benth. Bush or small tree: pinnse
2-4 pairs, each with 4-10 linear, very obtuse glabrous
leaflets: fls. pale lemon-yellow, in dense, solitary, droop-
ing spikes 1-1}4 in. long. Austral. B.M. Sigii-Hand-
some, and popular for spring bloom, as at Easter.

In the following supplementary list, the heights given are
those attained by the plants under glass in N. Europe ; in the
open air in the southwest U. S. they often grow much taller,
and sometimes flower 2 months earlier. Except when other-
wise stated, the flowers are yellow. Those m.irked {*) are con-
sidered most desirable. Tho-. ini[li4 Mm'. ti 1 ji..tlionse

Kunth.=Lysilo
■ ■'4t't.-

ft. May. B.R.3aB.-J.c
erophylla.— .4. aiujula
Lodd.=longifolia. var.
brachybotrya, var. art;
feldii, Regel. A..1mi.
Regel.=aspera.-

Desv.=discolo

-A.nhitn, K.Br., 6
-May. Near to het-
—A. angustifdlia,
•itrophylla, Hook.=
I.I, Lindl. (A. Aus-
M |^ -^A.AusfHdii,
'pinia bijuga.—

Bartheriana, !l. - I l

Fls.? Mexico.— .1 /.' ' I i mmfragrans.—

4.(<Wdra,R.Br. lit M,, -1 ', -,..'„ In s (t. May.-J.
brachyacdntka, Humh. iV Bonpl.=.Mimosa ac.anthocarpa.— ^ .
brevifdlia, Lodd.=liUiala. — -4. brempes, Cunu.=melanoxylon. —
A. Surmanniana. DC. Fls.? 6 ft. Ceylon. Stove.— A. buxifo-
iia, Cunn. 4 ft. Apr. Hook.Icon.164.— A. ccesid, Wight & Am.
(A. Intsia, Willd.). 20 ft. E. Indies. Stove.— A. celastrifolia,
Benth.=myTtifoHa,var. celastrifolia.-A. cmtrophylta.DC. 20
ft.: white. Jamaica. Stove.— A.(7fra(^n!(^,WLlld.=MimosaCera-
tonia.— A. chrysdstachys, Hort.=Piptadeniachrysostachys.— A.
ciliata, R. Br.=strigosa.— A. cinerascens, Sieb.=glaucescens.—
A.cochleclris, Wendl. 4 ft. Apr. to May.— A. conctona, DC. 20

ii'ijna, IiOud.=Pithe-
inn. Apr.— A. corddta,
mother species.— A. con
'" ' =sradicigera.— J

.Indies. Sto
colobium umhellatum.— A. confcrti
trade name, probably belongs to i
acta, DC. 5 ft. May.— .1. coraisrcra. Willd.=
caronillcefblia, Desf. 10 ft. N. Afric '

Conn. 6 ft. May.— A. cuUrata, Hort.=cultriformis.— A. cune-
dta, Benth. Apr.— A. cuspidata, Cunn.=diffusa, var. cuspidata.
—A.eycnbrum, Hook.=obscura.— .4. drt('ics(Vp/(>/("(i, Cunn. 6 ft.
Juno.— A. dedpiena, ■va.T.pramorsa. Hort.* 3 ft. May. B.M. 3244.
—A. decurrens, var. muliis, Benth.=mollissima.— A. densifuUa,
Benth.=aspera.— A. denlifera, Benth. Apr. B.M. 4032.— A. de-
pindens, Cunn.=longifolia,var.mucronata.— A.deitnc7is, Burch.
3 ft. May. S. Afr.— A. diptera, Willd.=Prosopis juliflora.— A.
diptera, Lindl. Shrub: fls. ?— A. diptera, v&r. eridptera, Gra-
ham. Sept. B.M. 3939.— A. discolor, WiUd. (A. angulata, Desv.).
10 ft. May.— A. dioaricdta, WiIld.=LysUoma Schiedeana.— A.
Donkelaarii is a trade name.=Mimosa?— A . doratdxylon,* " Cur-
rawanB,"abeautifulsmaUtTee: fls. golden yellow.— A. dinndsa,
Wight* Am. =latronum.—A.e6«mea, WiUd. 5ft. E.Ind. Stove.
—A.ecMnula, DC.=juniperina.— A. cdu(ts, Humb. & Bonpl.=
Famesiana.— 4. elata, —*. "Pepper-tree Wattle."— A. eionffdta,
Sieh.*6ft. M.iy. B.M. 33:i7. Especially suitable fordamp. sandy
land.— A. emargirutla, Wendl.=stricta.— A. eriocldda, Benth.
June.— A. Esterhazia, Mackay. 4 ft. May.— A. falcifoniiis,
DC.=penninervis, var. falciformis. — A. ferruglnea, DC. E.
Indies. Fls.! Stove. — A. MezicauUs. Benth.=Pithecolobium
flexicaule. Coulter.- A. fioribunda, Willd. =longifolia, var. flori-
bunda.— A./?on7;M;ida,Hort.=neriifolia.— A. formbsa, Kunth.
=Calliandraformosa.— A. /ronddsa, Willd. =Leueienaglauca.—
A. fruticbsa, Mart.=Piptadenia latifolia.— A. genistcefblia ,
Link.=diffusa.— A. giraffes. Willd. "Camel-thorn." JO ft S
Afr. Fls. ? Stove.
glaUca, Hort.=A.

—A.glaitca, Mceneh.=LeucEena glauca.— A.

glauceseens.— A. /7rd7idis, Henfr.=p\dchella,
'. grandis.— A. grata, Willd.=Piptadenia macrocarpa.—
gravtolms. Cunn.=vcmiciflua.-A. GuayaQuilensis. Desf.

=Mimos%
nodendr

ens s W Ud =Stryph

■'Oft

Fls yellow or

ft mIv

BM

s

Afr -A

heteo

-A

ht.p la

Hort

=A

pul hell

s 1 =1 t 1

1 /

Willd=J^lbzz%

Idbr

nula DC) 6 ft

Alb zz a Jul 1 r

Sto e-A io b

A la Ig ra L

Lvs loma lat il

tro I Wdld 1

des Stove -4 I

Stove -4 7 n

; -^^ 1

Benth = 1

Stove - 1

leaves

Stove - 1

6 ft Aj. 11

1 -

leucophlara. Willd. 12
A. leucophylla. Colvill
cina.— A. longifblia, •■

viiT.giganlea,U<Tt =-.\lin
■■ ■■ - ■■■.=All,izzia

.M.ii I M J-, - 1 . .w,„„, Wendl.
ill.izzia Ic.pbantha.— A.
;zia lophantha, var. gigan-

--- lucida.— A. Mangium,

Willd. 10 ft. Molucca IsN. Stme -A. microphylla, Vf Hid =
Piptadeniaperegrina.-A. mollis, Wall.=Albizzia Julibrissin.—
A.N^mu, WUId.— .\lbizzia Julibrissin.— A. neurocdrpa, Cunn.
=holosericea-A.nii;riVans. R. Br. 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 2188. -A.
nudUidra, Willd. (A Rohri.ana. DC). 30 ft.; white. W.Indies.
Stove.— A.Di)sc«m..\ DC. (A.cycnorum, Hook.). 2%ft. B.M.
•^^3.— A.iidoraltssima, Vfilld =.41bizzia odoratissinia —A.olece-
/fiiia, Cunn.=lunata.-A. oligophyUa.Suffm.^.: I n Tl.l.itit'
Stove —.1. or«dfa is a namein the tr,ade. pro' ' .> . ■ n
■ ■ ■■ DC.=arm.,l

Lindl. lu ft. Ma
-A. piimatu. L
10 ft. June ~ I
stove climl.'T —
15.P.39.— A 1
cies.-A. i'.wr
A.prismatica 11
Cunn.— Unit'.. 1,. I
hinia Pseuda'-a- i
floribundum. — ,1

:.R.1321.-J

semicorddfa, 1.. I

WiUd. 30ft.: IN .1,1 .

Cunn. Apr.— u .s ,

longifoli.a. var. .'■iopliora

nigera, Willd.). 15 ft.

Stove.— A. specibsa, Wi

Cunn.* Apr. B.R. 1843:46.

Balb. lift.; red and vello

mala, Lindl. Apr. Hook. Ic

Mar.-.l. slipulata. DC.=All.izzia s

(A. emarginata, Wendl.). 2 ft. Ma

Link. (A. ciliata, R. Br.). 4 ft.-A. strnmbuhferi.

Prosopis strombulifera.— A. «((>u?ti*a, Bonpl. 4 ft.

" ■ 1 ft. July. B.R. 928.— A..V!'(nin, Gurz 10ft-

■ (.Willd. (A. pinnata).

. taxifblia, Lodd.=Riceana.—

pale yellow.

ld.=Albizzia Le

6. Remark.aldy

(Tuadeloupe

. Plant 307 -

iimfbl,,, 1

, 1^ M "V

, '"-^

-"• I'linodeudron

1 ni.li,, tctragona.

.::, HBK. (A.

' , limber.— A.

1 1 hispida.-

1 s.umentbm.

iidens.-.4.

1 .V<;«ci7o(,

' 1 1 V,'

■tela, Willd.
Wi/ld.=

suleata, R.

fls. 1 E.Indies. Stove.-

4ft.: white. S. Amer.

A.' tomentbsa, Willd. 20 ft.: fls.? E.Indies. _ _ _. _. . .

chbdes, Willd. =LeucaBna trichodes.— A. trinervdta, Sieb. 6 ft.

Apr.— A. trlstis, Graham=armata.— A. umbellata. Cunn. Apr.

—A.uncinata, Lodd.—undidsefolia.- A. undultefblia (A. nnci-

nata, Lodd). 4 ft. May. B.M. 3394.— A. t/ropAyHo, Benth. Pale

Acac a Arabica

ellow

Apr

A e

WUd

A 1

A virgata 1

I H

(A ras

c fol

PR 1

10 ACACIA, FALSE

ACACIA, FALSE See li ihinin Pi,euilacacia
ACACIA, EOSE See Bobtnia liiiptda

ACiNA (from akauia thorn) HosAreie Dwarf
hardy perennial sub shrubs with iiil nsj i u us ^reen
flowers, cultivated m rookeries til i i

spines, which are borne on the ell I

work for dwarf, spring flowerin I

are unsurpassed. Useful in prot i 1

bog plants. Prop by cuttings n i -, i 1 Ini

sions and seeds. Monogr by T LitoinL m h.e\ ue des
Sciences Naturelles de 1 Quest, 1871 Nos 1,2 3

microph^Ua, Hook f Lvs evergreen pale pinnate
serrate : spines attractive all summer and autumn ^
Zeal. — Grows well m either wet or diy soils

ovalifilia, Kuiz & Pav Lvs a little larger than the
Ktter, leaflets oblong subcuneate ( hile (^n 52 p 4fi

ACANTHOMINTHA

II \rg {It) I H rr rv Seem ;

(1 with

GodsefEiaua M ist Lvs ovate or ovate lanceolate,

:r( n \Mth cieimj margin fls unknown GC III

s .'4' Gng 6 278 FE 10 5o4 A F 13 1286

hispida Burm f ( 4 '^anrlprt N E Brown) Fig

( lit I iefl\ f r It I n i 1 iin iriutus like spikes

1 I I I 1 I i 1 1 1 hid p TOS,

I s I L in 'jM

natih I

ACALfPHA (a name given b\ Hippocrates to a net
tic). EuphorhiAeea Tender foliage plants much used
for greenhouse ornament ii 1 ( | i ill\ for bedding
out. For the latter purj. I I t have strong,

well hardened plants ii I hould be set

out the last week in M ii h soil with

out check. Prop. b> I i three ways

(I) in fall from outdoor U I t I ] 1 mts yl) from plants
lifted in fall, cut back, and kept lur sprmg stock ,
(3) from stock plants m pots reserved from the
previous season. The well ripened wood of these
last is a great ad^ antage and gives cuttings that ma^

11. Acalypha

be taken with a heel A mature stem will furnish se\
eral beside the top one. This is the best method for gen
cral purposes. Cuttings are taken below joints, and re-
quire mild bottom heat. For greenhouse ornament in fall
and winter, excellent specimens may be secured from
cuttings made in summer from such stock plants.

Cult, by Robert Shore.

A AMFL I from the brittli, naturo of the flow

dreenhouse epiphjte
II (^ andi longifoha Lindl ) E Ind A
1 1 itive \ alue said to be sold by its synonym

ACANTHEPHlPPIUM (meanmg unknown) Often

spelled iianthophippiiim Orchiddcew Terrestrial

stove orchids Fls rather 1 ir^t r i n t s( f w sepals

imbined to form a broad \ I II 1 1 est in a

mp st of loam and le it s t f the

li ttest moist denselvshal I i nremuch

ACANTHODIUM s / , , /
ACANTHOLIMON J II

i\ \ i\ ir fulh mil 1 M I ns I 1

s| K. m th. FI ridrient is It

tun„' A. uitholimjn St P I i

glumiceum, Boiss He 1 r en fls

snnll r< s( en me sided i I m eafh

shirt dense spikelet Juh s , \ 1 s 7 b77

( n n ')2 R H 1891 p 4s I

veniistuni, Boiss (Armeria^ttum clianthifohum O
K iiitzp I About 8 in lvs grey green very stiff fls
1 11 t,i r thin the last rose 12-20 in each long loose spike
let luh-Sept Asia Minor R H 1860 4-)0 Gn 13 117
B M 7.0b &n ,3 p 40, j g Keller and W M

ACANTHOMINTHA. ZabiAhe. Thorny Mint. Ten-
der annual, with the habit of Lamium. Its chief inter-
est is botanical, the nearest relative of the genus being
the Brazilian genus Glechon. Only two species known.
Prop, by seeds in spring under glass.

ACANTHOMINTHA

ihcifdlia, Gray. Height 6 in.: Ivs. petioled, ovate,
bluntly toothed: fls. 3-8 in a whorl, chiefly purple, with
yellow and white marks. Calif. B.M. 6750. Int. 1891.
— Less desirable than Lamiura, which see.

ACANTHOPANAX (a thorny Panax-like plant). Ara-
UAcetf. Hardy ornamental trees and shrubs: Ivs. alter-
nate, long-petioled, lobed or digitate, deciduous: fls. iB-

ACANTHUS

^- J

flon m I
o s I n I

d« F u h

ACANTHOPHIPPIUM

ACANTHOPHCENIX akn 7 tl om an 1 p/ffi J- a
/ eAwT palms sp nj

13. Acalypha hispida (A. Sandei

conspicuou<!, m umbels ; petals and
black 2-5-seeded berry. Cent. Asia and Himalayas. Prop,
by seeds or by root-cuttings; A. pentapht/Uitni also by
hardwood cuttings.

A. Xrs. simple, palmaieJi/ lohnJ.

ricinifblium, ^i mi {Aialin Ma uniin, ,,;,i,Hort. Kalo-

p&nar > i, iiui"l nmi. 'S\ii[ I Ti. . sn tt branches with

in diam.. ■lu\\ii\ l.t ut ,itli \\lnii \c.uiii;. lobes oblong-
lanceohiti', M-mite : mliuiesceuse termmal, large, com-
pound. Japan. F.S. 20: 20(J7.— A very ornamental tree
of striking subtropical effect. A new form from Japan
has the h s. less downy beneath and with short, broad

^°'"^- AA. Lvs. digitate.

sessilifldrum, Seem. {Panax, sessilinnriim, Rupr. &
Max.). Shrub, 12 ft.: branche
leaflets mostly :!. oliovatt-lam

vith only few prickles:
l:itL' or ublong-lanceo-
I iij, iii-egularly cre-
: ; : I I'lish, sessile, in
< -. Manchuria,
1 ' -The freely pro-

nate-si-i-r',i' :' " i "• ■

N.ChiiK,. ■,.> . Ill._ ,^ '.:. ,

duced Utail.-. ..r Ijliick Irhh,, aiu

pentaphyllum. Marsh. {A. spindsum, Hort., not Miq.
Ardlia pentaphyllu, Thuub.). Shrub, 5-10 ft. : branches
long and slender, with few compressed, straight prickles :
leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate or oblong-lanceolate, cuueate,
acute, 54-1 Kin. long, crenate-serrate, smooth: tls. green,
in long and slender-peduncled umbels ; styles 5, connate.
Japan. — A graceful shrub, with arching branches and
bright green, shining foliage, excellent on rocky banks
and slopes. Var. variegatum, Hort. Lvs. edged white.
F.S. 20:2079.

A.Oi^tleatum, Seem. Spiny shrub; leaflets .3-5. shortly peti-
oled, glabrous. Himalayas.—.!, divaricatum, Seem. Allied to

ewha 1 gl w tl

ho ib e V

L ab n la e of

ACANTHORHIZA

IH "b

n M

Chuco I r 0 Ma St moo 1

about 30 ft. high, 9-10 in. in diam., slender, flexuous: lvs.
orbicular, with a narrow sinus at the base ; petioles slen-
der, 3-6 ft. long, smooth; blade 6 ft. in diam., divided to
or beyond the middle; segments 15-20, lanceolate, acute,
1-2 in. wide, dark green above, paler and glandular be-
low. Braz.

Hab.

ACANTHUS (nfraH/Zios, thorn). Acantliicea-. Bear's
Breech. Mostly hardy herbaceous perennials of vigorous
growth and broad foliage, suitable for backgrounds of
borders and subtropical effects. The acanthus leaf is one
of the commonest of art forms. The ornamentation of
the Corinthian column is said to have been suggested
by A. spinosus. Height 3-4 ft.; spikes l-lKt't. long ;

ACANTHUS

fls. dull white
Europe A mol
tionalized ataiill

is fatal, especiall

sh Mo-ftly southern

L.t, Fall planted

stock should alwi> a be prutected tor tUi winter by long

^'

'■%

13. Acanthus spinosissimus.

14. Acanthus mollis.

litter or evergreen boughs, even where established pla
are hardy. Prop, by division in spring or early r ---
and by seeds. Cult, by J. B. Keller.

A. Jyvs. spiny.

spinoslssimus, Desf. Fig. 13. Lvs. dark green, pin-
natelyparted; spines glistening: fls.infrequent; autumn;
spikes loose, pilose or glabrescent: spines of the bracts
recurved.

spindsuB, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifld, pubescent ;
spines short, whitish: fls. smaller than in the last; sum-
mer ; spikes dense, slightly villous. B. M. 1808. Gn
8:li7.

AA. 1/vs. not Spiny.

m6Ilis, Linn. Fig. 14. Lvs. 2x1 ft., cordate, sinuately
pinnatifld, mostly radical: fls. summer; spikes loose, pu-
bescent. Gn. 52, p. 239. —Also recommended as a window
plant. Var.latiiaiiuB,Hort.(4.;o««ii«.s,Hort. A.Iyusi-
tdnicus, Hort. ) is larger and hardier. Gn. 1, p. 303.

longiS6Uu8, Poir. Lvs. radical, longer and narrower
than in A. moll is, hright green: fls. June. — Though said
to be a stove species in Eu., it is the hardiest of all at
Cambridge, Mass.

A. Oaroli-Alexdndn, Hausskn. 9-18 in. Lvs. few, radical, in
a laxrosette, lanceolate, spiny; spikedense. Greece.— A. cardui-
filiu-s. Linn.= Blepharis carduifolia.- A. ilicifblitts (Dilivaria
ilicifolia, Juss.). Smooth greenhouse sub-shrub with leaves re-
sembling Ilex aqulfolium, the Eu. Holly. Prop, by cuttings
under glass. E.Asia —A. monWnus. T.Anders. Lvs. pinnatifld
or sinuate-spinose. W. Afr. B.M. 5516. Stove species.

AC£B (classical Latin name). Sapinddcew. Maple.
Trees, rarely shrubs: lvs. opposite, longpetioled, simple
and mostly "palmately lobed, or 3-5-foliolate, deciduous:
fls. small, in racemes or corymbs; petals generally 5 ;
stamens 4-12, mostly 8 : fr. compound of two long-
winged nutlets called' samaras. Asia, especially E. Asia,
N. Amer., Europe. Monograph by Pax in Engler's Bot.
Jahrb., 6: 287, and 8: 177 (1885 and 1886), suppl. in the
same, 16:. 393 (1893), and Hook. Ic. Plant. 19, t. 1897

ACER

( 1889) . The maples are among our most ornamental and
valuable trees for park and street planting. Nearly
all assume a splendid color in autumn, especially the
species of N. Amer. and E. Asia, which surpass by far
the European maples. Many of them are valuable tim-
ber trees, and some American species, especially A.
saccharum, produce sugar. For purposes of shade,
the common sugar maple is best and most popular.
The Norway maple makes a very dense and round head,
and is excellent for lawns, but it is too low-headed for
the streets. The silver maple, A. saccharinum and its
vars., is aiso popular where quick-growing trees are de-
sired. The Japanese maples are among the most strik-
ing and showy exotic small tribes, ami are adapted for
fine grounds and foi- ltmv, ii - ii i^.ts. Prop, by seeds
sown in autumn, or -ti ,.; i: iwn in spring. The

early ripening specie , I . i li.nimim and A. ru-

/»?-»m, must be sown — h iii.i i..,.iurity; the varieties
:iii.l r;irp species niu> be l.iuli!. a in summer on the

'•■ 1 t.ii-ins or allied common kinds; some shrubby

(^ A. palmatnm, also A. cissifolium and A.
' ' ;ii'. rubrmn.m&y be propagated by layers or

I'l iii'.nicl greenwood cuttings in summer. Fancy

iiil.hs are readily winter-grafted by the veneer method,
III'- stocks being grown in pots. The Japanese kinds

irv usually worked on imported stocks ot A. pulmotum.

M'inograph of the garden forms and varieties by Graf
-hwerin in Gt., 1893; see, also, G.C. II. 16:75. About

inn species.

this coun-

\'. : ■•i<<it''.|iMin, :in ; dasycarpum, 1; Floridanum, 5;

Ml Li i 1 i:ii>rum, 14; grandidentatum, G; Hel-

II. , 22; Italum, 7; Japonicum, 17; Iee-
, li>llum, 18; Monspessulanum, 9; Ne-
-■iiiiii ;l , i,i_riiui. 4; Nikoense, 29; palmatum (poly-
iii"]|.liiiin). Ill; IVnnsylvanicum, 27; pictum, 11; pla-
tanoides, l.'i; Pseudo-platanus, 19; rubrum,2; rufinerve,
26; saccharinum, 1; saccharum, 3; spicatiun, 25; Ta-
taricuiii. 2:1; Traiitvetteri, 21; truncatum, 10.
A, / ' •- I ■ jj^iile, mostly palmate lvs. {occasionally

^ . J4}; fls. polygamous or vionwcious.
H. /. , r' • "ii.l long before the lvs. in dense lateral

clu,'i-c: ;.. ' Iv'hed: fr. ripening in May or June.

1. saccharinum, Linn. (A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. A.
eriocdrpum, Michx.). Silvek Maple. Pig. 15. Large
tree, 120 ft. : lvs. deeply 5-lobed to 5-cleft, 4-C in. long,
green above, silvery white beneath ; lobes deeply and
doubly serrate: fls. greenish yellow, apetalous: fr. pu-
bescent when young. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2:93. G.C. II.
1:137. Em. 556. — Ornamental tree, with wide-spread-
ing, slender branches, growing best in rich and moist
soil, but succeeds almost anywhere. Lvs. turn clear
yellow in fall. Many garden forms: Var. Wito, Schwer.
(var. Wieri laciniatum, Hort.). Branches pendulous:
lvs. deeply cleft, with dissected lobes. A graceful va-
riety. rini.nvk;il.li- for its drnopirii; branches and finely
divjili ,1 fi.ii.ii;... \":ir. heterophyllum, Hort. (var. Jietero-
plmllu,,, I, t.,, in, I, III,. Hurt. I. rprifjht: lvs. deeply cut
or li.l.iil. \;,r. tripartitum, Il'.rt. Upright: lvs. 3-
partcd. V:ir. lutescens, Hurt. I. vs. yellow, bronze-col-
ored when unfolding. V:u-. albo-variegitum, Hort.
(var. Jiihikei, Hort.). Lvs. sjii.tt. il \^ ith white or rosy
pink. Var. crispum, Hort. Lvs. . I.. plN .ut and crimped.
— Linnipus evidently suppc.s,,! tliis s|ii.ri.s to be the
sugar maple, and naimd it ;irri.r.li]i;.'ly. He did not
know the trm- siiL':ir nn.plr.

2. ribrum. Linn. Hin .m S. .m;i,kt Maii.f. Fie. ID.
Large tree, iL'n ft.: lvs. ::-.'i-li.l.i-.l. :'■-! in. Ion;,', nn-en
above, pale or (;huiciius beneath: l,h. ihimi nl and
crenately serrate: fls. red or scarU-t. - -li;
petalsS: fr. glabrous. E. N. Amer. S.s ; I I i ."i;.
G.C. II. 1:173. — Very valuable tree fm m : n ., j ark
planting: attractive'at every season Inmi ii-~ • m ■ II. nt
habit, earliness of the scarlet fls., briu^lit r. .1 Iruits in
late spring, and the beautiful foliage, wliiih turns tiright
scarlet or orange in autumn. Var. Columnare, Kthd.
Of upright, columnar habit. Var. glohbBum, Uort.
Dwarf, compact; lvs. glaucous beneath: fls. bright scar-
let. Var. Drtimmondi, Sarg. I A . Drummondi, Hook. &
Arn.1. Lvs. large, mostiv 3-lobed, tomentose beneath
fr. bright scarlet. S. states. S.S. 2:95. Var. tomentft

ACER

13

sum, Arb. Muse. {A. tomentosiim, Desf. A. riibriim.var.
fulf/eyis, Hort.). Of moderate growth: Ivs. o-lobed,
pubescent beneath: fls. bright red.
BB. Bloom appearing with or after the Ivs., distinctli/

stalked.
c. Fls. on long, pendulous, mostly hairy pedicels, in

almost sessile corymbs, appearing with the Ivs.,

apetalous; sepals connate.

3. 8&ccharum, Marsh. {A. saccharlnum, Wangh., not
Linn. A. barbatum, Michx. ). Sugar or Rock Maple.
Fig. 17. Large tree, 120 ft.,v,'ith gray barls : Ivs. 3-5-
lobed, cordate, 3-6 in. long, with narrow and deep si-
nuses; lobes acuminate, sparingly dentate, usually glau-
cous and glabrous beneath: fr. muiNiiy wiilj .--iiira.liiig
wings. E. N. Amer. S.S.2:90. Em. .Lys. - An .x.rllfnt
street and shade treftof upright, dcn^i L:r.i\Mh. tuiiiing
bright yellow and scarlet in autumn. It ,[,.,-^ well in
almost every soil. Var. Kug-^li {A . Ji'iii/rii, Pax., ^.
sdccharum, var. hnrhi'itiim. Tnl.). Lvs. 3-lobed, gener-
ally broader than lipng, L'-.") in. :i.rciss, pale green or glau-
cous beneath, and at length ninstlv glabrous, coriaceous;
lobes nearly entire. Centr. states. S.S. 2:91, as var.
nigrum.

4. nigrum, Michx. (A. saccharinum, var. nigrum,
Torr. & Gray. A. sdccharum, var. nigrum, Britt. ).
Black Maple. Pig. 18. Large tree, 120 ft., with black
bark : lvs. cordate, with the sinus mostly closed, gener-
ally 3-lobed, with broad sinuses, the sides of the blade
mostly drooping, green and pubescent beneath ; lobes
acute, entire or obtusely toothed : fr. with variable
wings. Centr. states. — Similar to A.saecharum, but of
duller appearance and less dense habit. Var. monumen-
tile {A. saccharinum var. monttmentAle, Temple). Of
upright, columnar habit.

5. Floridinum, Chapm. i.l, /...-/ , mu-. Fl.nnla-

«i(m, Sarg.). Tree, rarely .'.n ; ': • iruiir;,i, :,t

thebase,3-lobed, lK-3 in. :i' ' m,..,,^ Im iir^itli ;,n.l

mostly tomentose ; lobes ..!, i. ~. , . m : i . .,i ^li-liilv :;-
lobed.' Gulf states. S.S. -J.".'!, n.i. liiv

6. grandidentatum, Nutt. 'I'lr... tun.: |,rti"l(s com-
paratively short; lvs. slii:tiil\ .onhiir. :i-.^ ImImiI. with

ceous; lobes acute or obtuse, entire or slightly 3-lobed:
corymbs few-flowered, short-stalked. Rockv Mts. S.S.
2:92.

dasycarpum).

cc. Fls. in distinctly peduncled corymbs or short um-
bellate racemes, mostly erect, with petals and
distinct sepals.

D. Lvs. ,i-5-lobed, with obtuse, entire or obtusely toothed
lobes: corymbs short-stalked : ovary pubescent :
winter-buds rrith several outer scales.
7. Itaium, Lauth. Small tree, 30 ft.: lvs. 5-lobed, 3-5

in. long, glaucous beneath and at length glabrous; lobes

obtusely dentate, the middle ones often 3-lobed: corymbs

somewhat drooping : fr. with slightly spreading wings.
S. Eu., Orient. — A variable species, similar to a small-
leaved sycamore maple. Var. Hjrc&num, Pax. {A.
Myrcdnum, F.&M. A. Taiiricum,HoH. A.trilobdtum,
Hort., not Lam.). Petioles very slender, red, 2-4 in.
long; segments of the lvs. 3-Iobed, with straight margins.

8. campSstre, Linn. Shrub or tree, occasionally 50 tt,
with corky branches : lvs. 3-5-lobed, l/^~3Kln. long,
grei'u and pubescent beneath or nearly glabrous; lobes
intiir or tlie middle ones slightly 3-lobed : corymbs
cr.ri, liiiry : fr. with horizontally spreading wings.
i',11.. W. .\sia. — Shrub or tree of moderate, dense growth,
with .lull LTi-en foliage, valuable for planting as under-
growth and i.u dry ground. Many varii-tii-s and garden
forms: Var. arg^nteo-variegatum, H.>rt. Lvs. with
large white blotclns. \'ar. pulverul^ntum, Hurt. Lvs.
sprinkled witli wliite. \'ar. Austriacum, l)t '. Usually a
tree : lvs, 'i-ldLid, with acute, uearly entire lobes. Var.
Tailricum, Ho(.tli. Shrub: lvs. 5-lobed; small, lobes 3-
lobi-d. \ar. hebecarpum, DC. Fr. and generally the lvs.

9. Monspessulinum, Linn. {A. trilobdtum, Lam.).
Shrub or small tree, 25 ft. : lvs. 3-lobed, coriaceous, 1-3
in. across, shining above, glaucous and glabrous be-
neath ; lobes entire or with few obtuse teeth : corymbs
erect : fr. with slightly spreading wings. S. Eu., N.
Afr., W. Asia. — Shrtili cr small tree of slow growth, with
a dense, rounded heail ami in teiii|.eiate regions nearly
evergreen foliage, thrivin- «. 11 in ,liy situations. Var.
IbMcum, Koch. {A. lln'riruin . Kiel). 1. Lvs. larger, the
inner lobes usually slightly 3-lobed, obtuse.

DD. Lvs, 5- or 7-lobed, green on bo(h sides; lobes pointed,
entire or with few pointed teeth: ovary glabrous:
winter-buds with several outer scales.

10. trunc&tam, Bunge. Tree: lvs. deeply 5-lobed and
mostly truncate at the base, 2K-i in. across, glabrous;
lobes acuminate, setosely pointed, sometimes the middle
ones 3-lobed : fr. with short, diverging yellow wings.
N. China. — Hardy tree, with handsome, dense foliage.

11. pictum, Thunb. Tree, 00 ft. : lvs. 5- or 7-lobed, 3-7
in. across, usually pubescent beneath when young ;
lobes entire, acuminate, sometimes very broad and short:
fls. yellow: wings of the fr. uin-iglit, Iji-own or brownish
yellow, hardly twice as long tis tie* niiil.t^, .Mani-linria.
japan. Handsome tree, with l.ii-lit ^r.-. n loli^ii:,.. Var.
Mdno, Maxim. Lvs. more c(. relate : wings of the fr.
reflexed.

12. litum, C. A. Mey. Tree, 50 ft.: lvs. 5-7-lobed,
mostly cordate, 3-6 in. across, glabrous; lobes entire,
acuminate : fls. greenish yellow : wings 2-3 times as
long as the nutlets. Orient, Himalayas.— Much resem-
bling A. pictum, but lvs. lighter green and of more
membraneous texture. Var. rilbrum, Hort. (A. Cdlchi-
cum, var. riibrum, Hort.). Lvs. dark blood-red when

14 ACER

unfolding. Var. tricolor, Hort. Lvs. dark blood-red,
sprinkled with rosy pink when young. These two beau-
tiful forms usually remain shrubby.

13. platanoides, Linn. Norway Maple. Fig. 19.
Large tree, 100 ft. : lvs. 5-lobed, cordate, 4-7 in. across,
glabrous; lobes pointed, remotely serrate: fls. yellowish
green : fr. with horizontally spreading wings. Eu.,
Caucasus. — Large, handsome' tree, with round, spread-
ing heail, n.'senil)liiiix somewhat A. saccharum. The
lvs. turn li.ili irll.i in :iutumn. Many garden forms,
some c 1 ! I - I" r.- arranged in two groups: the
first l"n ' ! linkable for the manner in which

the lv-». 111. nil : 1: . s.-cond being chiefly remarkable
for their oolonny:.

(1) Var. cucullituin, Nichols. Lvs. irregularly and
shortly lobed, crimpled, light green. Var. diss6ctum,
Jacq. Similar to var. Lorbergi, but with darker foliage
and of slower growth. Var. globdaum, Hort. Forming
a globose head. Var. laciniituin. Ait. Lvs. irregularly
divided, the divisions bending downwards : growth
upright. Var. Lbrbergi, Van Houtte. Lvs. divided
nearly to the base, divisious deeply lobed.

(2) Var. 41bo-varieg4tuni, Nichols. Lvs. with large
white blotches. Var. ailreo-niarginatum, Pax. Lvs.
with yellow margin, somewhat irregularly lobed. Var.

ACEK

maples. They are extremely handsome shrubs of dense
though graceful habit, and with elegant foliage, beauti-
ful especially in spring for its delicate shades of
green and red, and again in autumn, when the lvs. as-
sume the most striking tints. .Soim- nf tlie more vigor-
ous-growing varicti.-. lil.i' .,'',..,,,,,■,..,,■. ..,,1. .;.-,,,/„,„,
oj-na(»»i. and the t> |i ,. ii' ' Nrw

England, while tilt- I I ■ i'li-

der. They grow br^i 111 ji.-iii;;. -n i -;• 'im h .n- himI in

well drained, rich soil, iiiere are iij:uiy \ arn-iu-s, mostly
introduced from Japanese gardens, of which the follow-
ing are some of the best. They may be divided into 5
groups, representing various degrees of dissection of
the leaves :

(1) A. palmitum, var. Thiinbergi, Pax. (A. palmA-
(lon, Thunb.). Lvs. deeply 5-9-lobed or cleft; lobes ob-
long-lanceolate, coarsely and doubly serrate or incised.
Var. atropurpureum, Van Houtte. Fig. 20, c. Lvs. dark
I.urpli-. c.arsrly (loul.ly s.rrate. F.S. 12:1273. Var.
is Lriirlitir, ;ind var. nigrum, Hort.,
lar. iitn'/'Hrj'iin inn. Var. bicolor,

laru'-*' i-arniiu'- iilot<-lics. the lobes
ilf cMriiiiiic \'ar. aiireum, Nichols.
?ersicolor. Van IlMutti-. Lvs. bright

wliit.- sii.its. F.S. 14: U98. Var.
roseo-marginitum. Van Houtte.
Lvs. small, deeply cut, with nar-
row pink margin. Var. crispum,
Andr^. Fig. 20, e. Lvs. small, with
involute margins: of distinctly up-
right growtli. I.H. ];i;4:>.

(2) \"a]'. septemlobum, Koch

sangumeum.

dark purple, witli
half purple and li
Lvs. yellow. Var.
green, with large

Sugar Maple. — Acer

ifold

Schw^dleri, Koch. Lvs. bright red when young,
changing to dark green.
DDD. Jyi'S. 3-5-lobed or S-foUolafCy doubly serrate: vin-
ter-buds small, with 2 valvate scales.

14. glibrum, Torr. (A. Douglasi, Hook.). Shrub or
small tree, 25 ft., quite glabrous : petioles bright red ;
lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed or 3-parted, 1-5 in. across, dark
green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath ;
lobes doubly serrate. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2: 89. — Hand-
some shrubby maple, with graceful, shining foliage,
contrasting well with the red petioles and branches: fr.
often rose-colored. Var. tripartitum, Pax. (A.tripartX-
tum. Nutt.). Lvs. small, usually 3-foliolate.

DDDD. Lva. 5-21-Inbed, lobes serrate: corymbs long, pe-
dtnicled: n-iiiter-btids ivith 2 valvate scales.

15. circlnitum, Pursh. Small tree, rarely 40 ft. : peti-
oles and peduncles glabrous ; lvs. 7-9-lobed, 2-7 in.
across, glabrous ; lobes acute, doubly serrate : fls. in
drooping corymbs, with purple sepals. W. N. Amer.
S.S. 2 : 87. — Handsome, round-headed tree or shrub, beau-
tiful with its delicate light green foliage, red fls., rose-
colored fr., and its orange and scarlet fall coloring.

16. palm4tum, Thunb. {A. pohjmirphiim, S. & Z.).
Japan Maple. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft.: petioles and
peduncles glabrous; lvs. 5-9-lobe.I ..r ilivLIci. 2-4 in.
across, glabrous, lobes oblong, ai-unnnat.-, d.iul.ly -. r
rate or incised : corymbs few-flowir-il. ir- ft. wiili -niall
purple fls. Japan. S.Z. 1:145. 141,. A.F. l:;:H.-Tliis
species and A. Japonicnm are kuuwu as Japanese

mostly 7-1. >h,,l; l,.l,i s hroad, equal-
ly doubly serrate. Var. rubrum,
Schwer. Lvs. large, deep red when
voung, becoming almost green later.
Var. retictilitum, Andr«. Fig. 20,
a. Lvs. greenish yellow, with green
margin and dark green veins. I.H.
13:18. Var. tricolor, Hort. Lvs.
with red, pink and white spots.

(3) Var. Unearilobum, S. & Z.
(var. scolopendrifdlium, Hort.).
Lvs. divided nearly to the base ;
lobes Imear, remotely serrate or
nearly entire. Var. atrolinei,re,
!>chwer. (var. Unearilobum atro-
purpureum, Nichols., var. pinnati-
fiiUum iitrnpnrpiirt uiit, Hort.). Lvs. dark red.

(4) Var. dissSctum, Kofb (t. j.^inmArphuw . var.
decompdsitum,^. & Z.). I"i- Jn - 1 ~ ii i\ I'l.-.l T" the
base in 5-9 pinnatifid lobi - . - \ 1 1 . omatum,
Carr.(var.(?iss^c(«ma*r(7' ' ; !1 I'iL'.L'o.i/.
Lvs. deeply cut, deep n-.l. ' \ ar. Frederici-GuiUimi,
Carr. (v&v. pinnatHidum ri'seo-jiiitum, Lem.}. Lvs.
finely cut, green, with white and pink spots. I.H.
14:523. R.H. 1867:391.

(5) Var. sessilifdlium, Maxim. Lvs. deeply cut, with
very short petioles. G.C. II. 16. Of little decorative
value.

17. Jap6nicnm, Thunb. Fig. 20, 6. Small tree or shrub :
petioles and peduncles downv when young ; lvs. 7-11-
lobed, cordate, 3-0 in.a.r..ss. li-ht -rr.n. with silky hairs
when unfolding; I<.t.,, ovat.. .Imilily s. rrat. : il-.'lari,'p,
purple. Japan. S.Z. lilll. \'ar. macrophyllum, \'an
Houtte. Lvs. large, li:;lit i;r.-. i,. \ ar. aureum. Hurt. Lvs.
yellow. Var. Pirsonsi, Veitch. (var. filkifuUum, Uort.).
Lvs. large, divided nearly to the base in 9-11 pinnatisect
segments,
ccc. Fls. in elongated, distinctl;/ peduncled racemes or

D. ir,..

18. macrophyllum,

100 feet high: lvs. .<

I ' ' -■ I .1 : i \ . ri' Maple. Tree,
n-ilai. . ih r|.|^ ;;-:,-i,,i„.,| ..r cleft, pu-

paie green beneath. 8-12 in. across,
lobed: racemes pendulous: fr. with
largely winged. W. N. Amer. S.S.

round-headed tree, remarkable for

hardy in the North.

ACER

19 Pseildo-plAtanus, Linn '5-s.
3 tt Inj-li hs -, I 1 ' r

1 urc>-,s deep ^i
roils hem ith i -.

UK isus -Lir, t

ACER

15

iMORE AIaple Tree

=.pri

glabrous, drooping. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2 :84, 85. Michx.
Hist. Arb. 2:17. Em. 566. — Handsome medium-sized
tree of upright, dense habit, with bright green, large
foliage, turning clear yellow in autumn, and attractive
even in winter from its smooth, greenish bark, striped
with white.

\ II viUosum, Pi si Lvb charta
leous ]iiilis((nt beneath Var
purpurascens, I'i\ (vars pitipu

Pi I

Ilnil,

II. It I
i_ht ltd

uiif Hin,' \ ir W6rleei,Hort
Jul „ 11 It I L^^ jellow \ ar
41bo-vanegatum, Hort Lvs with
whiti 1 1 .t( h. s iiid spots Var tri-
color, Hort Lvs spotted with red
changing to ^ hite

20 H^ldreichi, Orph Tree h s
5 lobed the middle incisions reath
ing nearly to, the outer half way to
the base, 3-5 in. across, glabrous,
dark green and shining above,
glaucous beneath ; lobes coarsely
and d"uMv si-rriitc : panicle erect,
Ioni.'-stalkr.I. ,.vat,-. S. E. Eu. Gt.

Traiitvette

:lil.
Mcd-n

22. insigne, Bui.ss. & Buhse. Large tree: lvs. 5-lobed,
deeply cordate, 5-10 in. across, bright green above, glau-
cous beneath ; lobes broad, coarsely erenate-serrate :
panicles large, erect. Caucasus, N. Persia. G.C. HI.
10: 189.- Remarkable for its large, handsi.nii- f.ili:ig,-;
not hardv in the North. May be diviiltil into iwu \ ari.--
ties: Var. Van Vblxemi, Pax. (^.I'»H r.i/.,-, ,„,. Mast. I.
Lvs. at length glabrous beneath. Var. veldtinum, Boiss.
Lvs. densely pubescent beneath.

Dr». Lvs. mostly S-lohed or without Johes, green beneath,
2:l Tatiricum, Linn. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft. : lvs.
roundish oval or oblong, cordate, sometimes slightly
lobed, 2-4 in. long, doubly serrate, nearly glabrous: fls.
in long peduncled panicles, white. S. E. Eu., Orient.

— Round-headed small tree, growing best in somewhat
moist soil.

24. Ginnala, Max. [A. Tatdrlcum. var. Ghninli.
Hort.). Pig.21. Shniborsmalltree, 20ft.: lvs.:; lobed.
ly^-3^in. long glabrous, the terminal lobe elongated.
doubly serrate : fls. in long peduncled panicle.s, yel-
lowish, fragrant. Manchuria, N. China. Japan. Gt.
1877: 308.- Graceful shrub, with handsome foliage, turn-
ing bright red in autumn ; may be used as a substitute
for the Japanese maples where these are not hardv.
Var. Semendvi, Pax. (A. Semendvi, Regel.). Shrub:
lvs. smaller, deeply 3- or nearly 5-lobed. Turkestan.

25. spicitum, Lam. Mountain Maple. Shrub or
small tree, rarely 30 ft.: lvs. 3- or sliirhtlv r.-lohed,
coarsely serrate, xuibescent beneath. J' 1' in. Niil':
racemes rather dense, long, upright : 1: . j ni;
wings, bright red in summer. E.X. A- ~ - . -_ -:;.

— Valuable as undergrowth; lvs. turn m IKw and -arl.t
in fall.

26. ruHn^rve, S. & Z. Tree with striped bark :
branches glaucous when young : lvs. rounded at the
base, 3-lobed, 3-5 in. long, doubly serrate, ferrugine-
ously pubescent beneath when young : racemes ferru-
gineously pubescent. Japan. S.Z. 2:148. Var. dlbo-lim-
b4tum, Hook. Lvs. edged with white. B.M. 5793.

27. Peimsylv4iiicuin,Linn.(J..sfW(J;K»i,Dur). Striped
Maple. Moosewood. Tree, rarely 40 ft.: bark greenish,
striped with white lines : lvs. slightlv cordate, roundish-
obovate, 3-lobed at the apex, 6-8 in. "long, finely serrate,
f errugineously pubescent beneath when young : racemes

Black Sugar Maple.— Acer nierum.

iJDD. Lrs. not Jobed, penninervetl, doubly serrate,

28. carpinildlium, S. & Z. Hornbeam :\1api.e. Tree,
30 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate, a.-uininat.-. sharply and doubly
serrate, nearly glabrous, :i-i; in. Ion;.': raceme few-fld.
S.Z. 2:142. G.C. IL 15: 504.- Very distin.-t, hardy spe-
cies; the lvs. are almost exactly like those of Carpinus.

AA. Foliage of S-5-toUolate lvs. (cf.Xo.14): fls.
dioecious.
B. P'iioh'S and young branches with a rufous, villous
tofii ntum: fls. in terminal few-flowered racemes:
n-inti r-buds with many scales.

29. Nikoense, Max. Tree, 40 ft. : leaflets ovate or ob-
ovate acute entire or coarsely serrate, 2-5 in long,
villous pubescent beneath fr hairy, with large wings.
Japan G P 6 185 — Verv distinct, lvs turning bril-
liant scarlet in autumn

platanoides.

BB. Petioles and branches smooth or velvety pubescent:

fls. in long lateral racemes: winter-buds with S

or 4 outer scales.

30. ciBsiJdIiiim, Koch. (Xegundo cissi folium, S. & Z.).

Small tree: leaflets -3, long-stalked, ovate or elliptic,

cuneate, coarsely serrate, ciliate, 2/i-A in. long: fls. in

16 ACER

long, upright racemes, with petals. Japan.— Hand
round-headed tree, with slender, spreading branches and
graceful bright green foliage, turning orange-yellow and
scarlet in autumn ; hardy.

Negiindo, Linn. {Negundo fraxinifiUion, 'i^utt. N.
aceroides, Monch. ). Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder.
Large tree, 70 ft.: Its.
pinnate ; leaflets 3-.5,
ovate or oblong-lanceo-
late, coarsely serrate or
3-lobed, mostly gla-
brous, 2-5 in. long: fls.
before the Ivs. ; stami-
nate fls. in pendulous
corymbs, pistillate fls.
in pendulous racemes.
E. N. Amer. S. S. 2:
96. Miehx. Hist. Arb.

:j-.5-lobed, pnbeseent when
Probably hybrid, A.. Mon^
fornicum. Dietr.-A. X..triiii>

Jiiiscii. Spach.
i.-um.-.l. Cali-

•n^llipes. Max.

2:18.— Large, rapid-growing tree of spreading habit,
thriving best in moist and rich soil. Much prized in the
W., where it withstands cold and drj-ness. Largely used
for shelter belts and for planting timber-claims. See
picture, under Box Elder. Var. Califdmicmn, Sarg. (A.
Califdminim, Dietr. Ifegtindo Califdrnicnm, Torr. &
Gray). Branches pubescent when young: leaflets 3,
densely pubescent beneath. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2:97.
Nutt. N. Am. Sylv. 2:72. Var. viol4cetim, Arb. Muse.
[A. Califdrnieum, Hort.). A vigorously growing form;
branches purplish with glaucous bloom or finely pubes-
cent when young. Var. arg^nteo-varieg^tum, Hort. Lvs.
with broad white margin. Probably the most effective
of all variegated hardy trees. F.S. 17:1781. Var. aiireo-
maculitum, Hort. Lvs. spotted with yellow. Var. atireo-
margin^tum, Hort. Lvs. with yellow margin. Var.
auritum, Spiith. Lvs. yellow. Var. crispum, G. Don.
Leaflets i-urk-d. These horticultural varieties may be
grafted on common Box Elder seedlings. Box Elder
also grows from hardwood cuttings, like the grape.

A. acuminatum, Wall. (A. caudatum, Wall. A. l»vigatum.
Hort., not Wall.). Tree: lvs. 5-lobed. deeply douWv serrate.
Himalayas. O.C.Il. 15:3&i.— A. argutum. 'M^x ''•iinl! frro-
lvs. small. 5-7-lobed, doubly serrate, nearly L,-],.l.rni:~ .1 ,]■ >
G.C. H. 15: 725. Hardy and graceful specie-i- 1 l
Tratt.=A. campestre, var. Austriaciim.-,-.!./^';/ ' "^1

-A. barUnirve.'Ma^. Ailieito A- ^r.;\aiuu \.\-

■Ithsinn. M.ax. ^Ulicll to' A. Penusylv
ng, glabrous beneath ; lobes short :
;.C. II. 15; 75.— A. trlfidum. Hook. & .

si ■ . ' .,-, Max.J. Allied to .\ ■ : - . i ti.-e:

^! Maiichtiria, J.-ipan. <r' I : i,: i Van

I < /,( .\l:i~t A. iusigne. var. Van A ":\' 'I l ''urinmii.

Trautvetteri.— 1. 'villds'um. Wall. Tall trt4: lvs. s'lobed.' cor-
date. 6-8 in. across, toraentose below, coarsely serrate. Hima-
l.-iyas. — A. ■rirf;midrtw»t.MLLl.=A.dasycarpum. — A. Zoeschense^
Pax.=A. neglectum, Lange. Alfred Rehdeb .

ACERANTHUS

ACEBANTHUS (a flower without horns). Berberi-
d&cece. Slender, hardy, herbaceous perennial.

A diphyllus. Morr. & Decne. (Epimedium diphyllum. Lodd.).
Plant rhizomatous : leaflets obliquely cordate, green above,
glaucous beneath : fls. small, bluish white. Japan. B.M. 3448.
L.B.C. 19:1858.

ACHANIA. See Malmvisciis.

ACHILLEA ( its virtues said to have been discovered
by Achilles). Compdsitce. Includes i^armico. Hardy
herbaceou.s border and alpine plants of easy culture.
Dwarf kinds make carpets in dry, sunny places. Large
kinds suitable for wild gardens. Lvs. simple, compound
or ternate: fl. -heads small, corymbose.— Prop, in spring
by division, cuttings and seeds ; chiefly by the first
method.

A. Says about 5, except in double forms, half as long as
the ovale-vblong involucre; fls. white, red, or
yellow ^ Fls, white or red.

Millefdlium, Linn. Milfoil. Yarrow. Height 1-,3 ft.:
lvs. bi-pinnately parted, segments linear, .3-5 cleft f fls. in
flat corymbs. June-Oct. Eu., Asia, Amer. Common in
pastures. D. 95.— Less commonly cult, than vars. ru-
brum and roseum, with red or purple fls.
BB. Fls. yellow.

ToumeMrtu, DC. (A. ^gypt\aca, Linn.). Height 12-
18 in. : lvs. pinnatisect ; segments roundish, coarsely
toothed : fls. pale yellow. June-Oct. Greece.

Klipendullna, Lam. (.i. JFif/xiMriKni, Bieb.). Height
4-5 ft. : stem erect, furrowed, almost hairy: fls. in dense,
convex compound corymbs, often 5 in. across. June-
Sept. Orient.— Needs staking.

tomentdsa, Linn. A woolly, carpet-like plant for rock-
eries. Height 8-10 in. Eu., Orient, N. Am. B.M. 498.
Gn. 52, p. 421.

AA. Mays 6-20, as long as or longer than the rotund

or campamilate involucre; fls. white.

B. Lvs. not divided.

Pt4nnica, Linn. Siteezewort. Height 1-2 ft.: lvs.
serrate : fls. in loose corymbs ; all summer. N. Temp.

ACHIMENES

17

Sibirica, Ledeb. (A. Mongblica, Fisch. A. ptarmi
coldes, Maiim. ). Denser than the last, more erect and
rigid : height lH-2 ft. : fls. larger and in more com-
pact corymbs. July-Sept.

BB. Lvs. deeply divided.

macTOph^lla, Linn. Height 3 ft. : lvs. long, broad.
July. Alps. Gn. 52, p. 421.- Better suited to shrubbery
than herbaceous border.

Clavins, Linn. (Commonly spelled A. Clavennm. A.
argSntea, Hort., not Lam.). Dwarf, tufted, hoary alpine
plant : height 10 in. : lvs. dentate at apex ; segments
obtuse: fls. spring and summer. Eu. B.M. 1287. Gn.
52, p. 421. -Thrives in sand.

A. Ager&tum. lAnn. Fls. yellow. Eu.— J.. affcra(i7d(ta, Benth.
& Hook. ( Anthemis Aizoon) . Tufted, woolly, silvery gray: fls.
white. May-June. Greece.— A. alplna.IArm. Lvs. pinnatifid:
fls. white. May-June. Alps. — A. asplenifdlia. Vent. Lvs. pin-
nate, smooth: fls. white. There is a red-ilowered form. Hab.?
—A. atrata, Linn. Dwarf, tufted, aromatic: radical lvs. petio-
late: cauline lvs. pinnatisect: fls. white. Alps. — A . decolorans ,
Sehrad. Lvs. undivided: fls. pale yellow. July. 'EM.—A.Herba-
rbta. All. Dwarf, tufted, aromatic, alpine : lvs. undivided, ser-
rate: fls. white. May-June.— 4. iiffiuJd'ca.AU. Lvs. pinnatifid:
fls. white. Eu., Orient. — A.raoschata,3d,c<i. Lvs. smooth, pin-
nately p-irted, lobes uncut: fls. white. Eu. — A. nana, Linn.
Dw.irf, hairy, woolly, aromatic : lvs. pinnatisect : fls. white.
Spring. Eu. Used in making Chartreuse.- 4. odordta, Linn.
Lvs. pinnatisect ; lobes cut : fls. white. — A: pectindta, Willd.
Fls. pale yellow.— .I . ri(j)M«ris, Huter. Lvs. J^ in. long, linear-
spatulate, entire. .S. Italy. B.M. 6905.— ^. santolinoldes. Lag.
1 ft.: lvs. pinnatisect, hairy-woolly: fls. white. July. Spain. —
A.serrata.Ueiz. Lvs. pinnatifid, woolly: fls. white. Siberia?
—A.umiellata.Siht]!. Very woolly rock plant, 4-5 in.: lvs. pin-
natifid : lobes oblong, bluntish, entire or serrate : fls. white.
June. Greece.— J.. FaleslMd, Stein. Lvs. pinnately parted; fls.

white. June-Aug.

J.TsU

Reg. -Its full-double var., the Pearl, Fig. 22, is mm
used for cut-flowers and in cemeteries, and is one
the most popular of all hardy herbaceous plants. The
are other varieties.

ACHIMSNES (Greek, c7tei»iatno, to suffer from cold).
Gesner&ceo!. Greenhouse herbs, allied to gloxinias, na-
tive to tropical Amer. Pis. axillary; the 5 calyx lobes
narrow and short ; the corolla tube cylindrical and limb
spreading; anthers 4, connivent in the corolla tube, and
a rudiment of a fifth stamen ; style long, usually ex-
serted, the stigma dilated or obscurely 2-lobed.

The rhizomes of Achimenes should be potted about
the first of April, in soil which has been made loose aiid
open by the addition of about one-third leaf -mold. Six
or seven of these in a 5-inch pot, or nine or ten in a
6-inch one, make specimens of the most convenient
size. The young growth appears in about eighteen days,
and from that time onward great pains should be taken
to keep the soil moist, for a single severe drying will
ruin the plants. Liquid manure should be given twice

18

ACHIMENES

ACHIMENES

a week after flowering begins, i.e., toward the end of
May. The plants are generally tied up to slender sup-
ports as growth advances, and. so treated, make surpris-
ingly effective specimens. They may also be allowed
to grow naturally, when they will droop over the sides
of the pots and flower profusely. Still another way is
to pinch off the tops of the growing plants when they
a,re 4 or 5 inches high. As this produces a branching
growth, a smaller number of rhizomes should be allowed
to each pot. The flowers of Achimenes are produced for
several months without cessation, i.e., until Oct., and
sometimes still later if the small-flowered kinds are
used. As soon as blossoming comes to an end, the plants
should be cut off level with the tops of the pots, which
should then be stored away, putting a reversed pot on
the top of each one that stands on its base, for otherwise
mice may destroy all the roots. Achimenes are propa-
gated usually by means of the natural increase of the
rhizomes, but all kinds may be trmwn from nmings.
Another way, which produces ni;iit\ iImmil'Ii \\ i :iI< [il;nits.
is to rub off the scales and suw ih. m ,i~ ii ih. y wen-
seeds. The roots should beseparai. .1 tiMm ih, M.il dur-
ing the winter, and care should Ijl- takuu that tlu-y d"
not decav from getting too wet in the moist air of green-
house or (.( liar Some of the best species are A. longi-
floia, purplish blue, A. longiflora var. alba maxima,
the best \\hite kind, A ^jafens var. major, a large flower
of purplish rose , A pednnnttata, orange ; A. hetero-
" X, tubular, a fiery orange at one end and blazing yel-
" e other Some of the best varieties are Am-
1 SI htffc It white, with a network of violet lines ;

pliyUa

Chin
Daz7
LiittI

i Achimenes, tubers of
the coccinea section

violet-blue with white throat ;
s arlet, and late-blooming ; Lady
11 Masterpiece, rosy violet with
(^iieen, a very large and substantial
/((, pale purple ; Rose Queen, rich,
i\ender, shading to white; Trevi-
rana rosea, like Dazzle, ex-
cept in color.Por other points
in the culture of Achimenes,
see G. F. 7: 456, 477, 506,
518; 8: 16. In the grandiflora
group the tubers or bulbs
are clustered ; in the longi-
^ flora group the tubers are

pear shaped bodies, growing
•> on the ends of root-like rhi-
^ /omis. The coccinea and
t/ hirsuta groups (Fig. 23) are
< '' late bloomers.
' Cult. byW.E.ENDicoTT.

The garden Achimenes are
^ much confused by hybridi-
sation, and it is doubtful if
an\ of the pure species are
in general cultivation In this
country. Years ago, the small
red-flowered types (of the
coccinea section) were fre-
quent, but modem evolution
has proceeded from the
broad-flowered purple spe-
cies. The following first
six species seem to have
contributed most largely to
the present garden forms.

.. PI.1. coloreil. the tlih, „.•

the hn,,,th ,

B. Blossoms s,ii<i

ocelUta, Hook. Roots sr

Ivs. rich green above

than tici

'. ,-,./ ..,■ sen-let.
ill and tuberous : St. 1-2
ad purple beneath, ovate,
strongly serrate, with conspicuous purplish petioles :
fls. small, 1 in. long, broad-tubed, spotted with black and
yellow, the lobes short and obtuse and well separated,
drooping on reddish peduncles. Panama. B.M. 4359.—
Fine for foliage.

coccinea, Pers. Height, 1-2 ft. : st. reddish : Ivs. 3-
whorled or opposite, green, ovate-acuminate, serrate:
fls. small, scarlet the corolla twice longer than the erect
lanceolate parted, calyx on short peduncles. Minute Ivs.
often borne in the axils. Blooms late. Jamaica.— One
of the older types. See Fig. 23.

heteroph:yIla, D(
breehtii, Bort.). K
pie, somewhat hair
rate, the two of ca.
solitary, on pedum
stalks, long-tubular and

the leaf-

ghtly curved, with a narrow,
nearly equal flaring limb, rich scarlet, yellow within.
Mex. B.M. 4871. — This species has tubers like those of
the grandiflora section.

peduncuiata, Benth. St. lV;-2 ft., liairx . reddish: Ivs.
opposite, small, ovate, sharjilv -.riatc , -n en, hairv, on
short reddish stalks: fls. iin-.liiMiL ^iz. . .Ircuping and di-
lated upwards, j-ellow-red with .lark inarking.s and a
yellow throat, the limb comparatively short. ; on long
"(4-5 in.) bracted stems. Guatemala. B.M. 4077. — Stem
produces tubers

BB Blossom latge, itithu tde limb, blue r lolet
or purple

longiflora, DC Pig 24 The root like rhizomes pro-
diK-iii„' pear shiped tubers at their ends st 1-2 ft..

hairy: Ivs. opposite or 3-4-whorled, ovate-oblong, ser-
rate, hairy, sometimes colored beneath: fls. solitary, the
corolla salver-shaped, with a long and irracefiil tube; the
limb very large and widely spreadiiiu. \iM|,-t-lp|iie and
whitish beneath, the lowest segment s..iii. iiin.^ .lix i.led.
Guatemala. B.M. 3980. P.M. 9: 151.- A i-j-ular tyj.e.

grandifldra, DC. Lvs. mostly larger than in last,
rusty below, often oblique at base: fls. very large, dis-
tinctly red-tinged. Mex. B.M. 4012.— Popular type.

p&tens, Benth. Height, 1-lK ft. : lvs. unequal, ovate-
acuminate, hispid and serrate : fls. violet-blue, with
downy calyx, tube shorter than spreading crenate limb.
Mex.

AA. Fls. pure white, the tube 3-4 times the length
of the limb.

tubifldra, Nicholson, Suppl. p.483(<?;oa:!«ta tubifldra,
Hook. BolichodHra tubifldra, Sanst.). St. short, with
opposite oblong-acuminate, crenate, short-petioled lvs.:
Hs. 4 in. Iciitr. curved, gibbous at the base, tlie tube

Guatemala. — A. ^SkiiLiicri, GurUuii,=A. hii-suta. — Garuen forms
and hybrids are Escherii, florihunda, intennMia. Jdyii, Mount-
firdii. ncegelioides. nana, venusta (P.M. 15:121), rerschatfeltii.
L. H. B.

ACHLYS

ACULYS (the goddess of obscurity). BerberidAceir.
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Fls. minute, numerous,
spicate, on a slender scape.

triphylla, DC. Root-stock terminated by a strong,
scaly wint«r-bud : Ivs. 1 or 2 ; leaflets .S, fan-shaped,
sinuate-dentate, 2^^ x 5 in. : scape 1 ft. long: spike 1 in.
long. Spring. W. N. Amer.— An interesting and deli-
cate plant. Int. 1881.

ACHEAS. See Sapo.liUo.

ACHYKANTHES. See Iresitit.

ACIDANTHERA (pointed anthers). IridAveir. Ten-

U.C. 111. ■J(i::i'.i:!. Mil. 8: n.- Requires a somewhat
.stiffer soil than the tender .species of Gladiolus. Way be
grown in a tub outdoors during summer, and flowered
within during Oct. Several corms in a large pot give
good results. Corms should be dried as soon as lifted,
to prevent rot.

A. ipquinoctialis. Baker. St. 3-4 ft., stout, stiffly erect; Ivs.
strongly ribbed: fls. white, blotched crimson or purple within;
corms large. Sierra Leone. B.M. 7393. May be a stronger
gromng and more tropical form of the above.

W. E. ENiin.iTT.indAV. .M.

ACIN£TA(i»i)»ora6ie,thelipbein-j.iiml.~-). o,,;,-
ddceop. Stout epiphytes with interesting' |i.ii.l.iit v.;i|i, ~.
Pseudobulbs con.spicuously furrow.-.l. s)ij;lir)y <•. .in-
pressed : leaf-blades smooth, conspicuously veined.
plaited and pliable : fls. globose. As a genus it is too
near to Peristeria and Stanhopea. The species are
rarely seen, as they are less conspicuous in their color-
ing than many orchids. They require a warm house and
plenty of moisture during the growing season, with a
decided rest, to make them flower. Use baskets, not pots,
as the flower-spikes are produced from the base of the
bulbs, as in Stanhopea. and should have free egress or
they will be lost. Cult, by E. O. Orpet.

BArkeri, I, in. II. [ P. ri.^lh-ia Bdrkeri, Batem.). Pseu-
dol.ullis su).-i-..nic, al...ut ."> In.: leaf-blades longer than
in .1 . Ihni'holiltii : tlr<. 12 or more, in pendent racemes,
gc.l,l,.iiv.-lli.«>iiotted with brown. Mex. B.M. 4203. I.H.
2:44. lin. .-,4, i..:i;!2. P.M. 14:145.

Humboldtii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate, about 3 in.:
leaf -blades about 1 ft. long, lanceolate, acute: scapes
pendent, 2 ft. long ; fls. 6 or more, chocolate colored,
about 2 in. in diam. Ecuador, high elevations. Gn.
3:11.

lum furnish.-,
dcnso, LiiuU. (
grant, pale y.l
lum yellow, si
ftydHa. Reichh

(. Pis,

•:i -A. Ill

purple.with erect side lohes, .New Grenada. — -i.siifcd(a,Reicbb,f.
Similar to A. Htimboldtii, Fls, yellow, Oakes Ames.

ACOKANTHfiEA (mucronate anthers). Apoajntteea.
Tender shrubs, cult, in greenhouses North, and outdoors
in Fla. and Calif. Fls. with the odor of jasmine, lasting.

spectabilis, G. Don. ( Toricophlaa spectdbilis, Sond.
T. ThunbergU, Hort., not Harv.). Lvs. 3-5 in. long,
short petiolate, leathery, elliptic, acute, shining above:
fls. numerous. In dense axillary, branched, short cymes,
pure white, very sweet scented. Natal. B.M. 6359. R.H.
1879:270. G.P. 6:185. G.C. 1872: 363.- Poisonous. The
plants cult, under this name are said by trade catalogues
to have pin); ..r vii.l.t iL.wers.

venenata, li. I1..11, [Tnricophlaa ce.ttroUUs, DC. T.
Th!inheni,,.n.n-\..n~,t Hort.). Fls. white or rose. Dif-
fers from the above in the well marked venation of the
leaves, its flowers a third smaller, its calyx not pubescent,
and its corolla-limb less widely spreading.

ACONITE, WINTER. Sec Eranfhis.

ACONITUM 19

ACONtTUM. EanunculAcea'. Aconite. MoNh
Woi^FSBANE. A genus of hardy ornamental, perennial
herbs, much used in borders, etc. Many species are
planted in European gardens, but only nine have been
' ■ America. The number of species varies

Native
"•rate Asia, and five In N.

shaped, or thick fibrous:
ing or trailing : lvs. pal-
ir lobed: fis. large, irregu-

upper sepal in shape of a
mall:

carp.ls :;-,',, ^. ,, :, - il. .1, formingfoUicIes when

rip.'n..l- 11 - I ii^ -|...i..s do well in any garden

s..il, 1' li . ' ii-..i: they thrive in open sun, but

tl..>>' ' . ' m shaded places. Aconites should

n. X. it ' r too near the kitchen garden or

til.- .hii.il. .1 - ^:ir.i.n, as the roots and some of the
tluwer» havt- a dcailly poison. Prop, easily by division.
Eeichenbach Monographia Generis Aconiti, Leipsic,
1820, 2 vols., folio. Reichenbach lUustratio Spi '
Aconiti, Leipsic, 1822-7, folio.

A.

Boots rjlobnlor-tn

■lifrniis.

B. Lvs.

deeply ,„l. hut „..i

' !•> Ih, h.i

Fischeri, Reichb. (.1. Cohnnhi,;

II II HI. Nut

t. .1. Call

fdrnuum, Hort.

). Steins 4-(i ft,:

lvs, lars;.-

. smooth, 3

parted, attractiv

■e; segments much

cut andr

livided: fls

numerous, pale

blue, panicled, ped

licels pubescent; hel

mets hemisphe:

rico-conical. Autu

nun. \.

Amer. an.

Asia. Int. 1889.

B.M. 7130.

Cammanim, 1.

Reichb. ) .

St. 3-4 ft.

lvs, \vit)i sli..it, l.liinti-h I..I..S: fls. purple or blue; pani-
. l,.s ..r l........ s|,ik. s t. w-tl..H.red ; helmet hemispheri-

.■;il,.l..s. .1, .Iulv-S,|.t, iliin-;irv. Int. 1889. A. Storkiil-
luiiii, Ki-iilib., is a .hvarf f..iiii of this, with fewer flowers
and somewhat fibrous roots.

imcinalnini, Linn. Wild Monkshood. St. slender,
3-5 ft., inclined to climb: lvs. thick, deeply cut into 3-5
cut-toothed lobes : fls. loosely panicled, but crowded at
the apex ; blue, pubescent, 1 inch broad ; helmet erect,
nearly as broad as long, obtusely conical : follicles 3.
June-Sept. Low grounds of Penn. S. and W., Japan.
Mn. 4: 81. — Much planted now.

BB. Jjvs. divided to the base.

variegitum, Linn. Erect, 1-6 ft.: lvs. variously di-
vided into usually broad lobes and cut divisions; lower
petioles long, others short or none: fls. in a loose pani-
cle or la.eiii.-. blue, varying to whitish, rather smooth;
heliiut hiylii r tlnin wide, top curved forward ; visor
pointiil, h..iiz..iifal .ir ascending. July. Europe. A.
ulbiim. Ait., is a i.ure white-flowered form of this, with

rathe

Boots long-tuberous.
Carpels usually 5.

ect, 3-4 ft.,

Jap6iiicum, Decne. St

vi..li-t, iiiiL'...l wiTli r.'.r, ..n I...... ;■- ■ .-.-ending

l.r;,n.-ln-s : In-lm.t r..ni.-al ; 1.. ,.1 , ... , .i.l.-,l : fol-
licles 5. Julv-Sept. Japan. lul. IsiJ. l;.ll. IsOl. p. 475.
Var. caeruleum, Hort. Fls. very abundant ; panicles
shortened,

BB. Carpels 3 or 4.

Napellus, Linn.(^4. Taurirmn . Xac-q. A. pyramidAle,
Mill. I. True Monksh.h.i., ( iFFi.-iN.ii. Aconite. Fig. 25.
The b.'st kii..wn :in.l in..st |..iis..n..iis species, and used

in iii.-ili.in.-. Sis, .-1 t, :;-t 11,: l\s. divided to the

base, aii.l .-l.-ft 2-:: tinn-s int.. lin.;ir l..lii-s: fis. blue, in a
raceme; peduncles erect, pubescent; helmet broad and
low, gaping, smoothish: fr. 3-4-celled. June-July. Gn.
12, p. 362. — Very many varieties, differing in shade of
flowers, often mottled or lined with white. Var. 41bum
is nearly white. Var. bicolor and var. versicolor, much
used in gardens for the large blue and white fiowers.
Reichenbach has divided this species into 20-30 species.
AAA. Boots in the form of a scaly, elongated bulb, or
somewhat fibrous.
B. Sepals deciduous.

autumnale, Reichb. Autumn Aconite. Pig. 26. St.
3-5 ft. : lvs. pedately 5-Iobed : fls. in a simple spike, be-

ACONITUM

cle; blu

whitish ; helmet closed.

%rrb-

Lyc6ctonum, Linn. (A. barbifum, Patr,
sum, A. ochroleucum, WiUd.). Pale Yellow Wolfs-
bane. St. slender, simple, 3-6 ft. : Its. deeply cut into
5-9 lobes ; long petioles and un-
der ribs pubescent : fls. yellow or
whitish, in racemes ; helmet a
pinched elongated cone ; middle
sepals usually bearded : fr. usu-
ally 3-eeHed. June-Sept. Eu.,
Siberia. B.M. 2570. G.M. 34: 124.
BB. Sepals persistent.
Anthdra, Linn. {A.PurenAicum ,
Pall.). St. 1-2 ft.: Ivs. parted al-
most to the base, parts deeply
cut and lobed, more or less his-
pid beneath, smoothish above;
petioles long : fls. in lateral and
terminal racemes, pale yellow,
often large; racemes or panicles
generally pubescent ; spur bent
back or hooked ; helmet
arched, but cylindrical at
base: follicles 5. June-July.
S.Eu. B.M. 2654. -Several
varieties.

A. Chinhise, Sieb. Deep bine
spike of fls. from the axil of
every leaf : foliage bold and
handsome. B.M. 3862. P.M.
6:3.— A. delphinifblium, DC.

and violet. Used as a tonic medicine in India. B.M. 6092.— 4.
Koveboracenae. Gray. Probably =A. panicolatum.- ^. panicu-
latum, Lam. (A. toxicum, Reichb). Has blue fls. L.B.C. 9:810.
—A. pyramidale, MUl. Form of A. Napellus.— A. reclindtum
Gray, of the Alleghanies, with white fls. and large Ivs.. is worth
cult.— A. aeptentrionale. var. Carpatimm. Sims, is a beautiful
purple kind, closely related to A. Lycoetonum. B.M. 2196.— A.
tortubsum, Willd. Once listed in the trade: not now found.
K. C. DA^^s.

ACOBUS (ancient name of unknown meaning).
AroXdeoi. Hardy, herbaceous water-loving plants. Lvs.
sword-shaped, erect; spadix appearing lateral, with no
true spathe: fls. inconspicuous. They thrive best in
moist soil, and may be grown in shallow water or on drj-
land. Prop, easily' in spring or autumn by division.

Cilamus. Linn. Sweet Flag. Height 2 ft. : root-
stock horizontal, pungent, aromatic. Fls. early summer.
N. Amer.. Eu. Var. variegitus, Hort. Lvs. striped deep
yellow wlien young, fading to a paler color later in sum-
mer. Eu. — Commoner in cult, than the type.

gramineus, Soland. Height 8-12 in. Much smaller
than^l. Calamus, forming compact, grassy tufts. Japan.
Var.Tarieg4tus, Hort. Lvs. striped white. Used in hang-
ing baskets, vases, rockeries and for cutting. Often grown
indoors. J. B. Keller.

ACEOCLlNIUM. See Heliplerum.

ACROCdMIA (name means a tuft of leaves at the top).
Palmiieea-, tribe Cocoinea. Spiny tropical American
palms : caudes erect, solitary, ringed and swollen at the
middle, densely spiny: lvs. terminal, pinnately cut; seg-
ments narrowly linear-lanceolate, long, obliquely acumi-
nate, the naked margins recurved at the base; midnerves,
rachis and petiole with long spines: fr. globose or ob-
long, glabrous or prickly; black or brown. Species 8,
mostly difficult to distinguish; allied to Cocos. They
aeed a rich, sandy loam. The chief danger with young
plants is overpotting, as few leaves are on a plant at a
time, and the roots are not abundant.

sclerocirpa, Mart. {A.aculeAta. Lodd.). Height 30-
45 ft. : trunk cylindrical, about 1 ft. thick, with black
spines 2-4 in. long: lvs. 12-15 ft. long; segments in ir-
regular groups of 2 or 3. 2-3 ft. long, %-! in. wide,
smooth and shining above, whitish, appressed-pilose be-
low, entirely free of spines, except along the midrib.
Braz. to W. Ind. l.H. 15:547.-Not hardy at On^co, Fla.
Cult, in Calif. "Gru-gru" and "corojo" are native names.

ACROSTICHUM

Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

ACB0F£BA. See Gongora.

ACBOPHtLLUM (Greek, lop and leaf). SaxifragA-
cea. One Australian evergreen shrub, A. vendsom,
Benth. {A. rerticillrttum. Hook. I, excellent for spring
flowering in the coolhouse. Prop, by cuttings in early
summer. Let the plant rest during summer. Do not
expose to frost. It produces many pinkish fls. In dense
spicate whorls near the top of the branches. Lvs. in
3's. sessile, dentate: fls. with 5 petals and 10 stamens.
4-6 ft. B.M. 4050.

ACBOSTICHITM (derivation ohsctire). Polypodi&ce(e.
Greenhouse ferns. Includes plants of great diversity of
foliage, wliich are often referred to many genera. Seri
spread in a layer over the entire under surface of the
leaf or of certain of the upper pinnae, rarely over both
surfaces. Foliage rather coarse, the leaves simple or
pinnate, rarely forked. All the 140 species are plants of
tropical regions, two species growing in S. Fla. Some
kinds are adapted to covering walls, columns, trunks of
tree ferns, etc. The kinds with long fronds are excellent
for hanging baskets. As all kinds require an abundance
of water at the roots, the compost should be very porous.

A mixture of two parts fib
sphagnum, and one of coal
mended. For general culture, see Ferns.

The following species are cult, in Amer. : ali
No. 15; aureum, 17; cervinum, 14; confonne, 7;

ACROSTICHUM

turn, 9; flaceidum, 8; gorgoneum, 11; lomarioides, 18;
muscosum, 3; nicotiansBfolium, 16; osraundaceum, 19;
peltatum, 20; pilosum, 5; reticulatum, 10; scandens, 12;
simplex, 6; sorbifolium, 13; squamosum, 2; villosum, 1;
Tiscosum, 4.

A. Iivs. simple, less than 2 in. wide; veins free.

( Elaphoglossum. )

B. Surface of Ivs. densely scahj throughout.

0. Texture thin, flaccid.

1. vaWsuin, Swz. Fig. 27. Sterile Ivs. 6-9 in. long ;
fertile Ivs. scarcely more than half as large, both with
abundant slender, dark-brown scales. Mex. and W. Ind.

— Dwarf, variable.

cc. Teiture thick, leathery.

2. sqaambstun, Swz. Lvs. 6-12 in. long, the fertile
narrower, on longer stems ; both surfaces matted with
bright reddish brown linear or lanceolate scales. Tropics
of both hemispheres.

3. nmacdsvun, Swz. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, fertile
much shorter ; upper surface slightly scaly, the lower
densely matted with ovate, rusty scales. Tropics of
both hemispheres. S. 1 : 211.— Very distinct in habit.

BB. Surface of lvs. slightly scaly.

4. viscdaum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, narrowed
gradually at the base ; the fertile shorter, on longer
stems ; texture leathery, the surfaces somewhat viscid.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

5. pildsum, HBK. Lvs. flexuous, 6-8 in. long, ?^in.
wide, with tufts of star-like scales beneath; texture her-
baceous. Mex. to Columbia.— Chiefly of botanical in-
terest.

BBS. Surface of lvs. not scaly; texture leathery.
D. Margins of lvs. thick, cartilaginous.

6. simplex, Swz. Sterile lvs. 4-12 in. long, with a very
acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed into a
short, somewhat margined stem. W. Ind. to Brazil.

7. confirme, Swz. Sterile lvs. 2-9 in. long, with a
bluntish point and wedge-shaped or spatulate base ; fer-
tile lvs. narrower. Tropics of both hemispheres.

DD. Margins of leaves not thickened.

8. fl4coidum, F^e. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, with very
acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed to the
short stem; fertile lvs. on astern 3-4 in. long. S.Amer.

— Of botanical interest only.

AA. 2yVS. simple; veins uniting to form a network.

B. Surface of lvs. densely clothed with narrow scales.

(Hymenodium.)

9. crinltum, Linn. Elephant-ear Fern. Lvs. 10-18 in.
long, 4-8 in. wide, on densely scaly stems ; fertile lvs.
smaller, on shorter stems. W. Indies. F.S. 9:936, as
H. crinitnm. — OrDit sand in potting, and avoid over-
watering.

BB. Surface of lvs. mostly smooth, 6-15 in. long.

10. reticul&tum, Kaulf. Lvs. on distinct stems, witn
wedge-shaped bases, VA in. wide; veins forming copious
meshes. (Chrysodium.) Hawaiian Islands. — Of botani-
cal interest only.

11. gorgdneum, Kaulf. Lvs. tapering gradually down-
ward to the short stem, 2-3 in. wide ; veins forming
meshes only near the margin. [Aconiopteris .) Hawaiian
Isl.-Of little decorative value.

AAA. Lvs. pinnate.
B. Ferns climbing with narrow, fertile pinnw.

12. acAndens, J. Smith. Eootstock widely climbing :
lvs. 1-3 ft. l<ing, with pinnaa 4-8 in. long ; fertile pinnae
slender, (i-12 in. long; texture leathery. {Stenochlcfna.)
India. S. 1 : l^LM. — A vii^orous grower and coarse feeder,
much usfil ill .■.).,Iir limisfs of large ferneries.

13. sorbiiolium, LiniL. Rootstoek climbing, often prick-
ly: lvs. 12-lS in. long, ti-12 in.wide,with close veins; fer-
tile pinnse 2-1 in. long, narrow. (Lomariopsis.) E.and
W. Ind. to Braz.

BB. Ferns with creeping rootstocks and scattered lvs.
c. Veins united only near the margin; fertile lvs. bi-

3raz. S.

ACROSTICHUM

4-8 in. long. (Olfersia.) Me

21

Cuba to

:192.

cc. Veins forming meshes everywhere. {Gymnopteris.)
la. alifinum, Swz. Sterile lv.s. 1-2 ft. long, triangular,
with the upper pinnse decurrent, and the lower at least
sinuate or even incised ; fertile lvs. smaller, with nar-
row pinn^, the upper decurrent. Cuba and Mex. to

16. nicotianeefdliom, Swz. Sterile lvs. with 3-7 pinnse
which are 6-12 in. long and 2-3 in. wide, with nearly
entire edges; fertile lvs. smaller, with 3-7 pinnte 3-4 in.
long, 1 in. wide. W. Ind. to Braz.

1 crowns from

17. aureum, Linn. Lvs. fertile only in the upper pinnte,
3-6 ft. long, with pinnse 6-10 In. long, short stalked,
coriaceous. Fla. to Braz. and in the tropics of the old
world. S. 1: 187.- Strong-growing. One of the best.
Should be treated as an aquatic.

18. lomarioides, Jenman. Sterile and fertile lvs. dis-
tinct, the sterile shorter and spreading, the fertile taller
and more erect in the center of the cluster; pinnae 9-14
in. long, almost sessile. Fla. to Braz.

AAAA. Lvs. bipinnatifid or bipinnate ; veins free.
{Potybotra.)

19. oamund^ceum. Hook. Rootstoek wide, climbing,
with long, linear scales : sterile lvs. 2-3 ft. long, the
lower pinnse 8-10 in. long, with numerous slightly
stalked segments; fertile lvs. tripinnate, with the lower
pinnae 1-2 ft. long, 4-8 in. wide, with narrow, cylindric
segments '^-% in. long. W. Ind. to Braz.- Probably
the handsomest of the climbing kinds.

AAAAA. Lvs. palmate from creeping rootstocks:
plants small.

20. peltatum, Swz. Lvs. 1-2 in. each way on slender
stems, repeatedly forked into very narrow divisions;
fertile lvs. H-% in. wide, circular, or somewhat 2-lobed.
{Bhipidopteris.) Mex. and W. Ind. to Braz.— A delicate
and distinct plant, needing moisture all the year round.

ACKOSTICHUM

ACTINIDIA <lt

Smple
pie Q-l

ACT2EA M

Linnseus). A'
perennials, \\ ii
some cluster^
twice- or thrii-.
tootlied. Tln-v

' ' r. transferred liy
N.itivr hiirdy herbaceous
s iif small (is. and hand-
Mitiimn. Leaflets of the
■■'U-. sharply cleft, and cut-
ils and shade. Useful for

roclcery and wild garden. I'rop. by seeds and by root-
division in spring.

Alba, Mill. {A.rkhra, Bigel.). 'White Banebebrv.
Height, 1-lK ft.; much like A. xpimta. hut tlip leaflets
more cut, teeth and points shanxr; plmt ~iii..MtlicT: fls.
white, in an oblong raceme, ami :\ w.k .ir tw.. later:
pedicels in fr. very thick, turiiiii- r. 4 : li rii.s whiti-.
ovate-oblong, often purplish at the II]. 1. X. vtatis. D.'y.i.

spic&ta, Linn. Cohosh. Hekb-Chbistopher. Plant
1-2 ft. : Ivs. bi- or tritemate, serrated : fls. white or
bluish, in ovate racemes: berries purplish black, oblong.
Apr.-june. Eu., Jap. —Less cult.than the red-fruited var.

Var. riibra, Ait. {A. rubra,Wi\ld.). Red Baneberrt.
Bather taller than A. alba : Ivs. bi- or tritemate, ser-
rated : fl. cluster white, larger than in A. spicafa: ber-
ries bright red, very handsome. Apr.-June. Northern
states. K. C. Davis.

ACTINfiLLA( Greek, sma»-rntf <■<?). Compdsitce. Har-
dy perennials from W. N. Amer., for cult, in alpine gar-
dens. Height 6-12 in.: fls. yeUow, summer. Of easy
cult, in light soil. Prop, by division or by seeds.

grandifldra, Torr. & Gray. Plant densely woolly : lower
Ivs. pinnately or bipinnately parted, with margined peti-
oles from broad, scarious bases; upper cauline Ivs. sim-
ple or sparingly divided: fls. 2-3 in. wide, summer. -A
pretty alpine plant.

soapftsa, Nutt. Plant villous: Ivs. radical, linear-spat-
ulate, 2-3 in. long, punctate, entire : fls. 1 in. wide ; scapes
single, leafless, 1-fld., 3-9 in. long.

A. landta, Pursh,=Eriophyniun c?Bspitosuin.

J. B. Keller and W. M.

ACTINOMERIS

ly referring to the n liate
' Hard\ climbing deciduous
md excellent for covering ar
\%alls and low buildings Re
ts and fungi Lvs ilternate,
H I single or in corymbs,
I I I '4in m diam , sepals

I lible E Asia, Hiraa

1 w od cuttings in sum
t ilso by layers Mono

1) Hint As Nov 6 422

I I

tliartaceous

arguta, Miq [A polyi/ama, Hort not Miq A volu-
I I Hort not Miq ) Fig 29 Petioles mostly setose
I\ s 4 ) m long broad elliptic cuneate to subcordate at
the 1 ise abnipth ic nniii iti smooth except the setose
midrib beneath s t I 1 pi ssed serrate fls 3 or
more greenish \\t 1 Ink purple fr green

ish jellow, with ti II tl line Japan, Saghalin

Manchuria A Ct J s i I 14

\\ /ts brtght green, dull, membranaceous snwtttines
bicomtng in the '.ummer handsomely iinieqated
i<J on the middle fls flagrant not rliml tn i high

pclygama "Miq L\s 3-4 in long 1 i 1 i \ ite

III 11 it( to subcordate at tl | | d

11 t 1 tl sftose at the ner\ I 1 fls

I , 11 111 li ira stigmas on a sh n tl | t 1 fr

\ello« Juh Japan Saghalin, M mchuii i BM i497
— The plant attracts tats like valerian

Eolomikta, Maxim Petioles not setose , Irs downy
beneath when \ oung, 4-0 in long ovate oblong, rounded
or cordate at the base, unequally setuloseh serrate,
sparsely setose beneath fls 1-3, Km in diam stigmas
sessile July Japan, Saghalin, Manchuria R H lh")8 (b

both

ACTIN6LEPIS (Greek, n .icale-like raij). Compisitw.

Hardy annuals from Calif. ; freely branching, and

mostly yellow-flowered.
cOTonilTia, Gray {ShSrtia Califdmica, Hort. Breria

rnrnndria. Gray). Figs. 30, 31. Lvs. opposite, except
the ujiper i>iu-s, 2 in. or more
loliu'. 'i' ' I'l'^ |Mnn,ililid; lobes 5-7,
di-i.M I , ,,, . B.M.3828,

as // . >-:r«,Va.-One

of th. |.i.iih-i "I .-iiinual flow-
ers, ami ciisirvmsr of greater pop-
ularity. Excellent for edging. An
■ •verlastinsr.

Actinolepis coronaria.

nown to the trade as
Shortia Califoniica.

ACTIN6MERIS (from Greek aktis, ray, and meris,
part, alluding to the iiregularity of the rays). Com-
p6sita>. Native hardy herbaceous perennials suitable for
wild gardens and shrubbery. Tall, branching. Cult,
like Helianthus. Prop, by division.

squarrdsa, Nutt. Height 4-8 ft. : lvs. lance-oblong,
acuminate, subpetiolate, tapering to both ends: fls. nu-
merous, corymbed, yellow; rays 4-10, irregular. Autumn.

A . helianthioides, Nutt. Lvs. silky-villous undeme.ith : rays
about 8, usually more than in A. squarrosa. Mn. 4: 129. — A,
prbcera, Steud., is only a taller form of A. squarrosa.

J. B. Keller.

ACTINOPTERIS

ACTIN6PTEEIS {aJcfin, ray, and pteris: the fronds
radiat ely cut ). Syo. , Actiniopteris. Polypodi&cea.
Greenhouse ferns from India, resembling miniature fan-
pahns. The sori are linear-elongate and submarginal.
and covered with indusia. A. radidta. Link, is the only
recognized species. l. M. Underwood.

Ada (a complimentary name). OrcliidAcew ; tribe
VdHde(e. A genus of epiphytes containing two species.
Petals and sepals slightly spreading from half their
length ; labellum parallel with the column and united to
its base. Found at high elevations on the Colombian
Andes. Useful for the coolhouse, where they may be
grown together with Odontoglossums, blooming in no
definite season.

aurantlaca, Lindl. Fig. 32. Pseudobulbs 2-3 in.,
ovate to ovate-oblong, subcylindrical or slightly com-
pressed, tapering toward the summits, bearing 1-3 nar-
row leaf -blades 6-12 in. long: petals and sepals narrow,
pointed, channeled; labellum half as long as the petals:
scape drooping, bearing racemes of cinnabar-red fls.

L^hmanni, Rolfe. Leaves marbled with gray : label-
lum white. — Not much in cultivation. A recent species.
Oakes Ames.

The Adas grow at the altitude of 8,500 ft. To grow
them successfully, a house that can be kept very cool in
summer is necessary, one having a northern exposure,
such a', is constructed for Odontoglossums being best as
the two plants are found growing together bhadmg
will be found necessiry m summer duimg the hottest
weather prefer ibh b\ roller shades, that can be rolled
up m dull « itli 1 IS li\ this means a current of cool
air IS ( n t iitl\ ) m^ o\erthe glass The tempera
ture insi 1 th tiniui c m be kept Ijelow that outside

rantia i i 1 i i i \ 1 ' f t it

bright 1 II

time I I 1

distin„ni I I 11

lip and 1 \ I ii ii

companion sj.t i i I

fern fiber and i ' nil

hest suited for 1 1 i i 1 1

plants are ne\ei li i I i i itl i n ii i i i
winter E O Okiet

ADENOCARPDS

23

ADAMIA. See Dicliroa.

ADAM'S NEEDLE. See Tucca.

ADANS6NIA (namedafter M. Adanson, French bota-
nist). ilalvAcea. TheBaobab is said to have the thick-
est trunk of any Tree in the world. Adansonia has few
congeners taniiliar to the horticulturist: fls. large, pen-
dulous ; petals fi. white, obovate ■ stamens numerous ;
ovary 5-ln-celIeil ; fr. <tlilong. woody, indehisceut, filled
with a mealy pulp iu which are numerous seeds.

digit&ta, Linn. Baobab Tree. Height not more than
60 ft.; diam. said to be sometimes 30 ft. or more : Ivs.
palmate, with 3 leaflets in young plants, and 5-7 in older
ones: fls. 6 in. across, with purplish anthers on longax-
illarv, solitary peduncles. Africa. B.M. 2791. — Rarely
cultivated in extreme S. Fla., where fr. is 9-12 in. long,
and called "Monkey's Bread."

ADDEB'S-TONGUE. See Erythronium.

ADDEE'S-TONGTJE FEEN. See Opliioglossum.

ADENANDEA (from the glandular anthers). Sutdcew.
Small summer-flowering, tender shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope. Lvs. alternate, small, leathery, subses-
sile, entire, glandular-dotted : fls. white or rosy ; petals
obovate. Prop, by cuttings from the ripened wood.

fr^grans, Roem. & Schult. {Didsma frdgrans, Sims).
Breath of Heaven. Height 2-3 ft.: lvs. oblong, ob-
tuse, dark green above, whitish beneath, with a glandu-
lar, denticulate margin: fls. rosy. B.M. 1519.— A fa-
vorite in Calif.

ADENANTHfiEA (from the deciduous pedicillate
gland on each anther). Ijegnminds(e. Tender, unarmed
evergreen tree, cult, in greenhouses only for its eco-
nomic interest, and also in Calif, in the open air. Prop,
by seeds, which should be softened in hot water previous
to sowing.

Favonlna, Linn. Red Sandal-wood Tree. Leaflets
about 13: fls. in an axillary spike. Trop. Asia, where it
grows to a tree of great size. — The red lens-shaped
"Circassian Seeds" are curiosities with travelers, and
are used for necklaces, etc.

ip and colu

ADENOCALfMNA {glandular covering; referring to
leaves etc ) Bi inoniAcetc. Tender climbing shrub,
closeh illied to Bignonid Grown in hothouses, requir-
ing cunsiderdble moisture Prop, by cuttings in frames.

comdsum, DL "st rou.,'h, punctate: lvs. opposite, tri-
f oholate petioles thickened at junction with the blades :
racemes so densely clothed at first with large bracts as
to suggest the aments of the hop-vine ; fls. 2 in. across,
brilliant yellow, trumpet shaped ; upper lip of 2, and
lower hp of 3 rounded, waved lobes. Braz. B.M. 4210.

ADENOCAEFUS (from the glandular pod, which
easily distinguishes it from allied genera). Leguminbsce .
Shrubs, rarely small trees, more or less pubescent: lvs.
alternate, trifoliolate, small: fls. papilionaceous, yellow,
in terminal racemes : caljTi 2-lipped : fr. a glandular pod,
oblong or linear, compressed. Altout 14 species in S. Eu.,
Asia Slinor, N. andW. Afr.. Canary Isl. Low shrubs,
riirelv more than 3 ft., of spreading habit, with handsome
fls. produced pi..fus, h in s]>ring ; very attractive when
in full bic.c.iii Till X II .|uirc a sunny position and well
drained soil I In \ m i -|.i i lally adapted for temperate
regions, hut ill. iii.t In n ti msplknting well, and should
be irronii 111 pl.t- 111. 1. 1 j.l ii.t...l Ttu'v ari' .tIso hand-
sniiii j-ii I nil .11-1 -1.1 I 1 1 1 - 1 . -I 111 I -.iiidy com-
post III j.i It iiiil I 1 -Tt-enwood
cuttiii,- 111 -iniii- 1 ^'rafting.

fraukenioides, th. i ,.1 ,, ,,. . Spreng.).

Branches pubescent : h s. persist. -nt, crowded ; leaflets
linear-oblong, complicate : fls. crowded, in short racemes ;
calyx glandular, the lateral segments of the lower lip
longer than the middle one, exceeding the upper lip.
TenerifEe.

intermedius, DC. Branches villous : lvs. deciduous,
grouped ; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate : fls. in
elongated racemes ; calyx glandular, middle segment of

24

ADENOCARPUS

the lower lip longer than the lateral ones, much exceed-
ing the upper lip. Italy, Spain, Sicily.

dec6rticanB, Boiss. (A. Boissiiri, Webb). Shrub or
small tree, 15-25 ft. : branches tomentose : Ivs. crowded,
persistent ; leaflets linear, pubescent : racemes short,
compact : calyx villous, segments nearly equal. Spain.
K.H. 1883:156. 0.0.11.25:725. Gn. 30: 572. -Resem-
bles English Gorse, but is thomless. Bark peels natu-
rally. Thrives in poor, sandy soil.

A. anagi/rus, Sprene.=A. frankenioides. — A. Boissiiri, Webb
»=A. decorticans. — A. complicdtus, G-ay. (A. parvifolius, DC).
Branches nearly glabrous : racemes elongated ; calyx glandu-
lar. S. W. France, Spain. B.SI. 1387, as Cytisus divaricatus. —
A.commutdtus, Guss. (A. Telonensis, DC). Branches villous,
pubescent: racemes loose ; calyx \illous. Spain, Orient. — A.di-
varicdtus, Boiss. =A. intermedius when held to include A. com-
mutatus and complicatus. — A . toliolbsus, DC. Branches and Ivs .
crowded, villous : racemes compact, many-flowered; calyx vil-
lous. Canary Isl.—jl . ffrandi'Wrus, Boiss. Branches and Ivs.
glabrous : racemes few-flowered ; calyx pubescent. S. France,
Spain. — A.Hispdnicus,X>C Branches velvety-pubescent : Ivs.
tomentose beneath : racemes dense, many-flowered ; calyx glan-
diilar. Spain. — A. parvifdlius, DC.=A. complicatus. Gay. — A.
TeloTUneis, DC.=A. commutatus. — A. Telonensis, Nicholson=
A. grandiflorus, Alfred Rehder.

ADENOFHOBA {gland-bearing; referring to the cy-
lindrical nectary which surrounds the base of the style ) .
Campanuldcece. A genus of hardy herbaceous peren-
nials separated from Campanula only by minor charac-
ters, as the trilocular ovary and cylindrical nectary.
Fls. blue, nodding, on short pedicels, produced freely in
midsummer in slender but stiff, erect panicles or loose
racemes. For culture, see Campanula. Prop, by seeds
or cuttings in spring. The plants do not take kindly to
division or other disturbance of the roots. Many other
species than those in the trade are worthy.

commi^B, Fisch. (A. liUflbra, Schur. A. Fischeri, G.
Don. A.UliifdHa,Ledeh.). Radical Ivs. petiolate, ovate-
rotund, cordate, crenate-dentate ; cauline Ivs. sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate : fls. numerous, in a
pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the calyx triangular ; style
exserted.

Lamirckii, Fisch. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate, ciliate: fls. racemose; lobes of the calyx lanceolate;
style not exserted.

Potanlni, Hort. Shrubby: spikes 2-3 ft. high: fls. IM
in. across, light blue. July-Aug. Int. 1899.

J. B. Keller and W. M.

ADEN6ST0MA {aden, gland, stoma, mouth ; calyx
with 5 glands at the mouth). BosAcece. Shrubs, rarely
small trees : lvs. linear, small : fls. white, about 1-5 in.
broad, in terminal panicles; petals 5, stamens 10-15: fr.
a small akene. Two species in Calif. Heath-like ever-
green shrubs ; very handsome when in full bloom.
They may be cult, in temperate regions in a sunny posi-
tion and well drained soil. A. fasciculatum stands
many degrees of frost. Prop, by seeds and greenwood
cuttings in spring.

fascicnl&tum, Hook. & Am. Shrub, 2-20 ft. : lvs. fas-
ciculate, linear: panicles rather dense, 2-J in. long: fls.
nearly sessile. May^une. Ranges northward to Sierra
Co. The characteristic shrub of the chaparral or
chamisal regions of the coast ranges of Calif. Int. 1891.

sparBildliiun, Torr. Shrub or small tree. 6-12 ft.,
rarely 30 ft., resinous : lvs. altemat* : panicles loose ;
fls. pedicelled, larger, fragrant. S. and Lower Calif.
Int. 1891. Alfred Rehder.

ADfiSMIA {not bound; referring to the free stamens).
Legun\inds(e. Tender shrubs from Chili.

A. balsdmica, Bertero. Lvs. 1-lK in. long : leaflets 10-18 in
pairs: racemes 3-8 fld. ; fls. %in. across, golden yellow. B.M.
6921.— Has the odor of balsam. Not in Amer. trade.

ADHATODA (native name). Acanthicem. Tender
shrubs, distinguished from Justicia by the less spurred
anthers, and often by the habit and calyx. For culture,
see Justicia.

cydonifflfdlia, Nees. Lvs. opposite on short petioles,
ovate; lower lip broadly obovate, purple Brazil. B.M.
4962. F.S. 12: 1222. R.H. 1873: 110.- Cult, in Calif.

A Fdmca, Nees. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. white,
streaked red. Ceylon. B.M. 861 as Justicia Adhatoda.

ADIANTUM

K!ilk'STV!i.\GieeW,unuetted).Polypodiicem. Maiden-
hair Fern. A large genus of widely distributed ferns
of tropical countries largely, with polished black or pur-
plish stems, mostly smooth foliage to which water will not
adhere, and marginal sori attached underneath an inroUed
portion of the segment, which thus forms a protecting in-
dusium. The requirements of cultivation are plenty of
space, good drainage, and a compost of peat, loam and
sand. Of the one hundred or more species, five are na-
tives, of which A vedatum is the best known.

L. M. Underwood.

The genus Adiantum furnishes us some of the most
useful and popular species of commercial ferns. They
are easy of cultivation. They need a slightly shaded
position, moderately moist atmosphere, and a temp, of
60-65° F. The soil should be composed of rich loam and
leaf -mold in equal parts, and should be kept moderately
moist. Some of the most useful ones for general pur-
poses (givenundertheir trade names) are: A.a^mulumy
grows about 12-15 in. high, and has very graceful dark
green fronds; A. bellum, a dwarf, very compact species
6-8 in.; A. cuneatum, A. cuneatum var. grandiceps, with
long, heavUy-crested, drooping fronds ; A. cuneatum
var. variegatum makes a neat specimen ; A. concin-
num, gracefully drooping dark green fronds 15 in.
long, with overlapping pinna ; A. concinnum var. la-
tum, of upright growth, is 24 in. high; A. decorum
is very useful, 12-15 in., and has young fronds of a
pleasing metallic tint; A. excisum var. multifidum ;
A. formosum ; A. Fergusonii ; A. fragrantissimum ;
A. pubescens ; A. tenerum and var. roseum ; A. Wie-
gandi ; A.LeGrandi, very dwarf; A. muiidulum, a
very neat, dwarf species ; A. rubellum, a dwarf spe-
cies with mature fronds light green, young fronds of
a deep ruby tint. The above may easily be grown from
spores, if sown on a compost consisting of half each of
finely screened, clean soil and leaf -mold or peat, and
placed in a moderately moist and shady place in the
greenhouse in a temp, of 60" F. To be grown most
economically, they should be transplanted in clumps
of 3 or 4 plants as soon as the first pinnsB have appeared,
and, as soon as strong enough, potted off, either in
clumps or singly.

Some very desirable speci.s to irmw into large, tall
specimens are: A.^thiopi' ii„: . A . /;.(">. i. A. CoUisii,
A. Fergusoni, A. formosiin, . .1. /."/A"//./!, A. Peru-
vianum, A. princeps, A. rl,''i„l.n,,l, u m . A. Sanctm
Catharinm, A. trapeziforme . itud A. U'llliamsii. The
following are also recommended for special purposes:
for fern-dishes, A. fulvum; for cntting, A. gracillimum.
The following kinds are economically prop, by divi-
sion, temp. 65° F.: A. Farleyense, the different varieties
of Capillus-Veneris, A. rhodophyllum , A. assimile, etc.
Some kinds, as A. dolabriforme, A. eaiidatum and ^.
Edgeworthii, form small plants on the ends of fronds,
which may be detached and potted separately, and if

of Adiantum pedatum.

kept in a close atmosphere will in a short time grow
into choice little plants. Temp. 65-70° F. The last three
kinds are adapted for hanging baskets.

NicHOL N. Bruckner.
The following species are in the American trade, the
names in italics being synonyms : {A. rdseum is an unde-
termined horticultural name, possibly referable to A.

ADIANTUM

rubellum) : cemulum, No. 28 ; ^thiopicum, 24 ; affine,
9 ; amabiie, 29 ; assimile, 24 ; Baiisei, 19 ; bellum, 27;
Capillus-Veneris, 26 ; caudatum, 2 ; Collisii, 22 ; eon-

' "" * — "" • curvatum, 16 ; ct/closorum,

u, 8 ; digitatum, 35 ; dolabri-

cinnum, 23 ; cuneatum,
30 ; decorta

forme, 1; Edgfii-orthii,'2; elegans^
ginatum, 20 ; excisuni, 25 ; Farleyeuse, 18 ;
Fergusoni,2Q ; formosum, 11; fruynnitis.ii-
mum, 28 ; gTacillimiuu, 'M : hispidulum, 17 ;
intermedium, 10 ; Jordani, 20 ; Kaulfussii, 5 ;
iMthomi, 19; LeGrandi, 34; luaulatum, 1;
macrophyllum,4; Malrlsii,2io- raonochlauiys,
32; Moorei, 29; mundiilum, 28; Novre-Cale-
doniffi, 14 ; Oweni, 30 ; palmatum, 35 ; peda-
tum, 15 ; Penivianum, 3; polyphyllum, 7; princeps, 19 ;
pubescens, 17 ; pulvemlentum, 12 ; rhodophyllum, 19 ;
rhomboideum, 13 ; rubellum, 31 ; Sanctce Catharince, 6 ;
Siebrechtii, 30 ; speciostim, 35 ; tenenim, 19 ; trapezi-
forme, 6; variegatum, 28; venustum, 33; Versail-
lense, 28; Victorim, 19; villosum, 13; Wagneri, 30;
Wiegandi, 30 ; Williamsii, 21.

A. Fronds with a single row of small leaflets on either
side, rooting at the apex.

1. lunulituin, Burm.( J. (fo?(T6)-i7(5r)HC,Hook.). Fronds
1 ft. long on blackish wiry polished stipes; lower leaflets
nearly semicircular, all on hair-like stalks. India, Trop.
Amer., Australia.

2. cauditum, Linn. {A. Edgeworthii, Hook.). Fronds
6 in. to 1 ft. long on short brownish densely hairy stipes ;
leaflets deeply cut into several spreading narrow lobes.
Old World.

AA. Frond.^ wilh it-'tualh/ a .tinfjle rote of large leaflets
oil either side, not rooling at the apex.

3. Peruviinum, Klotzsch. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, on
polished stipes, with obliquely ovate pointed leaflets, 2 in.
long by 1 ^2 in. wide, on slender stalks ; sori 8-10 on either
side of the leaflet, twice as long as wide. Peru.

4. macroph^llum, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. long, on rather
stout polished stipes, with 4-6 pairs of wedge-shaped ses-

ADIANTUM 25

sile leaflets \}4-2 in. long by %-l in. wide ; indusium
nearly continuous on either side of the leaflet. Trop.

5. KauUusBii, Kunze. Fronds 6-8 in. high, on slender
black stalks; leaflets 5-11, 2 in. long, %-l in. wide, with
unequal base ; indusia very long and narrow, forming an
almost continuous marginal band on either side of the
leaflets. Mex., W. Ind.

AAA. Fronds at least bipinnate, the segments ditnidiate^
i. e. irith the veinlets all springing from the lower
side of the leaflet, whieh is twice as long as broad.
B. Leaflets l%-2 in. long.

6. trapezi!6nne, Linn. FrondslSin. or more high, with
the terminal It-ufl.t l..ni;.Ttlian the lateral; leaflets trape-
zoidal, with ]iaiall.l si.lc^. '.j-?4in. wide, lobed, and with
numerous sori. .1. S.iiirt.i -Cilharlnw is a form with
deeper lobes. Trop. Amer.

BB. Leaflets smaller, an inch or less long.
c. stalks polished, smooth.

7. polyphyllum, Willd. Fronds often tripinnate, with
stout black stalks ; pinnae 6-8, long, with closely set leaf-
lets which are %-l in. long, the upper margin curved,
with 4-6 circular or oblong indusia. S. Amer.

8. diiphanum, Blume. Fronds simply pinnate or usu-
ally with 1 or 2 pinnas at the base ; leaflets Kin. long,
!<iin. wide, with numerous sori placed in the sinuses of
the inner and outer edges. Asia to N. Zeal.

9. afHne, Willd. Fronds bipinnate, with acentral pinna
and several lateral ones ; leaflets not exceeding %m. long,
Kin. wide, the upper edge parallel with the lower, and
crenate, bearing numerous rounded sori on the upper
and outer margin. N. Zeal.

cc. Stalks polished but somewhat tomentose.

10. intermedium, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. or more long,
with a terminal pinna and 1-3 lateral ones on each side ;
leaflets 1 in. or more long, with interrupted sori on the
upper and two-thirds of tin- ont.r mnv'rins. Trop. Amer.

CCC. .S7- ■ '"lirll.

11. formdsum, R. r>i 1 i i i ii. long, two-thirds
as broad, mostly tripiiinii-. nmiIi loii-h scabrous stalks
and rather smafl deeply Iubcd leaflits W-^in. long, with
rounded and toothed outer margins. Austral.

12. pulvemlentum, Linn. Fronds often a foot long.with
a large terminal pinna and several lateral ones, bipin-
nate ; stalks purplish, hairy,as are also the rachises ; leaf-
lets 54-1 in. long, Kin. wide, closely placed, the outer
edge rounded or truncate. W. Ind.

13. villdsum, Linn. {A . rhombo'ideiim , Swartz) . Fronds
larj,'.-, witli a terminal an.l several lateral pinna! 6-12 in.
loiiir. on stout villotis-hairy stalks; leaflets numerous,
nearlv 1 in. l..n- ' ,in. wiile, trapi-zoidal, with the inner
side j.arallel tf the raeliis ; indusia forming an almost
continuous line along the upper and outer margins. W.
Ind. and S. Amer.

14. Ndvae-Caleddniae, Keys. Fronds 6-8 in. long and
wide, somewhat pentagonal, once pinnate with one or two
secondary basal pinnse on the lower side at base ; leaflets
attached to the rachises by a broad base, nearly 1 in. long,
pointed, irregularly incised, bearing 1-4 rounded sori
next to the base. New Caledonia.

A.\AA. Fronds forked, the two branches bearing pinnte

from the upper side.

B. Stalks polished, smooth.

15. peditum, Linn. Fig. 33. Common Maidenhair of
our northern states, with circular fronds on purplish
stalks 1 ft. or more high. — Sometimes transplanted into
gardens, requiring a shady, moist and protected place.

16. curvitum, Kaulf . Fronds forked and with the main
divisions once or twice forked; leaflets 1-1 ^^ in. long,
nearly ^^in. wide, the upper margin rounded and lobed.

BB. Stalks scabrous {or rough).

17. Mepidulum, Swartz (A. pubescens. Schk.). The
two divisions branching like a fan. with the largest pinnae
C-9 in. long, made up of numerous leaflets Hin. or more
long, two-thirds as broad, with numerous circular indusis
on the upper and rounded outer margin. Old World.

ADIANTUM

nate, often tripinnaie
numerous rather sm(
shaped leaflets with vei

lodges deeplij cut into a series of narrow lobes.
Farley^nse, Moore. Fig. 34. Fronds often reach-
15-24 in. in length, forming a rich profusion of
closely overlapping pin-
nae, light green; leaflets
more or less wedge-
shaped at base, with cur-
ved sides and the outer
margin rounded and
deeply cut into 10-15
narrow lobes, which rare-
ly bear sori. Barbadoes.
I.H. 19: 92. -Said to be a
garden variety of A. ie-
nerum, but apparently a
good species,
cc. Edges not lacin-
iately cut.

19. t^nenun, Swartz.
Fronds deltoid, 12-15 in.
long, two-thirds as wide,
the terminal leaflets
equally, the lateral un-
equally wedge-shaped at
base, all of them rhombic
and deciduous when dry,
with 10 or less small sori
on the outer and inner
margins. A. JL(lthomi,A.
VietbricB, A. rhodophyl-
lum, A.prlnceps, and A.
Baiisei are horticultural
forms. Fla. and Trop.
Amer.

20. Jdrdani, C. Muell.
(A. emaryindtum, D. C.
Eaton, not Hook.).
Fronds 1 ft. or more long,
G in. wide, mostly twice
pinnate, with nearly
semicircular leaflets ;

sori elongate, the indusium almost continuous around the
margin of the leaflet. Calif, and Oreg.

21. Williamsii, Moore. Fronds triangular, nearly 1 ft.
high ; leaflets nearly semicircular, 3-4-lobed on the outer
margin, bearing 5-8 sori covered with oblong indusia.
Peru. — Similar in habit to the last, but smaller and with
more numerous sori.

BB. Leaflets mostly less than a half inch across.
c. Frniid.'i lit least •/iiadripiunate, broader than long.

22. Collisii. ^1.. i, l-,,i,,lv 1 ft. or more long, very
br.ia.l, iiriitly repeatedly forking;
leati. I .111-, those towards the outer
porti..ii- |..ii_'c r ;iii.| l;ir_. itlian those nearer the base.—
Of gardi-ii origin. possil>ly a hybrid.

■ oblong, longer

cc. Fronds mostly triangular

than broad.
Shape of leaflets rhomhie. the in

23.

12-18 in.long.G-9 iii.wn;. , ' .
leaflets rhombic-oblong;, -::l'.1iiI;
leaflet, usually set close tiigfthi-r
DD. Shape of leaflets roundi.-<h with obtuse ba

21. ffithiopicum, f.inii, i !.»

idney-shaped

2-3-pinnate,
black stalks;
ri 4-8 on each
Braz.

11,1 !.»»'■'■ f III/ ',', Swartz). Fronds

1 ft, "!■ ■•■ i-.i..,,,, .', ,,,i,,- -1,11,. ■J-:i-pinnate, rather

narr'> , ;:-lobed, the mar-

gin 11' I ' i t . with oblong or

kidn.-} -ii;!!'. .1 ii,.ii,-:,,, Aw. -.,:,.[ ,\u-tr:a.

25. exclsum, Kuuze. Fronds 2-3-pinnate, G-12 in. long,
3-4 in. wide; leaflets about J^in. wide, roundish, with the
margin cut into small rounded lobes; sori large, 2^ to
each leaflet, kidney-shaped or circular. Chile.

DDD. Shape rif leaflets

E. llidlisia ..1,1,.,

26. Capillus -Veneris,

i.DIANTUM

iiiefly cuneate at the base,
indistinctly lunate.

I. (,l. F4rgusoni, A. Mai-
rlsii. Moon), l-'ii.', :;r,, I'l.ni.l^ L'-:i-pinnate,6-20 in. long,
3-8in. widf; l.-atlits n.arly '...in. wide, more or less ir-
regularly lobed at the outer margin ; sori 1-3 to each
leaflet, with oblong or more or less elongate narrow
indusia. Native southward, and widely distributed
throughout the Old World. — Exists in many varieties,
some of them deeply lobed, like A. Farleyense ; a com-
pact imbricated form is very effective.

27. b^llum, Moore. Small, 3-8 In. high, bipinnate; leaf-
lets with the outer margin erose and often divided into
2-3 shallow lobes ; sori 2-3 to each leaflet, rather long
and broad or somewhat lunate. Bermuda.

EE. Indusia nearly circular, with a narrow sinus.

28. cune&tum, Langs. & Fisch. {A. limulum, A. mun-
dulum, Moore. A. VersailUnse, A. fragrantissimum,
Hort. ) . Fronds 3-^-pinnate, deltoid, 6-15 in. long, 5-9 in.
wide ; leaflets numerous, obtuse or broadly wedge-shaped
at base, the margin rounded and more or less crenately
lobed ; sori ,3-5 to each segment, with rather small rounded
indusia. Braz. — Runs into many forms, of which A.va-
riegAtum is one.

29. Modrei, Baker (A. amdbile, Moore, not Liebm.).
Fronds 2-:i-pinnate on long slender stalks, 6-15 in. long;
li-at1<-ts S-^jin. long, rhomboidal, with wedge-like base,
il.-r|,lv luli.-.l ; .sori of medium size, 4-6 to each leaflet.

t. 1 .1 . deeoram. A.Wiigandi, A. ile-

, ,Moore). Fronds 2-3-pin-

ii'-ral leaflets rhomboid,

I M ' I or incised ; sori 4-6

\ir\ t:ir-i membranous circular in-

iiehreelitii, Hort., "supposed to be a

decorum and A. Williamsii," has

.■:o. WAgnerl, Jl.'
gans, A. Oweni. J
nate, 6-9 in. Ion LT, i
the terminal cuni
to each leaflet, wit
dusia. Peru.— ^.
cross between A.
strong, graceful fronds thickly set with round pinnules
of firm texture.

31. rubillum, Moore. Fronds 4-6 in. long, deltoid, bi-
pinnate ; texture membranous, bright green, reddish
when young ; leaflets Kin. wide, deltoid or the lower
rhomboid, the outer margin deeply lobed and the lobes
finely toothed ; sori round at the apices of the lobes.
Bolivia.

Pinna of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris. Xattiral s

ADIANTUM

32. monoclll4myB, D. ('. Eaton. Fronds ovate-deltoid,
6-12 in. long, tripinnate ; leaflets H>n. wide, cuneate at
the base, the upper edge rounded, slightly toothed, with
a single sorus or rarely two in a decided hollow at the
upper edge. Jap.

.IS. veniistum. Dun. Fronds ovate-deltoid, tri-quadri-
piiuiatf, (1-12 ill. I.iiil; : leaflets cuneate at the base, J^in.
widi-. witlL thr uiipcr nisje irregularly rounded or with
3 in<Ustiiirt lithfs, liiii-l\ tdothed, bearing 1-3 sori in dis-
tinct hi.lKiws. 111. I.
BBB. Lvafliis iiiiiiiili . iiiiiKinerable; fronds 4-6-pinnafe.

34. gracillimum, ll.irt. Fronds 1 ft. or more long,
nearly us wiili-, 4-(i-piiiiiate, with innumerable very small
leaflets, which are 3-8-!-4iu. wide and usually bear a single
sorus or rarely two. — Dense, compact forms are in cult,
under the name of A. JjeGrdndl.

AAAAAA. St. climbing, several ft. loiij, 3-i-pinnate.

35. digititum, Presl. (A. speeidsiim. Hook. A. pal-
mdtiim. Moore). Fronds 2-3 ft. long on a stalk 18 in. or
more long, with palmately lobed leaflets 1 in. or more
wide. S. Amer. L. ji. rsDEEWOOD.

ADLUM, JOHN. Plate II. Grape experimenter, and
author of "Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine," 1823
and 1828, the first separately published American grape
book. B.irn in York. I'a.. Apr. 211, 17.")i). Died at George-
ti.uii. n, r,. ^I:ir. I, !.-:;(. He «,>, :i -.Mi-r in theRevo-
i,r ■ ,1 :-■ ailministra-

1'. ■ ■■ >• . , ■!' •■ ■! - ■ . • ! 1 . ■ I'-general in

X',: 1 . :■■ ■:! -I i ■> i.i:^ . I . .i: ..:, In- -- ,i- ^n-i. a SUrVCyOF
;illil .■|\ ll rli::llii I 1 . I i c ■ ,m ■ m 1 1 , , , , ; i 1 1 .i,-,.-,..; lat c judgeship

ill l^vc.iiiiuL.' c,.iiiii\. r.iiii~x U aiiia, having been ap-
l.uint'.d ],v (I..V. Mniiiii. II.- wa^ a friend of Priestly, and
cn.icav..ri'-.l t.. a|.|.l.\' tli.- -ri.nt i li.- knowledge of his time
to agri.-ultur.-. ll.'iaiiy L.-.-aiii.- interested in the ame-
lioration ..f ill.' iiatn.- -ra]..-s.an.l established an experi-
mental viiii\ai-.l ill III.' Oistriet of Columbia. He en-
deavored, liiii \Mtli.iiit Mi.i'css, to secure the use of cer-
tain publi.- lali.l ill Wa^liill
tivating an .xl" rini.nlal
tawba grai-i- \.> |.iiiilic iii.t
awakenini;- in.lii-nial a.'iixity ..i' .mr ii.\c .■..nntry. The

botanist, Kaiin.Miii.-, ni.-iii.irai..l liis name in the

pretty genus Adluniia ; but ollierwi.su lie has remained
practically unknown until very recently. For further
information, see Bailey, "Evolution of our Native
Fruits." L. H. B.

ADLtjMIA{ from John Adlum). FiimariAceoe. Ahardy
biennial vine, which climbs overhigh bushes in our moist
woods. Sow seed in spring in a damp, cool place. Trans-
plant in fall, if possible, if transplanted at all. It flowers
the first season.

cirrli6sa,Raf. Climbing Fujiitokv. Moitntain Fringe.
Allegheny Vine. Figs. 37, 38. Climbs by the slender
young leaf-stalks. Lvs. thrice pinnate ; leaflets cut-
lobed, delicate : fls. white or purplish, in ample panicles.
G.W.F. 13.

ASONIS (a favorite of Venus, after his death changed
into a flower). Ji'aiiiinciih'ictie. Hardy annual and per-
ennial li.i-lis wiih >lM.wy il.iwi'rs. Six well known
s]Mcir-, ii:ii n . - .,( i.hi|i.a:ii.- r.-i.ins of Eu. and Asia.
Fl~. s.ilii.ii \ . h 1111111:11 ; |H I:,]-. .--11;, yellow or red ; ear-
In I- niinn : -iiili.iui I |.i"i In^li. very leafy: lvs. alter-
ii;ii' .J I'll' r; narr.iw- .ii\ i~|..iis : fr. an akene. Cul-
tii:--. ■- ■ , j.Hi.l ^..il, li-ht, iji..ist .'arth preferred.
T: ' i ': ■ :■ iiill villi. >r j .ari iai sliaii.' : the perennial

>j>< ' H i -..:. .1 Iwr r...'k\\..rk. b.'r.l.-rs, ct.;. Annuals

prop. Ii;. ihc .-.ccd.-,, which arc sluw-gcriuiuating, sown
in autumn or eaidiest spring ; perennials by seeds or
root divisions.

A. Annuals : fls. crimson or scarlet.
B. St. simple except at top : center of fl. yellow.

aestivMis, Linn. Pheasant's Eye. Stems erect, often
branched at top : fls. crimson ; petals flat, obtuse, half
longer than cal>-x. June. Var. citrina, Hoffm., is a
garden variety with citron-yellow fls.

BB. St. hranelted ; center of fl. dark.

autumnalis, Linn. Flos Adonis. Fig. 39. St. branched:
fls, small, crimson, with dark center, globose ; petals

aa. Perennials: fls. yellow.

B. St. not branched.

vemilis, Linn. (.1. Apenntna, Jacq. A. Daviirica,

leichb.). Spring Adonis. St. simple: lower lvs. scale

toothed 1
Earh |iii
.1') U 1
lin. n trm

\v\l

1 mi with later fls

Apennina

Linn (A

I innli-. var

Sibuica,

1)( A bib

inca Pat

nn ) This

species IS

much like A

^e^-nahs

fls larger

lower lvs

sheith like

Apr Si

belli

BB St h,

anched

Pvrenaica

DC St

DC

lobes

y\ ladlcal leH\
^' dentate

37 Adlumia irrhosa Volg^nSlS Stev {A

TIo?3^Hj,is Hort )

Much like 4 lernalu but st branched lvs scale like

at base petioled or sessile above fls like 4 Pyienaica

but sepals pubescent on under side Apr Volga region

11 ^ P " 1 ^ Ridde a beautiful species with broad

' ' ' f Japanese vane

.ffiCHMfiA (from aicZimc point referring to the rigid
points on the caljx) BromeliAtea The Achmeas are
clo eh allied to the Billbergiis from which thej are dis

clustn in 111^ turn i 1 Insti r or lusptte ot long hird
leaves which are usually serrate petals 3 tongue
shaped, obtuse or pointed, 2-3 times the length of the
spine-pointed calyx-lobes ; stamens 6, shorter than the

28

-ECHMEA

petals : ovary inferior, 3-oelled. The flowers are sub-
tended by (in the axils of) flower-bracts; the entire head
or flower-cluster is often reinforced or subtended by
conspicuous leaf -bracts; in the compound-inflorescence
types, the individual branches are usually subtended by
branch-bracts. In some species, as A. LaHndei and A.
MariceSegincB , the large colored leaf -bracts are the
most conspicuous part of the plant. In others, as A.
Veitchii, the entire head is the showy part. Monograph

Adonis aut

by Baker, .Journ. Bot. 1879: 129, 161, 22G. Includes Ca-
nistrum, Kvhinostachys, Jffohenbergia, Hoplophyhim ,
Lamprococcus , Pironneava, Pothuava ; and some of
the species have been reterTeA io Billbergia, Cryptati-
thus, Gmmannia, Tillandsia, Chevaliera, etc. For cul-
ture, see BiUh,r,jiu.

A. Fls. L'rit liked on the branchlets.

dlBtichintha, L.maire. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, with a di-
lated base 4-.'i in. lung and half as wide, the blade rigid
and channelled, edges prickly: scape 1-lK ft.: fls. in a
bipinnate panicle 4-7 in. long and half as wide, the
petals tongue-shaped and red-purple, longer than the
obtuse-cuspidate sepals: fl. -bract pocket-like, Kin; long.
Braz. B.M. 5447.

AA. Fls. multifarious, — in several or many rows on the

spike or branchlets.

B. Inflorescence simple.

c. Ovary compressed or flattened.

Lalindei, Lind. & Rod. Large (3-4 ft.), with long and
broad spine-edged lvs.; spike very dense, greenish
white, from the color of the aggregated calices. the fls.
subtended by many deflexed, showy red, long-pointed,
entire bract-lvs.: corolla not exserted. New Granada.
I.H. 30: 481. -Striking.

Harlee-BegtnsB, Wendl. Smaller than the last in all
its parts : petals blue-tipped when young, fading to
crimson like the bracts, half as long again as the mealy
cuspidate .sepals ; fl. -bracts entire, small, not showy :
bract-lvs. toothed. Costa Rica. B.M. 6441. — One of the
best species.

Veitchii, Baker. Lvs. spotted, serrate : petals pale, a
little longer than the sepals : fl.-bracts conspicuous,
toothed, scarlet: bract-lvs. greenish, erect, serrate, not
encompassing the inflorescence. S. Amer. B.M. 6329.—
Referred to Ananas by Bentham & Hooker,
cc. Ovary terete (cylindrical).
D. Bead oblong.

Lindeni, Koch (Hoploph^tum Llndeni, Morr.). Lvs.
dilated and entire at base, the blade minutely toothed
and 2-3 ft. long, the tip broad-rounded and short-cuspi-
date: petals lemon-yellow, twice as long as sepals. Braz.

^CHMEA

DD. Head globose.

calycul&ta, Baker {Hoplophytum calyculAtum, Morr.).
Lvs. about 1 ft. long.with an oblong, dilated base, the blade
minutely toothed and rounded at the tip, but terminated
with a minute cusp; scape shorter than the lvs., with
several deciduous lanceolate bract-lvs. : petals tongue-
shaped, not half an inch long, bright yellow: fl.-bracts
small, entire, reddish. S. Amer.

faaci4ta, Baker {BiUbirgia fascidta, Lindl. B. rho-
docyinea, Lemaire). Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, with an oblong
entire clasping base, the blade strongly toothed and the
back marbled with whitish cross-lines, the tip rounded
and mucronate : scape 1 ft. high, floccose, the several
bract-lvs. pale red and erect ; petals Min. long, pink.
Braz. B.M. 4883. B.R. 1130. F.S. 3; 207. -Inflorescence
sometimes forked.

BB. Inflorescence branched (or compound).

c. Calyx atid ovary not longer than the fl. -bract.

glomerita, Hook. Lvs. strongly toothed, lX-2 ft.
long: fls. in dense, rounded spikes disposed in a narrow
panicle 1 ft. long ; petals blue or violet, longer than the
calyx ; fl.-bracts long, pointed, scarlet (in one variety
whitish). Braz. B.M. 5668.

cc. Calyx prominently longer than the fl.-bract.
D. Panicle large, S-pinnate; petals bright red.

specttlbilis, Brongn. Lvs. 2-2}^ ft. long, minutely
serrate : fl.-bracts very small ; petals twice as long as
sepals. Guatemala. R.H. 1875: 310.

DD. Panicle 1- or 2-pinnate ; petals blue or violet.
E. Fls. pedicellate.

csBrul^scens, Hort. Lvs. lX-2 ft. long, with small
prickles: panicle 4-5 in. long. 2-pinnate, with lax few-
fld. crowded branches; petals bluish red, ^^in. long: fl.-
bracts none or minute. S. Amer. Gt. 1871:694. -Pro-
duces white berries.

EE. Fls. sessile.

coeWstis, Baker. Lvs. much as in the last : panicle
deltoid, 3-5 in. long, 2-pinnate, floccose, the lower
branches subtended by red branch-bracts I in. long ;
petals nearly half an inch long, blue. S. Amer.

f\ilgeiis, Brongn.(^^. discolor, Hort. ). Lvs. broad, with
small distant teeth, with a broad cuspidate end: panicle
large, simple above, branched below, glabrous, bearing
numerous fls. ; petals blue-tipped, exceeding the rich
red calyx; fl.-bracts minute or none: branch-bracts yel-
lowish. S. Amer. B.M. 4293.

Weilbachii, F. Didr. Lvs. rather short, overtopped by
the red-stemmed and red-bracted scape: panicle narrow,
1-pinnate, the fls. rather crowded, blue and red. S.Amer.
R.H. 1871:170.

Var. Leodi6nsis, Andr^. Lvs. violet and spotted : fls.
shorter. Braz.

JE.augtista. Baker. Allied to .ffi. Marise-Reginse. Plant large:

liddle :

rantiacum ) .— ^. llarleri. Baker. Fls. S-ranked ; corolla pale yel-
low. Honduras.— j;. BrasUimsis, Regel. Lvs. much dilated at
liasp, whitish below, bhaek-toothed: petals light blue, c.ilyx and
rai-hisred: paniele branched. Braz. Gi.liiif,:l-10-l.-.E.broiiielitf:-
/odd. Baker. Dense spike : Its. whitish below, 3-4 ft. long, ser-
ratv ..r spiiiescent: fls. light yellow. S. \mer. -.E.Vurnui. Carr.
^.V.. iiu.Ii.-:iulis.-.E./lr«t-,'ri„rt,Anar.'. Lvs.ivhitish, finely den-
t;ilr : viiik'- sjiHi^l.' aid lax : iN. lnj]i,'tnliular, li:,'lit hlue ; bracts

K II I-.^s, p, 4m1, — .7;, *r,si/./'//i,v, Mni-r. l,\s, wliitish below:

sliikc. .■|..l.;ilar aii.l .Irns,-, nm.ila-iiH m-. : i.daK v.'llcw. Braz.

1. !■ . ■! -. ; l: II, 1-7. ■:.■■: J- ;■,. ,.,!.,,'.. ■■■:. M,M,- Slr..|,l.,.

B.M. 523J.-^\ Ale
toothed : panicle 3-pinu.ate

Mex.-
soidea ? — ^. myriopbylla, Morr. .Mlifl tc» .¥.. distidiantha.
Lvs. narrow, 2-3 ft., spiny, silvery-scaly on the back ; fls. red. the
petals fading blue. Trop. Amer. B.M. ti939. — ^'. nudicaiHts.
Griseb. Lvs. long and straight, brown-toothed ; bract-lvs. sub-
tending L spike large, brilliant red : petals yellow. Trop. Amer.
R.H. 18«5:36 (as jE. Corniii. which is a form with shorter and
denser spike).— ^.^ianici/iiffcra. Griseb. Lvs. large and long:

panicle 1-2 ft. long, with few-flowered branches : scape tall,
reddish, downy : lis. purple. Trop. Amer. — j£. Schiedeaiia,
Schlecht. (.lE.macracantha, Brongn.) . Lvs. large, rigid, strongly
armed : panicle 3-pinnate, pubescent ; fis. pale yellow. Mex.
Gt. 1894:175.— -£.ze6ri»a is Billbergia zebrina. L H B

.SOLE (from iEgle, one of the Hesperides). Butdceir,
tribe Aurantieit. Small, strongly spinose trees, with al-
ternate, trlfoliolate leaves. Distinguished from the nearly
related genus Citrus (particularly C. trifoUata) by
the hard, gourd-like rind of its fruit and its viscous,
woolly seeds.

H&rmelos, Correa. Elephant Apple. Maredoo. Ben-
gal Quince. Bhel Fruit. Small tree : fr. large, 2-4 in.
in diam., round or pear-shaped. Trop. Asia. — Cult.
in S. Pla. and Calif., and in hothouses. The wood is
valued for its strength, and the sweet, aromatic pulp is
used medicinally in India for diarrhoea and dysentery,
and also as a lemonade and conserve, g j ^^^^^^

XGOPdDIUM (air, goat, and podion, a little foot;
probably from the shape of the leaflets). Umbel! ifenr.
(ioi-TWEED. Coarse, hardy herbaceous perennial, with
creeping root.stocks, biternate lvs., sharply toothed,
ovate leaflets, and white fls. in umbels.

Podograria, Linn., var. variegitum, is a variegated
form of this European weed,' which makes attractive
mats of white-margined foliage. Common in yards.

AEEANTHUS. Consult 4»<7rreo«m.

AEB.lJi'ES{GTeek,air-planf). Orchlddcew, tribe VdndeiT.
Epiphytes: stems erect, roundish : lvs. distichous, strap-
shaped and spreading, coriaceous, deeply channeled at
the base, obtuse: peduncles from the axils of the lvs.;
fls.in loose or dense racemes; petals narrower than the
sepals. A genus of remarkably beautiful plants, which
develop well under cultivation. Species confined to the
tropics of the Old World. The genus Aerides, though
not in general cultivation, has many sterling qualities
to recommend it. Some of the species produce dense
racemes of great beauty, which emit a pleasing fra-
grance, and for decorative purposes have few if any
rivals in the Orchid family. The genus offers no excep-
tional difficulties to the horticulturist. Qakes Ames.

All the species of Aerides are of easy culture in the
warmest greenhouse— one that has a minimum tempera-
ture of 65° F. in winter being best. They should be kept
constantly moist, well shaded, and warm, with fresh live
sphagnum round the roots at the base of the stems. A.
^doratum is perhaps the best known. Other favorites
are A. Latvrencice and A. Fieldingii ; the latter often
has racemes 18 inches or more long, of a beautiful rose
'=°'°'"- Cult, by E. 0. Orpet.

Following are in the American trade: A.affine,'i\o. 11;
Amesianum, 9 ; Augustianum, 8 ; Ballantineanum, 4 ;
Bermanicum, 1 ; crassifolium, 15 ; erispum, 14 ; cylin-
dricitm, 18 ; Dayanum, 2 ; Ellisii, 2; expansum, 10; fal-
catum, 10; Fieldingii, 1.3; Godefroyanum, 11 ; Eoulleti-
amini, 10; Japonicum, 16; Larpentm, 10; Lawrenci*, 9;
Leeanum, 6; Leonsei, 10; Lindleyanum, 14 ; Lobbii, 11 ;
maculosum, 12; majus, 1 ; niaximum= ?; mitratum, 19;
multiflorum, 11; odoratum, 1; pallidum = ?; purpu-
rascens, 1; quinquevulnerum, 5; radioosuni, 17; Rrichen-
bachii, 4 ; Koebelenii, 5 ; Rohanianum, i ; roseiim. 11 ;
Sanderianum, 9 ; Savageanura, 3 ; suavissinium, 4 ;
Thibautianum, 7; vandarum, 18; virens, 2; Warneri, 14.
A. Odoratum section: middle lobe of labelbim
narroiv -oblong.

1. odoratum, Lour. Lvs. 6-8 in. long, l-IJ^in. wide,
unequal at apices, deep green : peduncles not branched,
pendulous ; fls. numerous, crowded ; racemes cylin-
drical, as long as or longer than the lvs.; lateral sepals
ovate; petals obovate-lanceolate, white, with a carmine
apical spot ; labellum trilobed, midlobe magenta, side
lobes white, dotted with magenta; spur recurved, green-
ish or white. Cochin China. B.M.4139. Gn.49, p. 158.
Gt. 8:273. B.R. 18:1485. Var. Berminicum, Reichb. f.
Fls. smaller than in the type, the apices of the petals
with mauve lines and dashes instead of blotches. Var.
purpuiiscens, Hort. Produces large racemes, sepals and

AERIDES 29

petals tipped with pale amethyst. Var. m&jua, Hort. Fls.
larger ; racemes longer.

2. vlrena, Lindl. Peduncles 12-15 in. long, 15-20 fld. ;
spur dotted with magenta; petals and sepals tipped with
magenta. Java. P.M. 14:197. B.R. 30: 41. -This species
is very similar to .4. odoi-a^iim, of which it is considered
by some to be a geographical form. Var. Ellisii, Hort.
{A. Ellisii, Hort.). Sepals and petals white, suffused
with rose, tipped with amethyst-purple. Var. Day&num,
Hort. Racemes very long ; fls. bright, large.

3. SaTage&nom, Hort. Sepals white at base, dotted
with purple, otherwise crimson-purple; petals similar,
narrower ; labellum crimson-purple, with a greenish,
straight spur ; midlobe denticulate on the margin.

4. suavissimum, Lindl. {A. Seichenbachii, Linden.
A. Bohanidnum, Eeichb. f.). Plant robust, more lax in
habit than type: fls. 20-30, IK in. across; petals and se-
pals white, suffused with carmine at apices ; labellum
trilobed, yellowish dotted and suffused with carmine ;
apex of spur white. Straits of Malacca. Var. Ballan-
tine&num. Racemes shorter; blooms earlier; sepals and
petals tipped with amethyst-purple.

5. quinqueTulnerum, Lindl. Racemes 1 ft. long ; fls.
crowded; dorsal sepal and petals equal, lateral sepals
orbicular, all tipped with magenta; midlobe of labellum
magenta. P.M. 8:241. Var. BoBbelenii (J.. .Koifte^fnii,
Reichb. f. ). Sepals and petals shading to green at
bases, petals denticulate ; lobes of the labellum lacer-
ated, midlobe rose-colored. Manila.

6. Lee&num, Reichb. f. Peduncles much longer than
the lvs.: pedicels rose-color ; sepals rose-purple, white
at base ; petals similarly colored; labellum small ; mid-
lobe deep purple ; spur green tipped. India.

7. Thibauti&num, Reichb. f. Racemes pendulous,
longer than the lvs.; sepals and petals rose-color; la-
bellum amethyst-purple ; midlobe narrow, acute. Ma-
laya.

8. AuguBtiinum, Rolfe. Petals and sepals shaded
with rose ; spur long, straight. Philippine Isls. G.C.
111.7:233.

9. LiwrencisB, Reichb. (A. LawrenciAnum, Hort.).
Largest species of the section. Fls. 20-30, l?4-2 in. in
diam.; sepals and petals flushed with amethyst-purple
at the apices ; labellum yellowish ; midlobe amethyst-
purple. Philippine Isls. Gn. 35:702. Var. AmeBiJtnum,

40. Aerides.

a, A. Lawrenciie: b. flower of multiflorum section:

c. flower of odoratum section.

Kranzl. More robust: fls. more intense in color. Var.

Sanderiftnum, Hort. Lvs. narrow : fls. yellowish, with

amethyst on face of spur, otherwise like the species.

AA. Falcatum section : lateral lobes of

labellum falcate.

10. falcatum, Lindl. & Pax. {A. Larpent<r, Hort. A.

expdnsum, Reichb. f.}. Lvs. loosely arranged, 6-8 in,

long, IKin. broad : fls. loosely arranged

30

AERIDES

long, n-4 in. in diam.; sepals and y.ctals white, tipped
with amethyst; side lobes of labelhim f;il(;.ir. |,;.l.- ame-
thyst; front lobe convex, dentieuhn.'. I,, i I. d alH.vr.
amethyst in center, margined wiili whii.- and l.aiia d
with rose; spur short. Upper Burniali. \ar. Houlletia-
num (J. 77.."/;, /;,■,„:.,„. Reichb. f.). Fls. large. IJ-^in. in
diam.: |. ' lals pale buff, magenta apical

blotch: 1 I .white; side lobes penciled with

magenta, i' i.i i i,. - l.d. Cochin China. R.B. 21:20.5.

B.H. lh:a..iL:i. \ar. Leonaei {A. Zeoruei, Reiehb. f.).
Side lobes blunt and retuse.

AAA. Miiltiflorum section; apical lobe of

labellum hastate.

B. Peduncles not ascending.

11. multiUdrum, Roxb. (A.afflne, Wall. A. rdseum,
Lodd.). Plant compact, dwarf: Ivs. stout, leathery,
6-10 in. long, dotted with brown ( ? ) : scapes 15-20 in.
long, often branching : fls. small and crowded ; petals
and dorsal sepals ovate, equal in length, rose-colored
shading to white at the base, dotted and spotted with
crimson, inferior sepals pale, less spotted ; labellum
cordate-rhomboid at right angles, with other segments
scarcely trilobed, deep rose ; spur compressed, very
short. India. B.M. 4049. Gt. 8:207. Var. L6bbi (4.
Ldbbii, Hort.). Lvs. crowded: peduncles more branch-
ing : fls. more intensely colored ; very distinct. 1. H.
1.5:5.59. Var. Godefroy4num, Hort. (A. Godefroydniim,
Reiehb. f.). Fls. larger than in type and more brilliant
in color. B.B. 17: 109. This is tlie most widely di.stributed
of the East Indian species, if we except A. odoratum.

12. maculdsum, Lindl. Plant compact : lvs. dark
spotted : racemes pendent, sometimes branching ; se-
pals and petals pale rose, dotted with purple; anterior
lobe rose-purple, white at base. India.

13. FiMdingrfi, Lodd. Fox-brush Orchid. Tall: lvs.
glossy, 7-10 in. long : peduncles pendulous, branched
near the base, 18-24 in. long : fls. crowded, petals and
sepals white, suffused and dotted with rose ; labellum
scarcely trilobed, white suffused with rose. Sikkim,
Assam.

14. crispum, Lindl. St. brownish : lvs. rigid, 5-8 in.
long : peduncle often branched, pendulous ; fls. not
dense, large ; petals and sepals white, flushed with rose-
crimson, deeper colored on dorsal surfaces; lip trilobed,
side lobes small, midlobe rose-amethvst. S. Ind. B.M.
4427. F.S. 5:438. Gn. 4, p. 85. B.R. 28:55. Var. Lind-
ley^num, Hort. Larger: fls. paler, racemes branching.
Var. WAmeri, Hort. Dwarf: fls. smaller and paler than
in type.

15. crassifblium. Par. & Reiehb. f . Compact in growth :
lvs. «-10 in. long : fls. IKin. in diam.; petals and sepals
bright rose-magenta, shading off towards bases; label-
lum trilobed, side lobes subfalcate, rose-magenta, front
lobe ovate, deeper colored. Burma.

16. Jap6mcum, Reiehb. f. Smallest species of the ge-
nus in cult.: lvs. 3-4 in. long-. liiio:ir nhlnng : fls. few :
peduncles loosely raceiuos,. : s.-pal-; ami smaller petals
greenish white, lateral si p:iN Ikhi'.I with amethyst-
purple; labellum crenatc. ri.lL'cil. ilark violet, with 2
erect lobules. Japan. B.M. jT'J.i. -This interesting spe-
cies marks the N. limit of the genus Aerides. Requires
cooler treatment than the other species.

BB. Peduncles ascending.

17. radicdsum, Reiehb. Lvs. 8 in. long, 1 in. wide :
peduncles ascending, 8-10 in. long, sometimes branching
near the base : fls. %m. across, purplish ; sepals and
petals pale rose, verging on crimson; column winged.
India.

AAAA. Fandarum section ; lip rarlous : lvs. terete.

18. vaiid4runi,Reichb.f.(4.ci/;(n(frJcK»i,Hook.). St.
slender: lvs. 4-6 in. long, channeled above, clasping at
bases, alternate: peduncles 2-3 fld.: fls. lJi-2 in. in
diam. ; segments undulate ; sepals white, lanceolate ;
petals white, irregularly obovate; lip trilobed, nearly di-
vided in front, dentate, sides erect. Sikkim Himalaya,
4,000-5,000 ft. B.M. 4982. J.H. III. 34: 417.— Much like

Vanda teres in foliage. Subtropical species.

19. TnitTd.tiiin, Reiehb. f. Lvs. semi-terete : racemes
man-'-ftd.; sepals and petals white ; labellum rose-pur-
ple. Burma. B.M. 5728. Oakes Ames.

^SCHYNANTHUS

MKVA (name of no signification). Amaranticem.

■I'.-iidir li.rl.s iir slinili^. allic-il t.i A'hyranthes. Lanate

lis,, til.. |ic]-iaiitli s,.-in. Ill- -Ihii-i anil liyaline: stamens
'> or 4. sterile tilaiiirnt- intirvninii!,' : fls. very small,
usually in clusters, white or rusty.

saniTuinol^nta, Blume i,A. sangulnea, Hort.). Lvs.
15^-2Hin. long, opposite or alternate, ovat«, acuminate,
soft, pubescent, pale beneath. Java. — Cult, for its dark
red leaves.

aiSCHYNANTHUS {aischuno, ashamed, ugly, and
aufli"s, Iliiwer; pr^ibably referring to the wide-mouthed
gaping of the fls.). Gesner&cem. About 40 species of
tropical Asian twining or rambling parasitic small
shrubs, bearing very showy, more or less fleshy tubular
fls., and cult, in warm houses (stoves) : lvs. opposite or
verticillatc, thick, or even fleshv: inrfect stamens 4,
ase.-n.liiiL' uinler tin- ui.iiii- i.,iil .f iln ImiM-rfectlv 2-

i-resting
iva and

other plants on the trniik- nf ini -. I'lir il... w liii-li are
produced in the axils i.f tin. 1 v -. an.l ai iln- i mK i.t' ihi-
shoots, last a long tiinr in ].iili .ihiii. j;. Ill- .l.ipliMal
undernatural conditii.n^. tiny vln.ulil l... j,ut in :i n.iit-
ing medium which will require renewal not ofteniT than
once in two years. They must have perfect drainage, as
they suffer from stagnant moisture, but during the
period of growth they must have eo]ur,us supplies of
water. Prop, by siiiU, ..liiin^-. m.I .livi-ion. Cut-
tings are the most sat ' _ ;|i a flower-
ing plant from the l>. - ! nv. and di-
vided pieces, unless 1 I 1 la.ndition

previoustotheoperainin.il : ■ > - 1 plants as

cuttings. Cuttings should la i ;:i the spring,

and kept close untU they an i ' il.lishcd in

small pots. During the flr-i ■ ild not be

allowed to bloom, but enei.ni. _■ , : . :.'r.iwth by

pinching out the ends of tin. -I i an. I -liilting into

larger pots as they require li. .M .i ■ i tin kinds look
their best when grown as bavK. 1 ilani- -n-pi mled from
the roof of the stove. Wire l.a-ki t- ai. I,, -t. In |,re-

pariiiirtlii in. lir-t putinaliningofm.. - . : ;- _■ lly

quaniii;. ..t r. .ii-li i-inders, and the nmi r ' ' n ,v

(alll-l-l ..I' .-In.].!.' il fibrous peat, sphaL,'ni. i ill. I

small iniia.-. nl' pots or bricks, Willi ■ i ■ i -.-

grained saii.l. Fur a basket 12 in. am-. . -,■.,,[ -n.all
plants out of ;i-inch pots may be useil. a 1 In-

idatmii- . ■ t|i,.

corolla arehe.l i uvular. .
let. E.Ind. B.M. 3843.
intermediate house.

AA. Ca.hjx tubular
piilchra. n..n i E. pii

tain extent, and decreasing
the temperature consider-
ably. A good method of
growing the scandent
kinds, where facilities are
at hand, is to start the
small plants on blocks of
wood, attach these to damp
but warm waUs, to which
they will cling by means
of the roots thrown out
from every leaf joint.
Cult, by G. W. Oliver.
'rted, the lobes acute.
reeping, mostly herbaceous,
iiinate, 4-5 in. long, repand-
ed ; calyx fleshy and short ;
n. long, downy, orange-scar-
;. 5: 241. -Will succeed in an

ire or shortly 5-toothed.
•.DC). Figs. 41, 42. Trail-
a 11 tly small-toothed : corolla
times longer than the gla-
a B.M. 4264. R.B. 18:13.

^SCHYNANTHUS

lobbiina, Hook. The (
this country : differs from jS.'. pulchra in narrower and
nearly entire Ivs., corolla downy and projecting only
twice or less the length of the purple downy calyx.
Java. B.M. 4260, 4261.

.E. HoscMAna, De Vr.= JE. bamponga. — -X. fulgens. Wall.
Lvs. lanceolate: calyx tubular, short- toothed, ghabrous: corolla
about 2 In. long, orange-red, pubescent. E. Ind. B.M. 4891.—
£. Javdnica, Hook. Allied to X. pulchra: differs in pubescent

42 .^schynanthus pulchra

ralvx and corolH B M

3s

f IM.

coroU I laltL oiaii^c ltd cuiMd J i\ i 1 M 4j_U 1 M
14 199 Gn 51 1109 —^ splendins Lmdl *. Pixt =J3 'ipeciosi
~jE spleiidida garden hybrid with scirlct spotted blick lis
m terminal f-iscieles — ^ tneolor Hook Lvs small o\ al or
lanceolate hairy at the base calyx obconic pubescent corolla
nail pubescent blood red throat orange upper lobes stnped
pie ils mostly twin Borneo BM 5031 B B 10 7

571

digitate

-ifl(

inal shcH>

a large tril icul ir i
Asia Himal N ( i
with handsome fl
Himalayan specu
"ioil The larger ^
trees and the fls ar

il ii M Is \ Amci E

I I trees and shrubs

I I Cahfomian and
I I in moist and loamy

\Mii., 1 1 irt ewellent shade
showy ind interesting The fr is
not edible Prop b\ seeds to be sown in the till or
stratifaed, or by grafting and budding on common species,
and the shrubby forms also by layers. ^. parviflora
prop, also by root-cuttings.

A. Winter-buds resinous : claws of the petals not longer

than the calyx st I 7

B. P tirl<! 4-0 caljx cai j t

SS fr glob liar II
Hippoc&staniun Lmn
Fig. 4^ Large tree 1

ate-ohovate acun
brous panicles s 1
tinged with lel f I

N.Greece — Mii \ tl 1 1

double fls bear u i ii \ p u ila I | |

Dwarf form % ar umbraculiiera Hi 1 i

roundish top \ ar lacmiata D pi (v r / t H rt

var. heterophjlla Hort ) leaflets Utmiat ^ ar Mem

gro !

1 1 11 for

bow

]

1 ! 1 1 top

tanl 1 1

Ik 111 Harly

n the N t

te

turbmata

Blume

-£• S «r s Hort not Bunge ).

Tree i t

1 1

1 1 ent leaflets o- nearlj ses-

sle

enate errat pube cent be-

neatl

1 cles 6-10 in long dense and

rath

II sh wh te s nailer than those

of 4 /

fr ru-o e Tun ^ Ch Ba,

Jap

1

c4me 1 1

/

// / / / i b-

came
c I \ II

/ i b -
1 rl-

e 1

1 gla-

brou 1 1

1 1

i fl h-

color t 1

1

B R 10o6.

LBC n 1 4 1

1 n forms ac-

cord ng to tl 1

and one w th

double fl (

1 1 { 1

and on road-

s des Han 1 u

11 11

BB P tals 4 1 te

pale rose olo el

calyxllpped-

St e s s f pe

haped s ooti

CalotI yrs s )

Calif6raica N tt

T w 1 1 1

t P n_in ft :

leafl t 1 1

11 1 1

ob-

tuse 1 1 1

1

1 3-8

n 1 11
loO ( 4 11 J

t 1

1 ' ! ; 1 ^-

AX T^ t b 1

t la

tlj lo ger

tl

tl e 5 toothed caljx

B P tal 4 1 U

t nrtet start e

s cl del or

1 t t

1 1 fl t p t oled {Pat a )

glabra W 11 1 ( /•

1 Mchs

Pdva gUbra,

1 1 1 1 II 1

1 1 U tree

1>-J0ft leaf-

1 1

1 t hnely

errate raooth ;

1 1

H h yellow claws as

X rtel fr

0 1 te May,

t (8 \ar

arguta R I n ,

43 Open

octandra AInish (^ fidta. Ait. ^j?. TiWeo, Wangh.

/ I Poir ) Large tree, 40-90 ft. : leaflets 5,

1 r elliptical cuneate, equally serrate,

1 neath : panicles 4-6 in. long ;

milar; stamens 7, shorter than

1 May-June. N. Amer. L.B.C.

Var. discolor (var. hi/brida,

•si r J /)i(»-a'sce)is, Gray. A. discolor.

Pur h 4 M lata Hort) Lrs. tomentose beneath:

fls red or purple B R 310 An intermediate form ia

A negUeta Lmdl B R 1009

32

:;uLus

versicolor, Dipp.(^i;.oc<a'ndrax/'iifi'<(. P&fiahybrida,
Spach. ^. or P, LyonitHoTt.). Intermediate between
A. octandra and A. Pavia. Lvs. pubescent beneath: fls.
yellow, tinged with red or nearly red.

Fivia, Linn. (,PAvia rubra, Poir. P. Miehauxi,
Spach.). Shrub or small tree, 4-20 ft.: leaflets oblong
or elliptical, acute at both ends, finely serrate, smooth
or pubescent beneath : panicles 4-7 in. long, loose ; fls.
purplish to dark red ; petals very dissimilar ; stamens
mostly 8, nearly as long as the petals : fr. smooth.
May-June. N. Amer. B.R. 993. L.B.C. 13:1257. Var.
Minilis {A. hiimilis, Lodd.). Low shrub, 2-4 ft.:
leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate, tomentose be-
neath : fls. red, tinged with yellow ; calyx dark red.
B.R. 1018.— Many garden form.s, as var. c&mea, Hort.
Fls. flesh-colored. Var. atrosanguinea, Hort. Fls. very
dark red. Var. Whltleyi, Hort. Fls. briUiant red. Var.
pfindula, Hort. (P.pumila, var. phidula, Hort.). Dwarf
form, with pendulous branches : lvs. smooth. Some
forms with variegated lvs.
BB. Fls. pure white, small; petals 4S ; stamens more

than twice as long as the petals. (Macrothyrsus.)

parvifUra, Walt. (^. macrostAchya, Michx. Pdvia
dlba, Poir.). Shrub, 3-10 ft.: leaflets 5-7, elliptical or
oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, finely serrate, pubescent
beneath : panicles 8-16 in. long, narrow ; fr. smooth.
July-Aug. S. states. B. M. 2118. Gng. 7:81. -One of
the handsomest plants for a lawn clump.

^. Chininsis, Bunge. Allied to A. turbinata. Leaflets dis-
tinctly petioled, rounded at the base. China. — ^. Indica,
Colebr. Fls. similar to.<E. Hippocastanum: lvs. obovate-lanceo-
late, distinctly petioled, smooth. Himal. B.M. 5117.— ^.Pdrryi,
Gray. Similar to A. Califomica. Leaflets small, obovate, ca-
nescent-tomentose beneath ; calyx 51obed. Calif. G.F. 3:356.
Alfred Rehder.

STHI0N£HA (aitho, scorch, and nema, filament;

rockery. Less common than Iberis. The genus differs
from Iberis in having all its petals equal, and from Le-
pidium in having its four stamens longer, winged and
toothed. Fls. various shades of pink and purple. W. B.
Hemsley, in Gn. 9, pp. 108, 109.

They dislike a moist or stiff soil or shady places; but
in light, sandy loam, on dry and sunny slopes, they are
compact and branchy, and when once fairly established
will last for many successive years without replanting or
renewal, while under the opposite conditions the plants
grow feeble and lanky, and may die after a year or two.
They keep fully as well as the Candytufts in water, and
can be cut with longer an<I straighter stems. Prop, by
seeds in spring or by cuttings in summer ; annual and
biennial kinds by seeds. j. b. Keller.

coridiiilium, DC. {IbMs jucunda, Schott & Kotschy).
Branches numerous, thick, 4-6 in. high : lvs. crowded,
short, nerveless, linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse:
fls. smaller and later than in the next, in dense, short,
rounded racemes. Chalky summits of Lebanon and
Taurus. B.M. 5952. -Good for edging. A. pulchUlum
was sold under this name for many years.

grandifldrum, Boiss. & Hohen. Branches 1-IK ft.:
lvs. usually longer than in A. coridifolium, more linear
and more acute: fls. as large as those of Arabis alpina,
in slender, elongated racemes; petals 4 times as long as
the sepals. Persia. Gn. 9:5.

F^rBicoin, Hort. Stout, erect, shrubby, dwarf. Fls.
deep rose. Best of dwarfs. Int. 1892, by J.W. Manning.

pulcWUum, Boiss. &Huet. Similar to 4. coridifolium,
but more diffuse and trailing. Fls. smaller and brighter-
colored; petals 2K times as long as the sepals. Persia.
Gn. 25:436. W. M.

AOALM'^LA {agalma, ornament, and hule, wood; an
ornament to the woods in which they grow wild). Ges-
nerdcea. Tender climbers from Java, which may be
grown in a basket like .SIschynanthus.

A.longistyla, Carr.. is considered a synonym of the next. R.H.
1873: 270.— -4 . staminea, Blume. St. rooting from the lower sur-
face: lvs. alternate, with an abortive one opposite the base of
each ; petioles 4-8 in. long ; blade as long, ovate, serrate : fls. in
large axillary sessile fascicles of 12-14 ; stamens exserted. B.M.
5747. P.M. 15:73. F.S. 4:358.

AGAPANTHUS

AOANtSIA (Greek oyaKos, desirable). A small genus
of tropical American epiphytal orchids, little cult, in N.
Amer. Botanically allied to Warrea and Zygopetalum.
Need a humid atmosphere. Grown on blocks in high
temp. Prop, by dividing pseudobulbs.

tricolor, N. E. Brown. Fls. in a raceme; sepals whit-
ish; petals light blue; lip in the form of a saddle, marked
with orange-brown. S.Amer.

pulch^lla, Lindl. Fls. white, blotched yellow on the
lip, in a racemose spike from the base of the bulb.
S. Amer.

The above species are the only ones known to have been offered
in the Amer. trade. Thereareoor6others. A.cterulea.Heichh.t.
Fls. in axillary peduncles, blue-blotched, the lip bristled. Braz.
—A. cydnea, Benth. & Hook, (not Reichb., which = Acacaulis
eyanea). Much like A. tricolor, the lip blue and undulate at the
tip. B.R. 1845:28, as Warrea cinerea, Lindl.; also, W. eyanea,
Lindl. (see Rolfe., G.C. III. 6. p. 492).

AGAPANTHUS (agape, love, andanthos, flower). Jyil-
idcem. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks,
tall simple scape, and 2-bracted vunbel of handsome fls. :
perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regu-
lar: pod many-seeded ; seeds flat, winged above : foliage
evergreen.

In this country, Agapanthuses are usually grown in
tubs (the roots are apt to burst pots), and are flowered
in late spring or early summer in the conservatory, win-
dow garden, or living room. The plant is kept dormant
during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough
life being maintained to prevent the lvs. from falling ( the
var. albidus usually loses its leaves). When in bloom,
give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years
if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become over-
crowded in the tub, and supplied with manure water,
sending up many clusters each year. Good results can
also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept
dormant until spring, they may be bedded in the open,
or massed in vases, for summer bloom. Prop, by divid-
ing the roots ( and rarely by seeds ) . Old roots break up
more easily if soaked in water a few hours. When dor-
mant, the plant will stand a few degrees — usually 10° or
less — of frost.

44. Agapanthus umbellatus.

scape rising 2-3 ft. from the leaf -rosette, bearing an um-
bel of 20-50 handsome blue fls. ; perianth funnel-shaped,
with a short tube. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 500. - One
of the best known of half-hardy liliaceous plants. There
are white-flowered varieties (the best known is var. il-
biduB); dwarfs, as var. miiior and var. MooreAnus, both
with blue fls. ; giant forms, as var. m4ximuB ( both blue

AGAPANTHUS

andwhhe-flJ.),
variegated-Ivd.
g&tii8 ; var. LelchtUnii, a compact-trussed blue form ;
and others. L, H. B.

AGAKICUS. a frenus of fleshy fungi, considered under

AGATHffiA.

Fell

AGATHISlnr/'i/Ais, glome, the fls. m clusters). Tender
Australian (ouiteis, allud to Araxicaiia, ueldmg Dam-
mar resm Cones axillar) , globular or short

robfista, Hook. {Ddmmnia loliUtu, C Moore).
Branches somewhat vertmllate, horizontal hs broad,
o% al lanceolate, obtuse trtt reaching 130 feet in Austral.
-Cult in Calit

.- /

45 Agave Americana as

\

ly grown in greenhouses

~\^ AGAVE {Greek agauai, admirable) Amaiyllid&eew
Important decorative and economic plants from hot
American deserts the most familiar of which is A
Ameticana the American Centory Plant &t short
or T;\antint^ hs mostly m a close rosette raostU stiff
and more oi less fleshy pel i t i fr i \ i t ^ ii tl e
margins mostly armed with t 1 1 tl ] ( | ] i

with a more or less pun^ t | I | 1

panicles, perianth 6 part 1 i It I 1 I i

stamens fa mosth Icngtx 1 11 it

nor 3 cell 111 11 I i

black ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

casionill 1 1 I I 1 II

number t | 1 it 1 111 1 i il ii >

have been descriU 1 One ot the lir.,cst c Ikiti ns is
at Kew wnere there arc 8o named species The largest
collections in the United States aie at the Botanic il
Garden of Washington and the Miss uii Botininl f ii
d n I t ire about 7o spe ] 1 \

r iiater nurabei it [

lut Aga\ es ai
ts This noble
1 I I attention it des i 1

nus t 1 1 1 ts m America furnishes i n \ i t 1 I
decorative plants Sir Joseph Hooker places it next 1 1
the palm and aloe but the tormer is a gieat f iinil> cf
1 11)0 s] 1 s While m the United St it \ tl ii k it
tl \ 1 IS decciatne fl I

tl they aie the n

M ish flier oth 1 II

1 1 two great Mt\

In h IS ifeiu,-! I I I

1 I 1 s espcciUlj A d, i ,

^l i 11 1 drink IS usualh net ob

1 Kb as Pulque althou,i:h there

1 1 t 1 tl contrarj The species from

whi hi ml 111 st cf the Mescal used in Mexico is

unknown The species vary so much in size and form

that they can be used m a gieat many wd\ s home ot

the smaller species are suitable for the house and even

some of the 1 ir^er species are so used The laiger spe

cies are well ad ipted for vases m large gardens and

grounds along walks terraces etc These plants com

ing as they do trom arnl or even desert regions, where

AGAVE del

they have a hard struggle to exist, can be grown with
little or no care, but they respond very tiuickly to good
treatment. The species are propagated in various ways ;
some produce suckers at the base or even underground
shoots ; others give off buds from the stem, which fall
off and take root, or may be detached and planted ;
while not a few produce bulblets in the flower-clusters,
and sometimes in great abundance, while all may be
produced from seed. But as most of the species flower
only after a long interval, and many have not yet been
known to flower in cultivation, this latter means of
propagation can not be relied upon. In cultivation,
fruit is set very sparingly or not at all without artificial
pollination, although this can be accomplished with
very little trouble. Monograph by J. G. Baker, Ama-
ryllideas, 1888. j. n. Rose.

None of the Agaves are at all difficult to grow. The
soil should be principally loam and sand, and if any vege-
table soil be given it should be in small quantities. Good
drainage and firm potting are necessary. To grow small
plants of the large-leaved kinds into good-sized specimens
quickly, they should be plunged out in a sunny spot in
spring, taking care that the pots are large enough so that
they will not require repotting in the fall. Nearly all of
the large-growing kinds are easily increased from suck-
ers, which, when the plants are grown in a pot-bound con-
dition, are produced very readily. They should only be
taken off from the parent phmt wlu-n furnished with suf-
ficient roots to give them :i st;irt. Seine kinds are raised
only from seeds, which, w In-n Irishly .i;:itlierecl, germinate
in k few weeks. ^ult.' by G. W. Oliver.

The classification of the Agaves is a veiy difficult one.
riiis IS partially owing to the great number of species,

t the difficult\ of preserM ' "

lutrc |i n X tfl w( ring in

usal

■ stud\ material, and to the

although

the nic

su li an arrangement is
!sb artifacial it is certamlj
satisfactory in naming a
ill ticn From a botanical point
f Mew howe\er the inflorescence
1 \s the true relitionship of the
I s In this w a\ the genus is
1 Ilv dnided into three groups oi
ibt,enera These are First, the
jbi( igaie, having a paniculate m
florescence, with candelabra like
branches Second, the Littcea hav
ing a dense spike of fiowers (The

by%M

JO Amer

6is 27 angusitfoha 3 ap

tenuata 11 Biauminei 28

Botteu 29 brachystachj s uower

40 taudilabrum 3 Celsii

31 coarcta?a, 5, cochlearis b dasjiirioides, 36 , densi-

flora i' Dcserti 10 echucides 34 Elemeet ana 20;

en t i tit 1 1 „(miniflora lb Gilbeyi,

2( / 11 1 till 2^ h rrida 26;

litl 11 s !v hii 27 lat fbima, 5 ;

Lech 11 / / niacracaiitha 8 , macu-

POtOsilK,. II; I'-:, . I ..,.,,, // ■ .^ I.

rigitUi. :;; /■-„.'/ ., ;-,-■" •■ ■ i._. ',,. ii;

Scolvnui-, II: >rl,Miii,, i- M, :,»,,. :i; -i^.- , ,;; -in-

ata, ;« ; strkaa,:)4; iavluri. IT: J Ininraintisis. :> ; mn-
vittata,21; Utaheusis, 12; vestita, 15; Vietoriffi-Regiuee,
24; Virginica, 37; xylonacantha, 27; yuccaefolia, 35.

A. Foliage persisting from year to year: inflorescence

thiisi . )iiinii/-il,l.: plants flowering after a more
nrl.ss l,.,„, u,i,rml, often but once, in others

B. Itiflorcsi'iirr It rnuipact panicle; fls.h07fie in clusters
near the ends of horizontal branches. {Euagave.)

1. Americana, Linn. Common Centurt Plant. Pigs.
45, 46. Plants becoming very large : Ivs. 40-50, either
straigiit or the tips recurved; the margin scalloped be-
tween the sharp teeth: fl. 3 in. long, yellow. The most
common species in cult. A.F. 7:503. Gn. 12, p. 397.
G.C.III.19:17. Gn.47,p.59. F.E. 10:595. Trop. Amer.
Several varieties, of which var. picta, var. variegAta (B.
M. 3654) and var. recuiv4ta are the best known. -Some
forms have Ivs. striped, and others bordered with yellow.
This species is the one which is commonly grown as a tub
plant by florists, being used out-of-doors in the summer
for lawn and porch decoration.

2. Mezic&na, Lam. Plants becoming very large : Ivs.
20-30 ; similar to ^. ^nifricaHK. Common in Eu. Int.
about 1817, from Mex. G.C. II. 19:149.

3. rigida, Miller. St. wanting or sometimes 4 ft. long:
Ivs. thin, narrow, elongated; the margin either smooth
or toothed. S. Mex. Perhaps more than one species in-
cluded under this name. A, angustif ilia, Yiam., seems
to belong here. B.M. 5893, as A . ixllioXdes . Gng. 5: 89.

Var. elong4ta, Baker {A. Cundelitbrum, Todaro). St.
/iiucli i-loriKuti-il.

Var. SisalAna, Engelm. Sisal Hemp. Margin of the
Ivs. entire. Yucatan. Naturalized on Pla. keys. — Rec-
ommended for cult, on a large scale in certain cheap
lands of Fla. Largely grown in Yucatan as a fiber plant,
the fiber being exported to U. S. and used in making
cheap cordage.

4. Pringlei, Enff.lm. Lvs. sword-like, very stiff, 18
in. or l<-s-< N'Tit,'. TKirniwfd from near the base to the
sharp tip. till- iiiaii.'iii with small, hooked, brown prick-
les: H. P,in. l.,iif,'. yill'iw. LowiT Calif.

5. atrbvirens, Karw.(. I .•//'"'/'■/'..... Karw. A.Sal-
TOidita, Otto). Often aii^n _ Mze: lvs. few,

10-30, becoming 9 in. t>r i : ' I- 'Ik,', very thick

at base and glaucous tlir.inLlhnii. ii] p..! with a stout
spine; the upper part of tlic margin horny: fi. 4;

long Mex. G.C. H - --

under this name.

Var. latissima {A. latlssima, coarct&ta, Lehmanni,
and mitrmfdrmis, Jacobi). Lvs. broader, oblong-spatu-
late (8-9 in. broad above the middle).

6. cocUe&Tis, Jacobi. Pulque Plant of W. Mex.
Very similar to the above, but lvs. longer and a foot
wide, not glaucous. Int. about 1867, but rare in col-
lections.

7. applan&ta, Lem. Stemless : lvs. sometimes 150,
3-3J^in. broad, stiff and glaucous, with long, pungent
end spinf: tl. !! in. l.'iitr, greenish yellow. — A beautiful
species frdiii M. \. Int. about 1862.

8. macracantha, V.w-r. Small, stemless, compact: lvs.
about .'id. a fnnt i.iii:,'. virv stiflf and pungent, glaucous:
fls. in a lax raceme, lut.'about 1830, from central Mex.
G.C. 11. 8:137.

9. Sh&wii, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. 50-60 or even
more, oblong-spatulate, 8-10 in. long, dull green and
slightly glaucous, with a brown tip-spine an inch long,
the edge with upturned brown teeth ^in. or less long:
fls. 3-3Kin. long, greenish yellow. S. Cal. Int. about
1875.

10 Desirti, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. few, in a rosette,
oblanceolate, a foot or less long, deep concave above,
very gUiucous, tip-spined, the lower half of the blade
with hooked prickles : fl. yellow, 2 in. or less long. S.
Cal. Int. about 1875.

-Several species have passed

AGAVE

11. Sc61ymu3, Karw. Lvs. 20^0, 9-18 in. long. 3-6 in.
1' i.h . .'laucijus; the margin indented between the teeth:

' J in. long, yellowish. Mex. Gn. 12, p. 397. Int.
:.••■■ I l->n._Said to be common, with several varieties.
.1 !■■■'•' I ""(in, Zucc, may be only a form of the above.

12. UtahSnsis, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. sword-like, 1
ft. or less long, thick and rigid, the sharp tip-spine an
inch long, the margin with triangular teeth, glaucous:
tl. an inch long. Utah and Ariz.

BB. Inflorescence a dense, cylindrical spike; fls. usu-
ally borne in twos (Littaia )
C Margins of lvs not toothed

Lis In,

sttfT

(th tin margins splitting

In II ?s

I I in ill, compact, about
Ml I stiff, 9 or 10 m in
III 1 \ i\ pungent tip fl
It i .n.; M. \ r, C III

14 schidigera, Lem

but with some

•*!'' whit broadei hs and

^\ the msr.'in splitting off

•tt lnto^^h,te.ll,:,ons Mex

a h M i(i4I -Frequently

iiitpi:^'

15. vestlta, Watson, also of thetype ot^. filifera. is a
very recently described and introduced species. Lvs.
more bronzy than that species. Mex. table lands. A.G.
1892: 609. -It deserves a place in any large Agave col-
lection.

16. geminifldra, Ker-Gawl. [Bonapdrtea juncea.
Haw.). Lvs. often 200-300, narrowly linear, somewhat
recurved, 1^-2 ft. long, somewhat convex on both
sides: flower stalk sometimes 25 ft. long. Mexico, where
it grows commonly along streams. B.R. 1145. F.S. 7,
p. 6. — Very common.

17. Tiylori, Hort. A garden hybrid of ^.^eminirtom
and A. densiflora is often seen in cult. Mn. 7:111.
G.C. II. 8:621.

18. Sch6ttii, Engelm. (A. gemniflira var. SonbrcB,
Torr. ) . Stemless : lvs. linear, 1 ft. or less long and only
Ys in. broad, flat or concave, very rigid, sharp-tipped,
the margin usually with white threads: fls. l^iin. long
S.Ariz. B.M. 7567".

AGAVE

VD. Jjl's. brofitl and fleshy.

19. attenuita, Salm-Dyck (.1. (jUiuci^xcens, Hook.).
Pigs. 47-49. St. 4-5 ft., crowned by a great mass of Ivs.,
sometimes 6 ft. in diam. ; Its. about 20, 2-3 ft. long, C-8
in. broad at the widest point, very glaucous on both
sides: fl.-spikeS ft. long; tl. 2 in. long, greenish yellow.
G.F. 10:95. G.C. II. 2: 218, 223. G.C. III. 17: 455, 457.
B.M. 5333. Gn. 51,p. 407. -This is one of the most ma-
jestic of the Agaves. It has flowered only twice in the
United States, — in the Washington Botanical Garden, in
1897 and 1898.

20. Elemeetiina, Koch. Very near the above, but
stemless: Ivs. about 25, lK-2 ft. long, 4H-G in. wide ;
pale. B.M. 7027. G.C. II. 8:749. -A var. subdentita is
sometimes sold.

CO. Margins of Ivs. more or less toothed.
D. Border of Ivs. horny throughout.

21. iinlvittata. Haw. Stemless: Ivs. about 50, rigid,

2-2K ft. long, dark green
except a pale band down
the center: fls. vellowish.
Mes. B. M. 6055. - Int.
about 1830.

22. heteraointha, Zucc.
Very common. Forms seen
in collections show a very
polymorphous species.
Stemless : Ivs. about 20,
with a pale baud down the
center; teeth widely sepa-
rated, never banded, 12 in.
long, 2 in. broad. Mex.—
Numerous varieties. Int.
18G2.

LechegnlUa, Torr.
I- ,-, ,1,11,1, .11 ill collec-

Kiith,

Flowers of Agave

as A.het,rHe„ntha. Seem-
ingly a good .species,
though referred by Baker
to A. heteracantha. Lvs.
not banded, and spine very
long. W. Tex. and N. Mex.
24. VictdrisB - Eeglnae,
Moore. Stemless : lvs.
sometimes 200, very compact, rigid, 6-8 In. long, IH in.
broad, the margin and bands on the back white, obtuse
at apex, tipped with a small spine. Mex. Gn. 8, p. 351.
G.C. II. 4:485; 11.18:841. I. H.28:413. -A very remarkable
species. Int. in 1872, but now seen in all collections. Prob-
ably more cult, than any other kind except .4. .^Imericaiia.

25. Nissoni, Baker. A small species usually growing
in clumps; especially desirable for large vases. Lvs. 5-6
in. long, with a pale band down the center. Mex. — Not
known to have flowered.

26. h6rrida, Lem. Stemless : lvs. about 40, compact,
rigid, with a very stout end spine, not striped : fls. nearly
2 in. long, yellowish. Mex. B.M. 6511. — Many forms.

Var. Gilbeyi, Baker. Lvs. with a pale stripe down the
center. G.C. I. 33:1305. Gt. 1874, p. 84.

27. xylonacdntha, Salm-Dj-ck. Stout-stemmed: lvs. 20
or less, sword-like, 3 ft. or less long, with a sharp brown
point, slightly glaucous green, with a few darker green
lines on the back, the margin with a few large teeth : fls.
IKin. or less long, greenish yellow. Mex. B.M. 5G60.
G.C. II. 7:523. — J. Amurhisis and A. Kdchii, Jacobi,
are forms of this species.

28. KereMvei, Lem. {A. Beaucdrnei, hem. A.rigid-
issima, Jacobi). Stemless: lvs. 20-30, sword-llke, a foot

AGAVE 35

30. Albicans, Jacobi. Stemless: lvs. about 30, in a dense
cluster, 15 in. or so long, 3-3Kin. wide, tapering to a
weak spine, glaucous on both sides, the margin lined
with small black teeth: spike of fls. about 15 in. long;
fls. yellowish. Mex. B.M. 7207. G.C. II. 8:717.-This is
one of the smaller Agaves. It does not die down after
flowering. A form with variegated lvs.

31. C61sii, Hook. (4. Ctfsidim, Jacobi). Stemless: Ivs.
20-30, oblong-spatulate. 2 ft. or less long, not strongly
spine-tippeil. the mareiiiiil lanceolate spines unequal,
glaui-i.ii^: iK.iJ iii.Mii.x^ i.,111,'. purplish green, the tube

ess: lvs. 30-40, oblanceo-
11 K. glaucous when young
spin,- '._,iu. long, the mar-

.'f. densiflora, \\^^^•'
late-spatulal.', :; li. n
but bei/ouiiiii; i.'n,ii,
ginal deltoid pi-i.-kl, -
less long, giviMiisl, hn.wn. M<s. Ji.M. 5006.

33. mitis, Siihu Dy.'k. Sliort-st.uimed: lvs. 30, oblan-
ceolate, 15 in. or less long, 3 in. at broadest part, tip-
spine weak, the teeth very small and green or only ob-
scurely brown-tipped, green : fls. 2 in. long. Mes.— 4.
micracdntha, Salm-Dyck, is very similar.

EE. Lvs. veril iiarruir. icuk. 11,.' snrfn,;' iiinxlhj ribbed:

34. striata, Zii. v. Sf.H.li^^ ,.,■ i„:,ily >w: lvs. 150-200,
linear from a wi,l*' ti:,s,-, 'J'..t*t. "r It-ss I'ni^. scabrous on
the edge, sharp-tipped, glaucous-green, and ribbed on
both surfaces: fl. 1 Kin. long, brown-green. Mex. B.M.
4950. Cult, under several forms, as var. reciirva, Baker.
Lvs. larger and more falcate, not sharp-tipped. Var.

Jioirff.s-, Jacobi. A. ensifdrmis ami A . Jiichardsii, Jiort.) .
Dwarf and stiff; lvs. only Kft. long.

35. yuccaefdlia, DC. St. short: lvs. 20-40, much nerved,
linear and recurved, with a pale center, entire or nearly
so. Mex. B.M.5213.-Int. about 1800.

36. dasylirioides, Jacobi. Stemless : lvs. about 100,
linear, stiff, very glaucous, serrulate, finely striate ver-
tically on both faces; fl. nearly 2 in. long, yellow. Mex.
B.M. 5716.

AA. Foliage weak atid soft, dying down annually : in-
florescence a slender open raceme or spike : st,
arising from true bulbs. (Manfreda.)

37. Virginica, Linn. Lvs. few, green, 6-20 in. long,
spreading, lanceolate ; pale green or brown mottled, with
a narrow white and nearly entire margin : stalk 3-6 ft.
high: fls. greenish. S. states. B.M. 1157.

Var. tigrlna, Engelm. , a form from South Carolina and
Missouri, has spotted lvs.

38. maculdsa, Hook. Pig. 50. Basal lvs. 6-10, blotched
with brown or green, soft and fleshy, .somewhat recurved,
the margin serrulate: St. 15-25 in. high, bearing a few
scattered lvs. or leaf -like bracts: fls. 10-25, nearly ses-
sile, 2 in. long, purplish; stamens a little longer than the
segments of the fl. S. Tex. B.M. 5122.- Generally la-
belled A. macnlata.

af of Agave attenuala

DD. Border of lvs. not horny.

E. Lvs. oblong, with small teeth.

29. Bbtteri, Baker. Stemless : lvs. 50, 2 ft. long, broad,

pale green; triangular teeth on margin, crowded and

black. Mex. B.M. 6248.— A very beautiful species.

39. maouiata, Kegel. A name commonly used for the
above, but a very uncertain species. It is probably A.
protuberans, Engelm. ,

40. brachystachys, Cav. Lvs. lanceolate, green with a
pale nearly entire edge : fls. reddish. B.R. 25:55.-Rare
in collections, but a very important plant in Mexico, fur-
nishing much of the " amole " of the natives.

36

AGAVI

AGRIMONIA

Potosina, liob. & C

ubliiii

An odd little species,
y nmcli A. \ irgiuica. Sometimes met
name of Velpinoa gracillima.
lay fiud the following names (those marked *

edged.-'
A. Engili,
*A.firox.

Fls. in spikes : Ivs.
toothed. Int. about \
—*A. puUMrrima. 1
*4. iJdftmi; Hnrt -»
lanceolate, liii;;lit ;;
A. AmeriraiKi, imi a
thomsoniiniTitv ..i I-

ceolate, vrr\ L-l.-nn-Hi
syluestrif. II .i:
Jacobi. 1 .
toothed.- I ' '

oblong, bn;;i;L ;,!'..Mi, ^M'.li -irii.. ! \n l-,ll, J_ N^ _ i;o.SE.

A6D£STIS (a mythical hermaphrodite monster, the
genus being an anomalous one in its order). Pliytolac-
eicea. Amonotvpicgenus. Tender climbing shrub from
Mex. Cult, in Calif.

clematidea, Mo<;. & Sesse. Lvs. alternate, petiolate,
cordate: fls. axillary or in terminal, branched, racemose
cymes, white, star shaped; sepals 4; petals 0.

A6EBATUH (Greek for not growing old, probably
applied first to some other plant;. C'ompdsilie. About
40 species of trop. Amer. herbs, with opposite stalked
Ivs. and blue or white fls. in small terminal cymes or
panicles.

conyzoldes, Linn. (A. Mexicdnum, Sims, and Hort. ).
Pig. 51. Annual and pubescent: lvs. ovate-deltoid,
crenate-serrate : fl.s. blue or white, or varying to rose.
Ordinarily a rather loose-growing plant a foot or two
high, but there are dwarf and compact forms ; also va-
riegated forms. Trop. Amer. B.M. 2524.— This is the
common ageratum of gardeners and florists. It is easily
grown from seeds, sown in the border where the plants
are to stand, or started in the house or hotbed. If the
plants are to be used for bedding, they should be placed
a foot or less apart. They thrive in any garden soil and
exposure. They bloom all summer ; and if sown in
late summer or fall, they give winter bloom under glass.

The plant sold as A. conxpiridtm is an Eupatorium :
and that sold as A. Lasse'luxU is a Conoclinium.

L. H. B.

order and gen-
ee from China,
■ be used in per-

AGLAIA (Greek, splttuU.r: i
eral appearance). J/./.-,.,,,
with minute, yellow, ii : .■ i
fuming certain teas. I'l ; hl-s.

odorita, Lour. Lvs. aln rii:ii. . :. : |. innate : fls. inaxil-
lary, branching panicle.s. Cult, sparingly in Calif.

AGLAONfiMA (Greek, fij-ig/ifMread). Arolde(c. About
1.') species, of trop. Asia and Africa, allied to Arum,

.Mnra-in HTirl r>ii ffrnlmclii:). and requiring essentially

i!;i 111. I ! . iM:i .;• :i tli-.- ^'pnera. Evergreen, often

and weak. In either case the
cuttings and divisions should
be put into the sand-bed pre-
vious to potting, to develop
new roots. All of the kinds
will succeed in fibrous loam
enriched with rotted ma-
nure, with the addition of
a moderate quantity of
leaf-mold, sand, and some
crushed charcoal.

Cult, by G. W. Oliver.

pictiim, Kunth. Dwarf :
lvs. somewhat unequilateral, ob-
long or elliptic, ovate (4-7 in.
long and 2-3 In. wide), very dark
green, blotched with white, the
central markings usually ex-
tending the wliole length of the
iiuclrit) : spathe white or whit-
isli. I-l'.jin. long. Sumatra.

nebulosum, N. E. Brown.
Somewhat larger: lvs. narrower
(5-8 in. long, lyiin. or less
wide^, more acuminate, the
markings rather more broken
and not so continuous along the
midrib. I. H. 1887:24. A.G. 16:
.iOl, and F.E. 7:961, as A.pic-
/»in.— This and A. picfttm are
confused in the trade. Both
species deserve more attention
than they have received in this
country.

costJktum, Veitch. Very dwarf
and compact: lvs. heart-shaped,
thick, 3 in.
wide, one-
third longp
than wide
seldom ,x
ceedin^.'.iii.
long, dark,

shining green, with midrib
ivorv-white and scattering
blotches of white. Holds its
tufted lvs. through the win-
ter. Moluccas.

,4. commutatum. Scbott.=Seindapsus Cuscuaria.— .4. Ra-
btiiiii. Hort., i8"a fine decorative plant, with thick, leathery fo-
liage" (>Ianda). — A. versicolor, Hort., is probably a form of
either .\. pictnra or A. nebulosum. T H R

AGKIMdNIA (old name of obscure meaning). BosA-
ceir. Agrimony. Hardy native herbs, with interruptedly
pinnate lvs. and small, numerous, yellow fls., produced
through summer. Lvs. aromatic, astringent. Sometimes
cult, in shrubbery and wild gardens.

Eupatoria, Linn. {A. officincLlis, Lam.). Common Ag-
RiMONV. Fig. 52. Petals twice as long as calyx, latter
making a small, lightly adhering bur. Cult, in herb
gardens to make a tonic tea, also in wild borders. Com-
mon in woods; also native to Eu. Grows 2-3 ft. high, in
little clumps, from a short lootstock.

AGRIMONIA

odorita, .Mill. Llts. narrower than in A.Eupatoria;
jeaflets pubescent : lobes more deeply crenate-rtentate :
petals more than twice as long as the calyx. Italy. Oc-
casionally cult, in Am. j. b. Keller and W. JI.

51. Ageratum conyzoidea.

AGROPf RUM (Greek for firhl and u-hent<. Gnimhieu-.
Perennials or annuals, with leaf-blades tlat or convo-
lute : spike terminal, usually stiff ; spikelets large, 3-8-
fld., compressed, sessile at each joint of the simple
spike, the side of the spikelet placed next the axis.
Species about 30. Temperate regions of Amer. and En.

rtpens, Beauv. Quack Grass. Couch Grass.
Quick Grass. Quitch Grass. A smooth, pale green
or glaucous perennial, very variable, with the in-
ternodes of the rootstock long. In many places it
has become one of the worst weeds, spreading in-
veterately by its underground stems. Pig. 53. It
may be destroyed by constant and thorough tillage.
Often valuable to hold loose lands. Considered by
some stock raisers as a valuable hay grass.

AGKOSTfiMMA. See Liicluiis.

AGR6STIS iagros, field ; the place of growth).
Graminew. Bent Grass. A genus containing many
useful grasses for lawns, pastures and bouquets. Pani-
cles variable, usually spreading :
spikelets very small, awnless or oc-
casionally a short awn present.
Species about 100, distributed over
the entire globe ; about 9 useful in
cult. Some species are much con-
fused with Aira. In Agrostis the
spikelets are 1-fld.; in Aira 2- to
several-fld.

Aenmonia Eupatoria (X J) Flower

AILANTHUS 37

A. Spikehts tilniitt 1 lint long : panicle-branckes short.
Perennial lawn and pasture grasses.
B. Awnless spikelets.
41ba, Linn. Creepixo Ben-t Grass. A well known per-
ennial, creeping or ■ f.ilnnifrr":!-:, 1 :! ff : sheaths
smooth : leaf -blade lin. n -m ti m . ,>^. h i,,,, ,.,,|;,ip_ 4-8 in.
long, scabrous: paiii< I' i i i" ■ ! t : lir branches

idely

Dg: ligulal-4 I

,.ly fo

Var. vulgaris, Thurb. (A.rulgdris, With.). Red-top.
Fine Bent Grass. Distinguished from the type by
the smaller ligule, which is truncate, and less than I
line long. — Commoner in cult, than the type.

Var. stolonlSera, Linn. (.4. siolonifera, Linn.). Panicle
contracted linear; culms extensively creeping or stolo-
niferous : ligule 1-i lines long.

BB. A icned spikelets.
canlna, Linn. Brown or Dog's Bent Grass. Rhode
Island Bent Grass. Slender, creeping, 1-2 ft. : panicle
pyramidal, 4-6 in. long : spikelets near the ends of the
branches, very small, l-9of an in. long: small bent awn
on back of flowering glume. Int. from Eu. — Makes a

AA. Spikelfifs ahnut % line long; panicle-branches long
and hail -like. Annual ornamental grasses.
B. Citbu.'<, Irs. and panicle-branches smooth.

nebuldsa, Boiss & Rent. (A. capillAris, Hort. ). Cloud
Grass. Fig. 54. A low grass, with extremely delicate,
feathery-like panicle and small spikelets: Ivs. few and
very small. Spain. -Very useful forvases and bouquets

mintitifldra, Hort. Very similar to A. nebulosa, but
smaller, with fewer Ivs. and .shorter panicles. -Useful
for vases and bouquets.

BB. Cnhns, Irs. and panirh-branche.'i scabrous.

scabra, Willd. R,hi!h-bknt. Ti. km; Grass. Fly-
AWAVllKAss. HaihGkass. Si i,k I i 1; a>s. Hiiir-Iike, deli-
cate, with widi'ly spn-ailint;. .■a|iilLii-\ |i:uiirli-s, which
at niaturitv break away from 111.- culiii and Hy about in
the wind: 'spikelets very small, clu-stcrcd at tiie ends of

the branches.- Before panicle expands it is often sold in
the vicinity of large towns for dry bouquets.
A. elegans, B.OTt., not Thore, and A. pulchella, Uort. These
ra eles

) applied by florists 1

Aira elegans and j

AGUACATE, ALLIGATOR PEAR, AVOCADO. See

Persia.

AILANTHTIS (from its native name Ailanto, meaning
Tree of Heaven). SimarubAcea-. Large trees : Ivs. al-
ternate, large, pinnate, deciduous : fls. small, in large
terminal panicles, polygamous ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ;
fr. consisting of 1-5 distinct samaras. Five species in
Cent, and S. Asia and N. Austral. -Large, ornamental
trees of loose and somewhat spreading habit, with ele-
gant, feathery foliage. Very rapid growers. Good for
smoky cities. Suckers from the roots. Prop, by seeds
and root cuttings.

glanduldsa, Desf. (A. Japonica, Hort.). Tree of
Heaven. Tree. 00 ft. : Ivs. odd-pinnate, Vyi-i ft. long ;
leaflets 13-25, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate, nearly gla-
brous near the base, with 2^ coarse teeth, each with a
large gland beneath: fls. greenish: samaras 1^0n. long.
June. China, cult, in Japan. -Valuable tree for street
planting, much used in the temperate regions and nat-
uralized in some localities ; somewhat tender north in

38

AILANTHUS

a young state. For street planting, the fertile plant
only should be used, because the male exhales a disa-
greeable odor when flowering, and the pollen is said to
cause catarrhal troubles. It grows in almost any soil,
but best in a light and some-
what moist one, and stands dust
and smoke well. Var. erythro-
c&rpa {A. enithrocdrpa, Carr.
A. rhbra, Hort.). Lvs. darker
green above and more glaucous
beneath ; fr. bright red, very
effective iu late summer and
autumn. Var. pendulif6Ua,Carr.
Lvs. very large, drooping. — The
Ailanthus foliage gives a tropi-
cal effect when the growth is
very strong. If plants are cut
back to the ground after they
have become established (in two
or three years after planting),
they will throw up very strong
shoots and make an excellent
screen, as shown in Fig. 55.
This practice may be repeated
year after year. Sumacs, pau-
lownias,basswoods, mulberries,
and other fast-growing things
may be treated in this way.
The Ailanthus foliage is very
like that of the Cedrela (which
see for illiistr.Ttion of differ-

.-./.„, l;..xl.-. Tiilltree: lvs.

54. Agrostis

AIEA (an anoifiir I .r. . 1, i/,ii:' i-i l',,ii., «., ,.

ece. Hair Grass. Al-'um. r,,i;i;, ,!;>',_• ,i,i, ,., ,,,,i,!i,i
grasses, with sli'ii'iM-. I — . i-'ini.'i. Limim--.- -[■;!.. I. i-
very small, of tw" ii'i-tVct .■,.niimi"ii^ il.iwir-: il.iw.rin-
glume acutely 2-cleft at the apex, bearini; a sh-ndcr
twisted awn below the middle. Eu., N. Afr. — This genus
is much confused with Agrostis by florists. Nat. from
Eu. and cult, for dry bouquets.

caTyophyllia, Linn. (Agrdsfis flegans, Hort., not
Guss.). A slender and elegant tufted annual, 10-20 in.
high, bearing a very diffuse panicle of purplish and at
length silvery scarious spikelets.

61egrans, Gaud. (Agrdstis ^legang, Hort., not Guss.).
A slender, erect and very pretty annual, from a few
inches to a foot high, with widely spreading capillary
panicles of many small spikelets.

A. ccesjyitosa, Linn.= Deschampsia csespitosa.— 4. cceritlea,
Linn.= Molinia coerulea, Monch. — 4. flexuosa, Linn.= Des-
P. B. Kenkedt.

AIB-PLANT. In common speech, any plant which
grows on the trunk or in the top of another plant is
called an air-plant. The proper term is epiphyte (that is,
(/roichifj nil n plant). In horticulture, the term air-plant
is n-^iirillv :M'rl'''' to ij.iptn-tal orchids, tillandsias, and

til'!' \!,,-t.,( -1.. vv upon old bark, perhaps de-

rivii ' 111. ntfrom the bark, butmost

ot II Tliey are not parasites,— do

nut ill in . III. II -iii.|..iri I ii.iu the Juices of the host.

KJtGHHut ijoked ; the calyx not bilabiate). LaUAtce.
Bugle Weed. Hardy herbaceous European perennials,
creeping by stolons. Height 6-12 in.: fls. numerous, in
whorls, normally blue or purple, with rosy or white
varieties. Prop, by division or seeds.

Genev^nsis, Linn. {A. rugbsa , Hort. A . alpina, Hort. ) .
St. erect : cauline lvs. oblong-elliptic or obovate, nar-
rowed at the base ; lower ones petiolate : floral lvs. ovate
orwedge-shaped, coarsely toothed, sparsely hairy: upper
fl. -whorls spicate ; lower whorls distant.

55. Ailanthus shoots;

nflowcr plants.

pyramidilis, Linn. St. erect : cauline Its. obovate,
hardly petiolate, in a 4-sided pyramid; floral lvs. broadly
ovate, the highest often colored; all lvs. entire: fl. whorls
usually all spicate.

rfiptana, Linn. St. prostrate : lvs. ovate or obovate,
entire or sinuate, shiny.— A low, dense, fast-spreading
creeper, excellent for covering shady slopes. The t)*pical
and white-fld. forms are less cult, than the following :
Var. riibra, Hort. More valued for its dark purple lvs.
than its blue fls. Var. yarieg&ta, Hort. Lvs. splashed
and edged creamy yellow.

metdllica var. crispa, Hort., int. by
Henderson, 1899, is described as dwarf
(4-5 in.), with curled, metallic glossy and
blue fls. in a pyramidal spike. A bed-
ding plant, int. from Germany.

J. B. Keller and W. M.
ARABIA (from Akebi, its Japanese
name). Birberiddcew. Twining glabrous
shrubs: lvs. long-petioled, digitate, coria-
ceous: fls. monoecious in axillary racemes,
pistillate at the base, staminate at the end
of the raceme ; sepals 3: fr. consisting of
one or more very large, oblong berries
with numerous .seeils. Two species in
.lapan and (Miina. Very ornamental, hardy
climbing shrubs of graceful appearance,
especially adapted for places in which
very dense shade is not wanted. They
require a sunny position and well drained
*-._ soil; also valuable in the cool greenhouse

for covering pillars and walls, growing
best in a sandy compost of loam, leaf soil

'/,^,,'''/U ■■

AKEBIA

and peat. In Japan the fr., which is very showy, but
with us rarely produced, is eaten, and the stems are
much used for wicker-worli. Prop, by seeds, by green-
wood or hardwood cuttings, and
also by root division and layers.

quinata, Decaisne. Figs. SO,
.57. Climbing 12 ft. or more: leaf-
lets 5, oval or oblong-obovate,
entire, emarginate, 1-2 in. long:
fls. fragrant, the pistillate pur-
plish brown, about 1 In. broad, the
stammate smaller rosy purple
in early spring berry oblong 3-j
in. long dark purple with glau
cons bloom seeds blick —Hardy
handsome not attacked bj i
or fungi Very graceful and de
sirable China Jipan B R 33
28. B M ■IbOi 0- F 4 137 AG
March 1891 iigs 5 7 and plate
R.H lbo3 141 b Z 77

lobata, Decaisne
broadl5 ovate
coarsely cienate
fls mlongricemes
smaller than tho<!e
of A qiiuiata U
pan China B M
748o A(t Maich
1891 p 140 S Z 1
78.-^ clematifolui
and A quetiifolia
Sieb & Zucc are
probably only va
rieties of this spe
cies.

Alfred Rehdek.

ALABAMA, HORTICHL-
TUBE IN. Fig. 58. Commei
cial horticulture has not as
sumed the proportions mAla
bama that it has in the neigh
boring southern states Thw
must be largely due to i i
dental causes, since m ^ il
climate and transport ui i
facilities the state present-,
conditions fully equal to anj
of the others. At present the
most important horticultural
centers are at the extreme
northern and somhei-n ends

of the state. Mobile has long been known as one of the
chief sources of supply for early vegetables for the
northern and western markets, and the truck business is
gradually extending from Mobile county to the adjoin-
ing counties of Baldwin and Washington. Early cab-
bage and Irish potatoes are the most important crops,
. though snap beans, peas, radishes, and many other vege-
tables are grown in considerable quantities. The tomato,
so important a market crop in many southern localities,
is very little grown here, owing largely to the preva-
lence of bacteriosis, often called southern tomato blight.
Huntsville, in northern Alabama, has a large and flour-
ishing nursery business. Several large wholesale es-
tablishments are located there, and the fertile Tennes-
see River Valley lands prove to be admirably adapted to
the growth of a good quality of nursery stock. Over
1,300 acres are now devoted" to this business in this
lual shipments fill 150 cars, includ-
!es, besides roses and other orna-
1 of $40,000 is paid out annually for

ALABAMA d9

Mobile and Ohio, torwarded 343 cars of home-grown
fruits and vegetables from the Mobile depot during 1897.
These figures do not include the shipments from other
stations on this line, nor those carried by the Louisville
and Nashville.

Siicb. in brief, is the present status of commercial
li..rti.ultiire in Alabama. In attempting to outline the
l"i--iiiilirii-s of its future development, it will be neces-
-u y t.. L'huiceat some of the more prominent topograph-
i.al fixtures of the state. For our purpose, it may be
ii.ii-lily divided into four regions. First, at the north is
til T nne ^ee River region or as it is often called the
.,1 nil In It (Fig 58 A) Its strong clay soils produce
iluiil lit (1 p rfi 111 «hc it clo\ei lud timothy and

the mountain couiilM nil 1 iiiiiii,<
^irdleacrosstheniil II Mli t ,tp
1 (Fij; ,S ( ) Thi 1 l,^II<^^ ,t the
intun ji futh.sts.i.tliw ,ra but
1th \ t ml I 111 The soil vanes,
, li_lii 111 I in 1\ but for Ihe most
t iiti\ 1 111 I I lublmg that of the
While c tt n 1^, 1 stiple crop m all
thi IS precminentlj the cotton belt
imes the timber belt (D) covering the
third of the stite and e\tending to the Gulf
mU ent of the lumberman this extensive re

epi

57 Akcbia

neighborhood, the
ing 1,500,000 fruit
mentals; and the '■
labor.

Beginnings have been made in fruit and vegetable
growing at various other points in the state, particularly
at Cullman, Montgomery, and Evergreen, on the Louis-
ville and Nashville railroad, and at Fruithurst, in north-
eastern Alabama, on the Southeru railway. No data have
been secured as to the total shipment from these various
points, but the combined amount is very small, as com-
pared with those from the Mobile region. One road, the

giou was an unbroken forest of long-leaf yellow pine,
with magnolias and other broad-leaved evergreens bor-
dering the water courses. The surface is rolling, or in

40

ALABAMA

some parts very hilly. The soil is a light, sandy loam,
usuallyunderlaid with red or yellow clay. It is naturally
poor, being deficient in potash and phosphoric acid, and
yields only scanty crops without fertilizers. It can,
however, be made very productive by judicious manur-
ing, and it builds up rapidly under intelligent intensive
farming. This region is well adapted, both by soil and
climate, to the production of early vegetables, and it
seems probable that the business of truck-farming will
ultimately spread widely from its present center at
Mobile. Among fruits most promising for this region
are grapes, oriental pears, figs, Japanese persimmons
and strawberries. Satsuma oranges on hardy trifoliata
stocks can be safely planted at the extreme south, and
peaches and Japanese plums in the more northerly por-
tion. Pecans thrive admirably, and the better "kinds
should be widely planted.

The soils of the prairie region, being mostly rather
cold and wet in the spring, are not well adapted to early
vegetables. Their fruit-growing capacity has not been
fully tested, cotton claiming almost universal attention.
Peaches and plums will thrive on some of the lighter
soils, though the trees are usually short-lived. Apple
trees grow well on the heavier prairie soils, and it seems
probable that with a proper selection of varieties and
due attention to spraying, their cultivation would prove
profitable.

The mineral or mountain region presents so great a
variety of soils and conditions that it is hard to charac-
terize it as a whole. Some portions present almost ideal
conditions for peaches, plums and grapes, and in the
moister, heavier I;inil^ a|.i'l''^ tlniv.- ;iii<l yield abun-
dantly. If thepeopli Ml Ahii.anci , V I 1 i 11 1 i-.'st themselves
in fruit-growing a^ Up ir n. i-hi,,,,- m i ,,.,,rgia do at the

present day, then tin Ii,.i,-,- iii,,uijtaiii locations will

certainly be covereil with orchards ami vineyards, and
this mountain region will advance to the first place in
the magnitude of its horticultural interests.

The northern region already has its well established
nursery business, which seems destined to increase.
Owing to late spring frosts, peach and plum crops are
too uncertain here to make commercial plantings advis-
able. It is, however, a promising apple country, and
strawberries, raspberries and blackberries succeed well.
An undeveloped but pn.TiiNiTii.' industry for this region
would seem to bi- th.- ^'icwiiiir ..f lat.- .rops of cabbage
and Irish potato.'s f..r th.- <iMiili.rii maikrt. The allu-
vial soils found hen- M.-1-iri w.-ll aila|.ii',| f.ir tliis purpose,
and all the southern towns and cities offer a near and
ready market. P. S. E^^le.

ALANGIUM (from the Malabar name). CornAcefZ. A
few species of shrubs or small trees of the Old World
tropics, with altcriiat.- entin- ivergreen Ivs. and small,
perfect piupl.' tN. in avillary clusters. Rarely cult, in
Old WurM st..vi-, I. lit ].r.il.al.ly not in the Amer. trade.

ALASKA, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 59. When con-
sidered from a horticultural or agricultural point of view,
Alaska may be very conveniently divided into two divis-
ions, the southern coast region and the interior. These
two regions differ very materially in their climate, and
may be ultimately found as unlike in their possibilities.
The climate of the coast region, which extends from
Dixon's Entrance on the southeast to Unalaska on the
southwest, is characterized by a heavy rainfall, a great
preponderance of cloudy weather, and a rather low sum-
mer temperature, with little or no diurnal variation In the
readings of the thermometer. The winter temperature is
not excessively cold, zero weather being seldom experi-
enced,while in the summer it is seldom high. The average
rainfall, as shown by data from the Government Weather
Service, varies from 55.9 inches at Killisnoo to 92.1 at
Unalaska, about one-third of the precipitation falling
during the growing period, from May to September. The
data concerning the interior portion of the country are
mainly from along the Yukon River, that being the great
thoroughfare of the region. Here the rainfall is slight,
and during summer clear skies are the rule. The intense
cold of winter is followed by comparatively warm tem-
perature in the summer, with a growing period of about
four months, although occasional frosts have been re-
ported from the upper part of the valley during the
summer months.

ALASKA

The soils of the two regions are very similar, being
largely of vegetable origin overlying rock or glacial de-
posits. In the coast region arable areas are confined to
rather narrow valleys and the slopes along the sea. In
the interior are reported more extensive areas of com-
paratively level land. Of the coast region, the most ex-
tensive area of land adapted to cultivation is that on the
Kenal Peninsula, and, extending across Cook Inlet, is
continued up the Sushitna River. This region, on ac-
count of its position relative to ocean currents, partakes
more of the climatic characteristics of the interior, al-
though still somewhat modified.

The accompanying map shows regions where some
attempts have been made in gardening, from which defi-
nite reports have been secured. From the data at hand

it seems probable that the local supplies of hardy vege-
tables might be produced nearer at hand than the Puget
Sound. This is undoubtedly true of the southeastern
portion of the country, where the production need be
limited only by the demand for such supplies and the
ability to secure arable lands at a cost that will permit
the producer to compete with the Sound country. For
some time certain economic features will enter into the
subject of extensive horticulture. Among these are the
higii pi'i'''' "f labor, the standard being at present deter-
niiiinl liy III.- waL-i'S paid for gold mining, the question
of tr:tii-|..iriaiii.n, anil the rather limited markets.

A-ii .M-t-at tliL- present time, horticulture in Alaska
is of a viry primitive type. A tVw -ardfTis here and
there, with perhaps a row of In : ri- - :(i .[ / Thcsideand
an occasional fruittree, repri'-i' . ■ I - hat is done

along this line. Near Juneau ;i ; : : K .i are mar-

ket-gardens of considerable iiiip"M m. p. i.i;t ilsewhere
only small areas are cultivated.

It has been said that during the Russian occupancy
of the country many attempts were made to cultivate
gardens and fields, but the data are often so meager and
contradictory as to throw doubt upon the sincerity of
the endeavor. In the accompanying account, it is de-
sired to place on record some of the horticultural achieve-
ments as gathered from reports from gardeners in many
places, as well as the personal observations of the writer
during two seasons in the country

FBriTS. — The great abundance both in kind and quan-
tity of native fruits, especially berries, has doubtless
contributed to the delay in the attempted introduction
and cultivation of other sorts. Some effort has been made
in this line, as is shown by the presence at Sitka of a
number of old apple trees, remnants of the Russian days,
which bear a very inferior fruit. A few young bearing
trees of unknown variety are grown at the same place.
At Wrangell there are apple trees of what are thought to
be the Red June variety in bearing, and voung thriving
trees are known to be at .Tuneau and Metlakahtla. Plum

and cherry 1
places, but
{Sorbus .v»i,

and goosebe

recently planted in several
fruited. The mountain ash

i flourish wherever planted,
een, but they were usually

ALASKA

badly mildewed. Cuthbert raspberries do exceedingly
well at Wrangell and Sitka, the fruit being of tine size
and quality. Tlie same is true of strawberries at the sev-
eral places where they are cultivated. Attempts have
been made at a number of places to cultivate some of the
indigenous fruits, and the dewberry or "knesheneka"
(Bubus stellatus },v.-ik\ currants {Bihes rubrum and iJ.
bracteosion), and the strawberry (Fmgaria Chiloeii-
sis ?) have all been domesticated, and their fruit is
fully equal, if not superior, to the wild product.

Vegetables.— More attempts have been made to grow
vegetables than fruits, and some definite data have been
obtained, showing what varieties are known to be adapted
to Alaskan conditions. Most of these data have been se-
cured from Sitka and Wrangell, in the southeastern part
of the country, and from the Holy Cross Mission, near
Koserefski, on the lower Yukon. A recent report from
the latter place states that potatoes of fine quality, weigh-

grown during the summer "t l-'i- In -lilition, notes
were given of some of the v;m ; . ,.i , . : iMi'S adapted
to the region, as follows: (';it _ I -i-i-sey Wake-
field, Flat Dutch, and Dnii, I: ni: !l.,wer-Early

Snowball, Early Dwarf Erfurt ; turnips - Early Flat
Dutch, Yellow Globe, and Extra Early Milan ; ruta-
bagas—Improved American; radish — French Breakfast
and Chartier ; onions — Extra Early Red and Yellow
Danvers; lettuce — Golden Heart; peas — American Won-
der and Early Alaska; beets — Eclipse and Edmand's
Blood Turnip ; carrot— Oxheart ; parsley — Extra Early
Double Curled; celery- White Plume, Giant Pascal;
rhubarb —Victoria.

The same varieties, with numerous additions, have suc-
ceeded in the coast region. Snap beans, Challenge Black
Wax and Golden Wax, have done fairly well at Sitka,
where some experiments were conducted by the United
States Department of Agriculture during 1898, and the
English Windsor is quite in its element. At this place
the Philadelphia Butter and San Francisco Market let-
tuce made fine heads of a most superior quality. Par-
snips and carrots grow well, and salsify and spinach
were successfully grown at Sitka for perhaps the first
time. Peas were found to grow and yield well, and in
addition to the varieties above given, some of the dwarfs
and the Norwegian Sugar peas continued to produce
their crop until cut off by the frost. The blood beets,
Extra Blood Turnip and Extra Early Egyptian, grew
well at Sitka, but in many places beets are a failure on
account of their tendency to run to seed. This unde-
sirable trait on the part of biennial plants is shared by
other vegetables, principally turnips, although cabbage
and cauliflower have bi en reported as doing likewise.
It is believed by soiiif giuui-rs that the flat type of tur-
nip is more sulij.n i., i lui I ■ -■ i A than the globe type.
Celery of fx.'c.Mi m - 1 ;■ :., .; Ikis been grown at a

number of phir, -, I, :;, iiili:ik specimens were

seen in \vlii<'h il m mI :i\:~ '.\ us greatly elongated.

The leafstalks w. re al>.. ifiiiiiiiciicd in about the" same
proportion, and this trait was not considered undesirable.

Potatoes are more extensively grown than any other
crop, and the quality varies with the variety, locality,
season, and culture. Usually little choice is exercised in
the matter of varieties, but Polaris, Beauty of Hebron,
and Early Rose appear well adapted to the conditions
existing in this region. The two last are the most ex-
tensively known varieties, and very favorable reports
have been received from a few trials of the I'olaris.
Season and method of planting unib'ulitediv . \.it a
strong influence on the crop. If the s..il, whirh uMially
contains a high proportion of organic matt, i- and mois-
ture, is well drained or thrown up into L, ,N. as is the
custom in many places, go,.,l ,,ntat... s , at. In- grown in
the average season. In soim- imits ni tlf rmnitrv, espe-
cially from Cook Inlet westwtinl, th,' iitnivrs cultivate a
small round potato, called the Kussittii. that seems to be
well suited to the country. It is said to have been brought
from Siberia fifty or more years ago. Close planting of
potatoes, as well as almost every other vegetable, is the
rule, and often to this fact alone may be attributed many
failures. The object seems to be to grow a large crop
by planting an abundance of seed. The result is a large
growth of tops that completely shade the ground, thin-
ning being seldom or never practiced. Along the coast.

ALASKA

41

where cloudy weather is the rule, it is safe to say tnat
the sun's rays never strike the ground after the grow-
ing season has become well advanced. Under such con-
ditions it snotanuncon mo f^ht to see a crop of small
potatoes borne n the ax 1 of 1 1 ve tl o i,ro nd,
no tubers be no- for ue 1 belo 1 t

In ge e al on leral le i 1 the

cho ce of gH le te As I Iways

prefer ed and f well dra 1 nlly a

thrifty one 111 p into

beds 4 or f 1 se the

bed Wh n 1 s a 1 led to

warm and I tensively em-

ployed as a 1 ts value when

adde I to a so 1 ir 11 I \ e I of vegetable

debr s is que t onabie Gardens have been successf Uy
inainta ned at Da vson C rcle C t^ and other of the great
min ng centers of the upper \ ukon an 1 the dirt roof of
the m ner cab n is fre [ ently t 1 ze 1 for earlj gar-
den tl e heat fro w h uppl ng the neces ary
waimth r 1 el t gro ^ earlj ad shes onions,
lett ce r p et

Wl Berk e -Theal n lance of nat ve fru ts espe-
ciallv of I e es ha aire 1 been ent one 1 and an
enu er to of some of then vould eeu notout ot ^lace.
Of w le t 1 tr but on a e the sal nonberr es [B bus

rants

bei

»;,; s ( r.

oval 1 I I 1 I ) the
molkao b k J ul 1 [II' <-l a or s
properly called 1 onl e rj n the ii ter or and rasp-
berr e (ii" b sir gost s) Of less gen-
eral 1 tr b t on yet very abundant in
place may 1 e ment o e 1 strawberr es
{t I CI Ue I le vler es {Bu-

Salmonberry

FLORicrLTURE.- This branch of horticulture is not
wholly neglected in Alaska, although but few data are
available. Many of the hardier plants of the old-fash-
ioned flower garden are to be seen. Pansies of great size
and brilliant color are common, and they remain in
flower all summer. In some parts of the country sweet
peas do well, and poppies, nasturtiums, mignonette,

42 ALASKA

sweet alyssum, chrysanthemums, stock, candytuft, ver-
benas, and marigolds are not uncommon where any at-
tempt is made to grow flowers. Window gardens and
boxes add many sorts to the list already given.

A single season's experimentation at Sitka, under the
direction of the OfBce of Experiment Stations, United
States Department of Agriculture, has shown that much
can be accomplished in horticulture if rational methods
of culture and a proper selection of varieties and seed
be followed. Walter H. Evans.

For further informatiou, consult Yearbook of Dept. of
Agric. for 1897, and Bulletin 48, Office Exp. Sta., Dept.
Agric. L. H. B.

Qly known
Tender evergreen
greenhouse. Little

ALBfiETA ( 1 r
as AlbiTtiis .Ml,
shrub fn.iii N:.

rndgna, E. Mey. Baik pale : Ivs.-t-oin. long, obovate-
oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short, stout pet-
iole ; midrib stout : panicle terminal, erect, 6 in. high
and nearly as broad at the base ; corolla tube 1 in. long,
slightly swelling in upper part ; lobes 5, small, triangu-
lar, recurved. B.M. 7454. G.C. lU. 22:416. Gn. 53:1171.

ALBtZZIA (after Albizzi, an Italian naturalist). Le-
gttmind$w. Trees or shrubs, unarmed : Ivs. alternate,
bipinnate ; leaflets small, oblique : fls. in axillary, pe-
duncled spikes or globular heads ; calyx and corolla
tubular and 5-lobed ; stamens long, exserted : fr. a
large strap-shaped pod. Twenty-five species in trop.
and subtrop. regions of Asia, Afr. and Austral. Orna-
mental trees and shrubs with graceful, feathery foliage
and vellowish, white or red fls. in summer. For cult.,

FLh.

cijlhiilrical aiiUary spikes :

lophintha, Benth. {Ac&cia lophdntha.Wmd.). Shrub
or small tree, (J-20 ft.; Ivs. with 14-24 pinnSB, each with
40-60 leaflets, about 5 lines long, linear, obtuse : spikes
mostiv 2, about 2 in. long, yellowish. S. W. Australia.
B.M. 2108. B.R. 5:361. L. B.C. 8:716. -Sometimes cult,
as greenhouse shrub and flowering in spring, and in the
open in the S. Often known as Acacia speciosa. There
is a var. gigant^a in the trade.

AA. Fls. in globular heads : Ivs. deciduous.
B. Stamens united only at the base.
C. Leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse.

L6bbek, Benth. (AcAcia Libbek, Willd. A. speci-
»sa, Willd.). Tall tree : Ivs. with 4-8 pinnaa, each with
10-18 leaflets, obliquely oblong or oval, 1-lKin. long,
nearly sessile: Hs. greenish yellow, in short-peduncled,
axillary heads, 3-4 together. Trop. Asia, N. Austral.

occidentjtlis, Brandeg. Small tree, 15-25 ft. : Ivs. with
8 pinnae, each with 6-10 leaflets, oblique-oval, ^-IJijin.
long, glabrous: fls. yellowish, in axillary heads. June-
July. Mex., Low. Calif. — Perhaps only a variety of -1.
Lebbek, and not indigenous.

odoratissima, Benth. [Acncia odoratissima, Willd.).
Tall tree : Ivs. with downy rachis ; pinnas G-14, each with
16-50 leaflets, oblique-oblong, 'i-1 in. long, glaucous
beneath : heads few-fld., uumerous, greenish white,
forming large, terminal panicles. E. Ind.

prdcera, Benth. {Acdcia prdvera, Willd.). Tall tree:
Ivs. with nearly glabrous rachis; pinnae 6-10, each with
12-16 leaflets, oblique-oblong, 1-1 Hin. long, glabrous:
heads few-fld., greenish white, forming large, terminal
panicles. Trop. Asia, Austral.

Molucc&na, Miq. Tree : rachis of the Ivs. with many

glands; pinnfB 14, each with 12-40 leaflets, obliquely ef-

liptic-oblongjglaucous and pubescent beneath. Moluccas.

cc. LeaHets falcate, with the midrib close to the upper

edge, acute.

JulibriBsin, Dur.izz. (Aci^eia Julibrissin, WiUd. A.
iVfm!(, Willd. Al'.:-,;,, ,.,,.,. Purr.). Tree, 30-40 ft. :
rachis of the Iv^, : i : _ 'and at the base; pinnffi

8-24, with nunicr. , i , :■ ,i!e-oblong, Min. long:

heads pink, crow. I. ^I •■ii uir uppir end of the branches.

ALEURITES

Trop. and subtrop. Asia and Afr. R.H. 1870: 490. F.S.
21: 2199. -This plant is the hardiest species, and will
stand many degrees of frost. Hardy as far north as
Washington.

Var. m611is, Benth. (A. mdllis. Boiss. Acdcia mdllis.
Wall.). Leaflets broader, densely pubescent.

stipuiata, Boiss. (Acdcia stipuldta, DC). Tall tree :
young branches with large, persistent stipules : rachis
of the Ivs. with many glands, pubescent; pinnae 12-40,
with numerous leaflets, oblong-Iinear, M-Kin. long, pu-
bescent beneath: heads in axillary simple or terminal
compound racemes. Trop. Asia.

BB. Stamens connate into a long, narrow tube.
fastigiita, Oliv. (Zf/gia fastigidta, E.Mey.). Tree :
branches and petioles rusty-pubescent ; pinnae 8-14,
each with 16-30 leaflets, trapezoid-oblong, K-^in. long,
pubescent beneath : heads in terminal corymbs on the
end of the branches. Trop. Afr. Alfred Rehder.

ALB^CA (whitish; the color of the first-described
species). Lilidcea. Tender bulbs from the Cape of
Good Hope allied to Ornithogalum, and treated in the
same way. Prop, by offsets or seeds.

atirea, Jacq. Bracts yellow : fls. 10-30, pale yellow,
upright.

m4jor, Linn. Bracts red : fls. 6-15, greenish yellow,
nodding. B.M. 804. L. B.C. 12: 1191.

ALCHEMILLA (from an Arabic name). Mosdcea.
Hardy herbaceous perennials with corymbose, incon-
spicuous fls., suitable for rockeries and front rows of
borders. Of easiest culture. Height 6-8 in. Prop, by
division or seeds. Native in Eu., and A. arvinsis is
sparingly naturalized in this country. There are also
tropical species.

alpina, Hieb. Lvs. digitate, 5-7 cut; leaflets usually
7. laii'-.i.I:iti-i-m]iate, obtuse, serrate at apex, silky hairy

sericea, WilUl. Lvs. larger than in A. alpina, 5-7
nerveii, digitate ; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, deeply ser-
rate from the middle to apex, downy beneath. Cau-
casus.

vulgaris, Linn. (A. montdna, Schmidt). Lady's Man-
tle. Lvs. 7-9 nerved, 7-9 cut ; reniforni, plicate-con-
cave. N. Temp. Zone.

J. B. Keller.

ALDES. See J/

ALETBIS (Greek word for female slave who ground
corn; alludingto apparent mealiness of the fls.). Hce-
madordreif. Hardy perennial, smooth, stemless, bitter
herbs. Lvs. thin, flat, lanceolate, grass-like, in a spread-
ing cluster: fls. small, in a spiked raceme, terminating
a slender scape 2-3 ft. high; perianth not woolly, but
wrinkled and roughened with thick set points which give
a mealy appearance. July-Aug. They like a moist but
sunny situation. Prop, slowly by division or seeds.

ailrea, Walt. Fls. bell-shaped, fewer and shorter than
in .4. fori iiosa, yellow ; lobes short, ovate. Eastern N.
Amer. B.M. 1418, erroneously as A. farinosa.

farindsa, Linn. Fls. longer and more tubular than in
A. a urea, white ; lobes lanceolate-oblong. N. Amer.
L.B.C. 12:1161.

Japdnica, Hort. Fls. reddish or deep purple, in long
spikes. J. B. Keller.

ALETJEtTES (Greek: farinose or floury). Euphor-
bidceif. Half dozen or less tropical species of evergreen
trees, with small monoecious white fls. in terminal, lax
cymes and alternate, entire or3-lobed lvs. with 2 glands
at the top of the petiole.

triloba, Forst. Candlenot, or Candleberry Tree.
Small tree, with 3-5-lobed pubescent lvs., originally from
the eastern tropics, but now widely distributed : cult,
for its edible nut, which is spheroidal, inearly 2 in. in
diam., 2-loculed, each compartment containing a walnut-
like seed. The dried kernels are burned for illumina-
tion by natives. The nuts yield oil which is used in
food or as a dryer in paint. The oil is variously known
as Indian Walnut Oil, Kekune Oil, Kukui Oil. Spar-
ingly cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Fruits in S. Calif.

ALEURITES

cordata, Steud. Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, deeply
cordate, 3-5 cuspidate or lobed. S. China. — Yields an
excellent lac varnish. L. H. B.

ALFALFA, LUCERNE (MedicAgo satlva. Linn.). A
deep-rooted perennial forage plant of the Leguminbsw.
Till- i.hiiit i;rci\vs a foot or two high, bears pinnate lvs.
Willi :; ,.\ lit, .'liloiig toothed leaflets, and small head-like
r;ic, 111. s (if jMM pie clover-shaped fls. It is native to Eu.
lu lln- arid iiarts of the U.S. it is the staple hay and
foraire iilaut, and it is also grown to a considerable ex-
tent in the E. Two to sis mowings may be made each
year from established meadows. Fifteen to 20 lbs. of
seed are sown to the acre; and the seed is preferably
sown alone, without another crop. Alfalfa should not be
pastured the first year. In two or three years it be-
comes thoroughly established and productive, and it
should continue for many years. June grass often runs
it out in a cool, moist climate. Alfalfa often becomes
a weed in waste places.

ALFILfiRIA. The West American or Spanish name
for A'rddiiim ricutdrium, L'Her. GeraniAcea. A hairy
annual which is used for pasture in dry regions.

Alga, plural AL&S:. a general name for chloro-
phyll-bearing thallophytes. They are flowerless plants,
allied to the fungi, and generally inhabit water. Those
occurring in salt water are known as seaweeds. None
are cultivated. The green "moss" on flower-pots is made
up of alga?.

ALGAROBA is the fruit of Ceratonia siliqtia

ALHAGI (its Mauritanian name). Legw-min&sm. Low,
spiny, much branched shrubs: lvs. oblong, small, ob-
tuse, entire, alternate : fls. papilionaceous, in few-fld.
racemes. Summer. Three closely allied species from
Greece and Egypt to Himalayas, producing the Persian
or Alhagi Manna. They may be cult, in temperate re-
gions in dry and sunny positions and prop, by seeds and
greenwood cuttings under glass with a little bottom
heat.

cent: ovary pubescent. Egypt to Persia. — J.. ffr(ipc6rM7». Bois.s.
Very spiny and more densely pubebcent o\aij pubescent
^'^*'^^- Alfred Rehdek

ALtSUA (derivation doubtful) AU!>m&ce<p Hardy
aquatics, with small white or pale rose fls on scapes
with whorled, panicled branches Perennial by a stout
proliferous corm. Useful in ponds Prop by division
or seeds.

Plant4go, Linn. Water Plantain Lvs viinU
but usually broadly cordate-ovate 1 1 I i

rower when growing under water I
Common in swales and still watei s i

A. nutans, Linn., is now referred to 1
Elisma(E.natans,Buch.). Itisnativetohi mils ileieli
foreign catalogues. Fl. white, single on a lunt. ptduULlt liu it
ing lvs. elliptic and obtuse.

ALKANNA, ALKANET. See^«c7i«sa.

ALKEKfiNGI. See PInjsalis.

ALLAMANDA(Dr. Allamand, Leyden). ApocynAcea.
Greenhouse shrubs, mostly climbers. Lvs. entire,
whorled: fls. terminal, large and funnel-shaped, with a
flat-spreading or reflexed limb, the tube inflated below
the throat: ovary 1-locuIed: stamens 5, the filaments
very short.

Allamandas are of easy culture. They are usually
grown in the gi-ound or in large tubs, and trained on the
rafters. For best results, they should have plenty of
sun. The bushy kinds, as 4. «cn;7i)Zia, A. grandiflora
and A. WilUamsi, may be grown as specimen plants
in pots. The strong kinds, as A. Schottii, are some-
times used as stocks upon which to graft the weaker
ones, particularly if root plants are desired. Prop, by
cuttings of growing wood in a bottom heat of 75° ; also
by layers. The species are much confused.
A. Fls. purple.

Blanch«tii, DC. (A. violicea, Gardn.). Lvs. in 4's,
hairy on both sides: fls. in terminal clusters, 3 in. across,

ALLAMANDA

Uhu

B.M.

AA. Fls. yelloio or orange.
B. Corolla with a swollen or bulb-like base.
neriildlia, Hook. A stocky, bushy grower, useful for
pots, although it usually needs to be staked or grown
against a support if allowed to take its full course : lvs.
iu 3's-5's, glabrous, oblong or elliptic, acuminate : co-
rolla smaller than ^. ,Sc7io«ii or A. ffendersoni, deeper
yellow, streaked with orange. S. Amer. B.M. 4594.
— Early and profuse bloomer.

BB. Corolla tube long, slender and stem-like.

c. Lv

id ciihi

ndbilis, Moore. A st
twigs: lvs. in 3's or I
stalked: fls. very lari,'.
in outline of limb, bn-
like odor. Finest fls. iu

s hairy.

ler, with purple
late, very short-
. nearly circular
, with magnolia-
,z. B.M. 5704.

cc. Lfs. and calyx glabrous (except perhaps in A.

WilUamsi).

D. Plant tall-climbing.

cathirtica, Linn. Lvs. rather small, obovate, usually
in 4's, and more or less wavy-margined, thin, acuminate :
fls. golden yellow, white-marked in the throat, the lobes
acuminate on one angle, 3 in. or less across, the tube
gibbous or curved. S. Amer. B.M. 338. P.M. 8:77.
—The species first described, but now rarely seen in
cultivation.

Schbttii, Pohl. Strong-growing, suitable for rafters:
young shoots and petioles slightly pubescent, the older
stems warty: lvs. in 3's or 4's, broadly lanceolate and
acuminate: corolla large, rich yellow, the throat darker
and beautifully striped. Braz. B.M. 4351, but this por-
trait is considered by Index Kewensis to belong to A.
cathartica. A.magnifica, introduced into the U. S. in
1893, is probably a form of this species.

H^ndersoni, Bull. (A. Wardleyina, Lebas.). Fig. 61.
Tall and vigorous, free-flowering, excellent for roofs:

tf:x "I

61. Allamanda Henderson! (X

glabrous: lvs. large, elliptic-ovate, thick and leathery,
in 4's: fls. large, yellow-orange, with 5 light spots in the
throat, the corolla of thick substance, purplish on the
exterior when in bud. On. 29:542. I.H. 12: 452. -The
coraraonestAllamanda in this country. By some authori-
ties considered to be a variety of A. cathartica; by oth-
ers referred to ^. Schottii. Int. from Guiana by Hender-
son & Co., St. John's Wood, England, and distributed
by Bull about 1865.

44

ALLAMANDA

DD. Plant erect-bushy.

grandifldra, Lara. St. thin and wiry: Ivs. thin, ovate-
lanceolate, pointed, usually in 3's; tls. somewhat smaller
than those of A. Hendersoiu but larger than A. cathar-
tica, lemon- or primrose-yellow. Braz. Gn. 39 : 794.
P. M. 12: 79. — Thrives well when grafted on stronger
kinds.

Williamsi, Hort. Very dwarf: Ivs. and young growth
generally somewhat pubescent, the Ivs. long and narrow,
acuminate usually in ■t's : fls. in continuous clusters,
rather smaller than those of A. Hendersoni and of better
substance, fragrant. Gn. 40: 832. -Certificated in Eng.
in 1891 by B. S. Williams & Son, and int. in U. S. in 1893.
Supposed to be a hybrid. Promising for pots.

ALL-HEAL. See Bmnella vulyari.'^.

ALLIGATOB FEAR, A6UACATE, AVOCADO. See

Persea.

Allium (ancient Latin name). LiliAcece. Bulbous
plants, mostly cult, in the open ; but a few, of which A.
Neapolitannm is an example, are of tener grown indoors.
Fls. in a simple umbel, from a 1-2-lvd. usually scarious
spathe; stamens and perianth segments G; style slender,
the stigma either entire or parted.

Alliums are of the easiest cult., for which consult
Bulbs. For the vegetable-garden members of the genus,
see Chives, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot. Allium
rine&le, a bad weed in parts of the northeastern states,
has a slender scape sheathed below with hollow thread-
shaped Ivs., and greenish rose-colored fls. (or bulblets
in the place of fls.).

The following species are known to be in the Amer.
trade : acuminatum. No. 4 ; anceps, 26 ; attenuifolium,
21; BidweUia>,23; Bolanderi, 17; cernuum,9; Cusickii,
16; falcifolium, 25; fimbriatum, 24 ; Geyeri, 13; haema-
tochlton, 11; Hermettii.S; madidum, 15; Moly, 1; Nea-

62. Allium Neapolitanum.

politanum, 3; plat5-caule,27; reticulatum,12; roseum,5;
Sanbornii, 20; scaposum, 14; Schoenoprasum, 8; senes-
cens, 6; serratum, 22; stellatum, 19; tricoccum, 7; uni-
foliiim,18; validum, 10; Victorialis, 2.

A. Camptchdticnm, catalogued byMeehan, is perhaps
a form of some other species. It is described as "dull
pink. July. IK ft.-

ALLIUM

I. Exotic garden Alliums.

A. ris. yellow.

1. H61y, Linn. Lvs. flat, broad : fls. numerous, in a
dense umbel, in early spring. S. Eu. B.M. 499. — Well
known, and a favorite for massing. Hardy in the N.

Fh

u-hi

B. -Lis. very broad, obtuse.

2. Victoriilis, Linn. Tall : lvs. ovate or broad-oblong,

short : fls. greenish white, in large heads. Spring. Si-

ber

Hardv

ty,

BB. £,vs. narrow, acute or taperhuj.

3. Neapolit4num, Cyr. Fig. 62. Lvs. long and rathei
narrow, loose-spreading, shorter than the scape : fls
large, pure white, with colored stamens on long pedicels
Eu.— Needs protection if grown outdoors. Much
for cut-flowers in winter and spring. The most popu
species, A. Eermittii grinuHflorKiii . ivct-iitly int:
duced from Holland, is a (■l.-.u- whit.- ..d.jri
well adapted to forcing.

AAA. Fls.pilllc. /"X., nr I, hi,'.

B. Segments with recurved tips.

4. acuminatmn. Hook. Scape 4-10 in.: lvs. 2— t, not
longer than the scape, very narrow: umbel many-fld.:
perianth segments a third longer than the stamens, the
inner ones serrulate. W. Amer.

BB. Segments not recuri'ed.

5. rdseum, Linn. Scape 12-18 in. : lvs. narrow, with in-
rolled tips: fls. few (10-12), on long pedicels in an open
umbel. S. Eu. B.M. 978.

6. senfiacens, Linn. Scape 1-2 ft. : lvs. narrow, erect,
often twisted: fls. rather small, numerous, in a rather
dense head. Eu. B.M. 1150.

II. The above species comprise those which are in gen-
eral cultivation in this couutry. Aside from these there
are various native species, mostly from western Amer-
ica, which are offered by dealers in American plants.
These are recorded below. Monograph of American Alli-
ums by Sereno Watson, in Proc.Amer.Acad. Sci. 14: 22C.

A. Bulbs clustered, narrowly oblong; scape terete.
B. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, 3 or S.

7. tric6ccum, Ait. Common Wild Leek. Fls. greenish
■white on scape 4-12 in. high in early spring. Grows in
clumps. N. Eng. to Wis. and N. C.

BB. Lvs. terete and hollow, several.

8. Schoendprasum, Linn. Gives or Chives. Fls. rose-
color, in dense little heads: lvs. short, in dense mats.
N. U. S. and Eu.

BBB. Lvs. linear, flat or channelled .

9. c6muum, Roth. Fls. rose-colored or white, in open,
nodding umbels. AUeghanies W.

10. vAlidum, Wats. Fls. rose-colored or nearly white,
in dense erectish umbels : scape l-2}^ft., very stout.
Nev.,Cal., Or.

11. haematochlton, Wats. Fls. deep rose, in a small,
erect umbel : bulb-coats deep red : scape 1 ft. or less
high. Cal.

AA. Bulbs usually solitary, globose to ovate :
scape terete or nearly so.
B. Coats of bulbs fibrous.

12. reticulatum. Eraser. Scape 3-8 in.: fls. white to
rose, with thin segments. W. Amer. B.M. 1840, as A.
sU'llalum.

13. Gejeri, Wats. A foot high : fls. rose, with broad
acute segments. W. Amer.

BB. Coats of bulbs not fibrous.

c. Lvs. S or several.

D. Ovary with only S crests, or none at all.

14. scapdsum, Benth. Fls. white, red-veined, in a
loose, few-fld. umbel : bulbs dark : scape 1 ft. or more.
W. Amer.

15. in4didiun,Wats. Fls. white or nearly so, in a many-
fld. umbel: bulbs white: scape less than 1 ft., angled. Or.

16. CusicMl.Wats. Fls. rathernumerous, nearly white:
lvs. 2, Hin. wide: scape 3-4 in. Or.

ALLIUM

17. Bolanderi, Wats. Fls. rose, few, the segments ser-
rulate: scape 4-10 in. Calif.

18. unifolium, Kellogg. Lvs. several, narrow and flat:
scape stout, 1-2 ft. : ils. rose, 10-30, the segments ovate-
lanceolate, exceeding stamens and style. Calif.

DD. Ovarii tlistinefhj 6-crested; fls. uxnallij rose-colored.
E. tienpe iixnall!/ more than 6 in. high {in the wild).

19. stellatum, Praser. Bulb-coats reddish : scape 6-18
in.; pt-dii-els '.^--'jin. long; stamens and styles exserted.
W. Anier. B.Jl. 1576.

20. Sdnbomii, Wood. Bulb-scales white: scape 12-24
in.: pedicels shorter; umbel densely many-fld.; stamens
and styles exserted. Calif.

21. attenuildlium, Kellogg. Lvs. channelled: scape
slender, 6-15 in., leafy below; umbel dense ; fls. nearly
white. W.Amer.

EE. Stupe iLiually less than 0 in. high (in the wild).

22. serratum, Wats. Lvs. very narrow : filaments
broadened at the base. W. Amer.

2;!. Bidwelliae, Wats. Scape 2-3 in.: umbel few-fld.,
the pedicels Join. long : filaments filiform. Calif.
cc. Lf. solifarij, linear or filifoim: scape SS in. high:
capsule G-crested.

24. fimbriitum, Wats. Lf. filiform and revolute :
scape a in. : fls. deep rose , stigma 3-cleft. S. Calif.

AA. Bidhs mostly solitary : scape stont^ S-wingcd :

lvs. S, broad.

B. Stamens not exserted.

25. falcifdlium. Hook. & Am. Fls. rose, the segments
minutely glandular-serrate and twice longer than sta-
mens : scape 2-3 in. W. Amer.

26. anceps, Kellosg. Fls. white, with purplish veins,
the segment!? little longer than s'amens. Calif., Or.

BB. .Stani: IIS i.r>ii ried.

27. platyoaille, Wats. Fls. rose, the segments long-
acuminate: scape 3-5 iu. Calif. B.M. 0227, as-1. axceps.

L. H. B.

ALLOPLfiCTUS (dirersely plaited; referring to ap-
pearance of the calyx). Gesnerdeea\ Tender tropical
evergreen shrubby plants, with tubular yellowish axillary
fls., borne singly, to be grown in hothouses and given
the treatment required by Gesneras.

A.rcpens, Hook. Trailing by means of roots thrown out be-
tween the pairs of lvs.: lvs. ovat.', '■n;u-^.ly s.Tiate. hairy or
smootli: calyx pale greeu. bloti-lu'ii with juiriili <ni<illayellow,
tinged red. gaping; tube swollen at t li-' Im^.' . I n n 1 m, t t'. .ur spread-
ing segments, the uppermost bciiii^ I vvi ur. K Iiiil, B.M.4250.

—A.sparsiflonis.'ilaH. Erect: h s. cvat.- ciMmh^', acute entire;
petiole and nerves beneath often red : calyx of ft cordate or tri-
angular dark blood or purple sepals, forming a striking contrast
to the yellow club-shaped densely hairy coroUa: limb of corolla
of .1 equal segments. Braz. B. 51. 4216, erroneously as A.

Allspice. The dry ben-y of the I'ini. 1,1.. , P^„:.-„t,,
officinalis, Lindl.),an evergreen tree ..t iln- .l/.o/.i. . .r .
The tree grows in the W. Indies. Janiai.-a \ i.-l.ls inu.h
of the product. The fresh berry is about the size of a
pea. It is borne in clusters. The word allspice is also
applied to various plants with aromatic fragrance, as
Calycanthus.

Almond, a name given to the tree and fruit of Prii-
iius Amygdalus, Baill. (Amygdalus communis, Linn.),
of the Jiosdcew. It is also applied to certain dwarf orna-
mental trees or bushes, as Flowering Almond (see Pru-
II us). The Almond has been cultivated from time im-
memorial. It is thought to be native to the Mediterranean
basin. Some enquirers have supposed it to be the original
of the peach, but this idea is evidently untenable. The
flowers are peach-like and hiin.lsome (Fi.-. f.3). The
Almond nut of commerce is tin- j.it or st..ii,- of a peaHi-
like fruit (Fig. 64). The fleshy |.a. t. wl.i, h is so thick
and edible in the peach, is thin an.l liar.l. an.l it splits at

Almonds,- the liitter and the sweet. The former has a
bitter kernel, which is used in the manufacture of flavor-
ing extracts and prnssic acid. It is grown mostly in
Mediterranean countries. Of the sweet or edible Al-

ALMOND 45

monds, there are two classes.— the hard-shell and the
soft-shell. The former is of little value, and is not grown
to any extent. The soft-shell type produces the edible
Almonds of commerce. Some of the thinnest-shelled
forms are known as Paper-shells. It was once thought
that aIm..ti.l-._,'roM-iTiL' could be successfully practiced in
the p.-:,. .,_'.... - ; -.■■•tions of
the i;..- . - of late Uf

spriiiu' I .iiliflicul- A />/

ties,ha\ . . Ill , ,1 i^M , Hurt to be 'AL"/

abandoned commercially. Indi- .y

vidual Almond trees are occa- '/

sionally seen, and they fre- /

quently bear profusely. They
are nearly as hardy as the peach.
The commercial cultivation of
the Almond is confined to west-
ern America, and the remainder
of this account is, therefore,
written from the Californian
standpoint. L. H. B. lyj/

Almond-growing in California \t^/
has received the attention of ^
horticulturists for nearly half a ^
century, and during the whole
of its course the industry has 63. Flower of .
been marked by vicissitudes Almond (X >■>>.

which, 11 1.111-1 111' aili,illl,-i|,:,n-

not \.-i . . I M-s of difficulty are now
clearly.: i.d the effort from its be-
ginning', ami I 1. -. i:^.. may enable planters to

avoid, in the I'linii .., . rcr- « lii..li hare led to much dis-
appointment an.l l..~--ili.- v.--iit:..s.,f wliicli si ill encum-
ber the ground, tlcu-h .-l. anni.' i- ).!■ -.liii.; rapidly.

ThusfartheAlni..n.l tr.-.- has y,,.|.l...l in,.r.. lir. ■«■.....! than
any other single frnn ir... whi.li lia^ l..aai ]ai-i.'.iv jilanted
in California, an.i . . i i.l.i'ii ■ i ._■■ In ~ i- .'i, 'inii .;, m i lie hope
of better result-. i-' i,-.ii0.000

trees included i-i --.>rs, of

which number ail- i; l .m- : :, ' .! - ha.i allain.-.i i ..'a lillg age

at that dalte. Th.. |,i...iii.t ..f lsy7was 218 carloads, and
the competition in th.- .a-i. rii markets with imported
Almonds was s.. L'li. \ ..ii- that prices fell below what is
considered a pn.tital 1.- r.tnrn. In 1898, because of un-
timely frosts, the product tell to 25 carloads, which is
counted about equal to tlie local consumption of the Pa-
cific coast. At the present time. 1899, planting has prac-
tically ceased, and a considerable acreage of thrifty trees
of bearing age is being cleared for other purposes, be-
cause growers in certain places are out of patience with
the Almond. In spite of these facts, the Almond will re-
main an important California product, through the satis-
factory performance of trees enjoying favorable envi-
ronment.

The two chief sources of failure with the Almond are
the sterilitj' of many varieties without cross-pollination,
and the extreme propensity of the tree for early bloom-
in^', with tin- cii-i .|ii. 'it .!. -tiuction of the bloom or the
yLiiiiL.' fruit I.y t, . i>, la-;-, ■ . ,y little below the freezing

iii-i.'ii.-aih , aa.; . , , a, , ..■ they been shown to be

iudcpcudcnt t:,icui:- .aai liuiii of them demanding the
closest attention from planters. At first it was thought
that the wide planting of self-sterile varieties by them-
selves was the cause of disappointment, because, after
years of chopping-out or grafting-over old, unproductive
trees to the Prune d'Agen, for which it is an excellent
stock, it w as observed, by chance, that the Languedoc va-
riety adiacent to Drake's seedling, of local origin, was
heavily laden with nuts vh, n it w.is sti ule without such
associ itn.n \tt. nti .n w .- th. ti .lit. . t. .1 t . tli.-- growth
of sp, .Ihii,'- ml ii.i.. It t -...lliii-- . 1 tl c bitter
Alin..ii.l ..'1..M1 U \ 1 II .t.l . \liil 11. 1 1 h satis-
fact.>i\ 1. um^'hilii III 1 -11 h iiikiii_- .iiiti u toward

of new, sell cted California stedlings was seized upon as
a panacea for the previously experienced troubles with
the Almond. These new varieties were conceived to be
not only self -fertile but hardy, and large plantations were
made without due regard to the frosty character of the
locations. Low valley lands of great area, and some ex-
tent of high plateaux, were jilanted. Fine, larae trees
grew only to lose their crops year after year by frosts

46

ALMOND

from February to April, until the growers cast the trees
upon the wood-pile. As a deduction of the experience of
several decades, we have arrived at what seems now to
be the proper conception of the situation of the Almond
in California, which is, that the most prolific varieties
must be chosen, must be associated for purposes of cross-
pollination, and must be planted in places of least lia-
bility to frost. There is a factor of some moment in the
late-blooming habit of some varieties, which will be con-
sidered presently.

The soil best suited to the Almond is a light, well-
drained loam. The tree makes a strong and rapid root-
growth, and is more tolerant of drought than aiiy other
of our leading deciduous fruit trees. For this reason, as
well as to avoid frost, it is often desirable to place the
Almond on the higher and drier lands of the valley —
providing the soil is not heavy and too retentive of sur-
plus water in the rainy season. The root is most intol-
erant of standing water, and will quickly die if exposed
to it. Because of its thrift in light, dry soils the Almond
root is used rather largely as a stock for the Prune
d'Agen, and to some extent for the peach in the dry
valleys.

Almond trees are grown by budding into seedlings
grown from either the sweet or the bitter hard-shell
Almonds, the bud being set during the first summer's
growth of the seedling, and then either planted out as a
dormant bud the following winter or allowed to make one
season's growth on the bud in the nursery. The tree
grows so rapidly, both in root and top, that only yearling
trees are used.

At transplanting, the young trees are cut back so as to
form a low head with only about a foot of clear trunk.
They are allowed to make free growth during the follow-
ing summer, and in the following winter are cut back so
as to encourage branching on the main limbs within a
foot of their attachment to the trunk. At the same time
the branches are reduced to 4 or 5 in number, symmet-
rically arranged around the stem and at good distance
from each other, so that they shall not unduly crowd
each other as they enlarge. Another full growth during
the following summer and another cutting back the fol-
lowing winter give the trees the vase-form on the out-
side, with enough interior branches to fill the inside of
the tree without crowding. Thus the tree is systemati-
cally pruned after each of its first two years' growth in
the orchard. After that, shortening-in of the branches
usually ceases, and the third summer's growth is allowed
to stand for fruit-bearing, with only thinning-out of
growth to prevent crowding. This thinning-out has to
be done from time to time in later years, otherwise the
tree becomes too thick, and interior branches dwindle for
lack of light. The amount of thinning varies in the dif-
ferent climates of the state : the greater the heat, the
denser the tree for its own protection. With the proper
adjustment of heat and light, fresh bearing wood may be
encouraged in the lower part of the tree, otherwise it
becomes umbrella-shaped, with the fruit wood at the top
and bare poles below.

The Almond is the earliest bloomer of our common
fruits. It puts forth flowers sometimes as early as Janu-

ary, but the usual date is about February 10 for the ear-
liest bloomers in the warmer parts of the state, with
the later bloomers at intervals thereafter until April 1.
Records of full blonm of a number of varieties widely
grown in CalifciniiM, which have been kept at the Uni-
versity of CalifcniiH Mili-statiun, situated in the Sierra

cial, February 27 ; Sultana :md Paper-shell, March 10 ;

ALMOND

King and Marie Duprey, March 11 ; IXL, March 12;
Languedoo, March 19 ; Nonpareil, March 20 ; Routier
Twin, March 24; Pistache, March 25; Drake Seedling,
April 2. Obviously the late bloomers have greater
chance of escaping frost, and there is at present some
disposition to make this a consideration in selecting
varieties for planting. The dates just given show an
extreme variation in time of blooming. Some years the
intervals are much shorter, but the relation seems to be
constant. Th- •■'■■■i' viv.-ti'; train AnL-n^^t 1". t.. October 1,

according I M I Hii\, \\,r]\ ikiiimiu ,i,m> not follow

early blooirir J ,. i . , .ilie first to

bloom an- n :

Not less lii,-, II J.-i x.ii I.III---1 AIiii-imI. i , .• Ih'.'Ii ^'n,wn
to a greater or h-ss extt-nt in Calif'Mi i \ ii.ih - ut'
foreii;n origin have almostwhollygivi II i i . • . ..i,.t
seedlings of local origin, and of thesr . I ' ,.ii-

tute the main crop at present. ThcM- ai ■ n imm -I m Un-
order of their acreage, as follows : IXL, Annpareil,
Ne Plus Ultra, Drake, Paper-shell, Languedoc. Of these,
the IXL and Nonpareil occupy not less than three-
fourths of the acreage.

In handling the crop the local climate modifies methods
somewhat, and the growth-habit is also involved. In
regions very free from atmospheric humidity in the
summer, the hull opens readily and discloses a clean,
bright nut, which can be marketed without treatment.
Where this i-; n..r th.- ca^.-, and the nut is more or less
discolored, Mi ,ii liin- in ihi^ fumes of sulfur has to be
practiced. Tin- nut nni-t b.- dry before sulfuring, or the
fumes will iimn irate an.l injure the flavor of the kernel.
Sulfured nuts also lose largely in im.i. r •■'( u. i luiiia-
tion. The practice is to gather the im ' i i- w

days in the sun, then spray with watir ■ , -i.

that only the surface of the shell i- i- . n. li . uel

then use the sulfur. In this way a li;;lji cul.n eaii
be secured without penetration of the fumes. The nuts
can usually be gathered from the ground as they nat-
urally fall, or can be brought down by shaking or the use
of light poles. Some varieties are more easily harvested
than others, and the same variety falls more readily in
some localities than in others. A greater or less per-
centage, according also to variety and locality, will have
adhering hulls, and for clearing them locally-invented
machines, called almond huUers, are used. Early rains in
some localities are apt to stain the nuts. Such stains
cannot be removed by sulfuring, and the nuts have to
be crushed and the product marketed as kernels for the
use of confectioners. Machinery is also used for this
operation, and a considerable fraction of the product
reaches the market in this form.

The standard of excellence in the Almond, from a
commercial point of view, as learned by the experience
of California producers, is that the kernel must be as
smooth, symmetrical and plump as possible. The twin-
ning of kernels, welcome as it may be to searchers for
philopenas, results in misshapen kernels, which are
very objectionable to the confectioners, who are very
large users of Almonds. Constancy to single kernels is
therefore a good point in a variety.

Large proportion of kernel to shell by weight is also,
obviously, an important point to almond buyers. At the
same time, the shell may be so reduced in strength as
to break badly in shipping in sacks and in subsequent
handling. Incomplete covering also exposes the kernel
to the sulfur and to loss of flavor. The ideal is such
degree of thinness of shell as can be had with complete
covering of the kernel and durability in handling.

Careful comparison of the proportion of kernel weight
to gross weight of the popular California varieties, as
compared with a leading imported variety, was made by
a committee of the California Horticultural Society, with
the following result: From one pound of each of the
following varieties the net weight of kernels in ounces
was: Imported Tarragona, 6 2-5; California Languedoc,
7X; El Supremo, 7K; Drake, S% ; IXL, 9; Commer-
cial, 9M; La Prima, 9>^; Princess, 9M: Ne Plus Ultra,
10; King, 10; Paper-shell, 11; Nonpareil, 11 to 13.

EDWAKD J. WiCKSON.

ALMOND, DEMERARA. See Terminalin Catappa.
ALMOND, FLOWERING. See Prunits.

ALNUS

ALNUS (the ancient Latin name). CupnlUerw. sub-
family Sehiidccff. Aldek. Trees or shrubs: Ivs. alter-
nate, shortly petioled, deciduous : lis. apetalous, monoe-
cious in catkins, staminate ones elongated and pendii
lous, pistillate ones erect, short, developing into an
ovoid, ligneous cone with persistent scales tr a
small nutlet. Twenty species in the northern henii
spheie, in America south to Peiu Hardy oinameutjl
trees and shrubs, suitable for planting on damp soil,

Japonica, jiwA aX^'< I | i i 1 .1 dini

ALNUS

47

The

nfus

u.ll

spring The«o,.,l
Usually pi op \,^ -
dried, sown in spun., \ a I i h^la win.,, and
liept moist and shad), tin > gLimiuatc soon , a slight
covering with moss, taken oft when the seedlings appeal ,
will be useful At the end of the same jear or the fol-
lowing spring the seedlings aieti an s plan ted, usually into
rows 1-2 ft apait and 6 m from each other After two
years they can be planted where they aie to stand The
shrubby species, also A.glutino^^a^ grow from h aid wood
cuttings placed m moist and sand \ soil, dso tioiu layers,
and A. incana fioni surki i x I I 1 no grafted

on common potted stoi k in i tlie piopa

gating house, graftin„' out 1 m ctssful

Index aurea, No 111 , ..r.l .1. iiti. u

lata, 10; fiima, Sub ^ /n i i i 1 i i ^luti

4; laciniata, fa ami in inniiinii niilini i\ '

longahl , i &ni\ W . ih in s , : i / i rnlii s

rub^lner^a. 10 nu..- i i ,i ( ; i Silnin i 1,

liiuls

ith

iii'J-

1. viridis.DC. Green Aldek. Shrub, 3-G ft. : Ivs. usu-
ally rounded at the base, round-ovate or oval, sharply
serrate, lJ^-4 in. long, pale green and pubescent on the
veins beneath: cones 3-4, oblong, slender peduncled.
Northern hemisphere, in the mountains, in different
varieties.— Hardy low shrub with handsome foliage, of
very pleasant effect on rocky streamlets, with its long,
male catkins in spring. Var. Sibirica, Regel. {A. Si-
birica, Hort.). Sometimes tree, 25 ft.: Ivs. larger, cor-

2. iirma, Sieb. & Zucc. Tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply and donldy ser-
rate, with 10-15 pairs of veins, 2-4 in. l"nir. offcn ne-ai-ly
glabrous beneath : cones 2-4, peduncli-.l. .Japan.

Var. multin^rvis, Kegel. Lvs. witli U-L'l i.air^ nf

veins, thicker. — Handsome tree with dark killu lvs.,

growing on dry and rocky soil; quite hardy.

AA. Fls. opening in the fall from catkins of the same

year: lvs. not plicately folded in the bud.

3. maritima, Nutt. (A. oblongata, Kegel., not Ait. nor
Willd.). Tree, to 30 ft. : lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate,
shining above, pale green beneath, glabrous, remotely
and crenately serrate, 2-4 in. long: cones 2^, large, on
short, stout peduncles. Del., Md. S.S. 9:458. G.P.
4: 269. Nutt. N. Am. S. 1: 10.— Ornamental shrub or
small tree with handsome shining foliage, attractive in
autumn with its male catkins.

AAA. FU.npciuini ill I'.irlji spring before the lvs., from
<-iitl;iiix fnriii,,! I],, previous year and remaining
niik.d ihiniuj Ih. vinter.

B. Li's. net pliriili 'ill till' bud. green beneath, v^ns
arcuate, i-Hilimi wnsthj in 'ihr ! in-isions: female
catkins Hsuallij xiilifurii hi th, nrhs.

4. Jap6mca, Sieb. & Zucc. i A . liini.i . Ibnt., not S. &
Z.). Tree, 50-80 ft. : lvs. cuneate, nl,l,,n--laiiceolate, acu-
minate, sharply and irregularly serrulate, glabrous at
length, bearded in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-6
in. long ; cones 3-6, peduncled. Japan. G.P. 6:345.
— Tall, pyramidal tree Avith dark green foliage ; the
largest and perhaps the most beautiful of all Alders.

5. cordita, Desf. (A. cordif&lia, Ten. A. tiUAcea,
Hort.). Small tree, 20-50 ft.: lvs. cordate, ovate or round-
ish, acuminate, 2-4 in. long, bearded in the axils beneath,

Italy,

1-3. peduncle.
*'. II. 19:285. — Kouud-
-linrt fnliage, changing
t'l niu^ that of a linden or
.1 . I<li,i fiilia, or ^1. py-

glandular when young
Caucasus. L.B.C. 13:
headed tree with hand
orange yellow in autum
pear, therefore someti
rifdlia, in gardens. No
BB. Lvs. plicate in the bud, the veins going straight to
the points of the larger teeth: female catkins S-6

c. Cinder side of lvs. glaucous ; not bearded.
6. ino4na, Willd. Shrub or tree, to 60 ft. : branches pu-
bescent: lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, acute, 1%-^ in. long.

65 Alnus glutinosa

doubly serrate, pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath:
cones 4-8, mostly sessile, ^^in. long. Northern hemi-
sphere, in different varieties.

Var. glailca, A\t.{A. glauca, Michx. ) . Shrub, to 12 ft. :
lvs. often nearly glabrous beneath. N. Amer., Eu.
Em. 251.

Var. vulgaris, Spaeh. Tree, to 50 ft. : lvs. usually
densely pubescent beneath : cones 1 in. long. Eu., Asia.

Var. pinnatifida, Spach. (var. laciniilta, Hort.). Lvs.
pinnately lobed or cleft, with dentate lobes.

7. tinotdria, Sargent (^.«Mcd«a, var. ^■Hc?dWff,Hort. ).
Tree, to 60 ft. ; lvs. broadly ovate, 4-6 in. long, membra-
naceous, coarsely doubly serrate, slightly lobed, glau-
cous and rufously pubescent on the veins beneath. Ja-
pan. G.F. 10:473. — Handsome ornamental tree of very
vigorous growth, with large foliage.

8. rtbra, Bong. (A. Oregclna, Nutt.). Tree, 40-50 ft.:
lvs. oblong-ovate, 3-5 in. long, crenate-serrate, slightly
lobed, revolute on the margin, nearly glabrous beneath;
petioles and veins orange colored:' cones 6-8, oblong.
W.N. Amer. S.S. 9:454. Nutt. N. Amer. S. 1: 9.

CO. Under side of lvs. greenor brownish green; usually
bearded.

9. rugdsa, Spreng. (^..s-('r™Z(»(i, Willd.). Shrub, to 25
ft.: lvs. usually cuneate, obovate or elliptic, acute or
rounded at the apex, 2-5 in. long, finely serrate, usually
pubescent on the veins beneath: cones short-stalked.
E. N. Amer., from Mass. south. Em. 248.

10. glutindsa, Gaertn. Black Aldek. Fig. 65. Tree, to
70 ft. : lvs. orbicular or obovate, rounded or emarginate
at the apex, 2-5 in. long, irregularly obtusely serrate,
with 5-7 pairs of veins, nearly glabrous beneath, glu-
tinous when unfolding : cones distinctly peduncled.
Eu., N. Afr., Asia, naturalized in some localities in N.
Amer. — A vigorously growing tree with dark green,
dull foliage, valuable for planting in damp situations.
Commonly planted in manv forms : Var. aiirea, Versch.
Lvs. yellow. I. H. 13:490. Var. denticulata, Ledeb.
(A.oblongdta, Willd.). Lvs. usually cuneate, serrulate.

48 ALNUS

S. Eu. Var. imperiftlis, Desf. Fig. 66. Lvs. deeply pin-
nately lobed with lanceolate or nearly linear lobes. Var.
inclsa, Willd.(var. oxyacanthifblia, Spach.). Lvs. small,
deeply incised, like those of Cratagus oxyacantha. Var.
laciniita, WilM. Lvs. pinnately lobed ; lobes oblong.

Var.ruDrinfervia, Dipp. Lvs.
nerves and petioles ; pyruTTii
very handsome.

large and shining, with red

■ [■.i\ tree of vigorous growth.

A. acuminata. n\''i: I- -
beneath, doubly s. i - , • \
«io, Hort.=A. villi i

.',■.' .,'■',/:'„ ..:,„.". ■::,,.^

Nutt. ■
finely >
biles ol
Willd.=

Sibiri.-i

Alfi

Rehpe

- ALOCASIA (name made from Colocasia). J
Stove foliage plants, of 30 or more original species,
from trop. Asia and the Malayan Isls. Closely allied to
Caladium and particularly to Colocasia, which see.
These three genera differ chiefly in characters of fruit.
Monogr. by Engler in DeCandoUe's MonographisB Pha-
nerogamarum, V'ol. 2. In 1890. 52 species and speciflc-

ALOCASIA

ally named hybrids were in cult. ^ Bergman, Jour. Soc.
Nat. Hort. France. I.H. 37: 80).

Alocasias are propagated by suckers or cuttings of
the rhizomes, placed in small pots containing a mixture
of light, fibrous peat and sand in equal proportions, and
plunged in a close frame or propagating box with bot-
tom heat. They may also be grown from seeds sown in
4-inch pots, in a light, peaty soil in a temperature of
75° F. The month of March is the best time for propa-
gating. The evergreen species (as A.cuprea, longiloba,
Lowii, Regina) thrive best in a compost of two parts
fibrous peat and sphagnum moss and one part lumps of
fibrous loam, to which should be added a sprinkling of
silver sand and a few nodules of char'^'^'nl to kf-ep the
wholesweet. The herbaceous species (:.- i „.,,,,,,;.- ,, i
do best in good fibrous loam to whi'-li i ■ ■ ■ A

cow-manureorpulverizedsheep-manur. , i; ,..|.

Perfect drainage of the pots is absdiiii l\ n^ . i ^-.n-y,
and in potting, the evergreen species should be coned
up two or three inches above the rim of the pot, and
tinished off with a surfacing of live sphagnum moss.
Tilt' siasun of active growth commences about the first

-r "*I:ii. li. when tln-y should be given a temperature of

-It. with u rise of 15° by day, and the atmos-

• Im k. pt in a humid condition. They should

■ - |".Mti.iu free from draughts and direct sun -

h^lii. 1 ii. V rL-quiro an abundanf-r- <.f -ivMt.-r tit the roots
u> tliL- haves develop, and iiv . i. ..iv i,. .,, iit,.,i by an
uccusioiial watering of clear lit, , 'W-manure

water. To obtain the best il' ihr leaves,

heavy syringing should be avoi I I, im p, ,[u,.|it spray-
ing on all fine days with an atoinizir sprayer is very
beneficial. Towards winter the humidity of "the atmos-
phere and the supply of water to the roots should be
reduced with the evergreen species, and gradually with-
held altogether as the leaves mature with the herba-
ceous species. The temperature during winter should
not fall below 00°. Cujt. by E. J. Canxing.

The propagation of most of the Alocasias consists of
cutting up the stems, so that each piece will have at
least one dormant bud. The pieces should be placed
amongst moss, in a hot propagating frame, where they
vegetate quickly. Such kinds as A. Sanderiana, A.
,11': .■'■,-ln:.i .\ nr.r.i ,-;■ i/./^t, titid A. </cnMingsii( Colocasia)
i I-- . !. > 1 !;_ I'l: .III. ^, :it the ends of which small

■ I J ■■<!■.■ -. I'. I 11 I..1. These should be carefully

t..l. .M..1 111. i\\..]ir-t named started in a propa-

;,-.ani;,' Iniiiu 111 a i.iui ul moss and sand. A.Jenningsii
roots readily in ordinary soil. Most of the kinds require
a soil which is very fibrous, with a little moss added. The
pots should be half filled with potsherds as drainage.
Cult, by G. W. Oliver.

A. £fi's. dislinctly notched or undulate on the margin.
prfnceps, Nicholson. Lvs. sagittate, the basal lobes

nurrr.w and spreading, the margins deep-sinuate; upper
irf I.'. . .livp-green. with darker veins, the under lighter

itii brown veins and margin ; petioles brown-

.tider. E.Ind.
S:ui i.-iiaua. Bull. Fig. 67. Lvs. long-sagittate, with
• lfi|.i\ Mulched margin, the basal lobes wide-spreading;
deep glossy green with metallic reflection, with promi-
nent white margins and veins; petioles brownish and
striped. Philippines. Gng. 1897: 81.— One of the best of
recent introductions. Runs into various forms, and has
entered largely Into cultivated hybrids.

AA. Lvs. plane and entire on the margin.

B. Jfitrkings chiefly on the petioles, the blades green.
zebrtna, Koch & Veitch. Lvs. triangular-sagittate ;

]., li..!..-. iM-iiutifiilly marked with large zigzag bands of
u-iv,Mi. I'hihiiiiiiHs. F.S. 15:1541-2.

ViUeneiivei, Limi. & Rod. Lvs. sagittate-ovate, the
veins of lighter green and prominent, basal lobes very
unequal; petioles spotted with chocolate-brown. Large.
Borneo. I.H. 34:21. -NamedfordeVilleneuve, Brazilian
ambassador to Belgium.

BB. Jfarki

chi.flil

the leaf-blades.

r. long-pointed, 8-12
sh veins curving off

ALOCASIA

from the midrib and vanishing near the margin; petioles
nearly white. New Guinea. l.H. 33: 603.-Bruised Ivs.
emit "a strong odor.

cc. Veins and midrib white or silvery.

longiloba, Miq. (^. gigantia, Hort.). Petioles 2 ft.,
greenish white, mottled purple ; blade sagittate, 18 in.
long, the basal lobes very long and erect, the upper sur-
face green, with silvery or gray bands along veins and
midrib, the under surface light purple. Java.

Putzfeysi, N. E. Brown. Much like A. longiloba : Ivs.
broader (oval-sagittate), dark metallic green, promi-
nently veined and bordered white, the petioles pale red-
purple, under surface dark purple. Sumatra. I.H.
29:439.— More brilliant than 4. longiloba, a,nA has wider
spaces between the veins.

Tlubautii.na, Mast. Petioles 3 ft., greenish ; blade
2 ft. long and 18-20 in. broad, ovate-cordate, the basal
lobes broad and rounded, olive-green, with broad silvery
veins and rib, the under surface deep purple. Borneo.
G.C.III. 17:i85. I.H. 28: 419.

Ldwii, Hook. Petioles 2-3 ft., rose-color ; blade nar-
row-ovate, 18 in. long and a third as wide, long-pointed,
the basal lobes long-acute, upper surface olive-green,
with very distinct silvery bands, under surface rich
purple. Borneo. B. M. 5.376. A. P. 1895:5.59 as var.
grandis. Var. picta, Hook. (B.M. 5497), has surface
covered with small white reticulations. This var. is
A. re«c7n(, Schott. (var. rertcAii, Engler).

ccc. Veins wJilte and leaf blotched and mottled.

macrorhlza, Schott. Large, reaching 10 or 15 ft. : leaf-
blades 3 ft. long, long-sagittate and pointed, the lobes
short and obtuse, margin often somewhat wavy, the
midrib very broad and conspicuous, the blotches or
patches of green and white (in the var. rnWef/dfe, which
is the common form) very striking. Ceylon. I. H.
8: 305. -One of the commonest species. Lvs. sometimes
almost white.
COCO. Veins dark or purple, or the leaf dark-colored.

ciiprea, Koch (A. metdllica, Schott.). Petioles 2ft. or
less long, green ; blade ovate and peltate, 18 by 12 in.,
notched at the base and cuspidate at the point, dark
metallic green with darker rib and veins, the under
side rich purple. Borneo. B.M. 5190. I. H. 8: 283.
Lowe, 60. Gn. 50: 336. -One of the best, and

ALOE

49

67. Alocasia Sanderiana.

Beglna, N. E. Brown. Lvs. thick, ovate-cordate, ob-
tuse or cuspidate, the basal lobes short and nearly or
quite obtuse, the ribs and veins beneath pubescent,
somewhat fleshy, dark green above with darker veins
and brown-purple beneath; petioles terete, pubescent,
spotted purple. Borneo. I.H. 32:544.

Several cult, varieties and hybrids are in the trade in
this country: A.argyrea, hybrid of longiloba xPucciana;
SotaDi^nsiS, petiole dark purple; If. -blade dark green;
Chantriiri (raised by Chantrier Bros., MortefontaiDe,
France), hyb. of cupreax Sanderiana, with long wavy
lvs., purple below and prominently white-veined (I.H.
35: 64. R.H. 1887, p. 465) ; Che'lsoni, cupreaxlongiloba,
with lvs. purple below and green above ; gigas, much

like Villeneuvei ; ititermedia, hybrid by Veitch 25 years
ago; La Sallidna ; //Mcidjja.ThibautianaxPutzeysi,
with lvs. dark green above and whitish veins and mar-
gins, purple beneath (I.H. 44:27); Mortefontuininsis,
Lowii X Sanderiana ; Piicciina, PutzeysixThibautiana;
Skletii. ciipriM ■ Lowii, with ovate-pellate lvs. purple be-
neath an.l wliit,. veined above (I.H. 24:292); Van

The fulluwi

mes are also in our trade: A. itlus-
iquorum; Jc'h »UH5rsii=CoIocasia af-
Cyrtosperma Johnstoni; Marehdllii
halli; i'io/()cea ^ Colocasia anti-

ribbed iibove, deep iiurpl.' ■■'

Brown. Lvs. peltate, tin- M i . .

as broad, purple beueivtli, - , :

oles 5 ft. or less, b.irrnl 1 i : I ■!:,<, -

Large: lvs. 2 ft. or I''ss l^-h-, i.\ ,ii.-^ut;ii lau-,

black-green lielnw, liritrlit t;M-. n aliove; peliuli

blackish. £. In.l,-.l. „,.»„/,/, X. K. Brown, v

N. E. Brown. Lv-. sa^-ittatc a-iit.', I'^ft. or less

as broad, piu-plp iMH-aih, lui.w ii-uc.-i-n anddarl^-'

Borneo. I.H. 31:. -.11 ~1 h^,:..- ^ ^.-'...h si lift

and fleshy: Iv.s. vny l.n-. .. ; l; nr..--

bright green on Im.iIi --i ; ' I , i -

17ari((F, Lind. & Ki >, 1. I,\. . , [

with blackish iniih-ili, til.' \. .-.111.1 i.r..v, 1:-.

cent. New Guinea, l.ii. .;... oil, -.1. -...;..-,■..... .'

come from Braz. Lvs. 2 ft. or le.ss l.mg an.l v. r.v
wavy, rounded and short-pointed, pale green, st
tied with purple: petioles brown-marked. — .1 ,
=grandis?— .1. reri'rsn, X. E. Thrown. r>warf :iii

rib :

olive-gre..

I.H.

1. Hodi-
.iotehed

spreading, not deflexed, sa;,.iiiau ami n.it p. llai... -Lining green
above and paler beneath. Horneo. — .4, .^inudtu. N. E. Brown.
Lvs. sagittate and sinuate, dark green above with lighter areas,
and whitish green below. Philippines.— A. Watsonidna, Hort.
=Piitzeysi.— J.. Wavrinidna. Masters. Lvs. erect, toothed, not
sagittate, lanceolate and long-pointed, dark areen : petioles
purple-spotted, winged. G.C. III. 23:243. F.E. 10:886. Gn.
5.): 183. Celebes. L, H. B.

ALOE (Arabic name). Lili&eea,triheAlolne<B.Aca,u-
lescent or variously caulescent succulents : lvs. often
large„usually crowded in rosettes or along end of st. :
fls. red or yellow, often paler-striped, straight, tubular,
with short, straight limb, equaled or surpassed by the
stamens. Afr., especi:illv in the ('a]M- re!;ioii. one species
about tile Me.lit.-rrani.aii aii.l ext.-n-i v.-l v naturalized in
all wanii.-r ).art^ ..f tie- \v..i-l.l, an.l ..ti.- in I liina. Plants

of tilt lh..ll-... l...~t plant... I ..nt in a « .1 1 -.Iraiiied place

in suiiiiiier. win 11 tin y iL.w.t i.r.itily. ri'..p. by seed,
which usuallv is not true t.i name, ;ind by suckers or
cuttings well"dried-off. Branching for this purpose may
be induced by searing the crown of old plants. Hy-
brids are said to occur with ("iastiria 1.1. I!, ilhiiihansii
=A.ari.stataxG.nl„r;r,,n- : .1. I: ;.;,.■ ,1 .„.;-'.//,, .
G. verrucosa; A. i-i/... 1 ' '. -

A. Lijnchii=A.strial'i ■' ' i ^

A. iserrataxL. .sp.). .J. (.. LaU, r, m .J.,ur. Lmu. .Sue.
Bot. 18, pp. 152-182. William Tkelease.

Old plants of Aloe will keep healthy for several years
in the same pots without a renewal of soil, and flower
freely at the same tiim . '11.. -.il ni..st suited to their
needs is sandy loam tin . ■ 1 ; ' rubble and broken

brick one part, witha lit;. ,. ■ nu re to strengthen
the mixture. Very tirm 1 ..:. in- 1 - n. ..-ssary. Drainage
is a more important item ihan -..nl, and must be per-
fectly arranged to enable the surplus water to run freely
from the soil. Broken bricks are preferable to pieces of
pots, large pieces for the bottom of the pot or tub, and
smaller pieces above, till the last layer is quite fine.
Some of the species need freer rooting conditions than
others. A. ciliaris will grow from 5-7 ft. in a season.
A. Abyssinica is of robust growth, and differs from
most others in the color of the flowers, which are pure

50

ALOE

yellow, most of tlip otlipr« l>pine nraiiffp ami orange-
scarlet. A. plicdtili.i liiiik.-^ ;iil ..nialiu-lital tiili I'lallt
when 4 or5 ft. hiKli. I'.\i-i|,t dumiu' tin- ihiim,! in which
the species are inarTi\.- ^n-.-w tli. Tlti\ m-i-ii \.i-y little
water, the principal iil. a l»iiiu' to kr.-ji thr mhI sweet
and porous even when in growth. At all times the
air of the house should be as dry as possible, full
sunshine not hurting them. Prop, by seeds, suck-
ers and cuttings. The arborescent kinds should be

rooted after they hav >miilitfcl growth. Dust over

the cut part of the luttiii^' with powdered charcoal and
dry in sunshine la foic pnttini; it in to root. Insert
singly in as small pot,- :i> tiny will go into, and plunge
in a sand bed. Very little moisture is necessary while
rooting. G. W. Oliver.

The generic or scientific name Aloe is a Latinized
form of an Arabic name. As an English word it is pro-
nounced in two syllables, tlriJ. \' }•-.'•. p..] i;!rirlv this

word is loosely used, the i-on ; \ ■■■■■; \!ii i.- ing

Agave Americana, the < ■ ■ , . I mt."

The "bitter aloe.s" of conuu, i , , : , , . . u.wh

used as a laxative. Theb<---t ijn ili- ■, i- ..ill.'l > trine

or Zanzibar Aloes," a prodm/t of .1. Ptrryi, which was
known by the Greeks of the Fourth century B.C. to
come from the island of Socotra. The " Barbadoes Aloes "
is the ]iro(luct of .1. nni, a species much planted in
th. \\(-i 111. I),-. I,, III 11 allied to Aloe are Apicra, Gas-
ti.ii II . I I Ml iidron, and Phylloma. The
L'li. ,,i , i ,i !!ii-iilt one forthe botanist, there

111 111 L' ii A iiiii M I'M -ill I iiiif-ns in the herbaria, because
of the large M/.i- ot the plants, the infrequent flowering,
and the dimculty of suitably drying them.

Aloes are much cultivated as decorative plants, being
amongst the most popular of desert and succulent plants
for their stiff, harsh and rugged habit. They are often
grouped about large public buildings, where they em-
phasize certain architectural features. Large collections
are to be seen only in botanic gardens and in the col-
lections of a few fanciers. The largest dealer has nearly
a hundred kinds, but grows only five or six kinds in
quantity. For index to the following species, see sup-
plementary list, p. 51. W. ji.

A. Arrangement ol Ivs. spiral (except in seedlings).

B. Form of Ivs. broadly lanceolate, acute : size of Ivs.

moderately large.
c. Border of Ivs. thin, horny : margin entire or

denticulate.
D. Color of Ivs. grayish : shape of Ivs. flattened.
1. striata. Haw. (A. panicuWn, J&cq. A.

iOTt.).

'aulescent :

ength large, finely dark-
lin(d, scarcely mottled,
with entire white border:
inHt)rescence compound,
broadly cymose : fls. red,
cou'^tricted above the
o\ar\ Cape. B. M. 5210.
H\brids v;ith A. sernilata
and .1 grandidentata oc-
cur, having toothed Ivs.

Var rhodocincta
•ihodoeincta, Hort.
IIanhHrid.na,'SmxA.). Lvs.
purplish, very glaucous,
with entire reddish bor-
der

serrulilta, Haw. Fig.

(A.

L\i

less

ob-

-i ur( h mottled, the white
bordtr denticulate : inflo-
68 Aloe serrulata r( set nee less cymose.

Cape. B.M. 1415.
DD. Color of lvs. clearer green : shape of lvs. more con-
nive : teeth small and cut nearly through the

3. macroc4rpa. Tod. Lvs. interruptedly green-lined,
more evidently mottled: inflorescence branched with
elongated racemes. Abyssinia.

4. Schimperi, Tod. Lvs. coarsely green-lined, scarcely
mottled: racemes short and cymose. Abyssinia, China'!

ALOE

CC. Border of lvs. usually only near the apex :
mottling present.
5. sapon4ria, Haw. {A. disticha. Mill., not Linn, nor
Thunb. A. umbelldta, DC). Shortly caulescent : lvs.
somewhat gray-green or purplish, the small teeth re-
mote : racemes short and compact.
Cape. B.M. 460.— Varies intomany if

forms. _"

lateo-striata. Haw. L^ - - - /^S
concave, coarselv pale lined '

h^

Aloe heteracantha.

G. latifdlia, Haw. (A. sapondria,raT. latifdlia, Hort.).
Lvs. apple-green, thick and broad, concave, the con-
spicuous pale blotches irregularly transversely confluent ;
teeth large, mostly curved, rather remot«'
short and dense. Cape. B.M. 1346.

8. obsci^ra, Mill. {A . plcta, Thunb.). Lvs. rather nar-
rower and thinner : racemes elongated. Cape. B. M.
1323.

9. grandidentita, Salm. Lvs. and racemes still more
elongated. Cape.

ccc. Border of Ivs. nearly absent : mottling scarcely
present ; lvs. involute at tip.

10. glailca, Mill. (4. rftodaca'7(Ma, DC). Caulescent:
Ivs.not mottled, very glaucous, the irregular red or brown
teeth subconfluent : infior. simple, densely racemose;
fls. red, scarcely constricted above the ovary. Cape.
B.M. 1278. A hybrid with ,^1. /ii(m!7is, var. iHCMn^a, is
A. cyanea.

tho

11. heteracintha, Bak. (A. i«tV«i;s, Hort.. not Forsk.).
Fig. 69. Nearly stemless, often densely cespitose : Ivs.
dark green, sometimes with a few obscure yellowish
green spots, slightly striate at base, entire or with a few
remote small teeth. Cape? B.M. 6863.

BB. For
tul

12. f^rox, Mill. (A. murieita, Schult. A. hdrrida,
Haw. Pachidindron ferox. Haw.). Caulescent, un-
branched : lvs. crowded at summit, glaucous, the margin
and both surfaces remotely coarsely pungently toothed :
inflor. branched, with elongated very dense racemes;
fls. reddish, with stamens twice as long as the perianth.
Cape. B.M. 1975. G.C. II. 3: 243. -Varies into several
less muricate forms.

13. mitTi!6rmis, Mill. {A. mitrcet6rmis,y^\\\&., not DC.
nor Haw. A. Comm^lyni, Willd. A. spinuldsa, Salm,
A.pachyphythi.noTt. 'A.xanthacdntha,Wnid.). Fig.70.
Somewhat branoliinLr; Iv-, spaced along the stem above,
dark green, with -nui-. -. lafatcd marginal teeth, both
faces usually imii i< n. : iuT'or. sometimes branched. with
short, compart laniin-: -taiiirns notesserted. Cape.

ALOE

BBB. Form of Us. elongated, gmdualhj luperimj : size
of h's. large : border absent : teeth usitalli/ coarse.
U. Bkinesii.Vyer. (A. Bdrbera',Dyev.]. A very large
forking tree, in cultivation becoming tall, thoueli at first
slender : Ivs. very concave, dark green, remotely den-
tate, spaced along the stem above, with white-margined
sheathing base : inflor. short and compact, the reddish
tls. tumid. S.Afr. G.F. 3:115. G.C. II. 19, pp. 566-571,
fif. 117, 119, 120, 122. B.M.6848.

15. v6ra, Linn. (A. vulgaris, Lam. A. Barlmdinsis,
Mill.). Low or small, slender tree : Ivs. broader, less
channeled, pale gray-green, coarsely dentate, not sheath-
ing: fls. yellow. Suckers, freely produced in cultivation,
have clear apple-green mottled linear Ivs. Mediterra-
nean region, and naturalized through the warmer parts
of the world.— The oldest known and probably the com-
monest species.

Var. ofKcinEllis, Forsk. (A.rub(scens, DC. A.lndicti,
Royle). Lvs. purplish: fls. red-orange. Orient.

16. Succotrina, Lam.fJl. siniidte, Thunb., not Willd.).
Related to the last : lvs. relatively narrower, dark green,
coarsely serrate : fls. red, variously tipped and striped.
Cape. B.M.472. Gn. 45, p. 303.-A hybrid with ^. ci«-
tiris is A.de Laetil.

Var. pnrpur4scens, Gawl. {A . purpurdsceus. Haw. A .
nimdsa, H&v:.). Lvs. purplish. B.M. 1474.

17. arbortscens. Mill. (J. f>-H(icd«n, Lam.). Low, slen-
dertree: st. roughened by old leaf bases: lvs. dark green,
glaucescent, coarsely green-dentate to hooked serrate
when separated, with whitish sheathing bases : fls. red.
Cape. B.M. 1306.

Var. fruttscens, Salm.i^. fiiifc'sccHs, Salm.). Smaller,
suckering freely : lvs. blue-glaucous, the sheathing bases
coarsely green-striate.

BBBB. Form of lvs. lanceolate, acute, flat: size of Irs.
small: border absent : teeth ciliate : mottling
absent : lvs. sheathing, with perfoliate margin.

18. ciliaris.Haw. St. elongated, very slender.branched:
lvs. dark green, the slender white teeth longer about the
base: inflor. axillary, somewhat elongated, loosely few-
fld.: fls. red. Cape.

BBBBB. Form of lvs. various, thick, plano-convex : size
of lvs. small: border absent : mostly toothed
on the back: mottling absent: lvs. crowded.

19. brevifdlia, Mill. {A. protifera. Haw.). Short-
stemmed : lvs. spreading, broadly lanceolate, acute,
shortly and pungently white-toothed ; a few similar teeth
occasionally on both surfaces. Cape. B.R. 996.

20. htimiliB, Mill. {A. echindta, yViUd. A. suber/cta,
Haw A. subtubereuldta,Ha.vi.}. Acaulescent : lvs. as-
cending, lanceolate, gradually attenuate, loosely soft-
serrate, both surfaces coarsely tuberculate or echinate:
raceme somewhat elongated, loosely fld: fls. red. Cape.
— An extremely variable species, of the habit of certain
Haworthias.

Var. Canddllei, Bak. L.B.C. 15:1481. Var. inciirva,
Haw. B.M. 828. Var. acumlnElta, B.M. 757. L.B.C.
16:1504. Var. minor, Hort., is in cult.

21. B,Tistkta.,'Ka.-w. (A. longiaristAta,Schun.). Lvs. as-
cending, attenuate into a long bristle. Cape.

AA. Arrangement of lvs. 3-ranked : lvs. rather small.

22. variegata, Liun. Short - stemmed : lvs. erect,
v-shaped, acute, with finely warty horny white margin
and keel, mottled, the pale blotches variously trans-
versely confluent: raceme short, rather loose: fls. red-
dish. Cape. B.M. 513. F.E. 8: 98. — Common.

AAA. Arrangement of lvs. S-ranked : lvs. elongated.

23. Codperi, Bak. (^. Sc7i»ii(i(i(}«rt, Regel.). Acaules-
cent: lvs. suberect, linear-oblong, sharply-grooved and
keeled, mottled, faintly striate, the small white teeth
subconfluent: inflor. subcymose: fls. reddish or brown-
ish, tumid below. Cape. B.M. 6377. Gt. 970.

24. pUcAtilis, Mill. (Rhipidodhidron plicdtile,-E.a,v!.).
Becoming tall and stout, branching : lvs. glaucous, flat.
Ungulate, obtuse, serrulate and bordered at least near

theapex mflor shortlj raLcmose fls redthsh, the petals
uearh free withm the tube Cape B "M 457

William Trelease *

In the followmg ilphilietu list ireimlu

described pre\ loush ) (J> s\n hmm i i
followed by the bign ot niiwlit\ i
portant speues. (which u. tn rl\
but not preMouslv) Th m iil
adveitisedmthecitilo.,!! 1 I
Bak Lvs 20-30 m % d. n
broad it b-ise glaucous lt ti ti i
close spreading deltoid si m \ n
inflor ns Inng ns tho h s i i t i i

Zanzibar B M
lied to A Abvssiii
lK-2 m wide It I I
green scipe simpU
toid B M 6301 Ha
A.commxitata 1 -A
oma Linn f Allied
branched lvs m
late, 8-12 in long >
567,571 f 118 121 -
folia) &t 3 or raoi
scattered along the
teeth short distant
—A dlsticha = 5—^

lorn fully
uhiih are

c nt list,
k (») are

_ 1-0 in!

\I (jti20 —
II n hs.:
1 1 eddish
I longcy-
I. A tri-
ll lolate;

Alhed
imgest.

1 back;

M 1362.

Little

Aloe mitnforn

Not mentioned by Biker Hab '—A ferox 12 —*A.
Slim = 17 — *A fruticd'in = n — i glauca 10—^.
gracilis Haw Allied to V irlmreei cii'i ^t long lvs loosely
arranged b-IO in long 1 in «il. it tli b,sc ensiforni acumi-
nate not lined or spottwi I n kl tniijut spreiding tipped
brown fls -vellow tub, «iHi I n^ I m ■ I ite segments —*4.
grandidenlata 1 - i (,r n , 1 ik iii tlie Picta) group is
readily distingiushed bj tlit <.luii_ ittd i iLcmts ind the strong

52 ALOE

constriction of the perianth below the middle. Lvs. 12-15, in
dense rosette, lanceolate, channelled, bright green ; prickles con-
nected by a narrow horny line : tis. pale salmon ; bracts awl-
shaped, pnrplish. Tape? BM.e520.-*A.Hoiih„riAna-l.-A.
l,Hn;ic,i„tl,„. 11 -.1. HiUhhmndtu. Bak. St. l'.,-J tt.: inter-

red, U.:

r=13.

Scroph-

ALONSOAl.\l.iii/.,/,:,,,..,M,-l.:,lil-li li

ulariiicew. Triip. Aimr. ijhiiits, cult, as annuals
open, or rarely grown in pots. They are tender, and need
protection from frcst. Seeds are usually started under
glass in the N., although plants bloom well from seeds
sown directly in the open. Use only finely prepared soil.
Fls. showy; plant of good habit. The corolla is very
irregular and turned upside down by the twisting of the
pedicel, brinfcinf? the larger lobe uppermost : stamens4:
lvs. (at lfa«t b.'lciw) opposite or in 3's. Cult, species
mostly fi-MiH I'.in :iii.l M,x.

incisifolia, l.'iu/, .V I'.iv. ( A. urticcefdlia, Sort. CMsia
urtlciffblia. Mi,,~, l'...M. 417). About 2 ft. high, erect:
lvs. ovate lu u\ul-lanceolate, long-stalked, deeply cut-
toothed: tls. nearly J-ain. across, very irregular (some-
what hood-shaped), scarlet, with protruding organs, on
slender axillary peduncles. Also a white-fid. var.— An-
nual; but perennial in warm countries or under glass.

Var. Warscewlozii, Boiss. (A. Warsceivtczii , Kegel.
A. grandifldrn, Hort.). Pis. larger (often 1 in. across),
rose-red, the plant more herbaceous and more perfectly
annual. Also white-fid. — The commonest form in our
gardens.

myrtifdlia, Roezl. Plant 2-3 ft. : lvs. broad-lanceolate,
canaliculate, prominently serrate: fls. large, scarlet (a
white var. ). — Perennial under glass. Useful for winter-
growing in pots.

linifdlia, Roezl. Plant IKft. or less high: lvs. lanceo-
late or narrower, entire: fls. bright scarlet.

A . acuHtblia, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. less cut than in A. incisifolia :
scarlet.— A. caullaldta, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. less cut than in incisi-

folia : fls. smaller: st.i-angled.— A. imedris, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs.
linear, entire or vei-y nearly so, often fascicled : fls. scarlet.
Crreenhouse.— 4. Jl/drAewsii, Benth, Lvs. lanceolate, toothed :
fls. scarlet, in terminal racemes. Greenhouse. . tt p

ALOtSIA. S,i. Lippia.

ALPINE GARDENS. In the successful culture of
aipim- plants, tin- most important point is to give them
as near tlieir natural alpine conditions as possible. So
far as soil is concerned this is not diflScult, but when it
comes to moisture with good drainage and surrounding
atmospheric conditions, especially in the dryer atmos-
phere of some of our western states, we have a more
diflicult task. In their natural homes, many of the al-
pines are found growing under very similar conditions
to our bog plants, and the two classes, for the most part,
may hi_- brought together in cultivation. Of course, the
iimiimimIm rriiiiul;i iiii^lit iii-vrr witlistand tlji- stagnation

iiidr

■■' ' ;m II. i]-air 111 tlM- w.t I..I--. iiMT- ^li.iiil.l we expect

iIh. l',l(,,iMh-a I., sin-MN,- Ihr HUiliy l.hisls f. which the

I'liiuuhi 1.^ exposed, but the two niay be grown together
with very good results in a moist, springy situation, in
the same bed and soil. Any light, sandy soil, well
drained, but through which water is constantly passing
in and out, so that there is no stagnation and always a
little moisture on the surface (which makes it cooler
from the evaporation), will answer for most of the bog
plants and the majority of the alpines also. There
should be a natural slope to the surface of the ground
for such conditions, and if the surface is undulating, so
as to make some parts drier than others, those plants
which require the most moisture can go into the wettest
places. Alpines like a deep soil, into which their roots
can penetrate. Leaf-mold should be used in place of
any ma:iure, and if the soil is a very fine one a mixture
of gravel should be introduced. Shade and sun are
rather necessary, as some of the alpines would hardly
stand thu full scorching sun of our hottest days in sum-
in. r. . \. II though the surface of the soil were moist,
t ■ .1.. IS require full sun. Alpines have been suc-
. I 1 : : L'mwn in sphagnum moss. This is done with

■ ■ I ■:. ■'. V. nil III.' 1 1 . -h 1 1. 1 1. 1 III.- plants set in it.

V, ,.'.r ti..i.''l In . II. .ugh to keep the

' .. • . - I -I i I .■ . II in.m the wet moss

. r.Mi. - :i .■..'.1 III iii..-|.; :■ 1 . ■ | .jants, thus giving

ihriu a cuuiliUuu s I.I ,! which they have in

ulpiue regions, surri. III. i . iiniii fogs, or in the

moist bog. Manyali.iii , : ■- are not confined to

alpine situations. Th. ^ i, n i-t places in much

lower altitudes as «._i;_ Mi.li -(.....jit-s as Houstonia
cwndea, Pamassia Cin-nlinianu, and Smilacina stellata
may be mentioned among these. Most of the alpines,
when set in the fresh, damp sphagnum, do nicely in full
sun. but for tlie alpine ferns shade should be given.

Th..-.- >-. III. Ii -!■..« in.lr-i.T |.h,.-.-, likr thr llttlo Woodsiu

ijhil- .. II '■ /'./■. .1. 11. -..I I.-- chilli.' nil. I moisture,

F. H. HORSFOKD.

ALPtNIA (Prosper Alpinus, an Italian botanist).
ScitaminAcecf. Stove herbs, cult, both for lvs. and the
racemes or panicles of fls. The fl. has 3 exterior parts
and 4 interior parts. The lowermost part is lobed or
tubular. Stamens with petal-like filament. They need
high temperature, much water, light soil, and abundance
of room. After flowering, allow them to rest in heat,
but do not dry them off. Prop, by dividing the ginger-
like roots.

Alpinia contains many handsome species, but only a
few are common in cultivation . They are tropical plants,
and require a moist air and a temp, of 55° to G0° F. A
mixture of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf-mold, and 1 part
dried cow-manure forms an excellent compost. While
growing, they need an abundance of water, and the large-
growing kinds require large pots or tubs. The plants are
prop, by division in the spring. A. tmtans is grown for
its handsome fls., and attains a height of 12 or 13 ft. A.
vittata is popular en account of its variegated foliage.
A . mu/iea has very showy fls., but is probably not in the
American trade. Cult, bv Robert Ca.meron.

ALPINIA

nutans, Roscoe. Shell-flowek. Strikingplant, reach-
ing 10-1'2 ft., with long, lanceolate glabrous long-veined
Ivs.: fla. orchid-like, yellow with pink, sweet-scented, in
a lone, drooping, terminal, spike-like raceme. E. Ind.
G.C. III. 19:301. I.H. 43:259. B.M. 1903. P.M. 13:I2,>>.
R.H. 1861, 51. — Fine for foliage masses, and an old
favorite.

Vlttita Hook (Amdmtim ttttdtum Hort ) Lower:
Ivs in tufts lanceolate with whitish bais or stripes be-
tween the nerves lis red in a\illii\ spikes South
Sea Islands A P 8 7S7 ( n 4 p _

albo lineata H >it A plant
.Si!^ -t tt In^li M itli biodd bands

ALSTRCEMERIA

53

ALSdPHILA (Greek, grove-loving). Ci)athecice(r. A
genus of tropical tree ferns, with simple or forked free
veins, round sori, and no indusia. Numerous s]iccies art
found in the tropical regions of lM)th Iiciiiisplin-fs.

Of the different species tit VNnj.liih,, .uilv ■ is m

general commercial use. .1 . .ms'/ -(/,s i, ;i \ . i \ L-iar, tui
and rapidly growing tree fi-iii, h iili liiu 1\ dn nli il linn.ls
of a pleasing shade of light Ki-ccii, w ith tiie stiiu'S thi.kU
covered with light brown, hairy scales. It is grown trmn
spores, which can only be obtained from old and hirge
specimens, and which, like the spores of most ccunniei
cial terns, will germinate very freely if sown on a com
post consisting of finely screened soil, leaf -mold and sand
in equal parts. To develop a good crown of fronds m
old specimen plants which may look starved, the stem
may be covered to any thickness consistent with good
appearance with green moss, whic-h may be attached
with thin copper wire, and which, if kept ctjntinually
moist, will soon be thickly covered with line roots. Al-
eophilas should be grown in a temperature of 60° P.,
and the soil should never be allowed to become very dry.
Cult, by NicHOL N. Bruckner.
A. Lvs.bip innate; rachises merely fibrillose.

Beb6ccse, F. Muell. Lvs. ample, from a caudex 8 in. or
so high; pinnSB 12-15 in. long, with 20-30 pinnules on
each side, which are 2-3 in. long and serrate or crenate
throughout. Australia.
AA. Lvs. tripinnatifid or tripinnate ; riichises armed

B. Segments long,stronqti/ '-tirrf
to a slender po,
Lvs. coriaceoi;

ile.-i tapering

exc61sa, R.

woolly rachises; pinnae G-10 in. wide, with crowded pin-
nules, which are provided with about 20 pairs of seg-
ments, which are strongly curved and more or less
enlarged at the ends. Norfolk Is. — Said to have a trunk
60-80 ft. high.

Codperi, Hook. Smaller than the last: rachises with
pale brown scales : pinnse spear-shaped, with linear
pinnules 4-5 in. long. Queensland.

luuuiata, R. Br. Lvs. rather thick herbaceous, from

smooth rachises: pinnules close, 5-6 in. long, with 20-30

pairs of segments, which are finely serrate throughout.

BB. Segments yiin.or less long.

austriliB, R. Br. Fig. 71. Rachises straw-colored ;
lvs. ample, with primary pinnae 18 in. long, 6-10 in. wide;
pinnules deeply pinnatifld, with segments broadest at
the base, ovate-oblong and sharply serrate. Tasmania
and Australia.

ferox, Presl. (A. aciileAta, J. Sm.). Rachises brown-
ish; pinnfB 12-18 in. long; pinnules narrow, 3-4 in. long,
'A-%m. wide, with 15-18 pairs of segments, which are
narrow and slightly serrate. Trop. Amer.
AAA. Lis. ,iii,uhiiiiiniiilifid.

oligoc^rpa. Fee. Fiu'. 7_'. Iv.i'lii^. s smooth, grayish
straw-colored; pinnuhs \y_-'l 1i. \"u\x, the segments
ligulate, deeply pinnatilid, with blunt lubes; sorimedian,
4-0 on the lower lobes. Columbia. , ,, „

L. M. Underwood.

ALSTONIA (Dr. Alston, once professor of botany at
Kdinburgli). Apocy»Aee<p. Between 30 and 40 species
of trees or shrubs of E. Ind. and Australia, with small

whorls or opposite. A. scholdris, R. Br., is the Devil-
tree or Pali-mara of India, the bark of which is medici-
nal. Trees yield caoutchouc.

macrophylla, Wall. A tall tree, with milky juice, spar-
ingly cult, in S. Pla., and perhaps in S. Calif.

ALSTR(EM£EIA (Baron Alstroemer. friend of Lin-
ti.E-iisi A mtirgllidctceoi. Coolhouse and stove plants,
wiih tuliciiius roots, treated as bulbs. Pis. small (2 in.
nr h ^s long}, comparatively narrow, with 6 segments,
|.aiti-.l 111 -irly or quite to the ovary, often irregular;
stamens mostly declined ; stigma 3-cleft ; sts. slender
and leafy, weak, or even disposed to climb. Monogr. by
Baker, Handbook of the Amaryllideae.

Some of the Alstroemerias have survived the winters
in Washington of late -seais only whi n a heavy mulch
has been gn en, as ..4 oM>a»/(aC(f and its form J- autea,

A. Chtlensis and its forms EMdenth among the hardi-
est are A.Brasiliensii and A. piikhtlla, although some
of the others have not been tried. For outdoor planting,
at their best in a partly shaded posi-

54 ALSTRCE.MERIA

tiou, and at all times iluring their growth the roots must
have an abundance of water. In fact, there is little use
in attempting their cultivation out-of-doors where these
conditions cannot be given. In colder climates, the Al
stroemerias can be grown very successfully by planting
out in spring, and, as soon as they die down, lift, am
keep overwinter in a place from which frost is excluded
An annual lifting, or, when grown in pots, an annual
shaking-out, should be given, because they Increase to
such an extent that the younger and smaller crowns are
apt to take the nourishment from the large, flowering
crowns. The largest ones ought to be separated from
the smaller ones, and either grown in pots or planted
outside when the pr'ipor tiiiir arrives. In this way the

genus will become n Ii in<in- popular than it now is,

either for cuttin;.' mi i.r th. , lie. .ration of the border.

The soilbest suiii (1 t^ th, ii r',;uirBments is largely

posed of vegetiilil.- Iiuriius; wh.-n this ii

old, well-decayed cow or stable manure s

porated with the soil. When they

are planted outside, the tubers

should be put deep in the ground ,

and the soil should be well worked

for at least 15 inches. The tubers

are slightly egg-shaped, attached

lit. Chile. B.M.

tos

the

made from the ends of the tubers.
and also from near the growing
points of the crowns.

One of the best for greenhouse
work is A. Pelegrina, var. a!ba.
Other kinds wliich may be con-
sidered tender north of Washing-
ton are A. hfPmanfha, A. versicolor (or
Peruviana) and its forms, A. Uookerii
and A . violacea. Some of the Van Houtte
hybrids, raised from Hookerii and hieraan-
tha, are extremely pretty, but, with the
others, they are rather unsuitable for pot-
culture, owing to the peculiar formation
of the roots.

The species are easily raised from seeds,

which should be sown rather thinly in

deep pans, and allowed to remain without

pricking off or shifting for the first season.

Cult, by G. W. Oliver.

A. Jjvs.of fl.stem (or scape) broad, oh-
long or ohlong-spatiihit, .

pulcMUa, Linn. f. (.1. /,s///,r. ;„./,
Lehm.). Sterile st. a fout ..r ]e^^ I,,,,-,
with aggregated petioled Ivs.: ilnw.rin;;
St. 2-3 ft., with scattered Ivs.: lis, in a
simple umbel, on pedicels 1-lK in. hing.
long-funnel-shaped,the segments unequal,
dark i-ed and tipped with green and
inside with brown; stamens nearly as loi
as limb. Brazil. Pig. 73 is a copy of tl
A. psittacina. B.M. 3033. -An old gardi
plant.

ChiUnsis, Tree. Stout, 2-4 ft. :
ti]e,l. nl.,,vate or spatulate, or the upper becoming lan-
eec.hite. twisted at the base, fringed, somewhat glaucous :
tls. hirije, rose or red (or varying to whitish), the two
lower segments longer and straighter : umbel with 5
or 6 2-tid. peduncles. Chile.
AA. it's, of fl. St. lanceolate (at least the lower ones).
B. Fls. purplish or red.

Pelegrina, Linn. Fl. st. stout, afoot or less high: Ivs.
about 30, thin, ascending, 2 in. or less long and Kin. or
less wide : fl. 2 in. or less long, lilac, the outer segments
broad and cuspidate, the inner ones spotted red-purple:
imibel few-rayed, normally simple, but becoming com-
pound in cult. Also a pure white var. Chile. B.M. 139.
Gn. 40, p. 472. L.B.C. 13: 1295.

hsBmAntha, Ruiz & Pav. (A. Simsii, Spreng.). Fl. st.
2-3 ft. : Ivs. crowded and thin, somewhat stalked, 3-4 in.
long and %m. or less long, the upper becoming linear,
glaucous beneath : fls. 2 in. or less long, bright red
tipped green, the inner ones with red-purple spots on a
red-yellow ground ; umbel very compound, the branches

ALUM ROOT

4-0 ii
2353,

BB. Fls. yellow or yellowish.
aurantiaca, Don. Fl. st. 2-4 ft. high : Ivs. nearly 50,
thin, somewhat petiolate, slightly glaucous below, 3^ ft.
long and }^ in. wide : Us. 10-30, in a compound umbel,
the perianth bright yellow, outer segments tipped green
and inner ones spotted brown. There is a form with
pale, unspotted fls. Chile. B.M.3350, as .Lawrea. Gn.
20:472.

Brasili§nsis, Spreng. St. 3^ ft.: Ivs. remote, thickish,
oblong-lanceolate, 2 in. long: fl. IJf in. long, in a 5-rayed
umbel (each ray bearing 1-3 fls.), the segments oblong-
spatulate and reddish yellow, the inner ones spotted
brown; stamens shorter than segments. Brazil.
of flower stem linear.
versicolor, Ruiz & Pav. {A. Peruviana, Van Houtte.
A. sulphurea and A. tiijrina,
Hort.). Fl. St. short (1 ft. or less
high) ; Ivs. many, the lower ones
about 1 in. long : fls. 1 in. long, in
a nearly simple umbel, yellow
spotted purple, the segments all
oblanceolate and acute. A mar-
ginate var. Chile.

Ugta, Linn. Fl. st. lK-2 ft. :

Ivs. 20-30, thin, the lowermost

becoming lanceolate, 2-3 in. long:

fls. 1% in. long, in a nearly or

quite simple umbel, whitish, lilac

or pale red, streaked purple, the

egments often obtuse. Var. pulchra,

(A.pdlehra, Sims, B.M. 2421. A.

-■■---- ^,g^ a„j

Ker.), has ni
and all the segme
Chile. Common i
Hohkeri. Lodd., i

for

A. Liijtu.

The A. Ligtu of B.M. 125 is A. caryo-
phyllea, Jacq., with long-clawed, very un-
equal segments in two sets or lips, red and
red-striped. Brazil.

Tlol&cea, Phill. St. 1-2 ft. : Ivs. scattered
and spreading, 1 in. or less long, those on
sterile shoots larger, ovate-oblong and 5-
nerved: fls. on forked pedicels in a 5-rayed
umbel, lM-2 in. long, bright lilac, the
outer segments obovate, truncate and with
a short cusp, the inner oblong-acute,
spotted. Chile. l. h. B.

ALTERNANTHfiRA. See Telanthera.

ALTH.ffiA (Greek, to cure). MalvAcem.
Tall biennial or perennial herbs, of the
warm-temperate regions of the Old World,
of about a dozen species. Fls. axillary,
solitary, or racemose in the axils or at
the summit of the stem, with 6-9 bracts
below the calyx. A. frutex and A. caelestis, Hort., are
Hibiscus Syriacus.

officin41iB, Linn. Marsh Malix>w. Downy: Ivs. ovate,
often heart-shaped or 3-lobed, frequently undivided,
tomentose: fls. 1 in. across, blush or rose, clustered in the
axils of the Ivs. Perennial. E. Eu.- Root used for mu-
cilage and for other purposes ; also medicinal. The
root of commerce has its brown outer covering removed.
Rarely cult., but occasionall}^ escaped in marshes near
the coast.

rdsea, Cav. Hollyhock, which see for culture. St.
strict and spire -like, hairy : Ivs. large and rough,
rounded -heart-shaped, wavy-angled or lobed: fls. large
and nearly sessile, in a long wand-like raceme or spike,
in many forms and colors. Biennial. China. B.M. 3198.
Hcifdlia, Cav. Biennial, 5-8 ft. : Ivs. 7-lobed, toothed,
fl. yellow or orange, large, in terminal spikes, showy.
Eu. Int. bv Franceschi, Cal., as A. sidmfblia.

L. H. B.
ALUM ROOT. See Heuchera.

AMARANTUS

55

(XK).

ALtSSUM (classical name). Ci-uciferce. Low plants,
mostly perennials and used for rockwork. The Sweet
Alyssum is one of the commonest annuals, grown both
in the open and forced
in benches, beds or
pots. It is of the easi-
est culture, either in-
doors or out. The com-
pact vars. are most
prized for pot-culture.
Under glass, requires
temperature of a car-
stand considerable
frost in the open, and
may he sown early ; it blooms all summer, and until
killed by winter. Useful for window gardens and bas-
kets. For winter bloom, sow seeds late in Aug. or in
Sept. When blooms begin to f ail , cut buck the plant, and
it will bloom again. The perennial species are usually
prop, by dividing the roots ; also by cuttings and seeds.
A. Fls. white.
maiitimum, Lam.{^. odordtum, Hort. ). Sweet Alys-
sum. Fig. 74. A low, spreading, light green annual, with
lanceolate or linear entire Ivs., tapering to the base, and
small honey-scented fls. in terminal clusters, which be-
come long racemes. Eu. Many cult. vars. ; B^nthami
or comp&ctum, a dwarf and compact form, not over 6 in.
high ; variegatum, with pale white-edged Ivs.; gigan-
tium, robust, broad-lvd.; prociimbens, of spreading
habit; and various horticultural forms with tradenames,
spindsum, Linn. A woody-stemmed little perennial,
lanceolate acute silvery Iv.s., spiny (1. branches,
" Rockwork; 3~G in.

and very !

B. Lr,

'lis.

', Linn.?). Dwarf
le base, with rough-

Berpylliidlium, n. ~f. (I. .<
(3^in.high),somewh:,t«M,„
hoary Ivs., and pale yellow Hs.

BB. Lvs. 1 ill. or more Jong.

saxitile, Linn. Golden-tuft. A foot high, woody at
base : Ivs. oblanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or
wavy, hoary-tomentose : fls. golden vellow, numerous,
in little compact clusters. Eu. B.M. 159. A. F. 5:37.
— Common in rockwork, making a spreading mat, bloom-
ing in early spring. There is a dwarf var. (compAetum^ ,
and a pretty variegated variety sold as.4. i*flri<?^(J/«m.

GemonSnse, Linn. Less hardy than the last: Ivs. lan-
ceolate, velvety : fls. lemon-yellow : St. usually more
woody at base. Eu.

TOStritum, Stev. (^1. Wiersbickli,Yle\iS.). About 20
in.: Ivs. 2 in. long, broad-oblong, pointed, hairy: fls.
deep yellow, in dense heads, in summer. Asia Minor.

arg^nteum, Vitm. Dwarf and dense grower, 15 in. or
spatulate, silvery beneath : fls. yellow

clustered heads, all summer. Eu.

AMANITA. See Miis

H.

AMAEABdYA (native name). MelastomAcew. A ge-
nus of only three species of tender shrubs from New
Grenada, which are showy both in foliage and flower.
Lvs. large, opposite, sessile, with three prominent
nerves, brownish red beneath: fls. large, cymose; petals
usually 6; stamens 12-15. For cult., see P/fj-omfl. Not
known to be in American trade.

A.amiihili:. i,:.mI 11 IN white, margined carmine: stamens
white; st\l. I l.H. 34:9. — 4. pHnccps, Linden,

styles white. LH. 34: i.—A.
:ross : petals narrower at the
i yellow; style red, ex-

base thiui
sertcd. I,

AMAEANTUS (Greek, unfading). AmarantAcea:
Amaranth Coarse annual plants, grown for foliage anil
the showy fl.-clusters. Related to the Cockscomb. The
Amaranths are usually treated as open-air annuals.
They thrive best in a hot and sunny situation. In very
rich soil the lvs. become very large but usually lack in

bright coloring. Seeds may he sown in the open or in
frames. The dwarf and compact vars. , which often have
beautifully variegated foliage, may be grown in pots or
used for bedding. Give plenty of room.

A. Zrvs. linear-laneeolate, long and drooping.

salicifdlius, Veitch. Graceful pyramidal habit, 3ft.:
lvs. 5-8 in. long and Jijin. wide, wavy, bronze-green,
changing to orange-red. Philippines. G.C.I. 1871 :1550.
P.S. 19:1929.

AA. Lvs. broad, mostly ovate.
B. Spikes drooping.

cauditus, Linn. Love-lies-blkeping. Pig. 75. Tall
and diffuse (3-5 ft.): Iv. r,vnt,. f„ r,v:ifo-oblong, stalked,
green : spikes red, ]•><■ -■ ' '. ■' •-. luiked. in a long
and drooping panicle i n.. forming a long,

cord-like tail. Also \:n ■. i .wish and whitish

panicles. India. G.W . r,:7ii!i (_ mon, and an old

favorite.

atropurpilreus, Hort. Foliage blood-red. Probably a
form of A. caudatus. Perhaps the same as Roxburgh's
A. atropiirpureus from India.

BB. Spikes erect.

hypoohondriacus, Linn. Prince's Feather. Tall and
glabrous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute: spikes blunt,
aggregated into a thick, lumpy terminal panicle, of which
the central part is elongated: bracts long-awned.-An
old garden plant, with the heavy heads variously col-
ored, but mostly purple. Lvs. mo.stly purple or piirple-
green. Probably Asian. Cult, also as A.cnUntits and
A. atropiirpiireus. Sometimes a weed in cult, grounds.

paniculitus, Linn. St. usually pubescent : Ivs. usu-
ally broader than in the last, and spikes acute or acutish,
p ^rMcefnl terniinal panicle: bracts

awn-pointed. -I '..iiiiiM
usually green, tmr ot
showy form is .1 . .y
also as A. saiujuiin iis

GangSticus, Linn. (
a lower plant, 3 ft-, or
ovate-pointed lvs., ;ii

ipted spikes, both

weed. Lvs.
bright purple. A
B. M. 2227. Cult.
in:illy Asian.
x.Linn.). Usually
Illy 1 ft., with thin,
glomerate, inter-
lliiry.— Very varia-
ble. Cult, by Amer. Chinese (Pig. 7ti) as a pot-herb
under the name of Hon-toi-moi, with green lvs. (Bailey,
Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.). A form used for bedding,
with foliage red, yellow and green, is Joseph's Coat, or
A. tricolor (G.W. 6: 709). A form with flery red lvs. is
known as A. hicolor. Various dwarf and compact bed-
ding forms. Used more for foliage than for fl. panicles.
Asian.

Other garden Amaranthuses are A. Ahysslnicus,
dark red; A.gibbosus, Hort., a form of A.panienlatus;
A. ffhideri, probably a hybrid with A. salicifolius, or a

var. of it, withlong-droopin
midal stature; A. 66rdoi.
banded lvs. and brilliant scarlet lvs.
int. 1893. Other Amaranthuses are

56 AMARANTUS

retrnfUxus, Linn., A. cMorisluchys, Willd., A. tilbu:
Linn., A. blito)des, Wats., A. spindsns, Linn. The tn
first are known as pigweeds and beet-roots; the third :
a common tumbleweed. L_ jj. B.

AMABtLLIS {classical name). AmaiyllidAce<e.
Bulbous plants from Cape of Good Hope, flowering in
late summer or in fall, the Ivs. appearing later. Perianth
with a short ribbed tube, the divisions oblong or lanceo-
late, the filaments distinct and no scales between them,
fls. 5-12, in an umbel, on a tall scape. Monogr. by Her-
bert, Amaryllidaceae, 1837 ; and by Baker, Handbook of
the Amaryllideie.

In dealing with the culture of Amaryllis, it is cus-
tomary to speak of the genus in its horticultural sense,
—to Include Hippeastrum and related things. Such is
the understanding in the following cultural directions.

There i
the An:

months

they arr .i
The boi-.l. . -
if convenient

differing methods of cultivating
lure showy flowers in the spring
u.thod and the pot method. Any
ilicse methods will soon come
t ilit-y differ not only in method,
111.' results. The first method
lit in a prepared border after
J , say about the middle of May.
Ii iild have perfect drainage, and,
ledonthe south side of a house or
wall, fully exposed to the sun during the greater part
of the day. The bulbs are set out in rows, necessarily
with as little disturbance of the roots as possible, because
if they are bulbs which have undergone similar treat-
ment the previous year, by the middle of May they have
made a considerable number of new roots; besides, the
foliage also has gained some headway, and may be con-
sidered in the midst of actual growth. In planting, care-
fully firm the soil around the old balls, give one water-
ing, and on the succeeding day, after the surface of the
soil has been raked over, cover to the depth of 2 inches
with half-decayed cow-

noval of weeds, they
vill need no more at-
i-ntion until the ap-
I roach of cool weather,
vhen they should be
ifted, sized, and pot-
ed ; however, at this
leason, if wet weather
las predominated,
! of the bulbs will
be in a semi-dormant
state, while the ma-
jority will yet be in
active growth. Here
is the drawback to this
method : the roots are
large and fleshy, they
take up considerable
room in a 6- or 7-inch
pot, and the soil can-
not be evenly distrib-
uted amongst them,
neither can it be made
as firm as it should be.
The result is the par-
tial decay of the roots
and leaves, and in the
spring.when the flower
scapes appear, they are developed at the expense of the
bulb, through having insufficient roots to take up nour-
ishment from tlie soil. The flowers which are produced
are small, few in number, and do not show what the

77. Amaryllis Belladonna.

AMARYLLIS

Amaryllis is capable of. To partly ameliorate these con-
ditions, the bulbs in active growth at lifting time may
be heeled-in on a greenhouse bench until they gradu-
ally ripen, taking care that some of the soil is retained
on the roots; otherwise the ripening profi-ss is :iltof.'ether
too rapid, so that the roots and leaves suiliii ii;\ 1- -i ili-ir
robust nature, become flabby, and ev. i , i; I'.ir

this method, it can be said that a larger I liis

can be grown with less trouble than I. \ um |. m.,!,

but neither bulbs nor flowers compare in .^i/:c w ii ti ! li...-.o
kept in pots the year round. For the purpose o£ simply
increasing stock, the outdoor method is to be preferred.
Most of the kinds are naturally evergreen; potting under
those conditions is best done either after the plants have
made their growth in the fall or after they have finished
flowering in April. When done in the fall, they are al-
lowed to remain rather dry during the winter; this will
keep the soil of the original ball in a sweet condition
until the time arrives to start them into growth, which
may be anywhere after the 1st of January, or even
earlier if necessary. They will winter all right, and keep
their foliage, in a brick frame in which the temperature
is not allowed to fall below 45° F. By the beginning of
February, in a structure of this sort, they will be showing
flower-scapes, and should then be taken to a position
where more heat and light can be given. A weak solu-
tion of cow-manure will much help the development
of the flowers. When in bloom, a greenhouse tempera-
ture, with slight shade, will prolong the flowering period.
After flowering, the greatest care should be taken of the
plants, as it is from that period till the end of summer
that the principal growth is made. A heavy loam, en-
riched with bone-dust and rotted cow-manure, suits them
well. The seeds of Hippeastrums should be sown as soon
as ripe, covered very lightly with finely sifted leaf-mold,
and if this shows a tendency to dry too quickly, cover
with panes of glass until germination takes place. As
soon as the first leaves are developed, they should be
potted in the smallest sized pots and kept growing. In
the propagation of varieties, it will be found that the
large bulbs make two or more offsets each season; these
should not be detached until it is certain that they have
enough roots of their own to start with after being
separated from the parent. If a well-flowered specimen
clump is desired, the offsets may be allowed to remain
attached to the parent; they will, in most cases, flower
the second year under generous treatment. Amaryllis
Belladonna and the plant known as A. longiflora (really
a Crinum) are hardy in the District of Columbia ; A.
longiflora thrives even in damp, heavy soils, with no
protection, and flowers abundantly each year. The seeds
are about the size of a chestnut, and if not gathered as
soon as ripe, they are apt to germinate on the surface of
the ground during the next rainy spell succeeding the
ripening. A . Belladonna needs a warm, sheltered spot,
with deep planting. Cult. by G. W. Oliver.

Bellad6ima, Linn. Belladonna Lilt. Fig. 77. Scape
2-4 ft., with a 2-lvd. dry spathe or involucre just under-
neath the umbel: fls. lily-like, short-tubed, and flaring,
with pointed segments and style, and 6 stamens deflexed,
on short pedicels, fragrant, normally rose-color; scape
solid : Ivs. strap-shaped, canaliculate and acute. B.M.
733. Gn. 33:641, 47, p. 46, 49, p. 276, 54:414. G.C. III.
24:315. An old favorite. There are varieties ranging
from white to red, and varying in shape and size of fls.
A. 6Mnrf(i, Gawl (B.M. 1450), is a large form, with white
fls., fading to blush. A. Hdllii, Hort., said to be from
N. China, and reported as hardy in New England, is
apparentlv a Lyeoris. For var. rosea perf^cta, si-c Gt.
4.">, p. 41:1": spectabilis tricolor, I",!', :;"-. S. ■■ r^'m^-

toT A. Jferine; Sprekelia. ior A. f>ti I,' - ■ : n-

bergia for .4. iufea; Vallota for ^. /' ' '>-

ranthes for A. Atamnseo and candi.l I : in;;

tradenamesprobably belongtoother I.'! iM r 1, im -t h:.. ly
to Hippeastrum: A.crocea, Gravedim, warniulliu, re-
fi'ilgetis. A. eruMscens, of Horsford's Cat., 1899 (by
mistake printed crnhescens), is Zephyranthes erubes-
cens, Wats. It is not now offered.

L. H. B.

AMASONIA (after Thoinas Amason, early American
traveler). i'erlencU'e(e. Greenhouse shrub from Trini-
dad, with long, tubular, hairy yellow fls. and bright red
bracts, which remain attractive two or three months at
a. time.

calycina, Hook. f. (.1. ;ji(»i'(-ea,Hort. notVahl.). Lvs.
6-12 in. loTi^i. illiptir. acuminate, coarsely Irregularly
toothed or >iim:ii. . -I.ilnoiis, except the floral ones : fls.
lX-2 in. l.iTii:. di i"i|.iiiu", oalyx Dearly 1 in. long, red.
B.M.G'Ji:.. Cn.l'T: t7;t. R.B. 20: 13.

AMBEOSlNIA (Giacinti Ambrosini, an Italian).
Aro'idew. A dwarf, perennial, tuberousherbof Italy and
Algeria. Half-hardy; planted in the open or in pot.s,
and blooms in the fall. A single species.

57

op. by seeds
horticulturists,
.. are our native

Canadensis, :Miai<

■cu;n„h,atc,n,icl!/serrah:
ceolatc. oblanceolate or spatulate.
r.iMMciN Shad-bush. Tree, 25-40

'''!''Hl', r 1 ii'jiped : trunk tall,

!l 1 i! i\"s. oval or ovate,

' i I '!,■ at base, sharply

Ark.

Fla

Botryapium, DC. (A. Canadensis, var. oblonffi folia,
Torr. & Gray). Common Dwarf .Juneberry. Bush or
small tree : lvs. and flower-stalks whit isli woolly when
yoUug, often iit-arh- ui- .|iiiii- uiai'i-oiis \\ hm old; lvs. ob-
long, broadly illi|.nr;,l. s,.M,,rii (■,.,',|:ii....ii,.n iiuinted at
base :

fls. smaller: fr. jiih'v.df - 1 ihnoi-. Xrvv Unniswick

to mhi.. west u. M... and .Mini,. 1;.M. 7i;i:i. (i.e. III.
21:333. S.S.4:l:i:.. a^.l. (■.(/. r,,;.'„.s,s \ar. .i'."r,i//.s',Sarg.

AsUtica, Einll, i A . r,,,,.,,],-,,^;.^. var. Jai,,:,, ira, Mia.

A.Jap<;,ncu.]i,.vt.K SiiKill in- with .-1.11.1, r I, ranches:

lvs. ovate-ellii.tical, acute, densely woollv when voung:

' n (. cLUipound Chma and Jap

L Pitali broad ohoiate

ohgocArpa Rot m Low shrub 2-9 ft nearly glabrous
throughout h ■. thin nan owl) ovate or oblong pomted
It each end finely and sharply serrate racemes few
flowered petals broad ohovate fr dark blue purple
pear shaped with heavy blc om swctt of pronounced
flivor bwamps Lab to \ \ GF 1 .47
VA Li !)Hid I lti( I , mil 1 at apex coaisily
'.i.iiuti ui d ntiit

alnifdha >,utt Fig 7h Shrub 1\ thi k I load
<\\\ oi lit Illy circular con h t tl It w ud the
i| \ yptils narrow!) obovati i 11 i It uii ate
tr d Ilk ] urple or blue with 1 I t i 1 i \ t 1UK^

-W ( lilt t , Mich N(wMe\ ui 1 « tH ,i 1 ( F 118o

rotundifoha

Bissii, Linn. Three or 4 inches : lv.s. 2 or 3, over-
topping the spathe, the leaf-blade ovate or ovate-ellip-
tic, obtuse, often refuse: spathe % in. long, tipped with
a brown tail, divided lengthwise, the anthers being in
one compartment (which has a hole to admit insects),
and the solitary ovary in the other, thus preventing au-
tomatic close pollination. B.M. Clino. — Prop, by seeds
started inside or in frames, or by divi~;ion in spring.
There is a narrow-leaved form (var. aii.iusl iii'iliu . ( lii.ss.),
a spotted-leaved form (var. macuh'iln, I'.nyl.r i , .-11111 a
form with pale green reticulations (var. nti.-idnta,
Engler). L. H. B.

AHELANCHIEB (Savoy name). liosAcew. Shrubs
or small trees of Eu.,Asia and Amer. : lvs. alternate,
simple, usually serrate : fls. white, in racemes, rarely
solitary ; calyx tube campanulate, 5-lobed, lobes narrow,
reflexed, persistent ; petals 5 ; ovary 2-5-celled, each
subdivided and containing'2 ovules: berry round or ob-
long, with prominent cavity, red or dark purple, sweet,
juicy. Temperate regions around the globe. Species
few and closely related. Desirable for ornament, the
dwarf varieties also valuable as fruit-bearing plants.

tor

( ' \ ar rotundifblia

1 111 I 11 h lis rounded,
coais(l) en )te tr iipenmg after 4
Canadensis N Brunswick to Mmn

spioita, Dec Small bush 1-3 ft lvs
elliptic or oval, rounded at both ends or
somewhat cordate at base : fls , in numer-
ous 4-10-fld. racemes : plant woolly on
young growths, but becoming glabrous.
Dry, rocky places. Pa. and N. J.

VTilgiria, Miinch. Sekvice-berry. Dwarf
shrub ; lvs. roundish, coarsely serrate,
woolly beneath when young : racemes short ; petals long-
narrowly oblanceolate : fr. blue-black. Cent. Eu. — Cult,
for ornament ; also for fr. under the name of European
Juneberry. Fred W. Card.

AMES, FKEDERICK LOTHKOP (June 8, 1835-Sept.
13, 1893), of the fourth generation of a family distin-
guished in the history of Massachusetts enterprise, was
born in North Eastou, in that state. He was graduated
from Harvard College in the class of 1854, and devoted
his life to the niaiuiirement of great commercial and in-
dustriil [III. I.-;- Husiness did not occupy all his atten-
tion; ! I \\'<w of Harvard College, a trustee of
th.- y\ ■' I ! i ■ S.iciety for Promoting Agriculture,
aii.l ol III.' Mil-, mil of Pino Arts; and an active and
. liarital.l.- aii.l lic'nevoleht institu-
li.iir.iii ..f art- aii.l sciences, he was
laiin-' til.' in.r. as., of knowledge in
laii ri s.an-li. i)..\'oted through his
Uture, lie gained distinction lor his
knowledge of tropical orchids and
cultivation, and his collection of these plants at his
try place in his native town was the most complete

faithful dir.-.t.ii
tions. Amuiiili.
successful in M
many fields of
whole life to hoi
wide and

58

AMES

in the New World. His important M'rvii-c< to bntany and
horticulture are commemorated in /> ■ I.. ./.Mm,
Leelia anceps var.Amesiana,Phiil' I' I Sines,

Cypripedium Amesiatmm, Cyprii . var.

Amesianum, Vanda Amesiana, .s;.-,-,, , . ,, .i „>,-.,, ma,
Miltonia vexiUaria var. Ameainn.i, u.i..fh-,jut.^^ttm
Bossiif var. Amesiana, and Cattleya Uaidyuna var.
Amesiana. C. S. Sargent.

AMHfiRSTIA (Countess Amherst and her daughter,
Lady Amherst, promoters of botany in India). Legn-
minbsiv. One of the noblest of flowering trees, native
to India, where it reaches a height of 40 ft. and more.
Gaudy red fls. 8 in. long, with wide-spreading petals, the
upper ones gold-tipped, and colored petal-like bracts, in
long, hanging racemes : Ivs. pinnate, nearly 3 ft. long.
The tree first flowered in Eng. in 1849. It requires hot-
house treatment. The fls. last only 2 or3 days. Demands
rich, loamy soil, and abundant moisture during the grow-
ing season, after which the wood must be ripened firm.
B.M. 4453. P. 8.5:513-516.

ahiAnthium.

! Zyijadenus

AMMOBIUM (Greek, living in sand). Compisita.
Hardy herb, cult, as an everlasting or immortelle. Florets
Perfect, yellow, surrounded by a dry, silvery white invo-
lucre, and subtended by chaffy scales; pappus of 2 bris-
tles and 2 teeth. Commonly treated as an annual, but
seeds are sometimes sown in Sept., and the plant treated
as a biennial. Of easiest culture, the seeds being sown
where the plants are to grow. In the X., sow seeds in
spring. Cut the fls. before they are fully expanded, and
hang i n a dry, shady place. They will then remain white.

alatum, R. Br. Three ft. or less high, erect and
branchy, white-cottonj', the branches broadly winged :
early root-lvs. ovate at the ends and long-tapering be-
low (javelin-shaped) ; st.- Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate,
entire or nearly so : heads 1-2 in. across, the involucre
becoming pearly white. Australia. A large-headed form
is var. grandifldrun. L. g. b.

A1IIM6CHAEIS (ammus, sand; cAaris, beauty). Ama-
ryllidih-eif. Greenhouse bulb from Cape of Good Hope.
J. (t. Baker, Amaryllideffi, p. 9C. For cult., see Bulbs.

falcita. Herb. Bulb ovoid, sometimes 6-9 in. in diam.,
with brown tunics : Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, 1 in. wide, strap-
shaped, spreading, produced before the Ivs.: fls. 20-10,
in an umbel, bright red, fragrant. Winter. Probablv
the fruit figured in B.M. 1443 is that of a Bninsvigiii,
mismatched with the flowers.

Ammocharis falcata requires rich, loamy soil. It
starts to grow in the spring. Give plenty of water during
growing season in summer. It can be cultivated out-of-
doors. When perfected and finished in autumn, the bulb
can be put under the greenhouse bench ; keep moder-
ately drv in sand or earth ; can be potted in January,
after wliich it will soon throw out its fine, fragrant
blooms. Cult, ijy H. A. Siebrecht.

AMMdPHILA (Greek, sand-loi-ing). Gramhterc. A
coarse perennial, with long, hard rootstocks. Spikelets
1-fld., in large, spike-like panicles, jointed above the
empty glumes: flowering glume surrounded at the base
by a tuft of hairs : axis of spikelet terminating in a small
bristle-like rudiment. .Species one. Eu. and N. Amer.

areniria, Link. {A. arundinacea. Host.). Beach
Grass. Marram Grass. Abundant along the sandy
coasts of the Atlantic, and the great lakes. Adapted for
binding drifting sands of coasts. p g ^^^^^^

AMdMUM (Greek-made name). Scitamini>ce<F. Hot-
house ginger-like herbs, with narrow entire Ivs., and fls.
in dense cone-like spikes, which are usually near the base
of the plant or on a scape. Closely allied to Alpinia
(which see for culture).

C&rdamon, Linn. Cardasion. Thick, spicy, lanceolate
Ivs. : plant 4-8 ft. : fls. brownish, in a recumbent com-
pound spike. E. Ind. Produces the Cardamon seeds of

AMOKPHOPHALLUS

Not to be confounded with Elettaria Carda-
momum (which see).

Otherspeciesare J..anf7U«(iftZium, Sonner.with linear-lanceo-
late Ivs. and yellow fls., Madag. : A. Ddnielli. Hook., Ivs. lance-
oblong and fl. large, red and yellow, Afr.; A. Oranum-Parad\si,
Linn. (A. grandiflonim, Smith), with colored stems and white-
tinted fls., Afr.; A. magnificum, Benth. & Hook. (Alpinia mag-

pinia vittata ; A. vitellinum, Lindl., with ovid Ivs. and yeUow
fls.,E. Ind. L_ g_ B.

AM6KPHA (Greek amorphos, deformed; the fls. are
destitute of wings and keel). LeguminitscE. Shrubs :
Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate, deciduous, with entire leaf-
lets : fls. in dense, terminal spikes, small,papilionaceous,
but without wings and keel ; stamens exserted : pod
short, slightly curved, with 1-2 seeds. Eight species,
6 in N. Amer. Hardy flowering shrubs, with graceful fo-
liage, well adapted for small shrubberies, especially in
somewhat dry and sunny situations. Prop, usually by
seeds ; also by greenwood cuttings under glass in early
summer, or by hardwood cuttings, placed in sheltered
situations early in fall and left undisturbed till the fol-
lowing autumn. They may be grown, also, from layers
and suckers.

caniscens, Nutt. Lead Pi-ant. Low shrub, 1-3 ft.,
densely white-canescent : Ivs. sessile, 2-4 in. long, leaf-
lets 21-49, nearly sessile, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 4-7
lines long : fls. blue, the spikes crowded into terminal
panicles. June. S. states. Mn. 5:707. B.M. 6618. R.H.
1896:280. — Handsome free-fiowering shrub of dense
habit, well adapted for rockeries and borders of shrub-
beries in sunny and well-drained situations.

fraticdsa, Linn. Bastard Indigo. Shrub, 5-20 ft.:
Ivs. petioled, 6-16 in. long, leaflets 11-21, oval or elliptic,
mostly obtuse and mucronulate : spikes dense, 3-6 in.
long, usually in panicles ; fls. dark purple. From Wis.
and Pa. south. B.R. 5: 427.- Interesting ornamental
shrub of spreading habit, with fine, feathery foliage ;
remarkable for the unusual color of its dark violet-
purplish fls. A very variable species; slightly differing
forms have been described, and are cult, under many dif-
ferent names, as, e. g. : A. Caroliniana, Croora; eroceo-
lanata, Wats.; dealbata. Sort.; elata, Sort.; fragrans,
Sweet; glabra, Best.; Icevigala, i^utt.; icwisi, Lodd.;
Litdoviciana, Hort. ; mimosifoUa,'QoTt.; or»ofa , Wend. ;
paniciilata, Torr. & Gr. ; Tennesseensis, Shuttlew. ;
Ti-rnnn. Buckl.

One tt. lnu'l liiiiu'. 'lowdeu, ^IfiLnliilar be-
neath : ^\'\\. lii/iri Minn, and Iowa west to
Rocky Mt- - Alli.-I In A. fruticosa. Peren-
nial. 2-^> ft '1 ; Irartfts broad, coriaceous':

spikes sinu-ir . I ir V >.i;,i.. Alfred Rehder.

AMOKPHOPHALLUS i cireek-made name). AroXdem.
(iiaiit an.i.ls, tn.in Tli.- i astern tropics, grown ascuriosi-
tiis iM liMilMiU-i -. Spathr ( or "flower") springing from
tlir_!. •! ;,. tuberin advanceof the Ivs., the latter

u-s 'Tiipound: differs from Arum and re-

laii : - linical characters. Monogr. by Engler

in In ( III! Hi - .^[^'nographi£B Phanerogamarum, vol. 2,
lS7;i.

Amorphophalluses are propagated by offsets of the
tubers. Towards the end of March the plants should be
taken from their winter quarters and placed on the
stages of a moderately warm greenhouse and kept moist,
where, if the tubers are strong enough, they will soon
flower. The leaves begin to grow immediately after the
flowering season. Towards the end of May they should
be planted out in the open ground, or they may be used
in subtropical bedding. Plants should be lifted in the
fall, before frost, and potted in any good, rich soil, and
placed in a warm greenhouse to ripen off the leaves, after
which they may be stored away under the greenhouse
stages, or any convenient place where the temperature
does not fall below 50°, giving just sufiieient moisture to
keep the tubers from shriveling.

Cult, by Edward J. Canning.

AMORPHOPHALLUS

KiviM, Dur. Devil's Tongue. Snake Palji. Fig. 79.
Scape (sent up in early spring) preceding the Ivs., 3-4 ft.,
darii colored and speckled with light red: If. often 4 ft.
across, pedately decompound, the petiole mottled, stand-
ing OD-a stalk like an umbrella ; spathe
rosy, calla-like, with a long-project-
ing and slender dark red slightly
curved spadix, the whole "flower"
often measuring ;f ft. long. Cochin
China. R.H. 1871, p. 573. -The best
known species in Amer. gardens.
Has a strong and disagreeable otli'V
campanul4tU3, Blume. Stani.i:\ -

less) spathe nearly or quite 2 ft.

broad and 15 in. high, with a hori-
zontal, spreading fluted bor-
der! not calla-like), red-purple

' on the margin and grayish,

spotted white lower down, and

becoming purple in the cen-
ter : spadix 10-12 in. high,

lb7i 1720, 1721 ; 111. 5:755.

glgantSus, Blanc. "Fl. larger
than A. campamtlatns (often 2
ft ncross) and much more pleas-
in.^ in color, shading from deep
red to cream color towards the
center. The club-shaped spadix
is dark maroon, with yellow and
red b;i-r. Affcf flowering, the
foln_n- M.iii .ipiirars.- a stout
stem .'1 ^Iri |. ^1, . II ,-..lur, mottled
with f.'riiy. All. r -r.iwing at the
. rate of sevi-rai ; i • i . - n dm . it .-x-

of a rich, dark green color, often mill- ^ -s.-'

Blanc, 1892, received "under this iiaiip irin hi.iiii. .1.
campanulatus / Probably not the ,i. ;/>;/. i/i/., is i.i Bhmie.

Simlense, Blanc. "Fl. 15 in. long, the inside of peculiar
golden color, spotted purple; the back is metallic brown.
Fine palm-like foliage." The rut in Blanc's catalogue
shows a spathe produced inf" :i I-'hl- t'oliiifr-rms summit,

and a long, slender, recum -' - ' ' I '•■■luhly of some

other genus : very likely nt. -

A. Af-rfa, Hort. fCni-ynoii!,:ii ,,i ~ v., i, ^ li'H ' - Hydrosrae
l,prtnPT)sis — ^ F'o-hh'ri HiHik 1. >p;a;iL .: iii.;iM..iss.piirpleaud
\v!i:i.. -I :..;:.'.-:■ M ; : - 1 , , iliick, lirowii : If. single, much di-
\ \ :. : -.1 . Zacourtf, Linden. (Pseudodra-

'■■'■■ I. ' !: Pi-tioles barred withyellow: blades

i.hi.:, ,,,i -I., I, -I- Aliitf. Cochin China. I.H. 2.t: 316.—

A. i-L / .':/' I.. >. -\ ; iii .. a Hydrnsnie T.fnpnldiaiia. Masters).

AMPELOPSIS

59

79 Inflorescence and

Amorphophallu

I.H.W:23 ;'

able plants knowu. Tuber 5 ft. iiniir.: If.- stalk 111 ft. i If. -blade
45 ft. in ch-c. : spathe 3 ft.in diam.: spadix 6 ft. high. Bloomed
at Kew in 1890, the tuber dying thereafter. Sumatra. B.M.
7153-5. G.C. 111. 5:748. L. H. B.

AMPEL6PSIS (Greek ampeJos. vine, and -./..m'.s. like-
ness). Vit&ce(p. Shrubs, climbing by tendrils opjin.siti-
the Ivs.: Ivs. alternate, petioled, di^ritati-. lii|iiniiati- or
simple : corymbs opposite the Ivs. or tirminal : ris. jur-
fect, greenish and small ; petals and stamens u.sually 5 ;
fr. a 1-4-seeded berry. Allied to Vitis, but easy to dis-
tinguish, even in the winter state, by its bark bearing
lenticels and the white pith of the branches, while Vitis
has a shredding bark and brownish pith. About 20 spe-
cies in N. Amer., E. Asia and Himal. Hardy and orna-
mental climbing vines, thriving in almost any soil.
Prop, by seeds and by hardwood or greenwood cuttings.
A. quinqnefolia is usually increased by hardwood cut-
tings, while A. tricuspidata grows best from seeds
planted under glass or out-of-doors ; also from green-
wood cuttings in spring or early summer, under glass.
Layers also'root readily. All species may be prop, by

cuttings with a good eye placed in sandy soil under hell-
glass,.s i., <,.j,t ■\foiiogr. by Planchon"in De Candolle,
JI"ii'_-' .iii!,i |M, , II. rogamarum, 5:447-463. Cf. Cissus.
a. / . I 'lisk-bearing : berries dark purple

■ ' ' ''"oiii, pea-sized. (Parthenocissiis.)
quinquefdlia, Jlichx. (A.hederdcea, DC. Vitis guinque-
fdlia,lj&m.). Virginia Creepek. Fig.80. High-climbing:
Ivs. digitate ; Ifts. usually 5, elliptic or oblong-obovate,
coarsely serrate. X.Anier. Em. 2: 535. Var. radicantls-
sima, Te 111. i . Y.i,:i- in m. li. s and Ifts. beneath pubes-
• . ii : I . I , iiiitications and well devel-

.: \ 1.1 .1. r . :, l;elider. (^. 7iederdcfa, var.

//'■.. ,. . I I el and «!i(r(57is, Hort.). In-

11..1 1 -. . li. . iiii.l i.h.iiiis i I, ., the former ; Ifts. glaucous
anil ;,'lai. Hills iirii, aili. N'ar. Engelmanni, llort. Similar

latiJblia, I M]ii.. i .1 /,'..' ./^ /. llort. i. i if viL.'or..us growth :
Ivs. very large, shilling. Var. Graebneri, Helnler. Pubes-
cent, intense scarlet in fall. Gt. 48: 14U2. Var. viticea,
Knerr. Aerial roots none, and the tendrils scarcely disc-
be;vring : berries large and early. Mich, to Kans. Does
not cling to walls. — A very valuable climber of vigorous
^ r .... ih. ..h -ring bright scarlet in autumn ; the varieties
■ i;i a and niiirorHm well adapted for covering
i-iiig firmly, growing more straight upward
1 iiiiii 111' i.illowing species.

tricuspidata. Si.l,. & Zucc. (^1. Veitchi, Hort. A.
Ji'ii;'//. ■. ll.iit. V I ;i iiic6nstans, Miq.). Japanese Ivv.
BosT.ix I\v. li-s. 81,82. High-climbing, with short
and lUsriienius i.tnlrils : Ivs. 3-lobed or 3-foliolate,

both sides : ne'em.--' sh.irf-sralke.l. i 'Inna, .lap. K.B.
1877:11. Qns.'. 4::;.-.:i. li:;7:i.-.\ hanly an.i vel■^ u-eful
climber, clinij:in:.' iiriiil\' and ...i\iri!iir \\alls .len-rly ;
the glossy foliage stands .Inst and smoke well, and turns
to a brilliant orange and scarlet in fall. Probably the
favorite of all hardy vines in cities.
AA. TendriU ivitlwut disks: not climbing very high.
B. LfS. not Inh, J nr nn; h) fririispidate.

cordata, Michx. ( \"f,-< ,„,/,,;,,„, wiiid. cissus Am-
peldpsis, Peru.). Nearl\ -lalir.iii- : Ivs. cord.atp. round-
ish-ovate, acuminate, aeuielv serrate : berries bluish or
greenish. From 111. and Ohio south.

BB. Lvs. 3-^-lobed or divided.

heterophylla, Sieb. & Zucc. Lvs. cordate, slightly 3-
or deeply 3-5-lobed, nearly gliibrous and shining be-
neath, lobes serrate or incised : berries light blue, punc-

A^

tate. E.Asia. B.M. 5682. Gt. 1873: 765. -Well adapted
for covering rocks and low trellis work ; handsome in
autumn, with its freely produced light blue berries.

Var. 61egaii8, Koch lA. tricolor, Hort.). Lvs.
blotched and striped with white, flushed pink when
young : slow-growing and tender. Gn. 54, p. 5,

60

aconitifdlia, Runs
Hort.). Lv-. :; n,
nately \"h,.\. ^liinii
riessiiKill.
dissecld. (

AMPELOPSIS

Vi I \ 11 aconitifdlia
1 II 1 U often pin
I 1 1 I ( neath ber

dissecta Koehne {A
I Hert ) Lts

lu 1 1 lits pinnatifid

graceful climber foi

serjaniaefdlia, Bunge. Roots tuberous : Ivs. 3-5-parte<d
or digitate, cbartaceous, shining and dark green above,
the divisions pinnate, with winged rachis, the pinnte
separate from the wings : berry small, blue, punctate.
Jap., N. China. Gt. 1C:531. R.H. 1870,p. 17.

BBB. Lvs. bipinnaie, leaflets distinctly stalked.

arbbrea, Koehne ( Vltis bipinndta, Torr. & Ur. Vlssus
stdns, Pers.). St. erect or somewhat climbing: pinnw
and leaflets usually 5 ; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate,
coarsely toothed, V„_iUin. long: berries dark purple.
S. states, Mex.

A. tnpinndta, Mi-i' \ t'.'.'i ) '■ ■ ■: 'i rnhita,
Koehne=A. hetei"! ' i li i ct.-ro-

phylla. — A. I>avi<h<i 'i i ">"■/«,

Hort.=A. aconilh-. . I ' . 1 h ^A.

quinquel'iili:! ■. I, /"./.,■■• II : ■, ., , tmiro-

rum.-.l.// ■/' H-.i! \ .,.,., , 1 ; , - l;„„jje.

=A.h("lri..:. > . ■ ,! I . ' ■ • . .lata.—

acoiiitifolia. — A.tuberdaa, Carr.^A. hcrjauia'foliu.— ..i. Viitctii,
Hort.=A. tricuspidata.— -A. Firi7mid7io, Hort.=A.quinqiiefolia.
Alfred Rehdek.

AMPELOVlTIS.

AMPHICARPaiA (Greek, alluding to the two kinds
of fruits). Lfi/umindste. A half-dozen little herbaceous
vines of E. Amer. and Himalayas, bearing subterranean
cleistogamous fls.: lvs. pinnate, of 3 leaflets: fls. small,
purplish. Two common species are A. monoica. Nutt.,
and A. Pilclieri, Torr. & (iray (also known as Falcata
; and F. Pitcheri). Not known to be in cult.

AMPHIC6ME {amphi, both, and kome, hair ; the seeds
bavingatuft of hair at both ends). Bignonittcew, Green-
house herbaceous rockery plants from the Himalayas,
with laree, rosy, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed fls.

A. argitta, Royle. Height 3 ft.: leaflets in 3^ pairs, sessile,
lanceolate, acuminate, deeply serrate : fls. in terminal racemes,
fewer tlian in the next ; corolla tube not orange-colored ; calyx
lobes long, awl-shaped. P.M. 6:79.—^. Emddi. Royle. Height
lH-3 ft. : leaflets in 5-7 pairs, cordate-ovate, obtuse, shortly
petiolulate, margin crenate-lobate : fls. at first corymbose : co-
rolla tube and throat orange : calyx lobes short, thick, fleshy.
B.M. 4890. Gn. 8, p. 25. Gn. 38, p. 458. F.S. 11:1109.

ANACARDIUM

AMSdNIA in lined for Charles Amst
Ansonia ipnci/>iucew Tough barkf 1
of eastern N Amer and Jap with ti i
blue or bluish nai row limbed small fl
the inside of the corolla tube beam
Grown in the biu\\ 1 )ulpt riiistl

osth

B M

L BC

Holds its toll.,, l.te N <
:,92 B R lol G W P 48

angUBtifdlia Michx {A cihdta,VfiL\t ) Villous when
young the stem 1-3 ft h s linear to lance linear, an
inch or two long much crowded, margins becoming revo
lute : corolla lobes ovate-oblong to linear-oblong. S.
states. Int. 1883. l. jj. B.

AMYGDAL6PSIS. See Pntniis.

AMYGDALUS (Greek-made name, referring to the
furrow.il pit), l/nxdcew. A name given to the peaches,

"Pric

■lie g

AN ACAMPSEROS (Greek-made name). Portulac&oeoe .
Succulent herbs, of a dozen species, from the Cape of
Good Hope, but not grown in this country except in bo-
tanic gardens. They are greenhouse plants, with ovate
fleshy lvs., fls. expanding in the sun ; prop, by seeds or
by cuttings of stems or leaves.

ANACARDIUM (name refers to the heart-shaped char-
a.'ter .it the nut). Atinrardiiceip. Eight or ten species
native to the Amer. tropics, of which one is widely cult. :
occidentale, Linn. Cashew.
A large, spreading tree, very
impatient of frost, and there-
fore adaptable only
southern Fla. in the U. S. :
lvs. oval, rounded, or even
emarginate at the top ; fls.
rosy tinted, fragrant, in pani-
aating the young
branches : nut kidney-shaped
or heart-shaped, the size of a
hi.-2:e bean, the kernel edible,
borne on a fleshy

82. Ampelopsis tricuspidata.

receptacle (the cashew applejwhich varies from the size
of a cherry to that of a pear, from white to yellow and
red, and is acid and edible. Gn. 11, p. 211. — A vinous
liquor is made from the apple. The kernel of the nut
yields oil, and is edible when roasted ; the shell of the
nut is exceedingly acrid, even the fumes from the

ANACARDIUM

roasting being higlily irritant. The tree yields a gum
w'iiich is the basis of a varnish, being used to protect
booiis and woodwork from the ravages of white ants and
other insects. The tree grows 20-40 ft. high. L. H. B.

ANAGALLIS (Greeli, meaning delightful). Primuld-
<-eri-. Pi.MPERNEL. Anuual, biennial or perennial herbs
cult, in the open. In Amer. only the anuual species arc
generally known. Fls. axillary : Ivs. in pairs or 3's.
These are easily grown in a warm soil, the seed usually
l.ein^'s.iwii wlHretliejilaiitsartln grow. The perennials

arv6nsis,Liuii. 1'oouM.\n's\Vkather-gi,ass. Spread-
ing and low : Ivs. ovate, pule, shorter than peduncles :
Hs. small, red to white, the petals fringed with glandular
teeth. Annual. Eu. — Often runs wild. Fls. said to
close on the approach of rain.

Var. caeriUea, Neilr (A cm-iilea. Lam ) Blue fl«
Supposed to be more tender

liniffilia, Linn. More upright a foot high Ivs linear
or lanceolate : fls. ^im in <ln>ii line ^U\\^ ii mied
varieties, in various colors m I I i ii I i i i 1 i | i
ennial, but most of the niim n

are supposed to be forms ( i i i \u

drews (blue annual). Ail ^ h u i \ m li ii

greenhouse); A. Moiilli, Lain
A. Wilmoredna, Hook (purple)
B.M. 319, 831 (as ^ ■ '

(bhit f,re. iiliimse)
S Eu and N Afi
3380 -The hienni i

cult.

L cool greenhouses

L n B

ANANAS (modified fiom aboriginal b Amer name)
Written also il««)iass(t Btomehutece Stove herbs ai
lied to the Billbergias, and demanding the same general
treatment. As ornamental subjects, grown mostly foi
the rosette of rigid Ivs. and the strange often colored
head of fleshy lis., which are 6-cleft, with 6 stamens and
one style. The ripe head is composed of the thickened
rachis, in which the fleshy berry is imbedded, and the
fleshy persistent bracts ; in the pineapple, the fls. are
abortive. Prop, by the leafy crown or topknot, by
strong suckers, or by small offsets from the base : these
are treated as cuttings, being rooted in sand with bottom
heat, or in the S. set directly in the field. Monogr. by
Mez, DC, Monogr. Phaner. 9.

satlvus, Schult. f. Pineapple, which see for field cul-
ture. Fig. 83. Plant producing a single shaft 2-4 ft.
high, and when 12-20 iiios. „l,l bearing a head or pine-

Thesame\tal'k .l!'.!-' liM hrar'a'-'c ,'■!!, ,,1 uuu\ r,,!l'ai,''iv

Better results are usually secured liy severing the
sucker or crown, and growing a new plant. Amer.
tropics. B.M. 1554. B.R. 1081. -There is a common
cult, form (var. variegalii or strnlifdlia ) , with striped Ivs.
Gn. 51, p. 57. A.Pnrf, ./«</.<. Ku.Ii. is a formof ^. sad'riis,
with olive-green, shai|. -|iiii.Ml Iv-. with a yellow central
'lis,.-!. IImii., is another form (in-

.\ . i.r.iri. <}h,.y. s, imit. t',. is a showy species with red heads,
a1! ■' ' I ■- ■ ■ ill:,' elongated, spiny and prominent. Braz.
l: M ■: :; •..l..! l.y Mez as a form of A. sativus.-4.mM-
" "' I \i ■ like a Bromelia. has large toothed bracts.

I'l.i - 1 M..ni,'.'niiA. Hort., a form of A. sativus probably,
lias vanesxate.l spineless Ivs. L, ^ ^

ANAFHALIS (Greek name of a plant). CompisiUe.
Everlasting. Much like Antennaria, but differs in the
pappus-bristles of the staminate fls. not being thickened
(these are thickened upwards in that genus) and the
St. leafy. Hardy border plant ; useful for immortelles.

margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. A foot or two high,
witli many euryiubose heads, white : Ivs. sessile, linear-
ianeeulate, I(.iii,'-].ointed : involucre pearly white, hence
tie- vahp- lit tlie plant as an everlasting. N. states.

ANARRHiNUM (snoutless). Scrophulariiceoe. A
dozen biennials and perennials of S. Eu. and N. Afr.
Allied to Antirrhinum, but not cult, in tl "
Fls. small, in spike-like racemes, white or blue.

ANASTATICA. See Resurreetioii Plant.i.

ANDROMEDA 01

ANCHtlSA (anchousa, a paint for the skin). Bora-
gindceo!. Alkanet. Hardy plants, with fls. blue or pur-
ple, in panicled scorpioid racemes, the corolla trumpet-
shaped and the throat closed by scales. Of easy cult, in
sunny position. Prop, by seed generally.

A. Fls. small, like forget-me-nots.

BarreliArl, Vilm. Perennial: height 2 ft. : Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, smaller and shorter than in A. Italica : fls.
with a white tube and pink throat. May. Eu. and Asia
Minor. B.M. 2349. — Valued for its earliness, and for cut
Hs. The hast common of the three species.

Capensis, Thunb. Biennial: height IK ft. : Ivs. nar-
rowly hiiir.nhite and less hispid than in A. Italica : fls.
leil-iiiaru^iiied, with a white throat ; buds red ; calyx in-
flated after the fl. has withered ; divisions short, obtuse.
June-Sept. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1822. -Fine for
cut fls. Often winter-killed, but seeds itself freely.
A A. Fls. large.

Ittilica, Retz. Perennial : height 3-5 ft. : Ivs. largest
of the three species here contrasted, ovate-lanceolate,
rough, shining ; radical ones sometimes 2 ft. long.
Mediterranean. B.M. 2197. L.B.C. 14: 1383.-lf not al-
lowed to go to seed, will bloom continuously from June
to Sept. Commonest and perhaps best species.

A.Agdrdhii.liehTa. Lvs. linear. Siberia. Rare.- 4. myoso(i-
difl&ra. Lehm. Lvs. large : raiiieal ones long-petiolate, cordate-
reniform : eauliii. <.ii.^ v.. -Mr, n\-a\. Siberia, Caucasus.— 4.
o/^teina/is. LiiiTi \ .' r.,.......]..,.. ■ radical ones clustered : fls.

opening in pairs -im. i' I i i^.M. 1897 is A. ofifieinahs var.
angustitolia. — .1 l.ian- Lvs. broadly ovate;

lowerones peti.ilini i p.m. , -Imrt, generally bracted at the
base. Eu. Esteemed in i ranee. J. B. KELLER and W. M.

ANDtSA (Brazilian name). Leguminbsce. Nearly 30
species of tropical Amer. trees, with conspicuous fls. in
racemes. Two or three species are
hothouses in the Old World.

ANDR6MEDA (Greek mythological name). Erica-
cea. Low shrub, quite glabrous: lvs. small, evergreen,
entire, short-petioled: fls. pedicelled, in terminal umbels;
corolla globose-urceolate, with 10 included stamens :
capsule splitting into 5 carpels, with numerous very small
seeds. One species through the northern hemisphere ;
in America from Penn. northward, and Alaska. Low,

ANDROMEDA

evergreen shrub, with dc
or sandy soil. Prop. 1>;
maturity, in pots or pan
coolframe. Thev germii

the wiiit'.-r. uill'r..ot r;,-il' ,.,,..,,;,, i,,, . r^

See,al^io. /,,,„,,//,,„■. rA,,„. . , ;.„.. , /•-, , - „„.\/. u..i„.,.

polifdUa, Limi. i_L ,'.,',.,'..:',,;. Purahj. One-half
to 2 ft.: Ivs. oliioii- l:,iM , M|:,t, .,v linear, %-VAiD. long,
whitish-glaucous Im in ;ii li. \> iili strongly revolute mar-
gins: fls. noddiuir. whitr ,„■ pink. June. L.B.C.6:546,
16:1591, 18: 1714. -There are a number of forms, diJfering
in the color and size of the fls. and shape of the Ivs.

A.acwmt7iffM.Ait.=Leneothoepopulifolia.— .-l.arfoorea, Linn.
= Oxydeuilniiii iirl.nreum. - a. axillnris. Mic-lux.-- Lem-othoij

Ma.rinuik.—A.iiit"i"
= Pieris ovalifoli;i
A. parab6tica,'D\\'ii
cothoe popolifoliii — l

la.', s.espe-
spikes ter-
node of the
t; the other
■ reduced to

Miehx.= Zenobia pulvenilentu.—
tetnigona. — ^. tomentdsa, Hort
ligustriuapubescens. Alfred Rehder

ANDEOPdGON (Greek-nui.l.- ik.ih.-, r.f. rrin- to t
bearded flowers). Graiii'im^i. A |..i|>iiiMr|.l,MU~ -i-m
spread over all parts of tin- w.-rhi m ili. ii-Mpiral a
temperate zones. Tin- s|i. .
cially plains. L\^.n.u:iII.
minal and axillar^
jointed hairy braii>
with a pedicel aw\ ■,;,,■!

a single scale : a stiamhi -i ; i~i..! ;i\',n ).ri-sent. Spe-
cies, about 180. IncludisiN,, ,, , ,-,t I1-. fill |.a-tiiri-
grasses. Twoorthree sj.. r , - , , _ , .■ , ,,-i.iiiail> f..r
ornament. They areof ea-i • ;,'. ■ i . r tinn ~. .iN
or division of clumps.

arginteus, DC. Silveh 1;i \i;i. i .i: i--. A ~t..ut. tall
grass, 2-t ft. high, with a .li-nn. t nn- >.t whit.- hairs at
the nodes : panicles narn.w. -il\ . rl,. ar.l. .1 : If.l.hides
long: spikelets covered with lonj,' wlnii- hairs at the
base : awn 1 in. long. —A handsome ornamental grass.
Probably a form of A. saccharo'ides, Swartz, of Trop.
Amer.

Halep^nais, Brot. Johksos Grass. A stout perennial,
with smooth, erect culms, 3-6 ft. high, and strong,
creeping rootstocks : panicles variable, more or less
drooping, exserted, rays mostly in whorls of 4, rarely 2-6 ;
sessili- spikelets variable ; pedicellate spikelets stami-
iiatr ..r 11. iiir:il, iiiii.li narrower than the sessile ones.

- 1 - ' . I , Aii-iralia. Gn. 13, p. 305. -Abundantly

- Mh. Ill states for hay, where it makes a
v.i I i , _ Ml \\ III II once it has become established
11 Is IV... ! _: .li'i.. .i!t ti. f-rri.lioate, and hence it has
beconu a . . . , . r .', - .....m . . .| in some pai^s. Much
admin-. 1 I .1 Lrrass, and sometimes
cult, ill t.

Schoenantkus, I . i I . ■■/OY)^(«,Hort.).

Lemon Grass. A\ ■ ' .,..., ... .].... i -rass, growing
in fine clumps ."i-r. ■ i . i...rders and as

single lawn sper i 1 1 1 . - .- l Trop. Africa.

Gn. 10, p. 605; IL'. 1 . r.i' -i .,:i. i.i hi.na and Ceylon.
Yields a fragrant oil.i-alK-il both oil of vi-rliena and lemon-
grass oil. Used as a stimulant and antispasmodic for neu-
ralgia and rheumatism, and also in the adulteration of
attar of roses.

I \"'.''' -1/ II i:.. Ml I M, ;..-.. ( -alt. in Ceylon. Yields

I ■ 111 nil.' si.iiii ;ind perfumery.

! ■ .; .iiiiually from this grass.

.- i ;;i'', — .1. .S'irtf/iuj/i. Bret.
.s..i^ I-. .i_;,., i... I h, I.i. - 1,11 tin- varieties of eulti-

vated Sur^lumi ; of i;rf at L-conomic value for sugar, brooms.

. I :.- 1- 111 Europe
1. . .i ml. I Louisiana.
P. B. Kennedy.

ANDROSACE (Greek-made name). Primulacem.
:.. h .1 s'-MiNE. Small tufted plants cult, in the alpine

111. I., ill. ISC known in Amer. being perennials. Fls.

•11- ' .'i I.I 111.- throat, primula-like, in umbels, on
h. I |,i s. Fl. in very early spring. Many

||| . - .!. . II in European gardens, but alpine-gar-

'II J I ii..un in this country, and only those

I'. :, . 1. . M f.iiiud to succeed, and are in

A iial shade, free circulation of

air. .,!',,!. i: : 1 1 nil,' our dry summer months,

111 I fall and spring rains, will

I. . : ' . I'li.armiug alpines. A heavy

-11 -Is in winter will be found of

^i' . i..;i. ' . . ... I iiiL.' is not to be recommended,
l.r.iLu-.. ii -iu...tli. 1- iLu iilants. A great many species
have been tried in this country, with variable and not
very encouraging results, but in a few instances, with
extra care, plants have done well. The northern aspect
of a steep rockery seems to be the most favorable posi-
tiiin fur them. Prop, by division, seeds or cuttings.
Plants sliould be kept in pots until thoroughly es-
'■■'''''-'"•'•■ Cult, by J. B. Keller.

lanugindsa, Wall. Lvs. scattered, oblong-obovate,
acute, 1 in. long, silky-hairy : fls. rose-purple with yel-
low eye, the mouth contracted with a crenated ring, in a
dense umbel : plant 6-10 in. high, with many trailing
shoots, making a good drapery for rocks. Hinial. B.M.
4005. Gn. 49, 287.

sarmentAsa, Wall. Lvs. oblanceolate or spatulate,
silky-hairy on the edges, in rosettes : plant producing
many pink runners, which root freely : fls. in umbels of
10-20, pink with white eve. Himal. B.M. 6210. Gn. 54,
p. 128.

ctlmea, Linn. Lvs. very narrow and pointed : fls. a
half dozen, flesh-color, with yellow eye. Switz.

Var. exlmea. Hook. Lvs. less rigid, strongly recurved :
IN. larL'cr I ';, in. a.-ross). Switz. B.M. 5906". " L.H.B.

ANDEOSTfiPHIUM (Greek-made name, referring to
the corona). Lilidcea. Small genus of S. W. United
States, with funnel-shaped, spreading-limbed, 6-lobed
perianth, 6 stamens, and 3-angled ovary, and a corona
or crown at the mouth ; lvs. linear, radical : scape
simple, leafless. Plant in a sunny place in sandy soil,
placing the bulbs 4-6 ft. deep ; protect in winter. Prop,
by division of the bulbs and by seeds.

vioUceum, Torr. Slender. 6-10 in. : fl. blue, 1 in. long,
.3-6 in loose umbel. Blooms in spring ; pretty.

ANEILilMA (Greek : no involucre). Commelinacew.
Sixty tropical perennials, of which A. bifloriim, R. Br.,
and A. Siniciim, Lindl., are sometimes cult, in Old
World hothouses. These species are blue-fld., diffuse or
trailing plants.

AN£MIA (Greek, naked; the panicles devoid of
sporangia). Seliizce&cea. A genus of tropical ferns,
with the lower pair of pinnse elongate and bearing the
sporangia in panicles at their extremities. Of the 40
species, two are found in the southern states, and a few
are occasionally in cult. l. jr. Underwood.

Anemias are dwarf, compact ferns, suited for shelves,
or for growing near the glass in warm pits or low
houses. They prefer being grown in small pots to being
planted out in the fernery. Their growth is too slow to
make them popular decorative ferns for general pur-
poses. Prop, by spores, which germinate freely : tufted
kinds by division between Mar. 15 and Apr. 30. — Schnei-
der, Book of Choice Ferns.

A. Xm'/ ,'-.;/.. ii/i.//. . «ilh narrow dirhion.i.

adiantUolia. Sw/. Liaf (',-9 in. long on a stalk often
twice as luni:. rh. iiltiiiiat.- divisions oblong or linear-
cuneate, with the nuter margin toothed. S. Fla. and
tropics.

Leaf onlrj i

ith broad pi

Mexicina, Klotzsch. Leaf G-9 in. long, with 4-6 pinnae
on either side, which are distinctly stalked, ovate-lanceo-
late and rounded on both sides at the base ; panicles
3-1 in. long, dense. Tex. and Mex.

coUlna, Raddi Plants a foot high, on hairy stalks ;
Ivs with about 10 leaflets on each bide, which are
rounded at the outer ends and truncate at the upper side
at the base panicles about 1% in long, dense Braz
S 1 Jh-1

BB Veins anastomosing (tunning togetlui )

Fhyllitidis, Swz (.-1 lauceolata, Lodd A louqifohu
Lmk Anenudictiion Ph!ilUtidis,W\\\i) Leaf 4-12 m
long with 4-12 pairs of sessile pmnae, with a crenulate
margin and a rounded oi unequal base , reins fomi
mg long narrow areolae panicle 3-9 m long dense
(ubiaudMii to Braz S 1 390 l jj Usderwood

ANEMIDiCTYON i,ee Anemia

ANEMdNE (iTreek umd) Baniincuhlcerr Anemove,
or \neM()N\ Windflower A genus of about 85 spe
cies with many handsome garden forms, ail hardy per
ennuN thielly native of the north temperate and

ANEMONE 63

hortensis, Thore., 8; Japoniea, 21 ; multifida, 22 ; nar-
cissiflora, 24 ; nemorosa, 15 ; nemorosa, var. qninque-
tolia, 16 ; occidentalis, 5 ; Oregana, 19 ; palmata, 10 ;
patens, 3; Pavoniana, 8; Pennsylvanica , 23; Pulsa-
tilla, 4 ; quinquefolia, 16 ; ranunculoides, 18 ; rubra, 4 ;
stellata,9; sulpJwrea. 1; svlvestris, 12; umbeUata,
24 ; vernalis, 1 ; Virginiana. 20. See supplementary

settid, tht sf „t t
or remote f i< in 1
like, no trm \m ti

The pi lilts thr

ell (li

ally classed with bulbous pi i
in Sept or Oct bring forth i
Tan or March For this pii

h places
»ill well
\ lequire
-1 ntially

1 in pots
1 I .om bj
I 1 1 well

;ill i h'- ^[M-rics cnn lie read-
I i ^ I ' I " I lairated by both root
<i:'i-i-M and seed. The
^i;ivmti fur both out and
ind(«.r planting will di-
rectly influence the flower-
ing season. Good seasons
for outdoor planting are
Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
Feb. and March. As a
rule, the tuberous Anem-
ones will blossom at any
time desired, being influ-
enced by the time they are
kept out of the ground.
Tlie bulbs may be ripened
afterflcAM-riiii; tiui.l.vh.-
ingtak.-ii fn II, iIm _i' I

Jaiw,,,.., ,- ,

est of all l,,ll ..;,„„„. i.<
herbs. Pritzel. Klmmou
of Anemone, in Linniea
15:498(1841). Britton, N.
Anier. Anemone, in Ann.
X. V. Acad. Sci. 6: 217

Alphabetical list of =.pr-ci,.s ,h s, nbed below (syno-
nyms in italics): A. aniliji, t„l,t . ll,,rt., 6 ; acutipeiala,
Schl., 4 ; alpina, Linn., 6 ; alphia, Hort., 5 ; apennina,
13 ; blanda. 14 ; Canadensis, 23 ; Caroliniana, 11 ; coro-
naria, 7; decapetala, 11; deltoidea, 17; dichotoma. 23;
fulgens, 8 ; Grayi, 19 ; Halleri, 2 ; hortensis, Linn., 9 ;

B Iinnhl,,, I •

1 vemalis. In /

pliuieu AH) \ ■ li I-- ' m I,,
nately parted se^mt nis lutid rls ji
ish within, and smoothish , elect o:
cles , sepals 0, rareh spreading
places Eu 18% T H III S2 22H

2 Hallen \1I \ ill u ( u,
thel.s , h , ',', In 'i , I ', ' ■

imeinii^Uneu,

Mill 4 sul

111 '' without whit
\ er) short pedun
Apr Cool moist
r-rn 25 436

-111 nts 3-4 parted,

II n lucre of long

rect whitish

\\ti Sunny places

3 p&tens, Linn Much like the first vanetj below,
which IS more common m Amer , but differs m it«
broader and shorter leaf -segments and smaller fls. Eu.

Var. NuttalUilna, Gray (Pulsatilla liirsutissima,
Brit.). Wild Patens. American Pasque Flower. Fig.
84. Villous, with long, silkv hairs, 4-9 in. high : radical
lvs.petin!..,l.othrT^sr..il, nil imiih divided into narrow,
linear, amt.. I, -In.- ■ n ■.,-.■.. i-idl.' Iii-fnre the root-lvs..
bluish imri.li "!■ I Mi.iii iiiidding : akenes

silky: st>l. - ].; .i ;_ :; i,,. lung; peduncle

elongates -.vrml ,,,■■]„.- alti.i' iluweriug. Apr. Low
ground. N. central states and Siberia.

Var. ochroleilca, Sims. Fls. creamy white, appearing
at same time as basai Ivs. Mar.- Apr. J. H. IIL 30: 343.
B. M. 1994.

4. Pulsatilla, Linn. (Pulsatilla viilgiiris, Mill. A.
aeutip/fahi.i^ahl.}. Pasqve Flower of Europe. Villous,
hairy, rising %-l ft. : basal Ivs. finely thrice-pinnately
divided, on slender petioles ; invclnrri- ^..--ilf deeply
cut into long narrow lobes : fls. liln ' ■ i .i ' -k inirple,
iyi-2}i in. across. Apr. Well ili i ' ^tony

places. Eu. Gn. 32:623. L. B.i :- I rubra,

Hort. (J. )-»irn. Lam.). Dwart. i '■ • - .rect.

Var. variegata, Hort. Fls. pale, apjiearing in May.

BB. Ini-uhicral leaves 3, on short petioles, sheathing

the

occidentilis. W-

inn.).

akenes pubescent : plumose styles reflexed ; peduncle
becoming much elongated after sepals fall. May. Calif,
to Brit. Columbia. Int. 1892.

C4

ANEMONE

0. alpina, Linn. {A. aentip^tala, Bort.}. Closely al-
lied to the above. Stem %-\%fX. high, from thick, -strong
roots ; Its. large, finely divided, cut and serrated, smooth
or hairy ; Ivs. of involucre similar : fls. few, in an umbel
or solitary, 2-3 in. in diam., creamy white inside, purple
outside, but varying much ; anthers yellow. Mountain
sides. Eu. May^une. L.B.C. 17: 1617. B.M. 2007 (var.
major). Var. sulphtirea, Hort. Fls. a delicate sulfur
yellow, larger, downv beneath : Ivs. larger. Moist, rich
soil. 1882. Gn. 35:682.

AA. Ahenes woolly or smoothish, with short styles.
{Anemone proper.)

B. Peduncle 1 (rarely Z); involucre mostly S-leaved.

0. Head of fr. cylindric ; ahenes woolly.

D. Soots tuberous ; involucre usually sessile.

7. coron^ria, Linn. Poppy-plowered A. Figs. 85,

One-half

ft. high, from tuberous roots :
Ivs cut into many fine lobes
and lobules mvolucral Ivs. ses-
sile "^-A parted deepl

ANEMONE

high : basal Ivs. lobed and cut irregularly : Involucre
small, 3-5-lobed, usually 3 or more in. below the fl. ; fls.
red, rosy purple, or whitish, single, VA in. across ; sta-
mens brownish violet. Rich, light soil. S. Eu. May.—
This differs from A.coronaria in its coarse, broad Ivs.
and its elongated, rather narrow-pointed sepals. Gar-
den names are given to the forms with different colora-
tion. B.M. 123, from which Fig. 89 is taken.

10. palmita, Linn. St. 6-9 in. high from tuberous
root : basal Ivs. leathery, 3-5-lobed, cordate, toothed ;
involucral Ivs. 3-parted : fls. golden yellow, solitary -

- - - - - ^p_ ,j^,

good va-
rieties in the trade. Var. fI6re-pleno, Hort., with double
yellow or white fls. V:ir. Albida, Sims (var. oJfta, Hort.).
Fls. white : basal Ivs, I, .1.1(1. B.M. 2079. L.B.C. 2: 175.
Gn. 22:36i. Var. lutea, L..1UI., like the last, but with
yellow fls. L.B.C. 17: lUUO.

11. Carolinijkna, Walt. (A. decapMala, Amer. authors,
not Ard.). St. simple, slender, K-1 ft. high, arising
from a large tuber: Ivs. of involucre sessile, with 3 wedge-
shaped clefts ; basal Ivs. thrice divided, and much lobed
and parted, slender-petioled : solitary fl. erect, 1-1% in.
broad, creamy white or purple ; sepals often numerous :
akenes densely woolly. April-May. Open places. U. S.

DD. nontsfoch creepinff : Ivs. of involucre petioled.

12. sylvSstris, Linn. St. 1-1 M ft., simple, or branched

1893 232 Caen Scarlet The Bride St Bngid \ ictoria
Giant etc are some of the trade names gn en to the
single forms \ ar fldre pUno Hort Fls double, as
shown in 1 u "^i 1 \ the pistils becoming petal like, the
starain di th t in uning perfect , many colors scarlet
beinu til 111 t Tiiiii n at present F S 16 1078 Var.
chrysanthemiflora H rt A seedlmg varietv produced in
1848 and intruduted man\ vears later Fls more com-
pletely doubled than the above variety b\ the stamens
all becoming petal like A dozen forms beautiful, self-
colored, as deep red, skj blue and even pure white,
have been fixed and named. Useful as cut fls. Gn. 30:564.
R.H. 1887:36; 1897, pp. 418-19. R.B. 21: 260-1.

8. fiilgens, Gav (A. Pavonidna, var. ftilgens. DC.
A.hortinsis,rh6re.). Fig. 88. One ft. high, simple:
basal Ivs. 3-5-lobed, with rounded outline, followed later
by deeply cut Ivs. ; sessile involucre several inches be-
low the solitary fl. : fls. vivid scarlet, 2 in. across ; sta-
mens black. May and June. France. Sometimes called
a variety of A. hortensis^ Linn. , from which it may have
descended. Several garden forms, as annuata-grandi-
flora, multipetala, and Southern Star. Gin. 11 : 65. Gt.
£7:66. R.B. 21:262-3. R.H. 1877: 270.

9. hort^nsis, Linn. (A. stellAta. Lara.). Broad-
I.EAVED Garden A. Fig. 89. St. simple, erect, 10 in.

89. Anemone hortensis.
Reduced from an old cut. to show

a little-improved form.
on..- lit iiiv.iluire. from a creeping rootstock : Ivs. 3-4-
part.-.l, .1. .[.ly cut at top, hairy beneath : involucre
peticli-d ; lis. solitary or in 2's, pure white, IK in.
across, nodding, sweet-scented ; sepals 6. May-July.
Wooded places, Eu. and Liberia. B.M. 54. Gn. 18, p. 561 ;
30, p. 173. L.B.C. 18: 1739. Var.fl6re-pl*no,Hort. Double
Snowdrop A. Has large, white, double fls. G.C. lU.

739.

form

cc. Head of fruit hemispheri
silky-pubescent.
D. Soots tuberous.
Apennlna, Linn. St. simple, slender, 4-9 in.:
twi.-.- .livi.lf.l an.l l"l..'.l. iiiucb toothed : fls. sky-
I'.jiii. n.n.^s : .-i|.als lii-lJ. elongated, obtuse;
■rs whitr. Mi,r.-A|.r, \V,...,ls, Italy. Gn. 46: 975.
vvhiti.sh fls., both well suited
: of shrubbery, etc.
14. bl4nda, Schott & Kotschy. St. 4-6 in. high, from
a cylindrical rootstock : Ivs. like A. apennina, but
harder and smoother, and principal divisions sessile :
fls. intense sky-blue, differing from above species in
being larger, more finely rayed, styles black -pointed,
and sepals smooth on the outside ; opens in earliest
spring or mild winter weather. From Taurus Mts. and
Greece. Rocky places. Int. 1898. Gn. 14: 143; 46, p. 152.

for shady no

ANEMONE

Mootstock i^hndtr, c-reepiiiij, cylindricaL

a, Linn. Wood A. St. simple, 3-8 in.,
nearly smooth : rootstock horizontal, 3-t times the St.
in diameter : Ivs. of involucre petioled, 3-5-parted ; ba-
sal Ivs. appearing after the fl. St., 5-parted, divisions
wedge-shaped, toothed : fls. white or purplish, solitary,
1 in. across : akenes pubescent ; styles hooked. Apr.-
May. Eu. and Siberia. Three or more horticultural va-
rieties. Var. dlba, Hort. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls.
larger, pure white, and abundant. Int. 1883. Gn. 32:618.
D. 25. Var. Eobinsoniana, Hort. (var. co-niiea, Hort. ).
A robust form, 6-12 in., with broader and thicker Ivs.,
and large fls., becoming blue. Sometimes given as a
separate species. Mar.-Apr. Gn. 46, p. 153 ; 32: 618:
p. 345. Var. rosea, Hort. {va,T. rubra flore-pleno, Hort.).
Fls. a reddish purple ; now much used.

16. quinquefdlia. Liun. (.4. neviordsa, var. qiiinquefd-
lia, Gray). This American .species differs from 4. jicnio-
rosa in having smaller fls., involucral Ivs. less lobed,
foliage paler, and much more slender st. and petioles.
The common Windflower or Spring Anemone, formerly
called A. nemorosa.

17. deltoldea, Dougl. St. simple, slender, 6-12 in.
high, from a slender rootstock : Ivs. trifoliate, basal
ones petioled, others nearly sessile, coarsely crenated,
often incised : fls. solitary, white, rather large; akenes
several, densely pubescent ; style very short. Spring.
Pacific slope.

DDD. Rootstock horizontal, fleshy or someirhaf tuberous .

18. ranunculoides, Linn. Yellow Wood A. St. 3-8
in., from elongated, somewhat tuberous rootstock : Ivs.
3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut and serrated : fls. gol-
den yellow, usually solitary, single or semi-double.
Mar. and Apr. Rich, light soil in open places and woods.
Eu. and Siberia. Gn. 35: 699. L.B.C. 6: 556.

19. Gr4yi, Behr. {A. OregAna, Gi&y). St. slender, 3-12
in. high, from a fleshy, brittle rootstock: basal Ivs. slen-
der-petioled, 3-parted, coarsely serrate ; involucral Ivs
petioled, trifoliate, the parts "2-3-lobed, much toothed .
sepals blue or purplish: akenes pubescent, in a globose
head. Moist, shady slopes. Oreg. and Wash. In gardens
west of the Rockies. Int. 1892.

BB. Peduncles 2-5 (mostly S).

c. Fruita [akenes) woolly orrery silky; secondary

ineolucre present.

20. Virginiana, Linn. Plant hairy, 2-3 ft. high, stout,
branching at flu- invulurrc: the petioled involucral Ivs.
3-parted, tin- l.ari.ts (.Ifft and lobed; basal Ivs. similar,
broader than l.>n,ir. on long petioles: fl. peduncles naked
(or the lateral ones '2-lvd. ) : fls. greenish or white, 1-1 Kin.
across: akenes woolly, in an oblong head ; styles short,
awl-shaped. June-Aug. Woods and meadows. U.S. and
Canada. G.M. 33:763.

21. Japdnioa, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 90. Stately, branch-
ing St., 2-3 ft. high ; plant soft and downy, with short
hails : Ivs. temate, much lobed and toothed : fls. rosy
purple or carmine; 1-3 whorls of sepals, 2-3 in. in diam.,
on long peduncles from leafy involucre ; stamens yel-
low ; akenes silky. A very useful species for mixed
borders or for pot culture. Hardy in N. states. Se])t. to
latefrosts. Rich soil, Chiuaand.Japan. 1844. Gn. 30.558.
B. M. 4341. P.M. 14:25. A. G. 19; .305. Gng. 1:221;
3:131. G.C.III.16;661. A.F.12;29. F.S.2:74. \'ar. 41ba,
Hort. HonorineJobert. The Bride. Whirlwind, etc.
Two or three whorls of large, white sepals : fls. 2-3
in. across, lasting until hard frosts. Vick's Mag.
14:47. Gng. 5:117. R.H. 1867:11. Var. hybrida, Hort.
(vars. rosea and elegans, Hort.). Radical Ivs. 5-lobed,
often cordate; lobes twice serrate: fls. somewhat paler,
earlier; sepals rather broader. Said to be a hybrid of A .
Japonica and A. viti folia; produced in Roval Gardens,
1848. G.M. B. 1:17. Var. rtbra, Hort. Lady Akdilalin.
Probably the same as the type, but having Ivs. and fls.
with a waxy gloss; plant 4-5 ft. high.

22. maltiHda, Poir. Plant silky -hairy, somewhat
branched, K-lKft. high, from a branched, upright root-
stock : main involucre 2-3-lvd., others 2-lvd. or naked,
short petioles, similar to the root Ivs., 2-3 times 3-parted

ANEMONOPSIS

65

and cleft, divisions linear; fls. }4-l in. across, red, vary-
ing to white or yellow: akenes very woolly. Early sum-
mer. Rocks and uplands. Middle states to Hudson Bay.

cc. Fruits (ake

23. Canadensis, Linn. (^.PeMti.si/h'a'nicn, Linn. A.di-
chdloma, Am. Auth. & Michx.,not Linn.|. Hairy, stout,
1-2 ft. high, branching at or above the involucre ; the 3
Ivs. of main involucre sessile. 3-oleft; upper involucres
each 2-lvd.; basal Ivs. lir..:i.lrr tlian Inng, much divided,
cleft and toothed; petiol. - Ihil' : il-. wliite, 1-2 in. across:
akenes wing-margine^l. nd.^.l. li. ( ..niing pubescent,
grouped into a spheriral li.a.l. Summer. In shaded
woods and open meadows. N.Amer. Gng. 2:21.

24. narcissifldra, Linn. (4. umficJM^a, Lam.). St. erect,
rather stout, K-lKft. high : Ivs. of involucre sessile ;
basal Ivs. petioled, 3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut; fls
white, J^-1 in. across, several in an umbel ; anther.^
yellow : akenes smooth, with short style. May-July.
Mountainous regions. Northern hemisphere. Gn. 30, p.
173. B.M. 1120.

A alta Tn?? \IIip(1 t
4:322 BM 1

(A.triljbit
vated m h st

ns if not the ^ams L B.C.
i-iy A toll native species,
lut — A decapetala Ard.
I Nutt ) Niti\e and culti-
Fls pure white 2-3

s B M b9j8 trn 34 664.-
A.paruflbru Ml h\ Putt\ white lis \atue of N stites and
CAnada —A polyanthus Don Allied to A muissiflori B M.
6840 J H III 32 2zS —A prattnsis Linn Allied to A Pulsa-
tilla L B C 9 900 —A pratensis var obsoUta Sims Fls pale:
leaflets terminated with a sort ot hristle B M ISM —A spheno-
phylla Poepp Fls blue S W U & —A tnfblia Linn Lvs.
beaiitifnllyregular fls white 1 in across Two blue vars B M.
6M6 — A iitifbhn Ham Allied to A Japonica Has cordate
5-7-parted lvs B M 3376

C Dams.

ANEMONELLA. See Syndes

ANEM0N6PSIS (Anemone-like). SanunculAcea'. A
monotypic genus from Japan, now much planted in
American gardens. A beautiful hardy plant for border
purposes. Perennial herb, with erect stems ; radical
and stem lvs. rather large, temately compound and

66

ANEMOXOPSIS

much incised, similar to Actsea : sepals many ( i.t'tc-n
only 9), regular, petal-like, deciduous ; yntiiN iiniiv
(often 12), short, sessile, with nectariferous iiii|ii--iMii
at the base; carpels few (3^), forming hkih;. - r,i, ,|
follicles. In general appearance similar to tin- -hcian. v,-
Anemones, but smaller in all its parts, and with numer-
ous drooping fls., about IK in. across, of pale purple color.
Thrives well in rich, deep loam, in well-drained situations
in partial shade. Prop, by division or seed, in late fall
or early spring.

macrophylla, Sieb. & Zucc. (A. Califdrnica, Hort.).
The only known species. The petals, instead of spread-
ing, form a half-closed bud-like cone within the sepals.
K. C. Davis.

ANEMOP.ffiGMA. Consult .BJff«o« f" ■

AN fiTHUM. See Dill and Peucedar,

&\so Fennel.

ANG£LICA (supposed to have angelic healing vir-
tues). UmbelUferif. A large genus in temperate re-
gions, widely distributed. A number of them are native
to N. Amer. See also Archangelica.

Cilrtisu, Buckley. Stout perennial, 2-5 ft., glabrous :
Ivs. 2-temate, with quinate divisions, the leaflets thin,
ovate-lanceolate, irregularly sharp-toothed. Pa. to N. C.
— Grown for the subtropical effect of its finely cut, ample
foliage. Int. by H. P. Kelsey, I89I.

hirstita, Muhl. (Archangilica hirsuta,ToTT.& Gray).
Pubescent above : Ivs. twice pinnately or temately
divided, the leaflets thickish and serrate. E. states.
Int. 1892 by H. P. Kelsey.

ANGELONIA (South American name). Scrophula-
riicea. Perennial herbs or sub-shrubs, with pretty,
irregular 2-lipped axillary fls., in a long, leafy terminal
raceme: Ivs. opposite, long: branches 4-sided. Grown as
pot plants in warm glass-houses, and prop, by seeds or
softwood cuttings.

salicariaefdlia, Humb. & Bonpl. Three ft. or less: Ivs.
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, toothed, closely
pubescent : fls. deep blue. S. Amer. B.M. 2478. P.M.
5:7.5. B.R. 415.

Girdneri, Hook. Lvs. lineiir km. hit.-, luon- strongly

toothed throughout their 1i-tii,-tIi : H. imi|.i.-, white -cen-
tered, handsome: plant iiul"-i-.iii :-'hiiiiluhir aii.l aro-
matic. S. Amer. B.M. :i7.'i4.-Tlic i.laiit soM in this
country as A. grandiflora probably belongs here. The
A. grandiflora introduced by Ben'ary in 1897 (a good
annual), however, is represented as an entire-lvd. pot
plant: see the picture in Gt. 46, p. 612 ; G.C. III. 22: 307 ;
Gn. 52, p. 461 : R.B. 23 : 272. L. H. B.

ANGIOPTERIS (Greek, vessel-fern). Marattictcem.
An Old World genus of coarse greenhouse ferns, with
twice- or thrice-pinnate lvs., and the sporangia arranged
in boat-shaped marginal conceptacles. In cultivation,
requires plenty of room and abundant drainage. The
only recognized species is

ev^cta, Hoffm. Growing from an erect caudex, 2-6 ft.
high : lvs. 6-15 ft. long, mostly bipinnate, with swollen
rachises; leaflets 4-12 in. long, ^-IXin.widc, the margin
entire or slightly toothed. India and Jap. to Madagas-
car and Queensland. S. 1:399.— Known under various
names in cultivation, as A. longi folia, etc. The trade
names, which appear to indicate species, may be re-
garded as varieties. l. ji. Underwood.

Angiopti-ris LTi.ws wild in sw.-inipy places, and is of
robust ball t. li _r"A! ill 1" I-, tlie pots may stand in
2 or 3 in,":' • ~ are freely produced,

no seed I'll-. 1 : K prop, by the fleshy

scales at tin I m-. ! ■ ' i ! i:ach scale contains at
least two dornian; -iHniId not be divided.

They may be laid : i with sphagnum, and

kept in a close ca- !-. They start quicker

in early spring.- S. hi m iIc r. l.iMk of Choice Ferns.

AN66PH0EA (r.sx, I -hearing: Greek, in allusion to
shape of fruit I. JfyrtAeece. Five or six Australian
trees or shrubs, sometimes cult, in glass houses in the
Old World, but not known to the trade in this country.

ANGKiECUM i Ma

tum,t\ie species of this genus r. i|uiii- hi-li tempera-
tures in order to develop .satista-tniilx . l'..r culture,
see Orchids. Prop, by rcmnvin^- npii. r ]..,i-tion and
planting separately. It ^h.i-il.i in, In.!, nfi ■ ri.ots.

Angrsecums are valih I i--'!,! m^ ■ ' \ iring and
lasting qualities. Tlir . -iiitable is

fresh-growing sphaL-n . - iiiT being

desirable, as most of tIm r .ii ■ ,m ■ ^ > h -: i ikm^' out into
the atmosphere for their ni-i-ds, and do not take kindly
to confinement in pots. Moisture is essential at all
times, as AngrEecums do not have bulbs to fall back on
for their sustenance during rest or blooming, in which
respect they resemble the Aerides, Vandas and Sacco-
labiums. The moss must not be allowed to become de-
cayed, but kept living by renewal when seen to be
necessary, usually in springtime. Some of the favorite
species are A. Ellisii, sttperbnm, sesqtiipedale,
HumMotii and falcatum. Cult.br E. O. Orpet.

Alphabetical list of American favorites : A. articula-
tum, 6; citratum, 9; distichum, 4; eburneum, 12;
Elli.sii, 7; falcatum, 3; Humblotii, 1; A. Leonis, 1;
modestum, 8 ; pertusum, 11 ; Sanderianum, 8 ; Scotti-
anum, 5 ; sesquipedale, 2 ; superbum, 12 ; virens, 12.
A. Pedicels winged.

1. Humbldtii, Reichb. f. (^.£«d«i.s-, Hort. Jn;!iilh,is
Letniis. Reichb. f.). Lvs. sword-sha]ieil. c (|intant. al...ut
8 in. long: fls. few, white ; spur h>iiL'i r tlian wiiiu.-.!
pedicel; petals and sepals lanceolate ; laliiUuiu r..tuiid.
Comoro Isls.

AA. Pedicels not winged.
B. Fls. rarely more than 6.

2. sesqnipeditle, Thouars (Aerdnthes sesgiiipedilis,
Lindl.). Lvs. coriaceous, oblong, about 1 ft. in length,
2 in. wide, bluntly bilobed at the summits, dark green :
fls. fleshy, 7 in. across, ivory-white ; petals and sepals
similar ; labellum ovate, serrate in part, acuminate ;
spur nearly 1 ft. long. Madagascar, in low, hot districts-
A.G. 1892:217. A.P. 7: 831. Gn. 2, p. 5. P.S. 14: 1413.
B.M. 5113.-Noblest of Angraeeums.

3. falcjltum, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, about 2 in.
long : fls. whitish, about K in. across ; sepals and petals
linear, acute or nearly so ; labeUum trilobed ; spur as
long as pedicel. China.— One of the first brought into
cultivation.

4. distichum, Lindl. Plants rarely exceeding 5 in. in
height : lvs. short, those below clasping those above at
base : fls. inconspicuous, white, borne singly. Sierra
Leone. — Not worth cultivating.

5. Scottiinum, Reichb. f. Lvs. terete : peduncles
slender ; Hs. inverted, pale yellow. Comoro Isls.

BB. Fls. numerous.
c. Color white or yellowish.

6. articulitum, Reichb. f. Dwarf; lvs. oblong-cuneate,
4-5 in. long, tinevenly bilobed : fls. white, in pendent
racemes. Madagascar. R. 55.— A pretty species, difficult
to grow.

7. filliBii, Reichb. f. St. stout: Ivs. oblong: peduncles
pendulous ; fls. white. Madagascar. Often confused
with A. articulatum, but distinguished from it by its
orange-colored spurs. L. 92.

8. modistnm, Hook. f. (A. Sanderidnum, Reichb. f.)
Dwarf : lvs. elliptical, coriaceous : fls. whitish, in pen
dentracemes. Madagascar. R.H. 1888: 516. R.B. 15:217

9. citr&.tnm, Thouars. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 in
long, 1 in. wide: racemes of yellowish fls. Madagascar
in vicinity of swamps. B.M. 5624. L. 238. I. H. 33: 592

10. perttlsom, Lindl. Lvs. ligulate : peduncles about
6 in. long ; fls. small, white. Bourbon. B.M. 4782.

cc. Color of fls. green.
12. 3up6rhnm, Thouars (.4. eburneum, Lindl.). Lvs.
coriaceous, striated, 2 in. wide, over 1 ft. long, strap-
shaped, light green, unequal at the summits : peduncle

ANGR.ECUM

from nearthe base of the st. ; fls. large, green and white,
placed alternately back to back ; sepals and petals
spreading, green ; labellnm whitish, round, thiekish ;
spur green. Valuable ; grows to enormous proportions.
Sladagasoar. B.M. 4761. B.B. 1522. L. 236. Var. vlrens,
Hcirt. {A. vlrens, Lindl.). Fls. smaller ; labellum tinged
with green. B.M. 5170. Oakes Ames.

Don Francisco de Angulo).

ANISE

67

Lif-blade.

anhoi

urge.

globular, on erect scapes : habit similar to Lycasre,
which is a member of the same sub-tribe. The Anguloas
grow under shade of trees in leaf-mold. Some growers
find that they do well when placed under vines. They
are coolhouse orchids, but require a moderate rise in
temperature during the growing season. Oakes Ames.

Anguloa is a very interesting genus of cool orchids
that thrive well in an ordinary greenhouse temperature,
in which a minimum of 50° can be maintained. They are
natives of the Andes of Colombia and Peru. The popular
name of " Boat Orchid " somewhat suggests their
shape and general appearance, the lip, being delicately

hinged at i
shake

There

is organ to oscillate when
best known as well as
ts color being clear yel-
n structure, but the tls.
•ided aromatic fragrance,
Iso a white variety of A.

Clowesii, but it is very rare in cultivation, as are all of
the white forms of well known orchids, this making
them very valuable commercially. A.nniflora is also a
pretty plant, with white flowers, spotted with pink. Pot
culture is best, as they require similar treatment to
Lyctiste Hkinneri. ' E. O. Orpet.

tmifldra, Ruiz & Pavon. (A.virgiiiAlis.'EoTt.]. Pseu-
dobulbs about 6 in.high( sometimes considerably higher) :
leaf -blades VA-2 ft. long, lanceolate : fls. whitish, some-
times spotted within, or the labellimi streaked with rose.
Colombia. G.C. III. 19:423.
A. F. 6: 607. -There is a
white-fld. var.

C16wesii, Llndl. Larger
in every way than the above :
fls. lemon-yellow, labellum
tending toward white, mar-
bled with orange. Colombia.

Eiickeri, Lindl. Smaller
than .1. Clowesii: fls. yel-
low, spotted with crimson.
A variety has been figured
with the crimson or red color
predominant {var. sangitin-
i«. A.F. 0:607). Colombia.

ebumea, Nicholson. Simi-
lar to A . Clowesiifhut sepals
and petals pure white and
lip spotted pink. New Gra-
nada. Oakes Ames.

ANHALONIUM (name of
no significance). Cactdceo'.
Top-shaped succulent des-
ert plants, mostly buried in

portion cc IV
tubercles t
strictly M.

as wide at base, the upper surface variously fissured,
even to the edges, presenting an irregular warty appear-
ance : fls. central, about 1 in. long and broad, shading
from whitish to rose. On limestone hills in the "Great
Bend " region of the Rio Grande in Texas, and extending
into Mexico. l.H. 16, p. 73, and fig.

Kotchibeyi, Lem. (A. sulcitum, Salm-Dyck). This
appears as a trade name, but the form is very uncertain,
as no tyjK' seems to be in existence. According to the
descripticin, it is very much like the preceding species,
except that Tile iipper surface of the tubercle is not ir-
regularly Assured, but is smooth, at least at the edges,
except for the central furrow.

B. Upper surface of txibercle not grooved.

prismiticum, Lem. The flat top .3-8 in. across: tuber-
cles imbricate, but squarrose-spreading, sharply triangu-
lar-pyramidal and very acute, with a sharp, cartilaginous
tip, which usually disappears with age and leaves the
older tubercles blunt or retuse, %-l in. long and about
as wide at base, the upper surface almost plane and
smooth, except that it is more or less pulverulent, and
often bears a small tomentose tuft just behind the claw-
like tip: fls.rose color. Mts.ofMex. — Resembles an Aloe.
John M. Coulter.

ANIGOZANTHUS (Greek, expanded-flower). ffwmo-
dorAeem. Eight or 10 species of Australian greenhouse
or half-hardy perennials, with greenish, yellow or purple
fls. and sword-like Ivs., cult, in Europe, but unknown
to the Amer. trade.

ANISACANTHDS ( Greek, unequa I avanth u s). Aca n -
IhAcece. A genus of six species of Mexican and Ameri-
can shrubs, with mostly lanceolate, entire, petioled Ivs.,
and loosely spicate or scattered red fls. an inch or more
long ; corolla lobes 4 ; stamens 2, equaling or exceed-
ing the corolla lobes.

Wrightii, Gray. Height, 2-4 ft. : Ivs. 1-2 in. long, ob-
long- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acimiinate. S. and W.
Tex. — Once sold by John Saul, Washington, DC.

A genus of 4 or 5 species,
I a single species {A.Engel-
mile into Texas. It is referred
For A. Williamsii and A.

to Mamillaria
Lewinii. see
For culture, S(

a. Upper surface of tubercle with a broad and deep wool-
hearing longitudinal groove, which widens below.
fingelmanni, Lem. (A. fissuriltum , Engehn. ) . Living
Rock. The flat tubercle-covered top 2-5 in. across, taper-
ing below into a thick root : tubercles imbricated and
appressed, triangular in outline, K-1 in. long and about

Anise. UmbelUferm. An aromatic condimental and
medicinal herb (Pimpinilla Anlsum, Linn.) of the Ori-
ent. It is an annual, and is easily grown from seeds in
any warm and mellow soU. The seeds are commonly
sown where the plants are to stand. The seeds are used
in medicine and in cookerv, and for flavoring liquors.
They yield a hit'lilv perfumed essential oU. "They are

mostly grown in M .liii n m. untries. The leaves are

alsousedasse;i- ' _ ,i-liing. The plant reaches

a height of 2 ft, i . r- ; ;. innate Ivs. and small yel-

lowish white tl-. ,11 111-' . ; — • umbels. The seeds are
oolong and curved, ribbed on the convex side, grayish,

the size of carawuy seed. In common with all umbel-
liferous seed. Anise seed does not retain its viability long,
the normal longevity being 1 to 3 years.

Annuals. Plants which, in cultivation, are prefer-
ably grown from seeds each year are commonly classed
as Annuals. More strictly. Annuals are plants which
normally live but a single season. Among Annuals are
found a number of the most showy flowers. As a rule,
they are easily grown, pioducing quick results and af-
fording a variety of brilliant colors. The class is, there-
fore, one of the greatest value. Some of the Annuals last
only a few weeks iu bloom, others continue throughout
the summer. There are trailers and climbers, dwarfs and
tall growers. By a judicious selection and arrangement
of kinds, the han<lsomf-stefFo(-ts may be produced. Many
of theshowy kin^l- :nr- ri.l;ii.fp.l fn mass effects, while the

dwarf -growing' ,, ,i , |..,,. M..wi;ringedgings for beds

orwalks. Witli tin I. -me ribbon-beds are pos-

sible, but this ir,|i..n I M ill I 111' selection of kinds, and
as the use of thu tiimiiuii-; -'m :ir< is almost precluded it
is best to limit ouusflf to suupU- designs. Annuals are
well adapted to the covering of bare spots of ground in
the border. Annuals, like other flowers, show off best
when seen against a background of foliage. See Pigs.
91, 92. The tall and leafy kinds make excellent covers
for unsightly objects ; see Screens. For climbing and
twining kinds, see Vines. See, also, Hverla.itings and
brasses.

In the ease of others tlian tin- rnntiiinon-j hl-mmers, a
succession of sowings or plaiitiiiL-^ i- il. -imlil.- in pro-
vide for a continuous dis|.l;iv ; ili. ii n - ,i l.nul li, -ins to
fail its place may be filled wiih.\"Ui,- |.l;u.' - "I th.- same
or other species. The usual niutbud ■■1: ^Leuriiig suc-
cession is to sow the seeds in flats, or beds, and trans-
plant the seedlings first to pots. The potted plants may
be set out at any time, with but little check to growth.

Most Annuals prefer an open, sunny situation, but
pansies, forget-me-nots, -.nul -.mi.' ..th.i-. tlirivr where
they get the full sunshiin^ l-r' ..nl>- li.ili 'h.- M .> , In all
cases the best results ar.- "Miiiih A miUv « hm <]>.■ soil is
well enriche<l and t)ior.MiL'lil\ pi .liuii ^1 |.r.\iiius to sow-
ing orphmiin- ; aiMl it i- lir I" ;t, I- to iNukeiliis prepa-
ration:. f.oHilL'lii or nio,,' II, :mIm .' A considerable

proporiioMoi linnii- III I'l- -'il I- >|i-;i-.l.k-, rendering it
less suli|ori lo l..ikni- iiipI . 1 1 ', 1 1! ^ .ml. ( 'ow - manure,
Ml, Wo, k,a ill liberally, will snp-
- ~ pill. .1 thoroughly and at least
, . i- ilion again worked over to
r nil , will bo obtainable. The
In a. lioufviT. unless it pulver-
, . , I.I i..ii ..f ~,-,.,ls, the surface

stable-maiiui...
ply this. Beds-
a foot deep. If
half this depth.
soil should not
izes readily. 1
should be mell.
drills or concei,
planting decide

Is are sown in
the method of

:P.^^

ANNUALS

toward the center or back of tlie bed. Only the best
seeds should be purchased, and it is generally best to
get the colors in separate packets. In the open ground,
seeds may be covered to a depth of four or five times
their own thickness, but when sown indoors in trays or
pots, the rule is to cover them to about their own thick-
ness. The position of each row or kind should be marked,
so that when weeds and flowers spring up there will be
no trouble In separating the sheep from the goats. After
covering, the soil should be pressed firmly over the seed
with a board or hoe, or the feet. In soils which are in-
clined to bake, a sprinkling of sand or fine litter over
the surface after sowing- will remedy this evil. Ever-
green bout,'!,^ ).l„.-o.l .IV, T the beds until the seedlings
have appciiri,! will allor.l useful shelter from beating
rains. It i-; . I. ■^iinl. I,- i., s.>w the seeds thickly. When
up, the plants may \f- tljimied to their proper distances.
Particular care should be given to this matter, and to
keeping down weeds, or the plants may become weak,
spindling and valueless. No seed pods should be allowed
to form, else the vitality of the plants will be exhausted.
The flowers may be freely gathered with advantage to
the flowering.

It is customary to divide Annuals into three classes:
(1) Hardy Annuals are those which are sown directly in
the open ground where they are to grow. They are vitally
strong, developing without artificial heat, and may be
sown from February to May, according to the season and
latitude. Some of them, as sweet peas, may be sown
even iu the fall. For this class, a well prepared border
on the south side of a fence or wall, or other sheltered
place, is usually preferred for early sowings. From here
the seedlings are transplanted later where they are to
grow. Some sorts, however, do not bear transplanting
well, con3eqnent;ly must be sown in the places they are to
occupy. Among such are poppies, eschscholtzia, barto-
nia, Venus' looking-glass, lupine, malope, and the dwarf
convolvulus. (2) Half-hardy Annuals are usually sown
in February or March in the window or a warm frame.
The season is usually not long enough to enable them to
reach full development in the open. In the early stages
of growth, they need protection and warmth. Such
kinds are sometimes sown in the fall and wintered over
in a coldframe. When once established, they are hardy
with slight protection. Pansies and some other kinds
are grown to their greatest perfection only in this way.
(3) Tender Annuals require still more warmth, and are
started from January to May in the greenhouse or other
suitable place. They commonly need a temperature of
from 60° to 70°. The danger with early grown seedlings,
especially those started in the window, is crowding and
want of light. As soon as crowding begins, the plants
should be thinned out or transplanted to other trays, or
into pots, and reset from time to time, as they need ;
frequent transplanting is usually an advantage. The
last transplanting is preferably into small
i, as then the seedlings may be readily
out in the open ground at the proper
', with little or no check to growth,
mie of the staple or general purpos.

tjpesof -Vnnuals m th.
lowing Petuiins phlo\,
thu.-es Hrk-pur.. or delpli

Noith

the fol

,

, C/riHi.s

1 ..,etes col

, or esch

1 1

1 ill

1

1 1 1 1 liina asters

n t

I 1, 111 I

l,il 1

1 itiilitas silenes

C lU i\

ufts or ibt

lis

iljssum stocks oi

m itth

gglc

ries nasturtiums or

trop-ei

hims Otl,

1 -lie mo tl\ of

specii

1 1 1

It n 1 1 n p

tvpe'i

Inth. ^

North

some 1

1

Petun

a', phl.x

,11 '

exan.ples

For

furthei SI

eeestions see Seedaqe

For an

annotated list of Annuals suited for

northern climates

, sec

Bull. 161, Cornell

Exp. Sta.

Ernest Walker.

AXCECTOCHILUS

AN(ECTOCHlLTJS (Grppk o/ .-n ! p] OichicUiKV,
tril e \ // . \ LPiiiis It t 1 t . tl I eautifully

II I II iital The

k I 1 ly Archi-

I I \l I I lopted for

flu su sxtul lit I t ] 1 s and varie-

ties failure his 1 il [ i ile so that at the

present tune few \ II ntam eren a single

specimen Fcr i ti t i le two or e^en favo

\ears — they will t,i w ml teiinin in heilth and then
suddenly they go wrong, the plants perii-hing one after
the other, in spite of all one can do."— W. Watson.

Biilleni, Low. Lvs. ahout 2 in. long, bronze-green,
with 3 longitudinal bands of copper-red. Borneo.

regillis, Blume. One of the most attractive species of
the group : lvs. oval, large, bronze-green netted, veined
with gold, the surface of the lvs. like velvet. Java.
B.M. 412:i. P.S. 2: 79 as A. sedJcetts. — Several good va-

ANOMATHfiCA, %ee Lapc

ASdHA (aboriginal name
Apple. Tropical trees and sh
fleshy fruits, and for ormmu
terminal or opposite the lvs. :
of them sometimes reduced to

mg:

ilsi

hy fruit-like
shrubs, over 50 ii
few in Africa and

descrilii-i
by Linnii
pubescei
toba; A

t thpy arc generally
irists and botanists,
clow, various other
iiithern Florida, but
and some of them
s. Amongst these
s a rataliigue name
■ liavin- been fully
inv MH.,.irs founded

by Reas , i , , - a Kollinia,

possibly //. Ill -, ,. Dnguetia,
anil for .1 .; ' ■ , /; , ■- I' the species

Anonas ar.' .if .ii-N .ulnir. . M'li'ial treat-

ment in frostlcss .■oijiitrir- . i!. ,■ i I r.aclilyby

seeds, and ariMisuallv lliii^ L'l ■ I ■! •• i ri|irni.lViit.
tings under uiass. In tlir I .v. ii,r> ■.„:■ s,,iHctimcs
grown under glass as ornamental sul,.,ects. Thev should
then be kept fairly dry in winter, (or at that time they
assume a semi-dormant condition. They thrive best in
heavy loam.

Pet

■<h,tf-,

■petals
. Frill,

tree, the size of a peach trei
growthscurfy-pulii-i.nl . i. li
ing the interior 0111 - ' ' '
ish,the inner ones \ .
varnished above an., i .
brous: fr. very lart,'i , i.-- m. l..i
.), oblong or conical and bill

, the

■gri-i'ii, the young

i^hor green-
inil pointed,

' . ' ling gla-

\.i i^liiiig from 1-5
rk green, the skin
ugh and spiny; pulp soft, white and juicy, subacid, with
I turpentine-like flavor, West Indies, where it is a popu-

ANONA 69

lar fruit. — It is grown with especial excellence in Porto
Rico, and is common in the markets of Key West, whither
it is shipped from the islands to the southward. A
favorite drink is made from the juice. It is one of the
tenderest trees of the genus, and thrives only in extreme
southern Florida and California. Introduced in the Old
World.

PC. Fruit iicarli/ or quite smooth (or in A. pi/riformis

uniUacribed).

glibra, Linn. (A. laitrifilia, Dtmal). Pond-Apple.

Mamon. Fig. 93. Small nearly evergreen tree, with

smooth growth: exterior petals somewhat exceeding the

or long-ovate,
ibove : fr. the
)X s heart, yel-
m pulling out

elabra Nt irly

interior ones „i ni I I M

pointed gret ii n I il

size and sh ij i I I i [

low or bro\Ani h \ M

of the fruit it m iiniit\ ill v

pulp cream i 1 i I m I x in li .i ml I ni n, <|inilit>.

Native in sw nn| I ili If m I li I, in ..lutlnrn

Florida and on th Inlnuln i il mili W ,st Imllis.

B.R H38 SS 1 17 Ib-lhe iiuit Uthim„h accejitable

to many people is not geneiall} puzed

pyriJ6nni8, Bo]er Climbing glabrous petals of the
two series nearly equal oblon^' spatulate or obovate
(about 2 in lon„l tiit the ntirnn h i ded or cucuUate
at the top SI] I 1 m I li It ili n I luth lvs. nearly
oblong (3-6 in I n^ i li i i iiii h tliick and rigid,
somewhat slnnin^ ml .,1m n 'M uiiitius.— Said to
have been mti In lint nth mil ml i lecently, but
it is imperfLCtlj known

EB ijTteiio) pettdi, obtiihe o> iieaily so.
palustns, Linn Allicator Apple Cork -Wood.

long inner ones a half inch or moi e long and yellow, witti
a red spot at the base within the interior red inside : lvs.
ovate elliptic or oblong with a short narrow point (or
occasionallj bluntish) smooth on both sides, rather
thick and more or less evirgieen fr 2 m in diam., yel-
low, and somewhat roughened or scaly Cuba to Rio
Janeiro ilso m Africa B M 4220 —Introduced in

southern Florida but imperfectly known m cultivation.
Unless improved by cultivation the fruit is probably
unworthy of cultivation

BBB Fxteiio) and interior petals all acute.
paluddsa, Aubl Shrub with rusty villous branches ;
outer petals acute twice longer than the canescent inner
ones : lvs. oblong-acute, rounded at the base, sparsely
pubescent above and tomentose beneath : fr. ovate and
tuberculate, pubescent when young. Guiana. — Intro-
duced into southern Florida, where it is yet very little
known.

70

ANONA

AA. I'etals {exterior) linear or oMong, the inner ones

minute | or conspicuous in A. muscosa ) .
B. Frtiit smooth or very nearly so {in A. amplexicanlis
undescribed ) .
c. I/vs . velvety heneath .
Cherimdlia, Miller {A . tripftala , Mton) . Cherimoter,
or Cherimoya. Jamajca-Apple. Tree, 15-20 ft. high,
with young growth scurfy -[lubescent : fls. opposite
the Ivs., greenish, and fragrant, the exterior petals ob-
long-linear and keeled on the inner side, velvety : Ivs.
ovate or oblong (about 3 in. long}, obtuse or scarcely
acute, dark green, and sparsely hairy above and velvety
beneath : fr. very large (from the size of a large apple
to 8 in. or more in diam.), spherical or slightly flattened
at the ends, nearly smooth, brownish yellow, sometimes
with a red cheek, the flesh soft and rich. Peru and ad-
jacent regions northward, but naturalized in Central
America and Mexico, the West Indies and parts of the
Old World. B.M. 2011.- It is a well-kiM.wi, fniit .,f the
tropics, and it thrives upon the Fl"iiil;i K. \ - .umI the
adjacent coasts. It is also grown tu :i linnii d . \i,iit in
southern California. Fruit will stum 1 ( r;iiis]i.,rr;nii)n if
picked green. Possibly the plants sukl as A . iiiavmisiirpa
and A. suavissima are forms of the Cherimoyer. See
Cherimoyer.

CC. ics. not velvety.
retictd&ta, Linn. Custard-Apple. Bullock's-Heart.
Pruta de Conde. a tree, 15-25 ft. high, with growth
smooth or nearly so: fls. with the exterior petals oblong-
linear and keeled on the inside, acute, greenish, with
purple spots at the base : Ivs. lanceolate or oblong and
pointed, glabrous above and rough beneath, but becoming
smooth: fr. 3-4 in. in diam., smooth, with small depres-
sions, in various shades of yellow or even russet, with
» soft yellow cream-like pulp next the skin, and a white
pulp at the middle, sweet and excellent. West Indies,
where it is a very popular fruit. It thrives in southern
Florida, where it has lately been introduced. B.M. 2911,
2912.

^uamosa. grow

'amplexicatllis, Lam. Erect shrub, glabrous : outer
■petals oblong and obtuse (l/^in. long}, the inner very
much shorter and lanceolate and pointed : Ivs. oblong or
ovate, obtuse or acute (4-6 in. long), thick and rigid,
glaucous and somewhat shining, deeply cordate-clasping
at the base. Mauritius and Madagascar. — Said to have
been lately introduced into southern Florida. Little
BB. Fruit tuberculate.

squamdaa, Linn. {A. cinerea, Dunal). Sweet-Sop.
SuaAR-AppLE. Fig. 94. Diffuse small tree, or a shrub,
10-20 ft. high : fls. with the outer petals oblong-linear and

ANTENNABIA

blunt, keeled on the inner side, greenish: Ivs. thin, ob-
long-ovate, very sparsely hairy on both sides, but often
becoming smooth, glaucous : fr. egg-shaped, or of the
form of a short pine cone, 3-4 in. in diam., yellowish
green, and tuberculate (each carpel forming a protuber-
ance); the pulp creamv vellow and custard-like, very
sweet. West Indies to Brazil. B.M. 3095. — Much prized
in the tropics, and considerably grown on the Florida
keys, and extending north, with some protection, nearly
to the middle of the state; also cultivated in California.
Introduced in the Old World. Lvs., green frs., and seeds
said to be used for destroying vermin. l_ jj_ b_

Or-

culturc.see Orchids.

AfTic&,na, Lindl. Plants 2 ft. or more high : stems
cylindrical : fls. numerous (40-80J, yellowish, verging on
green, marked with curiously oblong, brown-purple
spots ; labellum yellow, 3-Iobed. Sierra Leone. B.M.
4965.— This is undoubtedly the type, all other forms so
far known being departures from it of horticultural
merit only.

gigantSa, Reichb. f . (Cymbidium S<fH<ifr.soni, Harv.).
Habit as above. Sepals and petals sparingly, if at all,
spotted. Natal ? _

Cakes Ames.

ANSdNIA. SeeAmsonia.

ANTENNAKIA (pappus likened to antennoi). Com-
pdsitie. Everi^sting. Cat's-Ear. Small, white-woolly
perennial herbs, with spatulate or obovate root-lvs., and
mostly leafless scapes, bearing small gray or white
heads which remain stiff and dry. They are interesting
for rockwork and the edges of borders, and for this pur-
pose have been sparingly introduced in the last few
years. They are perfectly hardy, and thrive in poor
soil. The fls. are often cut before fully mature and
dried (and often dyed) as everlastings. Several spe-
cies grow wild. Prop, mostly by division of the mats ;
also by seeds. Allied to Anaphalis and Gnaphalium.
Dioecious. See Everlastings.

A. Pappus of sterile fls. not thickened at the tip,
minutely roughened.

dim6rpha, Torr. & Gray. Tufted with spatulate Ivs.
and a sparsely-leaved fl.-st. an inch or less high, from a
stout, much-branched caudex. Neb. west.

AA. Pappus of sterile fls. thickened at the top.
B. jVot spreading by stolons.
Gejeri, Gray. Stout, thick-wooUy, from a woody base:
fl.-st. .! in. or more high, very leafy to the top : pistil-
late heads narrow : involucre with rose-purple or ivory-
white tips to the inner scales. Cal. N.

BB. Spreading by stolons,
c. Heads solitary or in a cymose cluster.

diolca, Linn. Basal Ivs. 114 in. or less long, 1-nerved
or only indistinctly 3-nerved : St. 2-12 in. : involucral
bracts all light green or light brown, with white or
pinkish tips. N. states and Eu. — The plant in the trade
as A. tnmentfisum is probably a form of this species.
Also in cult, under the proper name, A. dioica.

alplna, Gsertn. Plant l-l in. : involucral bracts in fer-
tile heads, dark brownish green, acute. Canada, Rocky
Mts., Sierra Nevadas.

plantaginildlia, Rich. Basal lvs. IK in. or more long,
distinctly 3-nerved : st. 6-18 in. high. Stoloniferous,
making broad patches. Common in fields and old pas-
tures. Perhaps not In cult.

CC. Heads loosely panicled.

racemdsa, Hook. Light-woolly, 6-20 in. high, the sts.
sparsely leafy, the heads mostly on slender peduncles :
involucre brownish. Rocky Mts. l_ jj_ g^

ANTHEMIS

ANTHEMIS (Greek name of the chaaiomile). Com-
p6sit<r. Chamomile. Pyrethrum-like heavy-scented
plants, annual, biennial or perennial, members of a
large, Old World temperate-region genus. Heads many-
flowered, the disk yellow, the rays white and yellow and
(in the common cult, species) pistillate, the receptacle
conical and chaffy, the akenes terete or ribbed, and
either naked or bearing a minute crown : Ivs. pinnately
dissected. Two or three of the species are weeds
Others are excellent border plants. The true chamo
mile is a medicinal plant. The hardy perennial species,
which alone are grown in this country, are easilj
handled in the border, where they bloom from midsum
mer till frost. They thrive in almost any soil, but need
full exposure to sun. Prop, by seeds or division of the
clumps, usually the latter.

A. Sans normally yelloir.

tinctoria, Linn. Golden Margiekite. Of buvh>
habit, 2-3 ft., with angular st. and piiniatrly .IiM.l.d.
and again pinnatifid or cut-toothed Iv^,. i,u'\ Iihl:.'. ilaisy-
like, golden yellow lis. (1-2 in. acr.."i. J. A . ./w.,//,
Hort. (or var. Kilwayi, Hort.), ha.s lin.-i-.ut l..liai.'i- and
deeper yellow fls. There is also a palu-raytd var. Gn.
52:1149.— An excellent hardy borderplant, and useful at
the same time for cut fls.

aa. Bays white.

B. Pmnnial; cultivated.

n6bili3, Linn. Chamomile. Half-spreadingandmuch-
branched, downy, the Ivs. very tinely dissected : pappus
wanting, chaff of the receptacle blunt.— A pleasant-
scented herb, sometimes escaped from cult. It yields the
medicinal chamomile fls. of commerce. For medicinal
purposes, the heads (the single preferred) are cut as
soon as fully expanded, and dried. Cult, also as a hardy
border plant ; often double.

aryfensis, Linn. Pubescent, not ill-scented; Ivs. rather
coarsely 1-2 pinnately parted : pappus a minute border:
heads 1 in. or more across: rayspistillate. — Not common.

C6tula, DC. Mat-weed. A common weed along road-
sides, ill-scented, growing a foot or two high, with finely
dissected Ivs., neutral rays, and many aster-like fls. 1 in.
across.

A. Aizoon, Griseb.^Achillea ageratifolia.— A. A rdbica. Linn.
•— Cladanthus.— .i. corondria, Hort.=Chrysanthemum coro-
°''"™- L. H. B.

ANTHER, ^ee Flower.

ANTHfiElCUM (Greek, flower hedge). Includes Pha-
langiiim. Liliiicew. Herbs, with tuber-like rhizomes,
and racemes of rather small, white, deep-cut fls. : peri-
anth rotate ; anthers attached between their basal lobes,
and the locales many-ovuled— in these characters differ-
ing from Paradisea. Grown in borders, where the roots
should have a cover of leaves or litter in winter ; also
in pots and under benches in coolhouses. Useful for
lawn vases. Prop, naturally by stolons ; increased also
by division and seeds. Of easiest culture. Give plenty
of water when in bloom. A. Liliastrum, St. Bruno's
Lily, will be found under Paradisea. A.picttiratum, ra-
riegatum and vitfatum will be found under Chlorophy-
timi. A.Califomicumoi some catalogues perhaps be-
longs to Chlorophytum.

Liliigo, Linn. St. Bernard's Lilt. Fig. 95. Stem
simple, 2-3 ft. high, bearing an open raceme of open-
spreading fls. 1 in. or less across, the segments linear-
oblong : Ivs. long and narrow. S. Eu. and N. Afr. B. M.
9U. Var. major, Sims, is larger in all its parts. B.M.1635.

ramdsum, Linn. {A. graminifblium, Hort.). Stem
branched : fls. somewhat smaller. Eu. B.M. 1055.

L. H. B.

ANTHOLtZA (name from the Greek, of no particu-
lar application). IridAcece. About 20 Cape and Trop.
African cormous plants, with linear or sword-shaped
Ivs. and bright fls. in 2-sided spikes. Perianth long-
tubular, curved, dilated above, the uppermost segments
largest : stamens 3 : style branched : ovary 3-loculed.
Cult, the same as gladioli, being taken up'in the fall.
The tubers are often started in a frame or in the house
before planting in the open. See Baker, Irideas.

ANTHURIUM

71

a. Perianth red, segments very unequal.

Cundnia, Linn. Corm small: st. simple, 1-1 >$ ft.:

Ivs. about 4, linear, 1 ft. or less long : fls. 4-6, in a

lax spike, bright red, an inch long, the stamens reaching

to the tip of the upper segment. Cape. L.B.C. 20: 1971.

95. Stolon of Anthericum Lilia^o.

C4ffra, Banks. Coi-m large : st. 2 ft. or less : Ivs. nar-
row-linear, 1 ft. : fls.12-20, in a lax spike, bright red, 1-lH
in. long, stamens not quite reaching tip of upper segment.
Cape. — Has been hybridized with gladiolus.
aa. Perianth red and yellow, segments less unequal.

.ffithiopica, Linn. Corm large : st. branched, 3-4 ft.:
Ivs. several, sword-shaped, 1 in. broad and 1-lH ft. long:
spike 6-9 in. long, rather dense : fls. VA-2 in. long, red
and yellow ; stamens reaching to the tip of the upper
segment. Cape. B.M. 561.

Var. minor, Lindl. {A.blcolor, Gasp.). Dwarf: Ivs.
narrow : fls. red at top, pale yellow below.

Var. vittigera, Baker (var. ringens, Nichols.). Tall
as the type : fls. bright yellow, striped red. B.M. 1172.

Var. immarginata. Baker. Fls. red, with dull yellow.
L. H. B.

ANTHOXANTHUM [inUow-nower, from the Greek).
Graminea. A. odoraliim, Linn., of the temperate parts
of the Old World, is the
Sweet Vernal Grass. It is
a perennial, of low growth,
very early bloom, and
sweet odor when mown.
It is used in mixtures of
pasture grasses, and is also
spontaneous in the E.
states in pastures, mead-
ows, and along roads. A .
Puilii, Lee. & Lamotte.
is an annual species, of
smaller size, sometimes
used in forage mixtures.

ANTHtlElUM (Greek,
tail • flower) . A ro 1 d e a- .
Tropical herbs, of 200 or
more species, cult, mostly
in stoves, grown for the
showy spathes and spadi-
ces or for foliage. Spathe
usually spreading or even
reflexed, only rarely par-
tially enclosing the spadix.
Differs from Alocasia and
allied genera in technical
characters. Monogr. by
Engler in DeCandolle's
MonographiEB Phanero-
gamarum, Vol. 2 ( 1879) .

Propagation is effected by .suckers or cuttings of the
rhizome inserted in .small pots containing a mixture of
peat fiber, chopped sphagnum moss and silver sand in

m Scherzenanum.

72

ANTHURIUM

equal proportions, and plunged in a propagating box m
a temperature of 75° to 80°, with bottom heat. About
the end of January is the most suitable time to take the
cuttings. Anthuriums may also be propagated by seeds
sown in a mixture of very fine fibrous peat and chopped
sphagnum mo.^^s in 4-inch pots. The seeds should be
lightly covered with sphagnum and tho pots placed
either in a propagating case or under bell glasses, where
a temperature of 80° can be maintained. A constant hu-
mid atmosphere is very necessary to induce the seeds to
germinate. The compost in which Anthuriums thrive
best is a mixture of one-third fern root, or the fiber of
peat with the dust shaken out, one-third sphagnum
moss and one-third broken crocks and charcoal. The
pots must be well drained, and the plants should be
coned up 2 or a inches above the rim of the pots, and
finished off with a surfacing of live sphagnum moss.

Established plants will only need repotting once in 2
or 3 years, but should have a fresh top-dressing every
year ; the best time to overhaul them is about the end
of .January, or before active growth commences. They
should be given a shaded position, free from draughts
of cold air, and ordinary stove temperature.

Like most evergreen aroids, they require a copious
supply of water at the roots and a humid atmosphere
during the spring and summer months, and at no season
of the year must the plants be allowed to become dry.
Care must also be taken not to mar the leaves by hard
spraying. The temperature during winter should not
fall below 55°. Cult, by Edward J. Canning.

Anthuriums such as A. Amlrfeaniim, A. ornntum,
and their numerous hybrid progeny, require at all times
a high and humid atmosphere. Under those conditions
and in a good rooting medium, they ought to be contin-
ually in flower. A bloom is produced from the axil of
each leaf, and immediately beneath this leaf a new root
is produced, thick and succulent at first, becoming tough
with age, and, if not allowed to bury itself among the
compost in which the plant grows, it eventually hardens
and is of no help in the sustenance of the plant. There-
fore, the growing point of the specimens should not be
allowed to get too high, or the flowers will lie few and
poor. When the plant forms stems above the pot, the
compost should either be built up around the stem, to
catch the roots,or the plant may be cut over, rooted afresh
in sand, and given a new start in a pot. The two orna-
mental-leaved species, A. Veitehil and A. Warocqiie-
anum, should be treated in the same manner. When cut
down, we may look for the old stocks to send out small
growths, which in course of time may be taken off and
put in small pots. All of the above are such free-rooting
kinds that they may, with the addition of some rotted
manure, be grown in sphagnum moss. A good mixture
is as follows: Sphagnum, chopped not too fine, one part;
fern or kalmia roots, chopped up and the fine substance
removed, one part ; another part to be made up equally
of sand and rotted manure. With well-drained pots, this
forms an admirable rooting substance. Most of the other

97. Anthurium Andraeanum.

species and their forms, including A. Schtrzeriatntm
and A. crystaUinum, will thrive better in material
mainly composed of rough, fibrous loam and peat with the
fine material sifted from it. This rough, tibrous material
should be mixed with a small quantity each of sphagnum,

ANTHURIUM

charcoal and sand. Good drainage, and less water than
is needed for the Andreanum section, will be necessary.
A. Scherzerianum, although thriving well in the hottest
house, will succeed in an interme-
diate house. Seeds are obtained by
pollinating the flowers, the stig-
mas of which become mature
before the anthers The seeds

should be sown on the surface of a pan of chopped moss
and sand covered with glass; they sometimes show signs
of germinating almost before being gathered, so that it
is dangerous to keep them any length of time before sow-
ing. To prevent damping.the seedlings should be pricked
off round the edge of a 3-inch pot as soon as the first leaf
is large enough to handle. Seeds of such kinds as crys-
taUinum and regale will germinate well on the moss of
nepenthes baskets. q^^^ by q_ ■^y. Oliver.

A. Li'S. plain green: grown mostly for the sJioivy
"flowers."

Scherzeriinnm, Schott. Fig. 96. A foot or two high,
fvergri-en : Ivs. long-lanceolate (the blade 1 ft. or more
long and petiole of nearly equal length), thick, usually
somewhat revolute, with a strong vein parallel with each
edge and close to it, and many cross-veins : scape long
and slender (1-2 ft.), red : spathe ovate-oblong, 3-4 in.
long, spreading or deflexed, intense red (sometimes
double, I.H. 37: 67): spadix slender, often curled, yel-
low. CentralAmer. B.M.5319. R.B.22:121. A.P.6:569
(in variety).— An old favorite. Runs into many forms :
Spathe white, vars. tilbum, album magnlficum, Idcteum,
maximum dlbum, Williamsii, Vervameum ; spathe par-
ti-colored, vars. Andegavinsis (scarlet on the back,
white and scarlet spotted above), »nKW6i(e (white-boi*
dered), nebulbsum (double, white spotted rose), Roth-
schiUUAnum (scarlet mottled white, Gn. 30: 5701, H'o-
rocqiiednum (not A. Warocquedmim) (white spotted
red); spathe very large, vars. giganthnu, nnijiiinitu,
Wdrdii, Woddbridgei. Very dwkrf is var. jn,:,,,,,, „,„ :
rose-salmon spathe and orange spadix is vai-. /'■nisi-
(nse ; sharp-pointed Ivs. and spathes is var. BiiiHittii.

ANTHURIUM

SpathiphJUum, N. E. Brown Two ft or less stem
less or nearly so : leaf-blade 2 ft or less nirion Ian
ceolate, attenuate in a straight line from the middle to
the base, acuminate, bright green above and giaM h
beneath, with prominent midiib spathe 2 in or less
long and a half or more as wide erect boat shaped pnle
green or whitish : spadix 1 in long and v ery blunt pale
yellow. Trop. Amer.

AndTaeElnum, Lind. Fig. 97 Low species with leaf
blades drooping like an Alocasia and cordate ovate Ian
ceolate : spathe cordate-ovate thick in tes.ture 6-10 in
long, orange-red, widely open spreading sp idix "i-i m
long, yellowish, with white band marking the zone in
which the stigmas are receptive Colombia B M b61b
A.F. (k5C9; 10:1005. Gt. 3b 1293 I H 2-4 271 37 105
— Beautiful and popular. Runs into many varieties some
with very large spathes and others with white ones
Also hybridized with other species

AA. Li's. prominently marked until uhite or colots ot
with deep bands of green cult mostly tot foliage

B. Marliings green or greenish
VMtchii, Mast. Pig. 98. Tall and robust species (st
2-3 ft.): If. -blades pendent like a fine Alocasia often
3-4 ft. long, cordate or eared at base metallic green but
marked by deep-sunk nerves which arch off the mid
rib : spathe 1 ft. long, horizontal green spadi\ G-8 m
long, straw-color. Colombia t C II 6 773 B M 0908
Mn. 8: 187. -Striking.

BB. Markings white or essentially so
Warocqueinum, Moore. Fig 99 Very vigorous Iv
oblong-lanceolate, long-tapering hanging i-i ft long
deep velvety green, with rib and principal veins of a
prominently lighter shade, making handsome contrasts
Colombia.— A handsome and striking foliage plant

magniliicum, Lind. Leaf blade deep cordate oval
2 ft. long, upper surface olive green with white nerve
petiole 4-angled : spathe small oblong green spadi\
green, cylindrical. Colombia

crystaUlnum, Lind. & Andr^ I il \ i i f
differs in petiole terete or only vii \ i i I i

sinus of blade smaller, veins will I

and very regular : leaf -blade ov t
velvety green, with the midiib ii i i
bands crystal white: spathe linexi 11 iig ii \niiiii it
green. Peru. I. H. 20: 128. G C III 2i il7Cvar illustte)
regftle, Lind. Leaf -blade cordate oblong long cuspi
date, 3 ft. or less, at first tmgcd lose but becoming dull
green and marked with white veins petiole neailj
terete : spathe broad-lanceolate gieeuish Peru

Various horticultural forms and h-^brids are in cult
in this country : 4. a mn'f<i?e L\ sjftrose cr\stilh
num X magniflcum. — J. cu(»f»iH i a hvbnd of Audra)
anura and ornatum. — .1. Chintntn L\ tri tnt,ular
with wide-spreading biisal lobe pathe iv)i\ white

erect: nyrapheefoliumxsub ignatum — 1 C! iikianum
Lvs. large and broad : spathe re embling that of An
draeanumbut salmon-rose.— J. Fei lutenn Lvs large
cordate : spathe cordate, brilliant red ornatumxAn
dreeanum. — J . floribundum Linden and Andr^=Spathi
phyllum floribundum. — ^. Ji^rcehelii. Lvs. large and cor-
date : spathe deep carmine : Andrseanum x ornatum.—
A, {;ronde = magnificum.—^. hyhridum, Lvs. large,
lobed at base, obtuse, green.— j1. tnu.'n'iicum. — A. ornH-
tum. Lvs. oval or oblong, cordate : spathe linear-oblong,
white.purple-tinted. — ji . JJej/HO Ws( rJ H u m ,various forms :
Ferrierense X Andrseanum ? — -i . Siehrerhtictniim. Lvs.
much as in magnificum, rich, velvety green, with thick
margins : spathe light green shading to cream : spadix
large, crirason. — 4.Wi«»ip7ia«s. Lvs. long-heart-shaped,
bright green with lighter veins : spathe narrow, green:
spadis greenish white.

A. acdtni N E Brown Lvs 8 10 in long triingiiHr -ml
longacumiuate green spathe reflexe 1 gieen spadix de p
green. Braz —A \Ue I rf Andreanum X Grusoni —A
J?aA-eri, Hook Lvs ellipti 1 nee late or hnear green spitlie
small, reflexed gieen sj hx i in long jellowish gieen le
coming longer an 1 re 1 a 1 1 i fn t —the chief merit

of the plant Costa R ^ \| 1 — ( 7 intense bchott

Lvs. with a very broad h 1 a long acumi

nate middle lobe dark g 1 breiilobvm

N.E.Brown Lvs oval a n paper like

green : spathe lanceolate i pUsh brown —

hanging tapering t

—Philcdcndi
lvs 9 parte 1
Koch Spatl

e oblong not
light veined
1 also the

short pomte lor Hunt thel i 1
tied gieen 1 ft crle s lonj, i t
green becoming j ell w and 1 1 1 1
Amer t (. Ibb3 1 3bl B M tib i
—A tnfidum Ohver B M OJJJ=

,D. ^

ANTHtLLIS (Greek,
NEV Vetch. Leguminb:
what shrubby, prized for their spikes or heads of yel-
low, purple or white fls. and usually silky pinnate foli-
age ; also for forage. In the Old World, prized mostly
for roekwork. The cult, is the easiest, as the plants
thrive even in poor soil. Prop, by seeds or division, or,
rarely, by soft cuttings. Not generally known in U. S.

Vulneraria, Linn. Sand Clovtee. 'Woundwort. A
foot high : Ifts. 5 or more : fls. normally yellow, but
there are red and white varieties. Eu.— A deep-rooted,
clover-like, hardy plant, excellent for sandy and light
lands. Useful for forage, and, for that purpose, occa-
sionally grown in this country. Requires 20 lbs. of seed
to the acre.

74

ANTHYLLIS

Linn. Afoot or less high, silkr-hoary : Ifts.
numerous; tls. purple. Herbaceous. Eu. L.B.C.6:578.

Btliba-J6viB, Linn. Jupiter's Beard. Glasshouse
silky evergreen, 3-8, or even 12 ft. high, with several
to many pairs of narrow, pointed Ifts. : fls. straw-colored
or whitish, in clover-like heads. S.Eu. B.M. 1927.-In
frostless countries, endures sea-winds and salt spray.
L. H. B.

ANTIARIS toxiciria, Lesch. UHicdcece. Upas Tree
of Java. The juice and gum are virulently poisonous, and
it was once supposed that no life could exist in the neigh-
borhood of the tree, but this is false. The tree has been
grown in botanic gardens. See Hooker, in Companion
to Botanical Magazine. Gn. 12, p. 407.

ANTIDfiSMAl Greek, for and band, the bark of A. Bu-
niii.s being us.-.l for cordage). Eiiphorbiiicem. Tropical
trees or shrubs, with simple, entire Ivs. and inconspicuous
unisexual fls., in spikes : fr. a 1-seeded little drupe.

Bilnius, Spreng. A tree with dark green foliage and
small, round berries of a subacid taste, much used for
preserves : the bark vields a fiber. Adapted to S. Calif,
and S. Fla. Malay. -Cult, in S. Calif.

ANTlGONON (name from the Greek). Poltjgondcea.
Tropical tendril-climbers : sepals 5, colored and petal-
like, the 2 interior ones narrower ; stamens 8 ; styles 3,
and ovary 3-angled : Ivs. alternate and entire : fls. in
racemes, which end in branching tendrils.

ISptopus, Hook. & Am. Mountain Rose. Rosa de
MoNTiVA San MiGUELiTO Probably the only species
cult m this countr\ Stem slender and tall, glabrous,
or nearlj so h s cordate and acuminate, or hastate-
ovate, .3-5 in. long : fls. fi-l.i

Guatemala

greenhou.su ciimlu i,-.. injuii
ing abundaucu of light ; usu-
ally grown from seeds,but also
from cuttings. In the S. it
1 looms freely in the open, pre-
t rring sunny and hot places ;
1 rtect the root well in win-
r, or plant deep. It is tu-
rous-rooted. Give plenty of
iter when in fl.. but keep
I y when at rest.

GuatemaUnse.Meissn.
1.1. insifine. Mast.).
Pubescent : Ivs. broad-
er: fls.more numerous,
the sepals nearly twice
longer (1 in. long)tha
in the las
G.C. II.

L. H. B.

ANTIKRHiNUM

I Greek, snout-flower).
Scrop h n la ri d cecr.
Snapdragon. Over 60
species of herbs, na-
tives to the Old and
New World, in warm
temperate regions.
Lvs. usually opposite
below and generally
entire, never com-
pound ; corolla saccate
or gibbous at base, but
not spurred, personate
or closed at the throat :
stamens 4. Closely al-
lied to Linaria, from
which it differs in the
spurless fls.
Snapdragons are flowered either in the open or under
glass. The common varieties are forms of A. majii.s, and
are perennial, although the first crop of bloom is usually

APHANANTHE

the only one which is desired. Most of the varieties of
this species are hardy in the N. if well covered during
winter. Seeds sown very early in the spring, especially
under frames, and transplanted, produce blooming plants
the same season. It is usual, however, if early bloom is
desired, to sow the seeds in Aug. or Sept., and cover

101. Antirrhi

the plants with a mulch on the approach of cold weather.
These fall-sown plants may be transplanted into pots (or
grown in them from the first) and flowered in the house.
For forcing in this way. Snapdragons are very satisfac-
tory. The temperature and treatment required for gera-
niums and carnations suit them well. Dwarf vars. are
used for edgings.

a. Common Snapdragons, strictly erect,

mHjus, Linn. Common or Large Snapdragon. Fig.
1011. Pi-rennial, or practically a biennial under cult.:
I :; II-, II "t downy except in the fl. -cluster : lvs. oblong
!■ , entire, sometimes variegated: fls. large,
I : - .1 iiir. with spreading, very irregular lobes, in an
' ;■ ' - •riiiinal spike or raceme. In many colors and

vaihii i; ih-iii- from red and purple to white), in
form- I i.l dwarf. Mediterranean region;

sf.iiM ; , I. J wild about gardens. A. F. 9:909;

13:. U- i II ii J. A.G.17:379. F.E. 7: 711. -There
are. I.. I i I.;. i..riii-. ^. line of thevarietal names used by hor-
ticuliuii^t- ;ir«_' 'ill'uni, btcolor, cocclneiim, rariegdtum,

Ordntium, Linn. Small Snapdragon. A low, slender
annual, with lirnar lvs. and small fls. purple or white
(H; in. long) iu the axils. An occasional weed in cult,
grounds, 6 in. or less high ; not cult.
AA. Native species, producing tendril-like branches in
the inflorescence.

Orcuttianum, Gray. Slender, 2-4 ft., glabrous: corolla
Kin- I. III.-, uhiir .T violet, lower lip not much larger
than thr n|ip.r : Iwwi-r lvs. spatulate-lanceolate, the up-
per lin.-ar. Annnai. Lower and S. Calif . Int. by Orcutt
in IWIl.

AAA. Climbing vine.

maurandioldes, Grav (Jtaurandia antirrhinifldra,
Willd.). Fig. 101. Climbing 2-5 ft. by means of the
coiling petioles and peduncles : lvs. 3-lobed, halberd-
shape : fls. axillary, 1 in. or more long, violet or purple,
handsome. Tex. to Calif. B.M. 1643. -Attractive plant
for the window, cool greenhouse or conservatory.
Suitable for baskets. l. H. B.

ANTBOPHYUM (Greek, sfrowini? in caverns). Poly-
podidcere. A genus of inconspicuous, simple-leaved
ferns rarely found iu cultivation. Require high temp.

AViliA (Greek, undivided). Gramlneir. One or two
European and Asian grasses of the tribe Agrostidea. A.
arundinitcea, Hook., is a tender grass from New Zea-
land, of erect habit and exceedingly long, pendulous
panicles, grown under glass ; but it really belongs to the
genus Stipa. G.C. III. 22 : 283. Likely to come into
American trade.

APHANANTHE (Greek, aphanes, inconspicuous,
and anthe, flower). Urticclcea. Trees or shrubs : lvs.
alternate, petiolate, serrate : fls. moncecious, inconspic-
uous ; staminate iu corymbs; pistillate single, axillary:

APHANANTHE

fr. a drupe. Three species in Jap. and Austral. Prop,
by seeds or perhaps in the same way as Celtis, and also
by grafting on Celtis.

aspera, Planch. Small tree : Ivs. ovate, oblique, acu-
minate, serrate, 2K-t in. long, rough to the touch : fls.
greenish, with the Its.: drupe globular, black, slender-
stalked. Jap. — Not hardy N., with slender branches,
not much different in appearance from Celtic occiden-
talis. Little known in this country. Alfred Rehder.

APHELANDRA (Greek-made name). AranlhAcen-.
Nearly 70 species of evergreen tropical American shrubs,
grown in hothouses for the fine foliage and showy 4-aided
terminal spikes of red or yellow gaudy-bracted fls. Of
easy culture, if given plenty of diffused light in the grow-
ing season, and plants are not allowed to become tall and
leggy. It is well to grow new plants frequently. Prop,
by seeds when obtainable, or by cuttings of partially
ripened wood at any season. They bloom in autumn,
but can readily be brought into flower at other seasons.
When done blooming, the plants should be rested in an
intermediate temperature, kept rather dry, but not al-
lowed to wilt or shrivel. Require treatment of Justicias,
and thrive along with AUamandas and Poinsettias.

L. H. B.

All Aphelandras like a stovehouse temperature and a
light leaf -mold, with a liberal proportion of sand. They
should not be kept very wet in winter. They propagate
readily from cuttings and seeds. The leading trade
names are A. auranflaca,chrysops, Fascinator, Mazlii.
A. chrysops is one of the handsomest of the group.

H. A. SlEBRECHT.

A. Fls. in sJiades of yellow.

Chamissoniina, Nees. {A. punctdta, Bull). Lvs. ob-
long-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acimiinate, the
center banded witli whit... .ind white dots running off
towards the niar^'iii, tlip miilrib green: fls. and spiny
bracts bright y.-ll..«-. S. Anin-. I,H.29:457. B.M. 6627.

squarrdsa, Jvitn, (.1. y,.'. ./.,./(/(, Hort. A. chrjsops,
Hort. ). Lvs. large, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acuminate,
dark green above (pale below), with white rib and main
veins : fls. bright yellow and much exserted beyond the
yellow crenate-dentate bracts. Braz. A.sqtiarrbsaitseK
is probably not in cult., the showy plant in the trade
(and described above) being called A. squarrosa var.
Leopoldi by Van Houtte (F.S. 9: 889). — One of the most
showy.

Blanchetiina, Hook. f. {A. anikna, Bull). St. thick
and stout: lvs. ovate-acuminate, with many pairs of con-
spicuous nerves, green, the midrib, and often the main
veins, white: fls, dark yellow, exceeding the long, entire,
cusp-pointed red scales : spike sessile. Braz. B.M.
7179. — Known in the trade as A. amcena, having been
described under that name before it had flowered in
cult.

AA. Fls. oranrje, verijing to scarlet.

aurantiaca, Lindl. Lvs. oviite-elliptic, dfip green
above, light green below, strongly vcinrd. l.ut imt parti-
colored, slightly wavy edged: fls! oranu.-, with a tinge of
scarlet, the spreading limb overhanging tin- grtenish
sharp-toothed scales. Mex. B.JX. 4-'J4. i!.i;,31:12.

Var. Boezlii, Nicholson {A.Boeslei, Carr.). Fls. with
more scarlet: lvs. twisted, with silvery hue between the
veins. Mex. — Showy and good. Not so tall as A. au-
rantiaca.

AAA. Ft.':, red.

Fascinator, Lind. & AndriS. Lvs. ovate to ovate-ellip-
tic, the rib and veins widely margined with interlocking
bands of white, the under surface purple : fls. large,
brilliant vermilion, obscuring the inconspicuous bracts.
New Granada. I.H. 21:164. — Very showy and desirable.

A. atrdvirens, N. E. Browii. Dwarf : lvs. very dark green
above and purplish beneath : fls. yellow, 1 in. Ions. Braz. I.H.
31: 527. — J. cristata. R.Br. Lvs. ovate-elliptic, green: fls. dark
red, very long and curbing, 2-3 in. Long known. W. Ind. B.M.
1.578.—.!. J.ihmiiann. Linden. Dw.lrf : lvs. ovate and long-acu-
minate, with a wliite rib, green below : fls. deep yellow, small,
scarcely exserted beyond the red bracts. Br,iz.? B.M. W63.—
A. Macedoidna. Lmd. & Rod. Said to be a form of A. atrovi-
rens. Lvs. with white rib and main veins. Braz. I.H. 33: 583.
—A. Margarita. Hort. Lvs. elliptic-acuminate, barred with
white, purple below : fls. yellow, the bracts strong-toothed.

75

Once catalogued by John Saul. Braz. G.C.IIl. 2:585.— A.

Hook. Compact : lvs.
purple beneath ; fls.
showy. New Granad
offered in America,

hining green above, dark
' irge, the bracts rot
1027.— A. orientalis,
»f some well known

L. H. B.
vi. tilirtcem, tvihe

Aga

. green-
er pris-
ab surpass-

APlCEA (not bitt, r. f
Aloinea. Shortly .aiil
spirally arranged 'or . • i. .\
ish, often striped witlt
matic, with short, flat o
ing the stamens. Cape
house ; suitable for i
Prop, like Aloe. Monogr. by Baker. G.C. 11.11:717
( 1879) ; Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 216.

A. Lvs. as broad as long, acuminate, horizontal.

folioldsa.Willd. (Aloe folioUsa, Haw. Saw6rthia folio-
Idsa, Haw. ) . Lvs. densely crowded, thm-margined, very
acuminate, smooth, serrulate : fls. smooth. Cape. B.M.
1352.

AA. l/vs. more elongated, thick, acute, erect or ascending,
except in age.
B. Fls. smooth.

4spera,Willd. (Aide aspera, Savi. JTawMhiadspera,
Haw.). Lvs. small, crowded, finely tuberculate, rough-
ened on the back and margin, only the uppermost erect.
Cape.

pentigona, Willd. (Aide pentdgona. Haw., not Jaeq.
Hawdrthia pentdgona, Haw.). Fig. 102. Lvs. larger,
from slightly concave and
angled becoming biconvex ;
5-ranked ; finely pale-tuher
culate on back and m irgm
Cape. B.M. 1338 -In.hil -
several forms : \ ai Wll
dendvii, Baker ; var bullu
lita, WUld. (AUe bnllulat i
Jacq.); var. spirilla, Baku
(Aloe spirilla, Salm Ht
wdrthia spirilla, Haw )
BB. Fls. rough-tuberculal

spiralis, Bak. (A imlii
cdta, Willd. Aide spudli
Linn., not Haw Jlauoi
thia imbricdta, Haw ) Lvs
small, irregularly dispersed
smooth, the margin and kee
denticulate. Cape B M
14.55.

Other species are :
nata. Haw. (Aloe bicarinata,
Spreng.) ; A.co/i^esea.Bak.CAloe
congesta, Sahn.) ; A. deltoldea,
Bak. (Aloe deltoidea. Hook. f.).
B.M. 6071.

William Trelease.

APIOS (pear, from the Greek, alluding to the shape of
the tubers). Leguminbsw. Perhaps half a dozen species
in N. Amer. and Asia, of twining, tuberous-rooted pm-
nate-Ieaved herbs. Fls. in dense, short racemes : pod
linear and flat, several-seeded. A light soil and sunny
place are essential to free growth. Under these con-
ditions, the plant covers a trellis or other support in a
comparatively short time.

tuberbsa, Monch. Groltndnut. Wild Bean. Four
to 8 ft., climbing over bushes : root bearing strings of
edible tubers, 1-2 in. long: leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate :
fls. fragrant, chocolate-brown, the standard very broad
and turned back, the keel long, incurved and of scythe-
shape. July-Aug. G.W.F. 44. — Common in low grounds.
The fruit often faUs to mature. Prop, by the tubers,

2 to 4 of which should be planted together at a depth of

3 or 4 inches ; also, by seeds. Grows well in the wild
border, in any loose, rich soil. Likely to become a weed
in rockeries.

A. Furtunei, Maxim., is occasionally cult, in Japan for its
small, ovate, edible tubers. A.G. 1892:77.- A. Priceana. Robin-
son, native to Kentucky, may be expected to appear in the trade.
The root is a single large tuber, becoming 6 or 7 in. in diam.:
fls. greenish white, tinged with rose-purple or magenta. A vig-
orous cUmber, first described Sn 1898 (Bot. Gaz. 25:451, with
illustration). j. b. Keller and L. H. B

hanging,
103). Ha

APIUM. See CUrn.

APLfiCTEtTM (Greek, with no spur). Orchid&cea. A
small orchid, with smallish dull-colored fls. in a raceme,
on a leafless scape, which springs from a large corm-like
tuber. Single species, in woods in the N. states.

hyemile, Nutt. Putty Root. Adam-and-Eve. Fig.
103. Sends up a pointed green If. 2-6 in. long, which
lasts through the winter, and in spring a stalk about a
foot high, bearing a raceme of rather large greenish
brown fls., which are succeeded by
oblong-pointed pods (Fig.
lardy. May be grown in rich,
loamy borders. Interesting, but not
show^'.

APLOPAPPUS (Greek, simple
pappus}. Syn. , ffaplopapptis. Com-
posite. About 115 species, mostly
from California and Chili. Fls. yel-
low, in summer and autumn. The
only species known to be in Ameri-
can trade is

lanugindsus, Gray. Hardy alpine
herb, woolly, 4 in. high, from creep-
ing rootstocks : Ivs. soft, narrowly
spatulate, or upper linear, 1-2 in.
long : rays 15-20. Mts. of Wash,
and Mont. Int. 1889, by P. H. Hors-
ford.

A. ericaWes, Hook. & Am. Shrub. 2-:>
ft. higli : Ivs. very uumerous, filiform,
those iif till- dense fascicles 2 or 3 lines
long; tis. very numerous. G.C. III. 20: 301.

APbCYNUM (Greek for dog-bane).
Apoeyniicecc. Dog-bane. Indian-
Hemp. Tough perennial herbs,chiefly
of N. Temp, zone, with oblong or
ovate opposite Ivs., milkweed-like fls.
in small cymes, and slender follicles
or pods. About 25 species, 3 or 4 native
toN.Amer.

androssemifdlium, Linn. Three ft.
or less high, usually glabrous, the
branches spreading : lobes of corolla
revolute and tube of corolla longer
than the calyx : Ivs. oval or ovate,
short-petioled: cymes loose: fls. bell-
like, white or pink. N. states : com-
mon. B.M. 280. D. 189.-Sold by
dealers in native plants. Useful for
the hardy border.

cann&binum, Linn. Branches erect
or nearly so: lobes of corolla nearly
erect, the tube not longer than calyx:
Ivs. ovate to lance-oblong, short-
petioled : cymes dense: fls. greenish
white. N. states: common.— Not
known to be in the trade, but apt to
be confounded with the above.

APONOGfiTON (Greek name, re-
ferring to its habitat in the water).
NaiaaAcio!. About 20 tropical or sub-
tropical water plants. Pis. in twin
terminal spikes, wholly naked, but
subtended by a double row of petal-
like bracts.
distichyum, Thunb. Cape Pond-weed. Water Haw-
thorn (from the fragrance). Forked spikes 4-8 in. long,
with several pairs of pure white bracts, borne on the
emersed ends of long scapes : fls. very fragrant, with
purple anthers : Ivs. with very long petioles, the blade
floating, oblong-lanceolate, round-based, parallel-veined,
3-6 in. long. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1293. F.R.
1 : 463. P.G. 4: 106. -A charming and interesting plant.
In a protected pool, especially if it can be covered in
winter, the plant is hardy in the N., blooming nearly all
summer. Removed to tubs in the fall, it blooms nearly
all winter ; or it can be grown permanently in tubs or
deep pans in the house. Requires about 2 ft. of water.

103. Fruit of Aplec-
trum hyemale.

Nearly natural size.

APPLE

or out-of-doors it may have twice that depth. Prop,
chiefly by seeds, but fls. should be pollinated and kept
above water at least 24 hours afterwards, and seeds not
be allowed to become dry. Var. Lagringei, Hort. (.1.
Lagrdngei, Hort.), is a rare and beautiful variety, with
violet bracts and Ivs. violet beneath. It props, slowly.
R.H. 1895:380. L. H. B.

/'APPLE. BosAeea. TheApple is native to southwestern
Asia and adiacent Europe. It has been cultivated from
timeimmeninrinl. Chnrred reiiiniTU of the fruit are found
in the prelii-t"ri'' Inkc ■hvi llinir^ c,f Switzerland. Now
widely culti\at.(l ami i)niio ii-.ly variable, it is grown
in every tiiii|M i at.- c liinatc. ami i-; the most important
commercial pomolu^icul fruit.

TheApple has come from two original stems. All the
commonApples are modifications of Pyrti.i Malus (see
Pyrus). a low round-headed tree, with thick and fuzzy,
irregularly dentate, short-.stemmed leaves and fairly com-
pact clusters of wooUystemmed flowers. The crab-
apples are derived from Pyrus baccata , commonly known
as the Siberian crab. This species is probably of more
northern or eastern origin than the other. It is of smoother
and more wiry p-r.nvth. with iiarrow.i- aiol thinner es-
sentially glaliiou^ IniiL' -^ti nmi'-d I' r!\t -. ami more open
clusters of (.'laliroii.--ti-niiii.al ilow, r~. 'I'lo- fruit is small
and hard, aial t li i- calyx lota ■> fall at inaturny. leaving the
eye or basin of tlie fruit smooth imd plain. Hybrids be-
tween these species have given the race of large-fruited

ki ■.:/,>'

:fe

'h

crab-apples, of which the Transcendent and Hyslop are
examples. This race is known to botanists as Pyrus
prunifolia. CertainApples are native to North America.
Two species, Pyrus Joensis and P. coronnriii, are of in-
terest to the pomologist. The former is the prairie-
states crab, and is the more promising. In characters of
growth, leaves and flowers, it bears a striking resem-
blance to forms of Pyrus Malus. The fruit is spherical
or spherical-oblong, short-stemmed, very hard, and re-
mains green-colored. The fruit of the eastern-states
crab, Pyrus eoronaria, is distinctly flattened endwise,
and is long-stemmed. The leaves are deep-cut and often

three-lobed. There are
eastern species, and no authei
the common Apples. Thefrni
tiers, but it has little conie.i
has produced a number of jo
common Apple, and this moiif.-
Soulardi. The Soulard crab i
Its value lies only in its extre
logical value of the native c
completer account

of this

, .,,_ ;,,..al. with the
rare ,-, known as />l/)-l(S
lie best known of these
hardiness. The pomo-
is is prospective. For
ve Apples, see Bailey

"Evolution of our Native Fruits

The most perfect Apple region of this country— consid
ering productiveness, quality, long-keeping attributes,
longevity of tree — is that which begins with Nova Scotia
and extends to the west and southwest to Lake Michigan.
Other important regions are the Piedmont country of
Virginia and the highlands of adjacent states, the Plains
regions, the Ozark and Arkansas region, and the Pacific

APPLE

••egion, the last comprising the foothills in California and
the country to the northward. All parts of the United
States north of Florida and the Gulf borders, and exclud-
ing the warm-temperate parts of the Southwest and the
Pacific coast, are adapted to the Apple in greater

and Canada, of all kinds and grades, is probably not less
than 100,000,000 barrels. The Apple is a cosmopolitan
fruit ; and since it thrives almost anywhere, it is com-
monly neglected. The plants which are most difficult to
cultivate are the ones whifli ;m lust cultivated.

The Apple was early intr(«hii'fil inu. this country. In
the early days it was priztil i-hie(ly for cider. It is an
ancient and common notion that any Apple is good enough
for cider ; and this is one reason for the neglect in which
the Apple plantation is commonly allowed to stand. The
best results in Apple-growing are to he expected when
the land is tilled. The reasons for tilling the orchard are
those which apply to other crops, — to make plant-food
available, to extend the area in which tlic roots can grow,

hot and sunny country, that 1 1].- ro< its ex tend deep enough
to escape the disastrous ettrcts of drought. The ideal
treatment of orchard land is to tit the ground deep before
the trees are planted, to plow deep for a year or two or
three in order to force the roots down and to thoroughly
ameliorate the soil, and to practice shallow tillage in order
to conserve moisture. {See Tillage.) Since trees make

APPLE

77

1^"

105 A Eood New York Apple orchard at 25 years

most of their growth early in the season, the tillage should
be begun as soon as the land is fit in spring; and it may be
discontinued by midsummer or August. This cessation
of the tillage allows of the growing of some cover crop
or catch crop (see Cover' crops) late iu the season, in
order to secure humus and to improve the physical tex-
ture of the soil. If the laud is well handled in the first
few years, it will not be necessary to turn a furrow in the
orchard thereafter, but merely to loosen the surface in
the spring with a spading harrow, spring-tooth harrow,
or other tool, in order to reestablish the surface mulch.
The only reasons for turning a furrow will occur when
the land is so hard that the surface tools cannot mellow
the surface, or when it is desirable to turn under a green-
manure crop. Even hard lands may be got in such con-
dition, by means of tillage and green-manures, that they
may be worked up with harrow tools when the orchard
comes into bearing. Plowing the orchard, therefore, has
two legitimate objects : to mellow and ameliorate the
land to aconsiderable depth, so that the roots may forage
deep ; to turn under a cover crop. The former purpose
should not be necessary after the first few plowings. An
incidental object of plowing is to facilitate the making
of the annual surface mulch ; and this mulch is to save
the moisture.

The Apple thrives in a variety of soils, but it is most
productive and longest-lived on land which has a con-
siderable original admixture of clay: that is, in a clay
loam. Iiands which yield good crops of wheat and corn
may be expected to be good Apple lands, if other condi-
tions are right. Rolling, inclined, or somewhat elevated
lands are generally considered to be most desirable.

Their value lies in the better drainage of water and air.
The trees may be set in either fall or spring. Forty feet
apart each way is the standard distance for Apple trees •
but some varieties, as the Wag-
ener and the crabs, may be set ~

closer. In the .South and on the
Plains, trees may be set closer,
as they do not attain such great
size as in the northeastern
states. In general, it is best to
devote the land to Apples alone;
but persons who are willing to
give the plantation the best of
care may plant other trees
between theApples, as fill-
ers. The more diverse the
kinds of trees which are
planted together, the more
difficult it is to give the
proper care to each. Some
of the shorter-lived varieties of Apples make excellent
fillers in the Apple orchard : and in special cases dwarf
Apples may be used.

It should be the general purpose to till the Apple
orchard throughout its life; but whenever the trees seem
to be growing too rapidly, the plantation may be seeded
down for a time. That is, tillage is the general practice;
seeding down is the special practice. For the first few
years, annual crops may be grown in tbo Apple orchard;
but every year a more generous open space should be
left about the trees. Till as often as the land becomes
crusted or baked. On strong soils which are well han-
dled, it is rarely necessary to apply concentrated fertil-
izers until the trees are old enough to bear. What fer-
tilizers are then needed, and how much to apply, are to
be determined by the behavior of the trees. If the trees
are making insufficient growth, and the foliage lacks
color, one or all of three things may be the trouble : the
trees may need water ; they may be suffering from in-
sects or disease ; they may lack nitrogen. If it is thought
that they lack nitrogen, this material may be supplied in
the form of nitrate of soda, siilfati- ■■{ aiiniLonia, or the
uuburned animal substances, as l.l.ioM ami laiikage. Two
to three hundred pounds to tin- aire oj' tlir nit rate of soda
or sulfate of ammonia are lilaral applirati.ms on well-
tilled lands. If the trees are making vigorous growth,
the probability is that they are not in need of more nitro-
gen. Potash and phosphoric acid may then be applied.
Three hundred pounds of muriate of potash, or other
concentrated material, should be sufficient for an acre,
under ordinary conditions. As a rule, all orchards in
full bearing should have a liberal annual application of
fertilizing materials. In the East, Apple trees sbuuid he
iu profitable bearing at 10 years from planting, and
should continue in that condition for 30 years.

The two staple enemies of the Apple are the apple-
worm (the larva of the codlin -moth), and the apple-scab
(Fig. 106). These are readily held in check by spraying,
— with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with Bor-
deaux mixture for the scab. (See Sprayino.) Spraying
for the worm should be performed as soon as the last

Ready for the first general spraying.

petals fall ; for the scab as soon as the buds are well
burst (Fig. 107). In badly infected regions and on very
susceptible varieties, it may be necessary to spray first
for the scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects
(as canker-worms, case-bearers, bud-moth) which appear

before the flowers open, it is advisable to add Pans frreen
or other arsenical poison to the Bordeaux mixture it the
early spraying The number of times to sprav depends

upon the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be com-
batted, and the season ; but it is a good rule to expect
to spray with the combined Bordeaux and Paris green
mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals
have fallen. In the Plains country, less spraying may
be necessary for the fungous diseases.

The A pple commonly bears on spurs. The fruit-bud is
distinguished by its greater size (usually somewhat
thicker than its branch), its greater width in proportion
to its length, and more conspicuous pubescence. It is
also distinguished by its position. A fruit-bud is shown
in Fig. 108. A fruit-scar is shown near the base of the
branch. If this fruit was borne in 1898, the side branch
grew in 1899, from a bud which came into existence in
1898. If we go back to the spring of 1898, the matter can
be made plain. A cluster of flowers appeared. One
flower;set a fruit (Fig. 109). This Apple is at the end of
the branchlet or spur. The spur cannot increase in
length in the same axis. Therefore, a bud appears on
the side (Fig. 110). The fruit absorbs the energies of
the spur. There is little nourishment left for the bud.
The bud awaits its opportunity ; the following year it
grows into a branchlet and makes a fruit-bud at its end
(Fig. 108); and thereby there arises an alternation in
fruit-bearing.

The Apple is budded or root-grafted upon common
Apple seedlings. These seedlings are usually grown from

APPLESEED

hardiness can be secured. (See Graftnge.) In Russia.
seedlings of Pyrus baccata are used as stocks. They
prevent root-killing, and give earlier fruit-bearing. Ap-
ples are dwarfed by working them on various kinds of
Paiddiseaud Doucin stocks. These stocks are merely
naturally dwarf forms of the common apple, and which,
in some remote time, have originated from seeds. Dwarf
Apples are much grown in Europe, where small-area cul-
tivation and wall-training are common, but they are lit-
tle known in America. Apple trees are usually planted
when two or three years old.
^ Tlie varieties of Apple trees actually on sale in North
\inprica in any year are not far from 1.000 kinds. Each
„'if It geographical area has varieties which are particu-
Hrh adapted to it. In the northern Mississippi valley,
there are few of the eastern-states Apples which thrive.
Varieties have been introduced from Russia with the
expectation that they will be adapted to the region : but
more is to be expected of their progeny than of them-
selves. Varieties of local origin, coming from various
stem types, are now providing that countrv with satis-
factory Apples. In the selection of varieties", one should
be guided by this adaptation to the region, and by the pur-
pose for which the fruit is designed t.. 1..- ltowh. Con-
sult the recom-
mended lists of
the state horti-
cultural socie-
ties ; ask per-
sons who have
had experience
in the tjivt-Ti r.-
gion: ^w,„. ,

9

111. The flat or oblate i

1 apple.

seeds obtained from cider mills. In the East, budded
trees are preferred. In the West, root-grafted trees are
preferred, largely because own-rooted trees of known

The leadii.L-

commercial v.i
rieties in Norih
America are A I
bemarle Pippin,
American Gol-
den Russet, As-
trachan, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Pearmain, Duchess
of Oldenburg, Fameuse. Gilliflower, Gravenstein, Janet,
King, Lawver. Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, New-
town Pippin, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleasant, Pennock,
Rhode Island Greening, Rome
Beauty, Shocklev, Twenty Ounce,
Wealthy,Willow Twig, Wolf River,
York Imperial. See Plate I. Bald-
win and Ben Davis, the former of
inferior quality and the latter of
worse, hold the supremacy in
American market Apples. The
Apples of the eastern and central
country tend toward flattened or
oblate shape (Fig. 111). The typi-
cal form of the so-called long or
conical American Apple may be
seen in Fig. 110. The Apples of

Europe are often distinctly attenuated and ribbed at the
apex (Fig. 11'2); and this "form is also accented in the
regions beyond the Rockies.
Three books devoted wholly to the apple have ap-
11 : Warder. Apples, 1867 (the
n-i, I-:i ; l;:.il.-y, Field Notes
\ '1. '25, Nebraska
I - I . I ' Apple, a report
1, -i;-. I -... i..,v. 1898. Nearly
.If sp:K-i- lo ihe apple.

L. H. B.
APPLESEED, JOHNNY. An interesting and eccen-
tric character, who sowed apple seeds in the wilds of
Ohio and Indiana between 1801 and 1847. His real name
was Jonathan Chapman. He was bom in Boston in
1775, and died in 1847. For 46 years he walked bare-
foot through the wilderness, and was never harmed by
snakes, wild animals, or Indians. He was often clad in
a coffee-sack, in which he made holes for the arms and
legs. He would never kill any creature, and considered
pruning and grafting wicked. Swedenborg and the

112, An Irish apple.

peared in North Amei
best); Todd, Apple Cu
on Apple Culture, 1881',.
State Horticultural S("
of the Kansas State Hn
all the fruit m<inuals di

113. Apricot leaves.

P. Mume on left ;
P. Armeniaea on right.

APPLESEED

New Testament he read aloud in many frontier log
cabins. He had many peculiarities, but was always
welcomed and respected everywhere. In the war of
1812 he saved many lives by warning the settlers of
Hull's surrender and the approach o£ the Indians. He
lived to see trees bearing fruit over a territory of
100,000 acres. The story of this self-sacrificing and
useful man is told by W. D. Haley in Harper's,
43:830-836(1871). W. M.

AFBICOX. MosAcca. The Apricot is a fruit some-
what intermediate between the peach and the plum.
The tree is a round-headed, spreading grower, with
dark, somewhat peach-like bark, and very broad or al-
most circular leaves. The fruit, which generally ripens
in advance of both the peach and plum, is peach-like in
shape and color, with a smoother skin, rich, yellow flesh
and large, flat, smooth stone. The
flesh is commonly less juicy than
that of the peach, and, as a rule,
perhaps, of higher quality. The
Apricots are of three species, all
probably native of China or Japan.
The common Apricot of Europe
and America is Prtinus Arnieni-
aea : fr. variable, but smooth at
maturity, red or yellow, the sweet
and firm flesh free, or very nearly
so, from the large, smooth, flat
stone : tree with a round, spread-
ing top, and a reildish, cherry-like
or peach-like bark: Ivs.(Fig. 113,
right) ovate or reund-ovate, with
a short point and, sometimes a

heart-shaped base, thin and bright green, smooth, or
very nearly so below, as are the gland-bearing stalks, the
margins rather obtusely and mostly finely serrate : tis.
pink-white and borne singly, sessile or very nearly so,
preceding the leaves (Fig. IIG). The Russian Apricot
is a hardy but smaller-fruited race of this species. The
Japanese Apricot, in Japan grown for flowers rather
than for fruit, is Prunus Mume : fr. small, yellowish or
greenish, the flesh rather hard and dry, and adhering
tightly to the pitted stone : tree like the commonApricot,
but with a grayer or greener bark and duller foliage :
Ivs. grayish green, generally narrower (Fig. 113, left)
and long-pointed, more or less hairy along the veins be-
low and on the shorter mostly glandless stalk, thick in
texttire and prominently netted beneath : fls. fragrant,
borne singly or in 2's, and sessile (without stalks).
Only rccentir introduced into this country, chit-Hv under
the name of Bungoume plum. The thir.i s-,.ecii's is the
purple or black Apricot. Pnimis dasycarpa, which is
little cultivated: fr. globular and somewhat plum-like,
with a distinct stem, pubescent or fuzzy even at ma-
turity, dull dark purple, the sourish, soft flesh clinging
to the plum-like fuzzy stone: tree round-headed, with
much the habit of the common Apricot, with Ivs. ovate
and more or less tapering at both ends, thin, dull green,
on slender and pubescent mostly glandless stalks, finely
appressed-serrate, and hairy on the veins below: fls.
large and plum-like, blush, solitary or in 2's, on pubes-
cent stalks a half -inch or more long, and appearing in
advance of the leaves. See Prunus for related species.
The Apricot-plum, Prunus Simonii, is discussed under
Plum.

The Apricot is as hardy as the peach, and it thrives in
the same localities and under the same general cultiva-
tion and treatment, but demands rather strong soil. It
is grown commercially in New York and other eastern
states. There are three chief reasons why the Apricot
has remained in comparative obscurity in the East :
Ignorance of the fruit; loss of crop by spring frosts,
because of the very early season of blooming of the
Apricot; the fondness of the curculio for the fruit. To
these may be added the fact that we have not yet ar-
rived at an understanding of the best stocks upon which
to bud the Apricot ; but this difficulty may be expected to
disappear as soon as greater attention is given to the
fruit and our nurserymen begin to propagate it exten-
sively. Aside from the above difficulties, there are prob-
ably no reasons why Apricots should not be grown in the
East as easily as plums or peaches. The varieties of

APRICOT

79

Apricots which are chiefly prized in the eastern states
are Harris, Eariv ^loorpark, and St. Ambroise for earlv:
TurkMi ..1 K>.,r,:.i, < Fi-. 1111. M..,il-uraet, Royal and
Muufj:! ■ ' ■ --U :iii'i l.iii . f M' tlie Russian race,

the 1" - ' , . . Al. Mirnlrr. inMi, Budd, Alexis,
Nirl,..!:.-. ,•,,,.1 . .,.:.. nur.

ThL- ukal ..i.il l.jr ibL- April-. .t sti)ii,-. to be one which
is deep and dry, and of a loamy or gravelly character.
The rolling loamy lands which are well adapted to apples
seem to be well suited to the Apricot, if the exposure
and location are right. The Apricot seems to be particu-
larly impatient of wet feet, and many of the failures are
due to retentive subsoils. Particular attention should
be given to the location and exposure of the Apricot
orchard. In the East, the bist r.sults are obtained if
the plantation stands iip -n - '• > :'' ' land ne.ar a large
body of water, for thii. ' ■ fn.sts are not so

serious as elsewhere. tn' what backward

exposure, if it can be-w.,,,; .lalde.in order to

retard blooming. Apricui- u ill In .-liil- to fail in frosty
localities. The Apricot should always be given clean
culture. For the first two or three years some hoed
crop may be grown between the trees, but after that
the trees should be allowed the entire land, particu-
larly if set less than 20 feet apart. Cultivation should
be stopped late in summer or early in the fall, in order
to allow the wood to mature thoroughly. The trees are
pruned in essentially the same way as plums. The fruit-
buds are borne both upon spurs (two are shown in Fig.
115), and also on the wood of the last season's growth,
on either side of the leaf -bud, as shown in the twin and
triplet buds above a in Fig. 115. Each bud contains a
single naked flower (Fig. IIG). As the fruit begins to
swell, the calyx-ring is forced off over the top (Fig. 117) ;
and the injury from curculio may then be expected.

When grown under the best conditions, the Apricot
may be considered to be nearly or quite as productive
as the peach. Like other fruit trees, it bears in alter-
nate years, unless the crops are very heavily thinned;
but it can never be recommended for general or indis-
criminate planting. Only the best fruit-growers can
succeed with it. AjTicots are to be considered as a
dessert or fan.y fiiiit. aii.l. therefore, should be neatly
packed in small and ta^iy j.ackages. The most serious
enemy of the Ai.ri.cif is tli.- curculio, the same insect
which attacks the plum and peach. It seems to have a
particular fondness for theApricot, and as the fruit sets
very early the crop may be expected to be destroyed un-
less the most vigilant means are employed of fighting
the insect. Spraying with arsenical poisons is uncertain.
The insect must be caught by jarring the trees, in the

\

'k

114 Apricot the Roman tX

same manner as on plums and peaches, but the work
must be even more thoroughly done than upon those
fruits. The jarring should begin as soon as the blos-
soms fall, and continue as long as the insect.s are nu-
merous enough to do serious damage. It will usually be

work must be done early in the mornins, while the cur-
culio is indisposed to fly. The operation consists iu
knocking the insects from the tree by a
quick jar or shake, catching them upon a
white sheet or in a canvas hopper. The
catcher most commonly used in western New
York is a strong cloth hopper mounted upon
a wheelbarrow-like frame, and running upon
two wheels. The hopper converges into a tin
box, into which the curculios roll as they fall
upon the sheet. One man wheels the device,
by barrow-like handles, under the tree, then
drops the handle
times two men g

ing it and the other jarring the trees. This
device is used extensively by practical fruit-
growers for catching the curculio on the vari-
ous stone fruits. .

It is not yet certain what are the best stocks
for Apricots in the East, in commercial or-
chards. It is probable that no one stock is
best under all circumstances. The Apricot
root itself seems to be i)iii>:it irni .if ^'^n- im1,1
and wet soils, whichan-.l' ! 'i ■! I M. .Iiiin

soil, but it is doubtful li m ,- -.i. lh iIm-
East. The common pluui ,ii..t ^Hjn.baUan is
an excellent stock for plum soils, and the Apri-
cot does well either nursery-budded or top-
worked upon it. Peach is probably the com-
monest stock, and, for peach soils, it is prob-
ably the best that can be used. If the Apricot
thrives upon various stocks, it is thereby
adapted to many soils.

it is often trained on walls, where
hes the highest perfection. Care
should be taken that the wall
does not face to the east or the
south, or the early-forced flowers
may be caught by frost. An over-
ii:mging cornice will aid greatly
iu protecting from frost.

L. H. B.
The Apricot in California.
-TheApricot is one of the lead-
ing commercial fruits of Cali-
fornia. It was introduced by the
Mission Fathers, for Vancouver
found it at the Santa Clara Mis-
sion in 1792. However, there is
no relation between this early
the peach, introduction and the expansion
anu aiso on spurs. which quickly followed the Amer-
ican occupation, because the Mis-
sion Fathers had only seedling fruits, while the early
American planters, shortly before the gold discovery,
introduced the best French and English varieties, and
were delighted to find that these sorts, usually given
some protection in the Old World, grew with surpris-
ing thrift of tree and size of fruit in valley situations
in California in the open air. Upon these facts the Apri-
cot rose to wide popularity. The acreage has steadily
increased during the last fifty years, and with particu-
larly swift rate during the last twenty years, until the
number of trees at the present date ( 1899) is about three
millions, occupying upwards of forty thousand acres of
land. This notable increase, and the present prospect of
much greater extension, is based upon the demand which
has arisen for the fruit in its fresh, canned, dried and
crystallized forms, in all the regions of the United States,
in England and on the Continent, where, by reason of
its superior size and acceptable manner of curing, it has
achieved notable popularity. The year 1897 was the
greatest thus far in amount of dried product realized,
viz. : 30,000,000 pounds. The year 1895 was greatest in
amount of canned product, which reached upwards of
360,000 cases, each containing two dozen 2^-pound cans.
The shipment of fresh Apricots out of California during
the summer of 1897 was 177 carloads.

The chief part of the Apricot crop of California is
grown in the interior valleys. In the low places in

115. Fruit

Apricot,
Borne beside the leaf-
bud.

APRICOT

these valleys, however, the fruit is apt to be injured and
sometimes almost wholly destroyed fcy spring frosts, al-
though the trees make excellent growth. In foothill
situations adjacent to these valleys, there is also serious
danger of frost above an elevation of about fifteen hun-
dred feet above sea-level, and the tree is rarely planted
for commercial purposes. In southern California the
Apricot succeeds both in the coast and interior valleys.
But along the coast northward, excepting the very im-
portant producing regions of the Alameda and Santa
Clara valleys, eastward and southward from the Bay of
San Francisco, the Apricot is but little grown owing to
frost troubles. In respect to these, the Apricot is some-
what less subject to harm than the almond, but it is
less hardy than the peach, and has, therefore, a much
narrower range of adaptation. The average date of the
blooming of Apricot varieties is about two weeks later
than that of the almonds. The Apricot is adapted to a
wide range of soils, because to the rather heavy, moist
loams which its own root tolerates, it adds the lighter
tastes of the peach root, upon which it is very largely
propagated. However, attempts to carry the Apricot
upon heavier, moister soils by working it upon the plum
root have not been very successful, owing to the dwarf-
ing' of tilt' tree; and the movement toward the light, dry
I'l.ciM-. liy working upon the almond root, has failed be-
•■Hii-. 111. attachment is insecure, and the trees are very
apt ti. Iir -^napped off at the joining, even though they
may :iit:iiii li.arlnrr nL'f lufore the mishap occurs. The

A\ir 1 I I iT^i If i^ :i f;n-nritp morsel with rodents, and

is f.ir tlini I, .i-ci, ih.i I;ir-i ly used. Our mainstay for the
Ai'iiii'i. III. II. I- III. |i. aih root, and the soils which this
ro..t .iijoys ill Idealities suUiciently frost-free are, there-
fore, to a great extent the measure of our Apricot area.
Apricot trees are produced by budding on peach or
Apricot seedlings during their first summer's growth in
the nursery row, from pits planted when the ground is
moist and warm, at any time during the preceding win-
ter. When there is a great demand for trees, planting
in orchard is sometimes done with dormant buds, but
ordinarily the trees are allowed to make one summer's
growth in the nursery. The trees branch during the first
year's growth from the bud, and usually come to the
planter with a good choice of low-starting branches, from
which to shapp the low-headed tree which is universally
prefcrreil. I'lii- method of securing such a tree is iden-
ti.-al ' ;n liiii I ir.-ady described for the almond, but the

tn I I I I,: tree after reaching bearing age, in its

111 Ml ;■ 'V .lifferent from the after treatment of

Apr

most pi of use
bearer. Unless kept contmually in
check it will quickly rush out of
reach, and will destioy its low shoots
and spurs by the dense shade of its
thick, beautiful foliage There is
continually necessary, then a cer
tain degree of thinning of the sur
plus shoots and shortening of the
new growth to continue the system
of low branching, to relieve the
tree from an excess of bearing
wood, and to avoid small fruit and
exhaustion of the tree, resulting m
alternate years of bearing In the
coast regions, where the ti ee makes
moderate wood growth, it can be
kept in good form and beLiiii- 1
regular winter pruning In u
regions, where the tenden
exuberant wood growth, tli i
pruning is done m the suiuu 1 1
immediately after the fruit is
gathered. This has a tendency to
check wood growth and promote
fruit bearing, and where the main
cutting is done in the summer win-
ter pruning is reduced to thmnm?:
out shoots, to prevent the tree from becoming too dense
and to lessen the work of hand-thinning of the fruit later
on. In addition, however, to the most intelligent prun-
ing, much fruit must be removed by hand when there
is a heavy set ot it. in order to bring the fruit to a size

jf.'

Bfttisfactory to shippers or canners, and to reach the
highest grades, if drj-ing is practiced. CaliforniaApri-
cot orchards are all grown with clean tillage, for the
main purpose of moisture conservation. In regions of
good rainfall and sufficiently
retentive loams no irrigation is
required ; good tillage will suf-
fice for the production of large
fruit and perfection of fruit-buds
for the following year. As the
trees are becoming older and
bearing larger crops the demand
for moisture increases, and the
use of irrigation water is grow-
ing. In most places, however,
one irrigation is sufficient, and
that is given after fruit gather-
ing, to carry the tree through the
last half of its season's work. In
the regularly irrigated regions of
the state, water is periodically
applied through the growing sea-
and at such intervals as the local
requ'

very small fraction of the California product of evapo-
ratedApricots is cured in an evaporator It requires about
six poun is of fresh \pricots to make one pound of cured
fruit

in such

Clin

Though probably all the good varieties of theApricot
in the world have been introduced into California during
the last half century, and scores of selected seedlings
of local origin have been widely tested, the varieties
which have survived the tests and are now widely grown
are comparatively few in number. Most of the rejected
varieties met this fate because of shy bearing, and those
which now constitute the bulk of the cropare very regu-
lar and full bearers under rational treatment. A local
seedling, the Pringle, was for many years chiefly grown
for the earliest ripening, but this has recently been
largely superseded by another local seedling, the New-
castle, which is of superior size and about as early.
The European varieties. Large Early and Early Golden,
are fine in a few localities where they bear well, and do
better in southern California than elsewhere. The uni-
versal favorite is the Royal ; probably three-fourths of
all the trees in the state are of this variety, though re-
cently the area of the Blenheim has been increasing
largely. The Hemskirk stands next to the Blenheim in
popularity. The Peach is largely grown in the Sacra-
mento valley. The best Apricot grown in California is
the Moorpark ; in size and lusciousness, when well ri-
pened, it heads the list. It is, however, rather shy in
bearing, and is forsaken for this fault in most regions.
It shows the best behavior in the Santa Clara valley, and
is there retained, in spite of frequent lapses, because of
the high prices which it commands at the canneries.
About a dozen other varieties are carried in small num-
ber by the nurserymen to meet limited local demands.

Apricots for canning and drying are graded according
to size : Extra, not less than 2M inches in diameter ;
No. 1, 2 inches ; No. 2, IK inches ; No. 3, 1 inch. The
first three grades must be sound, clean and free from
blemish, and No. 3 must be of good merchantable quality.
The shippers and canners require well-colored but only
firm-ripe fruit, because both the long rail transportation
and the canning process require it ; soft-ripe fruit will
neither can nor carry. For drying, riper fruit is used,
and yet over- ripeness has to be guarded against to avoid
too dark color. For canning, the fruit must be carefully
hand-picked ; for drying, much is shaken from the
trees. The drying process consists in cutting the fruit
in halves longitudinally, dropping out the pits and plac-
ing the halves cavity uppermost upon light wooden
trays. Breaking or tearing the fruit open will not do ;
it must show clean-cut edges. When the trays are cov-
ered they are placed in a tight compartment, usually
called a "sulfur box," though it may be of considerable
size, and the fruit is exposed to the fumes of slowly
burning sulfur, to ensure its drying to the light golden
color which is most acceptable to the trade. The pro-
duction of the right color is the end in view, and differ-
ent dryers regulate the amoant of sulfur and the length
of exposure according to the condition of their fruit and
their judgment of what it needs. The exposure varies
from half an hour to two or three hours, according to
circumstances. After sulfuring, the trays are taken to
open ground, and the fruit is cured in the sun. Only a

More animal life would make a better equilibrium.

A moderate estimate of the yield of Apricots might be
placed at seven and one-half tons to the acre : extreme
yields are far away from this both ways.

TheApricot is, as a rule, a very healthy tree in Cali-
fornia. It is, however, subject to injury by scale insects
of the lecanium group in some parts of the state. Dur-
ing recent years there has been increasing injury by a
shot-hole fungus, which perforates the leaves and makes
ugly pustules upon the fruit. Such fruit is unfit for
canning except the fruit be peeled, which is little done
as yet. It also makes low-grade dried product. This
fungus cau be repressed by fungicides of the copper
''''"•*^- Edward J. Wickson.

AQUARIUM. AuAquarium, to be in a healthy condi-
tion, should contain living plants— oxygenators— which
are as necessary as food, as fish cannot live on food only.
TheAquarium must be kept clean. The sediment should
be removed from the bottom with a dip tube t'vice a
week, and the inner side of the glass cleaned with a
wiper once a week. Encourage the growth of the plants
at all seasons ; admit plenty of light, but no direct sun-
shine. There should also be a few tadpoles and snails
in the Aquarium. These are very essential, as they are
scavengers, and devour the confervoid growth that fre-
quently accumulates on the plants. In fall, give a thor-
ough cleaning and rearrangement of theAquarium, so
that all are in the best condition possible before winter
sets in. In March
it should be care-
fully looked over,
and undesirable
plants removed or
transplanted. Ad-
ditions may be
made, or any change
if necessary. Pol-
lowing are some of
the best plants to
place in the Aqua-
rium, all of which
can be easily and
cheaply procured
from dealers who
make a specialty of
aquatics : Cabomba
Fanwort (sometimes
being found in quantities in D.C. and southward), is

tangular glass Aquarium.

bZ AQUARIUM

a most beautiful and interesting plant of a light green
color. The leaf is fan-shaped, composed of filaments
or ribs, much like a skeletonized leaf. Jjudwigia Mu-
lerttii is also a beautiful plant, as well as a valuable
oxygenator, having dark green, glossy foliage, the
under side of the leaf bright red. ^^aUisneria spiralis
is the well known
eel grass: Lvs. strap-
like : root creeping
and spreading : fls.
strictly dioecious :
a very interesting
plant in large Aqua-
riums. Sagittaria
nutans somewhat re-
sniil.lrs Vallisneria,
liiit i1h- lvs. are wider
iiiiil lilt so long, of a
lui^'ht green color,
uud it makes better
growth in winter,
which is very desirable. Myriophyllum verticillatum :
lvs. pinnately parted into capillary divisions ; foliage
and stem of a bronzy green color. This, with M. hefe-
rophylliim, as well as Cabomba, are sold by dealers in
bunches, but established plants are preferable for stock-
ing the Aquarium. The above plants are wholly sub-
merged, growing under the surface of the water, and
are of the most importance in the Aquarium. Another
submerged plant that does not require planting, aud
is sometimes used, is Stratiotes aloides, the water
soldier or water aloe. The young plants are very
pretty, but the large plants are stiff and the edges of
the lvs. are dangerous, being armed with spines. Nu-
merous floating plants are adapted to the Aquarium,
but too many must not be in evidence, or the fish may
become suffocated. The Azollas are very pretty, and the
fish will occasionally eat the plants. The Salvinia is
another small plant often seen in the aquarium, but
under favorable conditions it grows very rapidly, and
forms a complete mat, which must be avoided. The Eu-
ropean and American frog's-bits (Limnobitim Spongia,
Hydrocharis Morsns-ranw) are very attractive plants,
their long, silky roots reaching down in the water. The
water hyacinth, JSichhoniia crassipes, var. major, in a
small state is a curious and pretty plant, but does not
continue long in a good condition, generally resulting
from too much shade and unnat-
ural conditions of atmosphere.
This plant is of benefit to the
Aquarium in the breeding sea-
son, as the roots are receptacles
for fish spawn. The water
lettuce (Pislia Stratiotes) is
another very attractive plant,
but it should be avoided except
where the water is kept warm.
William Thicker.

Aquariums are rapidly in-
creasing in popularity for home
use, and are of great service in
nature study. The following
points, together with the illus-
trations, are taken from Life
in an Aquarium, Teachers*
Leaflet No. II, published by the
College of Agriculture, Cornell
University, Ithaca, N. Y. : A
permanent Aquarium need not
be an expensive affair. The rec-
tangular ones are best if large
fishes are to be kept, but they
are not essential. A simple
home-made ,\quarium of glass

AQUATICS

for the ends. Three-eighths of an inch from the edge
on either side, with a saw, make a groove i4 inch deep
and wide enough to receive loosely double-strength
glass. Groove the end boards and fasten them to the
bottom with screws, so that the grooves will exactly
match. Partially fill the grooves with soft putty, or,
better. Aquarium cement, and press into each side a
pane of glass. By making the bottom board UK inches
long, an ordinary 10 x 12 window pane will be the proper
size. When the glass is pressed to the bottom of the
groove, draw the two ends in at the top until the glass
is held firmly and then fasten them in place by narrow
strips of wood, one on each side of the tank, placed on
top of the glass and screwed to the end pieces. These
strips also protect the hands from injury while working
with the specimens in theAquarium. Before filling with
water, the inner surface of the bottom and ends should
be well rubbed with oil or paraffine and the grooves
inside the glass well packed with putty." After the box
is made it would be well to let it staud in water for a
day or two. The wooden sides will swell and tighten
the joints, and leakage will be less probable.

+ AQUATICS. America is the most highly favored coun-
try in the world for the cultivation of Aquatic plants.
Collections can easily be made to furnish a display of
flowers from April to October in the open without arti-
ficial heat.

All Aquatics require a rich soil, ;in<l This without limit,
a depth of water from 1 to :t fc . t. an.l ;iiii|.li- space to
spread their succulent leaves. In :i tKitiiml jM.nd, where
there is an accumulation of humus ..v. rl;iyiiig a clayey
subsoil, nothing more is wanted, but on a sandy or
gravelly bottom it is necessary to place a layer of rich soil
12 to 18 inches deep. In artificial ponds, builtof masonry
(Fig. 122), a layer of rich soil is necessary if the plants
are to be planted out, as is best for Nelumbiums. The
soil best suited for Aquatics is a turfy loam, inclining
to heavy, and thoroughly rotted cow-manure, two parts
of the former to one of the latter, and, where possible,
it should be composted some time before using, and
turned over two or three times to thoroughly incorporate
the manure. When cow-manure can not be obtained,
other thoroughly rotted manure may be used. The next
best fertilizer is pulverized sheepmanure, but, this being
less bulky and stronger in proportion, should not be used
as frei'Iy as other manures ; one part sheep manure to

(the dim. !

altered 1 : I

UKinchf.su,

long for the

boards of the same thickness

and length, 10?^ inches high,

I- juches

nine of soil i-. "sufficient Chenm al m mures sroiin

extremt i i t ml tli n -v < r^ mli ti h

Oepih. I. W iin -111 iiitin il 1 Til « It 1 hli ire
found gi wiUr, 111 " ii 1 ti 111 I t u 111 li t 1 mil b
feet deep 1 ut m 11 till nl 1 n 1 i I | tli t l_ 1 IKiiuliis
Will be found sufli i nt 1 i n t \Mn| li i i ind 18 to 24
inches IS a good dt 1 111 1 i\i t iii In ii tructing an
artificiil pond i d i th 1 i 1 t i miple Water

to the depth of ]. Ill Ii 1 \ tl i «ii t the pHnts
issuffiii.nt ml li \ iit,iiiin_lli iliiiu! 1 iii li.
deep lliu I 1 ill _ 1 t ill 1 I 111 1 1 I 11 11-1 111 1
wiUalliH 1 111 n xMtli 1.11 ' ' " ' " ill 1 '" " '1'
plants v.\X\i II 1 1 I in ill ! 11 1 I 111 111 1 1 I

over a plank 1 u 1 i \\tll iitli 1 i ill | i 'i n

Protection — \\ 1 1 i \ i li i u i i \ I nt m
winter and ice 1 _ t 1 s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t I n 1 1 1 i i 1 1 1 1 I
there will be diUf,! 1 t th i t li n _ In n h
an additional del th ' ' "' •' "ill I if,i it i 1\ ml i^
and a protection ot brii ken silt hi\ t,rifn nnnuii
lea\es or auj other non conducting materials should be
used to protect the masonry in severe weather against
expansion and breiki^e

PLANTlNt -\Ullll 1\ \Mllllll 1 mix I ilmtiliiu

time between tilt It t \)iil n I ih It t^ p nil i
Those pi mted e u h tliitlin. I m. |iil «ill.n
good results the iin i n hIiiI tli | I uit 1 lit

will get well established bt ti n wiiiti r and \\ili be in
excellent condition to start at natuie s sunimous eiih
the following spring The hard\ N^-mphaeas differ con
siderably as to rootstocks Those of the nati\ e \ arieties
are long and of a spongj soft texture and rambling in
growth wh'le the Europea pe "es have a i uch large
and very firm rootstock a d grow more compact In
plant ng all that s nece arv to press the root tock
firmly nto the o 1 1 f th a In t tl

root r ng to tl e t j I Ik 1

upon t to keep t ] 1111

root Tender >< i 1 III j 1 I I

the latter end of AI 1 I

loeat on They h 1 1 1 r 1 1 I i

Alternanthera an 1 oth r t 1 111 [I 1 1 y

requ re to be t rt 1 loor 1111 n

pot wl h are u h h 1 er t j 1 I t the

hardj ar t es and can 1 e ylante 1 1 tU t tl

ease an I f ac 1 1 NelumI un s si ould not 1 e plante 1
unt 1 about the 1st of Ma bouthward the season s
earl er The ex st ng cond t ons should be such that
tubers shall start at n e to a t ve growth They shoul 1

AQUATICS 83

Tl « kei I brought the \ ictoria within easj reach and cul
ture of all lo\ ers of aquatic plants I frieleri is en
tirely distinct from other known varieties and can be
grown m the open alongside of Nyinplioea Zamtbarensis
and iV" Deinnieniis and under precisely the same con

than mo t plant Aj 1
or at least ve }
enem e espe 11 tl
orous b rds

1 out tl e d lie of June,
11 levelop their gigantic
n August and continne

her plants have their ene-
t though n a less degree
e somet mes troubiosome,
'lee however have their
ella (lady b rl), insectiv-
e lo not keep them down,

be already star 1 1 t

t g out The tubers

us ng a 1 ttle for e

should be la dh 11 1

1 tlv excavated trench

anl a they real

and covered witl 1

In ng a we ght

the ho e will dr ve

if necessary to k i 1

pos t on Plants

cently an in ect p

establ shed n p i

r> con en ent for

m grated n In

plant ng and n 1 i 1 1

1 en t 1 er can no

of the moth (77 J

longer be procur 1 1 1 i 1

t d a u nth later n

also cut 0 t]

the sea on w th 1 1

ton therel

The \ tora J 1 h 1«

been an ar tocrat

sa ne t me k

among water lie nd few cult

atorscouH ndulge n

1 e t reme 1 f r tl

such a hort cult ral lux iry To

grow t at fact 1

very nuch 1 ke t

a large rfa e pace w th a "reater leptl of water

pla ed near the pla

neces ar 1 t 1 |

1 1 1 rt I a

ture i 1 1

1 1 1

wh ch on

the op

11 1 111 1

re no f

andp

troul le

weak appl t on of kero ene e n 1 on will make
clearance Another uethod of gett g r d of these pests,
espec ally n a mall art tic al pon 1 where an overflow is
(or should be) prov ded to take tl e hose with a spray,

anllrvetlene off the plants,

1\ float on the water the action with
th n o t at tl e verfl v pipe. Re-

ance. The larva
ts the leaf, and
t uses for protec-
I Hnt and at the
the enemy. The
1 oth, which is
.n> r linary lamp

t r t the insects,

1 e kerosene and

more or less

m are grown.

I sprinfr. nnd

1 II I 1 I Th s greatly weakens

II I 1 1 1 11 1 ea e 5 1 Is readily to a

I til ture Tl e ame remedy

I 111 n r U g tl e po i of all con-

I th

I RE shoul 1 be re orted to onlj from lack of

] 1 n no other method cant ealopted( Fig. 123).

t 1 tem of culture Nymphaeas should be selected

1 at are moderate growers vet free flower ng, and other

Uaneous a juat c plants The tul s should hold

from 4 to 1 cub c feet of so 1 for ^ymphffias, according

William Tricker.
[The best book on the American culture of Aquatics is
The Water Garden, by Wm. Tricker, X, Y. 1S37, pp. 120,
to which the reader is referred f"V i \b n-ivr , uliural
directions and for lists of Aquatic j-ln.! 1 ri- rmical
descriptions of the various kinds of -\ h !.rii-f,

special cultural directions, the reaiK r i... > :> ..!i the
Cyclopedia of American Hokticllil i.i,, umli r the
various genera, as IVijmph(va,jyelumbium, aad Victoria.
-L. H. B.]

AQUlLfiGIA (ti

a^wito, eagle), /i".
ennial herbs of tl
paniculate branch

legus, water-drawer, not from

'(i.r. Columbine. Hardyper-
i?i liiiiiisphere ; mostly with
iiiaTiil liy showy flowers, and
iv.>. .-..inmonly glaucous; the

leaflets roundish an I obtusely lobed fls Hrge showy
usually in spring or early summer , sepals 5 regular
petaloid , petals concave, produced backward between
the sepals, fonuing a hollow spur ; stamens numerous :
fr. of about 5 many-seeded follicles. About 30 distinct
species. The Columbines are among the most beautiful
and popular of all hardy plants. Seeds sown in pans, in
coldframes in March, or open air in April, occasionally
bloom the first season, but generally the second. The
different species should be some distance apart, if pos-
sible, if pure seed is desired, as the most diverse species
hybridize directly. They may be propagated by division,
but better by seeds. Absolutely pure seed is hard to ob-

AQUILEGIA

tain, except from the plants in the wild state; and some
of the mixed forms are quite inferior to the true species
from which they have come. A. ccendea, glandulosa.
and vulgaris are likely to flower only two or three years,
and should be treated as biennials; but ^. vulgaris may
be kept active for a longer period by transplanting. A.
Gray, Syn. Flora of N. A.,Vol. 1, Part 1, Pasc. 1, pp. 42-45.
J . G. Baker, A Synopsis of the Aquilegia, in Gard. Chron.
II. 10:19, 76, 111", 203 (1878). k. C. Davis.

A light, sandy soil, moist, with good drainage, shel-
tered, but exposed to sun, is what they prefer. Some of
the stronger species, when of nearly full-flowering size,
may be transplanted into heavier garden soil, even heavy
clay, and made to succeed; but for the rearing of young
seedlings, a light, sandy loam is essential. The seed of
most Columbines is rather slow in germinating, and it is
necessary to keep the soil moist on top of the ground
until the young plants are up. A coldf rame, with medium
heavy cotton covering, is a good place to grow the plants.
The cotton retains sufficient moisture to keep the soil
moist on top, and still admits sufficient circulation of air
to prevent damping off of the joung seedlings When
large enough, the seedlings may be pricked out into
HUother frame for a time, or, by shading tor a few days
until they get a stirt they may be set into the permanent
border, or wherever the\ are to be placed

F H HORSFORD

The foUowmg is an alphabetical list of the species de
s ribed below A alpma 16, atrafa 9, atropurpurea ,

Ml) r at, 111, n I Willi i 1 I , m til, li <)

10

///

18

4,

( ulgaris, 9 ,
Sepals "not ;

ItHn

I ngissima,
' Sibir

viridiflora,
expanded

: tlian K or %i,

fls lot ly.m indiam

B Limt) of petal shorter than the sepal

1 Jdnesu, Perry True st very short or almost want
mg sf ft ]>ubescent tufted root Ivs 1-2 in high from
tl H t it IS pii img branches of the root^^tock, biter

I I t il petioles very short or none , leaf

tl blue, sepals oblong obtuse, equal

t « ice the length of the petal limbs

I I I t lis follicles glabrous, large, nearly

1 in 1 ii„ st\ h s h ilf as long , peduncles lengthening to

about a in in fr Julj W j om and Mont G F 9 365

2 oxysfepala, Traut &, Mey Plant 2K ft , slightly
pubescent above ; radical Ivs. long-petioled, secondary
divisions sessile : sepals blue, ovate-lanceolate, much
exceeding in length the petal limbs, which are 6 lines
long, white, rounded-truncate ; stamens not protruding
beyond the petal limb : spur knobbed, bent inward,
shorter than petal-limb : follicles pubescent, with styles
theirownlength. June. Siberia.-Inl898F.H.Horsford
said : "The first to bloom with me, and one of the most
attractive in the list. It is one of the most dwarfed ;
fls. large, blue, yellow and white : it comes so much be-
fore the others that its capsules, as a rule, all fertilize
before any of the other species come into flower." Only
recently introduced.

3. lactilldra, Kar. & Kir. St. IKft. high, glabrous in
the lower part: partial-petio'es of root-lvs. l!^-2 in. long;
Ifts. sessile or short-stalked, 1 in. long, many lobes reach-
ing half way down; St.- Ivs. petioled and compound: fls.
about 3 to a st. : sepals nearly white or tinged with blue,
over Kin. long, narrow; petal-limb half as long as sepal;
spur ^-lin., slender, nearly straight, not knobbed at tip;
stamens equal in length to the limb. June. Altai Mts.,
Siberia. — A desirable species, but not much used.

BB. IJtt'f' "f /'" till about equal to sepal.

4. viridiflora, Pallas. St. 1-lKft. high, finely pubes-
cent throughout, s, \ .ral-tid. : the partial-petioles of root-
lvs.l-2in.long; Ifts.sessilf or the end one shortly stalked,

AQUILEGIA

lobes rather narrow and deep ; lower st.-lvs. petioled,
biternate : sepals oblong, obtuse, ascending, greenish,
equaling the broad, greenish petal-limb, but not reaching
the head of stamens ; spur straight, slender, J4in. long,
not knobbed : pubescent follicles as short as their styles.
Summer. E. Siberia.— Not so much used as the follow-
ing variety :

Var. atropurptirea, Vilm. (J^. atropiirpurea, WiMA.).
Limbs of the petals deep blue or lilac-purple, and the
sepals and spur somewhat tinged with the same hue.
B.R. 922.

5. Canadensis, Linn. Cosraox Colitmbine of America.
Fig. 124. Height 1-2 ft. : primary divisions of petioles
of root-lvs. 1-2 in., having 3 divis'ions ; 2 or 3 of the st.-
lvs. petioled, biternate : lis. several to a st. ; sepals yel-
lowish or tinted on the back with red, about Join, long,
not reflexing ; limb of petals a little shorter, yellowish,
truncate ; spur %in. long, nearly straight, knobbed at
the end, bright red throughout; stamens mucli protrud-
ing : follicles %m. long, with .styles half as long. May-
July. Stony banks, etc., east of Rocky Mts. Int. 1890.
B.M. 246. L.B.C. 9:888. Mn. 5:21. R.H. 189G, p. 109.
G.W.P. 1. There are some beautiful hybrids of this
and the blue species. Var. nina, Hort. Plant 1 ft. high
or less: fls. like the type.

Var. flav^scens. Hook. A pale-lvd. yellow-fld. variety.
Very pretty. Int. 1889. This has often been called A .
ftavescens, Wats.; A. cwrnlea, var. flavescens, Lawson;
and A. flaviflora, Tenney ; A. Canadensis, var. flavi-
flora, Brit. B.M. 6552 B.

Buergeriina, Sieb. & Zuce. (.4. atropur

Miq.). More sb
finely pnli

petioles (.
ions : fls.

tha

,J,inrls,

ft. high,
o form sev-
"s. ; partial-
LSsUe divis-

erect, nearly

sepals %\Xi. long, acute, spreading

straight, as long as the limb of petals, and about equal-
ling the sepal ; head of stamens equal to limb in length :
follicles pubescent, ''Ain. long, style half as long. Early.
Japan. -Brought from St. Petersburg, 1892.
AA. Sepals about 1 in. loiuj : expanded fl. ahoul 2 in.

in di,

B. S/M(l

7. {labellita, Sieb. & Zu
partial-petioles of root-h>
sessile ; st.-lvs. large and
pale purple or white ; sep;i
petal half as long, often wh

shorter than the pi

itni, I-l',, ft., few-fld.:
I. .![■ iihii-,-, Ifts. nearly
rd ; IN. liiiglit lilac, or
1. liaiK. obtuse ; limb of
the lllac-fld. form; spur
shorter than the limb, slender toward the end, much
incurved ; stamens not protrading beyond the petal-
limbs : follicles glabrous. Summer. Japan. R.H. 1896,
p. 109. Var. nina-ilba, Hort. (var. flore-atba, Hort.).
Fls. pure white : plant dwarfish. R.B. 15: 157.
BB. Spur at least as tomj as petal-limb.
c. Stamens short, not much protruding .

8. leptoo^ras, Fisch. & Mey. Stem several-fld., about
1 ft. high : partial-petioles of root-lvs. over 1 in., Ifts.
sessile ; st.-lvs. petioled, biternate : fls. violet, with the
tips of the sepals greenish, and tips of the short petal-
limb yellow ; spur slender, slightly curved, Kin. long,
not knobbed ; stamens protruding a little beyond the
limbs of petals : follicles slender, glabrous, nearly I in.
long. Summer. E.Siberia. B.R. 33: 64. P.S. 3:296. -
Little used in America.

9. vulgaris, Linn. (A. stellita, Hort. A. atrUa,
Koch). Common C. of Europe. Stems l>^-2 ft. high,
many-fld., finely pubescent throughout : root-lvs. with
3 partial-petioles 13^-2 in. long, secondary branches
certain, ultimate leaf-lobes shallow and roundish, tex-
ture firm ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : fls.
violet, furnished with a claw, acute, 1 in. long, half as
wide ; petal-limb Hin. long, equaling the head of sta-
mens ; spur about same length, stout, much incurved,
knobbed : follicles densely pubescent, 1 in. long, style
half as long. Summer. Eu., Sib., and naturalized in Am.
Gn. 12, p. 288. Var. Qdre-pl^no, Hort. Fls. much dou-
bled, ranging from pure white to deep blue. Here be-
long many horticultural varieties with personal names.

85

Var. nivea, Baumg. (var. dlba, Hort.). Munstead's
White C. Often 2-3 ft. high : a great profusion of large,
pure white fls. for several weeks in early spring.

Var. Olympica, Baker (A. Oli'/mpica, Boiss. A.Witt-
manniAna, Hort. A. bldnda, Lem.). A fine variety,
with several large flowers ; sepals light lilac or bright
purple, 1 in. or more in length ; petal-limb white. I.H.
4:146. R.H. 1896, p. 108.

Var. hybrida, Sims. Much like the last variety, but
with stout, lilac-purple spurs as long as the sepals, only
slightly incurved. Probably a hybrid of A . vulgaris and
A. Canadensis. B.M. 1221.

10. Sibirica, Lam. (J. !;ico/or, Ehrh. A. Garnieriina,
Sweet. A. specidsa, DC). Stem l}^-2 ft. high, many-
fld. ; often nearly glabrous throughout : partial-petioles
of root-lvs. 1-2 in., sometimes showing 3 distinct
branches; terminal Ifts. 1 in. or more broad, lobes rather
shallow and rounded ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biter-
nate : fls. pale or bright lilac-blue ; oblong sepals fully
1 in. long, spreading or reflexed a little ; petal-limb half
as long, equaling the head of stamens, and often white ;
spur rather stout, Kin. or more, very much incurved,
3r even coiled : follicles glabrous, 1 in. long, style Hva.
Summer. E.Siberia. S.B.P.G. II. 1: 90. Var. flbre-pUno,
Hort. (A, blcolor, var. Hore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. much
doubled by the multiplication of both the limbs and the
spurs.

Var. speot4bilis, Baker (.1. spectdbilis, Lem.). A
large, bright lilac-fld. var.; petal-limbs tipped yellow.
Amurland. I.H. 11:403.
CC. Stamens long, protruding far beyond the petal-limb.

11. {ormdsa, Tesch. {A. Canadensis, var. formdsa,
Wats.). Habit as in 4. Canadensis ; root-lvs. and st.-
lvs. like that species, but fls. brick red and yellow, or
wholly yellow, and sepals larger, quite twice as long as
petal-limb ; spurs more spreading, somewhat more slen-
der, and often shorter. May-Aug. Sitka to Calif, and
E. to the Rockies. Int. 1881. B.M. 6552. F.S.8:795.
Gt.32:372. R.H. 1896, p. 108. G.C. 1854: 836. Var. hy-
brida, Hort. {A. Califomica,yar. hybrida, Hort.). Fls.
large, with scarlet sepals and yellow petals ; spurs
spreading, long and slender. A supposed hybrid with
A.ehriisantha. F.M. 1877: 278. Vick's 1: 33 f. 2. Var.
rilbra pl^no, Hort. {var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. as in
var. hybrida, but several whorls of petal-limbs. Var.
nS.na 41ba, Hort. Fls. pale, often nearly white ; plant
not exceeding 1 ft.

Var. truncata, Baker {A. trunedta, Fisch. A. Cali-
fdrnica, Lindl. ). Fls. with short, thick spurs and very
small sepals and a small petal-limb. Int. 1881. F. S.
12: 1188 (as ^. eximia, Hort.).

12. SMnneri, Hook. Stem 1-2 ft. high, many-fld., gla-
brous : root-lvs. long-petioled, with both primary and
secondary divisions long ; Ifts. cordate, 3-parted ; sev-
eral st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : sepals green, keeled,
lanceolate, acute, never much spreading, %-! in. long ;
petal-limb greenish orange, half as long as sepal; spur
brigt red, tapering rapidly, over 1 in. long ; stamens
protruding far beyond the limb ; styles 3 : fr., at least
when young, bearing broad, membranous, ctirled wings.
After flowering, the peduncles become erect. July-Sept.
Mts. of Nor. Mex. B.M. 3919. P.M. 10:199. B.H.4:1.
F.S. 1: 17. Vick's 1: 33 f. 5 (poor). -A handsome plant,
requiring a light soil in a sunny border. Var. flore-
pleno, Hort. Fls. double. Gt.34:57. Very fine.

BBB. Spurs very long, several times the length of
petal-limb.

13. chrys&ntha, Gray (A. leptoceras, var. chrysdntha.
Hook.). Fig. 125. Height 3-4 ft. : root-lvs. with twice
3-branched petioles, Ifts. biternate ; st.-lvs. several,
petioled : fls. many on the plant, 2-3 in. across ; sepals
pale yellow, tinted claret, spreading horizontally ; petal-
limb "deep yellow, shorter than the sepals, and nearly as
long as the head of stamens ; spur rather straight, very
slender, divergent, about 2 in. long, descending when
fl. is mature : follicles glabrous, 1 in. long.; style half
as long. May-Aug. N. Mex. and Ariz. Gu. 16:198. B.M.

86

AQUILEGIA

0073. Gn.51,p.385. R.H. 1896: 108. F.R.2:169. Gt.
33:84. G.C. 1873:1501. F.M. 1873: 88. Vick's 1: 33 f. 3.
F.S.20:2108. Var. HavSscens, Hort. (A. aurea, Jnn]i.
A .' Canadensis , var. aiirea, Roezl.). Fls. yellow, tinged
with red ; spurs incurved, and shorter than in the type.
Gt. 21:734. Var. 41ba-pl«na, Hort. (var. grandifldra
dlba, Hort. ) . Fls. very pale yellow or nearly white, with
two or more whorls of petal-limbs. Int. 1889. Vick's
12:311. Var. nina, Hort. (A. leptoceras, var. Hifea,
Hort.). Like the type, but plant always small, not ex-
ceeding IK ft. Var. JafiBchkani, Hort. About the same
height as last : fls. large, yelluw. with red spurs. Thought
to be a hybrid of A. chrij.'niiillntxskiiiiitii. hence some-
times called J. -S'A-iH«eri, var. htjhrida. Hort.

14. longissima, Gray. Tall, somewhat pubescent with
silky hairs, or smoothish : root-lvs. bitemate, even in
the petioles ; Ifts. deeply lobed and cut, green above,
glaucous beneath ; st.-lvs. similar, petioled : fls. pale
yellow, sepals lanceolate, broadly spreading, 1 in. or

AQUILEGIA

white or yellow. The true form of this is probably A.
cteruleaXA.chri/santha. Gn. 51, p. 385. R.H. 1896:108.
A.G.15:31."). Gn. 16:198. I. H. 43: 01 (1896). Var. fl6re-
pUno, Hort. Fls. longer and very showy, more or less
doubled toward the center.

BB. Spurs inmrved and hardly longer than petal-limbs.
16. alplna, Linn. (incl. var. supirha, Hort.). Fig. 126.
Stem nearly 1 ft. high, finely pubescent upwards, 2-5-
fld., bearing petioled, bitemate Ivs.; partial-petioles of
basal-lvs. 1-2 in. long, with 3 nearly sessile divisions,
deeply lobed : expanded fl. VA-2 in. across, blue, rarely
pale or white ; sepals IJi in. Ion?, half as broad, acute ;
petal-limb half as long as sepals, often white ; spur
stout, incurved, same length as the limb ; head of sta-
mens not protruding : follicles pubescent, 1 in. long ;
' ' much shorter. May-June. Switzerland. L.B.C.

:657.

glanduldsa, Fis

Fig. 12

Stem 1-1 V$ ft. high,

125. Aquilegia chrysantha (X J4).

126. Aquilegia alpina (>

127. Aquilegia elandulosa (X M).

more, the spatulate petals a little shorter, about equal-
ing the head of stamens ; spur with a narrow orifice, 4
in. long or more, always hanging. Distinguished from
A . chrysantha by its longer spur with contracted orifice,
by the narrow petals, and by the late season of flower-
ing. Late July to Oct. 1. Ravines S.W.Texas into Mex.
G.F. 1:31.— The seed must be obtained from wild plants,
as those cult, usually fail to produce seed ; hence not
much used.
AAA. Sepals 1%-lM or even S in. long : expanded fls.
2'A-S in. in diam.; stamens not protruding.
B. Spurs long and not incurved.
15. csertllea, James {A. leptoceras, Nutt. A. ma-
crdnWia, Hook. &Arn.). Stem 1-1 J^ ft., finely pubescent
above, bearing several fls.; lower st.-lvs. large and bi-
temate ; basal-lvs. with long 3-branched petioles ; Ifts.
3-lobed on secondary stalks : fls. 2 in. across,whitish, but
variously tinted with light blue and yellow; sepals often
blue, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the petal-limb ;
spurs long, slender, knobbed at the end, rather straight,
but curving outward ; head of stamens equaling the
petals : follicles pubescent, 1 in. long ; style % in. Apr.
-July. Lower mt. regions, Montana to N. Mex. B.M.
4407. Gn. 16:198. Mn.6:61. Vick's 1: 33 f. 4. B.M.
5477. F.S.5:531. Var. 4Iba, Hort. Fls. of same size but
entirely white. Int. 1883. Var. hybrida, Hort. Sepals
some shade of blue or pink, or mixed, and petals nearly

glandular pubescent in the upper half, 1-3 fld. : partial-
petioles of root-lvs. 1-2 in. long, each with 3 distinct
divisions; Ift. -segments narrow and deep ; st.-lvs. few,
bract-like : fls. large, nodding ; sepals bright lilac-blue,
ovate, acute, about 1% in. long and half as broad; petal-
limb same color, but tipped and bordered with creamy
white, less than half the length of the sepals, very broad ;
spur very short, Hin., stout, much incurved ; stamens
not protruding : follicles 1 in. long, 6-10 in number,
densely hairy, with short, falcate style. Allied to A. al-
pina, but a taller plant, with shorter spurs, larger fls.,
and a greater number of follicles. May-June. Altai
Mts. of Siberia. B. 5 : 219. F.W. 1871 : 353. Gn. 15 : 174 ;
45, p. 193. Gt. 289 f. l.-One of the handsomest.

Var. juclinda, Fisch. & Lall. Fls. rather smaller than
in the type ; petal-limb white, more truncate at the tip ;
stamens as long as limb. B.R.33:19. F.S. 5:535.-A
fine variety, with some tendency to double.

18. Stiiarti, Hort. A recorded hybrid of A.glandu-
losa X A. vulgaris, var. Olympica. Fls. very large and
beautiful. It very much resembles the latter in form of
sepals and petals, and the former in shape of spurs and
coloration. May-June. Int. 1891. Gn. 34:670.

19. caryopbylloldes is a garden name given to some
very mixed forms, with a great variety of colors. Spe-
cial characters seem not to be well fixed.

K. C. Davis.

ARALIA

87

A foot high, with a
: Ivs. oblong, sessile
wbase), prominently
Spring

ABABIS (Arabia). Cruciferai. Rock-cress. Small
perennial or annual herbs, with white or purple fls.,
grown mostly in roekwork. Fls. mostly in terminal
spikes or racemes, small, but often many, or appearing
for a considerable period of time ; siliques long, linear.
Hat : stigma 2-lobed. In temperate regions, several na-
tive to this country. Usually prop, by division ; also
by seeds and cuttings. Hardy, requiring plenty of sun,
and thriving even in poor soil. The following four
species are perennials:

A. Fls. purple or rose.

murilis, Bertol. {A. rdsea, DC.
rather dense raceme of pretty fl
(the radical ones with a long, nar:
and distantly blunt-toothed, sparsely pubesee
and summer. Italy. B.iM. 324U.

AA. Fls. ichlfe.

serpyllifdlia, Vill. {A.nii'dlis. Guss.). Tufted, 2-6 in. :
radical Ivs. entire or few-toothed, the st. Ivs. small and
sessile, not clasping : fls. in a short cluster, the calyx as
long as the peduncle, the limb of the petals linear-
oblong and erect. Eu.

Albida, Stev. {A. Cn»crfs(ca, Willd.). A few inches
high, pubescent : lower Ivs. narrow at the base, the up-
per auriculate-clasping, all angle-toothed near the top ;
fls. in a loose raceme, the calyx shorter than the pedicel,
the petal-limb oval and obtuse. Eu. B.M. 2041). Also a
variegated var. (Gt. 45: 108).-Blooms early, is fragrant,
and is well adapted for roekwork and edgings, and for
covering steep banks.

alplna, Linn. Fls. smaller than in the last, plant only
slightly pubescent and hairy : Ivs. somewhat clasping but
not auriculate, small-toothed nearly or quite the entire
length, the eauline ones pointed. Eu. B.M. 226. — Blooms
16 of the best rock plants. There is
s eompacta, Gt. 44:203); also a va-

very early, and i

a. dwarf form (»

riegated variety.

A.arenosa. Scop.

arying to white : Ivs. pinnatifid,
En.—A.blephar/iplwlla.'iioo'
& Ai*n. Fls. large, rose-purple : Ivs. sharp-toothed, sessile i
clasping, the margins haii-y. Calif. B.M. 0087.—^. lucida.
Linn, f , Fls. white ; Ivs. shining, obovate, clasping. There is a
variegated form. E\i.—A.m6lUs,Stex. Fls. white : Ivs. pubes-
cent, large-toothed, the lower ones rounded and long-stalked,
Eu.— 4. petrha. Lam. Fls. white : Ivs. toothed, the radical
ones often parted, the St. Ivs. oblong-linear. Eu.— A. jJropcoa:,
Wald. & Kit.=A. procurrens.- A. procurrens, Wald. & Kit.
FIs. white : Ivs. eilLate, those on the st. entire and sessile, the
others stalked : stoloniferous. A variegated var. Eu.— ^.
vema, R. Br. Annual, hairy : fls. large, purple : Ivs. oblong-
ovate to round-oblong, the upper ones clasping, rather coarse-
toothed. Eu. B.M. 3331. r Ti D

ARAC£.ffi. Se

ideie.

ARACHIS (Greek, n-ithout a rachis). Leguminbsm.
Peanut. Goober. Sometimes grown in the economic
house of botanical gardens. The genus has seven spe-
cies, of which six are Brazilian. Fls. 5-7, yellow, in
a dense, axillary, sessile spike. As a hothouse annual,
the seeds of the Goober may be sown in heat, and the
plants potted in sandy loam. For outdoor culture, see
Peanut, by which name the plant is commonly known.

hypogoea, Linn. One ft. or less high : Ivs. abruptly
pinnate, with two pairs of leaflets and no tendril. Mn.
7:105. Procumbent.

ABALIA, including Dimorphdnthus (de
scure). AraliAcece. Perennial herbs or shrubs : Ivs. al-
ternate, deciduous, large, decompound : fls. small,
whitish, in umbels, usually forming large panicles ;
petals and stamens 5: berry, or rather drupe, 2-5-seeded,
black or dark purple, globular, small. Some of the
Aralias are hardy outdoor deciduous herbs and bushes ;
others are flne stove plants, botanically unlike the true
Aralias as defined above. Alfred Rehder.

There are about 35 kinds of tender Aralias in cult.
Some of them are of robust growth, and make handsome
specimens tor greenhouse and hothouse decoration when
grown to a height of 10 or 12 ft. ; others of more deli-
cate and slender growth, such as A. Chabrieri (really

an Elseodendron), A. concinna (see I>elarbrea),A.ele-
gantissima and A. Veitchii, var. graciltima, are most
beautiful as smaller plants, say from 1-3 ft. in height.
These small pLants are very beautiful as table pieces,
and are not surpassed in delicate grace and symmetry
by any plants; A. Veitehii, var. (jracilUma, is oneof the
very finest of the dwarfer-growing kinds. The more
robust sorts are usually prop, by cuttings, in the usual
manner, or by root cuttings, as Bouvardias are. The
more delicate varieties, as A. Chabrieri, elegantissima,
etc., do best when grafted on stronger-growing varie-
ties, like 4. Guilfoyhi, A. reticulata (which is an Oreo-
panax), etc. The sleuder-grow^ng sorts require light,
rich soil, made of equal parts of sandy loam and peat or
leaf-mold. They require plenty of water and a moist
atmosphere. They are much subject to attacks of scale,
which may be removed or prevented by frequent care-
ful sponging with a weak solution of seal-oil soap, fir-
tree oil, or other like insecticide.

Cult, by Robert Craig.
The glasshouse species are much confused, largely
because some kinds ... - ...

names before tlie fls.
panux for .-1. .V-, . ;,„-:w ;, ,;, ,,, „/.,',;, ,,/^,, u,,,! nrmifn-
lia ; Delarl.,. ( - [ . . iM .1. ^p. .-Inhil is ;

Ehcodendrini ] ■•■ A . • ■ r'i,i,i fur .1. ,/.<-

ponica, papn> ' ■ rn . :iim1 .s / , ^ .- i '>■< npn inr .r for A .

reticulata; 'i'...,'//.,i ,./.s iur .1. ini,h, i,,i ; &-iad:'pliiilliim
for A. Amboiiiense. Other related genera are Hepta-
pleurum, Monopanax, Oreopanax, Panax, Pseudopanax.
A. Tender evergreen Aralias, grown only tinder glass.
{By some regarded as belonging to other genera.)
B. Lvs. digitate.

Kerchovetaa, Hort. Lvs. the shape of a Ricinus, the
7-11 leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with
undulate ;and serrate margins and a pale midrib. S.
Sea Islands. Certiflcated in Eng. in 1881 (Gn. 19, p.
457). R.H. 1891, p. 225. -Slender-stemmed, of beautiful
habit.

Vdltchii, Hort. Leaflets 9-11, very narrow or almost
filiform, undulate, shining green above and red beneath.
New Caledonia. — One of the best and handsomest spe-
cies. Var. gracillima, Hort. (A.grariDnfi, Linden, R.H.
1867, p. 38). Leaflets
still narrower, with a
white rib. R.H. 1891,
p. 226. Gn. 39, p. 565.
Very desirable. Origi-
nally described as A.
gracilina ( thin -lined } ,
which name has been
mistaken for gracil-

(very gr

elegantissima, Veitch .
Petioles mottled with
white: leaflets 7-11, fil-
iform and pendulous.
New Hebrides.- Ex-
cellent.

leptophylla, Hort
Slender plant : leaflets
filiform and drooping,
broadened at the extremities

128. Aralia Guilfoylei.

deep I

alasia

1 green.

Begina, Hort. Graceful : petioles olive, pink and
brown : Ifts. drooping, roundish. New Hebrides.

BB. lyvs. pinnate.

Guilfoylei, Cogn. & March. Fig.128. Leaflets 3-7 (digi-
tate-like), ovate or oblong, irregularly cut on the edges
or obscurely lobed, white-margined and sometimes gray-
splashed : St. spotted, erect. New Hebrides. — Rapid
grower, showy, and good for pots.

monstrosa, Hort. Leaflets 3-7, ovate-acute, deeply and
often oddly cut, broadly white-margined, also gray-
spotted : lvs. drooping. S. Sea Isl. R.H. 1891, p. 225.
Gn. 39, p. 565.

filicildlia, Moore. Stem erect, purplish, white-spotted:
lvs. fern-like (whence the name); leaflets 3-7 pairs,
lauce-oblong and acuminate, long, deeply notch-toothed,

deep green and purple ribbed. Polynesia. l.H. 23:240.
R.H. 1891, p. 224. Gn. 39, p. .'i65. A.G. 19: 374. -One
of the best.

A. Ohahriiri, Hort. ; see Elaeodendron.— A . crassifdlia, So-
land ; see Pseudopanax.— J., tdngipes, Hort. Lvs. dictate, the
Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, a'.-umiiiat*-, wa\y. X. Austral.— A. n6-
bilis, Kort. "A thenplirrf.t;t liVr'jilrnit Avifli cln^flypacked.bold
foliage, the lvs. ot.liMiu' m1m,\ :,ir ,,, uiukini^v iin.lulate at the
margins." Once oir-i- I - , i -' , , - ll.^rt. Like A.

leptophylla. but l';iil. i . i\,-^ and veins

brown. S. S. Isl.— .4 . '/ w, , , </ , / li : I .■ iil'i ^ .:, sinuate : lvs.
opposite. New Brituiii.— -1. ,i^ht,,ii.i, ilwi;. Lfai of a single
orbicidar-cordate leaflet orsometinie^ Ji-foliolate. wliite-toothed.
Polynesia.— A. spectdliUe. Hort.= A. fllicifolia.— A. splendidis-
slTna, Hort. Lvs. pinnate, the leaflets shiny green. New Cale-
donia.—A. temdta, Hort. Lvs. opposite, temate or 3-Iobed,
the leaflets oblong-lanceolate and sinuate.— A. Ticldrice, Hort.
See Panax. Some of the above probably belong to Oreopanax
and other genera. I TT "R

AA. Eardy or true Aralias.
B. Prickly shrubs or rarely low trees : lvs. bipinnate,
^-3 ft. long : umbels numerous, in a large, broad,
compound panicle : styles distinct.

spindsa, Linn. Angelica Tree. Hercdles' Club.
Devil's Walking-stick. Stems very prickly, 40 ft.
high : lvs. VA-2)4 ft. long, usually prickly above ; Ifts.
ovate, serrate, 2-3^^ in. long, glaucous and nearly
glabrous beneath, mostly distinctly petioled; veins curv-
ing upward before the margin. Aug. S. states north to
Tenn. S.S. 5:211. Gn. 50, p. 126. -The stout, armed
stems, the large lvs., and the enormous clusters of fls.
give this species a very distinct subtropical appearance.
Not quite hardy north.

Cllin6nsis, Linn. {A. Japdnica. Hnrt. .1. M.niil-
shurica, HoTt.). Chinese Angelu a 'li.i.i:. M. m^ less
prickly, 40 ft.: lvs. 2-4 ft. long, usually witlM.ni in !■ kits;
Ifts. ovate or broad ovate, coarsely sfrntii* ci- den-
tate, usually pubescent beneath, nearly .«cssile, 3'-.j-C in.
long ; veins dividing before the margin and ending in
the points of the teeth. Aug., Sept. China, Japan.— In
general appearance very much like the former species,
but hardier. Nearly hardy north. Grows well also in
somewhat drv, rocky or clayey soil. Var. elata, Dipp.
(Di)norphdniluis eldtns, Miq.). St. with few prickles :
Ifts. pubescent beneath. The hardiest and most com-
mon form in cult. Var. canfiscens, Dipp. (.4. caniscens,
Sieb. & Zucc). Lvs. often prickly above; Ifts. gla-
brous beneath, except on the veins, dark green above.
More tender. Var. Mandshiirica, Rehder {Dimorphdn-

ARAUCARIA

thus Mandshuricus, Maxim.). St. prickly : Ifts. pu-
bescent only on the veins beneath, more sharply and
densely serrate than the foregoing var., and hardier.
There is also a form with variegated lvs. (l.H. 33: 609).

style

inited at the base.

139. Unsymmctncal Araucana grown from ;

BB. Unarmed herbs .
c. Umbels numerous, in elongated puberulous pani-
cles : S-10 ft. high.

racemdsa, Linn. Spikenard. Height 3-6 ft.: glabrous,
or slightly pubescent : lvs. quinately or ternately de-
compound ; leaflets cordate, roundish ovate, doubly and
sharply serrate, acuminate, usually glabrous beneath,
2-6 in. long : fls. greenish white. July, Aug. E. N.
Amer. west to Minn, and Mo. B.B. 2: 506.

Calildmica, Wats. Height 8-10 ft.: resembles the
preceding : Ifts. cordate, ovate or oblong-ovate,
shortly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate ; panicle
loose ; umbels fewer, larger, and with more numerous
rays. Calif.

cordita, Thunb. (A.Mulis, Sieb. & Zucc). Height
4-8 ft.: lvs. ternately or quinately decompound, pinnjB
sometimes with 7 Ifts.; Ifts. cordate or rounded at the
base, ovate or oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, un-
equally serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 4-8
in. long. Japan. Gt. 13: 432 as A . racemosa, var. Sacha-
linensis. R.H. 1896, p. 55. A.G. 1892, pp. 6, 7.

Cachemirioa, Decne. (A. Cashmeriana, Hort. Saul
1891. A macrophylla, Lindl.). Height 5-8 ft. : lvs.
quinately compound, pinnse often with 5-9 leaflets ; leaf-
lets usually rounded at the base, oblong-ovate, doubly
serrate, glabrous or bristly on the veins beneath, 4-8 in.
long. Himalayas.

cc. Umbels several or few on slender peduncles ;

pedicels glabrous; 1-3 ft. high.
hfspida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.
Height 1-3 ft., usually with short, woody stem, bristly :
lvs. bipinnate ; Ifts. ovate or oval, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, acute, sharply and irregularly ser-
rate, 1-3 in. long : umbels 3 or more in a loose corymb;
fls. white. June, July. From Newfoundland to N. Caro-
lina, west to Minn, and Ind. B.M. 1085. L. B.C. 14:1306.
nudicaiilis, Linn. Wild Sarsaparilla. Small
Spikenard. Stemless or nearly so : usually 1 leaf, 1 ft.
high, with 3 quinately pinnate divisions ; Ifts. oval or
ovate, rounded or narrowed at the base, acuminate,
, 2-5 in. long : umbels 2 or 3 ; fls. greenish.
May, June. Newfoundland
to N. Carolina, west to Mo.
B.B. 2:506.

A. quinquefdlia. Decne. &
Planch. =Panax quinquefolium.
—A. '.ritdlla. Decne. & Planch.
= Panax trifolium. (See also
Oinseny.)

Alfred Rehder.

ARAUCABIA (Chilian
ii.iiie). Conifenn, tribe
\ raucdriece. About 15 spe-
■ i. s of S. Amer. and the
-Vustralian region, grown for
their striking symmetrical
habit and interesting ever-
green foliage. In the S. some
species will thrive in the
optn where the climate is not too dry, but in the N. all
are grown under glass only. Lvs. stiff, sharp-pointed,
crowded cones globular or oblong, terminal, hard and
woody, of some species several inches in diameter.
Most of the species become gigantic forest trees in their
natne haunts. As here treated, the genus includes Co-
lumbea and Eutacta. l^ jj_ g_

There are some 15 Araucarias in cultivation. Most of
these however, are grown in limited numbers in private
and botanical collections. The kinds most popular in
this country are A. eicelsa and its varieties glauca and
lobw-ta compacta. Of A. excelsa, probably 250,000
plants m 5-inch and 6-inch pots are annually sold in the
U S These are nearly all imported in a young state
from Ghent, Belgium, where the propagation and grow-
ing of them is made the leading specialty at many nnr-

ARAUCARIA

series, of which there are over 700 in that one city. The
trade of the world has been supplied for many years
from Ghent. Some of the large English growers have

:#^

^"^^"''^V^'

'^-.

begun to grow them in considerable quantities in the
past five years, but it is likely that Ghent will be the
main source of supply for many years to come. A few
are now propagated in this country, and as they grow
easily here. It is likely that the number will be largely
increased in the near future, the high price of labor
being the greatest drawback. The Araucaria is the
most elegant and symmetrical evergreen in cultivation,
and for this reason is very popular as an ornamental
plant for home decoration. It is particularly popular at
Christmas time, and is then sold in great quantities.
Araucarias are propagated from seed and from cuttings
the latter make the most compact and handsome speci
mens. To make symmetrical specimens, take cut
tings from the leading shoots (see Fig. 129). If used
as house plants, they thrive best in a cool room, where
the temperature is not over 60° at night, and thej
should be placed near the light. In summer thej
grow best if protected by a shading of light laths
placed about an inch apart, wliit-li will udniit air and
at the same time break tin- I'nr,-,. ,if tin- sun's rays
1 in any good I'dtiiiu' i-c.in|i.i-t, and

he -ininu:! into larger
pots. The cuttings should In- phiMtcd in light
compost or sand in the fall or during the winter
in a cool greenhouse, with moderate bottom
heat, and will root in about 8 or 10 weeks, after
which they may be potted into small pots. In
addition to A. pxcelaa and its variations, the
following attractive species are grown in small quanti
ties : A. BidwiUii, which, being of a tough and hard>
nature, does remarkably well as a room plant, and it is
hardy in Florida and many of the most southern states
A. GoldieanUj a very distinct and handsome form, and
rather scarce at present; A. efegavs (a form of A
Brazitiana), an elegant form of dwarf and exceedingly
graceful habit, and a most beautiful table plant.

Cult, by Robert Craig
A. Lvs. {or most of them) awl-like.
excfelsa, R. Br. Norpoi,k Island Pine. Figs. 130
131, 132. Plant light green : branches frondose, the lvs
curved and sharp-pointed, rather soft, and densely
placed on the horizontal or drooping branchlets. Nor
folk Isl. P.R. 2:411.-The commonest species in this
country, being much grown as small pot specimens. A
blue-green form is cult, as A. glaiiea. There is also a
strong-growing, large variety, with very deep green fo

ARAUCARIA 89

liage (A.robiista). In its native wilds the tree reaches
a heieht of over 200 ft. and a diameter of even 9 or 10
ft. The solid, globular cones are 4 or 5 in. in diam.
P. S. 22: 2304-5. — An excellent house plant, and keeps
well in a cool room near a window. In summer it may
be used on the veranda, but must be shaded.

Ciinninghami, Sweet. Plants less formal and sym-
metrical than A. excelsa .the upper branches ascending
and the lower horizontal : lvs. stiff and very sharp-
pointed, straight or nearly so. There is also a glaucous
form {A. glauca}; also a weeping form. Austral.,
where it reaches a height of 200 ft., yielding valuable
timber and resin. Locally known as Hoop Pine, More-
ton Bay Pine, Colonial Pine, Coorong, Cumburtu,
Coonam.

Co6kii, R. Br. {A. columnAris, Hook. ). Branches dis-
posed as in J . excelsa, but tree tending to shed the lower
ones : young lvs. alternate and rather distant, broad
and slightly decurrent at base, slightly curved, mu-
cronate ; adult lvs. densely imbricated, short and
ovate, obtuse ; cones 3-4 in. in diam. and somewhat
longer. New Caledonia, where it reaches a height of 200
ft., making very straight and imposing shafts. B.M.
4635. A.F. 12: 559.-Named for Captain Cook.

AA. ii's. broader, usually plane and imbricated.

KMei, Muell. Leafy branchlets very long : lvs. oval-
elliptic, imbricated, plane or lightly concave, arched to-
wards the branch, nearly or quite obtuse, with a promi-
nent dorsal nerve. Variable at different ages. When
young, the branches are often drooping and the lvs.
compressed and obscurely 4-angled and nearly or quite
subulate (va.r. pohjmrirphii, R.H. 1866. p. 350. There is
a var. co»i;)«c/(i). New Caledonia. Reaching 50 ft. in
height. R.H. 1866, p. 392, and plate. I. H. 22:204. The
figure in G.C. I8G1 : 868, is ^. Miielleri, Brongn. & Gris.,
a broader-leaved species.

Goldieana, Hort. Like ^. i?H(fi, and perhaps a form
of it : lvs. in whorls, dark green, variable : branches
drooping.

Bidwillii, Hook. Fig. 133. Rather narrow in growth,
especially with age, the branches simple : lvs. in two
rows, lance-ovate and very sharp-pointed, thick, firm
and shining. Austral., where it attains a height of

.\ ragged plant, grown

90

ARAUCARIA

150 ft., and is known as Bunga-bunga. R.H. 1897, p.
500. G.C. III. 15: 465, showing tlie pineapple- lilie cone.
— One of the best and handsomest species for pots.

Braziliibna, A. Rich. Branches verticillate, somewhat
inclined, raised at the ends, tending to disappear below
as the plant grows :
Ivs. alternate, oblong-
lanceolate, somewhat
decurrent, much atten-
uated and very sharp-
pointed, deep green,
loosely imbricated :
cone large and nearly
globular. S. Braz..
reaching a height of
100 ft. F.S. 21:2202.
A. ^legans^ Hort., is
a form with very
numerous branches
and more crowded
and often glaucous
Ivs. Var. Bidolfuhia,
Gord., is a more robust
form, with larger and
longer Ivs.

imbric4ta, Pav.
Monkey Puzzle.
Branches generally in
5's, at first horizontal,
with upward-curving
(sometimes downward-
curving) tips, but fi-
nally becoming much
deflexed, the If.shin-
3 : Ivs. imbricated and
ovate-lanceolate, very

133. Araucaria Bidwillii (X %).

gled branchlets in opposite pai:
persisting, even on the trunk

stiff and leathery and sharp-pointed, an inch long and
half as wide, bright green on both sides : cone 6-8
in. in diam. Western slope of the Andes in Chile,
reaching a height of 100 ft. F.S. 15: 1577-80. R.H.
1893, p. 1.53; 1897, pp.271, 319. Gt. 44:115. G.C. III.
21: 288 ; 24: 154. -Hardy in the S. This is the species
which is grown in the open in England and Ireland.
L. H. B.
ARAtrjIA i'i treated under Physianthus.

Arboriculture. The culture of trees, it is a

generic term, covering the whole subject of the plant-
ing and care of trees. More specific terms are sylvicul-
ture, the planting of woods ; orchard-culture, the plant-
ing of orchards or fruit trees.

Arbutus (ancient Latin name). Ericdcea;. Trees or
shrubs : branches smooth and usually red : Ivs. ever-
green, alternate, petiolate : fls. monopetalous, ovate or
globular, white to red, about Jiiin. long, in terminal
panicles : fr. a globose, many-seeded berry, granulose
outside, mostly edible. About 10 species in W. N. Amer.,
Mediterranean reg., W. Eu., Canary Isl. Ornamental
trees, with usually smooth red bark and lustrous ever-
green foliage, of great decorative value for parks and
gardens in warm-temperate regions; especially beautiful
when adorned with the clusters of white fls. or bright
red berries. They grow best in well-drained soil in some-
what sheltered positions not exposed to dry winds. Very
handsome greenhouse shrubs, thriving well in a sandy
compost of peat and leaf soil or light loam. Prop, by
seeds sown in early spring or in fall, or by cuttings from
mature wood in fall, placed in sandy peat soil under
glass ; they root but slowly. Increased also by budding
or grafting, usually veneer-grafting, if seedlings of one
of the species can be had for stock. Layers usually
take two years to root.

Panicles short, noddiufj : Iv

illy serrate.

Unfido, Linn. Strawberrv Tree. From 8-15 ft.:
Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long,
glabrous, green beneath : fls. white or red, ovate : fr.
scarlet, warty, %in. broad. .Sept. -Dec. S. Eu., Ireland.
L.B.C. 2:123. Var. integfirrima, Sims. Lvs. entire.
B.M. 2319. Var. rtbra, Ait., and var. Cro6mi, Hort.

ARCHONTOPHCENIX

AA. Panicles erect.- Ivs. usually entire.

M^nziesi, Pursh. Madrona. Occasionally 100 ft. high :
trunk with dark reddish brown bark : lvs. rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, oval or oblong, 3-4 in. long,
glabrous, glaucous beneath : fls. white, in 5-6 in. long
panicles : fr. bright orange-red, Hin. long. Spring.
W. N. Amer. B.R. 21:1753, as A. prdcera, Dougl.
S.S. 5:231. P.M. 2:147. G. P. 3:515 ; 5, 151. Mn.3:85.
— The hardiest and probably the handsomest species
of the genus ; it stands many degrees of frost.

Ariz6mca, Sarg. (A. Xalap{nsis, var. Arizdnica,
Gray). Tree, 40-50 ft. : trunk with light gray or nearly
white bark : lvs. usually cuneate at the base, oblong-
lanceolate, 13^-3 in. long, glabrous, pale beneath : fls.
white, in loose, broad panicles 2-3 in. long : fr. globose
or oblong, dark orange-red. Spring. Ariz. G.F. 4:318.
S.S. 5: 233.-The contrast between the white bark of the
trunk, the red branches, and the pale green foliage
makes a very pleasant effect : fr. and fls. are also very
decorative.

A. Andrdchne. Linn. From 10-30 ft.: lvs. oval-oblong, usu-
ally entire, yellowish green beneath : lis. yellowish white ; fr.
brightred. Greece, Orient. B.M. 2024. B.R.2:U3.— A. andrach-
noXdes, Link (A. Andrachne X Unedo. A. hybrida, Ker, A.
serratifolia. Lodd.). Lvs. serrate: panicles drooping; fls.
white. B.R. 8:619. L.B.C'.6:580.-4. Oonori«ms,Lindl. Height
10-30 ft. : lvs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glaucous beneath :
panicles eri-.t ; (Is. CTt-enish white. <.':inar>- Isl. B.M. 1577.—

Ker. =A.
1 . laurifb-

liite, often

= Per-

lin. \, ' - ■ : ' I '/. -.um. Buckl.

= A ■ I ' . ;■ • \ '.. !;.i.liylos to-

ment.,.,, ; /,„(,,,, I ,: n , , \ i-t . ,- 1 ,i l,i , - 1- ,. r ^ r.-Vrsi.-^.

A'a/(i/«/i.%,»,HBK.l.\, launtoiiii. LuKll.i. Heiu-ia lcl-20ft.: lvs.
oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire or erenately serrate, glabrous
or downy beneath : fls. reddish ; corolla abruptly contracted
above the middle. Mex., Tex. S.S. 5:232. B.R. 25:67.

Alfred Rehder.

Arbutus, trailing. See npigo'a.

ARCHANGfiLICA (Greek, chief angel, from fancied
medicinal virtues). IJmbelliferip.. A few strong-smell-
ing coarse herbs closely allied to Angelica, but differing
in technical characters associated with the oil-tubes in
the fruit.

officinWs, Hoffm. A European and Asian biennial or
perennial, known also as Angelica Archangelica. Stout
herb, with ternately decompound lvs. and large umbels
of small fls. The stems and ribs of the Ivs. were once
blanched and eaten, after the manner of celery, and
they are still used in the making of sweetmeats. Little
known iu this country, although it is offered by Ameri-
can dealers. Its chief value to us is its large foliage.
Seeds may be sown in the fall as soon as ripe, or the
following spring.

ARCHONTOPHCENIX ( Greek, majestic phoenix). Pal-
micea, tribe Arecea;. Tall, spineless palms, with stout,
.solitary, ringed caudices : lvs. terminal, equally pin-
natisect ; segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate or bi-
dentate at the apex, the margins recurved at the base,
sparsely scaly beneath, the midnerves rather promi-
nent, nerves slender ; rachis convex on the back, the
upper surface strongly keeled ; petiole channelled
above, sparsely tomentose ; sheath long, cylindrical,
deeply fissured ; spadices short-peduncled, with slen-
der, flexuose, glabrous, pendent branches and branch-
lets : spathes 2, entire, long, compressed, deciduous :
bracts crescent-shaped, adnate to the spadix ; bractlets
persistent ; fls. rather large : fr. small, globose-ellip-
soidal. Species, 2. Austral. They are beautiful palms,
requiring a temperate house. Prop, by seeds. The
Seaforfhia elegans of gardeners belongs here. For cult.,
see Piilms.

ARCHONTOPHCENIX

A. Leaf segments whitish niiilenieath.

AlexAndresB, H. Wendl. & Dmde {Pti/chospirma Alei-
dndreie, F. Muell.). Trunk 70-80 ft.: Ivs. several ft.
long ; rachis very broad and thick, glabrous or sliehtly
scurfy; segments numerou.s, the longer ones 1% ft.
long, ^-1 in. broad, acuminate and entire or slightly
notched, green above, ashy glaucous beneath. Queens-
land. F.S. 18:1916.

AA. Leaf segments green on both sides.

Cunninghamii, H. Wendl. & Drude (Ptychosperma
Ciinninghmnii, H. Wendl.). Trunk and general habit
like the preceding, but the segments acuminate and
entire or scarcely notched. Queensland and N. S. W.
B.M. 4901 as Seato.-thia elegans. j^^^^ ^^ g^,^^^

Arctium (from Greek word for heai; probably al-
luding to the shaggy bur). Compositw. Burdock. A
few coarse perennials or biennials of temperate Eu. and
Asia, some of them widely distributed as weeds. Invo-
lucre globular and large, with hooked scales, becoming
a bur : receptacle densely setose : pappus deciduous, of
bristles : Ivs. large and soft, whitish beneath : plant not
prickly : fls. pinkish, in summer.

L&ppa, Linn. (Lappa mi)j<ir, Gsertn.). Common Bi-k-
DOCK. The Burdock is a common and despised weed in
this country, although it is capable of making an excel-
lent foliage mass and screen. In Japan it is much cult,
for its root, which has been greatly thickened and ame-
liorated, affording a popular vegetable. It is there
known as Gobo (see Georgeson, A.G. 13, p. 210).

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (Greek, bear and grape). Ericd-
cete. Manzanita. Shrubs or small trees: Ivs. alternate,
evergreen, usually entire, rarely deciduous : fls. small,
urceolate, mostly'white, tinged red, in terminal, often
panicled racemes, in spring : fr. usually smooth, a red
berry orrather drupe, with 1-10 1-seeded, separate orco-
herent cells. About 30 species in N. and Cent. Amer.,
2 species also in N. Eu. and N. Asia. Handsome ever-
green shrubs, though generally with less conspicuous fls.
and frs. than those of the allied genus Arbutus. Some
Cent. Amer. species, however, as A.arbutoides, arguta
and potifolia are beautiful in flower, and well worth a
place in the greenhouse or in the garden in temperate
regions ; of the American species, A. Pringlei, viseida
and bieolor are some of the handsomest. Only the trail-
ing species are hardy north. For culture, see Arbutus.
Includes Comarostaphylis.

■ '- --■ -ong: fls. in
lort and rather few-fid. cluster

tlva-Ursi, Spreng. Bearberrt. Lvs. obovate-ob-
long, tapering into the petiole, refuse or obtuse at the
apex : fls. small, about Min. long, white tinged with
red. Northern hemisphere, in N. Amer. south to Mex.
Em. 2:431.— Hardy trailing evergreen shrub, like the
following valuable for covering rocky slopes and sandy
banks. Cuttings from mature wood taken late in sum-
mer root readily under glass.

Nevad^nsis, Gray. Lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate.
abruptly petioled, acute or mucronate at the apex : fls.
in short-stalked clusters, white or tinged with red.
Calif., in the higher mountains.

aa. Erect shrubs ; lvs. usually 1-2 in. long : fts. in

inostly many-fid. panicled racemes.

B. Lvs. glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent .

c. Pedicels glabrous.

piingens, HBK. From 3-10 ft.; glabrous or minutely

pubescent : lvs. slender-petioled. oblong-lanceolate or

oblong-elliptic, acute, entire, green or glaucescent : fls.

in short, umbel-like clusters : fr. glabrous, about Kin.

broad. Mex., Low. Calif. B.R. 30:17. B.M. 3927.

Manzanita, Parry (A. pungens, Authors). Fig. 134.
Shrub or small tree, to 30 ft. : lvs. ovate, usually obtuse
and mucronulate at the apex, glabrous, dull green : fls.
in prolonged panicled racemes : fr. glabrous, K-K in.
broad. W. N. Amer., from Ore. south. G.F. 4:571.

cc. Pedicels glandular.

glaica, Lindl. From 8-25 ft. : lvs. oblong or orbicular,
obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, glaucescent or pale
green : fls. in prolonged panicled racemes ; pedicels
glandular : fr. minutely glandular. Calif. Int. 1891.

viscida, Parry. From 5-15 ft. : lvs. broad ovate or el-
liptic, abruptly mucronulate, acute or rounded at the
base, glaucous : fls. in slender and spreading, panicled
racemes ; pedicels viscid ; corolla light pink : fr. de-
pressed, about Min. broad, smooth. Ore. to Calif.

134. Manzanita.— Arctostaphylos

BB. Lvs. more or less pubescent ; branchlets mostly
bristly-hairy.

tomentdsa, Dougl. Prom 2-6 ft.: lvs. oblong-lanceo-
late or ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate, pubescent be-
neath, pale green : fls. in rather dense and short, usu-
ally panicled racemes ; pedicels short : fr. puberulous,
glabrous at length. W. N. Amer. B.R. 21 : 1791. B.M.
3320. -The hardiest of the erect species.

Pringlei, Parry. Shrub : lvs. broad-ovate or elliptic,
usually abruptly mucronulate, pubescent, sometimes
glabrous at length, glaucous : panicled racemes pedun-
cled, usually leafy at the base, many-fld. ; slender pedi-
cels and calyx glandular-pubescent : fr. glandular his-
pid. Calif., Ariz.

bicolor. Gray. From 3-4 ft. : lvs. oblong-oval, acute at
both ends, revolute at the margin, glabrous and bright
green above, white-tomentose beneath : fls. in nodding,
rather dense racemes ; pedicels and calyx tomentose ;
corolla Ja in. long, rose-colored : fr. smooth. Calif.

A. alplna, Spreng. Prostrate shrub : lvs. deciduous, obovate,

tains of northern liei
6 ft.: lvs.lan<-^oi;,to..
panicles er*'<-l. I.m,.,
{A. nitida, I'.-i
rate, glaucou,
B.R. 31:32. I; \l '"
Nevadeusis.-.l.,/,..,
narrow-oblong, acutt-
cemes elongated. (_'al
gutn.— A. polifdIia.U
gla • •

Jlex.

S. Mex.
llort.=A.
V. ovate or

Kehder.

ARCTOTIS (Greek for bear's ear, alluding to the
akene). Compositw. Herbs with long-peduncled heads
and more or less white-woolly herbage, of 30 or more
African species : akenes grooved, with scale-like pappus :
involucre with numerous imbricated scales : receptacle
bristly. One species, treated as an annual, is sold in
this country.

breviscipa, Thunb. (A. leptorhlza, var. breviscdpa,
DC). Stemless ornearly so (6 in. high) , half-hardy, read-
ily prop, from seeds, and to be grown in a warm, sunny
place. Lvs. usually longer than the scape, inclsed-den-
tate : scape hirsute, bearing one large fl. with dark cen-
ter and orange rays.

ABDlSIA (pointed, alluding to the stamens or corolla
lobes). Myrsinicece. Large genus of tropical trees and
shrubs, with 5-parted (sometimes 4- or 6-parted) rotate
corolla, 5 stamens attached to the throat of the corolla,
with very large anthers and a 1-seeded drupe the size of

92

ARDISIA

a pea. Lvs. entire, dentate or crenate, thick anil ever-
green : fls. white or rose, usually in cymes. Ardisias
are grown in hothouses or conservatories, and bloom
most of the year.

There are about a dozen Ardisias in cultivation ; only
two, liowf'vor, are grown in quantity in America,—^.
rr<-iiui.ii„ iri.l harried) and A. Japonica (white-ber-

Ti''l ! ^' I t:. 1- is the more beautiful and valuable.

Ii I Ii iihlsomest berrv-bearing plants, and is

vr: ,, i , . ; iriicularly at Christmas time. The A.
J'l/ , .; 1 1, .1 ijL-arly so showy nor handsome as A.
fyt'H/thrfi' , ;tinl for this reason is not so generally grown.
Ardisias are readily grown from seed, which should be
sown in the spring ; the seedlings will bloom the fol-
lowing spring, and the berries will be well colored by the
next Christmas. They will thrive in almost any good
pottiTitr compost and in a winter night temperature of
about r>n°. They are most beautiful when about 2 feet
high, after which they generally lose their bottom fo-
liage, and present a naked or " leggy" appearance. When
they get In this state it is well to root the tops over
again, which may best be done without removing them
from the plant, by making an incision in the stem and
covering the wounded part with moss, which should be
tightly wrapped with string and kept damp ; the moss
will be filled with roots in about a month, when the tops
may be cut off and potted, thus obtaining most beautiful
young plants, covered with foliage to the bottom. This
process will not interrupt the blooming at all; they fre-
quently set an abundance of buds while undergoing this
operation. The crop of berries on an Ardisia will re-
main on the plant for more than a year, if the plant be
grown in a cool temperature, say not exceeding ."jO" at
night in winter. Two full crops of ripe berries at one
time are not unusual. Ardisias may be propagated also
from cuttings of half-ripened wood ; early spring is the
best time to strike them. The greatest insect enemy of
the Ardisia is the large brown scale ; frequent sponging
of the stems and lvs. with strong tobacco water is the
best preventive. Qui,, by Robert Craig.

crenul&ta, Lodd. (A.erendla, Sims. A.crispa, Hort.).
Fig. 135. As cult., acompact and neat shrub, with lance-
oblong, wavy-margined, alternate lvs. and drooping
clusters of small coral-red frs. Sweet-scented. Prob-

ably native to E. Ind. or China. B.M. 1950. L.B.C. 1:2.
Mn. 1:58. A.P. 13: 558.-The commonest species. It
thrives in a conservatory temperature (not lower than
45°). Best plants are obtained from seeds. The young
plants should be given bottom heat and kept growing
rapidly. If they become stunted, it is very difficult to

AEECA

make them into satisfactory plants. Well-grown plants
should bear fruit in a year from the seed. The seed
may be sown whenever ripe. The fruits often hang on
for a year and more. Hardy in the South.

hfimilis, Vahl. Lvs. lance-oblong, shining : frs. shin-
ing black. India.

6liveri, Mast. Lvs. nearly sessile, recurved, oblanceo-

late and acuminate, 6-8 in. long, entire : fls. pink. In

large, dense heads, like an Ixora, the limb rotate, >^in.

across. CostaRica. G.C. II. S: 681. — Elegant stove plant.

AA. Fls. u'hite.

Jap6nica, Blume. Lvs. short-oblong or somewhat cu-
neate, whorled, serrate : fls. on red pedicels in drooping
racemes : berries white. Dwarf. Jap. Probably hardy
in the North.

polyc^phala, Wall. Lvs. bright green, red or wine-
colored when young, opposite : fr. black. E. Ind.
AAA. Fls. black-dotted.

Pickerlngia, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, 5-9 ft.: lvs.
ovate to lance-oblong, entire, narrowed to a petiole :
panicle nianv-fld. ; corolla lobes oval and becoming re-
flexed ■ fr Hv 1mv-m av ,,^a. F V\-< li.t 1>-'n

B M (iH.V

DC.

or reddibk lib. are' A. inaciucaipa.' WM.,
'data, Eoxbg., B.M. 2364; serruidfo, Swartz ^
L. H. B.

AB£CA (from a native name in Malabar). PalmAce(f,
tribe Ar?ce<p. Spineless palms, with trunks solitary or
cespito>e in a ring : lvs. terminal, equally plnnatisect,
the segments lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, with the
margins recurving at the base, the upper ones conflu-
ent and bifid or truncate and many-parted : rachis 3-
sided, convex on the back, the upper face acute, the
base and petiole concave : sheath elongated ; spadix
broad or iiMrrow, the spreading branches at length pen-
dent : v|i;fihf^ ;: '>r m.iny, papery, the lowest complete,
the ii| [' ' ""• - I la.-t-like ; fls. white: fr. medium or
larL-' . I' I .M ..r:iri_-.-. Species, 24. Trop. Asia, Malay
Ari-li., Ir'.]!. An-tral. and New Guinea. The name
Ai-eca is one of the most familiar of all palm genera,
but most of the well-known species are now referred to
other genera. A. lutescens, the most popular kind, is
Chri/salUlocarpits lutescens. A. Catechu and A.trian-
iliii are both very quick in germinating. They form very
ornunnnlal plants for a moderate sized greenhouse.
For A.'iiiriii, see Bicli/osperma. For A. Madagascar-

,■,:'< is. <,;■ J)l/psis.

Alicefe. W. Hill. Sts. several from the same rhizome,

ii- liicire high, slender: lvs. 3-6 ft. long ; segments

' . sr\ 1 ral confluent, especially at apex. Queensland.

Cdtechu. Linn. Betel Nut. St. solitary, 40-100 ft.:

■0 ft.; leaflets numerous, 1-2 ft., upper confluent.

glabrous : fr. 1^2-2 in., ovoid, smooth, orange or

t. Asia and Malayan Islands.

llsemannl, Hort. Resembles a red-stemmed Chrysa-

' -arpus : young lvs. very dark red, becoming green;

lender, arching, with curving pinna?. Oceanica.

20:

iandra, Roxb. Trunk 40-50 ft. high, 1 ft. thick, cy-
rical : fronds 8 ft. long ; segments with 6 primary
es about 1 line apart ; petiole about 1 ft. long. India.
dlba, Bory.=Dietyospenna aYba.—A. Baueri. Hook. f.=

«, Bory.=
liac.ilaria
A. Sibung^
Jacq.= Oreo-

Griff. = Uufosperiiia lilamentosum

doxa oleracea.— A. j)umi7a, Blame. =Nenga Wendlandi'ana
rjibra, Hort.=Dictyosperma rubra.— .4 . riibra, Bory.=AcanthO'
phcKuix rubra. — .1. Snndcridnff, Hort. Tradename_2— ^.adjM'dffi,
Soland.— Rhopalostylis sapidi

TerschaffiUii, .

specidsa. Hort. Trade

Jared G. SuiTa

fZ

ARENARIA

ABENARIA {ttrena, sand, where many of the species
._ ). Caryophyll&cea. Low herbs, mostly with white
.s., usually forming mats, and suitable for rookwork or
Ipine gardens. Only the perennial species are com-
monly cult. Of easiest culture in almost any soil. Prop,
by division ; also by seeds, and rare species sometimes
by cuttings. The species inhabit temperate and cold
regions. The stamens are usually 10 ; styles 3 or 4 ;
petals 5 as a rule, entire or emarginate. Nearly 200 rec-
ognized species. Monogr. by F. N. Williams, Journ.
Linn. Soc. 33:326 (1897-8).

A. Lis. ovate or lanceolate.

Baleirica, Linn. Very low (3 in. high), with small
ovate glossv Ivs. Balearic Is., Corsioa.-Not hardy in
latitude of "New York City.

macrophylla, Hook. Sts. decumbent and angled, pu-
bescent : Ivs. lanceolate or elliptic, mostly acute : pe-
duncles slender, 1-5-fld. Lake Superior to the Pacific.
Int. 1881.

AA. Lvs. linear or aivl-like.
B. Sepals ohtu.se.

Groenlandica, Spreng. Annual : very low, forming
mats, the decumbent or erectish sts. bearing 1-5 fls.:
Ivs. linear and obtuse, J-^in. or less long : sepals and
petals blunt, the latter sometimes notched. High alti-
tudes and latitudes, but coming to the sea coast in parts
of N. Eng., and ranging down the mountains to N. Car.
Int. 1884. -A neat little alpine.

graminifdlia, Schrad. A foot or less high : lvs. long
and filiform, rough-margined : fls. in 3-forked loose pu-
bescent panicles. Eu.

BB. Sepals pointed or even awned.

grandiflora, Linn. Variable : 6 in. or less high : lvs.
flat-awl-shaped, 3-nerved and ciliate : fls. solitary or in
2's or 3's, long-stalked. Eu.

montana, Linn. Smaller: lvs. linear or nearly so: fls.
large, solitary, very long-stalked. S. W. Eu.

v6ma, Linn. {Alstne virna, Bartl.). Dwarf: 1-3 in.
high : lvs. linear-subulate, flat, strongly 3-nerved, erect:
fls. on filiform peduncles, with .strongly 3-nerved sepals.
Eu. and Rocky Mts.- Excellent little rock plant. Var.
csBBpitdsa, Hort., is a compact, leafy form.

aculeita, Wats. Sts. 4-6 in. high: lvs. stiff and sharp,
glaucous, fascicled, white, but often purple. W. Amer.
Int. 1889.

Fr&nklinii, Dougl. Sts. 3-5 in. high, nearly or quite
glabrous : lvs. in 3-6 pairs, narrow-subulate, sharp-
pointed : fls. in dense cymes at the top of the st. W.

Imer. Int. 1881.

L. H. B.

ARGEMONE 93

obtusifdiia, Mart. Trunk 20-30 ft. high, 1-l^ft. thick:
fronds 9-13, 12-16 ft. long : petiole thickly spiny : seg-
ments lyim. apart, 2-3 ft. long, l}^-2 in. wide, alternate,
lanceolate-linear, unequally acutely dentate, attenuate,
2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the larger,
glaucous beneath ; branches of the spadix short, lax,
nodding. Java.

saccharlSera, Labill. Trunk 40 ft. high : petioles
smooth : segments fasciculate, in 4's or a's, linear-ensi-
form, 1- or 2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the
longer, 2-lobed or variously dentate at the apex, white
or silvery beneath ; branches of the spadix long, fas-
tigiate, pendulous. Malaya. Jaked G. Smith.

ABETHtrSA (the nymph Arethusa). Orchidicea.
A few species of handsome terrestrial orchids. Fl. gap-
ing, the sepals and petals lanceolate and nearly alike,
arching over the column.

bulbdsa, Linn. A very pretty hardy orchid, 8-10 in.,
with one linear, nerved' If. and a bright rose-pink fl. on
an erect scape, the lip recurved and bearded. Bogs, N.
Car., N. and W.; not common. May, June. Mn. 5:141.
G.W.P. 17. — Requires a moist and shady, cool situation
and open, porous soil. A shady nook on north slope of
rockery, where it can be watered in dry weather, is an
ideal place. Prop, by the solid bulbs.

J. B. Keller .

ARfiTIA. SeeBouglasia.

ASGEMONE (fanciful name). Pupai'crAeece. Arge-
MONV. A few American plants, mostly herbs, with prickly
sepals and pods, 3-6-lobed stigma, coarse often white-
spotted foliage, and yellow .iuice. Annuals, or cult, as
annuals. Easy to manage from seeds sown where the
plants are to stand, or transplanted from pots. They
need a light soil and full sunny exposure. Monogr. by
Prain, Journ. Bot. 33: 207 et seq.

A. Fls. yellow or yellowish.

Me3dc4na, Linn. {A . speridsa , Hort. ) . Prickly Poppy.
Fig. 136. A moderately prickly-stemmed herb, 1-2 ft.
high, sprawling, glaucous : lvs. coarsely sinuate-pin-

AEfiNGA (derivation doubtful). Pal»itlcea\ tribe
Areceo'. Spineless palms, with the thick caudex clothed
above with dead, fibrous leaf-sheaths, at length bearing
vigorous shoots. Lvs. terminal, elongated, unequally
pinnatisect, the linear or cuneate somewhat petiolate seg-
ments praemorse or obliquely divided at the apex ; mid-
veins prominent ; nerves parallel ; margins irregularly
toothed above the middle, recurved at the base and one or
the other of them auricled, pale below : petiole plano-con-
vex, with the margin spiny : sheaths short, reticulate-
flbrous, the margin crenate : spadix large, with short
reflesed peduncle and elongated, slender, pendulous
branches ; spathes numerous, attached to the peduncle,
membranaceous, deciduous : bracts and bractlets broad:
fls. brown or brownish green or purplish : fr. yellow,
fleshy. Species 5. Trop. Asia, Malay Archipelago, New
Guinea, and Trop. Austral. Jaked G. Smith.

Arenga saccharifera , in a young state, is surpassed in
beauty by most palms. Specimens eight to ten years
old, however, show their characteristics well, and from
that period till they begin to flower (which they do from
the top of the stem downwards in the axils of the leaves),
they are among the most striking subjects for high and
roomy conservatories. The temperature should not be
allowed to fall below 55° F. during the coldest weather.
G. W. Oliver.

136. Arecmone Mcxicana (X K>-

natifld : fls. sessile or nearly so, the petals obovate and
an inch or less long, orange or lemon-colored. Trop.
Amer., but naturalized in E. and S. states and in the
Old World. B.M.243.

Var. ochroleilca, Lindl. Petals yellowish white, and
style longer. Tex. B.R. 1343.

94 ARGEMONE

AA. Fl.1. white {rarely purple).

grandlfldra, Sweet. Glabrous and glaucous, 1-3 ft.
high, almost destitute of prickles: Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid,
the lobes only weakly spinescent : bracts scattered along
the fl. branches: capsule valves scarcely crested. S. W.
Mex. B.R. 120-1. L. B.C. 16:1546. B.M. 3073.

platyc^ras, Link & Otto. Robust, lK-4 ft., very spiny,
the Ivs. glaucous ; Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid, spiny : fl.-
bracts aggregated below the fls. : petals large (rarely
purple) : capsule valves crested or spiny. Mes. to Colo.

Var. hispida, Prain. (.4. hispida. Gray). Petals
rounded ; sepals and capsule densely pricklv : plant
hispid. Wyo. and Ark., W. and S. l] h. B.

AB6YB£IA {silver!/, referring to the under side of
the Ivs.). Coni'olvuldcew. Tender climbers from the
orient, allied to Ipomoea. Lvs. usually large, silvery,
tomentose or villous beneath : cymes usually few-fld.
They require too much room before flowering to be popu-
lar here. A . cuneata is one of the dwarf est and most florif-
erous kinds. Light, rich soil. Prop, by cuttings or seeds.

tlliaefdlia. Wight. Lvs. heart-shaped : fls. white and
violet. Prop, from seeds. E. Ind.-Int. 1890 by Peter
Henderson & Co.

AEIA. See S«c6h.v.

ARIS.SMA (Greek-mjide name, of no particular sig-
nificance). Aroiileir. About 60 widely aistributi-d herbs,
with tuberous roots, autl a spathe rolled in or convolute
about the spadix below, ami often arched over it : Hs.
unisexual, the pistillate on the lower part of the spadix,
and each consisting of a 1-loculed ovary, and generally
ripening into a showy berry. Some species are native,
and several of them are hardy in the open ; others are
cult, undercover, as recommended for Arum (which see).
Monogr. by Engler in De Candolle's Monographise Pha-
nerogamarum, Vol. 2.

A. Leaflets 7-11.

Dracdntium, S, hott Drahov root. Sending up a
solitir\ leaf 1-2 tt high pedateh divided into oblong-

137. Jack-in-the-Puluit,

lanceolate pointed Ifts. : spadix long-pointed and pro-
jecting beyond the greenish spathe : scape much shorter
than the leaf. Low grounds in E. Amer.- Occasionally
grown in borders and rockwork.

ARISARUM

AA. Leaflets S.
triphyllum, Torr. Jack-in-the-Pclpit. Indian Tur-
nip. Fig. 137. Usually dioecious : lvs. usually 2, with
ovate or elliptic-ovate Ifts. : spadix club-shaped and

138. Aristolochia macrophylla.

covered by the arching purplish spathe. Common in
woods. G.W.F. 28. D. 281. — Tuber or corm flatfish and
large, very acrid, often employed as a domestic remedy.
Berries red and showy, ripening in early summer.
Planted in a moist, shady place, the lvs. remain until
fall ; but in exposed places they die down early in sum-
mer. This and the last are very interesting native
plants of easy culture, propagated by tubers and by
seeds.

fimbri^tum, Masters. Fringed Calla. Leaf solitary,
the petiole a ft. or less high, sheathed below ; Ifts. broad-
ovate and acuminate, short-stalked : scape as long as
the petiole, bearing a large, purple-limbed, white-
streaked, long-pointed spathe : spadix ending in a long
and gracefully drooping, feather-like appendage. E.

nd. G.C. 11.22:689; III. 15:763. B.M. 7150. Mn.8:59.

-A handsome and striking pot-plant, blooming in sum-

iier. Grow in rich soil. Dry off the tuber when the lvs.

urn yellow after flowering, and keep dry in sand or

arth until spring.
Other species are: A. anOmalum, Tiemsl. Lfts. 3, broad-ovate,

cuininate : spathe small, purplish and streaked, arching over

lie short spadix : suggests A. triphyllum. Malacca. B.M. 7211.

-.1 ."H.-i/i/iHM.Sohott. Leaf solitMv. « iti. Ki .ir more lfts.:

liiitho .•,,l,,rfil, tailed. India. B.M ."'.ill -I , ;/, . ./fi/m. Hook.
-\A"rt\iu<nm.—A.galeatum.'S.K I'r l,i ,it s. .lii;ir>-, with J

fl^ ; sii-.thf purple inside. Indi;.. )■ W il,:- A lirtffithii.

a spreading and

purple with greei

f all Ar

ofon

rifts

spathi

Schott. Lfts. 3
Perhaps hardy i
Vriese.=A ringei
and verj' dark purpl

1I..-.77.-.1. .^i.lwlilii. I)B

rt. Lt'ts. 3 : spathe large

ery long, string-like tip.

India. Gn.37:758. B.M. SOW.— .l.(or(»osn)H, Schott. Lvs.usu-

ally 2, with several or many lfts. : spatlie purple outside : spa-

ng-tailed but I

reddish, green-ribbed : si);i.li\ pur
in India. B.M. 647-1.— J. ir,.,.„. lb
the lfts. lanceolate : spatlu- ^tc.u
recurved. India. B.M. Tlo.'i.-K.vc
the .above species require pot cult.

. the ;

L. H.

ARISARUU (old Greek name). Ardidem. Three or
four variable species of Arum-like plants of the Medi-
terranean region. Differs from Arisfema, its nearest
ally, in having the margins of the spathe connate rather
than convolute, and in other technical characters. For
culture, see Aris<ema and Arum.

ARISARUM

vnlg&re, Targ. {Arum Arisclrum, Linn.l. A foot
high : Ivs. cordate or somewhat hastate, long-stalked :
spathe purple, incurved at the top.— Has many forms
and many names. Can be grown in the open with pro-

AKISTOLdCHIA (name^ for
tues). Aristolochi^cem.
tropical and temperate region;
remarkable for the very od(
shaped fls. The coroll '
ing, but the calyx is corolla-like,
tubular, variously bent
; tl
(», short and
aduate to the style (Fig. 140).
Mostly woody twiners, the great-
er part of th "
only in warm glass-houses. Many
species are evergreen. The ten-
der species are cult, for the strik-
ingly irregular and grotesque fls.
Monogr. by Duchartre in De-
CandoUe's Prodromus, Vol. 1."),
Parti (1864). l.

ARISTOLOCHIA

95

at the top : fls. terminal, solitary, S-shaped, much en-
larged above the ovary, greenish. E. states. — Occasion-
ally cult. Roots used in medicine. Reputed remedy for
snake bites.

Clematitis, Linn. Two ft. or less tall, glabrous : Ivs.
reniform-pointed, ciliate on the margins : fls. axillary
and clustered, straight, greenish. Eu. — Rarely cult.,
and occasionally escaped.

AA. Woofhi, twininq.

ited

139. Flower of Dutchman's Pipe, Aristolochia i
.Showing the ovary at «,
and the swelling of the calyx-tube at b. Natural size.

The best known representative of this genus is Aris-
tolochia macrophylla (or A. Sipho), the "Dutchman's
Pipe," than which there is no better hardy climbing vine
for shade or screen purposes. No insects or other trou-
bles seem to mar its deep green foliage, for which it is
most valued, as the fls. are small, siphon-shaped, and
inconspicuous, in early spring soon after the Ivs. are
formed. There are many tropical Aristolochias, the fls.
of some of them being of extraordinary size, structure,
and odor, but they are rarely seen on account of the last
characteristic, the odor being so suggestive of putridity
as to make its proximity apparent to all, and even to
deceive the flies as to its origin. One of the most gi-
gantic varieties is A. grandiflora, var. Sturtevantii,
Another fine species is A. Goldieana ; but the best of
the tropical kinds for general culture in glass structures
is A. elegans, as it is very easily raised from home-
grown seeds, flowers the first year, is very decorative
as a climber, and has no odor. We find it very easy of
culture in rich soil, and it is evergreen, as, indeed, are
most of the tropical kinds. The Aristolochias are of easy
culture, requiring only good loam and careful attention
to keep them thrifty and free of insects. They can be
trained on trellises, pillars, or rafters. MoslE of them
require a rather warm temperature, but if in pots they
maybe flowered in the conservatory. The large-growing
species require much room, and do not bloom, as a i-ule,
until they are several feet high. Prop, readily by cut-
tings in a frame. Except as oddities, most of the Aristo-
lochias are of little value. (,^,^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^

A. Serbs, not climbing.
Serpenttlria, Linn. Virginia Snakeroot. Height ,S

macrophylla. Lam. {A. S'lpJio, L'Her). Dutchman's
Pipe. Figs. 138, 139, 140. Very tall, twining, glabrous :
Ivs. very large, broadly reniforra or rounded, becoming
glabrous : fls. solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils,
U-shaped, enlarged above the ovarv, with a 3-lobed,
spreading limb, purplish. E. states. B.M. 534. G.W.F.
43. Gng. 1:.53. G.F. 5:509 (habit). -An excellent vine
for porches, the great Ivs. affording a dense shade.

tomentdsa, Sims. Much like the last, but very tomen-
tose : Ivs. less rounded : fl. yellow, with reflexed lobes.
N. Car. to Mo. and S. B.M. 1309.

Cali!6mica, Torr. Silky pubescent, 0-10 ft. : Ivs. ovate-
cordate, 2-4 in. long, obtuse or acutish, short-petioled :
fls. U-shaped, little contracted at the throat, the limb
2-Iobed, with the upper lip of 2 broad, obtuse lobes and
a thickening on the inner side. Calif.

c. Flower-limb of 2 narrow lobes.

ridicula, N. E. Br. Very slender, stiff-hairy through-
out : Ivs. round-reniform, cordate : fls. axillary and
solitary, 2 in. long aside from the limb, with a long sac
at the base of the tube, pale yellow with dull purple
veining ; limb of two spreading, deflexed, narrow lobes,
glandular, reminding one of donkeys' ears. Brazil.
B.M. 6934. G.C. II. 26:361.

cc. Flower-limb ample and flowing.

cymbHera, Mart. & Zucc. (.4. labidsa. Sims). Gla-
brous : St. striate : Ivs. reniform, obtuse and deeply cut
at the base, pedately 7-9-nerved, long-stalked : fls. long-
stalked, 8-10 in. long, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip
short and lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; the lower lip
(which, by position of fl. may seem to be the upper) very
large, dilated at base, and produced into a long, boat-

140. Longitudinal section of flower of
Dutchman's Pipe.

Showing the ovary, and short column of stame

96

ARISTOLOCHIA

shaped (whence the name, from cijmba, a boat) usually
2-lobed projection : B. creamy white, marked and
blotched with maroon. Brazil. B.M. 2545. P.M. t):53
as A. hyperborea, Past.

BrasiliiusiB, Mart. & Zucc.{A. ornithociphala, Hook.).
Glabrous : Ivs. cordate-reniform, obtuse, with deep sinus
at base : peduccle 8-10 in. long, 1-fld.; fl. very large,
dingy yellow, with marks and reticulations of purple,
the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip 5 in. long, lan-
ceolate-acuminate, projecting from the inflated head-
like tube like the long beak of a bird, hairy within ;
lower lip on a stalk 2 in. long, then expanding into a
flattened, wavv, beautif ullv marked limb 4-6 i
Brazil. B.M. 4120. Gn.
45, p. 289. -A most
and interesting species,
not infrequent in fine
establishments.

grandif Idra, S w a r t z
(A.gigas, Lindl.j. Pel-
ican - FLOWER. Goose-
flower. Fig.Ul. Downy
climbing shrub : Ivs.
cordate-acuminate ; pe-
duncles opposite a leaf, stri-
ate, exceeding the petiole, I-fld. ;
the fl.-bud is " bent like a siphon
in the tube, so as to resemble
the body and neck of a bird,
while the limb, in that state,
resembles the head and beak
thrown back upon the body, as
a pelican when that bird is at
rest, whence the name" (Hook,
in B.M. vol. 74) : the great ex-
panded cordate-ovate limb sev-
eral inches across, wavy-mar-
gined, purple - blotched and
veined, terminating in a long
and slender ciliated tail: strong-
scented. W. Ind., Cent, and S.
Amer. B.M. 4368-9. B.R.
f.S. 4:351-2. G. F. 3:597-9.
A.F. 10:157. G.C. HI. 19: 73.
Gng. 3:23. Gn. 50: 378. Var. Sturtevantii, W. Wat-
son, is the form chiefly known in cult., being very
large-fld., and with a tail .i ft. long. Var. Hobkeri,
Duchartre (A. gignnth:. Hook, i, is glabrous, in-
odorous, with a short-tailed fl. B.M. 42:21.

Goldie&na, Hook. Glabrous : Ivs. ovate-cordate or
triangular-cordate, acuminate, the base deeply cut:
fls. very large, greenish outside but brown-veined
and blotched inside, the lower part of the tube
straightish and 8 in. long, the upper part sh.irply
bent over and a foot long, with a funnel-shaped,
spreading limb a foot or more across, and indis-
tinctly 3-lobed, each lobe terminated by a short tail :
stamens 24. W. Afr. B.M. 5672. G.C. HI. 7:521 :
21:337. G.M. 1890:286.

Slogans, blasters. Slender, glabrous, the fls. borne on
the pendulous young wood: Ivs. long-stalked, reniform-
cordate, 2-3 in. across, with wide sinus and rounded ba-
sal lobes, the tip obtuse : fls. solitary, long-stalked, the
tube yellow-green, IH in. long, the limb cordate-circu-
lar, 3 in. across, purple and white blotched, white on the
exterior, the eye yellow : not strong-smelling. Braz.
G.C. II. 24:301; 111.22:123. B.M. 6909.-A small-fld.
and graceful, free-blooming species.

A. allfssima, De^f. Fls '2 in. or less long, brownish. Sicily
and Algeria. Woiil.l |.:..'.i'', 1., ^ ndywith protection in the
Middle states. RM ' -' i './-/a. .Jaoq. Lvs. long-cor-

date : fls. small, I - J ;i long-pointed limb. New

Granada. B.M. -J-'-l i - . i 1 harbata, JiLC(i. Lvs. ob-
long and cordate : i! \ enezuela. B.M. 5869.—
A. caitdiita, Bo..rl; \ 1 riliata. Hook., and A.
cHinsa. Benth.-- A > , i .:„i„;)ti,, Lindl. & Andr*.
ngiilar.^r ] '. with .-i L-irge. oval, purple-

ARIZONA

variable : fl

side, purple

cauddta. Masters Lvs. ovate and cordate : fls. cream-colored

with purple markings, with a large sac-like tube, hairy at the

throat, with no expanded limb but a very long tail. S. Amer.

G.C. in. 8: 493.-4. longilblia. Champ. Branches climbing,

k': h"s

thick.

•-lanceolate :

Hong

from a woody ;

U-shaped, with a 2-lobed purple

Kong. B.M. 6884.— 4. mnfroiirn. Gomez. Lvs. reniform,
fl. dark, 6-spurred. the lip with a twisted cusp. Braz. B.M.
3769 (as A. caudata).— J. oduratissiina. Linn. Lvs. cordate-
ovate: fl. solitary, purple, s-veet. Jumnica.— A, ringens, \&hl.
Lvs. round-reniform : fl. 7-10 in. long, green marked with dark
purple, hairy inside, with 2 long lips, one of which has a much-
expanded limb. Braz. BM.aiOO.—A.Ruiziana. Duchartre.
Lvs. reniform - cordate : fls. with
tube 1 in. or less long, the cordate-
ovate limb 3 in. across, and brown-
spotted. Braz. B.M. 5880 and G.C.
1868:516 (as A. Duchartrei).- jl.
saa:ata. Wall. Lvs. long-ovate : lis.

I r:M;,i,-lKi.v. G.C. 11.26:

f.nifHdula. Lem. Lvs. ob-
' niiii.-ire, rugose, ciliate :
111- iMih 3 long tails. Mex.

"iJJ l; B. 20; 37. B.M. 6067.

• ,^i<<hf„na. Masters. Lvs.

M- small, brownish and

^.itli ri cUiate, tongue-like
."." (i.e. II. 14:117. B.M.
1 11 , st'itindii, Hemsley. Lvs.
■ lanceolate : fl. pendulous,

spreading purple - marked

imb 5 or 6 in. across. Chin

7011.

L. H.

spott.

l.M. 7512.-

Duchartrei. An.ir. \ Kni sii

small, cordate-orbicular : lis. si

ciliate. Braz. B.M. 375U (as A.cUiala).— A. Majw, WiUd. Lvs.

round-cordate : fls. bronze-green, with lobed limb aud a hairy

ARISTOTfiLIA i ufter the Greek philosopher
-1 '■ / ' ' 'f . Trees and shrubs from

till - , ' :-]ibere, allied to Elffiocarpus.

L\-~. niti' . j I -iti'. entire or toothed: fls.
poiygiuuous; ,-epals 4-E, valvate; petals of the
same number : berries small, edible.

ARIZONA. In no part of Arizona, with the ex-
ception of occasional areas of a few acres in extent
on the high mountains, is thet-e sufficient rainfall to
grow horticultural plants without irrigation. The
rivers of Arizona available for irrigation on an ex-
tended scale are confined to the southern half of the
territory. All of northern Arizona is drained by the
Colorado Kiverand its tributaries, but here the river
lies at the bottom of a deep canon, and is practically
valueless in its application to horticulture. All of
this region has very limited possibilities from a
horticultural standpoint, the flow of the few avail-
able streams being small and very uncertain. On
th'^ many mountain ranges of Arizona, at an ele-
vation varying from five thousand to eight thousand
feet, are isolated areas of limited extent where crops of
great variety are grown without irrigation. Although
these areas are utilized largely for growing hay, grain
and hardy vegetables, some of the best flavored and
choicest apples, peaches and small fruit grown in the
territory are from these mountain "garden patches."
The mountains at every side temper the climate, offer
protection from winds, and make them almost ideal
localities'-for the growing of a great variety of deciduous
and small fruits, as well as many sorts of vegetables.
Although these isolated, restricted areas are worthy of
consideration, it is only in the valleys of southern Ari-
zona having rivers of considerable size and regularity
in their flow that large areas of land are available for
cultivation. The shaded areas on the map (Fig. 142)
show the leading horticultural areas thus far developed.
One cannot get an adequate conception of the prob-
lems confronting the horticulturist in this region with-
out first carefully considering the meteorological condi-
tions of this, the most arid, the most desert-like part
of the United States. At Phoenix and Yuma, two repre

ARIZONA

sentative localities of southern Arizona, having the
greatest horticultural possibilities, the a%'erage yearly
rainfall is only 7 inches for the former and 3 for the
latter. In general, the precipitation is during two dis-
tinct seasons. The heaviest, or summer rains, begin
about the first of July and increase in frequency until
August, the mouth of gi-eatest precipitation during the
year. The winter rains are at their maximum in Decem-
ber. With the exception of infrequent intervals during
the rainy season, dews are unknown and fogs are of rare
occurrence. On the other hand, from experiments con-
ducted at Tucson, the evaporation is about 78 inches per
year, reaching the maximum of 11 to nearly 13 inches
during the month of June.

At Phoenix the mean temperature may range from 32.2°
to 66°F. in Jan. It steadily increases tillJuly ,when it may
range from 72° to 107°. It then steadily declines until
the next Jan. The corresponding ranges at Yuma are
42°-65° for Jan., and 77° to 10ti° for July. The variation

ARIZONA

97

! r

— I

in

i^

^ «K._X!

Wi^

■9/

1 ^ ^1

142. Arizona.

The shaded parts show horticultural sections.

There is also a horticultural section about Yui

night is frequently, in sura
40°F., while in winter it is even greater
lot so great as it is in th(

in temperature f]
mer, from 25^
The annual r
northern stat

The intense heat and dryness of the atmosphere, with
eontinuous sunshine and frequent scorching winds, not
only draw the moisture in wonderful rapidity from irri-
gated fields, but the foliase of cultivated plants, save
those with firm leaves, protected by thick epidermis, are
overtaxed at times, and not infrequently the leaves
wither and burn, even when the roots of the plants are
well supplied with water. In some instances the differ-
ence of a few days in time of irrigating makes or loses
the crop. At times, flooding at midday is disastrous,
destroying the plants as effectually as if swept by fire.
The temperature of water in irrigating ditches in mid-
summer often ranges from 85° to 92°F.

The rivers of Arizona draw their moisture from the
wooded mountains, but as these mountains are snow-
covered only during winter and early spring, as the sum-
mer advances their supply gradually becomes less and
less until the beginning of the rainy season. Conse-
quently the cultivation of all crops must lead toward
great economy in the use of water during the months of
May and June. All crops sown broadcast or in narrow
drills are irrigated by flooding, while orchards, vineyards

and crops grown in rows are usually irrigated by running
the water through furrows. In either system it is impera-
tive that the land be graded and thoroughly worked, in
order to attain the best results in the d i stribution of water.
The desert lands of Arizona, in their virgin state, are
seldom suited for orchards, vineyards, gardening, etc.
It is expedient to grow alfalfa for a few years before at-
tempting to produce horticultural crops. Usually the
virgin soil is deficient in humus and nitrogen, constitu-
ents which are most economically supplied by growing
alfalfa. Many orchards and vineyards have failed iu
Arizona on account of being planted on virgin soil.

Market-gardening in Arizona is largely in the hands
of the Chinese, who practice high culture, and keep their
lands in a continual succession of crops. Cabbage and
cauliflower must be grown as winter crops. For years
it was thought that corn could not be successfully grown
in southern Arizona. When planted in the spring, the
excessive heat and dryness of June renders the pollen
impotent, and a well-developed cob bearing a few scat-
tered kernels of corn is the result. Experience has re-
cently taught that most excellent, well filled corn may be
grown, if planted in July and pollenized at the end of
the rainy season.

Artificial fertilizers are seldom used in Arizona. In
preparing the soil for nearly all vegetables, both in ama-
teur and commercial methods of culture, it is thrown
into high ridges and the seed sown in hills or drills on
either side of the ridge a few inches below the summit.
In irrigating, the water is runbetween the ridges, so that
it reaches the hills or drills without covering them, and
is allowed to run for a greater or less length of time, de-
pending upon the ability of the soil to take water. In
many of the heavier adobe soils it is necessary, when
planting melon and many other seeds, to cover them with
sand. If the adobe soil of the field is used as a cover, it
bakes so hard that the germinating seeds are unable to
make their way to the surface. Beets, and occasionally
other vegetables, when planted on an extended scale, are
sown in drills without ridging the soil. After planting,
furrows are made between the rows iu which to run the
water, it being imperative that the water be not allowed
to break through the furrows aud flood the crop.

In fruit-culture, the important principle is practically
the same for all fruit, it being essential to fill the ground
with water during the winter season, when the ditches
are running full, and by tlmrough tillage during spring
and early summer to retain the moisture, to fortify the
plants against the lack of water in May and June.
Orchards and vineyards may be flooded several times
during the winter, or the same or better results may be
oijtained by making furrows at a distance of evei'v 4 to
G feet throughout the orchard, and running a subsoil plow
in the furrows to loosen aud break up the soil to consider-
able depth. When so prepared, the soil will take water
with great avidity, and if the process be repeated two or
three times during the winter, water required for subse-
qiient culture will be much lessened.

In orchards and vineyards, frequent irrigation with
little water is expensive and results are unsatisfac-
tory. The ground should be thoroughly wet through-
out, even between the rows, and as soon as practicable
after irrigating, tilled and later leveled by using a
fine-toothed harrow. Tlii-; yr..r,-^<i will l-nve a mulch of

and assist gV..;itly in r./tei)ti..n of rn.iisiiir.-. Whenneces-
sarvto iniviov.- the cimlitinn of the soil hy adding plant
food, it is ni.i^t i-conomically and satisfactorily accom-
plislif.l liv i.'nrii-iiianuring, growing the crop during the
fall ana « int, r and turning it under in the spring.

Cifat variatiiMi in temperature during February and
March is very disastrous to successful fruit and nut cul-
ture in southern Arizona. Almonds begin to bloom in
February, and are followed in succession by apricots and
peaches, all of which are likely to be injured by spring
frosts.

In humid regions, methods of pruning tend toward
thinning out the center of the tree, so that the sun may
reach the fruit spurs within. In Arizona fruit trees are
usually headed low, in order that the trunk be shaded.
Deciduous trees are usually cut back annually, throwing
the fruit spurs toward the center of the tree, that as
much as possible of the developing fruit be shaded by

98 ARIZONA

the foliage. Citrous, olive and fig trees are rarely if ever
pruned, and grapes are usually cut back to two or three
buds. Among small fruits, strawberries, although pro-
ducing the larger part of their crop during April or
May, ripen fruit every month of the year.

The following is a brief list of the best and most prof-
itable commercial varieties of the more important fruits
and nuts grown in the irrigated regions. The list is
compiled from the answers to a circular letter seut to
60 of the largest fruit-growers in southern Arizoua :
Almonds.-'Ne Plus Ultra. IXL.
Apples, early.— Early Harvest, Early Strawberry, Red Astru-

Chan.
Apples, late.— White Pearmaiu. Ben Davis.
Apricots, early.— Benuet's E.irly. New Castle. Peach, Priugle.
Apricots, late.— Moorpark, Royal. Smith's Triumph, St. Am-

Blackberries. —Jjawton's Early, Crandall's Early, Early Har-

Dewberries.—'MEiy's.

Grapes.- Thompson's Seedless, Sultana Seedless, Rose of Peru.

Salem. Muscat, Rogers' No. 9.
Orape fruit.— Triumph, Walter, Bowin.
Lemons.— yillFL Franca, Sicily.
ilfMiijei-ries.- Downing, Russian.
OKocs.— Manzanillo, Nevadillo Blanco, Mission.
OrOTlfffS.- Ruby Blood, Jaffa. Parson's Brown, Mediten-anean

Sweet, Bahia (Washington Navel).
Peaches, early.— Enrly Crawford, Parson's Early, Triumph.

Peaches. ]:iU' <.;..i.. Sijwav, Oldmixon, Heath's Freestone,

Muir, I'. •

Pears, em]. 'v i 'Mi\wine, Bartlett.

Pears. htti' Wr,,:., .. , , . I'ih Ben-y.

Piums.— \Vi:l. ■ II, Ki I 1,^, liotan White. RoyaleHative.

Pomegranates.— lin^'y. Sweet. Red Papershell ( ? ) , Golden.

Quinces. — Champion, Portugal, Orange.

Strowderries.- Arizona Everbearing.

J. W. TOUMEY.

ABKANSAS. The horticultural products of Arkansas
are varied, owing to the great differences of climate,
elevation and soil. The seasons in the southern part of
the state are about three weeks earlier than in the north-
ern. There is much variation between nearby points.
In the western part of the state, owing to the differ-
ence in altitude, within a distance of 60 miles there is
from a week to 10 days difference in the seasons. This
admits of a great diversity of fruit and vegetable pro-
duction within the limits of the state.

The northwestern section of the state is noted for its
fine apples, and they are grown extensively for market.
This section has also produced a number of seedling ap-
ples that are being largely planted there as well as else-
where. Thi-re are several of these new apples, and
others of value are constantly coming into notice. A
few of those of special value are Arkansas, Oliver, Col-
lins, and Uivens. It is probable that some of these new
apples will become standard varieties, for in addition to
being productive they are good keepers. Winter apples
are not grown so extensively in other sections of the
state, but summer and fall varieties are grown to some
extent in all sections.

Peaches are grown for market along the lines of rail-
road in the western section of the state, and the acreage
is being largely increased each year. For marketable
purposes the Elberta is grown almost exclusively, and
is shipped in car lots to the northern markets. The
earlier varieties have not proved profitable for ship-
ping purposes. Peaches are grown for home market
throughout the state. Strawberry-growing is an impor-
tant industry in western Arkansas, and is carried on to
some extent in many localities in the eastern and south-
ern parts, where they are grown in small quantities for
shipment. The acrcncrc aroniid some of the shipping
points in the west.-m imit i< h.i ij-.', reaching about three
thousand acres nr dtii [M.nii. riir varieties grown most
extensively are .Milni ,umI ri-,,s.-ent. Owing to the
strict laws against tin- ^i II in l; of wine in the state, grape-
growing is not carried on to any great extent. On the
elevated sections the table and wine grapes succeed
well, and in some localities table grapes are grown for
SDipment. The Scuppernong succeeds in south Arkan-
sas. Pears are grown in some sections for market, but
not to any great extent, owing to the prevalence of pear
blight, while blackberries and raspberries are grown for
the home market in most sections. Cherries are grown

ARKANSAS

only for the home market, the Morello type alone being
.successful.

In order to describe more accurately the horticultural
condition of the state, we have divided it into four sec-
tions, in the order of their present development and their
natural adaptability to horticultural productions (Fig.
143). Section 1, located in the northwestern part of the

143. The horticultural

state, is a mountainous country, fairly well developed,
and is adapted to all classes of horticulture. Section 2,
located south of section 1, is partly mountainous and
partly low land and, from a horticultural standpoint, is
not so well developed as section 1, while in sections 3
and 4, located in the extreme southern and eastern parts
of the state, horticulture has received little attention.

Section 1. — The elevation of this section ranges from
800 to 2,000 feet, the greater portion being about 1,200
feet. The country is mostly uneven, and parts of it are
somewhat mountainous. The Ozark Mountain system
enters the state from the northwest, while the Boston
Mountains, a range of this system, extend across the
section just north of and parallel with its southern
boundary. Fruit and vegetables are grown for shipping
along the lines of railroad in the western part. The re-
mainder of this section, although remote from railroads,
is well adapted to fruit-growing, and with transportation
facilities it promises to be equally productive. The apple
leads as a fruit product. In 1897, there were shipped
from the western part, principally from two counties,
over 2,000 cars of apples.

Section 2. — The elevation of this section ranges from
300 to 2,820 feet, the greater part of it, however, ranging
from 300 to 800 feet. Most of this section consists of
rough land. Strawberries are grown for shipment, prin-
cipally in the western part. The berries ripen early in
this locality, and the growers usually begin shipping
the latter part of April. At a few points, peaches are
extensively grown for shipment. Plums, blackberries,
raspberries and summer apples are grown to some
extent in all localities, while winter apples are success-
fully grown on the higher land. Here, vegetable-grow-
ing for tlie northern markets is receiving much atten-
tion. Such crops as beans, peas, tomatoes and canta-
loupes are extensively grown in some localities along
the railroads. The area in cantaloupes reaches nearly
1,000 acres at some of the shipping points. These crops
can be grown early enough to bring good prices in the
markets of the north, and are shipped in car lots.

Section 3.— This section is mostly low, but the land
is uneven, and much of it is adapted to fruits and vege-
tables. It ranges in elevation from 140 to 300 feet.
Peaches and summer apples succeed on the higher land,
and are grown to some extent in all localities. Vege-
tables can also be successfully grown, but little atten-
tion has been given to these lines of farming here.
Strawberries are grown only for home market.

ARKANSAS

Section i. — This section comprises the low lands of
the eastern part of the state. It ranges in elevation
from 130 to 350 feet, and the lard is low and flat, with the
exception of a ridge a few miles vide running through
it north and south. But little fruit is grown in this
section for commercial purposes ; however, fruits could
be grown successfully for market in some parts of
it, and early vegetables are now grown for market at
several points. John T. Stinson.

AEMENiACA. See under Piuniis.

AEMfiKIA (an old Latin name). PlmnbaginAcece.
Sea Pink. Thrift. Small perennial herbs, with rosettes
of narrow evergreen Ivs. on the ground, sending up
a naked simple scape 2-12 in. high, on which is borne a
compact head of pink, lilac or white fls., the head being
subtended by small bracts, forming a kind of involucre.
Species much confused. They are excellent for borders,
especially where a low edging is wanted; also for rock-
work. They are of easiest culture, being hardy and free
growers. Prop, by division of the stools; also by seeds.
See Boissier, in DeCandoUe's Prodromus, vol. 12.

A. Cahjx-lnbe pilose all over.

maritima, Willd. Lvs. linear, 1-nerved, somewhat ob-
tuse, glabrous or slightly ciliate : scape low, somewhat
villose ; calyx-tube about the length of the pedicel, the
limb nearly equal to the tube, with very short ovate and
aristate lobes. Eu. and Amer., along the sea coast.—
TTie A. vulyAris of horticulturists seems to belong here.
A.Lttuchedna, Hort., with very bright rose-colored fls.,
is a form of it. Var. cilba, Hort., has white fls. Also a
white-lvd. form. A. arghitea, Hort., is perhaps another
form, with small white fls.

Sibirica, Turcz. Lvs. linear, 1-nerved, obtuse, gla-
brous : scape rather taller, thicker ; calyx -tube longer
than pedicel, the limb about length of tube, with tri-
angular, short-mucronate lobes : involucre brown : fls.
white. Siberia.

jiincea, Girard {A. setdcea, Delile). Outer lvs. of
rosette narrow-linear and subdentate, the inner ones
longer and filiform: head small, with pale involucre, the
pedicel much shorter than the calyx-tube : calys-limb
short, the lobes ovate-obtuse and aristate : fls. pink. Eu.

AA. Calyx-tube glabrous, or jiilose only on the ridges.
B. Lvs. elliptie-lauceolate or broader.

latifdlia, Willd. (A. cephaWes, Link & Hoffm., not
Hook.). Glabrous and glaucous: Ivs. broad-oblong, »-7-
nerved, the margin remotely denticulate : head large, the
involucre dry : calyx-limb long, with very small or no
lobes and long teeth : fls. bright pink. S. Eu. B.M.7313.
P.M. 11:79 (as Statice Pseudo-Armeria).-A. formdsa,
Hort., probably belongs here.

Maurittlnica, Wallr. (A. cephaldles, Hook., not Link
& Hoffm.). Lvs. broad -spatulate or elliptic-lanceolate,
3-5 nerved, glaucous-green, the margin scarious-white :
heads large (2-3 in. across), the involucre brownish, the
calyx short-toothed and aristate : fls. pink. Eu., Algeria.
B.M. 4128.

BB. Lvs. linear-lanceolate or narroicer.

alplna, Willd. Glabrous : lvs. linear-lanceolate, equal-
ing the scape, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved : head
large, the involucre pale brown : pedicels shorter than
calyx-tube, the tube equaling the oblong long-aristate
lobes : fls. deep rose. Mts., Eu.

elongita, Hoffm. Lvs. linear, long, 1-nerved, acutish:
involucre white : pedicels as long as calyx-tiibe, limb
equaling the tube, and the lobes ovate-aristate : pink.
Var. purptirea, Boiss. {A. purpurea, Koch), has purple
heads. Central Eu.

plantaginea, Willd. Glabrous : lvs. linear-lanceolate,
3-7-nerved, acute or acuminate : scape tall ; head dense
and globular, the involucre white : pedicels as long as
calyx-tube, the lobes ovate and long-aristate and as long
as tube ; pink. Central and S. Eu. Var. leuc&ntha,
Boiss. {A. dianthoides, Homm. & Spreng.), has white
flowers.

AROIDE^

99

argyroc6phaIa, Wallr. (A. midulUta, Boiss.). Gla-
brous : outer lvs. in rosette, short and lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate and 3-nerved and often sinuate, the in-
ner ones linear or setaceous and 1-3-nerved : head large,
the involucre white : pedicel nearly as long as calyx-
tube, the calyx-limb with long-triangular aristate lobes ;
fls. white, showy. Greece, r tt r. , t r. t-

' ■' L. H. B. and J. B. Keller.

AEMERIASTKUM. See Acantholimou.
AENATTO. See Bira.

AENfiBIA (Arabic name). Boragindcew. Annual or
perennial hispid herbs, of nearly 20 species in Africa
and Asia. Lvs. alternate : fls. yellow or violet, in ra-
cemes or cymes, the color changing with the age of the
blossom ; corolla slender-tubed, with 5 obtuse lobes.

eohioides, DC. {Macrotbmia echioWes, Boiss. ) . Proph-
et-Flowek. Hardy perennial, 3-12 in. high, short-
hairy, with spreading, obovate-oblong lvs. : fls. in a
scorpioid raceme or spike, yellow, with purple spots,
fading to pure yellow. Caucasus, Armenia, etc. B.M.
4409. G.C. II. H:689.-Blooms inspring. InfuUsunor
in rather dry ground, it is difficult to keep this charm-
ing plant in a healthy condition ; partial shade is essen-
tial to its welfare. One can grow luxuriant specimens
on the northern slope of a rockery or close to a build-
ing on the east or north side. Prop, by seeds, division,
or by root-cuttings.

comiita, Fisch. & Meyer. Arabian Primrose. An-
nual, 2ft., bushy: lvs. lanceolate or linear-oblong,
pointed : fls. % in. across, yellow and black-spotted,
changing to maroon and then to yellow. Orient. G.C.
111.7:52. J. H. III. 31:29. A. F. 5:400. A. G. 44:181
(1890).— An attractive and not very common annual,
easily grown in the open.

A . Griffithii, Boiss. Annual ; lvs. narrow-oblong, obtuse, cili-
ate : fls. long-tubed, with a black spot in each sinus : 9-12 in.
India. B.M. 5266.— Not known to be in the American trade.
L. H. B. and J. B. Keller.

AENICA (ancient name). Comp6siitt>. Small genus
of perennial herbs, with clustered root-lvs. and large,
long-peduncled yellow heads. Native to Eu., Asia, and
N. Amer.— Tincture of the European^, nwntana is used
in medicine. Grown mostly as alpines or in rockwork ;
.some species also grow fairly well in the common bor-
der. Prop, by division, and rarely by seeds.

A. Hadical lvs. cordate, with slender or winged petioles.

cordifdlia, Hook. Two ft. or less high, hairy : heads
few or even solitary, with inch-long rays ; involucre %
in. high, pubescent. Rocky Mts. and W.

latifdlia, Bong. Glabrous or very nearly so, the stem-
Ivs. not cordate or petioled : heads smaller than in pre-
ceding. Rocky Mts. and W.

AA. Badical lvs. not cordate, but petioled.

amplexicatJlis, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate
to lance-oblong, acute, those on the stem clasping and
dentate : stem leafy to the top. Oregon and N.

folidsa, Nutt. Pubescent : lvs. lanceolate, strongly
nerved, small-toothed, the upper ones somewhat clasp-
ing : heads sometimes solitary, short-peduncled : stem
leafy, strict. Rocky Mts. and W.

montina, Linn. Motjntain Tobacco. Mountain
Snuff. A foot high, the stem sparsely hairy : radical
lvs. oblong-lanceolate, glabrous and entire : heads 3-4,
large. Eu. B. M. 1749. J. H. III. 34: 441. -The best
known species in cult. ; but none of the Arnicas are
common in American gardens. l_ jj_ b,

AEdlDE^, or AEACEa:. Aeoids. A large order of
spathe-bearing, tuberous herbaceous plants, containing
many of the most highly prized greenhouse plants. The
culture of Aroids is too diverse to be given in any one
place. See the leading genera, as Aglaonema, Alocasia,
Anthurium, Arisama, Arum, Caladium, Colocasia,
Dietfenbachia, Bracunculus , Helicodiceros, Momalo-
inena, Monstera, Philodendron, Michardia, Schizmato-
glottis, Spathiphylhtm, Xanthosoma, etc.

100

' Mountain Fri

nge.

ARPOPHVLLUM (Cimiter and leaf). Orchiddcew,
tribe JSpidindrete. Epiphytes : racemes dense, cylin-
drical, erect : Ivs. strap-shaped or linear, on .iointed,
terete stems : fls. small, inverted ; segments concave.
— Orchids of minor importance. Consult Epidinidntm.

gigantium, Lindl. Plants robust: sts. about 10 in.
high : Ivs. coriaceotis, strap-shaped ; peduncle stout :
raceme several in. long ; fls. numerous, pink-purple.
Mex.-Give plenty of light.

spicitum, Llave et Le^. Smaller than the above : Ivs.
linear : fls. paler. B,M.6022.

AHROW-HOOT. An edible starch, obtained from the
rhizomes of v;-.rioiis scitaminaceous plants, as Maranta,
Curcuma, Tacra. r;inii;t. The West Indian Arrow-root
is mostly from ,1/.., .,.'. '.:.„/, „.,,, „. Linn. The Bra-
zilian is from .1/" - ">,l'"lil. The East In-
dian is chiefly fi"- ' >:',<!, f., In, .-Rosbg. Po-
tato and maize -.tiir. h - :in nl ^ :, -nnm- uf Arrow-root.
Arrow-root is also .>l>tainf(l from Manihot.

ARTABdTRYS (siifpend yrapes, alluding to the hang-
ing fruitl. Anondcew. About 25 tropical climbing
shrubs, with 3-sepaIed and 6-petaled solitary or fascicu-
late fls., and shining evergreen foliage.

odoratiBsimuB, R. Br. Lvs. oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, thick, dark glossy green : fls. brownish, very
fragrant: books on the peduncles. E. led. B.R. 42.').-
Hardy in S. Fla. and S. Cal., and somewhat cult. The
ylang-ylang perfume is made from the fls. The lvs. are
used in native medicine.

ARTEMISIA {Artemisia, wife of Mausolus). Com-
pdsitte. A large genus of aromatic herbs and small
shrubs, mostly in the northern hemisphere, and most
nhiiiulant in arid regions. Lvs. alternate, often dis-
,. .tnl : 111 ails small and mostly inconspicuous, numer-
nns, anil l'i mrally nodding, with yellow or whitish
limits. In ilii- West, many of the species, particularly
,1. Ind, iilnla, are known as Stige Brush. Grown for
their medicinal properties or for foliage effects. The
cult, kinds are perennials, and thrive in the most ordi-
nary conditions, even in poor and dry soil. Prop, mostly
by division. For an account of the species, see Besser,
in DeCandolle's Prodroraus, vol. G, and Gray, in Synop-
tical Flora, vol. 1, part 2.

A. Heads with two kinds of florets (helerogamoiis).

B. Disk-n.i. villi hoth stamens and pistils, but the

oritiif ahnrtive (not producing seed): style nsu-
alhi'.ulire.

Draciinculus, Lir
green an<l glabron

high : radical lvs, :;-|,aiti .1 at tin- tiiji : stem-lvs. linear
or lanceolate, cmin- m- -nial! ti.iitlnii : panicle spread-
ing, with whitisli :;riiii, Mi ai ly -ii ilmlar H. -heads. Eu.
R.H. 1896, p. 285. - raira;;uu lvs. anj us.jd for seasoning,
but the plant is little grown in this country. The Ivs.
may be dried in the fall, or roots may be forced in a
coolhouse in the winter. Prop, by division ; rarely pro-
duces seed.

CanadinslB, Michx. Herb, 2 ft. or less high, glabrous
or very nearly so : lvs. usually 2-pinnate, with filiform,
plane lobes : fls. in a long, narrow panicle, with numer-
ous small greenish heads. Wild on banks and plains in
the northern part of the country. Int. 1891.

filifdlia, Torr. Shrubby, canescent, 3 ft. or less high,

very leafy, the branches rigid : lvs. filiform, the lower

usually 3-parted : panicle long and leafy. Plains, W.—

Plant has a purplish, mist-like aspect when in fruit.

BB. Disk-ris. perfect and fertile: sti/le S-eleft.

c. Receptacle hairy.

frigida, Willd. Herb, 8-12 in., with a woody base,
silvery canescent : Ivs. much cut into linear lobes :
heads small and globular, with pale involucre, in nu-
Plains and mountains W. Int. 1883.-

ARTICHOKE

Good for borders. Known in
and used medicinally.

Absintliium, Linn. Wormwood. Almost shrubby, 2-4
ft. high, spreading and branchy, white-silky : lvs. 2-3-
parted into oblong, obtuse lobes : heads small and nu-
merous, in leafy panicles.— Wormwood is native to Eu.,
but it occasionally escapes from gardens. It isacommon
garden herb, being used in domestic medicine, especially
as a vermifuge. Wormwood tea is an odorous memory
with every person who was reared in the country.

argSntea, L'Her. Shrubby, erect : lvs. white-silky,
2-pinnate, the lobes linear or lanceolate : heads globu-
lar, tomentose, nodding, in racemose panicles ; 1-2 ft.
Madeira. — Useful for rockwork.

cc. Receptacle not hairy.

Abr6tanum, Linn. Southernwood. Old Man.
Shrubby, 3-5 ft., green and glabrous, the st. rather
strict : Ivs. 1-3-pinnateIy divided, the divisions fine-
filiform : panicle loose, with yellowish white heads. Eu.
— Southernwood is grown for its pleasant-scented foli-
age ; and it sometimes escapes into waste places.

P6ntica, Linn. Roman Wormwood. Shrubby, erect,
1-4 ft.: ivs. canescent below, pinnatisect, the lobes
linear : panicle open and long, with small, globular,
nodding, whitish yellow heads. Eu. — Roman wormwood
is used for the same purposes as A, Absinthium, and
is more agreeable. Chief source of absinthe.

vulgaris, Linn. Mugwort. Herb, erect, paniculately
branched : lvs. white-cottony beneath but soon green
above, 2-pinnately cleft, with lanceolate lobes : upper
lvs. sojuetiraes linear . heads many, oblong, yellowish.
Eu. and northern N. Amer., and naturalized in E.
states. — Mugwort is grown for the ornament of its foli-
age. There are variegated-leaved and golden-leaved va-
rieties. It was once a domestic remedy. Variable.

Stelleri&na, Bess. Old Woman. Herb, 2 ft., from a
woody creeping base, densely white tomentose : Ivs.
pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes "• heads large and many-
fld., in a racemose-glomerate inflorescence. N.E.Asia
and on the coast of Mass. — Attractive from its whiteness.
Useful for borders.

Ludovici&na, Nutt. Herb, 2-3 ft., white-tomentose or
lvs. becoming greenish above : lvs. linear to oblong, the
lower ones toothed or parted, the upper ones entire :
heads small, bell-shaped, paniculate. Plains and banks,
W. Int. 1891.

AA. Heads with perfect fls. throughout : receptacle
not hairy.

arbtisctUa, Nutt. Saoe Brush. Shrubby : a foot or
less high : Ivs. short, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes
obovate and often 2-lobed, canescent : panicle simple
and strict, often spike-like, the 5-9-fld. heads erect.
Plains, W.

tridentita, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby ; reaching
height of 12 ft., although often only a foot high, branchy,
canescent : lvs. wedge-shaped, 3-7-toothed or lobed,
truncate at the summit, the uppermost ones narrower :
heads 5-8-fld. Plains, W. Int. 1881. , „ „

^ L. H. B.

ARTICHOKE {Cynira Scdlymus, Linn. ). Comp6sita.
A coarse and robust perennial, cult, for the edible fl.-
headsandlvs. The fl. -heads are 3-5 in. across just before
they open, and at this stage they are cut for the table.
The fleshy outer scales and the " bottom " of the head
(this is, the receptacle, the florets being removed) are
eaten raw or cooked. When the blue florets begin to show,
the head is too old for eating. Fig. 144 shows edible heads.
For pickling, the heads are often taken when only half
grown. The young sts, and lvs. are sometimes blanched
and eaten, after the manner of cardoons ; and these parts
comprise the "Artichoke salad ''of the markets. There are
a score or more varieties in European gardens, but the
Globe is the one generally sold here.

Although the Artichoke is perennial, the plant declines
in vigor after it has borne two or three crops. In the N.
the plants should be protected in winter with a liberal
mulch. Artichokes are of easiest culture on rich soil.
As they grow 3-5 ft. high and branch freely, and make
lvs. 3 ft. long, they should not be set nearer than 2 or 3

ARTICHOKE

ns houki be 4 or ) ft apart.
IS priiiM^ittd mosth b-\ setds.
tlK spring beedlings rarely

144 Edible heads of Artichoke

give nmny heads before the second \ 1 n \ ]\u k< i uid
bettermethod of propagation lb to u i tli u 1 i winch
are freely produced about the crown I li u 1 i i | rci-
duce the varietj The Artichoke is litt I kii wuiii Kiinr-
ica but IS worthy greater attention Ihe li Out ot piopa-
gatmg by seed IS perhaps one leason whj the Artichoke
has not obtained greater prominence m this country.
The great woolh pmnatifid h s md strong Inbit make
the plant an attrat ti\ f ornamental subject. See C (n doon .
L. H. B.
ARTICHOKE, JERUSALEM (Helidnthus tiiberosus,
Linn.). Comjinxita'. While the Globe Artichoke is sel-
dom seen in Ainericiiii gardens or on American tables,
and surely not appreciated by our people, the Jerusalem
Artichoke is so common as to be despised as a weed.
The Jerusalem Artichoke is the tuber of a perennial sun-
flower-like plant. (Fig. 145.) It thrives on almost any
drained land, without much attention as to manuring,
and without coddling. The tubers may be cut to single
eyes and planted like common potatoes. The cultivation
is about the same as that usually given to corn or pota-
toes. Any tiiiii- in the f ;ill after frost has killed the tops,
or the hittrr !i;i\-.' in:itured. the crop can be gathered.
Pull up till- wiM.lr phiiit liy the roots, or dig the tubers
with a potato hook ■11- |.r"iis,''hoe. Or, swine may be turned
into the tit-lil uikI allowed to root up and feed on the
tubers. All kinds of farm animals seem to be fond of
them. They may be ground and fed, mixed with ground
grains, to poultry
Kid results.

,;-u],-nt food

e iiuire general
iition on the part

ler than it has
"'"" usually received. It

is far ahead of the potato in productiveness, and much
more cheaply grown. Raw or boiled and served with
vinegar, the tuber also makes a very good winter or
spring salad, and for this purpose it may find a limited
sale in our markets. The chief demand for it will be
for seed purposes. The easiest way of keeping the crop
over winter is by leaving the tubers in the ground

145. Tuber of Jerusalem Artichoke

where they grew, r

IS the

y are not

Till

pitted like beets on

hiriiili

•s, l.nt «il

ingof soil. Th.' .M;

propagators t.. l.o a

11 ilii|i

i-o\r,l ^tr

Jerusalem Arti.h.il

but hogs will root

it out,

, The ph

Canada and middle parts

of the U.

Indians. See He Ik

IHthui

101

•d can be
losscover-
I'l liy some

ARTOCARPUS (

lai.ial -rowth. The fruits do not bear shipmc^nt to the N.

incisa, Linn. f. Bread Fkuit. Tree, :tn-40 ft., with a
viscid, milky juice : branches fratrile : Ivs. l-;j ft. long,
leathery, ovate, cuneatc and intiro at base, upper part
3-9-lobed: male fls. in a .1, nso , Inl, skaiMil y,] low catkin,
10-16in.long; female tls. in a sul.-lol.iilai- . rliinatehead,
having a spongy rece]ita<-li- : Ir. as lar;;o as a melon,
typically muricated, but in the li. -i mli . v ari. liis reticu-
lated onlv, and .seedless. Gt. :;;i. ]■. J7:;. i : n- , :. : SA3, and
B.M. 2869-71, where the romaiiii. sioi \ ,,r ii , iiaiisferto
the West Indies is told. Sparin:;l\ rniK mS, I'la.

integrifolia, Linn. f. Jaik I'm ii. '\'r< , . ;n ft., with
milky jni,-.-: Ivs. I-C, in. km;,', v.a^ \aiioii-; ll,o„-of fer-

branclies mure oliovatc and nliloim ; ih ol \ on iij; shoots

from the rout very narrow, or ;;-;Moljeil : ir. attaining a
weight of GO-70 lbs. Less palatable than the bread fruit.
The oily seeds when roasted are said to resemble chest-
nuts. G. cm. 20:717. B. M. 2833-4. Gt. 39, p. 273.

Cannonii, Bull. Lvs. varying from cordate to deeply
ii-loli.cl, 1 ft. long, red beneath, bronzy crimson and pur-
plo above, very showy. Society Is. F.S. 21: 2231-2.

Arum ( ancient name ) . Arhidew. Tuber-bearing low
herbs, of few species, in Eu. and W. Asia. Lvs. simple,
the petiole sheathed at the base : spathe convolute, va-
riously colored, mostly including the short spadix : pis-
tillate fls at the base Grown usually as oddities mostly
under the general na ne of Calla bome of the pec es

har ly
requ re
manage
CaUd u
may for

shoul 1 1

gl ho

and
leav d
1 wate

all

ural off

pear n^, i i | i i i i paiiie

brght V 1 t 11 11 1 I I ll black

exceed ng the i tl e Co i Bale a t -Hardy

AA Mat re I s haUafe o s g Hate
B. Tut)er round-flattened or oblate, the lvs. and pedun-
cles arisinr/ from a depressed center: lvs. appear-
ing before the spathe.
2. Dioscoridis, Sibth. & Smith (A. spectdUle, Regel.
A. SijrXacum, Blume. A. Cyprium, Sohott.). Leaf-

102 ARUM

blade oblong-triangular or o%-ate-triangnlar : spathe
tube pale within, the limb 6-8 in. long, lanceolate-oblong,
and colored with large lenticular purple spots : spadix
short, included. Asia Minor. — Runs into many forms,
with variously marked spathes. Pots.

3. detrnnc4tum, Meyer. Lvs. more or less truncate at
the base, the blade shorter than in the last : yellowish
green and purple-spotted, large (10-15 in. long) and
short-stalked, the limb acuminate. Persia.— Hardy.

ARUNDO

Var. angrustatum, Engler, has a narrow light-purple
spathe (^. intermidium, Schur. A. Mdlyi, Schott.).
Var. alplnum, Engler (A. alplnum, Schott. & Kotschy)
has peduncles longer, and an ovate-lanceolate spathe.

7. It&licum, Miller (A. cylindr&ceum, Gasp.). Fig.
146. Larger than the last : lvs. hastate, nearly truncate
below, light-veined : spathe scarcely swollen below, the
limb erect and not expanding and including the short
spadis (tip sometimes deflexed after flowering). Yel-
lowish or white n,,.! fnintlv striate. Eu. B.M. 2432.-A
hardy speci.-^ ; :,|,,. r,, , i, in pots. In the open, the
lvs. appear in i > rv variable species. Var.

Canariinse, Ti r i < nivnse, Webb. & Berth.),
has narrow i. : I !m~ :,,; i -[.^ithe. Var. concinn&tom,
Engli-r (.1. euinhuiritiiiii ;iiul marmoritum, Schott.),
has broad gray-spotted lvs. Var. Byzantlnum, Engler,
(.1. Jli/sinitliiiim, Schott.). has spathe tube oblong,
white inside antl purple at the mouth, and an acuminate
puride or green limb. Var. albiBpithum, Hort., has a
white siiathe. L. h. B.

ARtNCUS(oldname). Rosdcea. Tall perennial herbs,
often referred to the genus Spiraea, with numerous small
iliiecious white fls. in panieled spikes : stamens many ;
] »i St ils commonly 3. Two species,American and Japanese.

Sylvester, Kost. {Spirwa Ariineus, Linn.). Tall (5-7
ft. ) . erect Iiranchy herb : lvs. large, 1-2-pinnate, of 3-7
<.v;iti- Ifts.; follicles deflexed in fr. Rich woods, N.Amer.,
N. V.n. and Asia.— A desirable hardy border plant of

astilboides, Maxim. (Spirwa Anincus, var. astilboldes,
Maxim. .S. (istilbo)(les, Hort. Asttlbe astilboides, Le-
moiiie. Gn. 48, p. .SaS-O ) . Dwarfer and more graceful than
the above (2ft.): pedicels erect in fr. Japan. — Neater than
tlie -American species. See ^s(i76e for illustration.

L. H. B.

AEUNDINAEIA. See Bamboo.

ARONDO (Latin. jTftJ). Gramlneai. Tall leafy per-
ennial L'lasses resembling bamboos, 5-15 ft. high, or
even ;:n ti. in la \"ratile locations. Lvs. broad and grace-
fully ar. liiii- : -t~. Irafy to near the top, terminating in
an inmn n^r ].iinn.- 1-2 ft. long: spikelets long and

(XK).

r'i-''. (.1. sdnctum, Hort.). Black
I <.\\. Lvs. cordate-hastate, 6 in.
■ in.l about equal in length, the
■ Mill nearly blunt : spathe about
1 1 , \\ itli a .short green tube, and an
in^'-tapering limb, which is greenish
continuous black-purple within, the
urving : spadix shorter than the
lart dark colored. Palestine. B.M.
— I'liiiaps the most popular Arum at
n in pots as an oddity.
I. A foot high : lvs. brownish,
ritat. , tlie front lobe oblong-acute :
.i\..iii and white within, the limb
Mill ii-i I laik -purple (rarely pale ) ,
• ';".... - A liarily species from Asia
. inan> ii.jiiis. Some of the plants
1. (11.// (((,(, i\iriolatum, Nordmanni,
gratum, Schott.; ^1. elongatum and A. albispathiim,
Steven (not A. albispathum, Hort., which is A. Ital-

D6nax,

ANT Reed. Figs. 147, 148. Towering
) ft. high, which grow very rapidly,
pointed leaves at regular intervals.
1 and to conceal unsightly ob-

5509. Cn.Ci.ii.:
present. 1m in- u'l
5. orientale, I
broadly Inistat.-
spathe tube obli
ovate to oblong :
resembling A . m
Minor, running :
referred here

the

I the

ape.

C. maculatuin, Lnin, , .1 . m/./,)/, . Lam. i. Lords-and-
Ladies. lu.kuo Jr'iNT. Wake KoBiN (in England).
About a foot high : lvs. tisually black-spotted, hastate
or sagittate, the front lobe triangular ovate, about as
high as the spathe : the spathe swollen at its base, the
margins of the lance-ovate limb becoming inrolled,
spotted with purple : spadix shorter than the spathe,
purple. Eu.— A hardy species, .if nnmy forms. A form
with spotless lvs. and a whitisli tube with a medial pur-
ple zone, is A. immaculdtum and Zelebdri, Schott.

jects. In some
and thatching, ai
rootsasadiureti(
tall, showy plum
reddish at first and lasi
a long time. Mediter
ranean. Orient. Gu. 1
p. 391; 3, p. 493; 8, p
199 ; 17, p. 407. P.O
3:2. Var. variegata
Hort. (var. rersicohn

the type, usually 4-7 or
even 12 ft. high, with
elegant longitudinal
stripes of creamy white
and green. Gt. 39, p.
209. F.S. 14:1425. Var.
macrophy Ua, Hort..
has large, very glau-

consplcua, Forst. f.
A rare and handsome
form, bearing silky

beautiful for months.
Less hardy than A.
Donax, and with nar-
rower lvs. Lvs. 2-4 ft.

long, very slender, involute, coriaceous, deeply chan-
neled ; upper surface, margins, and long, slender point
roughish. N. Zeal. B.M. 6232. Gn. 18, p. 479 ; 49, p.
229. p. B. Kennedy

*-t7, Anindo Donax.

ASCLEPIAS

103

Arundo Donax is one of the most popular of all grasses
or hardy foliage plants, especially wherever the Pampas
Grass is not hardy. Although it succeeds almost any-
where in borders, beds, and on lawns, it is really at home

follows: The ripe

^„„^., jay be laid on

damp moss during

winter, and in a few

months nearly every

joint will sprout and

form a small rooted

plant. The canes

may then be cut up

:iii<i till' voung plants

potK.l ,,ff singly, to

ted out the

.11. .'wing spring.

J. B. Keller.

ASAEUM (obscure
;). Aristoloehi-
ilcece. Low, nearly
stemless herbs of a
few species, but
widely disseminated
in N. Temp, zone,
with odd purplish or
brown fls. on the sur-
face of the ground
(or nearly so), under-
neath the heart-like
or kidney -like Ivs.:
corolla wanting, but
calyx corolla - like ;
12 : ovary
inferior. The Asa-
rums inhabit rich,
shady woods, spread-
ing on the ground,
and the fls. are un-
seen except by the
close observer. They
are of easy culture if
transplanted to rich,
places. They
attractive car-
pets in borders and
groves. The species
described below are sold by dealers in native plants.
Some of the species are reported to have medicinal
properties.

A. Plant markedly pubesvent.
Canad6nse, Linn. Wild Ginger. Canada Snakeroot.
Lvs. about 2 to a plant, thin, kidney-shaped, pointed,
with a deep and open sinus, not mottled : fl. slender
stalked, with lance-acuminate calyx-lobes an inch or
more across at the expanded mouth, chocolate-brown :
style 6-lobed. Frequent in woods E. B.M. 2769. A.G.
13:517. D. 279.

Hdrtwe^, Watson. Tufted, loose-pubescent : lvs.
large and thick, cordate, with rounded basal lobes,
mostly acute at the apex, margin ciliate. glabrous and
mottled above : fl. stout-stalked, the lobes often ovate
and long-pointed, the ovary inferior : styles 6. Sierra
Nevadas, 4,000-7,000 ft. alt."

EuropaBum, Linn. Lvs. kidney-shaped, evergreen,
dark green, the petiole 3-5 in. : fls. greenish purple.
Kin., with incurved lobes : styles 6, and grooved or 2-
parted, recurved. Eu.

aa. Plant slightly or not at all pubescent.
caudatum, Lindl. Rather slender, with long root-
stocks, sparingly pubescent: lvs. cordate-kidney-shaped,
and more or less cupped or cucuUate, acute : fls. slen-

der-stalked, the calyx-lobes oblong and
styles united. Pacific coast.

L^mmonl, Watson. Like the last, but lvs. plane or
flat, rounded at apex, less pubescent, calyx lobes short..

Virginicum, Linn. Lvs. broad-ovate or orbicular,
rounded at tlu- t..|.. tli.- -iims narrow : fl. short-stalked,
purple, the ial\ \ I..1,: - Inii:..! and rounded: styles 6,
2-lobed; anth. r^ ii..t ii..ii,i,.,l. Va., S.

arifbUum, :\Ii.lix. L\ -. tl.i.kish and usually mottled,
orbicular to hastate, obtuse : fl. stout-stalked, urn-
shaped and much contracted at the throat : styles 6, 2-
lobed ; anthers pointed. Va. , S. _ _ -^

ASCL£FIAS (ancient Greek and Latinized name).
AsclepiadAcete. Milkweed. Silkweed. Many herbs,
mostly North American, generally with opposite or
whorled lvs., milky juice, and umbels of odd fls. The
fls. are gamopetalous, the corolla segments generally
strongly reflexed ; stamens 5, attached to the corolla,
the anthers more or less united about the stigma ; be-
tween the corolla and the stamens is a crown of five
cornucopia-like appendages : pollen coheringintoawaxy
mass (poUinium), which is removed bodily by insects
which visit the fl. The pollination of an Asclepias fl. is
shown in Fig. 149. The pollen-masses are usually twin
(as at 6), and the handle or caudicle lies in a chink on
the side of the stigma. The pollen-masses become at-
tached to the legs or mouth parts of the insect, and
are thereby transferred to another fl. The Milkweeds
are common in waste places in N. Amer., and are
rarely cult. Several species ( described below ) have been
int. by dealers in native plants. The Butterfly-weed and
some others are very showy and worthy of more general
attention. The large-lvd. kinds are desirable when heavy
foliage effects are wanted. They are all perennials of
the easiest culture. Prop, by division, rarely by seeds.
See Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2., pt. i (which is here
followed ) .

A. Fls. (corolla and crown) orange.

tuberdsa, Linn. Butterfly-Weed. Pleurisy Root.
Hairy, 2-3 ft. high, from long, horizontal roots, with
more or less alternate, lance-oblong or lance-linear lvs. :
umbels several, short-peduncled : pods pnbescent, erect.
Dry banks and fields ; widespread, and not Infrequent.
B.R. 76. D. 223. -A handsome plant.

AA. Pis. in shades of red or purple.

Curassivica, Linn. Plant glabrous, 2 ft. or less : lvs.
opposite and short-petioled, thin, oblong-lanceolate :
corolla scarlet : pods glabrous, erect. Fla. and La.
B.R. 81.

incamata, Linn. Glabrous or nearly so. leafy and
branching, 3 ft.: lvs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate: co-
rolla rose-purple to Hesh color, with oblong lobes : pods
glabrous, erect. B.R. 250. Var. pulchra, Pers. Hirsute,
and lvs. broader. Swamps. — Common.
AAA. Fls. greenish, yellowish or white (sometimes pur-
ple-tinged, especially in A. quadrifolia).
B. Pods tomentose and soft-spiny.

speciosa, Torr. (A. Doiiglasii, Hook.). Stem stout
and simple, 3 ft. or less, flne-tomentose or becoming
glabrous ; lvs. large and broad, ovate, transversely
veined, short-petioled : fls. purplish and large, the pe-
duncle of the umbel shorter than the lvs. Neb. W. and
S. B.M. 4413.

Comilti, Decne. {A. Syrlaca, hinn.). Differs from last
in having obtuse and short hoods to the crown, taller,
less pubescent : lvs. oblong or oval : fls. dull purple,
in large, more or less nodding umbels. Mn. 7:221.—
The common milkweed of the E. states.

BB. Pods glabrous and unarmed.

c. Fruiting pedicels deeurved or deflexed, the pods
erect or ascending.

amplesicaillis, Michx. Plant glabrous and glaucous :
St. decumbent. 1-2 ft. long : Ivs. numerous, cordate-
ovate and clasping, obtuse, succulent : corolla green-
purple. Barrens, N. Car. and S.

phytolaocoides, Pursh (A. nivea. Sims). Plant gla-
brous and green, 3-4 ft., erect : Ivs. thin, oval to lance-
oval, acuminate and short-petioled : fls. greenish, in
large, loose umbels. Moist ground ; frequent. B.M.1181.

149. Milkweed flower, showing pollination.

variegita, Linn. Two ft. or less high : Ivs. 3-7 pairs,
oval, ovate or oblong, thinnish, green and glabrous above
and pale beneath : Hs. white and pink, in 1-3 umbels.
Dry, shady places. Cent, and S. states. B.M. 11S2.

eriocArpa, Benth. Densely woolly all over ; Ivs. alter-
nate or in 3's, long-oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled :
fls. dull white, in few or several umbels. Calif.

cc. Fi

d th,

lance-ovati', :ii-iiiiiuiat<-. tliin. nt-arly or c|iiite L-I:il.r<)us :
fls. pink to white in 2-4 loose umbels. Drv soil ; fre-
quent. L.B.C. 13:1258.

verticillita, Linn. About 2 ft., slender, very leafy :
Ivs. in whorls of 3-fi, very narrow-linear and revolutc :
fls. greenish white, in many small umbels Dry soil
frequent. L.B.C. 11: 10G7.

Var. pi^mila, Gray. A few m high from a fascicled
root: Ivs. filiform, crowded. Plains W

Mexicina, Cav. Height, 5 ft or Ir h in «h ris
of 3-(), or sometimes oppo ite or 1 1 i It- I Im ir rr
narrow-lanceolate: fls. greeni h whit i luiili li in
dense, many-fld. umbels. Ore W iii i ^ L II P

ASCTEUM (Greek, not hard or tough ) Jlijpe, icdcert
Low herbs or subshrubs, with bright yellow fls 2 small
sepals and 2 large ones, 4 petals and many stamens
Dry. snnily «nils in E. states (also one or two West In
di;in .HI. I <■}<<• Himalayan species) sometimes grown m
in. I'll. r-. ( >i' . .isit^st culture but should be covered in
Willi. ]■ III tlif X. Prop, by division also bj seeds

hypericoides, Linn. (A. Crux Andrew Lmn ) '^t
Andrew's Cross. A ft. or less high branchy Ivs ob
long or obovate, narrowed to the base styles 2 G t
5:257. Mn.3:65.

st&ns, Michx. St. Peter s wort Taller scarcely
branched : Ivs. broad-oblong or ovil and clasping

^*y'«^ ^- L. H. B.

ASH. See Fraxuius.

ASlMINA (from .I..,,,,,,,;.,-, a French-and-Indian
name). Anondceir. I'm aw i tli,- j.upaw of literature is
Carica, which see). Small tiv,- ..r shrubs: Ivs. alternate,
entire, usually deciduous; Us. jiurpie orwhitish, campan-
ulate,solitary or few, axillary; sepals3; petals 6, the inner
ones smaller ; stamens numerous : fr. consisting of one
or a few large berries. Eight species in E. N. Amer. Or-
namental trees or shrubs, with large fls. in early spring.

ASPARAGUS

and handsome foliage. Only 2 species are cultivated, of
which the arborescent one is the hardier and the hand-
somer in foliage, while the more tender A. grnndiflora
has larger and showier fls. They grow best'in rich and
moist soil. They transplant with difficulty. Prop, by seeds
sown in autumn, or stratified and sown in spring, or by
layers in autumn; also, by root-cuttings. In the North,
the seeds should be sown in pots or pans. Description
of all species is given in Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 1,
pp. 62 and 4G4.

triloba, Dun. I.I/,. /:./:,'... l.i.in. I. Fig. 150. Small
tree. 10-411 ft. : I.-. . .. 1 ■long, acute, V2-I

ft.long,glal.r..ii-: il.. :- .111 branches of the

]>revious vt-ar. vt.. n wl.. i. . \;.:..i.i:!i_'. changing to pur-
plish red. with yellow in the' middle, 2 in. broad : fr.
oblong, 2-0 in. long, dark brown. S. states, north to N.
York, west to Mich, and Kansas. S.S. 1:15, 16. Gn.
33, p. 321. G.F. 8: 495. A.G. 44:713.- This is the only
arborescent species of the genus. It is well worth a
place in the garden, for its large foliage is very hand-
some and the fls., appearing in the early spring, are at-
tractive. The large fr. is edible, and may be still im-
proved by cultivation and careful selection of the best
varieties. Many people do not relish the highly aromatic
flavor; and the large seeds are a disadvantage. The tree
lias proved hardy in Mass. and Ontario. One or two
named forms have been offered.

grandifldra, Dun. Shrub, 2-6 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, obovate
or oblong, obtuse, 2-4 in. long, rufous-pubescent when
young, at length glabrous and chartaceous : fls. Ikrge,
appearing with the Ivs. ; outer petals cream -colored, over
2 in. long, much larger than the inner ones: the large fr.
is said to be very delicious. S. Georgia, Fla.

Alfred Rehuee.

ASPABAGUS, esculent {Asparagus officindlis,
Linn.). Jjitidcece. A perennial herb, cult, for the succu-
lent young shoots which arise from the roots in spring.
The plant is native to Eu. and Asia, and has been cult,
for 2,000 years and more. It was known to the Greeks
and Romans. The so-called Ivs. of asparagus are really
leaf-like branches. The Ivs. are the scales, which are
well shown on the shoot at the left in Fig. I.tI. From

150 Asimina triloba (

the axils of these scales branches may arise, a <i. At
6 b are shown clusters of branchlets, or "leaves," issuing
from the axils of scales or Ivs.
Asparagus, being a rather rugged plant, will live, and

under neglect. One frequently finds apparently thrifty
plants in neglected fence rows, or strong stalks pushing
up through stone heaps or other rubbish piled several
feet in tliickness upon an abandoned asparagus bed.
The stalks that are wanted for the table and for a dis-

ASPARAGUS

criminating market, hon'ever, are those an inch or more
in diameter and deliciously succulent, which one can
grow only on good plants set far enough apart on well-
drained, well-manured and well-tilled soil. To secure
earliness of crop, the land selected for an Asparagus
patch should be a warm loam, preferably exposed to
south or east. Manures of any kind may be used with
greatest liberality, too much being almost out of the
question. Unless the soil is already well supplied
with vegetable matter, and for that reason very loose
and mellow, bulky manures, such as fairly-well rottrd
stable manure or rich compost, are almost indispeiisai'lr
at the start. A heavy dressing is to be plowi-d un.lir. j
Afterwards concentrated manures, rich in nitru^'cn and
potash, will do very well for louse soils, and nuiy be
used broadcast on top, as the crop seems to need them
from year to year. Much depends on good plants.
These are easily grown. To grow one's own supply for
starting a plantation is ordinarily a safer plan than to
depend on purchased plants. Use strong 1-year plants
in preference to olderones. The male, or pollen-bearing
plants, are more vigorous, therefore more productive of
good stalks and more profitable than the female or seed-
bearing plants ; but it is not always an easy task to dis-
tinguish the one from the other at an early age unless
they bloom. To raise the plants, sow seed in early
spring thinly in drills, in a well-prepared seed-bed.
Have the drills a foot apart ; cover the seed half an inch
to an inch deep, and thin the plants early to stand 3
inches apart. With the same attention as that demanded
by other close-planted garden vegetables, strong plants
will then be the sure outcome. Get the land ready for
setting the plants by deep and careful plowing and
thorough harrowing. Then plow out furrows 5 or even
6 feet apart. If the demand is for the green stalks
(those grown above ground), popular in some markets,
the furrows may be made 6 or 7 inches deep. If
blanched shoots are wanted (and they are of superior
flavor and tenderness, provided they are grown in mel-
low soil and under high and skillfulculture), they have
to be grown below ground; hence the furrows are to he
made a few inches deeper than fc.r jihints set for green
stalks. Set the plants in the furrnws nut less than 2
feet apart, each on a little nioun<l cf s..il. spreading the

the

jy as

ASPARAGUS 105

terial that will prevent the stalks from wilting. Varia-
tions in the Asparagus plant are due more to differences
in culture and environment than to those
characteristic of the variety. American
seedsmen offer the following as distinct
varieties : Colossal (Conover's), Palmetto,
Mammoth (Barr's), Columbian (Mammoth
Columbian White). The last named is
perhaps the only one having an undisputed

A still better plan wbei;e Uie niateri:il can be luid, is to
fill the furrows with tine old compost, as the covering
above the crowns of the plants can not be made too
loose. It is advisable, and will insure closer attention
in cultivation, to grow some hoed crop, like beets, tur-
nips, cabbage, beans, peas, radishes, etc., between the
rows of Asparagus the first year. In the fall, and every
fall thereafter, cut the Asparagus stalks close to the
ground and remove them from the patch, to avoid the
scattering of the seed.

In early spring of the second year, the surface of the
ground is to be loosened by shallow plowing or deep cul-
tivating; and when the first sprouts appear, the rows
may be hilled up to some extent, especially if blanched
stalks are to be grown. The wisdom of" cutting that
season more than a very few, if any, of the shoots for
the table or sale may well be doubted. Plants left intact
until the third year will grow much stronger and be
more productive afterward. In the absence of a spe-
cially devised Asparagtis knife, any ordinary table or
pocket knife may be used for cutting the shoots, or in
mellow soil the shoots may be broken off at the base with
the finger. In cutting, be very careful to avoid injury to
later shoots or to the crown of the plant. The third sea-
son and every year thereafter loosen up the ground as
directed for the second season. The shoots are now to
be cut indiscriminately and clean, up to the beginning
of the green-pea season. After that, allow them to grow
undisturbed, but continue cultivation, to keep the ground
surface mellow and free from weed growth. For market,
wash the freshly-cut stalks and tie them in neat, com-
pact bunches of the size demanded by the particular
market, using some bright-colored ribbon, or perhaps
rubber bands. If to be shipped, especially for a longer

claim to varietal distinction, on account
of the white color of its young shoots.
To save the seed, strip the scarlet berries
off the ripe stalks by hand, or thresh them
off with a flail, put them in a sound barrel
or tank, and mash them with a wooden
pounder, to separate the hard, black seeds from the
pulp. Clean them by washing in plenty of water, pour-
ing off the pulp and skins ; dry and store.

In the Atlantic coast states, north of Virginia, the
Asparagus rust (Pucciiiia Asparagi) has often done con-
siderable damage. Outside of that region this fungous
disease is hardly known. Burning the infected stalks
is recommended. According to the Massachusetts Ex-
periment Station, "the best means of controlling the
rust is by thorough cultivation in order to secure vig-
orous plants, and in seasons of extreme dryness plants
growing on very dry soil with little water-retaining
properties should, if ]i.i-.ililr. inrive irrigation." As-
paragus anthracnose li::- ^i[ii ur,! in a few instances.
Of insect enemies. onl\- t'.\<i li:i\ m thus far attacked As-
paragus plants inAnieriiM. iiaiijily, the common Aspara-
gus lieetle [Ciioriris A.s/,,1 nii/i', Linn.), and the 12-
spotted Asparagus beetle {C. IJ-pnnctiita, Linn.). The
following remedies are recommended : Chickens and
ducks ; close cutting of the young shoots in the early
season, and the free use of fresh, air-slaked lime or of
arsenites dusted on the dew-wet plants after the cut-
ting period. Even with all kinds of vegetables in abun-
dant supply and much cheaper than ever, there is hardly
any danger that a superior article of Asparagus will go
begging for customers in any of our markets, or that the
grower of such product could not get several hundred
dollars per acre for his crop.

There are no books of American origin devoted wholly
or chiefly to Asparagus ; but all the vegetable-garden-
ing manuals discuss it. t. Greiner.

106

ASPARAGUS

ASPAKAGUS, ORNAMENTAL. LiliAceoe. The genus
Asparagus comprises about 150 species, which are widely
dispersed in warm or tropical regions, being particularly
abundant in S. Afr. The species are of very various
habit. Some are climbers, some drooping or trailing, and
some erect-bushy. Many of them are highly prized for
their very graceful and fine foliage. Some species even
surpass the most delicate ferns in elegance of habit and
delicacy of spray. The foliage is really composed of leaf-
like branches (cladophylla) rather than of true Ivs. (see
Fig. 151, and the discussion of it). Although all are per-
ennial, the sts. of some kinds annually die down or cast
their Ivs. With the exception of A. verficillatus, the fol-
lowing species must be grown under glass, except in

Fla. and S. Calif. They
when propagated l>y 'ici-cN n
duced),but are iiKn iiiulti|ili
Roots generally tuli. ron^.
Linn. Soc. 14 (IST.'i) : a.-c.uiii
G.C. 111.23:122, 147. ITS.

of

Best
lally freely pro-
II :ind cuttings.
Haker, Journ.
.-ies by Watson,

A. Foliage ovate.
medeololdea, Thunb. (Myrsiphyllum asparagoides,
Willd.). Smilax of florists. Fig. 152. Tall, slender, gla-
brous twiner: chifl.ij.liylla 1 in. ur Dnire long, thick,
glossy green on both ^ul.-, ^tii.iiL' ncrv. .1. standingedge-
wise to the branch : [N. sitiL'li-, Ira^'ranr. lierries dark
green. S.Afr. B.M. ."i.'j.sl.— .Mii.h i.'r.iwn liy florists for
use in decorations (see cultui-.il notr< l,rl,.w).

AA. Foliage narroir. hi
Sprtngeri,R,i.-.l. Fi:.-.

raceme
54,p.K,'-
Mn.8:l
tive pla

,l,n„l plain.

r- llcshy, white:
I moping: Ivs.
hitish, in short
I. Natal. Gn.
::. F.E. 9: sup.

of

isy

efficiently by seeds, which can be pun lia
temp, of 65° they germinate in 4-5 w. , k ■
culture by Dammann & Co., Italy, in I.--.111
their collector, Herr Sprenger. There
variety.
lilcidus, Lindl. Climber : tubers IJ^in

.small, white, axillary : berries pink or white. Kin. in
diam. China and Japan, where the tubers are eaten
(A.G. 13:78). -Needs warm treatment.

AAA. Foliage tilif'inn <n- thn ad-lik: .
plam6su8, Baker. Fig. l.'.ri. ■rall-rlnnliini.', « iih -i.inv
terete sts. (10-15 ft.): Iiran.-h.- llatti-h an. I -i.r.a.lin-
horizontally in elegant sjiravs : Ivy. slicrt, hrii,'lit tT't-ii,
in clusters : fls. white, comnioulv solitary : berry black,
nearly globular, 1-seeded. S.Afr. G.C. III. 23: 146.-
One of the most popular of decorative plants, the cut
strands holding their shape and color for weeks ( see note
on culture below) . It is propagated by seeds, division, and
cuttings. Several garden forms. Var. ninua, Hort., Fig.

ASPARAGUS

plant or seeds being the only methods that answer for it."
A. F. 11:1178. Var. tenuissimus, Hort. {A. tenuissimus,
Hort.). Fig. 150. Only partially climbing, very light

155 (but not dwarf, as its name implies)
than the type, from which it is distinguished, according to
Watson, " by the fulness and flatness of its fronds, and by
i t s refusal to multiply by means of cuttings, division of the

green : sprays more open and delicate than
the- typi-, because of the fewer and longer I
declinatus. Hort., has drooping sprays. Var.
llcTt.. lias forking-tasseled sprays.

Comor^nsis, Hort. Simil&T to A. pliimosiis : more ro-
bust, darker green, softer foliage: berries ' globular.
G.C. HI. 23:181. I. H. 42, p. 01.

crfspus. Lam. [A. decumbens, Jacq., and Hort.). Tu-
bers many, oblong : climbing (2-4 ft.), the sts. fine or
almost hair-like and annual, the branches zigzag : Ivs.
numerous, usually in close pairs, very short (Min.),
glaucous-green : fls. white, with orange anthers :
berrv large lV,\r\. longl.oval, soft, brown, about
0 seided ^ Afr A defUius. Hort., is probably
I form of this •■pecies

verticill4tus, Linn T.1II climbing (10-15 ft.)
ii ird> pi mt rootstoe k woody : sts. stout (Kin. in
diam ), said to bt Kliblt whtn young, but becom-
ing wood^ , spm^ l\s in tufts, hair-like, 2 in.
or less long fls small b< rries red. Persia, Si-
beria
__ retrofrictUB, Linn (4 retrofrdetus arbbreus,

X Hort ) sts slendt r (4-8 ft ), becoming woody and
MJ irr i\ St ar< ^ 1\ ( limlung zigzag, spiny, the branches
'iff wir\ l\s in I lost ( lustirs, green, hair-like, 1-2 in.
long fls white small umbellate : berry small,
111 irlj globular, 1 s( edi d S Afr.

virg4tUB, Baker A bushj , branchy plant 3-6 ft.,
the bruuthes iiruhmg . Kb. in 3's, dark green, 1
in. or less long : fls. small, white: berries red, 1-seeded.
S. Afr.

A. acutifblius, Linn. Hardy, rigid, 5 ft.: Ivs. tufted, hair-like:
fls. yellow: berry red. Eu.— ^...^ElAiApicits, Li

ASPARAGUS

Sprengeri : evergrreen vs
Aix.—A.Afn dn is Lam

tered. evergreen S Af

rt

ca e w h a p

p

cu p e a e

Colt re o \

mpo a f

sthe 0 on

fls

of ucce Le

^

lo esho d e

Jap A

an 1 bo om T e

dy 3f

s

ASPARAGUS 107

0 1 a so be akeu iu cutting, for many times there will

e e young growths a foot or so high that can be

edforafu u e string, and they may be worse than use-

!3 f u Sm ax for planting in July should be raised

)m eed sown n February. When 2 or 3 in. high, and

on ha a ter-leaves, it should be potted in 2-in.

hey should go into 3-in. pots. It is very

he first growth, which is always weak,

e these 3-in. pots ; then, when planted

g ow h in the beds is strong enough to make

Never neglect tying up Smilax as soon

he p ed n crop is cut. Contrary to what is the

ants, the hotter Smilax is grown the

durable the leaves, providing it is not

William Scott.

Asparagus plumosus. — The first and

or in the cultivation of Asparagus

of the bed. To meet with any degree

d must have perfect drainage. The

or 30 feet high, and wired at the top

wires beneath are made fast to each

154. Strong
Asparagus Sprengeri

IP Sm lax
q s do d s

nmerc a Sm lax s

wn n o d be unde
glass, and the tall growth
is tied to strings. These
strings are cut for sale.
Some growers do not renew
their beds of Smilax for 3 or 4 years. It is, doubtless, the
most profitable to replant with young stock every year.
Smilax, like all its family, is a heavy feeder. A heavy
loam with one-flfth half-rotted cow-manure is the best
compost for the bed. A light house is not essentiiil. The
middle of an equal-span house running north and south
is an ideal place for it, if there is height sufficient to run
up the strings 7 or 8 feet. Plant as early as possible in
July. Many florists who grow a few hundred strings of
Smilax make the mistake of putting them in a coolhouse.
It will grow in a temperature of 50°, but not profitably:
60° at night, and even C5°, is the right temperature.
The plants should be 8 in. apart in the rows and 10 in.
between rows. If not syringed frequently, red spider
attacks the Smilax ; but there is no excuse for that, as a
daily syringing is a sure preventive. When cutting the
strings, avoid picking out one here and there. Begin to

156. Asparagus plumosus.

side of an iron trellis about 8 inches apart and at the
top an equal distance apart, iu order that the strings
may be as nearly straight as possible.

The early growth of ^sparai/Hsp/fonosHs.var. nanus,
is very slow ; but as soon as it is transplanted and well
rooted in a rich soil, the growth is more rapid, the tender
shoots developing into a vine which will be ready to cut
for the market in about a year. There is great difiiculty
in obtaining the seed of the nanus. In a whole house,
there may be only a few seed-bearing strings. After
being picked, the berries are allowed to dry for a month,
and are then ready for planting. A good, rich soil, cov-
ered witli a thin tilm of sand, serves very well to start
them. 'I'Ih- tiin|Mi-ature should be about 65°, and as
nearly ...ii-taiit as possible. When the plant is well
rootcil it is ri-iiioved to a deeper soil or potted in 3-
or 4 inch pots and placed on a bench. Here it remains
a \ ear, and is then placed in the bed.

Up to this time a small amount of labor suffices to keep
the plant growing in a healthy condition ; but from now
on gieat care must be taken and much labor expended
; the best crop. The bed into which
the young plant is set should be carefully laid
with rocks at the bottom, so the water can
escape freely. Over this place two or three
feet of soil, manure, and
dead leaves. It is but a short
time now that the roots have
room to expand before the
shoots appearabove the trel-
lis, and the stringing begins.
Strong linen thread is used
for strings.

The first crop will not be
ready to cut before the end
of the second year ; that is,
from the time the seed is

cut at one end of the bed and, as much as possible, clear planted. As soon as this crop is exhausted, new strings
off all the strings, because when denuded of so much are put in place of the old, and another crop is started,
growth the fleshy roots are liable to rot if over-watered; This goes on year after year. Now that the plant has
little water is needed till young growth starts. Care gotten its growth, it is more hardy, and is constantly

108

ASPARAGUS

sending: up new shoots. If the bed is well made in the
beginning, the Asparagus need not be disturbed for eight
or ten years. However, at the end of that time it is well
to take the plants up and fill the beds with fresh soil
and manure.

In the spring, when the sun gets high, the Asparagus
houses are shaded with a light coating of white lead,
whiting and kerosene oil. This is absolutely necessary,
as the summer sun would in a very short time burn the
tops of the vine. The vine flowers in the fall, and only
on strings that have been matured si.x months or more.

The vine alone is not the only source of profit. When
the plant is a year old, a few of the most nearly perfect
sprays may be taken without injuring its growth. These
are very desirable in the market. There is, of course,
some waste in working up the Asparai/ns to be sliiffed,
but, on the whole, it is very slight. '1'Im- .iiil. r. m lonns
in which it is sold utilize by far the i;i • .it.r vmr df it.

Insects destroy the shoots and sprats. 'Vin-i is pre-
vented to a great extent by insect powder. The cut-
worms do the most damage. About the only way to get
rid of them is to pick them off the strings during the
night, as they generally seek shelter under the thick
clusters of the plant at daylight. There are many draw-
backs ingrowing Asparagus, among which are expensive
houses, the slow growth of the plants (which makes it
necessary to wait at least two years before receiving
any return from the expenditure), injury from insects,
and the great amount of labor involvi-il in looking after
the houses. Wilmam H. Elliott.

ASPASIA lGn-,-k p,rso„al nam,-, of litrl,- -i:.-nitic.ince

here). "-■ /-.'./M. . .' , f i i'"' I',;,,-;. ..

1 spreading :
it the base of
semi-terete :
. The genus

.U streaked with
lut-purple. Pan-
Oakes Ajies.

lateral v. ; , , ,

the petal- ,

poUinia^. i;m!,i i,i lu In p. \
is closely allied to Udouto-i- -
epidendroldea, Lindl. Lv^ in
"with about 4 fls. ; erect: M-j-al-
brown ; labellum white, duttud
ama and Colombia.

ASPEN. See Populus.

ASF£R£LLA (diminutive of asper, rough). Syn., As-
in-'Ua. druiiihitw. Perennial grasses, with looser and
nion- nI. tide r terminal spikes than Elymus. Spikelets
u-^ii:ii!y ill pairs, on short pedicels, empty glumes wanting
or appearing as simple rudiments in the lowest spikelets
of each spike. Species4. N.Amer., Siberia, New Zeal.

H^strix, Humb. Bottle -brush Grass. Spikelets
stand out at right angles, suggesting brushes used for
cleaning bottles. A native grass, growing in woodlands
and on the borders of thickets ; sometimes used for
lawn decoration. p. q_ Kexxedt.

ASPfiRULA (roughish ; referring to Ivs.). RuMAcece,
Mostly .hvaii. liardy herbs, for borders, rockeries and
-111 Iv ].laca^. with square stems, whorled Ivs. (some of
111.' I\~, an- r.ally stipules), and many small, 4-parted

IN., iirociu I freely from May to July. The commonest

species is A. odi'mln. tli.- Waldmeister of the Germans,
which is used in tli. ir Maitrank, or May wine, and in
summer drinks. Tlir .In. .1 Ivs. have a hay-like fra-
grance, lasting for year--, and are often kept with
clothes. The plant occasionally escapes from gardens.
A. hexapJiylla, with its delicate, misty spray, is used
with sweet peas and other cut-flowers that are inclined
to look lumpy. Other plants for this purpose are Gyp-
sophila paniculrrf-r . ,</■'.•.. h.t:fni;fi, and several Gali-

ums, all of whicli I- i' ■- ~i t, -^uudant fis. in very loose

panicles on loii-. , , . .. in half -.shaded and

moist soil, Aspi r , , luxuriantly until late

fall. In dry and Mninv jii i- .- 1 1,, y soon becomestunted,
and die down before the season is over. Prop, by divi-
sion and by seeds.

A. Plants perennial : fls. while.
E. Corollas 4-lobed.

odOT&ta, Linn. Sweet WooDRtTFF. Fig. 157. Habit
erect or ascending : height 6-8 in. : Ivs. usually in
whorls of 8, lanceolate, tinely toothed or roughish at the

ASPHODELINE

margin ; corollas campanulate : seeds rough. Eu. and
Orient. — Increases rapidlv, and is used for carpeting
shady places, and for edgmgs.

hexaphylla. All. Plant-stem glabrous : habit ascend-
ing, slender : height 1-2 ft. : Ivs. m whorls of 6, linear,
acute, rough : corollas tubular-funnel shaped ; panicles

^^

N. 1:12-1.
ASPHODEL,

157. Asperula odorata.

very loose : fls. larger than the bracts : seeds smooth.
Italy, Hungary, Pyrenees on high passes and dry mt.
sides. — Well grown specimens may be 3 ft. in diam. and
nearly as high.

BB. Corollas often 3-lobed.
tinctdria, Linn. Over's Woodruff. Habit procum-
bent unless supported : height 1-2 ft. : Ivs. linear ;
lower ones in 6's, middle ones in 4's, uppermost ones in
2"s : bracts ovate : fls. reddish on outside : roots large,
creeping widely, reddish. Dry hills and rocks of Eu.
AA. Plants annual : fls. blue.
orientilis, Boiss. & Hohen. (A.aziirea and A. setdsa,
Jaub. & Spach. A. asurea-setosa and.^^. setosa-azurea,
Hort.). Height 1 ft.: Ivs. in whorls of 8, lanceolate,
bristly : fls. longer than the bracts. Eu. and Orient.
J. B. Keller and W. M.
See Asphodeline and Asphodelus.

ASPHODELlIirE (name modified from Asphodelus).
Ziliitcece. Hardy herbaceous plants, distinguished from
Asphodelus by their erect and leafy sts. They have
long racemes of yellow or white fls. in June and July.
All the older species were described under Asphodelus.
In 1830, Relchenbach made the new genus Asphodeline
for A. Ititea and others. The only species advertised in
America is A. luteus, but all those described below are
likely to be in cult. Monog. by J. G. Baker in Journ.
Linn. Soo. 15: 273-278 (1877). ^. jj.

The culture of Asphodeline lutea is simple. Any soil

will suit. Partial shade is allowable, but fls. are often

better in the sun. Prop, readily by division.

A. Stems leafy up to the raceme.

B. Fls. yellow.

mtea, Beichb. (Asphddelus luteus, Linn.). True As-
phodel of the ancients, or King's Spear. Height 2-4
ft.: roots thick, fleshy, stoloniferous: Ivs. 3-12 in. long:
margins rough: racemes 6-1 8 in. long, 3 in. wide : bracts
large, membraneous, persistent. Italy, Mauritania and
Algeria toTauriaandArabia. B.M. 773. L.B.C. 12:1102
as A. Tauricus . —The best species.
BB. Fls. white.

TatUica, Kunth. Height 1-2 ft. : roots slender : Ivs.
.3-9 in. long; margins membranaceous : raceme 6-12 in.
long, lK-2 in. wide: bracts 9-12 lines long. Caucasus,
Tauria, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece. G.C. III. 21: 175.

AA. Stems leafy only a third or half the way to the

B. Fls. white: ra<
globlfera, J. Gay. Height 2-:
Cappadocia.

' den

capsule globose

ASPHODELINE

BB. Fls. yellow ; raceme lux.

c Bracts large, e-lS lines long, long-cuspidate.

tenMor, Ledeb. Height 1 ft. Caucasus, Arraen., N

Persia. B.M. 2626.— Smaller tbau A. liitens, with tiner

Iv.s. ami smaller, fewer and paler fls. Especially di»

tinsiui-lii'.l l)v the stalk beiug naked at the upper part

hclow ill.- r;i.-i.iiie of fls., and the bracts as short as

or -.li.iiT. r than the peduncle.

cr. />ni:fs .oti'ill, lM-3 lines long, short-cuspidate.

Libumica, Reichb. [A. CrHica, Vis., not Boiss )

Height 1-2 ft. Greece, Crete, Dalmatia, Austria, Italy,

not Asia Minor. L.B.C. 10: 915 as A. Cretica.

brevicatilis, J. Gay (A. Critica, Boiss., not Vis.). St
often flexuose, that of all the others here described being
erect and strict. Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt
AAA. Stems leafy only at the base: fls. white: raceme*-
dense.
B. Racemes usually simple.
c. Stems having leaf-scales : height s fi.
imperi&lia, Siehe. Tallest species of the genus : fls
large, reddish white. Cappadocia. G.C. HI. 22 : 397.
cc. Stems not having leaf-scales : height l^i-S ft.
DamascSna, Baker. Height 1^-2 ft.: bracts membra
naceous, lanceolate, the lowest 9-12 lines long. Mt
Lebanon.

BaUnsae, J. Gay. Height 2 ft. : bracts scarious, 6-9
lines long. Cilicia. Gt. 46, p. 521. G.C. III. 23: 111.
EB. Bacemes much panicleci.
isthmocarpa. Gay. Height 2 ft. Cilicia. G.C. Ill

W. M

ASPIDISTRA

109

BB Scape shoit, almost uanitng

acaaiis Desf Lvs 6-20 in a dense rosette 3-4 in

long minuteh pubescent fls b-20, in a crowded co>ymb

segments of perianth 2-3 lines wide Algiers B M 7004

AA Plaiitannual leau ^ cyhmlni at hollou

hstulbsus 1 mil 111 i_ht II -.iiiii hs i_ ii m t dense

rosette ti-lJ in I ii_ tiiii i«llil -I 0 i us seg

meutsotiiiiintlil-.ini \m I lin l«itli|iiik buds

pmk fls piiikisli tiin mil itu_ilt s.^,,, ^-rabia

andAfghmistin B M 'Is4 L B (. U 11J4 - \eedspro

tection under gliss in muter It remo\ed earh in autumn

to a greenhouse it mi\ lie induced to seed tieeh

A (;r(ficwT = \sphodehne 1 iburnini — 4 ^i^fKS = \sphodel
ine hiteus — 1 1 lUaisii \ erl is i torm of A rimosus from
E FruKe with long dense racemes and dirk brown bracts
Nil, ^ ji

~ lLSPI'DtST'RA{(jrreek,a small, lound shield referring
probabh to the shape of the stignid) Liliheefe A
popular florists plant grown for its stiff shming, beau
tif ul foliage and still aioi e interesting for its i emarkable
fls , which ire inconspicuous liec uis( home close to the
ground The i isn \\ , \ , , v. r iif r ii j p. t that Aspi
distra lb 1 lili I n |i 1 II I 1 t 111 11 in mono
cot-sledons nip n 1 I _ im \spidis

tra is consul i 1 I i i i ii _ its parts

in 4 s Till t II nil 11 1 1 1 li 1 hi re con

upoi

1 I tiimerous st ite -mil
hi the trinierous stite
ptional reversion in A
erous state is thought to b

ibed

Uly 1 ke fl wer
and hrm 1 neir i
Perianth funnel
oblong ligulate
distinct nerve u
ascend ng Th

t 1 \ il lei meal ws of tie

ill 11 des of heroes on

t, I H 1 The \ vhodel in

(_ re k 11 wa the peculiar

flower of the dead It ha ilwavs been a
common wee i in ( reece and t palhd yel
low flower ire a sociate 1 with de ert places
and tomb The word daffodil i a corrup
tion of \si ho lei The Asphodel of the early
Engli h ai d French poets is Narcissus
Pbe ilo I SI T f Baker m his re
vision of the gen T I i i 'soc 1

268-' 2 (18 ) 1 t 4 I t rl

botanists to A 11 |

makes three sub i II \

distinct for hort 1 111
They aie the ones hrst de cril e 1 1 elow A
A alb s aie the only current traie names
Culture simple see Atphodel i e

A. Plant perennial : Ivs.S-angled.

B. Scape long.

c. Racemes simple or sparingly branched.

&lbus, Miller, not Willd. Branching Asphodel.
Bracts buff colored when young : filaments deltoid at
the base : capsules medium-sized. 5-6 lines long, sub-
globular or ellipsoid. Southern Eu.

ceraslfenis, J. Gay. Bracts pale yellow : filaments
wedge-shaped at the base, but rapidly becoming awl-
shaped : capsule large, 8-10 lines thick, flatfish globu-
lar, umbilicate. Western Mediterranean region,
cc. Racemes much branched or panicled.

microc&rpus. Vis. (A . a-sfi nis, Brot.) . Bracts pale yel-
low at first: filaments 4-angled at the base: capsule small,
3-4 lines long.obovoid-globose. Mediterranean, Canaries.

158. Aspidistra lurida

are rented for the temporary decoration of public halls,
Aspidistra lurida is one of the greatest favorites, as it
stands much abuse, such as dust, dry air, and lack of
water and light. It is. however, naturally fond of wa-
ter, and grows freely on the margins of ponds or streams,
especially south. In rich soil the variegation often dis-
appears altogether until the plants begin to starve, hence
a compost of nearly half sand is desirable. The best
method of propagation is by means of division in spring,
before active growth begins, as the young leaves are not
then disfigured.

liirida, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 158. Lvs. 15-20 in. long, stiff,
evergreen, oblong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, radical ;

110

ASPIDISTRA

blade narrowed into a channeled petiole a third of its
length: fls. lurid purple, on short 1-fld. scapes; perianth
segments 8 ; stamens 8 ; stigma broadly shield-shaped,
like a small mushroom. China. — The variegated form
is more commonly grown, the alternation of the green
and white stripes being singularly beautiful. No two
Ivs. are exactly alike. e. O. Orpet and W. M.

ASPlDIUM. See Dryopteris ami Poli/stichnni.

ASPLENfiNDEIUM. See Thamnopteris.

ASPLfiNIUM (Greek, not the spleen; referring to sup-
posed medicinal properties). Polijpodiilcete. A large,
widely distributed genus of ferns, containing some 200
species. Easily distinguished by the free veins, and by
the elongated sori covered by an indusium, which nor-
mally is attached to one side of a vein.

Aspleniums enjoy an abundance of moisture at the
roots, but they will turn brown in the winter months in
an excessively moist atmosphere. They should be kept
in a very lightly shaded position. A good potting ma-
terial consists of equal parts of rich soil and leaf -mold or
peat. The following are some of the most useful com-
mercial kinds : A. Belangeri, height 2Kft.; A. bulbif-
erum, 2 ft. ; A. laxum, whi^h grows quickly into a
handsome specimen iiboiit 2(i in. hitrh. and seems to
stand the hot, ili\ Am. j ir:in ^uinin. i - ii. tter than other

species; A. .v.j/' < i I /iim, which is

dwarf, compact . \> : i : ; : i . t i-asily propa-

gated. For ham;ii:- l.:i-!,- '-, I ' ■ - "'r/zMsbest. The
foregoing species ami i.tlu-r?. i.f like lialiit develop small
plantlets on the surface and edge of pinnse. As soon as
these are sufficiently strong, they may be detached, with
a small piece of old pinnie, and pricked into shallow pans,
the older part being placed below ground to hold the
young plant flnnly in position until roots have formed.
The best soil for this purpose is composed of equal parts
of fresh garden soil, leaf -mold or fine peat, and sand. Plant
very firmly, and place in a shady, moderately moist and
close position, where in 10 to 15 days they willmake roots.
The foregoing ones do best in a temperature of 50° F.
A. cicutarium is easily gro^vn from spores, and is very
useful for fern dishes. Nichol N. Bri-ckner.

Alphabetical list of species described below : A. Adi-
antum-nigrum, 14 ; affine, 13 ; angustifolium, 10 ; Bap-
tistii, 12; Belangeri. 2ri : hulbifpnini. 18: cicutarium, 20 ;
cuneatiiiti , Ti : rhff,.--',/- . "^ : i lu ii.>i')i ^. ): Filix-fcemina,

25; fw II ' I'. I-,,-:-';- ' : : • ••iiHisum, 9; fra-

grans. lii, li i i- iihyUum, 19;

nobili.^. -\ . .:,_., . _' ; parvulum, 7;

pinnatiliiliiiii.,:; i.:,,i wm_ .m.u. ? , jlii.:-i.!;\ llum.l9; rutffi-
folium, 22; salicifoliiini, II; sfrratuni, 1 ; spinulosum,
27; thelypteroides,26; Trichomanes, 6 ; viride, 5; vivip-
arum, 24. The following are native and hardy : Nos.
3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 25, 26.

A. Sori Hi

B. Zf. simple, with a serrate margin.

1. serritum, Linn. Lf. 1-3 ft. long, on a very short
stipe, 2—4 in. wide, gradually narrowed below: sori 1 in.
or more long. Fla. to Brazil.

BB. Lf. lobed or pinnaiifid.

2. Hemionitis, Linn. (A. palmcLtum, Lam.). Lf. 4-6
in. each way, hastate, with a triangular terminal lobe and
two lateral ones, and a large, rounded sinus at the base:
sori often over 1 in. in length. Spain, Canary Islands.
S. 1:586.

3. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Lvs. clustered, from a short
rootstock, 3-9 in. long, with mostly rounded lobes at the
base and terminating in a slender point ; texture thick,
herbaceous ; occasionally rooting at the tip. Pa. to Ala.

R. Scott. Texture thin : lvs. 5-10 in.
long, with a few irregular divisions near the base, and
a long, slender, much-incised apical portion, occasionally
rooting at the apex. A very rare native species.

ASPLENIUJI

BBB. Lvs. once pinnate.

c. Pinnae less than %in. long, blunt.

D. Rachises greenish.

5. viride, Huds. Lvs. 3-8 in. long, scarcely more than
Min. wide, with numerous rather distant Ifts., which are
ovate and deeply crenate : sori abundant, oblique. A
subalpine species of N. Eu. and N. Amer. S. 1:661.

DD. Bacliises purplish or blackish.

6. TrichAmanes, Linn. Lvs. densely clustered, 3-8 in.
long, 14 in. wide, with densely crowded oval leaflets,
which are slightly crenate on the

upper side and suddenly narrowed
at the base. Northern hemis-
phere generally. A. G. 1892:653.
S. 1 : 653.

7. p&rvulum, Mart. & Galeotti
Leaf 5-9 in. long, with 20-30 pairs
of mostly opposite Ifts., which are
li-Va in. long, rounded at the
outer margin and squarely trun
cateatthebase. South- -,
em states and Mex.

CO. Pinna! %-l inch K

long, with a strong ^ >
auricle at the up- ^
per side of the base
or deeply incised
on the upper mar-
gin.
8. platynetiron, Oakes
(A. ebenfum. Ait.).
Lvs. 6-15 in. long, with
30-35 pairs of Ifts.
which have an enlarged
auricle at the upper
side at the base, the
lower Ifts. reduced to
mere triangular auri-
cles : sori. when ma-
ture, covering the en-
tire surface. Canada to
S.Amer. A. G. 1892:654.
S. 1:535.

9. formdsum, Willd.
Lvs. 12-16 in. long,
with numerous alter-
nate pinnsB which are mostly deflexed, with the upper
margin deeply incised and the lower margin toothed :
sori 3-5 to each 1ft. Trop. Amer. 8.1:576.

ccc. Pinna 3-e in. long, linear or lanceolate.

10. angUBtiidlium, Michx. Lvs. 18-24 in. long on stout
stalks, 4-6 in. wide, with 20-30 pairs of nearly sessile
pinncB, which are truncate at the base and extend to a
tapering point ; fertile pinnse narrower and more dis-
tant. Moist woods northward. S. 1:496.

11. salicifdlium, Linn. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with about
20 distinctly stalked horizontal pinnte, which are wedge-
shaped at the base, and curve upward to a long point :
sori strongly oblique to the midrib, wide apart, not
reaching either margin or midrib. W. Ind. to Braz.

BBBB. Lvs. 3-4 pinnate,
c. Ultimate divisions tin
somewhat fan-shaj

12. B&ptistii, Moore. Leaf bipinnate, with broadly
ovate pinnsB 5 in. or more long, each with about 4 stipi-
tate linear toothed pinnules ; sori nearly parallel with
the midvein and close to it ; rachises scaly, with pur-
plish lined scales. South Sea Islands.

13. affine, Swz. Leaf 9-18 In. long, with numerous
pinnae on either side, the lower ovate deltoid, the upper
lanceolate ; pinnules incised : sori linear. Mauritius
and Ceylon to E. Ind.

14. Adi&ntam-nlgTum, Linn. Stalks brownish, lvs. 3-
pinnatifid from winged rachises, triangular, 5-9 in. long;
ultimate divisions ovate, sharplv incised and serrate on
both sides. Old World generally. S. 1: 486.

159. Asplenium rhizophyllum.

ASPLENIUM

15. cnneitam, Lam. Lvs. 12-16 in. long, 4-6 in. wide,
tripinnate below, the ultimate divisions broadly obtuse
above and strongly cuneate below ; sori linear, usually
long for the size of the segments. Trop. regions
generally.

16. fr^grans, Swartz {A. fceniculdceitm. Kunth.).
Lvs. 2-3-pinnate ; ultimate segments lanceolate, sharp-
serrate above ; veins simple or the lowest forked : sori
oblong, extending from midrib to near base of the lobes :
petiole brownish, rachis flattened. W. Ind. 8.1:577.

cc. Ultimate division rhombic, sharply spiniilose :
texture herbaceous.

17. fontinum, Bernh. Growing in dense clusters :
lvs. 3-e in. long. 1 in. or more wide, 2-pinnate; segments
with 2-5 spinulose teeth which are widely divergent :
sori at maturity covering nearly the entire surface of
the segments. Eng. and Spain to the Himalayas. S.
1 : 574.

ccc. Ultimate divisions longer, not spinulose : texture
membranous or herbaceous,

18. bulbiIerum,Forst. (.4.MiK»i,Hort.). Lvs. l-l^ft.
long, 6-8 in. wide, 3-pinnatifid ; pinnffi tapering to a
slender toothed point : often bearing bulbs from which
new plants originate while still attached to the leaf.
Afr. and Australasia. 8.1:508.

19. rhizophyUum, Kunze {A. myriophyllum, Presl.).
Fig. 159. Growing in extensive tufts, with grayish
brown stalks and rachises : lvs. 6-15 in. long, 3-pinnate
or 4-pinnatifid, the ultimate segments frequently deeply
2-lobed with a single sorus to each division. Fla. to 8.
Amer.

20. cicutirium, 8wz. Lvs. 3-pinnatifld with a winged
rachis, 8-18 in. long ; pinnules ovate, with 5-7 narrow
divisions, each bearing a single sorus ; texture thin,
membranous. Trop. Amer., rare in Fla.

ASTER 111

forked : plant often bulb-bearing, like A. bulbiferum.
Mauritius and Bourbon. Cult, under various names.
S. 1:662. A. ndbitis, Hort., is a garden variety.
AAA. Sori more or less curvec

25. Filiz-ioemina, Bernh. Lvs. 18 in. to 3 ft., broadly
ovate-oblong, bipinnate ; pinnje 4-8 in. long, lanceolate,
with numerous more or less pinnately incised or serrate
segments. Eu. and N. Amer.— Very variable, e.specially
in cult. Schneider describes 56 varieties.

26. thelypteroides, Michx. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, on long,
straw-colored stalks : 6-12 in. wide, 2-pinnatifid, with
linear-lanceolate pinnae ; segments crowded, oblong,

jtely toothed : sori 10-12 to each segment. Rich

the(

stern V.

27. spinuldsum, Bakir. Lv-. <j-]-^ in. each way, del-
toid, 3-l-pinnatifid, with ',i-lj liMiiM- c.n either side, the
lowest much the lartrt->t ; !.r-i]ii-iits short and sharply
toothed. China and Jap.

Supp m n ry i

« n H rt Hab i a b

Dpi

A bi

B. Zivs. bipinnaiifid, less than a foot long.

21. obtusllobum, Hook. Lvs. 4-7 in. long, 2 in. wide
or less, with about 10 pinn«p, which are made up of 5-7
narrow segments bearing occasional sori on the outer
margin of the segments. New Hebrides and Fiji Isls.
S. 1:624.

BB. I/vs. S-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid, over a foot long.
c. Pinnw short, with close segments.

22. rutaefdlium, Kunze. Lvs. 13-15 in. long, with 12-20
pinnfB on each side, each with 7-11 narrow segments,

2 or 3 of the lower ones 2-fld. or rarely 3-fld. S. Afr.,
Ind. and Jap.

23. Belang;eri, Kunze. Fig. 160. Lvs. 15-18 in. long,

3 in. wide, with numerous horizontal pinnae on each side,
cut into about 12 segments on either side, which are set
nearly at right angles to the rachis ; the lower basal
segment often forked. E. Ind.

cc. Pinnw longer, with scattered narrowly linear

segments.
24. viviparum, Presl. Lvs. 15-24 in. long, 6-8 in. wide
n rather short stalks with pinnatifld pinnules and ulti
late segments, which are narrowly linear and ofter

L M Underwood

asfb£lla

ASTEB (n star). Compdsitm. Aster. Starwoet.
MlCH.^LMAS Daisy. A large temperate-zone genus of
attractive but botanically-confused
herbs, particularly abundant in N.
Amer. The genus is characterized
by numerous flattish rays (white,
blue, red, or purple) , slender style
appendages, compressed several-
nerved akenes, and an involucre '
with unequal bracts in few or sev-
eral rows, the pappus simple, soft,
and abundant (Fig. 161). Leafy-
stemmed, mostly blooming in the
autumn. Some of the species are
annual, but those in cult, are per-
ennial (or rarely biennial). All are
easy of cultivation in ordinary soil
and exposures, and are among the
best plants for the hardy border
or for naturalizing in the freer
parts of the grounds. They grow
readily from seeds, but are gen-
erally prop by division of the „ ^ ^^^^
clumps. Cahmeris and Linosyris c, stamens ; d, styles,
are kept distinct in this book.

A. Old World Ast,:,:-<. s.<„i. f,f them old garden plants,
and ,~m;,.. ,rh„t inndified by cult.

B. Stems siM/ilr :ni.l sr„,„ -like, bearing a single fl.

alpinus, Liun. Lvs. entire and spatulate, forming a
cluster on the ground, those on the stem small and
linear : st. 3-10 in., bearing a large violet-rayed, hand-
some head. B.M. 199. — In its wild state, the plant also

112 ASTER

occurs in the Rocky Mts. Valuable alpine or rockwork
plant, with fls. varying to pink and white. Var. specid-
8US, Hort., is taller and stronger, with heads 3-t in.
across. Var. sup^rbus, Hort. (Gn. 54: 1193), is a large
and showy form.

HimalMcus, C. B. Clarke {A. Mimalayinsis, Hort.).
Similar to A. alpinn^, but dwarfer : rays lilac-blue,
slightly recurved at tbe tip : sts. 4-12 in., slightly vil-
lous : Ivs. oblong or elliptic, nearly entire. Himalayas,
13,000-15,000 ft. -Little known in America.

diplostephioldes, Benth.
Two to 3ft., soft-pubescent
or hairy, the St. simple and
solitary : ivs. obovate or
oblanceolate, entire but
ciliate: solitary head large,
inclined 2-3 m across
blue or pale purple very
showr Himalayas B M

.^.

M

oblong-spatulate to broad-lanceolate, serrate : heads
violet or lilac. Arctic Eu. and Amer., and Rocky Mts.-
Excellent rockwork plant.

icris, Linn. About 2-3 ft., slender-branched : Ivs.
linear, or lance-linear : heads large and blue, with long,
distinct, handsome rays. S. Eu. Gn. 37: 744.

trin^rviuB, Roxbg. About 3 ft., stout, corvmbose at
summit : Ivs. lance-ovate and strongly toothed : heads
large, blue or purple (a pale var.), wiih narrow, spread-
ing rays. Himalayas. R.H. 1892: 396. -Hardy, hand-
some, variable.

TatAricuB, Linn. f. St. erect and striate, hispid,
corymbose at the summit, often 7 ft. high : Ivs. large
(the radical 2 ft. long), lanceolate or oval lanceolate,
attenuate at base, entire : involucre scales purplish at
tip heads blue or purple late Sibeiia GF 4 197-
Excellent for the hard\ border particularU for its ver>
late blooming

AA ^ATI^E Asters These plants are one of

the I harms of the Amer autumn and are amongst

J tbe best of all hardy border plants The} geuei

Ms improve greatly in habit when transferred

1 cultivated grounds Any of these wild Asters

are likely to come into cultivation

at any time The number of kiud--

islirge The studentwill find them

all described in Grav s Synoptical

Flora of North Ameri"a 1 pt 2

Those of the northeastern states

and adjacent Canada will be found

in Britton and Brown s Illustr

I lora of the U S , and Gray s Man

uU Tho e of the b aie described

in Chapman s Flora of the

s states The following list

iiiniprises those known to

1 e in cult Of these onh

1 ^oup Anqh(p is well

known in domestication

^ The species are much con

C^ ^n

_^.

uVii

Michx
itt (G P
<n Graj
M 6430)

Liudl

ihMi

6718 J H III 3S 2G2 -In th,
Amer trade has been mis
spelled A Deptostaphides
BB Stems usually hranched
and seieral- to many-fid.

Am611us, Linn. St. simple or nearly so, few-fld. or
sometimes only 1-fld. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute,
somewhat serrate, more or less 3-nerved, roughish-
pubescent : involucre scales oblong, obtuse or nearly
so, spreading, in 4-5 rows; heads large, purple. Eu. and
Asia. Gn. 35: 689. — Variable, and several well-marked
garden forms.

Var. Besaaribicus, DC. (A. Sessardbiciis, Bernh.)
Lvs. oblong and attenuated at base : plant taller and
larger-fld., deep purple. Gn. 35, p. 173. — Showy and de
sirable.

Var. Caasilbicus, Hort. (A. Cassiardbicus, Maundf).
Fls. larger than in the type, the ravs regular and de
flexed, the disk bright golden and broad.

Sibiricus, Linn. A foot or less high, somewhat pu'
bescent, each branch terminating in a single head : lvs.

C«M ; I (Alt and

var /( / III Lindl

Drum I thimdsus

Linn I I I falcitus

Lindl J I 1 n fuliiheus

Lindl , iitmotili Ora> , gtandi
fldrus Linn Ealhi Gray, H(r
leyi Gray (G F 2 473), tnteqn
fdlius Nutt , liciis Linn hnarn
folius Linn Zuidleydnus Ton-
ers & Gray (G F 2 449) longifoltus
Lam (G P 9 507 G W P 10)
macrophijUus, Linn. (G.F. 4:89);
esii, Lindl.; multifldrus, Ait.; nemordlis, Ait.;
Angliw, Linn. (Fig. 163. A.F. 9:283), and var.
roseiis ; Ndvi-Bilgii, Liinn.; obtnngi fdlius, tiutt.; panic-
ulAtus, Lam.; pti^ens, Ait., and var. Meihanii ; poly-
phyllus, Willd.: Pdrteri, Gray ; prenanthoides, Muhl.;
ptarmicoldes, Torr. & Gray (G.F. 3:153); pulchiltus,
Eaton ; puniceus, Linn. (Fig. 164), and var. laricaiilis
and var. lucidulus ; radullnus, Gray; sagitifdlius,
Willd.; salicifblius. Ait.; seHceus, Vent. (G.P.5:473);
Shdrtii, Ho^k. (G.Py4: 473) ; spectdbilis, Ait.(Mn. 5: 41 ) ;
surculosus. Michx. (G.F. 5:521); tanacetifdlius. HBK.;
Tradesednti, Linn.; turbinillus, Lindl. (G.F. 6:17);
iindH/d^Hs, Linn. (G.W.P. 4); versicolor, VfiWi.

In the following list, those marked* are offered by Amer.
dealers; *A.coccinmi Nevadensis='.-*A . Ddtschi='.-*A.hd-
bridtt^ nanus = ! "Rosy color, only 6 in. high."— *4. lancifb-
Uus Oalif6micus= 1 — *A. liladnus Nevadenms= '.—*A.

X'dv

Thmib.=^Felic-i!

ASTER

ife^Aam', Hort..is a well marked form of A. patens, found by
Joseph Meehan at Antietam. — *A. Noice-ccendeus^ !—*A.pt/r-
amiddlis= ?— -l. Re^vesii, Hort,. is A. ericoides. var. Reevesii,
Gray, a "rigid form, comparatively stout, glabrous, except that
the Ivs. are often hispidulous-ciliate toward the base, the heads
and rays as large and the latter about
polyphyllus." N. Amer.— *A, rotunililiili
A. SikHminsis. Hook. Three to 4 ft., st.mt :ina .rcrt : Ivs,
lanoeolate-aeuminate, spinulose-senMlr : li. a.N puri-l--. in ];iitie
corymbs. Himalayas, B.M, 4,v.7,^.l strarin „, .W^'^'V Stem-
less and sarmentose. with 1-11.1. ti!:i'i.-,l sr.ipcs ; T;i,iir,il hs,
spatulate, hairy : heads lil.ic-blue. 1 in. acro-^s, Prett.v, Hima-
layas. 'B.M.«il2.—*A.terminalis^ '.-A. Tuu-nshendii. Hook,
=A. Bigelovii, Gray (N. Amer.), L. H. B.

The native Aster.s are amongst the very best plants for
borders and roadsides. They should be better known.
A.acuminaius grows well in shade in ordinary soil, not
necessarily moist; increases in vigor under cultivation.
A. cordifolitcs prefers open or partial shade ; improves
much under cultivation with good soil. A. eori/mbosHS
prefers at least partial shade, and will grow even in very
deep shade; seeds very freely; does well on dry ledges
and in small crevices in rock; very tenacious of life. A.
dumnxiis prefers full sunlight awd dry situation. A.ei-i-
eoidi's wants full sunlight and dry situation ; will grow
in very poor or shallow soil, but does best where roots
can penetrate deep. A. l/vvis grows in either full sun-
light or partial shade and good soil. A. Nofce-Angliif
will not endure much shade ; prefers moist soil, but
grows well in ordinary irarden situations. Fall-sown
seedlings of A. JS'in;i -J h<ii,,i . var. roseiiii, come prac-
tically true to varietal nainc, th"iiL,'h varying in shade
of color, and these sinUiiiirs bloom later than older
plants and at height of 18 inches, making the plant of
value as a late bedding plant treated as an annual. A.
Novi-Bel(jii prefers moist soil ; will not endure heavy
shade. A. pfinicnlatus prefers moist soil, but will do
well in rather dry situations ; will endure more shade
than either of the two above species. A. patens wants
open or half-shaded places, and good soil ; one of the
weaker species, often proving short-lived. A.puuicetis
will not endure shade ; prefers moist places, but will
grow in good soil not over moist ; in dry situations it
loses its vigor ; spreads rapidly in favored locations.
A. spectabiUs prefers open or partly shaded places; one
of the weaker species in wild state ; rather short-lived.
A. vndiilatus wants open or halt shade ; late-flowering,
handsome plant, forming large bushes where allowed to
develop. A. vhiiineus, although not in the trade, is a fine
plant in cultivation. ^ .5^, Baeclat.

ASTEB, CHINA. CalUstephus horthuis, Cass. {Cal-
listephiis Chin^nsis, Nees. Callistemma hortensis,
Cass. Aster Sinensis, Hort.). Compdsifw. The genus
Callistemma is older than CalUstephus, but it is too like
Callistemon to stand. B. II. 7616. Gn. 53: 1163. — One of
the most popular of all garden annuals, being particu-
larly valuable for its fall blooming. The evolution of
the China Aster suggests that of the chrysanthemum
at almost every point, and it is, therefore, a history of
remarkable variations. The plant is native to China. It
was introduced into Europe about 1731 by R. P. d'lncar-
ville, a Jesuit missionary in China, for whom the genus
Incarvillea of the Bignonia family was named. At that
time it was a single flower ; that is, the rays or ligulate
florets were of only 2-4 rows. These rays were blue, vio-
let or white. The center of the flower (or head) was
comprisetl "l" \ 1 r\- nuiiM ri>us tiiimlar. yellowish florets.
Philip Mill. ■ ' ■ - , I nlrn., -botanist of Chelsea,

Enix. . rt-ia : -, 'iTiL'b' white and red Asters

in 17:!l.rM,, ,i,.i , I ran,,.-; aud he received the

siiii^lc liliir II, i;:;i;. lu l,.',2 In.- obtained seeds of the
dnul.l.. la .1 aii.l lilu.-, aud in 1753 of the double white.
At ili.it Tniir Tlirri- ajiiiears to have been no dwarf forms,
for .Milirr -a\ - that the plants grew 18 in. or 2 ft. hi.gh.
Martyii, in Isn;. stiys that in addition to these varieties
mentioned by Miller, there had then ax>p^^i"ed a "varie-
gated blue and white " variety. The species was well
known to American gardeners at the opening of this cen-
tury. In 1806 M'Mahon, of Philadelphia, mentioned the
"China Aster (in sorts)" as one of the desirable garden
annuals. Bridgeman, a New York seedsman, offered the
China and German Asters in 1837 "in numerous and
splendid varieties," specifying varieties "alba, rubra.

ASTER

113

cerulea, striata purpurea, etc," In 1843, Eley said that
" China and German Asters " " are very numerous " in New
England. This name German Aster records the fact that
the first great advances in the evolution of the plant
were made in Germany, and the seed which we now use
comes largely from that country. The first marked de-
parture from the type appears to have been the pro-
longation or great development of the central florets of
the head, and the production of the "quilled" flower.
This type of Aster was very popular 40 and 50 years ago.
Breck, in the first edition of his Flower Garden, in 1851,
speaks of the great improvement of the Aster "within a

164. Aster pun

few years" "by the German florists, and others," and
adds that "the full-quilled varieties are the most highly
esteemed, having a hemispherical shape, either a pure
white, clear blue, purple, rose, or deep red ; or beauti-
fully mottled, striped, i.>r edged with those colors, or
having a red or blue center," About 50 years ago the
habit of the plant had begtin to vary considerably, and
the progenitors of our modern dwarf races began to at-
tract attention. The quilled, high-centered flower of a
generation or more ago is too stiff to satisfy the tastes
of these later days, and the many flat-rayed, loose and
fluffy races are now most in demand, and their popu-
larity is usually greater the nearer they approach the
form of the uncombed clirysantheraums. The China
Aster had long since varied into a wide range of colors

114 ASTER

of the cyanic series -shades of blue, red, pink and pur-
ple. The modern ivnlntii.n of the plant is in the direc-
tion of habit, and t"nn m1 il.iw.r. Some type varies-
generally rather Mid.lrnlx :,imI without apparent cause—
into some novt-l l^'im, -Mil iir;iining its accustomed
color. The florist Hms th.- vaiKition by breeding from
the best and most stable plants, and soon other colors
appear, until he finally obtains the entire range of color
in the species. So it happens that there are various
well marked races or types, each of which has its full
and independent range of cohir^. Th- ' "im t i-, pr , ^ iih
very flat rays), now one '■( iln m . . i

China Asters, illustrates I h.-r -: . i ' :

The Comet fonn-thelo.isr. ..]i.ri r. . t i i.i_. iij

coming from Vilmorin. of I'm i-. umI iIm ( hiua Aster had
reached its greatest artistic ]•' itv.n-n.

It is impossible to con^t^^^t a ^ati-lactory classifica-
tion of the China Asters, it is no longer practicable to
classify the varieties by color. Neither is it feasible to
classify them upon habit or stature of plant, for several
of the best marked types run into both tall and dwarf
forms. Vilmorin, however, still divides the varieties
into two groups, the pyramidal growers, and the non-
pyramidal growers. The most elaborate classification
is that proposed by Barron, from a study of exten-
sive tests made at Chiswick, Eng. Barron has 17 sec-
tions, but they are not coordinate, and they are really
little more than an enumeration of the various types

florets open.
B. Incurved or ball-shaped.
BB. Spreading or reflexed.
A. Tubular or quiUed Asters, in which all. or all but the 2 or 3
outer rows of florets, have prominently tubular corollas.
B. Inner florets short, outer ones longer and flat. Repre-
sented by the German Quilled.
BB. AU the florets elongated and quilled.
In ISO.T. 2.10 varieties of Asters were offered by Amer.
"T'l-rn'Ti. pi.r arrowing in borders, perhaps the best

.•client

aisoasr-eriec- -^.jk-. ■" C J^.SKi ' fc. » ^i^^^

ony -flowered ; '*^., .W-^^l^li,, "^

lum-flowered: ^.^)|,x:^ %^Mjik

; V i c t o r i a , i^ VTW/ . V rJ ' VtF

I Queen of the "^ J ^»^.Ur •/^■

i:.„i>-;^

(\ 1 ■k-l;rali-l.:n-isshown W^.

in Fig. KmJ, Truffaut (Fig. ^"^
KiG), known also as Perfec- i,jS. -^
lion and Peony -flowered ; '^..
Chrysanthemum
Washington
Mignon; and
Market. The last is
mended for earliness and
graceful, open habit, and
it is one of the best for
cut-flowers. Many other
types are valuable for spe-
cial purposes. The Crown
or Cocardeau is odd and
attractive. Amongst the
quilled Asters, the various
strains of German Quilled
(Pig. 167), Victoria Needle
(Fig. 1(58), and Lilliput are
e-icellent. The verv dwarf
tufti.l A-firs an- well
r H ' irfBou-

L-.L. . . ],., early

started under glass ; but
good fall bloom may be
had, even in the North, by
-ii«ing seeds in the open
I- late as the Isf of June

J''

or classes. After considerable study of the varieties
in the field and herbarium, the following scheme seems
to be serviceable :

Asters make very showy
dding plants when grown in large masses, and are
il.so valuable for filling up vacancies in the mixed
hirbaceous border, where they ought to be planted in
■ iiimps, the dwarfer kinds put in front and the taller

There are two or three insects which prey upon the
I'liina Aster, but they do not appear to be widespread.
The most serious difliculty with them is the rust , a fungus
I I'oko.iporiumSonchi-arvensis} which attacks the under
-ide of the leaf and raises an orange-colored pustule.
Timely sprays with the copper fungicides will keep this
ilisorder in check. The Bordeaux mixture discolors the
plants, and it is, therefore, better to use the ammoniacal
carbonate of copper. Spray it upon the plants before the
fungus appears, and repeat every week or ten days. Use
a cyclone nozzle and spray upwards, so as to strike the
under sides of the leaves. L. H. B.

In recent } ears, the Branching Asters have come to be
prominent, and they are bound to increase in popularity
as their merits become known. The long stem, large
^ize, and soft shades of pink and lavender have made
this the most useful to the florist of all the Asters.
The Comet has been rather short-stemmed for a com-
mercial cut-flo\\er. As to culture, it does not seem to
be generally understood, even by florists, that the young
Aster plants will stand more frost than cabbage. If
started under glass about the middle of February, in
New York state, they will be ready to plant out the
latter part of April or first of May. They will then come
in at about the same time they would if grown entirely
under glass, although not so long-stemmed. For fall
flowers, we sow out-of-doors with seed drill and culti-
vate with wheel hoe. Plants have been mined by be-
ing planted near squashes. The late brood of striped
beetles fed on the Aster flowers.

George Arnold, Jr.

The first requisite to the growing of China Asters is to
have good, plump seed. As soon as the ground is in
good or fair condition in spring, spade up a seed-bed

draw good, fine dirt to the roots, so that the seed-bed is
nearly level and all the weeds are covered. The plants are
hardier and better when grown in the open ground than
when started under glass. For the permanent quarters,
plow ground that has been well and heavily manured with
cow-manure the previous season ; then harrow thor-
oughly. Scatter 20 to 30 bushels of common lime to the
acre, if thought necessary, then plow again and harrow
well. With acne-horse plow make furrows the length
of" the field about 3 or 4 inches deep and 2% feet apart.
In these furrows one man drops the plants in two rows
about 12 or 16 in. apart, for two men to plant. Do not
furrow much ahead of the planters, so that they have
fresh dirt to put to the roots of the plants. By this
method the plants seldom wilt. If a dry spell follows in
three or four days, level the furrow with a hoe ; if wet,
let stand for about two weeks, then scatter 100 pounds
of guano or other fertilizer to the acre, and work the
land with a spike-tooth cultivator, with no shovels, so
that no dirt is thrown on the small plants. Hand-hoe

ASTILBE 115

between the plants, running horse and cultivator twice
in each row. The cultivator loosens the ground as deep
as it was plowed. Cultivate and hoe every two weeks,
especially after it has rained, until buds appear ; then
keep clean by hand. When blooms begin to appear,
mulch liberally with tobacco stems, to keep down weeds
and to kill aphis at the roots. When the fls. begin to
open, keep a strict watch for the black beetle. When it
makes its appearance, put about a pint of water and
a gill of benzine in an old can and hold it under the
bugs ; they drop into it. These pests last from six
to nine days. Have them looked after three times a

' "' ' James Semple.

ASTlLBE (Greek name, of no particular significance).
Sarifraqdeeie. Inclmlea HotHa . Tall perennial herbs, of
7 01 8 species in eastern N. Amer. and Asia. They look
much like Aruncus (which see), and are often called
Spa sea Aruncus and iSpirsea are rosaceous genera, and
are characterized by many stamens and usually by sev-
eral to many separate pistils, whereas Astilbe has 8 or 10
stamens (twice the number, or of the same number, as
the petils), and a 2-3-lobed pistil (which finally sepa-
lates into more or less distinct follicles). Astilbe and
Aiuncus ive so much alike that they are constantly con-
foun led by horticulturists and even by botanists. They
prob iblv mter-cross. It is probable that they should be
plieed in the same family, despite the technical botani-
c \\ differences. The Astilbes are hiirdy plants of great
merit They are easily grown in any well-made border.
They give conspicuous masses of bloom in summer.
Prop mostly by division. l. H. B.

Forcing op Astilbe.— Few herbaceous plants force
with greater ease than Astilbe Japonica and its var. com-
pacta but three weeks longer time should be given the
latter to fully develop its feathery spikes. Astilbes are
so easily and cheaply imported that for the commercial
florist it is cheaper to buy than to divide and grow his
own plants. When first received, the clumps of roots
should be stored, with a little earth or moss between the
roots and a little soil over the crown, until the florist is
ready to pot them. No amount of freezing does them
the slightest harm ; but the boxes or flats in which they
are stored are best covered with a little straw or litter,
and should have the full benefit of rain or snow to keep
the roots from drying. From potting or burying into the
greenhouse, it requires from ten to fourteen weeks to

Eh^£i 'A\i\! f'h ^%f)i

season at which >. ,,^^ \f. I*V*^*^. 'a ' /i
they are wanted In Av\ ^ " ^f VxiYxWA/k /
flower. The quality -vVV \ \«V '^ W/)/)/^
of soil is of no con- V\(V(\ '^ >t'jruifi

sequence, provided VvV \ \ '*il

it is light and easily rVrV\ ^ \

handled. They need ^«i*v^ --^ * ^ > '
water in great abun-
dance. Tempera-
ture is also of little
consequence. Any-
thing above 50° at
night will do ; but
it is best nojto flow-
er them in higher
temperature than
60°, or they will quicklv
wilt when cut or used for
decorations. From the
time the sprays begin to
show white color until
they are fully developed,
every Astilbe should
stand in a saucer in
which there should be
constantly an inch of
liquid manure. When
sold for window plants
or for decoration, Astilbes are often disappointing. It
is merely want of water. Before the full development
of the shoots and Ivs. they are easily hurt by tobacco
smoke, and should be covered with paper or well wetted

Victoria Needle.

116

ASTILBE

when fumigation is necessary. Aphis, spider or thrips
never trouble Astilbe. As a border plant, Astilbe is one
of the hardiest of our hardy herbaceous plants ; but the
feathery plume obtained in the greenhouse is much
shorter, more compact, and lacks the pure whiteness of
the outdoor-grown specimens. William Scott.

A. F!s. opening while or yellowish.
decAndra, T)on{A.biterncita,BTiit.). Somewhat pubes-
cent, 3-0 ft. : Ivs. 2-ternate, the Ifts. ovate and cordate or
abrupt at base, sharp-ser-
rate : lis. yellowish white,
.■i in a large (10-12 in. long)

l§ racemose panicle ; sta-

M mens 10. Woods, Va. and

S. — Often confounded with
Aruncns Sylvester.

Jap6nica, Gray {Hoteia
Jap&nica, Morr. & Decne.
fl^. 6a r6i3/n , Morr. & Decne .
Spiraa Japdnica, Hort.).

169. Astilbe Japonica.

Fig. 169. Erect, 1-3 ft.,
hairy on the petioles
and nodes : Ivs. 3-2-ter-
nate, petiole reddish ; Ifts.
ovate-acute, tapering to the
base, serrate : fls. white,
in a pubescent racemose
panicle; stamens 10. Ja-
pan. B.M. 3821. Gn. 48,
p. 36G. Mn. 5:174.- Com-
monly known as a spring
glasshouse plant in this
country, but hardy in the
open. There are various
cult, forms, as var. gran-
difldra, Hort,. with larger

and

I'le;

ASTROCARTTJM

spikes, which are disposed in panicles; stamens 8 or 10,
pure white. Nepal. Gn. 48, p. 355.— Attractive border
species, blooming late. Probably needs protection.

Thlinbergii, Miq. Silky-hairy, 1-2 ft. : Ivs. pinnate, the

Ifts. oval, serrate, yellowish green: fls. white, on reddish

stalks, ((hanging to pink, in clusters on the fl. -branches.

Japan. R.H. 1895, p. 56S.— A graceful plant. Forces well.

AA. Fls. opening pink or red.

CMn6nsis, Franch. & Sav. Plant lK-2 ft., graceful :
Ivs. 3-temate, the Ifts. serrate : fls. in a branchy, rather
compact panicle, with purplish or pink reflection, but
the petals whitish. China.— Possibly a form of the pre-
ceding. Yet rare in Amer.

rilbra, Hook. & Thorn. St. simple, 4-6 ft., long-hairy:
Ivs. 2-ternate ; Ifts. oblique-ovate, more or less cordate,
sharp-serrate : fls. numerous, rose-red, in compact, ro-
bust panicles ; stamens 10, shorter than petals. India.
B.M. 4959.— Needs protection. Little known in Amer.
L. H. B.

ASIBAGALUS (ancient Greek name of some shrub).
Leguminbsce. Milk Vetch.

subshrubs. Lvs. mostly
odd-pinnate: fls. In spikes
or racemes, yellow, purple
or white. They prefer a
light, porous soil and no
shade. The dwarfer kinds
may be placed in the front
of the border or in the
rockery. Prop, chiefly by
seeds, which germinate
slowly , or slowly by careful
division in early spring.
Many kinds are likely to
die if divided or trans-
planted. Many kinds are
cultivated in the Old
World, but the four de-
scribed below are the only
kinds commonly sold in
America. Of the many na-
tive kinds, mostly known
as rattle-weeds, the following are ad-
vertised at present: A, Canadensis =
A. Carolinianus, A. caryocarpus, A.
Drummondii, A. flexuo.^us, A. Lax-
A. Parryi, A. racemosus, A.
Mobbinsii, A. Shortianus. The Loco-
weed of the prairies, which is said to
poison cattle, is A. mollissimus. For
these and many others the student is
referred to Britton and Brown's Illus-
trated Flora, and Coulter's Manual of
Rocky Mountain Botany.

A. Fls. yellow.
alopecuroldes, Linn. St. erect, strict :
height 2-5 ft. : Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pu-
Siberia. B.M. 3193.

'.•Vvfe.

Fls.

llou

compicta, Hurt., the ]mu
cle niipre C"ni|.act ; var.
multifldra, Hort. ; var. va-
rieg&ta, Hort., with varie-

geted lvs.; var. purptUea, Hort., with purple-shaded
foliage. Astilbe Japonica is often confused with Anin-
cus astilboides ; Figs. 1G9 and 170 will aid in distin-
guishing them.

Lemdinei, Hort. Foliage graceful, standing IXft. high,
with Ifts. broad -oval, dentate and crimped, satiny green,
hairy : fls. with white petals and 10 pink stamens, very
numerous, in plume-like clusters disposed in panicles
IJ^ft.long. Gn. 48, p. 355. R.H. 1895, p. 567. A. F. 11:459.
—Garden plant, supposed to be a hybrid of A. Japonica
and Aruncus astilboides. Hardy, and forces well.

rivuliria, Hamilt. Rhizome creeping : st. 3-5 ft. : lvs.
2-ternate, the Ifts. ovate, dentate, the petioles tawny-
hairy: fls.-yellowish white, changing to reddish, in large

Monspessulilnus, Linn. St. trailing :
height 9 in.: fls. purple, purplish or
white, in smaller and looser heads than
the above. Eu. B.M. 375.
hypogldttifl, Linn. Height 3-24 in. : Ifts. 17-25 : fls.
violet-purple, 6-10 lines long, in dense heads : pods 4-5
lines long, 2-celled, densely villous, with white hairs.
Eu., Asia, and from Kansas W. to Nev. and N. to Alaska.
—Also a white var., excellent for pots.

alpinuB, Linn. Height 6-15 in.: Ifts. 13-25: fls. violet,
keel darker : pods 1-celled, black-pubescent. Northern
and Arctic regions round the world.

J. B. Keller and W. M.

ASTEOCAEYUM (Greek, astron, star, and karyon,
nut ; referring to star-like arrangement of the fruits).
PalmttceiT, tribe Cocoineit. Spiny palms, stemless or
with a short caudex, or with a tail, ringed, spiny cau

ASTROCARYUM

dex : Ivs. terminal, pinnately parted ; segments ap-
proximate, equi-distant or fasciculate, lanceolate-acumi-
nate or attenuate to the obliquely truncate apex, plicate,
whitish beneath, the terminal ones free or confluent, the
spiny margins recurved at the base ; petiole very short ;
sheath short, open : spadices short or long, the finely
divided branches pendulous, thickened at the base,
thence very slender, long, naked, the lioriferous naked
basal portion, as it were, pedunculate ; spathes 2, the
lower one membranous, deciduous, the upper fusiform,
coriaceous or woody, open on the ventral side, persist-
ent ; bracts of the female fls. broad, imbricated, like the
bractlets ; pistillate fls. with a stipitate male one on
either side: fr. rather large, ovoid or subglobos?, beaked,
smooth or spiny, red or orange. Species 30. Trop-
ical America.

for moderate sized conservatories
Mu'rumuru, A. Mexicanum and A.argenteum are the
kinds most commonly met with in collections. The Ivs.
are pinnate, and in small plants, at least in some of the
species, the segments are narrow, four or five pairs of
these alternating with two very liroad ones. A. argen-
tetim has the under surfaces of the Ivs. of a much
lighter color than the others. In a young state, the
plants require the temperature of the stove, and after
attaining the height of a few feet they may be removed
to a house where the temperature frequently falls as
low as 45° P. Specimens 8-10 ft. high fruit freely.
Prop, by seeds, which are slow in germinating. The soil
in which they are sown should be changed occasionally,
to prevent it from becoming sour. Be careful not to
overpot, or the fleshy roots will decay. See Palms.

A. Lvs. scurfy, at hast beneath or on the pelwlrs.

Murtunuru, Mart. Lvs. 9-12 ft. long; segments lanceo-
late, somewhat falcate, rich green above, silvery beneath :
sts, 12-1.") ft. hiuh. (U-iiselv covered with stout, black
spines i; in. long: BrazU. i.H.22:213.

arg^nteum, Hort. Petioles and under surface of the
lvs. covered with silvery white scurf ; lvs. arching,
wedge-shaped, 2-lobed, distinctly plicate, bright green
above ; petioles with numerous dark, spreading spines
1 in. long. Colombia. P.R. 3 : 569.

KUare, Hort. Small, slender : lvs. erect, narrowly cu-
neate, with 2 divergent lobes, inversely sagittate ;
petioles densely scurfy ; rachis scurfy on both sides ;
spines numerous on the petioles and rachis, and on the
principal nerves above ; brown. Colombia.

AA. Lfs. not scurfy.

Ayri, Mart. Trunks 18-30 ft. high, 8-12 in. in diara.,
usually cEBspitose : lvs. 15 ft. long, equally pinnatisect
to the apex ; petiole piano-compressed, membranaceous
on the margins, densely scaly and with scattered spines;
lower segments over 3 ft. long. P4-2 in. wide, 2 in.
apart, the upper ones 2-233 ft- long, 1 in. wide. IMin.
apart, conduplicate at the base, linear, long attenuate,
pointed, minutely and remotely spiny along the margins,
white-tomentose below. Braz.

Mezic&nuin, Liebm. St. 4-6 ft. high, cylindrical,
thickly covered with rings of black, straight, ancipital
spines : petiole 2 ft. long, 4-sided, the 2 upper sides
concave, clothed (as is the rachis) with straight black
spines ; blade 6 ft.; segments 15-18 In. long, 1 in. wide,
alternate, broadly linear, acute, straight, white beneath,
with deciduous black spines along the margins. JMex.
A. Granatinse, Hort., is an unidentifled trade name.
Jaeed G. Smith and G. W. Olivek.

ASTEOPHtTTIM. See Echinocactus.

ASYSTASIA (obscure name). Including ffeiifreya
and Mackuya. AcanthAcece. Twenty to 30 herbs or
shrubs of the Old World tropics. Corolla tube straight
or curved, the spreading limb 5-lobed and nearly or
quite regulsfr : stamens 4, unequal : stigma blunt or
minutely 2-lobed : lvs. thiu, entire : fls. white, blue or
purple, in axillary orterminal clusters, often very showy.
General treatment of Justicia, in intermediate or warm-
houses.

ATRIPLEX 117

b«la, Benth. & Hook. {MackAya Mlla, Harvey).
Glabrous, upright subshrub : lvs. ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, spreading, short-stalked, sinuate-toothed : fls. li-
lac, 2 in. long, with a long tube below the flaring throat,
the spreading segments ovate-obtuse, disposed on one
side of a raceme 5-8 in. long. S. Afr. B.M. 5797.-A
beautiful plant, rarely seen, and thought to be difficult
to manage ; but it seems to flower readily in fall in our
climate, if rested during the previous winter and
brought on in the summer. Prop, by cuttings of firm
wood in spring or summer. Young plants in small pots
often bloom well.

; 125. F.S. 2: llO.-A.scdndeHS, Liudl. (Henfreya scan-
dens, Lindl.). Climbing: lvs. obovate to ovate, thick, entire :
fls. large, yellow, white ami blush, in a thyrse. Afr. B.M, 4449.
B.E. 33:31. F.S. 3:231. L H B

ATAMASCO lily. See Zephyranthes.

ATHANASIA, Consult Lonas.

ATH^EIUM, See Asplenium.

ATEAGENE. See Clematis.

ATEAPHAXIS (ancient Greek name). Polygondcece. ,
Low shrubs : lvs. alternate or fasciculate, deciduous :
fls. small, apetalous, in few-fld. axillary clusters, form-
ing terminal racemes ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens G-S : fr. a
small akene, enclosed by the enlarged inner sepals.
Summer. About 18 species in central and western Asia,
Greece, and N. Afr. Low shrubs of spreading habit,
with usually small lvs., attractive with their numerous
racemes of white or rose-colored fls., which remain un-
changed for a long time, owing to the persistent calyx.
They grow best in well-drained soil and sunny situations,
but do not stand transplanting well when older. Prop,
by seeds sown in spring ; the seedlings are liable to rot
if kept too moist, or in damp air. Increased, also, by
greenwood cuttings under glass in early summer, and by
layers.

A. buxifblia, Jaub. & Spach. (Polygonum erispulum, Sims).
Height 1-2 ft., spMieles'. : lvs. obovate, crenate, dark green,
3^-1 in. Ions: ■ rT'<-fH'^ ^)v-rt Tr.nnscaucasia, Turkestan. B.M.
1065.— il. frill, -. k.' h \ l:inceolata, Meissn.). Height
1-2 ft., spiih I iiiceolate, glauceacent, 3-3-I in.

long : ra.-pHii ' Turkest., Siberia. L.B.C. 5:489.

B.R. 3:2.>4 - 1 • ■ f k I iiHi- (A. Muschketowi, Krassn.).
Erect, 2-3 tt., .-.piii^l. ^s . 1. > l.uieeolate, crenate. %-2 in. long:
fls. white, in compact r.-wemH- Turkest. B.M. 7435 Gt. 40:1344.
—A. spinbsa, hiwa. Height 1-2 It., spiny : lvs. elliptic, entire,
glaiioescent, 3i->2 in, long: racemes short. S. Russia, Urient,
^'^'■^'^- Alfred Rehder.

ATEIFLEX (derivation disputed). Chenopodi&ceoe.
A large genus containing many succulent weeds of des-
ert regions. A. hortensis is a garden vegetable used like
spinach ; for culture, see Orach. A. leptocarpa and A.
semibaccata are two plants lately introduced as supple-
mentary forage plants for arid regions. See Circular
No. 3, Div. of Agrost., U. S. Dept. Agric.
A, Garden vegetable {with ornamental-lvd. variety).
hortensis, Linn. Orach. Sea Purslane. Annual :
stem herbaceous, erect : lvs. hastate, cordate, or trian-
gular-oblong, acute, 4-5 in. long, 2K-3 in. wide ; petioles
12-18 lines long : fruiting bracts 4-8 lines long, short-
pediceled. Var. atro-sanguinea, Hort., is a crimson-
leaved ornamental about 4 ft. high, sometimes grown
with amarantus-like plants.

AA. Ornamental shrubs.

canfescens, James. A pale, densely scurfy shrub, 1-3 ft.

high : lvs. oblanceolate. entire : fruiting bractlets with

4 vertical, reticulated wings. July-Sept. N. Mex. to S.

Dak. and W. to Calif.

Hilimus, Linn. Low-spreading shrub with grey foli-
age, cult, in Calif, for hedges and for seaside planting:
lvs. 1-lK in. long : petioles 3^ lines long : fls. purplish :
fruiting bracts 1% lines long, 2 lines wide, sessile, reni-
form, obtuse, entire : seed compressed, yellowish.
Mediterranean region and S. Afr. -^y ]yi_

118 ATROPA

ATKOFA ia,iter Atropos. that one of the three Fates
■who cut the thread of lifel. Holanilced. Belladonna.
Calyx with 5 ovate leafy divisions, enlarging in fruit ;
■iorolla bell-shaped or funnel form. The purple ber-
ries are poisonous. The plant is used in medicine.

Belladdnna, Linn. Plant low, spreading: Ivs. ovate,
entire, pointed: fls. single or in pairs, nodding on lateral
peduncles; corolla dull purple. Eu. to India.

ATTALfiA (aftalus, magnificent). Palm&cece, tribe
Cocoinece. Spineless palms, with a single, thickish
ringed or scarred caudex: Ivs. arising almost perpen-
dicular and the upper part arched, piunately cut,
linear - lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins re-
curved at the base; petiole concave above: Hs. yellow:
fr. rather large. Species 20. Trop. Amer. The leaflets
on the lower side of the rachis hang straight down, and
those on the upper side point straight up. The Attaleas
are unprofitable to grow as commercial decorative
plants, because they take too long to make good sized
plants from the seedling state. Perfect drainage, and
a soil having a mixture of leaf-mold or peat, with a tem-
perature ranging from 60° to 80° F., will be found to
suit them. Put the seeds about 2 in. deep in a box and
sink the box in a warm border out of doors in summer,
•cover with a mulch of moss, and water frequently.

A. Trunks becoming tall.

exofilsa, Mart. St. 90-100 ft. high in the wild, 16-20 in.
in diam. : Ivs. erect-spreading: pistillate tls. solitary on
the branches of the spadix: drupe obovate. Braz.

funifera. Mart. St. 18-30 ft., 8-13 in. diam., smooth:
Ivs. as long as the caudex; petioles with very long hang-
ing fibers ; segments broadly linear-acuminate, in clus-
ters of 3-5, divaricate: drupe i in. long- Braz.

Cohiine, Mart. St. 40-50 ft. : Ivs. erect, pinnate, the
dark green pinnae 30-50 and 18 in. or less long; petiole
flat above and rounded below: drupe broadly ovate,
nearly 3 in. long, with a very short beak. Honduras.—
Fruit used for soap-raaking, and exported from Cent.
Amer. for that purpose. Used for thatching.
AA. ITithout trioiJcs.

spectdbilis. Mart. Stemless, or with a very short cau-
dex: Ivs. 18-21 ft. long, the lower segments 3-4 ft., the
upper 12-16 in., }4 in. wide, linear-acuminate. Braz.

amygdallna, HBE. {A. niiclfera, Karst.). Stemless :
Ivs., 5-6 ft. loug, crowded, pinnatisect; segments 90-100
on each side, ensiforni, glabrous above, with hairs along
the outer margins beneath, 2-J^-27'3 ft. long, about IJ^in,
wide ; petiole with rusty scales beneath. Braz.

A. Guichire is a trade name: "extremely long-leaved."— 4.
Mdripa, Mart. (A. Mariposa, Hort.) See Maximiliana.

Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oli^-er.

AUBKIfiTIA (Claude Aubriet, French natural history
painter of last century). Vriiciferce. Perennial, more
or less evergreen trailers, excellent for rockwork or edg-
ings. Prop, by seeds, or by layers or cuttings. The genus
is distinguished chiefly by the outer sepals being saccate
at base, the shorter filaments toothed, and the valves of
the sUique convex and not ribbed. Italy to Persia.

deltoldea, DC. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, deltoid or rhom-
boid, with 1 or 2 teeth on either side, grayish, narrowed
into a very short petiole : fls. in few-fld., lax clusters,
the violet or purple petals twice the length of the calyx.
— Grows 2-12 in. high. Pretty spring bloomer. Hardy
in the north. Var. BougainvIUei, Hort. Fls. light vio-
let : dwarf and compact. Var. C&mpbelli, Hort. Fls.
large, purple : plant large. Var. E^ei, Hort. Fls.
large and long, deep violet. Var. Grsca, Hort. Dwarf
and compact, large-fld. One of the best. Var. H^nder-
soni, Hort., probably the same as Campbelli. Var.
lelohtlini, Hort. Profuse bloomer, pink fls. Var.
Olympica, Hort. Fls. large, violet, like var. Eyrei.
Var. vioUcea, Hort. One of the largest forms.

L. H. B.

AUCOB A (its Japanese name). Corndcea. One ever-
green shrub, with glossy, often variegated lvs., enduring
smoke and dust: fls. small, dioecious. 4-merous, in pani-
cles: fr. a 1 -seeded drupe. Hardy S. In the N. states, Au-

AURICULA

cubus are grown in coolhouses— those adapted to azaleas
are pxrellcnt — and they are kept evergreen by keeping
them ill a i.ir during winter, or by holding them cool and
partially dry in the house. They will stand 5 or 6 de-
grees ,,1; tin-t in :i jiit. From cuttings of half-ripened
woeiii, ^njud >iie<-iiiien plants may be had in 2 or 3 years.
Fruiting plants, with their numerous bright scarlet ber-
ries, are exceedingly attractive, but as the plant is
dioecious, there must he male plants with the female
ones. If grown in pots and under glass, the plant must
be fertilized by shaking the flowering male plant over
the female, or by applying the pollen with a camel's
hair pencil. If the male plant flowers earlier, the pollen
may be collected and kept dry until the female plant is
in flower ; it remains etJective for some weeks. In the
open, Aucuba grows well in any good. -,„,,, what inMist
though well-drained soil, in a half-sireli d |">siriiin. In
pots, it will thrive in a sandy loam wiih suni.jem ilrain-
age, and requires plenty of water duiinj^ its ^auwiug
period. Fruiting plants should not have too large pots.
Prop, very easily by half-ripened greenwood cuttings at
nearly any time of the year, under glass, and by seeds
sown soon after maturity ; the varieties are sometimes
grafted on the common form in early spring, under glass.

Japdnica, Thunb. Shrub, 4-15 ft.: fls. usually ovate,
3-8 in. long, remotely and coarsely dentate, acuminate,
shining : berries scarlet, rarely white orvellow, usually
oblong. From Himal. to Jap. B.M. 5512'. I.H. 11 : 399.
Var. Himaiaica, Dipp. (A. HimalAica, Hook. & Thom.).
Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, more dentate : panicles more
pilose: fr. orange to scarlet. Himal. F.S. 12:1271. I.H.
6:197. — There are many garden forms, mostly with
variegated lvs.. which are more cultivated than the
green forms. Handsome variegated varieties are : albo-
varieg&ta, atlrea, atireo-macul4ta (Flor. Mag. 10:527.
Flor. World 1876:353), bicolor, latimactdata, lim-
bita, medio-variegAta, picturata, punctata, varieg4ta
(B..M. Il;i7. F..M. .'i:-J77). I'he f.dl.nvin- furms have
green lvs.: angustiiolia, dentata. macrophylla, ovita,

salicifblia, pygmaea. .1. mniiiidni. i e offered in

Amer. trade, is probably a form of A. Jnpoiiica.

Alfred Rehder.

AUDIBfiBTIA (if. Audibert, of Tarascon, Provence).
LaliiittiF. Perennial, hoary, aromatic herbs from Calif.,

■ith 1

ike 1

grandifUra, Benth. St. villous, glandular, 1-3 ft.
high : Ivs. woolly beneath ; lower lvs. hastate, obtuse,
3-8 in. long, coarse ; bracts crowded, conspicuous : fls.
1-154 in. loug, red or crimson-purple, in dense, showy
glomes or clusters. — Prized for bees.

AUBlCULA (Primula Auricula, Linn.). Fig. 171. A
European perennial, sending up short scapes, bearing
fls. of many colors. It is one of the most famous of
florists' flowers, but it has never received the attention
in this country that it has in Europe. Our summers are

generally too hot for it. In this nit i \ L^.n. rally treated

as a greenhouse plant ; but ii ! in the Old

World is grown largely in fra I ^ ;■ ,,/„_

Auriculas may be propagate, 1 i,, .. , ; j nmil pur-

poses and for the production ui n- .. ■ -, Imt to

perpetuate very choice varieties, it is le i i r .pa-

gate either by offsets or division of t' i ^ ^.eil
should be sown in shallow pans or 4 1 , ' in

March, so that the seedlings will be ^\ell •{■ ■ Ilj.. d Iie-
fore very warm weather sets in. The soil used in the
seed pans should be very light and sandy, the surface
should be made smooth,and the seeds thenpressed lightly
into the soil, after which a light covering of sand should
be given, and the pans placed in a temp, of 60° until they
have germinated, which usually takes from three to four
weeks ; they should then be removed to a light position,
shaded from direct sunlight, in a rather lower tempera-
ture, to induce a stocky growth. As soon as the seedlings
are large enough to handle conveniently, they should be
pricked off into other pans or shallow boxes containing
a mixture of three parts leaf -mold and one part sifted
loam and clean silver sand. Watering should be care-
fully attended to, and everything done to promote active
growth, so that, if possible, the plants may be large
enough to require a second shift into other boxes, simi-
larly prepared, by the end of June. Auricula seedlings

AURICULA

go through the hottest months much better in boxes than
in pots, as they can be kept more evenly moist. For their
summer quarters, a wooden frame placed on sifted coal
ashes on the north side of a building or wall, or almost
any position where they will be sheltered from the sun
and still receive plenty of light, should be given them.
The frame should be provided with sash, which should
be kept over the plants most of the time, giving air in
abundance in favorable weather, and during the warmest
weather the whole frame

(XK)

ihould be raised by placing

young plants should be

potted, using a compost of

two parts good, fibrous

loam, one part leaf-mold,

and one part well decayed

cow or sheep manure, with

a little sand added. The

frame should be kept a

little close for a few days

after potting, and from

this time care must be

^ taken not to wet the foli-

A ^-fip age in watering. The

f^ (' ^ plants may remain in

^^-^ J the frame until dan-

r ^'' ger of freezing, when

tliev should be trans-

All decaying leaves
should be carefully
removed, and but lit-
tle water will be re-
quired during the
dull winter months.
Towards the end of February the plants will show signs
of flowering, when they should be given a top-dressing
of pulverized sheep manure and placed in a light, airy
position, in a temp, of 55°. The flowering season lasts
about two months, after which the plants should receive
their annual potting. All diseased or decayed roots
should be cut away, and most of the old soil carefully
removed. The propagation of very choice varieties by
offsets or division is best done at "this time. The pots
used in potting should bo wfll drniiicd, and no larger
than will .iust accommoilat.- tlir plniits. The soil best
suited is the same as bi-f.in- r.r.,inni.ii.b-il. After pot-
ting they may be placcil in tipir ,-uiiiiiier quarters.
Offsets should'be inserted ruuud the vA'^r of 4-inch pots,
using very sandy soil, ami kept in a moist, shaded posi-
tion until' rooted. Bv annuallv repotting and giving a
little extra care during the summer months, a batch of
Auriculas will return very satisfactory results, and may
be kept in a good, healthy condition for several years.
Edward J. Caxnixg.
AVfiNA (classicalname). Gramlnea. Oats. Agenus
of annuals or perennials well known from the cultivated
oat. Panicles wide open, and loosely flowered, bearing
large 2-6-flowered spikelets. A long, twisted, geniculate
awn present, except in the cultivated oat. Species,
Mbout 50. Widely spread in the temperate regions of the
Old and New World.

fitua, Linn. Wild-oats. Sand-oats. Resembles the
cultivated oat; can be distinguished by the larger spike-
lets and long, brown hairs on the flowering glume. Awn
an inch in length. Eu. — A very troublesome weed in
some parts. Not cult.

stfirilis, Linn. Animated Oats. Much larger than the
cultivated oat : spikelets large, in a drooping panicle ;
awn very long and geniculate. Mediterranean region
and E.— Occasionally cult, for the odd behavior of the
"seeds." It is the twisting and untwisting of this awn,
when exposed to moisture and dryness, that has given
to the grass the name Animated Oats. The untwisting of
the awn causes the spikelet to tumble about in various
directions, suggestive of independent motion.

The common oat is Avma sativa. Linn., native of the Old
World. Pasture grasses sold as Avenas are ^. elatior, which is
an Arrhenantheinini ; and A. flavesvens, which is a Trisetum.
P. B. Kennedy.

AVEEEHOA (after Averrhoes. the Arabian physi-
cian). Gerani&ce.a'. Tropical fruit trees, cult, in India
and China, and sometimes grown under glass for orna-
ment. L\s. altrriiutf. M(M-i'inii;tii -, Ifts. alternate, ovate-
acuiiiiiiat.'. i-utii-,. stalknl. ^,n-itiv.- : fls. borne on the
naknl -tciii^ aii.l liranrlir-. niiiiui.-. fragrant, rose-colored
toreddisli purph'. rarcincsf ; calyx ri-d; corolla campanu-
late ; petals 5.

Carambola, Linn. Carambola. Height 15-20 ft. : Ifts.
4-5 pairs : fls. rosy purple : fr. varying in size from a
hen's egg to a large orange, ovate, acutely 5-angled, yel-
low, fragrant, the pulp acid. The half -grown fr. used as
pickles ; the ripe fr. for preserves. Said to produce 3
crops a year. P.M. 15:231. Cult, sparingly in S. Calif.

A. BiUrnbi, Linn. Cucumber Tree. Bilimbi. Height 8-1.5
ft.: Ifts. 5-10 pairs : fls. red. in longer racemes than the above :
fr. smaller than the Carambola, cucumber-shaped, smooth,
green rind, and acid pulp. Extensively cult, in S. Amer. P.M.
15:231.

AVOCADO, ALLI6AT0E PEAB. See Persea.

AZALEA (from Greek azaleas, dry : Linnrous be-
lieved them to grow in dry locations). ilricAcem.
Shrubs : Ivs. deciduous or persistent, alternate, more
or less nairy and ciliate, rarely glabrous and never lepi-
dote or scurfy : fls. in terminal umbellate racemes,
rarely lateral; corolla 5-lobed, funnel-form, campanulate
or rotate ; stamens 5-10 ; ovary 5-celled, hairy or se-
tose, with or without glands : fr. a loculicidal capsule
(Fig. 172), with numerous minute seeds. This genus is
often united with Rhododendron, which is easier to dis-
tinguish by its Ivs. and general habit than by its fls. In
Rhododendron, the Ivs. are coriaceous, generally per-
sistent, usually revolute at the margin, glabrous or to-
mentose beneath, often lepidote, not ciliate, or ciliate
and lepidote : stamens usually 10 : ovary glabrous,
glandular, lepidote or tomentose, never setose, some-
times more than 5-celled. The glabrous species of
Azalea have 5 stamens and deciduous Ivs. There are 35
species in Asia (especially E. Asia) and N. Amer. Con-
sult Maximowicz, Rhododendreffi Asije Orientalis, St.
Petersburg, 1870. The Azaleas belong to our most orna-
mental and beautiful flowering shrubs, and are often
completely covered with large showy fls. of brilliant and
various colors. They grow best in peaty or sandy soil
containing no limestone, and prefer somewhat moist and
half-shaded situations. In regard to the culture, they
may be divided into two groups : Hardy deciduous
Azaleas, and Indian Azaleas.

Hardy Deciduous Azaleas.— These include the spe-
cies of the sections Euazalea and Rhodora, and the hy-
brids known as Ghent Azaleas. They are hardy, but in
the N. and in exposed situations a protection with brush,
hay or mats should be given during the wmter, to pre-
vent the flower-buds from sudden changes of tempera-
ture. They are usually increased by seeds sown in early
spring in frames or pans, in sandy peat, without cover-
ing, and kept moist and shady. When the seedlings ap-
pear they should have air and a daily syringing. In au-
tumn they are transplanted into boxes or frames, in
sandy, peaty soil. The seeds germinate very readily
sown in cut sphagnum, but ought to be pricked into
boxes as soon as they can be handled. The second year
the seedlings should be planted out in beds, sufficiently
wide apart to allow a growth of two years. Long upright
branches should be shortened, to secure well-branched
plants. The named varieties are grafted on any of the
common species, usually by veneer-grafting in autumn
in the greenhouse, on potted stock. They may also be
increased by cuttings of mature wood 2-3 in. long, taken
with a heel late in summer, and placed in sand under
glass. Layers usually require 2 years to root sufficiently ;
they are made in spring, and the buried part enclosed in
moss. Azaleas are easy to transplant, either in early
spring or in early autumn, when the year's growth
has ripened. If desired, they may be planted for deco-
rative purposes in early spring, in beds, without injuring
the abundance or brilliancy of the flower, and after-

120 AZALEA

wards removed to give space for other decorative plants,
and planted carefully in nursery beds, where they remain
till next spring ; and so on e%-ery year. Especially the
hybrids and varieties of A. mollis are often and easily
forced for winter-flowering. If intended for early forc-
ing, they should be grown in pots, and care taken to
allow them to finish their growth as early as possible ;
for later forcing, after Christmas, they may be potted in
fall, or even just before bringing them into the forcing-
house. With a temperature of 50-55° at night, they will
bloom in about 6 weeks. The Ghent Azaleas are grown
in great quantifies in the Low Countries and in Germany
lor export to America ; it is usually more profitable to
buy this stock each fall than to attempt to raise it here,
where labor is high-priced and the climate dry and hot.

In the open, the flowerin- i" r; d ..f lianly Azaleas ex-
tends fromApriltoJuly. 1 : . ! . I r,, ,1(1 dens is, A.
rhomhica and A. i'aseyi : i ■ i , ' ^ and A . •mol-

lis, follovred hj A. PoHiir,! ;;iiil A . ' • , inlulacea, and
nearly at the same time A. .Schuppetibachi and A.
Albrechti ; somewhat later, A.occidenlalis, and last, A.
arborescens and A. viscosa. One of the most beauti-
ful is the American A. calendiilacea, which is hardly
surpassed in the brilliancy and abundance of its flowers
by any of the Ghent hybrids. Some good hybrids, or
Ghent Azaleas, are the following :

Single-fld. varieties : Albicans, white with yellow
blotch, fragrant ; Admiral de Ruyter, deep red scarlet ;
Altaclarensis, white, bordered pink, spotted yellow,
fragrant, B.R. 28:27 ; Anthony Foster, orange-yellow ;
Comte de Gomer, bright rose, spotted orange, R.B.
1:97 ; Daviesi, nearly pure white, fragrant, Gt. 42:1307;
Directeur Charles Baumann, cherry red, spotted yellow;
G^ant des Batailles, deep crimson ; Hilda, red-orange ;
Louis Hellebuyck, carmine, blotched orange, F.S. 19:
2019; MarieVerschaffelt, pink, blotched yellow; Morteri,
rosy pink with yollow blotch, S.B.F.G. II. 1: 10 ; Prin-

Tsatine, l.i i-ht i.ink. I(. P.. 2n : ■_'::; Van Dyck, blood-red;
Viscosa ll.iril.iiii.h,, i.iiM- wl.ii.'. fragrant.

Douhle-lM. vurietic.-s : Arcthu-ia, creamy white, tinged
yellow ; Bijou de Gandbrugge, white, bordered rose,
F.S. 19: 202i ; Louis Airad Van Houtte, carmine, tinged
orange, F.S. 19: 2022 ; Madame Mina Van Houtte, pink,
tinged salmon and white, F.S. 19:2021 ; Murillo, pink,
tinged purple, R.B. 19:232 ; Phebe, yellow, tinged or-
ange, R.B. 19:232; Raphael deSmet, pink; Virgile, pale
rose, striped yellow in the center, R.B. 19:232.

Indian Azaleas.— This group contains ^. /ntZica and
other species of the section Tsusia and the hybrids of
them. They are well kijowu evergreen shrubs, in the N.
requiring cultivation in the greenhouse during the win-
ter, but some varieties, as A. Indira, var. K(rmpfiiri and
var. amcena, are hardy even near New Tork. A. ros-
marinitolia and A. liiieiirifoliii will stand many de-
grees of frost in somewhat sheltered positions. They
are rarely increased by seeds, whiolimay be sown in the
greenhouse in the same way as with the former group.
Usually they are propagated by cuttins-s or grafting.
The cuttings root best when made in August from half-
ripened wood, and placed in sand under a frame, witlj
gentle bottom heat. Choicer varieties are usually in-
creased by veneer- or tongue-grafting, either in winter
or in.July andAug, on vigorous-growing varieties raised
mostly from cuttings. Grafting on Rhododendron is
now used in some German nurseries with very good re-
sults. The best soil for Azaleas, if grown in pots, is a
sandy compost of half peat and half leaf-soil, with an
addition of good fibrous loam. It is essential to plant
them firmly, and to give very good drainage. The base
of the stem should be just above the surface. The best
time for repotting is after flowering, when the new
growth commences. During the summer, they should be
kept in a coldframe or in the open in a sheltered spot,
with the pots plunged in the soil, or planted out in pre-
pared beds, where they make a very vigorous and
healthy growth. In Sept. they should be repotted and
transferred to the greenhouse. They must have plenty
of water and free syringing during the hot months.
The natural flowering time is from April to June, but in
the greenhouse. Azaleas may be had in flower from Nov.
till June. Against the red spider and thrips, from which
the Azaleas are liable to suffer if the air is too dry, free

the best remedy. Most of the

from Holland and Belgium ; and it is cheaper to buy
them than to attempt to raise them. Formerly Azaleas
were kept in summer in shade or partial shade, but now
it is the custom of the best growers to give them full
exposure to the sun, either planted out or in the pots
plunged to the rim in ashes or other good drainage ma-
terial ; in the latter case a top-dressing of 2 or 3 inches
of old cow manure is very beneficial. The only Ameri-
can treatise is Halliday's Treatise on the Propagation
and Cultivation of Azalea Indies, Baltimore, 1880.

Some of the best varieties of Indian Azaleas are the
following ( for a completer account, see August Van Geert,
Iconographie des AzaWes, abbreviated here as Ic. Az. ) :

Single-fld. : Antigone, white, striped and spotted vio-
let, R.B. 7:241; Ic.Az. 3: Apollo, vermilion, Ic Az. 20;
Charmer, rich amaranth, very large, F.M. 5:303-4, 1 ;
Comtesse de Beaufort, rich rose, blotched deep crim-
son ; Criterion, rich salmon-pink, bordered white and
blotched crimson, F.S. 8 : 79G ; Diamond, white, blotched
dark crim.son, F.S. 21:22.33-34 ; Due de Nassau, rich
rosy purple, very free and large; Eclatante, deep crim-
son, shaded rose ; Fanny Ivery, deep salmon-scarlet,
blotched magenta, F.M. 10: "42 ; Fielder's White, pure
white, early, A.F. 13:1169; Flambeau, rich, glowing
crimson, Gn. 10:242,4; Fuerstin Bariatinsky, wliite,
striped red, Gn. 16, 242, Ic.Az. 13 ; Jean Vervrone, sal-
mon, striped, bordered white, R. B. 2: 145, Ic. Az. 11;
John Gould Veitch, lilac rose, bordered and netted
white, striped crimson, F,S. 20:2071-72; La Vlctoire,
reddish, white towards the edges, spotted maroon crim-
son; Louise von Baden, pure white, sometimes speckled
pink ; F.S. 17: 1796, P.M. 3: 158 ; Madame Charles Van
Eeckhaute, pure white, with crisped edges ; Madame
Van Houtte, scarlet rose, bordered white, F.S. 23:2383,
Ic. Az. 5 ; Marquis of Lome, brilliant scarlet, very
fine ; Miss E. Jarret, pure white, with crisped edges,
R.B. 14: 213; Mrs. Turner, bright pink, bordered white,
spotted crimson, F.S. 8: 451; Mens. Thibaut, orange-red;
President Victor Van den Hecke, white striped and
speckled crimson, with yellow center, F.S. 15: 1567-68 ;
Princess Alice, pure white, one of the best ; Princesse
Clementine, white, spotted greenish yellow ; Reine des
Pays-Bas, rich violet-pink, bordered white, I.H. 13 : 479 ;
Roi de HoUande, dark blood-red, spotted black ; Sigis-
mund Rucker, rich rose, bordered white, blotched crim-
son, very showy, F.S. 19:2010-11, Ic.Az. 31; Stella,
orange-scarlet, tinged violet; Wilson Saunders, pur©
white, striped and blotched vivid red.

Double-fld.; Borsig, pure white; Alice, deep rose,
blotched vermilion, I.H. 23 :244 ; Baron M. de Rothschild,
rich purple-violet, large, F.S. 23: 2477-78 ; Bernard An-

Azalea nudiflora

dr^, dark violet-purple, large ; Bernard Andr^ alba,
white, I.H. 17:15, Ic. Az. 19; Charles Leirens. dark sal-
mon, blotched dark purple. good form and substance, F.S.
19:1971-72; Charles Pynaert, salmon, bordered white,
K.B. 10:25; Chicago, deep carmine, bordered white,
large ; Comtesse Eugenie de Kerchove, white, flaked red-
carmine; Deutsche Perle, pure white, early, R.H. 1886-

AZALEA

516, Gn 33 : 649, Ic. Az. 25 ; Dominique Verveene, bright
orange ; Dr. Moore, deep rose, shaded white and violet,
Tery tine, R. Br. 11:61; Empereur du Bresil, rich rose,
banded white, upper petals marked red, lo. Az. 15 ;
Francois de Vos, deep crimson, I.H. 14: 512, le. Az. 14,
F.M. 8:443; Imbricata, white, sometimes ilalsed rose,
I.H. 24:281, F.S. 22:2284-85; Imperatrice des Indes,
salmon-rose, festooned white and dark carmine, F.M.
18: 357, Ic. Az. 21 ; Johanna Gottschalk, white ; Louise
Fynaert, white, R. B. 4: 209 : Mme. Iris Lefebvre, dark
orange-carmine. shaded bright violet and blotched brown-
ish red, F.S. 18: 1862-63 ; Madame Van der Cruyssen,
pink, fine form, A.F. 12:1003 ; Madeleine, white, large,
semi-double ; Niobe, white, fine form ; Pharailde Ma-
Ailde.white, spotted cherry-red, R.B. 13:143; President
GhellinckdeWalle, brightrose, upperpetals spotted yel-
low and striped crimson ; President Oswald de Kerchove,
pink, bordered white, blotched carmine; Raphael, white;
Sakuntala, white, very free-flowering; Souv. du Prince
Albert, rich rose-peach, broadly margined white, very
free-flowering, F.M. 4:201, Ic. Az. 24; Theodore Rei-
mers, lilac, large ; Vervieneana, rose, bordered white,
sometimes striped salmon.

The following Azaleas are described below : A. alba,
No. 15 ; albiflora, 16 ; Albreohti, 12 ; amoena, 14; arbo-
rescens,2; balsaminwflora, \i; ea,lendulace&, 5; Cali-
fornica, 1 ; oalyciflora, 14 ; Canadensis, 9; cauescens, 4;
crispiflora, 14 ; crocea,5; Danielsiana, li ; flamraea, 5;
Gandavensis, 7 ; glauca, 3 ; hispida, 3 ; Indica, 14 ;
Ksmpferi, 14 ; lateritia, 14 ; ledifolia, 15 ; liUiflora, 15;
macrantha, 14 ; mollis, 8 ; narcissiflora, 15 ; nitida, 3 ;
nudiflora, 4 ; obtusa, 14 ; occidentalis, I ; Pontica, 6 ;
punicea, 15 ; purpurea, 15; rhombica, 10; Hollissotii, 14;
rosiflora, 14 ; rosmarinifolia, 15 ; Schlippenbachi, 13 ;
Simsi, 14 ; Sinensis, 8 ; speciosa, 5 ; Vaseyi, 11 ; vis-
cosa, 3.

A. Fls. in terminal l-many-fld. clusters.
B. Lvs. and fls. from different buds: tointer-buds ivilh

many scales : lvs. deciduous.

c. Corolla with rather long tube and usually acute

seifment.i, pubescent or hairy outside: stamens S:

Irs. ciliitte. (Euazalea.)

D. stamens as long as or longer than the limb : tube

long and narroir, outside glandular.

E. ("'■./")■ ('■//'.'' , !'■ "'•' <"■ rose.

1. occident4Iis. l . .v < : inn.dodhidron occidcn-
id(e. Gray. A.i . Ilii). Height 2-6 ft.:
branchlets glabrous m- |.ii:h -ci m : lvs. obovate-oblong,
finely ciliate, slightly pul.escfut beneath when young :
corolla 2-2K in. long, white or slightly tinged rose, with
yellow on the upper lobe, fragrant. May, June. Calif.
B.M. 5005. F.S. 14:1432. Gn. 34:673.

2. arhor6scen3, Pursh (Shododhidron arbor^scens,
Torr. ). Prom 8-20 ft. : branchlets nearly glabrous : lvs.
obovate or obovate-oblong, acute, ciliate, glabrous, green
or glaucescent beneath : fls. white or tinged rose, 2 in.
long, fragrant ; style and stamens red. June, July.
Allegh. Mts. G.F. 1:401. L. B.C. 17:1632, as ^. reWi-
cilUita.

3. viscdsa, Linn. {lihododhidron viscdsum, Torr.).
From 4-8 ft. : winter-buds glabrous : branchlets with
stiff hairs : lvs. obovate-oblong, obtuse or mucronulate,
ciliate, bristly hairy on the veins beneath : fls. white or
tinged rose, 114-2 in. long, viscid outside, fragrant ;
style red. June, July. E. N. Amer. Em. 2:438. Var.
nitida, Nichols. From 1-3 ft.: lvs. oblanceolate, bright
green on both sides : corolla tinged red. B.R. 5:414.
Var. glailca, Ait. Lvs. whitish -glaucous beneath, dull
and glaucous above. L. B.C. 16: 1518. Var. hispida, Britt.
{A. hispida. Pursh). Pedicels bristly hispid : fls. usu-
ally pink : lvs. glaucescent beneath. L.B.C. 5: 441.

4. nudiiWra, Linn. (A. li'itea, Linn. B. nudiflorum,
Torr.). Figs. 172, 173. Height 2-6 ft.: winter-buds
more or less pubescent : branchlets pubescent and often
with stiff hairs : lvs. oblong or obovate, hairy on the
midrib or pubescent beneath : fls. pink to nearly white,
before or with the lvs., about 1]4 in. broad, pubescent
outside. Apr., May. E. N. Amer. B.R. 120. L.B.C.
1:51. G.W.F. 36. Mn. 2:17. Var. canescens, Rehder
(A. eaniscens, Michx.). Lvs. tonientose or pubescent
beneath, usually elliptic : fls. glandular outside.

AZALEA 121

EE. Color yellow to flame-red.

5. calendulacea, Michx. (i?. calendulUceum, Torr.).
From 4-10 ft. : branchlets glabrous or with stiff hairs :
lvs. obovate or ovate, usually pubescent beneath, serru-
late-ciliate : fls. orange-yellow or flame-red, often 2 in.
broad, with the lvs., nearly scentless ; tube usually
shorter than the limb ; stamens thickened at the middle.
May, June. E. N. Amer. Var. fl4mmea, Michx. (A.
specidsa,WiUd.). Fls. flame- or orange-red. B.R. 145.
L.B.C. 7:624. B.M. 180. Var. crdcea, Michx. Fls. yel-
low or orange-yellow. B.M. 1721. L.B.C. 14:1324. -One
of the most showy species.

6. P6ntica, Liun. (E. fldviiin, Don). Plant 2-6 ft.:
branchlets hairy: pedicels and petioles glandular : lvs.
cuneate, oblong, usually hairy on both sides when young,
2-4 in. long : fls. yellow, 2-2}^ in. broad, very fragrant ;
stamens as long as the limb. May. Orient, Caucasus.
B.M. 433; 2383 (var. albiflora).— A very fragrant and
free-flowering species, not common in cult. Nearly all
varieties referred to this species in nursery catalogues
are hybrids, for which the collective name A. Ganda-
vensis may be used.

7. Gandavensis, Hort. Ghent Azaleas. Fig. 174.
These are hybrids between A . Pontica , and the American

I -^

174 Ghent azalea— A Gandavensis

lit. tha

the

species, and A. Sinensis, now more
typical species. Of a number of them the parents are
easily recognized, but many are hybrids of the second
degree or more, and it is impossible to be sure about
their parentage. They vary in all shades of white, yel-
low, orange, pink, carmine, lilac, and red, with single
and double fls., and also in the time of flowering, from
May to July. A short selection of some good varieties
has already been given.

DD. Stamens shorter than the limb: corolla funnel-
form-campanulate, outside pubescent, not glan-
dular.
8. Sinensis, Lodd. (A. mdllis, Blume. E. Sinense,
Sweet). From 3-8 ft.: branches hairy ; lvs. oblong or
obovate-oblong, 2-1 in. long, appressed-setose above,
glaucescent beneath and nearly glabrous except on the
midrib, rarely pubescent : fls. 2-2J^ in. broad, yellow,
orange or pink. April, Mav. China, Japan. F.S. 19:
2032-36. Gn. 46, p. 265, 546. B.R. 15:1253. L.B.C. 9:885

122 AZALEA

Gt. 16:556. Gng. 4:279.— A valuable species, with large
but scentless fls. A large number of varieties and hy-
brids has been raised, which are well adapted for forcing
purposes and also for groups in the open, being as hardy
as the American species. See Rhododendron for picture.
CO. Corolla with very xhort tnlie, rotate-campatiulale
or two-lipped, ghthrous oitttiide : segments ob-
tuse: stamens 7-10. (Jfhodora.t
D. Jjimb of corolla S-lipped, not spotted, the two

lower segments divided neurlij to the base : fls,

before the h's.

9. Canadensis, O. Ktze. {Shoddra Canadinsis, Linn.
Bhododlndron Ehodbra, Don). From 1-3 ft.: Its. oval,
obtuse and mucronulate, glaucous and slightly pubes-
cent beneath : fls. 5-7, on very short pedicels 1-VA in.
broad, rose-purple ; segments narrow, the lower ones
revolute : stamens 10. Apr.. May. E. N. Amer. : New-
foundland to Pa. Em. 2:411. B.M. 474.

10. rhbmbica, O. Ktze. (Rhododhidron rhdmbicum,
Miq.). Shr-jb, 3-8 ft. : Ivs. rhombic-elliptic, acute at botb
ends and sparsely hairy above, yellowish pubescent at
the nerves beneath : Hs. 2-3 ; corolla lK-2 in. broad,
somewhat campanulate, bright rose-colored, segments
oblong; stamens 10. Apr., May. Japan. B.M. 6972. Gt.
17:586; G.C. III. 20: 38.

DD. Limb of corolla rotate-campunttlate, or slightli/
H-lipped, divided usually till below the middle :
upper lobes spotted.

11. V4seyi, Rehder (Rhododendron VAseyi, Gray).
From 5-15 ft. high ; branchlets without bristles : Ivs.
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparsely hirsute :
fls. before or with the Ivs.; corolla slightly 2-lipped,
lower lobes widely spreading; stamens 7, rarely 5. Apr.,
May. N. Car. G.F. 1:377. G.C. III. 20: 71. -Excellent.

12. Albrechti, O. Ktze. (Rhododendron Albrechti,
Maxim.). From 2-5 ft.: branchlets glandular-pilose:
Ivs. obovate or elliptic, acute, 3-5 in. long, appressed-
pilose above, pubescent along the veins beneath : fls.
purple, with the Ivs. 2 in. broad ; stamens 10. Japan.

13. Schlippenbaclli, O. Ktze. (Rhododendron Schlip-
peHdof/ii, Maxim. ). Three to 5 ft.: branchlets glandu-
lar-pilose : Ivs. cuneate, broadly obovate, 2-5 in. long,
rounded and mucronate at the apex, hirsute on both
sides or glabrous at length : fls. with the Ivs., 2-3 in.
broad, pale rose-colored, upper lobes spotted reddish
brown : stamens 10. May. Japan. B.M. 7373. Gn.
46:972. G.C. III. 19: 561.

BB. Zvs. and fls, from the same terminal bud: winter
buds with i-4 scales of nearly equal length :
corolla glabrous outside: Ivs. usually persistent.
(Tsu.<!ia.)

14. tndica, Linn. (Rhododendron Indicum, Sweet).
Figs. 175, 176. From
1-8 ft.: branchlets,
Ivs. and pedicels more
or less rufously ap-
pressed-strigose: Ivs.
lanceolate or obo-
vate: fls. 1-3; calyx

r > densely setose, not

.^3 glandular, with usu-

v:

.•f^<wii** upper segments spot-

*' ted ; stamens 5-10.

\ China, Jap. Gn. 50,

_fi>-^f ^if p. 192; 54. p. 487.

\,^. R.B. 20:121: 21:85;

^"^-—'^ ,, 23:37. A.G. 14:473.

^w, », ■/ Gng. 4: 359. F. E.

^•W 9:431. F.R. 2:579.—

^^ This is a very vari-

able and much-cul-
tivated species, and
varieties are often described as species.
(1) Lvs. lanceolate or elliptic, acute, SS in. long, dull
above and rufously strigose: shrubs, iS ft.
high, somewhat loosely branched.
Var. Keempferi, Rehder. Lvs. deciduous, only a few
small ones below the fl.-buds persisting till spring,

175. Azalea Indica (X 14).

AZALEA

elliptic, bright green: fls. 2-3, with or before the lvs.;
calyx-lobes oval, rounded ; corolla 1-2 in. broad, pink
or orange-red: stamens 5, with yellow anthers. Apr.,
May. Jap. — This is the hardiest variety ; hardy even
in New Eng.

Var. Simsi, Rehder (A. Indica, Sims, not Linn.).
Lvs. persistent, dark green, lanceolate : fls. 1-3, rose-

176. Double-flowered Azalea Indica (X %).

colored or carmine ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; stamens
10, with purple anthers. May, June. China. B.M.
1480. L.B.C. 3:275.
2) Lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse, rarely
acute ; %-3 in. long, less strigose, and usually
shining above : low, much-branched shrubs.

Var. macretntha, Reichb. (.4. macm'nfAa, Bunge. A,
DanielsiAna, Paxt.). Lvs. coriaceous, dark green,
shining, obovate or oval : fls. usually single, 3-3 in.
broad, pink or purplish pink ; stamens 5-10. usually
enclosed. May, June. China. P.M.I: 129. S.B.F.G.II.
3: 261. -From this variety nearly all of the beautiful
garden forms of the Indian Azaleas have originated by
cross-breeding with other varieties and forms of j4.
Indica introduced from Japanese and Chinese gardens,
and by hybridizing, especially with A, rosmarinifdlia.
To this variety may be referred the following re-
markable forms : Var. crispifI6ra, Van Houtte. Fls.
large, rose-colored, with distinctly crisped segments.
F.S. 9:887. B.M. 4726. Var. laterltia, Lindl. Lvs.
oblong-lanceolate : fls. salmon or brick-red. B.R. 1700.

Var. rosifldra, Rehder (A, rosiflbra, Flor. Mag. A.
balsatninwfldra, Carr. A, Rdllissoni, Hort.j.Lvs. ob-
long-lanceolate: fls. salmon-red, very double, with im-
bricated, oblong segments, resembling the blooms of a
caraellia-fld. balsam. F.M. 19:418. Gn. 18:249.
R.H. 1882:432.

Var. obtisa, Rehder (A. obtusa, Lindl.). Lvs. obo-
vate or ovate, obtuse : fls. 1-3, pink or orange-red ;
corolla 1-1}^ in. broad, lobes oval-oblong ; stamens 5,
exserted, anthers vellow. May. China, Jap. B.R.
32:37. G.C. II. 25:585. R.H. 1876:370. Var. obtiisa
41ba, Hort. Fls. white. G.F. 9:395. Var. calyciildra,
Rehder (il. culyciflbra, Hort.). Fls. brick-red, corolla
double (hose-in-hose).

Var. amaena, Rehder (^1. amaena, Lindl.). Lvs. obo-
vate or elliptic, obtuse or acute, H-1 in. long, dark
green : corolla usually double (ho.se-in-hose), purple,
J^-1 in. broad ; stamens 5. Apr., May. China, Jap.
B.M. 4728. F.S. 9:885. G.C. III. 23: fig. 125. A.G.
15:373; 18:568. Gng. 2:385. A.F. 12:33. P.E. 9:573.
— Flowering early and very abundantly ; hardy north

AZALEA

to New York. There are some forms and crosses of
this variety, of which the followinir may be recom-
mended : Caldwelli, with larger purple fls., Geert,
Ic.Az. 18 : Marvel, lilac-carmine, double. Flor. M&g.
11; 14; PrincessMaud,rosy magenta, R.H. 1886:516;
Mrs. Carmichael, crimson-magenta ; Princess Bea-
trice, bright mauve ; Prime Minister, soft pink ; Miss
Buist, pure white.

15. rosmariniSolia, Bunn. (A. alba, Sweet. ^-1. ledi-
fdlia. Hook. A. liliifldm. Poit.). Much branched, low
shrub, 1-3 ft.: branches, Ivs. and pedicels densely ru-
fously appressed-strigose : Ivs. elliptic or elliptic-lan-
ceolate, persistent, 1-3 in. long : fls. 1-3 ; calyx with
lanceolate serrate-glandular lobes ; corolla pure white
or rosy purple, 2-3 in. broad, fragrant ; stamens usually
10. May. China. B.R. 10:811. B.M. 2901. L.B.C. 13:
1253. — Some remarkable varieties of this species are
the following: Var. Alba, Rehder (.1. /lii/ua, var. rf(6ffl,
Lindl. B. Uuciinthum, Bunge). Fls. white, sometimes
striped pink. Var. purpturea, Rehder (B. ledifolinm,
var.pio-pHcfiuH, Max.). Fls. rosy purple. Var. naroissi-
fldra, Kehder {A. narcissifldra, Fort.). Fls. double,
white; rarelypurple. Var. punlcea, Rehd. {A. punicea,
Sweet. A. ledifdlia, var. phcenicea. Hook. A. Indiea,
var. calijclna. Past.). Fls. single, purple; calyx with
linear, not serrate and less glandular lobes. B.M. 3239.
L.B.e. 18:1735. A. rosmarinifdlia has produced, with
A. Indiea, a large number of beautiful hybrids, of
which one of the first was figured in 1833 as Bhododen-
dron puhlirum.

AA. F}s. from lateral 1-fld. buds toward the end of the
branches: corolla rotate campanulate, glabrous.
(Azaleastrtim.)

16. albiHdra, O. Ktze. (Bhododindron albifldrum,
Hook. ) . About 2-3 ft. : branches strigose and glandular
when young : Ivs. oblong, pale green, appressed-stri-
gose above and at the midrib beneath, slightly ciliate :
fls. nodding, on short pedicels ; corolla white, 5-cleft,
about 1 in. broad ; calvx glandular ; stamens 10. Rocky
Mts B M 3670

A Dah^nca Koch = Rhododendron Dihunenm —A di
anthifl&ra Carr =A rosminnifoha v-ir di-inthiflora —A dila
lata O Ktze (R ddititum Miq ) illiedto -V rhombica Lvs
glabrous ^t uu^ii f — t / nierfc Koch ( \ squi

mita Lniil! ' \'M ' ^ ^ i n! k hi Lvs rhomboid

ovite soiiuuliiT 'i pink spotted tliiua

BR33 >-l /^y - )\^\-,—A Kam'.chatiLa

O Ktze il li 1 I . I 1 ill I.i« nr pios

May Jipiu LM '7b t — 1 /iiai.nnfpala

sepiliim Maxim ) Height 1-J tt brinr 1:

lvs dendiioub or serai pers,isteiit elliptii

hHf spotted about J in broid cih-x piiliescent gHiiduU

123

amanmtoln —

A.obtusa, Lindl. =A. Indiea. var. obtusa.— ^. ovata, Lindl. (R
ovatum. Plaueh.). AlUed to A. albitiora. Height 2-12 ft.: lvs.
ovate, ghibrous: Hs. pinkornearly wliite. spotted, rotate. 1J4-154
in. broad: stamens 5. China. B.'M.'>t)l>i.— A. reticulata, Koc\i
=A. rhombica.— .1. semibarbdta. O. Kuntze (R. semibarbatmn.
Maxim.). Allied to A. albiflnr.i, Lvs. elliptic, fronntely ciliHte,

bro,-jd. Jap:u[. in ]■ '.i.,, i ,,, , ; , i,; ., K.'serpyUi-
folium, Miq. i \ : . , I : i , : _ ,, 1 :i, : lvs. de-

ciduous, ob"\;ii ,1 i^-^n.

broad. Jap;in i. W , , \ • .,,,; , Imlic-a. — A.

SQuamdta, Lm-]t \ r.iii.iii' 1 ;..;<.,.-. st-,, ii Kuntze (R.
Tschonoskii. .M:ixini,). Allied to A. hidi.vi. Low shrub : lvs.
elliptic, H-Kin. long: tis. 2-4, white, Hin. broad. Japan.

Alfred Rehder.

AZARA (1. N. Azara. a Spanish promoter of science,
esperi;illy of li.it;iiiyi. /,V.i 'i. . ic. Shrubs or small trees :
lvs. ev, i-r. ,1]. :ilt, rii:it. . with usually enlarged and leaf-
likt' >Ti|pul.^ ; iN. ~Tii;ill. ill ;t.\illary peduncled racemes
or clust.Ts. :i|)it;iliius ; s, ] ,:,| s 4-5 ; stamens numerous,
rarely 5 : fr. a many-steded berry. About 20 species
in S. America, especially Chile. Handsome evergreen
shrubs, with small but fragrant fls., for warm temperate
regions ; probably only A. microphijlla will thrive far-
ther north in a sheltered position and protected during
the winter. Grow best in a sandy compost of loam and
leaf soil. Prop, by seeds or cuttings of mature wood
in autumn, placed in slight bottom heat under glass.

microphylla. Honk. f. Fr-.m :; VJ ft, ■ Iv^. nlu.vate, ser-
rate, or iu':irlv .•llti!'.\ ' ,:■! '■■•'- -I ':■■ L-hibrous,

thestll.ul,-s Mniil:,r, 1.:.: I I ■ . - . ■ ■-•iiish, in

few-dd.i-lustrr-; >i;,iii. )^ ' :i^..i-^., r,..|,.,Mar.
Chile, (.i.e. II. 1 : >l.-i.i:Mriul ,\ ,.|--i r,,, -h rub, regu-
larly pinuately branched, excellent fur covering walls ;
the hardiest of all the cultivated species.

Gilliesi, Hook. & Am. Height 10-15 ft. : lvs. 2J^-3 in.
long, broad-ovate, with coarse, spiny teeth, glabrous ;
stipules orbicular, much smaller : tls. in dt-iise, elliptic,
nodding heads, yellow. Feb.. JLir. Cliil.-. B.M. 5178.
F.S. 23: 2445. -The handsomest i.f :dl Az:ir:is.

A.crassifdlia, Hort. = A. GiUiesi.— .1. dniliila. R. & Pav.
Height 12 ft.: lvs. obovate or elliptic, crenate-serr.ate : tls. yellow,
in small corymbs. Chile. B.R. 21:1788.-A. inIeffri«Ma, R. &
Pav. Height 10-20 ft.: lvs. entire: Us. yellow, in oblong heads.
Chile. Has a variegated form. , -,

Alfred Rehder.

AZ6LLA (Greek, to destroy by drying). Salviniacea-.
A small genus of floating aquatics with small, pinnate
stems and minute fleshy 2-lobed lvs.. producing two
sorts of spores in globular sporocarps. The species mul-
tiply rapidly by self-division, but will grow readily in
water containing a little nutriment. The species are
distinguishable only by microscropic examination.

Caroliniiua, Willd. Plant %-l in. long : anchor-like
processes of spores with septa. N. Y. to the Gulf of Mex.

fiUculoides, Lam. Plants 1-2 in. long : anchor-like
processes without septa. Calif, to Chile.

L. M. Underwood.

BABIANA (said to come from Dutch for baboon, be-
cause those animals eat the bulbs). Iridicea. About
50 cormous plants of S. Afr. Fls. showy, red orpurplish,
in a short spike-like cluster or raceme, tubular at the
base, the segments with claws or uarrow bases, and the
limb erect-spreading : ovary 3-loculed : Irs. narrow,
hairy, plaited, standing edgewise to the stem. Low
plants, of easy culture if treated like freesias or hya-
cinths. Three or 4 corms in a 4-in. pot give attractive
bloom in March or later. Grown only indoors or under
frames in the N. They are showv and useful plants.
Monogr. by Baker in Handbook of the Iridea>, 1892.
A. Perianth limb regular ornearJy so, and wide-
spreading.

Btriota, Eer. (B. villbsa, and B. purpurea. Ker.).
Fig. 177. A foot or less high: Ivs. broad, oblong-lanceo-
late or sword-shaped, barely reaching the spikes : fls.
scattered, showy, usually red or purple, with a promi-
nent tube, the segments oblong-lanceolate. B.M. 583,
621. — Babianas are not sold under species-names in this

177 Babtana stncta (>

country, but as mixed varieties. These varieties are
chiefly, if not wholly, of this species. Many forms and
colors. Var. angnstifblia. Sweet. Lvs. linear. B.M.
637. Var. rihro-cyinea, Ker. Limb lilac, throat red.
B.M. 410. Var. sulphilrea, Ker. Yellow or whitish.
B.M. 10.53. Two other long-cultivated types are de-
scribed below.

AA. Perianth limb distinctly ringent or gaping.
plicata, Ker. Low : lvs. lanceolate, hairv, u.sually
overtopping the spikes : fls. lilac or red, long-tubed, the
segments oblong and unequal. B.M. 576.

dlsticha, Ker. Differs from the last in having the
perianth-tube distinctly exserted from the spathe.

L. H. B.
BABY'S BEEATH. See Gypsophila.

BACCHARIS {bakkaris, an ancient Greek name).
Compdsilip. Grol-ndsel Tree. Shrubs or herbs : lvs.
alternate, usually serrate, deciduous or persistent : heads
of fls. small, white or yellowish, dioecious ; involucre with
many imbricate scales : akenes with pappus. About 250
species in America, mostly in tropical regions. A few
species are cultivated particularly for the snow-white
pappus, which gives the fruiting plant a very showy
appearance. They grow in almost any well drained soil
in a sunny position, and are well adapted for dry and
rocky slopes, and valuable for seashore planting. Prop,
by seeds or by cuttings under glass.

halimifdlia, Linn. Shrub, 3-12 ft.; branches angular:
Ivs. cuneate, oblong or obovate, coarsely toothed, the up-
permost entire, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. in large pani-
cles : pappus white, about Kin. long. Sept. Seacoast,
from N. Eng. southward. Gng. 7: I13.-The hardiest
species ; in fruit resembling a shrub with abundant

B. PalaiiAntcn. Hook. & Am. Lev
%-%\n.\one: beads mostly axillary. I
Height 6 ft.; evergreen: lvs. 1 in. lone:
cles. Pacific noast,— B. salicifolia. Tnr
faalimifolia. Lvs. narrow-oblong or liii
W. Texas.

evergreen shrub ; lvs.
\Uis - II. inlularis. DC.
tie.'nK in ra'-emose pani-

Alfked Eehdek.
! Cenlaurea Cyanus,

BACTRIS (Greek, fiaftfroM, cane; the young stems used
for walking-sticks). Palmdcem, tribe Cocolnea. Usually
low palms, very rarely entirely spineless, with solitary or
fasciculate ringed, spiny or smooth caudices, sprouting
from the roots : lvs. terminal or scattering, equally or
uncc(uully pinnatisect, glabrous or pubescent; segments
sparse or aggregated, or more or less imperfectly con-
nate, forming a bifid blade, acute or rarely obtuse at the
apex, the ciliate margins recuiTed at the liase ; petiole
short or long; sheath long, spiny; spadices sessile or pe-
dunculate, perforating the leaf-sheaths ; syiathes 2, the
lower short, open at the apex, the upjier coriaceous
or woody, exceeding the spadix, or fusiform, ventrally
dehiscent, smooth, bristly or spiny ; bracts persistent :
fls. small or medium, pale yellow or greenish: fr. small,
green, ovoid or globose. Species, about 100. Tropical
America. Ornamental, but little grown on account of
the spines. See Palms.

A. Spines yellow, tipped black.

palUdisplna, Mart. (B.flavisphia,B.on.). St.lO-18ft.
high, 1-2 in. in diam., the intemodes spiny: lvs. showy,
5-9 ft. long, equally interruptedly pinnatisect ; petiole
4-6 ft., brown-scaly, thickly covered with very long
( %-2%ia. ) , black-tipped yellow spines, either solitary or
in groups of 2-4 ; segments linear-lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, prickly on the margins, the basal ones 2-8 In.
long, IKin. wide, the upper, 12 in. by l%ia. Brazil.
AA. Spines black.
B. Lf.-segments acute at both ends.

milior, Jacq. St. 9-15 ft. high, 1-l^in. in diam., armed
with rows of black spines, 2 in. long: petiole armed with
very long black, terete spines ; Iv,^. 4-6 ft. long, equally
pinnatisect nearly to the rachis; sheath and rachis spiny
and white or brown tomentose ; segments linear, acute
at both ends, 25-35 on each side, 1-nerved, 8-12 in. long,
%-yi\n. wide, glabrous on both sides, densely setose,
with black hairs along the margin. Brazil,

(124)

BALSAM

125

BB. Jjf.- segments acute at tip.

Gasipies, HBK. (GuiliHma speciosa, Mart.). St.

about GO ft. liish. single oroaespitose, with rings of subu-

-^:-

178 Balaka Seen

late-compressed blacls spines, 1 in. long, the rings about
as far apart as the dlam. of the St. : Ivs. 6 ft. long, curv-
ing; segments dark green above, pale green below, very
numerous, approximate, IKft. long, 1^ in. wide, linear-
lanceolate, long-acuminate, bristly or minutely prickly
along the margins. Lower Amazon.

h6rrida, Oerst. Ospitose stems 6-8 ft. high, 8-9 in.
dlam., very spiny, sheathed for most of its length with
bases of dead Ivs.; spines 3-4 in. long, 4-sided, whitish
tomentose, at length glabrous: Ivs. 2V3-3 ft. long; sheath
8 in., brown-tomentose ; petiole IKft., densely spiny,
subtetragonal, densely brown-tomentose beneath : seg-
ments 7 in. long, Hin. wide, lanceolate, rigid, glaucous.
Nicaragua. Jared G. Smith.

BACULAEIA (Latin, ?.,/,»?»,«. a snuill walking-stick).
Palmilc.r.ivih,- A ,;-■. ./ . L.iw s|,i,„.I,.s^ i.alms. with an-
nular rt-cd-likt- -iiii:!.' Ml- la^fii-ulaT.- ^r^ : Ivs. terminal,
unequally ]iiiinati>iMt ; „ ;;iu.aits m.iubraiious, broad or
narrow, .split or tuuthcd at thu apex, the broader ones
many-nerved, the narrow ones 1-uerved, the terminal
conflilent ; midrib and nerves without scales below;
margins not thickened, recurved at the base; petiole and
rachis sparsely scurfy, convex on the back, flat above or
concave toward the base : sheath short, open : spadices
numerous, longer than the Ivs., spreading, recurved :
peduncle very slendei:, scurfy, compressed at the base :
spathes 2, remote, the lower one at the base of the pe-
duncle tubular, the upper membranaceous, linear, ensi-
form : fls. green : fr. small, elongate-ovoid, subacute,
green, K-Kin. long. Species 2. Temperate and tropical
Australia. See Palms.

mono8t4chya, F. Muell. (Areca monostdchya, Mart.
Kintia monostdchya, F. Muell.). Trunk 6-12 ft. high:
Ivs. IK— 4 ft. long ; the sheath broad, coriaceous, about
6 in. long, produced into 2 stipular lobes; segments very
irregular, acuminate, very variable in breadth and dis-
tance, adnate to the rachis, or tapering at the base, the
longest about 1ft. long. Queensland, N. S.W. B.M. 6644.
Jared G. Smith.

BA£BIA (after the Russian zoologist, Karl Ernst von
Baer). Composite. Californian annuals (or one peren-
nial species), with numerous showy, inch-wide yellow
fls. in early summer.

grioilis, Gray {Burrielia gracilis, DC). Easily dis-
tinguished from Actinolepsis coroiiaria by its hairy sts.
and foliage and undivided Ivs.: plant much branched:
height 4-12 in. : Ivs. opposite, connate, linear-lanceolate:
fls. solitary, on slender terminal peduncles : involucre
leafier than inAcfinolepsis coronaria, the scales longer,
downy, in 2 series : rays 8-12. B.M. 3758. -This is likely
to be cult, as Lasthenia Californica, which, however, is
not hairy and has much longer Ivs.

B.chritsostoma, Fisch. & May. Lvs. narrowly linear, 1 line
or less wide : tis. larger than in B. gracilis : habit more erect.
—B. corortdria= Actinolepsis c

BALAEA (the Fijian vernacular name). Palm&cea,
tribe Arecea. Differs from Ptychosperma in having
the seed not sulcate, and in the half-rhomboid seg-
ments of the lvs.; and from Drymophloeus in the form
of the leaf and tlie caducous spathes. Species 2. Fiji
Islands.

SeSmanni, Becc. (Ptychospirma Seemanni, H.
Wendl.). Fig. 178. Caudex slender, 8-12 ft. high,
straight, ringed, about 1 in. in diam.: lvs. pinnatisect,
4 ft. long ; segments erose-dentate at the apex, alter-
nate, 9 on each side, semi-rhomboid, obliquely truncate,
the upper margin longer, cuspidate at the apex, the
terminal one deeply bifid. Growing as underwood in
dense forests. Fiji. — Stems used for spears by natives,
because of their strength and straightness. Fig. 178 is
adapted from Seeman's Flora Vitiensis.

Jared G. Smith.

BALLOON VINE. See Cardwspenmtm.

BALJi (Melissa ofncinAlis,'LiDJi.). Zabidtce. Sweet
herb, the lvs. being used for seasoning, particularly in
liquors. It has a lemon-like flavor. It is a hardy peren-
nial from southern Eu. The plant grows 1-2 ft. high,
somewhat hairy, loosely branched, with ovate-crenate
lvs. and yellowish or whitish fls. in
loose axillary clusters. Thrives in
any warm position, and is easy to
grow. Prop, by seeds ; also by di-
vision.

#

'■t

garden Balsam. Balsam pod.

BKLSAHtlmpAtiens Balsdmina, Linn. (Balsdmina
hortinsis, DC. Balsdmina InipAtieiis. Uort. Impdtiens
coccinea, Sims, B.M. 1256). GeraiiiAcea;. An erect,
much-branched, half succulent annual, long ago intro-
duced from India, and now widely cult, for its showy

126

BALSAM

fls. It has varied immensely in the doubling, size and
color of its fls. and in the stature of the plant. It was
known to Gerarde in 1596. The plant has lanceolate,
toothed Its., the lower ones being mostly in pairs. The
fls. are clustered in the axils of the Ivs., on very short

J^

BAMBOO

should give fls. in July, and should bloom until frost.
A full grown plant is shown in Fig. 182. At the present
time. Balsams are grown chiefly for their value as
flower-garden plants ; but some years ago the fls. were
largely used as "groundwork" in florists' designs, par-
ticularly the double white varieties. The flowers were
wired to toothpicks, aud were then thrust into the moss
which formed the body of the design. L H B

BALSAMORRHiZA (Greek, balsam root). Compdsitm.
Low perennials with thick, deep, resinous roots, tufts of
radical Ivs., and large, yellow fls. Cent, and W. N. Anier

Hodkeri, Nutt. Height 4-12 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, 1-2-
pinnately parted : fls. solitary, on naked scapes. Int.
1881 by E. Gillett, but scarcely known to horticulturists.

181. Camellia-flowered Balsam.

stalks ; sepals and petals similarly colored and not
easily distinguished, one of the sepals (of which there
seem to be 3) long-spurred ; petals apparently 3, but
two of them probably represent two united petals,
thus making 5 ; stamens 5. The pod, shown in Figs.
179 and 180, is explosive. It has 5 carpels and very thin
partitions, and seeds borne on axile placentae. When
the capsules are ripe, a pinch or concussion will cause
the valves to separate and contract, the seeds being
thrown with considerable force.

The full-double Balsams are known as the Camellia-
flowered varieties (Fig. 181). In well selected stock, the
greater part of the flowers from any batch of seedlings
should come very double. The colors range from white
to dark blood-red, yellowish and spotted. Balsams are
of very easy culture. They are tender, and should be
started in thumb-pots or boxes indoors, or in the open
when danger of frost is past. The seeds are large,
and germinate quickly. The plants prefer a rich, sandy
loam, and must not suffer for moisture. Transplanting,
and pinching-in the strong shoots, tend to make the
plants dwarf and compact. It is well to remove the first
flower-buds, especially if the plants are not thoroughly
established. Better results are obtained when only a
few main branches are allowed to grow, all the secondary
and weak ones being pinched out. The lower Ivs. may

-5^-

wm^^

^t

182. The garden Balsam.

be removed if they obscure the fls. Well grown plants
should stand 2 ft. apart each way, and the tall kinds will
reach a height of 2-2K ft. Seed of the finest double
strains is expensive, but inferior or common seed
gives little satisfaction. Plants started early in May

BAMBOO. Various giant perennial grasses consist-
ing of the genera and species of the tribe Bambiisece,
order Oraminea. Usually large aud often tree-like,
woody, rarely herbaceous or climbing, of wide geo-
graphical range. The species are irregularly distributed
throughout the tropical zone, a few occurring in sub-
tropical and temperate zones, and reaching their maxi-
mum development in the monsoon regions of Asia.
About 23 genera, only 2 being common to both hemi-
spheres. Something more than 200 species are recog-
nized, of which upwards of 160 occur in Asia, about 70
in America, and 5 in Africa. They extend from sea-level
to altitudes of more than 10,000 ft. in the Himalayas and
15,000 ft. in the Andes, and under the most favorable
conditions some species may attain a height of 100-120
ft., with a diam. of culm of 8-12 inches.

An attempt to portray the many economic uses of the
giant-grasses would greatly overreach the field of this
article ; but as objects of grace and beauty in the garden,
conservatory, and special conditions of landscape, the
Bamboos are invaluable. Not only are they available to
planters where the climatic conditions are very favora-
ble, but it is possible to grow certain species where the
cold of winter may reach zero Fahrenheit, or even occa-
sional depressions of greater severity.

Bamboos delight in a deep, rich loam, and generously
respond to good treatment. A warm, slightly shady
nook, protected from the prevailing winds of winter,
and where moist but well-drained soil is plentiful, is an
ideal location for these beautiful grasses. A top-dress-
ing of manure and leaves is not only beneficial in winter,
by preventing the frost from penetrating the ground too
deeplv, but it also preserves the moi.sture that is so es-
sential to the welfare of the plants during the growing
season. Some species produce rampant subterranean
stems, and spread rapidly when once established. It is
best to plant each group of but one species, and to re-
strict the rapidly-spreading sorts to isolated positions.
The most effective results to be obtained by planting
Bamboos are secured on gentle banks above Clearwater
and against a strong background of the deepest green.
In such situations the gracefully arched stems, the
dainty branches, bending with their wealth of soft green
Ivs., and the careless lines of symmetry of each individ-
ual, lend a bold contrast of the richest beauty. It will
require a few years to thoroughly establish a clump of
Bamboos in tlie open air, and until this is effected the
vigor, hardiness and beauty that characterize some noble
sorts are lacking. During the early life of the groups,
some protection should be given where the winters are
trying, and even with this precaution it is likely the
plants will suffer to some extent at first during cold
weather. Planted out in conservatories or confined in
tubs or large pots, the Bamboos present many admirable
qualities. As decorative plants in tubs or pots, either
alone or associated with palms and other stock, several
species offer many inducements to their cultivation, es-
pecially as they may be grown in summer and wintered
in a coolhouse. Propagation is best effected by careful
division of the clumps before the annual growth has
started. The difficulty of procuring seeds in some in-
stances is very great ; indeed, the fruiting of a number
of species has never been observed. Some species flower
annuallv, but the majority reach this stage only at inter-
vals of 'indefinite and frequently widely separated peri-
ods. In some species the fls. appear on leafy branches ;

BAMBOO

in others the Ivs. fall from the culms before the tls.
appear, or the inflorescence is produced on leafless, radi-
cal stems. Fructification does not exhaust the vitality
of some species ; but others, on the other baud, perish
even to the portions underground, leaving their places
to be filled by their seedling offspring. Owing largely
to the difficulty in obtaining flowering specimens, the
systematic arrangement or nomenclature of the Bamboo
is in a sad plight. As it is sometimes even impossible to
accurately determine the genus without fls., the correct
positions of some forms are not known.

Four subtribes of Bambusese are regarded by Hackel,
namely: Arnndinariea). — Stamens 3 ; palea 2-keelert :
fr. with the seed grown fast to the seed-wall. To this
belongs Arundinaria. A'ltbambKsere. — Stamens 6 : fr.
with the seed fused to a delicate seed-wall. Bambusa is
the only garden genus. Bendi-ocalametn. — Sta.men'i C
(rarely more) : palea 2-keeled : fr. a nut or berry. Here
belongs Dendrocalamus. JfeJocnMiifo;.- Characters of
last, but palea not keeled. Melocanna is an example.

The genera Arundinaria, Bambusa and Phyllostachys
contain the most important species in cultivation, some
of which are briefly described below. Roughly, the
species of Arundinaria may be separated from Phyllo-
stachys by the persistent
sheaths and cylindrical
stems. In Phyllostachys the
sheaths are early deciduous,
and the internodes, at least
those above the base, are flat-
tened on one side. Arundina-
ria and Bambusa cannot be
separated by horticultural
characters. It is probable
that many of the forms now
classed as species of Bam-
busawill eventually be found
to belong to Arundinaria.
Extended information re-
garding the Bambuseffi may
be found in the following publications
Munro's Monograph, in Transactions of
the Linnnean Soc.ety, vol. 26 (1868);
Hackel, in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfa-
milien, vol. 2, part 2, p. 89 (1887), Eng-
lish Translation by Lamson-Scribner &
Southworth, as The True Grasses, N. Y.,
1890; papers by Bean in Gardeners' Chron-
icle III., 15: 167, et seq. (1894); Freeman-
Mitford, The Bamboo Garden, 1896, N. Y.,
Macmillan, p. 224 ; A. and C. Riviere,
Les Bambous, Paris, 1879. The first two
are systematic ; the others contain popular
and cultural notes. The following species are conimendiMl
as being among the hardiest : Phiilli'sf,i,-Iiii\ //..i..»m,
P. nigni.P.viridirihuieesceiis, Ani,nh„,in„ ,/ ,/ „,,».

A. nitida, A. macrosperma, Buiiihi^sa jmliimt i I, U ^-
seUata and S. pi/f/m(ea, ('. 1). I'-i \i>lf

The illustrations in the present article are adapted
from Mitford's Bamboo Garden. Mitford's work cannot
be praised too highly. It has done much to create a
popular appreciation of Bamboos, and also to clear up
the complete confusion into which the trade names have
fallen. Mitford's book has a literary quality that is
very rare in horticultural writing, and represents a type
that deserves the warmest appreciation in America ; viz. ,
the discriminating enthusiasm of the expert amateur.

Arundinaria is derived from Latin ariindo, a reed ;
Bambusa from a Malay name ; Phyllostachys from
Greek phyllon, leaf, and stachys, spike. W. M.

The following alphabetical list contains all the kinds
of Bamboos known to be cult, in Amer. A ^Arundina-
ria ; B = Barabusa; D ^ Dendrocalamus ; P = Phyllo
stachys ; T:=ThamnocaIamus, which is here considered
a subgenus of Arundinaria. No Japanese native names
are given below, although many Bamboos are still ad-
vertised under such names. The prevailing tendency is
to discard Japanese native names in every branch of
horticulture, as thev breed hopeless confusion.

B. angustifolia, 15 ; B. arundinacea, 11 ; B. aurta, 28;
P. aurea, 28 ; A. auricoma, 16 ; P. bambusoides, 32 ;
P. Castillonis, 26 ; A. chrysantba. 17; B. clirysantha,!!;

B. d^sticha, 18 ; B. erecta, 10 ; A falcata, 9 ; £. ^l-

BAMBOO

127

rata, 9 ; A. Falcoueri. 8 ; T. Falconeri, 8 ; A. Fortune!,
14; A. rortinin. var. aiirea, 16; A. Foilunei, var.
viridis, 22 ; B. Foila)iei, 14 ; B. Fortunei, var. aurea,
16; B. gracilis, 8; B. Henoms, 30; P. Henonis, 30;
A. Hindsii, 10 ; A. hurailis, 22 ; A. Japonica, 6 ; P. Ku-
«i«4«c«,33; P. Kumas.is.,, ,! ! ; A. macrosperma, 4 , .1.

B.Mazeli,29; 5. .1/. ' ' I i

iJ.HffHn, 18; A.Nu,

7 ; A.pumila, 2; B./tum .-. 1. i . „iu.i .i. -1 , L. .|u,iil-
rangularis, 12 ; B. Qiiiiiui,2'3 , 1". l^iulioi, 29 , B. Jiaya-
mowskii, 20; B. riisciMia, 33 ; P. ruscifolia, 33 ; A.
Simoni, 7 ; B. Simont, 7 ; A. tecta, 5; B. tessellata, 20 ;
A. Veitchii, 1; B. ftitthii, 1; B. ydmorini, 15 ; B.

sheath-!

/iii.Ca

"m. {The'g'', ',"<"'.,' a',',,,,,!,!,.,,

A. Color of sl< Ills jiii 1 1,1,

B. n. I, lilt ;-,

A.VMtchii, N. E. Biuh hi W",

Fig. lb.:i. Heiglii

pie, white-waxy below the nodes: Ivs.
5-7 in. long, about 2 in. wide, bright
.- green above, below pale and minutely
pubescent, serrate. Jap. M. 77, but
not G.C. III. 15: 169, or R.B. 23, p. 270,

183. Arundinaria Veitchii.

which aiP pictures of B. palmattt, as explained in G.C.
Ill r. JII9. — This is also liable to confusion with .B./es-
^, lliihi. No. 20. The edges of the Ivs. wither in late au-
liiiiiu, j:\\ lug a variegated but shabby appearance.

.'. A.pumila,Mitford(B.p»m,^(,Hort.l. Heightl2-20
in.: stems very slender, purplish. \\\\\u » i\\ below the
nodes: lvs.4-5 in. long, ■t-4 iii-"i 1. -s \m,1, iiniiutely pu-
bescent, bright green. -Much i m i iIj in \. 1. dwarfer,
the stems merely puri>lish. tli. h s shc.itir and nar-
rower. The Ivs. are a d nkc i ..i. ■ n tli m m ^4 . httmihs,
shorter, narrower, .mil i imih i s ii:radually : nodes
less well defined and I' s ,i, i l,ut having a waxy
bloom; internodes.ilM.nl _' m l.ni^'

BB. Heifjlil 0-5 /(. 01 moie.

3. A. mtida, Mitford. Fig. 184. Stems slender, about
the .size of a goose-quill : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, Jo in. wide,
shining green above, pale beneath ; sheaths purplish,
pubescent. China. M. 73. G.C. III. 18: 179; 24: 211. Gn.
49, p. 388. — Considered by Mitford the daintiest and
most attractive of all the genus, and exceptionally
hardy. Some shade is needed, as the Ivs. curl up in full
sunlight. Easily distinguished from Nos. 1 and 2 by
the deeper color of the stems, which are almost black,
and from^. Falconeri, which it resembles in habit, the
branches of both occurring in dense clusters.

AA. Color of stems green.

B. Heiqht more than 6 ft.

c. SperiiK native to the O . S.

4. A. macrosp6rma,Michs. Large Cane. Height 10--20
ft., branches numerous, short, divergent : Ivs. 4-6 in.

128 BAMBOO

long, %-2 in. broad, smoothish or pubescent : sheaths
very persistent : stems arborescent, rigid, simple the
first year, branching the second, afterwards fruiting at
indefinite periods, and soon after decaying. Banks of the

(J ■ .'. i

larger rivers N. C. to Fla., forming cane-brakes.— This
and the next are the only two species of Bamboos native
to the U. S. They are rarely cult, in Calif, and Eu. as
ornamentals.

5. A. t^ota, Muhl. (A.macrosperma, var. suffruticdsa,
Munro). Small Cane. Switch Cane. Scutch Cane.
Height 2-15 ft. : stonTs ^lender : Ivs. 3V2-8 in. long,
4-12 lines wide, rmm-hisli : -hcnth bearded at the throat.
Swamps and moi^t ^oil, y\,\. and S. Ind. southward.
B.B. 1:233. — Soniitiiiu^ fruitini,' several years in suc-

cc. Species not native to the U. S.

D. Plants relatively hardy.

E. Branches home singly in the axils.

6. A. Japdnica, Sieb.& Zucc.(B.Jfe((ifte,Sleb.). Height
6-10 ft.: Ivs. G-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, above smooth
and shining, below whitened and finely pubescent :
sheaths conspicuous. Jap. M. 1. G.C. III. 15:239 :
18:185. — The commonest of all hardy Bamboos, and
readily distinguished from all other tall kinds by the
broader and larger Ivs. and by the broad, persistent
sheaths which almost cover the sts. It is especially dis-
tinguished from A. Siynnni by the bud being a simple
flatfish scale instead of a complex scaly one, and also by
the less amount of waxy bloom on the st. Particularly
recommended for cities.

EE. Branches borne in dense, semi-verticillate clusters
[which easily distinguishes the Himalayan spe-
cies from Phyllostachys) .

F. Plants sometimes variegated.

7. A. Simdni, A. and C. Rivifere ( B. Slmoni, Carr. B.
viridi-striAta, Hort. A. and B. Narihlra, Hort.).
Height 10-20 ft.: Ivs. 8-12 in. long, about 1 in. wide,
pale beneath, very minutely pubescent,tapering to a long,
fine point ; mid-vein glaucous on one side toward the
apex, green on the other. Himal. and China. G.C. III.
15: 301 ; 18: 181.— A silver variegated form is sometimes
known as B. Maximowiczii, Hort., and B. plicdla, Hort.
B.M. 7146. This is the tallest of the genus, and, next to
P. mitis, the tallest of all hardy Bamboos. The plant is
very late in beginning growth, and many of the culms
should be removed in order to let the strong ones ripen,
as weak shoots are untidy. It fiowers occasionally, but
does not die thereafter. It has a shabby appearance
until midsummer, and may take several years to be-
come established, meanwhile sending up dwarf, slender
shoots and narrow foliage, but Mitford urges patience,
as the plant is hardy, and ultimately very vigorous and
handsome.

FF. Plants never variegated.

8. A. F41coneri, Mitford {T. Fdlconeri, Hook. £. B.
fyra'ci7i.s-, Hort., not Wall.). Height 10-15 ft.: stems slen-
der, bright green, the internodes white-waxy : Ivs. thin,
3-4 in. long, about H in. wide. Himal. — Not very hardy.
The leaf-sheaths are smooth, CJt short at the top, with-
out a fringe, and with an elongated ligula ; while A.
talcata, No. 9, has very downy leaf-sheaths, fringed with
long hairs at the intersection with the leaf. The serra-
tions of the leaf-edges are more pronounced in A. Fal-
cone ri, especially on one side. Venation of Ivs. on upper
surface is striate, not tesselated.

9. A. falcata, Nees (B. falcdta. Hort.). Height 6-10
ft.: Ivs. 3-5 in. long, about J'a in. wide, light green:
stems annual (perennial under glass), slender, tufted.
Himal.- The great majority of the plants cult, under
this name are really A. Falconeri, which has larger
Ivs. In a small staXe, A. falcata can be distinguished
from No. 8 only by the glabrous leaf-sheaths of the
latter. The flower-bearing and leaf-bearing sts. of A.
falcata are distinct, the former flowering and seed-
ing each year.

10. A. Hlndsii, Munro (B. er(cta, Hort.). Height
sometimes 7 ft., branches quasi-verticillate : Ivs. up-
right at first, of various lengths up to 9 in., and about
■>8 in. wide; veins conspicuously tesselated; internodes
3-7 in. long, waxy-white ; leaf -sheaths with a few hairs.
.Jap. -The erect habit of growth is very marked. A re-
cent species of doubtful hardiness. Adv. by Dr. Fran-
ceschi, who considers it one of the hardiest.

DD. Plants relntirely tender (^os. 11, IS, IS .
E. Branches spiny.

11. B. anmdin&cea, Retz. A majestic species, often
attaining aheightof more than 40-60 ft. The stems, which
are produced in dense clumps, are green and shining,
with more or less spiny branches: Ivs. 4-8 in. long, ii'm.
or a little more wide, nearly glabrous ; sheaths persistent:
fls. are produced at long intervals, and after perfecting
seeds, the plants die. India. — Nos. 11 and 12 are green-
house plants, not recommended by Mitford for outdoors.

EE. Branches not spiny.

12. B. quadranguliris, Fenzi. Stems square, especially
in older plants, 20 ft. or more high : Ivs. deep green,
serrate, 6-7 in. long, about 1 in. wide. Jap. — Franceschi
says it is as hardy as any Phyllostachys. See No. 11.

13. B. vulgaris, Schrad. Height 20-80 ft.: stems hollow,
4 in. in diara. or more ; branches numerous, striate ;
internodes 1-lK ft. long : Ivs. usually G-10 in. long, 8-15
lines wide, sometimes 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide, rough on and
near the margins and beneath. India. G.C. 111.25: 390.
— Sold south, but not recommended by Mitford. This
and D. giganteus are the only two Bamboos extensively
cult, in the Orient, though others are more useful. It is
also naturalized and cult, in the W. Ind . , Mex. and Braz.,
but there is no evidence of an Amer. origin.

BAMBOO

BB. HeiijM less than 6 ft.
c. Vai-itgation ichite.
U. A. r6rtimei, A. and C. Riviere (B. FMunei, Van
Houtte. and Tar. fa»-if^(»a,Hort.). Height 3^ ft. : Ivs.
4-5 in. long, half as wide or a little more, striped with
white. Jap. F.S. 15: 1535. -Loses its Ivs. in winter, but
quickly recovers in spring. More popular than the next
two species. The internodes are rarely more than 1 in.
apart, while in A. auricoma they are 3-5 in. apart. Var.
aurea. Hort., with yellow variegation, is A. auricoma.
Var. viriilis, Hort.=Jl. Iiiimilis. This is an old favorite,
and far more common than the next 4 species. Rhi-
zomes are more active than the next, and demand more
room.

15. B. anguatifdlia, Mitford (B. I'ilmorhii, Hort.).
Height about 1 ft.: sts. slender, purplish or light green:
Ivs. 2-t in. long, about Ji in. wide, serrate, frequently
variegated with white. Jap.

cc. Variegation i/ettoiv.

16. A. atirlooma, Mitford (A. and B. F6rtunei,\a.v.
nH)-f«r,Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 5-6 in. long, about 1
in. wide, brilliantly variegated with yellow, softly pu-
bescent beneath, serrate. Jap.

17. A. clirys4ntha, Mitford (B. chri/sdntha, Hort.).
Height 3-5 ft.: Ivs. 5-7 in. long, 1 in. or less wide,
nearly smooth, sometimes variegated with yellow, but
not so brightly as in J . auriroma. Jap. Also dis-
tinguished from A. auricoma by the lower surface of
the leaf being markedly ribbed, and lacking the soft,
velvety down. "Beingueitherfrankly green nor frankly
variegated, it is rather a disappointing plant. "—Mitford.

BAMBOO

129

Arrangeme

'ofll

absent.
J. distichou

18. B. disticha, Mitford {B. nAna, Hort., not Roxb.).
Height 2-3 ft. : branches numerous : Ivs. 2-2K in. long,
% in. wide or less, serrate, green, produced in two ver-
tical ranks. Origin uncertain. A recent and rare spe-
cies of great interest, the distichous arrangement of Ivs.
being quite unique among Bamboos, and giving a very
distinct habit.

DD. Arrangement of Ivs. not distichous.
E. Lrs. !ong, 10-18 in.

19. B. palmita, Burbidge. Fig. 185. Height 2-5 ft
Ivs. 10-15 in. long, 2-3 H in. wide, bright green sharply
serrate, smooth and shining above, below pale and mi
nutely pubescent : longitudinal veins very promment
Jap. M. 79. Gn. 49, p. 59. shows a clump 36
ft. in circumference. ^-^

20. B. tessellilta, Munro (_B. Bngamdu-sk^
Hort. ). Height 2-3 ft. : Its. 12-18 in.
long, 3-4 in. wide, smooth and shin- ^r=-*^^I^Z^^
ing above, whitened beneath, sharply
serrate; midrib prominent, and
bearing a tomentose line on one side. C'liii
and Jap. G.C. HI. 15: 167 ; 18:189. K.B. 2
p. 269. — Produces the largest Ivs. of any hard
Bambusa in cult., which is especially remark
able on account of its dwarf habit. Much con
fused in gardens, but unnecessarily, with A

Veilchii, as the tomentose line on one side
of the midrib is unique in B. tesseVuta. The
Ivs. are used by the Chinese for wrapping tea

EE. Lvs. shorter, S-6 i
A. pan

21. B. pygmeea, Miq. Height K-1 ft.: stems very slen
der, much branched : lvs. 3^ in. long, about i^ m wide,
serrate, pubescent, bright green above, glaucous and
pubescent beneath. Jap.— The smallest of Bamboos and
remarkably hardy. It is especially valuable for making
a thick carpet in wild places, but its rampant growth
makes it a nuisance in a border. The sts. are purple
the nodes prominent, and furnished with a waxy glau
cous band round the bass.

3, Mitford (A. Fortunei, var. i\)ulis,

Hort.). Height 2-3 ft.: branches in 2's and 3's, long in
proportion to sts. : lvs. 4-6 in. long, the largest about
?^in. wide : internodes 2-5 in. apart. Dies down in a
hardy winter. A rare species, liable to confusion with
A. pitmila. No. 3.

Section II. — Internodes flattened, at least on one side :

sheaths early deciduous. ( The genus Phylldstachys.)

A. Color of stems black.

23. P. nigra, Munro [B. ntgra, Lodd.). Black Bam-
boo. Fig. 180. Height 10-20 ft. : stems green at first,
but changing to black the second year : lvs. very thin,
2-6 in. long, 6-10 lines broad. China and Japan. M. 142,
andfrontis. G.C. HI. 15:369 ; 18:185. R.B. 23, p. 268.
— One of the most popular of all Bamboos, and very dis-
tinct by reason of its black stems. Var. punctata, Hort.
Franceschi, has yellowish stems spotted with black.

24. P. violiscens, A. and C. Riviere {B. violdscens,
Carr.). Height sometimes 13 ft.: stems violet, almost
black the first months, changing the second year to a
dingy yellow or brown : lvs. very variable in size, 2-7 in.
long, K-2 in. wide, the larger lvs. borne on young shoots
or on the ends of the lower branches near the ground. The
Its. are sharply serrated and haTC a well-defined pur-
plish petiole. Franceschi says it is hardy, and that P.
bambusioides is often sold under this name.

AA. Color of stems yellowish, or striped yellow.

25. P. mitis, A. and C. Riviere (B. mltis, Hort., not
Poir. ) . Height 15-20 or more ft. : stems arched, yellow-
ish ; internodes at the base not short : leaf characters
identical with P. aurea, with which it is closely allied.
Japan. Gn. 17, p. 44. — The tallest of all Bamboos, but,
unfortunately, not one of the hardiest.

26. P. Castilldnis, Hort. (B. Castillonis, Hort.).
Unique in the genus for having both sts. and lvs. varie-
gated. Height 6-20 ft. : sts. 1 in. or more thick, much
zigzagged, bright yellow, with a double groove of green:
lvs. sparingly striped yellowish white, 7 in. long, 1% in.
wide, serrated on both margins : leaf-sheath topped by
a whorl of dark brown or purple h^irs. Jap. — Cult, by
Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif.

27. B. Btriita, Lodd. Height 4-5 ft.: stems striped
yellow and green, as thick as the thumb ; internodes 4-6
in. long : lvs. 6-8 in. long, %-l in. broad. China.

:'^''"r&

183 Bambusa palmata

BM b0i9 which shows a Hon eimg specimen with con
spicuous anthers red purple at first and fading to lUac
Not described by Mitford Sold b and by Yokohama
Nursery Co.

130

BAMBOO

28. P. adrea, A. and C. Riviere (B. aiireci, Hort.).
Height 10-15 ft.: stems straight
at the base remarkably short : 1
the base to the apex, minutely and regularly serrate on
only one border, usually 2-4 in. long and %in. wide, but
variable, light green, glabrous ; sheaths deciduous,
marlied with purple. Japan. Gn. 8, p. 206. A.F. 5:41.
—The name is not distinctive, as others of tbo Ph-riin-
stachys group have yellowish stems. Hardier ease
of cult, than P. mltis.

AAA. Color of stems green, often yellowish
B. MeigU 6-lS ft.
c. Lvs. spotted ictth brown.

29. P. auilioi, A. and C. Riviere (B. Qnilu I 1
Ma2Hi,Uort.). Height sometimes 18 ft.:

than in P. mitis or aurea :
stems arched : lvs. much
larger and especially
broader than in any other
Phyllostacbys, the largest
8 in. long, 1% in. wide, the
serration of one edge con-
spicuous; lvs. darli green,
often spotted brown, very

BB. Height 2 ft.
33. P. ruscifolia, Hort.
P. Kmnusdsa, Mitford.
nillis, Hort.). Height 1}^-
sheaths purple : lvs. 2-3
in outline. Jap. G.C. I
The stem is channeled c

■ihlt .

Kew. (P. Kumasfica, Munro,
B. ruscifdlia, Sieb. B. vimi-
l ft. : stems zigzag, dark green ;
n. long, about 1 In. wide, ovate
[1.15:369. G.C. III. 18: 189.-
n the branching side, almost

«-^

186. Phyllostachys nicra.

glaucous beneath ; leaf-sheaths a peculiar feature
ing pinkish brown, deeply mottled with purp e po
Cult. S. and in Calif. -Rare.

cc. Lvs. not spotted with browi
D. Habit slightly zigzag.

30. P. Hendnis, Mitford (B. ZTewdnis, Hort.). Height
6-15 ft. : stems arcned : lvs. 2-3 in. long, a little under
J^in. broad, narrowed below the middle to the base and
long attenuate at the apex, bright green ; sheaths decid-
uous, yellowish, inclined to purplish: intemodes 5-6 in.
long near the base and middle of the stem, distinctly
grooved with a double furrow. Japan. — This is Mit-
(ord's favorite Bamboo.

DD. Habit strongly zigzag.

31. P. viridi-glaucescens, A. and C. Riviere (B. viridi-
glauci'scens, Carr.). Height 10-18 ft.: stems slender,
zigzag, arched, bright green at first, fading as they ripen
to a dingy yellow : lvs. 3-4 in. long, about Kin. wide or
little more, bright green above, whitened below. China.
Gn. 7, p. 279. G.C. HI. 15:433; 18:183.-The name Is
unfortunate because not distinctive, as all Bamboos have
green lvs. with more or less whitened lower surfaces.
Very hardy and common.

32. P. bambusoides, Sieb. & Zucc. Height about 5 ft.
in the second year : stems zigzag, green at first, ripen-
ing to yellow, the branch-bearing side flattened rather
than grooved, as in other species of Phyllostachys : in-
ternodes long in proportion to length of stem, sometimes
8 in.: branches in 3's,the longest at the middle of the

largest i , .. _

one side. Jap. -Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Bar-
bara, Calif.

BANANA fan, L n

amindeea. This very valuable tropical plant is prized
for its fruit, textile fiber, and decorative effect in land-
scape gardening. Most species are cultivated for their
fruit, and one or two species for fiber— although all
sorts have a fiber of considerable value. Every spe-
cies is worthy a place in decorative planting. For an
account of the species and their ornamental values, see
Musa.

The species mostly in demand for fruiting seldom or
never produce seeds, and naturally increase by suckers
around the base of each plant. These form a large
clump, if allowed to grow without care. They are most
readily separated from the parent root-stalk by a spade,
and are then fit for further planting. This is a slow pro-
cess of increase, but it is sure, and the suckers so pro-
duced make large and vigorous plants. A quicker
method of propagation is to cut the entire root-stalk
into .small, wedge-shaped pieces, leaving the outer sur-
face of the root about 1 by 2 inches in size, planting
in light, moist soil, with the point of the wedge down
and the outer surface but slightly covered. The best
material for covering these small pieces is fine peat, old
leaf -mold, mixed moss and sand, or other light material
which is easily kept moist. The beds so planted should
be in full open sunshine if in a tropical climate, or given
bottom heat and plenty of light in the plant-house. The
small plants from root-cuttings should not be allowed to
remain in the original bed longer than is necessary to
mature one or two leaves, as that treatment would stunt
them. The textile and ornamental species, also, may be

BANANA

increased by the above process, biit as these species
usually proiluce seeds freely, seedlings can be more
quickly grown, and with less trouble. The seeils of
Bananas should be sown as fresh as possible, treating
them the same as recommended for root-cuttiugs. As
soon as the seedlings show their first leaves, they should
be transplanted into well-prepared beds of rich, moist
soil, or patted off and plunged into slight bottom heat,
as the needs of the grower or his location may demand.
Both seedlings and root-cuttings sliould have proper
transplanting. sut^i"ii-Tit room runl ri-'h snil. a^ n r:i]>id.
unchecked growth -iv,-~ tli.- h,-^i ;iiMi c|iii.'k.-f r.-ult-^.
Thecultivati..n-f l'.,-,i,,ui:.~ t,.r l run i~ r,Mrn,-.l ..,, x,ry
extensively in all tr"|iii-,il iMuntiir^. In ili.' W. -i In.lii-^,
Central America ana .M.xi.'u, th. y jiv rai-v.l f.ii- nxiM.rt
to the United States and Canada. The site selected is
usually a level plain in the lowlands, near the coast, or
in valleys among the hills, where the rainfall or artificial
moisture is suiEcient. The variety most commonly
grown at present is the Martinique, having large bunches,
with long, yellow fruit. The Bara(;oa (or Red Jamaica)
is more sparingly grown now than formerly, and its dark
red fruits, of largest size, are not commonly exported.
For distant shipping, bunches of fruit are cut with
"machetes" or knives, after they reach their full size
and are almost mature, but quite green in color. Eipen-
ing is effected during shipment in warm weather, and
by storing in dark, artificially-heated rooms during cold
weather. Banana flour is a valuable product of ripe
Bananas prepared among the plantations in the tropics.
It is nutritious, and has an increasing demand and use
as human food. A recently invented process of drying
ripe Bananas has been found very successful, and the
industry promises to be of vast importance as the mar-
ketable article finds ready sale. In the United States
there is little commercial cultivation of Bananas, since
the frostless zone is narrow and the fruit can be grown

BAPTISIA

131

187. A bearmg

so much more cheaply in Central America and the West
Indies. Small Banana plantations are common in south-
ern Florida, however, and even as far north as Jackson-
ville. They are also grown in extreme southern Louis-

iana, and southwestward to the Pacific coast. The plants
will endure a slight frost without injury. A frost of 5
or 6 degrees will kill the leaves, but if the plants are
nearly full grown at the time, new foliage may appear
and fruit may form. If the entire top is killed, new
suckers will spring up and bear fruit the following year.
A stalk, or trunk, bears but once ; but the new sprouts
which arise from the roots of the same plant continue

the fruit-bearing. A strong sprout should bear when
12-18 months old (from 2-3 years in hothouses). The
plantation will, therefore, continue to bear for many
years. A bearing stalk, as grown in southern California,
is shown in Fig. 187.

The peculiar flower-bearing of the Banana is shown in
Fig. 188, which illustrates the tip of a flower-cluster.
This cluster may be likened to a giant elongating bud,
with large, tightly overlapping scales or bracts. Three
of these bracts are shown at a a a, in different stages of
the flowering. As they rise or open, the flowers below
them expand. The bracts soon fall. The flowers soon
shed their envelopes, but the styles, 6, persist for a
tune The ovaries soon swell into Bananas, c. The bracts
ue royal purple and showy.

BANCROFT, GEOKGE.

t nan (1800-1891) deserv.
(ulturi'itsforhis splinidi.l
7uer home in Newpurt. K
be found in the Annniran
sketch.

5. N. REA.SONEE.

The famous American his-
■s rfmr-mbrauce among horti-
.■•■llrctinii of roses at his sum-

I.. an ,■ unt of which may

ilaiilin. ls;U. For a portrait
s Annual Cyclopedia for 1890.
in Mr Bancroft's garden, (leorge Field found a rose with-
out a name, which is now known to be the French variety
Mme Ferdinand Jamin. It was introduced by Field &
Bro as the American Beauty. Though little known
abroad it is, probably, the most famous of all roses cult.

BANEBEBBT. See.liton.

BANKSIA (Sir Joseph Banks, 1743-1820, famous Eng-
lish scientist). Protedcete. Many species of Australian
evergreen shrubs, with handsome foliage, but scarcely
known in cult. here. Prop, by nearly mature cuttings,
in frames.

BANYAN TBEE. See Ficus Indica.

BAOBAB. See Aclansonla.

BAFTtSIA (Greek, to dye, alluding to the coloring
matter in some species). Syn. , Podalyria. Legumindsa.
Small genus of perennial herbs of eastern N. Amer.
Corolla papilionaceous, the stan<lard not larger than the
wings : calyx canipaiuilatn, tlir ."> teeth separate and
equal or the 2 upper <.nc-s niiit.-.i : stamens 10, distinct :
pod stalked in the calyx.- I'laats usually turn black in
drying. Baptisias are suitable fur borders. They thrive
in any ordinary soil and under common treatment, pre-
ferring free exposure to sun. Prop, by division or
seeds.

;arry

A. Lvs. simple : fls.fjellow.
simplicifolia, Croom. Branchy, 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 2-1 in.
long, sessile, broadly ovate and obtuse : fls. in numerous
terminal racemes. Fla.-Int. 1891.

perfoMta, R. Br., of S. Car. and Ga.,with small axil-
lary fls. and broad perfoliate Its., is occasioaally planted,
and is hardy as far N. as Washington, but is evidently
not iu the trade. B.M. 3121.

AA. Jji'S. compound. S-foJlolate.

B. Fls. ll.'Ih'ir.

tinctdrla, E. Br. Wild iNiih:^. l;i..l,y l)ranched, 2-t
ft., glabrous': Ivs. stalked, tlj.- 111^. mjuiII, obovate or
oblanceolate, and nearly or quiti- Ntasilu aud entire : fls.
%m. long, bright yellow, in numerous few-fld. racemes.
Cdmmon in E. States. B.M. 10U9. Mn. 5:81.

lanceol&ta. Ell. About 2 ft., pubescent when young,

but becoming nearly glabrous : Ivs. short-stalked, the

Ifts. thick, lanceolate to obovate and obtuse : fls. large,

axillary and solitary. Pine barrens, N. Car. S.

BB. Fls. blue.

austrillis.R. Br. {B. ccerulea, F.:>i . \ AVi, V ,.,linl„,
Sweet). Stout, 4-6 ft., glabrous : I ;, i ll,,!;

Ifts. oblanceolate to oval, entire, nlii' I ' ,; , hk.-,

nearly or quite an in. long, in 1 ■ iln . h-hl ,. mhiuhI

racemes. Penn. W. and S. J.H. 111. .:(. 1.4 , ;.4. .",11.—

Handsome. Probably the best species for cultivation.

BBB. Fls. white or whilisJi.

Alba, R. Br. Wide-branching, 1-3 ft., glabrous : ivs.
stalked ; Ifts. oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, thin, dry-
ing green : fls. white, J^in. long, in long-peduncled,
elongated lateral racemes. N. Car.W. and S. B.M. 1177.

leuc4ntha,Torr. & Gray. Branching, more or less suc-
culent, 2-A ft., glabrous : Ivs. stalked ; Ifts. obovate to
oblanceolate to cuneate, very obtuse, drying black ; fls.
white, nearly an in. long, in loose-fld., lateral racemes.
E. states. _

leucophiEa, Xutt. Stem stout and angled, but low and
wiiif t.i:iiMli((i. 1-2J^ ft., hairy or nearly glabrous : Ivs.
>liiiit I" ti.il. ll ; Ifts. oblanceolate to obovate, stiif, dry-
in- III. k : ru, large and cream-colored, on slender erect
).i iliri N. liMiTii' in 1-sided declined racemes. Ga. W.
B.M.,v.i(in. .M.i.:i:177. P.S.23:2449. L. H. B.

BARBACENIA (Barbacena, a Brazilian governor).

Aiiiiinjll'nh'ii ru . About 20 Brazilian plants, with scape
bearing a single large purple flower. ilii.Hri iiii.-.tly in
baskets, after the manner of many iinln.K. B. purpurea.

not appear to be in the Amer. traiU-. 1 Imwn in :i warm,
moist house. It has many scapes and long, grass-like,
toothed !vs. B.M. 2777.
BAKBADOES CHEREY is .Mnlpiqhin ; B. Lily, nip-

BABBARSA (from the old name. Herb of Saint Bar-
bara). Criiciferw. Hardy biennials, with yellow fls.;
allied to water cress and horseradish.

vulgaris, R. Br. CoinioN Winter Cress. Upland
Ckess. Yellow Rocket. Height 10-18 in.: lower Ivs.
lyrate, the terminal lobe round, the lateral usually 1-1
pairs : upper Ivs. obovate, cut-toothed at the base. Eu.
Asia. —Cult, for salad. Var. varieg&ta, Hort., Ivs.
splashed and mottled with yellow, is cult, as a border
plant, and grows freely in rich soil. If the fls. are picked
off, stem and all, before they open, the plant will be
practically perenuial. A common native.

prEBCox, R. Br. Early Winter, or Bell Isle Cress.
Distinguished by the more numerous divisions of the
Ivs. (4-8 pairs). Slightly cult, as a salad, and knownS.as
Scurvy Grass. Naturalized from Eu. j b_ Keller.

BARBE DE CAPtlCIN. See Chicory.

BARBERRY. See Berber! s.

BARBIfiRIA lait.r .1. I;. <■. r.iiKi. >. French physi-
cian). y,..//,».ii/..,.. . A _ .M. species, one

from i'lirto U'ln. -..n.l n i 1 - nearest allies

familiar tu llu' liuitiruli 111 ■ -1 ;m . linliuophera and Te-

phrosia. It is distinguished from allied genera by the
long fls. Tender i-vrrisn-nt slirnlis, with odd-pinnate
Ivs., numerous entin- Hi-., and awl-shaped stipules : fls.
large, racemose reil. I'ri'ii. Iiy si iil.

poIyphJUa, DC. (r/,//,,;,, j„.i,,i.hiilh,. Poir.). Lfts.
9-11 pairs, ellii'tic-ob ong, mucronate, pubescent with
age : racemes few fld. . shorter than the Ivs. : fls. 2 in.
long. Porto Rico.— 5. g'abilla, Hort., Peter Hender.son
& Co., 1899, is probably t varietv.

in-' . I' I ii.|. :il to the corky layers formed on the

nil I ' \| dy plants. It is formed from an

rtr ! . I : -in-. — the phellogen. The bark is de

i-lii; I ll ::i ll I'. 11 111 ways upon different trees. So dis-
met art' tin 1 1 - nil ill^ 1 issues that species of trees may
e readily 11 iiiurii/.i .1 li\ 1 In-ir bark alone. Corkofcom-
lerce is tin- l.mk 1.1 iln ,-iirk oak, a native of south-
•estern lOumi.. . w. W. RowLEE.

BARKfiRIA. See EpiJemlrum.

FARLfiRIA (J. Barrelier, 1606-1G73, French botanist) .

plants, but not offered in the Amer. trade. They have
large fls. (yellow, purple or white), often in clusters.
Prop, oy softwood cuttings. B. cristita, Linn., E. Ind.,
is a good blue-fld. bedder.

BARLEY. Various kinds of E6rdeum of the Gramln-
e(P. r'ommon Barlev is IT. safivum, Jess. According
t„ HimI;.-I it ■•.,n.l..,i').t.-.llv nrieinated from H. spnntA-

BAR6SMA ih,„,

South Afriian In :il

and in tin- N 11
mature-wi .. I i

s.-|.als, .-, iH-tals and 10

BARRY, PATRICK. Plate II. Nurseryman, editor
ami luthcir- wis liorn near Belfast, Ireland, in May, 1816,
iiid dRd m Rochester, N Y June 2i, 1890 He came
t ) \iiH ru a at the age of twentj , and after four jears of
sirMtL «ith the Princes, at Flushing, on Long Island,
hcfouncUd in 1S4(I, \Mtli (ti r. Elln iu„' r it R ( hes
ter, N ■i tl ^r IT I \ T 11 1 1

Barry mti "i I

at a timt
railroad ■ 1

steamers to 1 i 1 ^ 1 1 1

Prom 1844 to Ibu- L 1 J

an excellent and luthi i ( I 1 1

m "The Cultivator .1 1 (

death of A ID wi 1 1

of 'Then 1 I
until Jun 1

1 one of our most
] i 1 servedly so The

1 for the American
I i \\ jrk Mr Barry

1 f nurseries and

\\ \ I 1 1 -n mg region The

Wi t u M n \ ik II iti ult 11 1 s iet\ of which he
was y rt sulent f r mcie th in thirt\ \ e irs and until his

The work ot Barry was truly national, and essentially

BARRY

that of a pioneer. H.- mn-t I ii-i.lcr.-.l in fhf fn.nt

rankof pomolof;i';il :ri>l<..i - .-, i h i !■. I k, , niii_'-. Warder,
and Thomas, wlf- ' i' ' ■ ::i\i a L::rrai

impulse towards r-r ' i ■ ■ i -i i hir-.' >.al.'

in America. Fur a lalhr a.- ni, \',i'li [M.rtrair. sta-

"Annals of Horticulture," 1890, 287-290. w. M.

BAETdNIA. See MenUella.

BABTBAM, JOHN. Called by Linnseus the greatest
natural botanist in the world. Was born at Marple, near
Darby, Pennsylvania, Mar. 23, 1609, and died Sept. 22.
1777. He was a Quaker fanner, who became intereste<l
in botany after the aire of twenty-four. In 1728, at King-
sessing, on the Schuylkill Kiver, he established the first
botanic garden in ATueriea. which, together with his
house, built in 17:S1, of stone hewn by his own hands, Is
happily preserved to-dav as p.-irt of the park system of
Philadelphia. He traveled much in America, and was
for many years the chief medium of exchange between
Europe and America of plants of all kinds, especially
new and important species, as Bliodmlendron maximum
and Ci/pripedium aeaule. His correspondence with
Peter Collinson lasted nearly half a century. The let-
ters, preserved to us in Darlington's "Memorials of
John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall," are rich in
botanical, historical and general interest. "Observa-
tions on the Inhabitants * • * made by John Bar-
tram in his Travels from Pensilvania to Onondago,
Oswego, and the Lake Ontario * * * London, 1751,"
is similarly readable, and a document of great value in
the study of aboriginal races.

At the age of seventy he undertook, with his son Wil-
liam, an expedition to Florida, which is recorded in the
"Journal Kept upon a Jouriiev fniin .St. Augustine up
the River St. Johns." Ham il-i x :i< iiil.alify the first
American to perform sucta ■ ■ it.; in hybridi-

zation. His sons, John a' i ^ , ^ -ntinued his

garden. Formany years it \.;-; i n- iar-r-t and best col-
lection of trees and shrubs in ArmaHai, and the services
of the garden to early American horticulture were very
great. He is commemorated in Bartraraia, a genus of
mosses, and in "Bartr.ira's Oak," for the literature of
which, see I. C. Martiuale's "Notes on the Bartram Oak,
Qiieiriis heterojihiiUa, Michx.," published at Camden,
N. J., 1880. Bartram's garden is a unique spot in
America. Many of the trees have attained great age,
size and beauty. The garden also contains many quaint
and picturesque relics which have associations of great
interest. On the whole, John Bartram is one of the most
illustrious, and by far the most picturesque, of the early
botanists and horticulturists of America, and his simple,
wholesome, powerful personality presents a picture that
is altogether amiable. New editions of the works of
Bartram and Darlington are much to be desired, and
offer a promising field to critical labors. John Bartram's
son William is well known to students of American
history for his "Observations on the Creek and Cherokee
Indians, 1789." It is very much to be regretted that no
authentic portrait of John Bartram is known. For an
excellent illustrated account of Bartram and his garden,
see the article by Miss M. L. Dock in Garden and Forest,
9:121-124 (1895). See also Harper's Mag. 60:321-330
(1880). ^. jl.

BASfiLLA (native Malabar name). CI,, „..,i..:i;,),-ne.
Malabar Nightshade. A genus (a.Tit.iiiiinu- .nily one
species, which is, however, remarkaM\- \ariali|r. An-
nual or biennial herbs, cult, in the trcjiLs a^ a jhii lit-rb.
like spinach. Rarelf cult. N. as an i.ruuunutal warm-
house climber. It may also be started indoors, and set
out in May for use as a garden vegetable, to follow
spinach. Prop, by seeds.

rtibra, Linn. Lvs. •^n■•l■^\^^•^\\ . n!t<-niat.-, rarely oppo-
site, almost entir.-. "i xiil.ii- r.t.n, II, ihit pedicelled,
in simple spikes mi , i nr long, lax,

few-fld. Thefoll.i ; , , ^idered only

forms of the abovr : ,;'.,..;, >, I, ii> -J,!, i.-iiu r.irely cult.
as a trailer from roots of warm-houses, or as a basket
plant ; caninifolia ,- cordifblia, with heart-shaped Ivs.
4-5 in. long and 2-2^ in. wide ; crassifblia ; Japdnica ;
iiVci'fZra, from India ; nJjra, a Chinese form ; raiMdsa and
volubi'.is. Under the name of Sweet Malabar Vine, A.

BASKET PLANTS 133

a form with tiny yellow and red fls.,
ited with white, pink, and green. He
t assumes a drooping habit. When cut

BASIL. Species of Ocimwm, of the LabidUe. They
are Indian annuals, and are cult, as pot-herbs, the clove-
flavored foliage being used as seasoning in soups, meats
and salads. They are of easiest culture, the seed being

sown in tlif niM'ii as snnn as the weather is settled.
Cnnina.n Ha^il i-", /.■"- /'"aiw . Linn., a ft. high, branch-
in-, wiili ..vati i.,..il,,,i !x,.,and white or bluish white

Linn,, tlir Dwarf Ba-il, is lower, and smaller in all its
parts ; rarely seen. When Basil is in bloom, it can be
cut and dried for winter use.

BASKET PLANTS. Fig. 189. Under this term are
included all those plants which, from their habit of
growth and blooming, have been
found especially suitable for use in
hanging baskets. Most of these are
dwarfish plants of indeterminate
growth, of gracefully drooping or
vine-like habit, and are valued either
for their grace, or for freedom and
daintiness of bloom. Some of the

plants of naturally small
stature, or are practically
such for a season from a
slow habit of growth. The
suitability of these erect-
growing plants for the
purpose is determined,
aside from their stature,
by their freedom of bloom,
beauty of foliage, striking
form, or grace of habit.
Such plants are used prin-
cipally for filling the cen-
tral part of the basket ;
whereas, plants of trail-
ing habit are inserted near
the sides — some to droop,
others to twine upwards
on the cords or handle by
which the basket is sus-
pended. In addition to the
long drooping or climbing
plants, there are a

iber of half-
hah

nber of half-erect ^'V '« x. , ,.

lit, like the lobelia, \AJ ^J/^ii},\
;et alyssum and <^^ ^ik,U(^

ifl

droop somewhat,
not of a truly vine-like
habit. Some plants are
more suitable than others
for shady places : the
selaginellas, for instance.
Others thrive only with
several hours of direct
sunshine each day.

The following list of
common trade names era-
braces a number of the
important basket pli

.J

s, arranged according to-

their habit of growth and blooming. The list is not given
as a complete one. Any list would need amending from
year to year to suit individn.al taste and experience.
Plants which will bear considerable shade are marked
with an asterisk (*) ; those which will bear more ar&
marked with two asterisks (**):
1. PLANT.S OP VINE-LIKE HABIT.

a. LONG-DEOOPING,

**English I\T^, *Kenilworth Ivy. *Vinea major, *V. Har-
risonil. .Saxifruga sarinentosa. *Cissus discolor,* Money-
wort \\-y. Tn.ijieoluiiis IX.-isturtiums). Lonicera HaUi-
Nepeta Glechoma, Ampe-

Veitchii

j deciduous, and not suitable

IM

BASKET PLANTS

ii huiina crassifolia,*Sweet Alyssum,
ta^. Oxalis lioribunda. *Ru8selia
; ui ]11.*Fittonia.*Fuchsia procum-
1.M *r\-i- (4.:.r:niini>i **Selaginellas.

■ ,1 ~. ,,i d h^ >.auin Kieboldi,

lis Mail

2. PLANTS OF UPRIGHT HABIT.
o. Low-growing.

1. Flowering J'lants.

*Toreilia. *Pansy, Cuphea platyeentra. C. hyssopifolia.
*Prinmla obconica. Dwarf Alyssum, Bellis perennis.
Linum or Reinwardtia trigynum, Phlox Dnimmondii.
Dutch bulbs.

2. Foliage Plants.

*Peperomla. *Begonia Rex, *Farfugium grande, Alter-
nanthera, **Maidenhair Fern, Geraniums (especially
Mme. Salleroi), *Isolepis gracilis (droops with age).
b. Taller Growing.

1. Flowering.

Geraniums — Pelargonium *Fuchsias, Petunias, •Bego-
nias, Browallia, 'Stevia serrata. var. nana. Madagascar
Periwinkle. *Nierembergia. Lantana,*Impatiens Suttana,
Cuphea Llavea, Swainsona, Chrysanthemum fnites-
ceus, Salvias.

2. Foliage.

'Dusty Miller, •Crotons, *Palms, **Fems, 'Fancy Cala-
diums, Coleus, Achyranthes, "Aspidistra, *Cyperus alter-
nifolius, *Draciena indivisa, *D. terminalis, Coccoloba
platyclada.

Some of the above plants make large subjects when
growing in the open ground. Of such, only young or
smaller plants are available for use in hanging baskets.
Ordinarily, several different sorts of plants are used for
filling a basket. In some cases, however, a pretty
basket is made by using but one kind of plant. A hang-
ing basket filled with sword fern, for instance, makes
a handsome object.

Baskets of a variety of patterns are obtainable from
florists and other dealers. The baskets most extensively
used, perhaps, are made of strong wire, woven into hem-
ispherical or other forms. These are sometimes plain,
and again of ornamental character. The better form has
a flat bottom, or a stand, formed of wire, to support the
basket in an upright position when it is not pendent.
Another style is f .. rmed of rustic work. Here the vessel
or plaut ba.sin is covered about the sides with rough
bark or knotted roots. For this purpose the roots of the
laurel are much used. Above the basket there is an arch
or handle by which it is suspended. Again, earthen-
ware vessels, to be suspended by wires, are ofiered for
sale in a variety of shapes. Some of these are moulded
and painted in imitation of logs, and are known as " stick "
and "log baskets." Such baskets are often without pro-
vision for drainage. When this is the case, holes should
be drilled at the lowest point in the bottom. A special
form of basket is much used for orchids. It is made of
square cedar slats in raft- or log-fashion. Pern-fiber and
broken bits of brick, tlower-pots or charcoal, are used
for filling them.

The soil used in hanging baskets is simply good,
common florists' potting soil. This usually contains
about 25 per cent of humus, and a small amount of
sharp sand to make it porous. Prior to filling, wire
baskets must be lined with moss. This is merely com-
mon woodland riioss from rotting logs, or rich, damp soil.
In filling baskets, a few drooping or climbing plants are
disposed around the sides ; then one or more upright-
growing or half-erect plants, according to the size of the
plants and basket, are planted in the center. Immediate
effects require plants which have already made consid-
erable growth. Florists usually carry a stock of suitable
plants. In case seedlings or cuttings are grown for the
purpose, it is usually best to start them in seed-pans or
cutting-boxes, and transfer them later to the basket.

A .•Miiiinnii iiii^iaki' ill arranging baskets is crowding,
■ .r lilliiiL; ihriii t.j.. full. Fewer plants will appear more
graceful, growth will be iiKire vigurous. and the basket

cise vigilance and care in watering. After the roots
have well tilled the haski-i, watering is best done by
dipping the basket in a nil. .u- l.arrc-l of water, and al-
lowing it to remain niiiil it i^wrll saturated. Dipping

the basket in weak liquid manui lu-.- or twice a month

will greatly promote \iu-nf when ilu- plants have been
long in the basket. These remarks also apply in a
general way to vases and rustic stands.

Ernest Walker.
BASSWOOD. See Tilia.

BAST. The soft part of the flbro-vascular bundles it
plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases in
thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less
rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of Basswood
have been used in making cordage ; also in making
strong paper. -w. w. Rowlee.

BATATAS. SeelpomoM.

BATEMANNIA i in honor of James Bateman, the dis-
tinguish.. I cnllr.-ti.r and cultivator, and author of im-
portant u-.,rks oil Orchids). Orchid Acece, tribe Vdndeoe.
Pseudoluill.s short : leaf-blades coriaceous : fls. large,
2J^-3 in. in diam., single or in pairs. Cult, like Cattleya.
During the growing period they should be well supplied
with water and kept from strong sunlight.

C61Ieyi, Lindl. Petals and sepals pu.rplish or umber-
brown, shading to yell.. wi-li u'n-iii at tli.- I. asp. Deine-
rara. B.R. 1714. B.Jl. :;sls.

Meleigris, Reichb. f, l',t..l, an.l -, paN j.aU- yellow,
brown toward the siiiMiniiv, l.r-..a.l ai iho l.a-..- : labellum
white at the base. Brazil.

li.BurUi, Endr. & Reichb. f.,with 1-fld. peduncles, =Zygo-
i*"»'i™- Cakes Ames.

BAUHlNIA ( after John and Caspar Bauhin, sixteenth
century herbalists ; the twin leaflets suggesting two
brothers). Legumindsw, but there is nothing to sug-
gest the legume family to the northern horticulturist ex-
cept the pod. Mountain Ebijnv. A genus of over 200
species, allied to Cercis. 'rr..|.i.-al tr.'.s, shrubs, orvines,
with showy fls. ranging' l'r..iu \vliii.> to purple, and Ivs.
which may be entire ..r Ll-l..!.. .1. in some cases the Ifts.
being entirely free ; tin- ]..ti..i.- is prolonged into a
short but characteristic awn between the Ifts. : petals 5.
The number and fertility of the stamens are important
characters in determining the subgenera. They are
much cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif, in sandy soils. Prop.

:.lf-ri,

rar. 1} -n. ■ ' /.. - i is much

bles agiganf i' ii ' ,:i. Tlii' a-tiin-.nt bark is
usedintanni' , :,iil ili- 1\ -. ;inil 11. -buds as

a vegetal.!.', ; . '. !■ i. ,■, : pi.-l.!..!. ■■'ri..- reason for

thc^.- |.l - '' " - -'. hill.- L'i..\\n in our hothouses,"

.say- I l> II I-. 11. .. I. ail. I, that they must attain

S..I.1. ■'.'.' v il'.w.r. aii.l tliat they require a

(Irv -..!-. 11 I.. II,.. II til. ir H.....1, lilt- giving of which,
withoui kiihui^ tlif pkiiit by drought, is the standing
crux of all establishments." Great numbers of species
of Bauhinia are likely to be introduced from time to
time because of their gorgeous appearance in the trop-
ics. In the experience of Old World gardeners, the most
reliable species under glass arc />'. i-nrieijata, B. corym-

a. Lvh. divhUa Hut tu Ihc middle.

B. Fls. nsually colored.

variegata, Linn. Tree, 6-20 ft. : Ivs. 3-4 in. across,

orbicular, 9-11 nerved, lubes rounded : petiole 1-2 in.

long : fls. about 7, in a short raceme, 4 in. across ; calyx

4

BAUHINIA

spathe-like ; petali; 5, cUiwed, obovate-ohlong, veined,
rose-colored, the lowest one larger, broader above the
middle, strongly marked with crimson : pod 1-2 ft. long.
India. B.M. (J818.— The coloring of the Hs. varies.

Var. c&ndida, Koxb. {A. dlba, Buck-Ham.). Height
12 ft. : fls. white, beautifully veined with green ; lis.
Feb. to May. B.M. 7.'!12 "A taller grower than A.
acumhiata, h\oommg in late winter and eaih vpring
Very quick-growing, and ornamental even when not m
bloom."— Reasoner Bros.

purpilTea, Linn. Height G ft Ivs coriaceous rufous
tomentose beneath when joung, Itts broadlj o\ate
4-nerved : petals red, one streakcl \Mth whit tn the
claw, lanceolate, acute; fertile st 1 ' e the

rest sterile or abortive : pod 1 ( H irma

China.-Without doubt one ot I mall

trees in S. Fla. Flowers are 1 t pro

fusion, 3 to 5 inches across troni

almo.st white to a shade of ii h i nil i 1 niaiked
and shaded with many tones The i lant ih \ ery robust
and hardy here, growing to a height ot 15 feet m less
than 2 years, and blooms all winter and spring

G41pini, N. E. Brown. Half climbing shrub 5 10 ft
Ivs. 1-3 in. long, 2-lobed from one htth to one hilt their
length, 7-nerved ; petiole about Urn long racemes
6-10-fld.: petals 5, all alike l-l^,in long, claw as
long as the limb ; limb orbicular, cuspidate, brick led ,
fertile stamens 3 : pod 3-5 m long , seeds daik brown
S. and Trop. Afr. B.M. 7494 -Discoveied 1891 Fls
borne continuously from spring to late autumn
BB. I'ls pti>e uliiti

acuminata, Linn. Height 5-h ft Ifts o\ ate aeumi
nate, parallel, 4-nerved, closing it night fls 2-3 in
across ; fertile stamen long and netih tree the othei
9 short, connected, and sterile Iiidii Mila^n China
-One of the most satisfactor\ of all either t( r open
ground or greenhouse culture as it will bloom the first
summer, when but a few months old and but a foot oi
two high, and in succeeding summers blooms contmu
ously from May to September.

AA. Lvs. divided heijond (he middle.
B. Leaflets not entirely free: fls. colored.

corymbdsa, Roxb. Woody climber, branching from the
ground.: branches grooved: tendrils opposite, revolute:
Ivs. lJ^-2 in. long, outer edges slightly rounded, inner
edges straight and parallel; nerves 2-4 : fls. numerous,
corymbose, 1 in. across, rosy, ithw fluted petals, and
characteristic venation ; stamens 3, bright red, 3 very
long, the rest abortive. China. B.M. 6621.

BB. Leaflets entirely free : fls. white.

Natal6nsis, Oliver. Small shrub : Ivs. numerous ;
leaflets each 1 in. long, with a midrib and a few nerves,
dark green ; petioles K-Kin. long : fls. single or in
2's, IVain. across, white, the midvein of the 3 upper
petals reddish ; petals erect or spreading, the 2 lower
ones larger ; stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short ; pod 3 in.
long. S. Afr. B.M. 6086.— Not advertised at present.

B. Hdbkeri. F. Miiell., from Austral., and B. Eichardsoni.
Hort., Frauceschi, are also advertised at present.

E. N. Reasonek and W. M.

BAY TBEE. See Laurus.

BEAN. A name applied to various plants of the Legu-
miubsw. The Beans chiefly known to agriculture are ot
five types : (1) The Broad Beau ( Vicia Fahri), or the
Bean of history, an erect-growing plant, producing very
large and usually flat, orbicular or angular seeds. Prob-
ably native to S.W.Asia (Figs. 190, 191, a). See Vicia.
These types of Beans are extensively grown in Europe,
mostly for feeding animals. They are either grown to
full maturity and a meal made from the Bean, or t lie plant
is cut when nearly full grown and used as forage or made
into ensilage. The Broad Bean needs a cool climate and
long season. In the U. S. the summers are too hot and
dry for its successful cultivation on a large scale, and the
plant is practically unknown there. In Canada, the plant
is used in connection with corn to make ensilage; and
this combination is known as the "Robertson mixture."

BEAN

135

(2) Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, which see ; Pigs.
191, 6, 192). This is the plant which is everywhere known
as Bean in North America, comprising all the common
Held, garden, snap and string Beans, both bush and
climbing. By the French it is known as Haricot, and this

'I

-^

"-7

5

190. Broad Bean —Vicia Faba ( -\

i

word is often found in our literature. Its nativity is un-
known, but it is probably of tropical American origin.
For inquiries into the nativity of the Bean, see DeCan-
doUe, Origin of Cultivated Plants ; Gray & Trumbull,
Amer. .lour. Sci. 26:130 ; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1887:
332 ; Wittmack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesellschaft,
6:374 (1888). (3) Lima or Sugar Beans {Phaseolus lu-
natics, which see). Long-season, normally tall-clirabing
plants, producing large, flat seeds (Figs. 191, c, 193).
Native to S. Amer. See Bailey, Bull. 87, Cornell Esp.
Sta. (4) Various species of Dolichos (as 1). sesqnipe-
dalis). Vines which produce very long, slenderpods and
small, narrow Beans (Figs. 191, d, 194). Native to trop.
Amer. See Dolichos. (S) Soy, or Soja, Bean (G/.i/ci«i!
hispida, which see). A bushy, erect, hairy plant, pro-
ducing small pods in clusters, and pea-like seeds (Figs.
191, e, 195). In this country comparatively little known,
and used mostly for forage. Native to China and Japan,
where it is much grown. Aside from these types, there
are others of less economic importance. The Scarlet
Runner type is a perennial Phaseolus (/". mullifloyi(S),
grown in this country mostly for ornament (Fig. 196).
Various other species of Phaseolus are also cult, ni
various parts of the world under the name of Beans. P.
radiatus is prized in Japan, and has been int. into the
U. S. as Adzuki Bean (see Georgeson, Bull. 32, Kans.
Exp. Sta.). Vigna Sinensis, known in N. Amer. as
Cowpea (which see), is sometimes called a Bean. The
Velvet Bean of the South is aMucuna (which see). The
Jack Bean is a Canavalia (Fig. 197). The Sea Beans of
the Florida coast are seeds of various tropical legumi-
nous plants, and are transported by ocean currents (see
Coe, in G.F. 7:503). L. H. B.

Culture op the BEAN.-Thepractical grower usually
divides the many varieties of Beans into two groups-
the bush and the'pole Beans. The one includes all those

13G

BEAN

grown as "field Beans" forthe dry-shelled seeds, as also
both the green-podded and the yellow-podded garden,
string, or snap Beans. The pole or running sorts are
usually grown for garden purposes, and rarely for the
dry-shelled Bean. The ordinary bush Beans make no
great demands for soil fertility. They do well on ordi-
narily good, wai-m farm loam. If the soil contains a
fair proportion of humus, the plants will secure much
of their nitrogen from the air ; and if additional fer-
tilizers are needed, they may be given in potash and
phosphoric acid alone. Plant only after danger fr

late frosts is past.
The work may be
done by band, or

various
vised foi

191. Types of Beans. Natural size.
a Vicia Faba. b. Phaseolus vulgaris, c, Phaseolus lunatus.
d, Dolichos sesquipedalis. e. Glycine hispida. f. Phaseolus
multiflorus.

vestlns the crop, special tools have been devised and
are in U'^e by those who make a business of Bean-grow-
ing : but when a regular Bean-puller is not available,
or when hand labor is cheap, the plants may be pulled
by hand and placed in rows on the ground, bottom-
side lip, and when sufliciently cured put in stooks or
taki'ii tu the barn, and, in due time, threshed with the
flail or with aregular Bean-thresher. After beingcleaned
by running through a fanning mill, picking over by
hand will also be required in most cases.

Among the leading sorts of field Beans are White Mar-
rowfat, Navy or Pea Bean, Medium, and the Kidnevs.
For string Beans, Early Valentine, which has various
strains, probably stands first in popular favor as a
green-podded variety for the market-garden at the
present time. Other good current sorts are Stringless
Green Pod, Early Mohawk, Refugee, etc. The best

among yellow-podded sorts are Black Wax or German
Wax, Golden Wax, Kidney Wax and White Wax. The
Wax or Yellow-podded sorts need a richer soil than the
other kinds. A good string Beau has a thick, meaty

-^m-

192 Common or Kidney Bean — Phaseolus vulgaris.

pod which snaps off completely when broken, leaving
no string along the back. Fig. 198 shows ideal pods.

Pole or running varieties of Beans require fertile soil;
and for that king of table Beans, the Lima of all forms,
luch can hardly be done in the way of enriching
round Warm soil is one of the first essentials of
■sv in trOWing pole Beans. When poles are to be
I I u| iiort they should be set not less than 4 ft.
w H\ , before the Beans are planted. Four or
111 to be placed around each pole, 1 to IK in.
\\ I ill It 13 a safe rule to put the seed eye down-
it IS not a necessary condition of prompt and
uniform germination. In case of absence or scarcity of
poles a serviceable, cheap and ornamental trellis may
be constructed by setting posts firmly at proper dis-
tances along the row, connecting them with two wires,
one a few inches and the other 5 or 6 ft. fi-uni the ground,
and finally winding cheap twine zigzag fashion around
the two wires. Cultivate and hoe frequently. A top-
dressing of good fertilizer, or of old poultry or sheep
manure, hoed in around
the plants, may be
great help in keeping
the productiveness
tin- plants tn the end of

l-^'-'f^t---^-.

Ill;,' the i-ntire season, the
pods, when large enoui-'li.
must be gathered fn
quently and clean
Among the varietiis
used both for string and
shell Beans, we have the
Green - podded Crease-
back, several wax varie-
ties, Golden Cluster, and
the popular Horticultural
or Speckled Cranberry
Bean, besides any num-
ber of others. A very
fine Bean is the Dutch
Runner ( Fig. 196 ) , which
approaches the Lima in
quality and resembles it
in habit of growth. The seed is of largest size s
clear white in color. Highly ornamental is the clos
related .Scarlet Runner, with its abundance of sho
scarlet blossoms. This Bean is grown in Europe
eating, but is rarely used for that purpose here.

BEAN

Of all pole Beans, the Limas have undoubtedly the
greatest economic value. They en.i'oy a deserved popu-
larity, and are usually grown with profit by the market-
gardener. The varieties might be classed in three types,
— that of the Large Lima, the Dreer Lima, and the
Small Lim'i or Sieva. Each of them has a number of
sub-varieties or strains, and appears in both pole and
bush form. The old Large Lima (Fig. 193) is a very
large, flat Bean, and yet largely grown for main crop.
To the same type belong Extra-early Jersey, King of
the Garden, and others. The pods of these are very
large, and the Beans in them somewhat flattened. The
dwarf form of this tj'pe is known as Burpee's Bush
Lima. The Dreer Lima of both forms is appreciated
especially for its high quality. The seeds are more
roundish and crowded close together in the pods, the
latter being much smaller than those of the Large Lima.
The seeds of these two types are light colored, with a
greenish tinge, but the Large Lima is also represented
by red and speckled (red-and-white) sports. The Small
Lima, or Sieva, with its dwarf form, Henderson's Bush
Lima, seems to be hardier and earlier than the two
larger types, but pod aud Bean are quite small. The
color of this Bean is nearly clear white, but there is also
a speckled sub-variety of it. Wherever there is a place
for the Sieva, its bush form will be appreciated. The
bush forms of the two larger types, however, are not
uniformly productive enough to take the place of the
pole forms entirely. The latter will often be found
preferable where a long season of continuous bearing is
desired. For further notes on Lima Beans, dwarf and
pole, see Bailey, Bulls. 87 and 11.5, Cornell Exp. Sta.

Beans are easily forced under glass, in a temperature
suitable for tomatoes. They may be grown either in
pots or beds. The bush varieties, as Sion House, are
preferred. Keep them growing, and look out for red
spider. See Bailey, Forcing-Book ; and for the forcing
of pole Beans, see Rane, Bull. 62, N. H. Exp. Sta. See
Forcing.

Three other members of the Bean tribe might be men-
tioned in this connection ; namely, the Black Bean or
Cow-pea of the South, the Japanese Soy Bean, and the
English or Broad Bean. The Cow-pea takes in some
measure the same place In the southern states that red
clover takes at the North, being used both as stock food
and as a green-manure crop. There are many varieties
of it, early and late, some of strictly bush habit and
some producing long runners. (See Cow-pea.) Of
greater value for the same purposes, north of New Jer-
sey, seems to be the Japanese Soy Bean, which is early
enough to come to maturity almost anywhere in the
United States. Its foliage is rather thin or open, how-
ever, which impairs its value for green-manuring. The
dry Bean constitutes one of the richest vegetable foods
known, and its flavor seems unobjectionable to all kinds
of stock. Sow 1 bus. to the acre. Similar to this in value
is the English Broad Bean, several varieties of which,
as the Broad Windsor, the Horse Bean, etc., are grown

tention in the cooler parts of the country. Being about
as hardy as peas, they may be planted much earlier than
would be safe for ordinary Beans. The Windsor is used

194. Dolichos sesquipedalis. or Yard-long Bean.

and are popular in England and in some parts of the
European continent. In most parts of the United States
they are scarcely known, and in none generally culti-
vated. Only a few of our seedsmen list them in their
otherwise complete catalogues. Yet they are a decidedly
interesting group of plants, and worthy of greater at-

le way that we
o much better
need of plant-

T. Greiner.

by people in England much in the sai
use Lima Beans ; but the latter are
that in the United States we have no
ing the former as a table vegetable.

BEAKBEKKY. See Arelostaphylos.

BEAE'S BREECH. See Acanthus.

BEAUCAENEA. See Nolina.

BEAUM6NTIA (after Mrs. Beaumont, of Bretton Hall,
Yorkshire, Eng.;. Apocyncleete. A genus of three East
Indian trees or tall climbers, with very large, white,
fragrant, bell shaped An. in terminal cymes. The genus
IS more nearly allied to the familiar greenhouse
shrub T'i ac1ieJoi>permxim jasminoides than to the splen-
did tropical climbers in AUamanda and Dipladenia.
/' ' ' Ins been neglected of late, presumably

1 s,,muchroom. It should he planted out

1 Hius, loamy soil of a warm house, as it

1 111 pots. It is best trained to the roof , as

tu I ,i in LLbsaryfor flowering, if not for growth.
Ihi shout- may be thinned if the large Ivs. cast too
much shade on the plants beneath. The wood should be
well ripened to produce an abundance of winter bloom.
The fls. are produced on the growth of the previous
season. After flowering, the plant should be severely
pruned to produce lateral shoots for the next season's
bloom. In its native country, this vine climbs over very
tall trees.

in^andlfldra, Wall. Lvs. obovate, cuspidate, wavy
margined : sepals 5, large, ovate, wavy, pink-tipped ;
corolla tube veined with green, the limb o-cleft. B.M.
3213. Gn. 45, p. 138; 49, p. 314. J. H. III. 28: 243.

138

BEDDING

BEDDING, or BEDDING-OUT. The temporary use
out-of-doors of plants that are massed for showy and
striking effects. There are four main types : spring,
summer, subtropical, and carpet bedding.

Spring Bedding is the most temporary of all, and is
usually followed by summer bedding in the same area.

196. Phastoli

See Bean. p. U5.)

It is the only kind that largely employs hardy plants, as
crocuses, narcissi, daffodils, tulips, hyacinths, and other
Dutch bulbs. All four types of bedding are commonly
seen in public parks, but spring bedding is the most
appropriate for amateur and home use, as the bulbs
flower at a dreary time of the year, when their brave
colors are most cheering, and also because they are
much more familiar than the subtropical and foliage

BEDDING

plants of summer. Then, too, hardy hul/is are more
easily cultivated than any other class of plants, and they
are cheap. The main principle is to plant them early
enough to secure a strong root development. Hence
they should be ordered early, and planted in the latter

partof Octo
massed orn
mixed bedd
and being !i

ber. The colors may be
e, the terras massed and
ty or variety of effect,
e four main types men-
ityle of bedding is the
ii:itiu:(li III- I ii. in the lawn. Crocuses and squills
art- pi ' rilling when they appear singly, or in

twii I I . I iiixpected places in the lawn. Daffo-

diN 111- ii-iiilU iiiiruralized in large masses in spots
where the grass is not mowed. Pansies are the only
other plants that are used extensively for spring bed-
ding. English double daisies and catchflies are largely
used for edgings. Pansies are set out between April 1
and 1.5. In largpnperntinns. pansy seed is sownin August
of the precediiiL' \f,ir. nn.l the young plants are trans-
l)lanted oni-e ;iii.l winiinil in ii coldframe. After dower-
ing, the plant > an ihrmMi iwiiy. The Other method is to
sow the seed in a ijninlii.usi- in January. The August-
sown pansies give larger and earlier blooms, but the Jan-
uary-sown pansies will last longer, and in partially
shaded places will give scattering bloom all summer,
especially if protected from drought.

Summer Bedding often follows spring bedding in the
same space of ground, and employs cbielly geraniums,
coleus, begonias, ageratuiu, salvia, vinca, alyssum,
petunia, verbena, heliotrope, grasses, cacti, and aquatic
plants, the culture and varieties of which may be sought
elsewhere in this work. As to tenderness, these fall into
two groups, the first of whicii. may be set out about
May 15 in New York, and the second about June 1.
Geraniums are the most important of the first group,
and coleus is an example of the tenderest material,
which is set out simultaneously with subtropical plants
when all danger of frost is past. As to fondness for
sunlight, there are again two groups, but the only bed-
ding plants ol importance that prefer shade are tuberous
begonias and fuchsias. The wonderful popularity lately
achieved by the former in Europe will probably never
be duplicated in America. The secret of their culture is
shade, shelter, and moisture at the roots. Hence a clay
bottom is desirable for a bed of tuberous begonias, as
being more retentive of moisture than a sandy or porous
soil. They enjoy cool air and as much indirect light as
possible.. but not the direct rays of the sun. Hence the
north side of a building is better for them than a station
under trees, as the trees usually give too dense a shade,
and their roots interfere. On the other hand, coleus is
more highly colored in full sunlight than in shade.
The only fibrous-rooted begonias largely used for bed-
ding are' varieties of the semperflorens type, of which
Vernon and Erfordii are extremely popular at present.
In the manipulation of tender perennials, there are often
two methods of propagation, either of which may be
better, according to the ideal in view. As a matter of
general tendency, propagation by cuttings gives bloom
that is earlier but not as continuous or profuse as by
seeds. Salvias and verbenas are pronounced examples.
On the contrary, cuttings must be depended on, as a
rule, to keep the choicest varieties true to type, as the
mission of seeds in nature seems to be to produce more
variation than can be attained by nnn-scxnal methods of
propagation, as by bulbs orciitini_- >a!\ ia- art-alsoan
example of plants that are jiaii nv.- when

seen at a great distance, ami i i i in;- that are

generally massed for unityof iit. ■ i , ainl H'I nnxi-d with
otliir- Vi ilii iia- ail. commonly grown by themselves,
but 11 ' I- tliry demand much room by reason

Si i. I'i muNG is a department of summer

biaiiiii. I I :-.'-^ i-hiffly cannas, musas, castor-oil

planr ' ■-. tini^ of coarser habit, screw-

pirn - I I I , I l(phant-earcaladiums,and

to a : : I, ; 11, acalyphas, achyranthes,

anth. 1 1 iiiii, ( '/ .1 /'aj. ./'/./, sanchezia, and others.
Cannas are by far the most popular at the present time,
especially for mass-work. Sometimes the tall, purple-
leaved, old-fashioned, small-flowered types are used iq
the center or at the back of the bed, and the dwarf,

BEDDING

modern, large-flowered types around tbe e ] or
front. Frequently, massing with a single a et f
canna is practiced. Next to cannas in popula t prob
ably come the crotons or eodiiBuras,— the broad leaved
types, as Queen Victoria, being better for th purpo e

Typical Snap, or
String Beans

(XK). (Seep 136)

Among the first half dcp/i II I n in. i i iiiir |i ill 1
ding is the castor oil |i| Mit m iimux li- m n \ . 11 u
growth from seed in a simple si .ison m.iki's it one i t tli
very best of all plants for rapidly hlhng up large ii'
temporarily. Urasses furnish an exception to the gi mi il
rule that bedding plants are tender. There are iii ins
kinds of bamboos that are perfectly hardy in the noith
ern states, and these are bound to increase in populaiit}
A favorite combination of grasses for bedding is
Arundo Vonajc, the giant reed, surrounded by eulalias
Grasses and their kind are particularly effective m
aquatic groups. No well kr|it i-stahlisliment is complete
without a pond or body "f wiiTir in \\iiicli aquatic plants
are naturalized. For "a iiii.n- ixtnuliil account of this
attractive subject, see the article AijKutics. There is a

" «%.o

199 Example of fancy bedding

as in Fainnount Park, Philadelphia, are particularly
commendable. A flower-bed should not be in the mid-
dle of a large lawn, because it distracts the attention

140

BEDDING

from the larger picture, and because the lawn is the
canvas upon which the landscape gardener makes his
picture. The chief merit of beds is their attractiveness
and brightness, which accounts for their presence in
parks and public places. On the other hand, they are
expensive, and they are at their best only two or three
months in the year, while a mud-hole in a lawn for
nine months of the year is an unsightly object. Formal
beds, especially of foliage plants, with their gaudy colors
and unchanging monotony, are considered by some the
most unnatural and the least artistic style of garden-
ing. Nevertheless, they require a high degree of techni-
cal skill, which deserves appreciation.

A few practical suggestions may be given for making
a bed. The soil should be rich and full of vegetable
matter. If a foot or 18 in. of the surface soil is so poor
that it must be removed, it may be replaced by two parts

of fibrous loam and one of well-rotted niantire,
some upturned broki-ii v,,(ls in t!i.- 1".rtMui f..r ilr;
The fall is the proper time !.■ iipiily xunnr. . ■■m^
bed be thoroughlv siiinled ,,v.i' ■md 1. tt reii-li
the winter, the alternalc irn-zinu; and thaw 111- w
both the soil and the lii.ei- ..f the maiuue. lies
nearly always fail to supply perfect conditions .

vith

carpet bed.

tering. A midsummer mulch of half-rotted manure en-
ables the plants to take all the moisture they need dur-
ing the drought and to keep it. The soil should be in ideal
condition before the plants are set into it, — mellow,
rich, full of fiber, and of firm and uniform texture.
Begin in the middle and work toward the edges. When
the bed is finished, give it one thorough soaking, to settle
the soil at the roots.

Robert Shore.

BEECH.

Foi

BEECHER, HENEY WARD (1813-1887). The cele-
brated American clerygymau and orator deserves espe-
cial remembrance for his work as editor of the Western
Farmer and Gardener in pioneer days of western horti-
culture. A selection of his contributions was printed in
1859 as a book of 420 pp., entitled "Plain and Pleasant
Talk About Fruits, Flowers and Farming." A second
edition was published in 1874 as "Pleasant Talk, etc.," a
book of 498 pp., containing also articles written for the
New York Ledger. These papers have a higher literary
quality than is usual in horticultural writings, and are
still entertaining and suggestive. They did much to
spread the taste for country life and gardening.

BEET, There are 4 or 5 species of the genus Beta,
which are sometimes cultivated under the name of
Beet, but Beta vulgaris, Linn., is the only one of practi-
cal importance. From it all our common garden varie-
ties are derived. According to DeCandolle, the aborigi-

BEET

nal slender-rooted species is found in sandy soil, and
especially near the sea, throughout southern Europe,
and on nearly all the coasts of the Mediterranean. It
also occurs as far eastward as the Caspian Sea and
Persia. "Everything shows that its cultivation does not
date from more than two or three
centuries before the Christian era."
It is now highly improved, princi-
pally in the one direction of large
and succulent roots, and is much
esteemed in all civilized countries.
See Beta.

Young Beets constitute one of tb.^
most important early crops in tru.k-
gardening. Many acres of them art-
grown near all the city markets, and
as they bear transportation well, they
are often grown at comparatively
remote places. Large quantities are
shipped early from Norfolk, Va., and
from other southern points to north-
ern markets. Like all root crops, the joi. Bassano Beet.
Beet needs a loose, light, fresh,
clean, rich soil, which must be in the best condition
of tillage. No fermenting manure should be used, but
instead fully rotted barn manure, with some good pot-
ash fertilizer. The seed for the first crop is sown
early in spring, as soon as the soil can be well
worked. Where intensive gardening is practiced, the
drills maybe as close as 1 ft. apart, in which case the
young Beets are thinned to 6 in. apart in the row. But
in ordinary gardening, it will be found most convenient
to run the rows 2-3 ft. apart, allowing cultivation with
the horse. The plants in such rows can be left 4 in.
apart at thinning time. The thinning is done when
the young plants are large enough to be pulled for
"greens," for which purpose they find a ready market.
Beets are also grown in quantities as a fall crop, and
are stored for winter use. When this is to be done, the
seed is sown in June, and the plantation is managed in
all respects like the spring sowing. Beets are some-
times forced in greenhouses, but as they are hardly
profitable, they are grown only in vacant spaces or after
other crops are out. When the young roots are ready
for the early market, thev are pnlie.l an.l tied in bunches
of five or six. The fall crop is j. nil. ,1 -...m ,,lier the first
frost, the tops are removed, ami ilie r."iiv .i,,,. il in pits
or root cellars.

The most popular v;iriet-i! f. ;,, .f ■<., .. i, n Beet are
the following: .Bas.«r)e I I "1 I - ' '■ aiiiUight

red mixed; an old-tine . - grown

than formerly. Earhil. / I: e|, blood-

red, flattened turni|.-!, , •< ! i : 11 known

sort. Edmuini. M.,.\. < ■ -i . ; liee:.-!.!., reunded,
smooth, dfe]i -- - . ' !i .iiel il:i ■! ; net quite

first early, f . l ■.••.el, -lei,,,!:,,-. i.i-i-l,t red;

fine-grained aiel -le, i ; .ee ef tie' l.e>t i|nirk-;,'rowing
early Beets. Eijuptino Turnip. -Toy* ipiite .small;
roots fair size, rich, deep red ; a standard early variety.

For field culture of culinary Beets, the long-rooted
varieties are chiefly used. These are sown in the field
as soon as the weather is settled, in rows far enough
apart to allow of tillage by horse. Most of them require
the entire season in which to mature. They are grown
mostly for storing for winter use. They were once
grown for stock, but the Mangel-wurzels give much
greater yields. The various types of Long Blood Beet
(Fig. 202') are chiefly used for field culture.

Favorite varieties of Mangel-wurzels are Golden
Tankard, Golden Yellow Mammoth, Mammoth Long Red.
Several sorts of Sugar Beets, mostly imported from Ger-
manv, are being grown in divers places in America. Of
Chard, there are no selected varieties offered in America.

The varieties of Beta vulqaris may be conveniently
divided into five sections, though the distinctions are
somewhat arbitrary and of no fundamental importance.
These sections are as follows :

1. Garden Beets. Varieties with comparatively small
tops : reots of medinm size, smooth, regular and flne-
graine.l : mostly re. I. Imt sometimes whitish or yel-
lowisli.

2. MANi:Ei,-wri;zF.i,s, ev Masgels. Large, coarse-
growing varieties, with large tops and often very large

BEGONIA

141

7-

roots, the latter frequently rising some distance out of
the f^round : rather coarse-grained. Extensively grown
for stock-feeding.

3. Sugar Beets. Sometimes said to belong to another
species, but doubtless to be classified here. Rather
small-growing varieties, with medium tops : roots
small to medium, usually fusiform, smooth, nearly
always yellowish or whitish.

4. Chard, or Swiss Chard. Varieties with compara-
tively large tops, broad leaf-blades and very large, suc-
culent leaf-stems, which are cooked and eaten somewhat
like asparagus. The thrifty, tender young Ivs. make a
very excellent pot-herb. Chard has .sometimes been re-
ferred to a separate species. Beta Cicla, but should be
included with B. vulgaris. See Chard.

5. Foliage Beets. A race which has been developed
to produce luxuriant foliage of many colors and varied
markings. Of such varieties are the Brazilian, Chilian,
Victoria, and Dracsena-leaved. The ribs of the Ivs. are
usually beautifully colored. Where the leaf-blight fungus
is not serious, these foliage Beets make excellent bor-
ders where strong and heavy effects are desired, and
they are excellent for bedding. Raised from seeds, as
other Beets are ; roots may be kept over winter.

The Beet is not often damaged by insects. It is
sometimes attacked by rust, rot, spot-diseases, and

scab, of which the last is the worst. The scab is the
same disease which attacks the potato, and one of the
chief precautions is, therefore, to avoid following pota-
toes with Beets. For the most part, clean culture and
proper rotations will forestall serious injury from plant
diseases. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture may be ex-
pected to prevent the leaf diseases. p a t\7

BEGONIA (named after M. Begon). BegonkUea.
Elephant's Ear. Beefsteak Geranium. A large ge-
nus of very pcipulcir and useful plants for the house,
conservntnrv nml t-nr.lpii. Sn.'nnlent herbs or under-

shrubs, 1l: , : .. ■ I in ^onii- r,'i-cs r'Tlia-ed to a thick

rhizome. I ■ .i-: • im t ^ui.ill tui>ri-, while a few

others jH,- :: ~ .:r. in wlmli there are a num-

ber of c1u-l1., >' I ^Lulu- ur su;ipre~^ed Ivs., resembling
bulbs : Ivs. variable, alternate, more or less unequal-
sided, entire, or lobed, or toothed, ovate-acuminate, or-
bicular or peltate : fis. usually in axillary cymes, monoe-
cious, large ; males usually with 4 petals, females with
5 (rarely 2), pink, white, rose, scarlet, yellow, and all
shades of these, beingrepresented ; stamens numerous ;
filaments free or united at the base ; styles 2 or 4. free,
sometimes connate ; stigmas branched or twisted like a
corkscrew : fr. usually a 3-winged capsule, which is
often colored ; ovary inferior ; seeds numerous, very
minute. The first Begonia was introduced into England
in 1777. Since then, out of the 350 species known, about
150 have proved of value to the horticulturist. Few
other plants have been improved so rapidly, there being
thousands of varieties now in cult., displaying the most
gorgeous colors in their fls. and beauty and coloring

in their Ivs. Their geographical distribution is very dis-
junctive and localized. They are indigenous to Mex.,
Cent, and S. Amer., Asia, and S. Afr. They seem to
have no genetic relationship with other plants now
living. For literature, see Dryander, The Genus Be-
gonia, Trans, of the Linn. Soc, Vol. 1, 17S9 ; Klotzsch,
Begoniaceen-Gattungen uud Arten, 12 plates, 1855 ; De-
Candolle's Prodromus, 15, 18()4; Ravenscroft, B.C., Be-
gonia Culture for Amateurs, 1894 ; Wynne, Tuberous
Begonias.

The Begonias now in cult, may be roughly divided
into four sections or groups :

I. Fibrous-rooted, or Winter-flowering.

Nos. 1-71.
II. Semi-tuberous, or Socotrana.

Nos. 72-76.

III. Tuberous, ok SusfMER-FLOwERiNo

Nos. 77-99.

IV. Rex, OB Obnamental-leaved.

Nos. 100-103.

n the following accoui

at, the dates refer to iutro-

!tion into cultivation, n(

3t into American trade. They

European dates.

P. B. Kennedy.

There are four sections of the Begouia family, and as
each requires somewhat different directions for their
cultivation, it is desii-ihie to tre;it tliem separately. The
first section, the Kihiou^-r""t.Ml. e,.iiiprises such varie-
ties as B. nitKhi, N. /,//.! ,//"/. /rs, var. gigantea rosea,
iilbo-pieta, Haiiiiiuiht. -.iuA J>ii,l,,i lini. Cuttings taken
from clean, healthy stems will strike readily in an ordi-
nary propagating box or bench, and if potted-on, as
they require root-room, will make flue plants for late
winter- and spring-tlowering. As soon as one neglects
good treatment, especially in regard to light, fresh air
and fresh soil, the red spider, a physiological disease
appearing like rust, and the dreaded nematodes, will
soon attack them and give them a sickly and stunted
appearance. They require a temperature of from 55-00°
at night and 65-70° in the day time. The plants should
be kept close to the glass during the early stages of
their growth, on account of the tendency of many of the
varieties to send out rather long shoots. A compost of
3 parts good loam, 1 part well-rotted manure, and 1
part sand, will be found very suitable for their growth.
While Begonias in general are injured by too strong
sunshine during summer, they are Iieueflted by all the
sunshine they can get diirinLrtlie winter and e.trly spring
months. Strong suiisliiii'-. h"\viv.r. iiMuriiii.' tlir.niL'h
imperfect glass upt->n \^ i r t.'li:iL'\ i^ ;i!'r to l-livt-r the
leaves of any Beguiii:i. >ii.-], \ .inru, ■.:,-;:, /i,-. <r • :i]u\
Weltoniensis.\yhii-h],V'\n.,^ at ilirii- I, ,■,.,,■, thiri,,ne, I,
fleshy stem like :i i^.taiM. mav li^' |iiM|i;.i:ii < .! . ,i li. i In

■irgijros

longing to thi^
make excellent
rubra, specula!
heraciei folia.
The second
such Begonias

n, the Semi-tuberous, comprises
Socotrana and Gloire de Sceaux.
They require irreater care, and should be grown in a soil
with eoii^jderalilN- more leaf -mold and a temperature of
65-70 iM the .laytinie and 60° at night. Of Gloire de
Sceau\ and oihi r liybrids, plants 2 years old will be
fouud liest for de'.'orative purposes.

The third section, the Tuberous Begonias, are grown
in pots, boxes or baskets, under glass, or as bedding
plants in a shaded border. If the plants are intended
for pot culture in the greenhouse, it is best to use the
tubers. For early flowering, start the tubers in February
orMarch, either in small pots or shallow boxes. The soil
maybe composed of loam, sharp sand and leaf -mold, and
the temperature about 60°-65°. When the plants are
ready for repotting, well-rotted manure may be added, and
when the roots have taken a fresh hold a cooler tempera-
ture may be maintained. For bedding purposes, seed-
ling plants, as well as tubers, may be used, providing they
are of a first-class strain. Tubers are preferred if early-
flowering plants are desired. They bloom more abun-
dantly in the early part of the season, as they have the
strength of the already formed tubers. Plant in the mid-

142

BEGONIA

die of May or beginning of June, according to locality,
from 3%- or i-inch pots. Although they grow fairly well
under trees, the north side of abuilding is to be preferred ;
but they must not be crowded Plenty of light withmois
ture at the roots and a mulching with halt rotted leaves

sifted compost <
\-ell-rotted mam
sprinkling of lii

final shift,

I'-nf-mold, 1

n-,.d, add-

« ell de

t\ f ven

in hot weather, will greatly benefit the plants. Water,
when necessary, under the leaves. See Bedding.

The tubers should be lifted after the first light frost,
and stored. Seeds sown in March will produce flower-
ing plants by July or August, but 2-year-old tubers
are more satisfactory for continual blooming. The seed
may be sown in any shallow box or seed-pan, which
should first be filled with material which will give plenty
of drainage, over which place some finely sifted soil to
receive the seed. Scatter the seed thinly. (Sufficient
covering will be given by simply pressing the soil down
level. Keep in darkness by covering with glass or paper
for a few days, in a temp, of not less than 70°. As soon
as the seedlings appear the covering must be removed,
and when the little plants attain roots about }4in. long
they may be pricked into nicely prepared soil. In most
places in this country. Tuberous Begonias do not thrive
out-of-doors, but in some places and with careful treat-
ment they do well. They are very satisfactory for
blooming in a well-shaded greenhouse in the summer.

The fourth section, the Rex Begonias, are grown en-
tirely for the beauty of their foliage. They may be
prop, by means of either shoot- or leaf-cuttings, the
latter being the better when plants have to be raised in
quantity. Large and

,^^17

Qatured, but st

healthy and vigorou

leaves may have tl

rincipal nerves cut (

The

(il^Mi/

if is then pegged or
righted down on the
Mirface of a well-
drained propagating
bed. If carefully
shaded, roots will be
formed at every cut, a

, - .^;-< f iiuy leaf will follow

* '^"Kv ' iFig. 20:!),and thelit-

l ' ?r^ tie plants may be in-

^ ^ " sorted singly in small

miS^' pots. Another method

e*^ is to cut the large

leaves into triangular
parts, with a bit of the
main petiole at the tip
of each, and insert the
pieces about 1 in., with
the lower or thickest
end of the rib down-
ward (Fig. 204). Still
another method is to
cutting. cut the leaf in two,

across the veins (Fig.
205), and stand it edgewise in the propagating bed. The
young plants may be potted-up into small pots, using a
light, porous, sifted soil. Keep shaded in a low house
with a moist atmosphere. The soil may be gradually

304. Plant i

tip) of a triangular leaf-

RoBEET Shore
, rpquirements vet these

1 . Ill 111 1 I i I il I I

lasses the Tul . i u i t 1 R \ md Mirul U cr
Flowermg sections Tuberous rooted Begonias attained
a short lived pt puliritv m this countr\ some 12 or 15
\ears ago when they were inipi rted in large quantities
from France and England and used is bedding pKnts
It was hoped that they might share patronage with the
Geranium, but our burning summers and long-continued
droughts wrought such havoc with them that they
speedily fell into disfnvor, niid vt-ry f.-w growers now
handle them. 'I'liis i-^ iini.li t., 1... vlt. tt, ,1. t'cr they are
gorgeous tliAMi'-. imi.1 r.nriul ^,.|.■l■t i.-n Im^ )iroduced
blooms of ctiofiiioii^ vj/.. :inil wiiiiil-Ti 111 iMriii, in the
most vivid slimli-'i of nil, whiti-, \-i-ll..\v iiii.l [liiik.

The Rex division has been a great favorite for many
years. In no other class of plants are the rich metallic
"shades of various colors found so satisfactorily blended

205. Upright leaf-cutting of

as here, while the form and size of the Ivs. are of the
greatest variety ; those of the old Rex and of Mrs. Bon-
ner are frequently a foot and more in length, while little
Muriiuis Peralta makes a compact mass of tiny zoned
foliage averaging only 2 or 3 in. long. To the Rex va-
rieties showing bright green, pure silver, bronze, and
velvety green, have been added Lucy Closson and Louise
Closson, both showing bands of bright, rosy plum color,
and Mme. Gache, with its zone of light, dull red. A
class of Hybrid Rex contains some of the most useful
and beautiful of ornamental plants. They are nearly all
crosses between Lesoudii and Diadema. These all
show the Rex texture and general habit, while the Ivs.
are deeply notched and zoned ; they are more substan-
tial than the average Rex, and they make symmetrical
specimens with less trouble. Some of the principal
American varieties of this section are Anna Domer,
Elsie Coles, Bertha McGregor, Flora Hill, Mrs. Shep-
herd, and Richmond Beauty. Rex Begonia culture is
simple. Soil should be a mixture of loam, woods earth,
sharp sand, and well-rotted cow-manure. It must be
light and porous. Temperature required is a warm
greenhouse for growing ; but grown specimens can be
hardened to a much lower temperature. They enjoy a
moist atmosphere, and must be shaded from hot sun-
shine. They have few insect enemies. Of later years
they have been subject to the attack of a very destruc-
tive fungous-like disease, but careful attention to han-
dling and propagation will keep it in check. The propaga-
tion of Rex Begonias is very simple, a leaf, or portion
of leaf with a strong midrib, rooting very readily in the
propagating bench with bottom heat.

The Shrubby or Flowering Begonias comprise a num-
ber of ornamental sorts with inconspicuous flowers, and
also varieties that are huge bouquets of bloom. Among
the former are Albo-picta, Diadema, Nigricans, Mme.

cuvci-Ld with Us., while tin; Ivs. alT l.a^. , .i.aU. iM.iul.'a
anil shiuing. Gloire de Lorralue is thu most woiuk-rt'ul
of recent Begonias, a well grown plant being a sight
never to be forgotten. The lis. are large, bright pink,
and borne in wonderful profusion. It is semi-tuberous
in character, and requires a season of rest each year.
The Semperflorens gigantea class is a very useful one,
and many improved varieties now add value to it.
Among them are La France, Elegantissiraa alba, Goliath,
Mastodonte and Obelisque. The Shrubby section thrives
in much the same soil as Rex, or a trifle heavier, re-
quiring less heat and moisture. Cuttings can be struck
as easily as those of the geranium. e. q. Hill.

Index to the Begonias here described : Abel Carrifere,
No. 104 ; Abundance, 39 ; A. Dallifere, 105; Admiration,
99aa; Adonis, 74; Adrienne Schmidt, 105; albaflmbriata,
99aa; Albatross, 20 ; albo-coccinea. 19 ; albo-picta, 15 ;
Alice Manning, 99aa ; athaiiHora. 'Maa ; Amelia), 40 ;
angularis, 41 ; argenteo-guttata, iiH; an/i/rostiffma, 28 ;
Ascotiensis, 42 ; atropurpiu-ea cunipacta, 20 ; Autumn
Rose, 76 ; aucHbwfolia, 12 ; Baroii A. \n.-n-. 104 ; Kau-
maunii, 80; Bertha de ChateaunH-lni. I;; I- i il,,, Mac-
Gregor, 108 ; Bexley White, 99aa ; - l'ij"u,

76; Bijou deGand, 44 ; Bismarcki. r , I' ■■'^I;

Bruanti, 47, sub 3 ; Caffra, 2i; Canin n ■ 'mi,,, wjaa ;
carolinifefolia, 46 ; Garrifere, 47; C'builir.-, Ualifi. UIIaa ;
Chelsoni, 83; cinnabarina, 89; Clarkei, 84; Clementinas,
105; coccinea,29; Comte de Limmitighe, IS; corallina,
29; Corbeille de Feu, 48 ; coronata, 20 ; Count Erdody,
108; Countess Louise Erdodv, 107; Countess of Craven,
99aa; Credneri, sub 3 ; Crii'iis.m (l,-i]i, L'o ; iTinila, 00 ;
cvclophylla. 91; da?dalea, ::l' ; Hanch , V.h\ \\ Davisii,
77; Dewdrop,47; Diadem. Llo ; <lia.l.i,,a. I'.i : ,li-itata,
50; Digwelliaiia, 06; (/,«■../..<■. sr. ; ,//r, ,■,.,/../,„, 87;
Domini, 107; Dr. Musters, 'JUaa ; Dr. Nachtigal, 23;
Dregei, 24 ; Duchartrei, 2 ; Duchesse de Brabaut, 108 ;
DuchessofEdinburgh,20; Duchess of york,20; Duchess
of Leinster,99AA; Duke of York, 99aa; Duke Zeppelin,
99aa ; D. Wettstein, 105 ; echinosepala, 51 ; Edward B.
Kennedy, 104 ; Ed. Fynaert, 104 ; elegantissima, 20 ;
elliptica, 16 ; Erdody, 107, 108 ; Erfordii, 52 ; Evansi-
ana, 85; Fairy Queen, 20; Feastii, 53; Flamingo, 99aa;
F. E Laing 99a • foliosa 14 ■ Froeheli 78 • Froebeli
vernali 78 futhsioides H geianifoha )2 g i i
nio des 80 Gilsoni ^^4 glaucophj 11a 18 CIohl 1
Lorraine 75 Gloire de See lUX 7b Gloiy of fetinst il
99aa Coegjensis ^0 toliith ^0 „i i ili s „!
cihs vai "Mutiuii s r / , i

Haagean I II I I II ' i

neck 10) H iiii\iliii in lii4 li i i I i

heracleitoha 33 h i >i ui it t ti li i t Iniuliniuii
flora 5o hydrocotjlifolii 8 lUu tiation 20 impeu
alis 4 imperially var smaragdma 4 incarnata 12
Ingrami 56 iniigtii': 12 John Heal 74 Julia 74
Knowlsleyana 5/ Ruuthiana 58 lacmiata 101 La U
Balfour of Burleigh 99aa Lad> Cnnthorpe 99aa I i
Prance 20 leopardmus 107 Leopoldi 107 Lesou In
105 Lin^e 10a Lothaii 99aa Louise Closson los
Louise Chretien 108 Lubbersi )9 Lucanife 60 Lu \
Closson 108 liicida 16 Lvncheani (1 raacuht i
28 matulata var coialltna 29 Mad d Lamaf,n\ 105
Madame deLesseps 62 Mad Tre\%e 104 Mad tunck
lOt Mad !< Alegatifere 104 Mad (_ eoif.es Biuant
105 Mad Chas Weber 104 Mad f Van Meeibeeke
104 Mad Jo Moens 104 Mad Luizet 104 Mad
Isabella Bellon lOo Mad D Wettstein 105 Mad
Wagnet, 107 ; manicata, 17; nianicata, var. aureo-macu-
lata, 17 ; Margaritse, 6 ; Marquis de Peralta. 108 ; Mar-
tiana, 12; Mastodon, 20; Margarita, 99aa; Matilda, 108;
M. Crousse. 105; metallica, 10; minor, 23; Miranda,
107 ; Miss Edith Wynne. 99aa ; Miss Falconer. 99aa ;
Miss A. de Rothschild, 99aa ; Moonlight, 99aa ; Mrs.
Brassey, 99aa ; Mrs. J. Thorpe, 99aa ; Mrs. Regnart,
99a A ; Natalensis, 93 ; nelumbiifolia, 63 ; nigricans, 68;
nltida, 23 ; nitida, var. odorata alba, 23 ; Obelisque, 20;

BEGONIA 143

obliqua, 23 ; Octavie, 99aa ; octopetala, 94 ; Olbia, 36 ;
Otto Forster, 107; Packe,99AA; palmata, 50 ; Papillon,
105; parvifoUa,1i; Paul Bruant, 64 ; Pearcei, 88 ; pel-
tata, 5 ; phyllomaniaca, 22 ; Picotee, 99aa ; picta, 100 ;
Pictavensis, sub 3; platanifolia. 9; polypetala, 95; Pres.
Belle, 104 ; Pres. Carnot. 05 ; Pros, de Boureuilles, 68 ;

Pres. de la Devansnv,-, I114 : \'rn Trfiil.ct-kr.i, }()- ■

Princess Mav, 99aa : 1 1,,, ■ w !,,■.-,,-., , . i;, ,,|,,.^

Snowflake, 20; Rpx. i I: |, .:

Rex X discolor hvbri.N, i , , 11 /, ,.[ ;

rosa>Hora, T'.l: Kosv Mi: •■ , ,.^,, ,:: I ■,,■»/,,-,. l'!I;

ruliri.'anli-. Il-; ; > ■ I. -,.iiiea, 31; Sauli,

5'i ■<'< \ sceptra 49

S Schmidtiana

7 ^ 1 rens 20 sem

pel rt re 1 na 21 bir Jo

seph Ho k Souv de Mad

la Baionne ign 99aa ipe

cwia 23 1 i Mririsc OOiA

stigraosa 0 1 -i

Sunderbruchi OJ buthLilml )b t I

37 Theodore Schmi it lOo Thurst
99 Torrey Laing 99aa Tuomphe
de Lemoine 73 Tuomphe de Nan
Vernon 20 f et I tff It 27 Verschiftlt n \e

suvius 99aa II 1 > It ina 9 Weltoniensis 25 ,
Wettiteimi "1 Wilhelm Phtzei, 105 Wintei Gem ,4,
xanthina 102 zebima 41

I. Fibrous-rooted ok Winter-floweking.

A. I/VS. hairy y velvety, or downy on the upper surface.

B. Shape of Ivs. obliquely ovate-acuminate, orbicular-

actiminate, or peltate
c. Size of Ivs latge, more than S m wide
V. Fls. with red hairs on undet surface of petals, large
1. Scharfflina, Regel Fig 206 \ robust herbaceous
perennial, l!oft. hi„h l\s lar„p thitk fleshy hairy
olive-green above, ciimson below stipules -i ery large
and prominent : rts waxj white Briz —This Begonia

:il^'

2 Duchartrei Hort hybru\{B echinosfpalaxbcharf-
fidna) . St. 2-3 ft. high, branched piofusely, hairy, pur-
ple: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate acuminate, green above, hairy,
red below: fls. large, waxy white, a few red hairs on the
under surface of petals.- Int. by Bruant in 1892.

3. Haageana, Watson (B. Selidrffi, Hook.). Fig. 207.
Tall-shrubby, whole plant hairy : Ivs. ovate-cordate,
acuminate, wavy, red-nerved above: fls. rose-pink, with
a cyme 8-12 in. "in diam., males with 2 round and 2 nar-
row petals, females with 5 equal petals. Brazil. G.C.

144

BEGONIA

111,16:633 (1894). B.M. 7028, as B. ScJiarfii.- One of
the most lipantifiil plMiits of tlip ?enus. Has been dls-

tributi'.l a< /; >■.;.<,'■ . hv mistake.

B.rr. ;i I /. - "Ilia X »ieM«Jca). Int.

byHcuiL-'i ;. - : 1 ' i ^ is another plant named

B. Cri'hi' . , \Jii.|i Hi- 1 ,11-. 1 1 liv Lemoine in 1891 from
the same iKu-t-nts. BriKuit also used these two parents
in 1891, and called his plant B. Pictaviensis. All three
plants are identical, and can only be distinguished from
B, Hiiftfjeana by their smaller flowers and the peduncles
standing erect "ana not gracefully bending over, as in
Haageana. There is another plant spelled B. Piclavensis,
raised by Bruant in 1881. a cross of B. SehynidUiy.sem-
perflorens. It has also been called B. Bruanti. (See
R.H. 1882. p.377; 1883, pp. 8. 52.)

DP.

Fls

. li-hite 0.

r greenish ichiie, small.

4. imperiaUs,

4-C in. widf, v.-r
bands ■■f l,r:_iii
cant. »!i ■ 1

has Wh"ll\ '.:■:-

Lem. St
■y biiiry.

;. short, herbaceous, green: Ivs
brownish green, with irregula
long the nerves : fls. insignifi
t, Var. maculata, Hort.. ha
t.hes. Var. smaragdlna, Hort,
Ivs, I, H, 7:262.

5. peltat!
ennial : U-
lent.cov.i.
small, whil

1. 11:

-.1 HI

//. . hurli, Zoll.). St. per
1 .mate, thick and succu
! II. ntiiMi,(.;-9 in. long: Hs
.liirii |i s, Braz.-It is theonl

ily
Dnia in cult, with thick, telted, peltate, silvery Ivs.

cc. Size of Ivs. small, less than 2 in. u-ide.
Hargarltae, Hort. (B. metdllica x eehinosepala).
-2 ft. high : sts. purple, hairy : Ivs. ovate-acumi-
inuously dentate, green above, red beneath : fls,
in cymes, large, rose colored ; sepals with long hairs at
the base. -Int. by Bruant in 1884.

7. SchmidtUna, Kegel [B. Schmidti, Hort.). Dwarf,
hei-baceous, 1 ft. or less iu
height : Ivs. lobed, toothed,
hairv, about 2 in. long, reddish
beneath : fls. white, tinted with
r.ise. Braz. R.H. 1883, pp. 56,57.
1 .11. 17. pp. 208. 269.— Avery use-
Ill plant for summer bedding.
8. hydrocotylifdlia,
Otto. St. succulent,
creeping: Ivs.rotundate-
cordate : petiole short :
whole plant hairy : pe-
duncles 1 ft. high, pilose;
fls. dipetalous. rose-col-
ored. Mes. B.M. .3968.

nate, ;

.,^<-'

BB. Shape of leiifes incised, or parted.
c. Fls. ichite or whitish.
9. plataniSdlia, Graham. St. 5-6 ft. high, erect, robust,
smooth, green, .joints annulated : Ivs. 8-10 in. in diam..

reniforra, lobed, hispid on both sides, dark green, lobes
acute, toothed, ciliated : fls. in axillary dichotomous
cymes, large, white, tinted rose. Braz. B.M. 3591. —B.

gunneratolia, Lind. (B. Washingtoniana, Hort.), once
offered by Saul, is very similar to this, but its Ivs. are
not so deeply lobed and the fls. are very insignificant.
I.H. 22:212.'

cc. Fls. pink.

10. met&llica, G. Smith. Sts. perennial, succulent,
hairy, 4 ft. high, branched : Ivs. obliquely cordate, lobed
and serrated, 3-6 in. long, upper surface green, shaded
with a dark metallic color ; fls. blush-white, under side
of petals clothed with red bristly hairs. There are a
number of varieties; e.g., var. variegata, var. veWtina,
var. cyprea, but thev do not differ much from the origi-
nal. Bahia. R.H. 1844 : 218. G.C, 11.5: 397.-A very
attractive plant, both in foliage and flower.

11. ricinifolia, Hort. IB. heracleifuliaxpeponifdlia).
St. a short, thick rootstock : Ivs. large, bronzy green,
lobed, resembling castor-oil plant : fls. numerous, on
long, erect peduncles, rose pink.

AA. ii'S. glaln-ous, or only a few scattered hairs on the

upper surface or on the margins.

B. Under surface of Ivs. green.

c. Margins entire or toothed.

D. Width of Ivs. less than 1 in.

E. Fls. pink, scarlet, or carmine.

12. incamita, Liuk & Otto (-B. aucuicefma, Hort,
B. Martitlna, Schlecht. B. insignis. Grab.). St. erect,
herbaceous, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. unequally cordate, lanceo-
late, toothed : Hs. rose-colored, abundant, males l^^in.
across, with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals ; females
smaller, with 5 equal petals. B.M, 2900, as B. insignis.
A. G. 10:97. A.F. 12 : 724-5 ; 13:588. R.H. 1870. p. 266 ;
1875: 151. Var. grandiflora, Hort., is a new and much
improved variety, which is very useful for cut-flowers or
decoration iu winter.

13 fuchsioldes, Hook
sts tall and succulent
with reri when young fl<

Pig 208 Rootstoek woody :
vs ovate, 1'^ in long, tinged
drooping like a fuchsia, rich

"■p.

I semperilorens
Arecentlj itruck cutting To show the pie otitj ot bloom.
No. 20.

scarlet, males with 4 petals, females with 5 petals. Ne
Granada. B.M.4281. Var. miniita, Linden (B. cumi
ftnrlno, Hort. ), differs ouly in having flesh-colored fl
R.H. 1855:221. F. 8.8:787.

EE. Fls. white (

cliitish, small.

14. foUdsa, HBK. Shrubby, sts. herbaceous, slende
branching : Ivs. frond-like, very small, 3-lobed,
glossy green : fls. white, tinged with rose. Blooms
early summer. New Granada. — An elegant basket
and "ornamental plant.

15. 41bo-picta, Hort. Shrubby, compact growth-
freely branched : Ivs. elliptical, lanceolate, covered
with numerous small silvery white spots: fls. green-
ish white, males with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals,
females of 5 subequal petals. Braz.— An elegant
foliage plant. Int. by Bull in 1885.

DD. Width of Ivs. more than 1 in.

Ste

iKitous, creeping, or climtiing.

16. scandens, Swartz(B. liicida, Otto & Dietr. B.
elliptica, Kunthl. Sts. climbing or trailing, clinging
by means of short aerial roots: Ivs. ovate, acuminate,
lobed, glossy green, 4 in. long: fls. small, white, hang-
ing in ball-Uke clusters. W. Ind. R. H. 1879, p. 300.
-An excellent basket or climbing plant.

17. manicata, Brongn. A short-stemmed, succulent
plant: Ivs. ovate, obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth,
shiny green, 6-8 in. long : petioles covered with fleshy,
scale-like hairs: peduncles a foot or more long, bearing
loose panicles of pink dipetalous fls. Mex. Var. aiireo-
maculata, Hort., has large blotches of yellowish white
on the Ivs. F.E. 8:1159. F.R. 2:435.

18. glaucophylla. Hook. (B. gtaticophijlla spUndens,
Hort. B. glaiicophylla scandens, Hort. B. Comte de
Limminghe, Hort.). Probably a hybrid, but parents not
known. Sts. long, drooping or creeping : Ivs. ovate,
wavy, 3 in. long, glaucous-green, reddish and variegated
in bud : fls. rose-red, males 1 in. across, with 2 ovate and
2 narrow petals, females of 4 equal petals. Braz.? B. M.
7219. — A good basket plant, flowering freely all winter.

10

BEGONIA 145

19. 41bo-coccinea, Hook. {B. Grahamiina, Wight).
Rootstoek creeping : Ivs. peltate, ovate, leathery, 6 in.
long : peduncles 1 ft. long, coral red ; male fls. 1 in.
across, with 4 petals ; female fls. also of 4 petals, white
above, coral-red beneath. Flowers in winter. Braz.
B.R. 32:39. B.M. 4172.

EE. Stem erect.

20. semperildrens. Link A: Otto {B. Sellowii, Kl.).
Fig. 209. St. herbaceous, smooth, green or reddish,
G-18 in. high : Ivs. ovate, rotuudate, obtuse at the base,
toothed and ciliate along the margin, pale glossy green,
tinged with red on the midrib and petiole : peduncles
axillary, few-flowered : fls. white or rose-colored ; males
with 4 petals, females with 5 petals : capsule green,
wings tinged with red. Braz. L. B.C. 15:1439. R.H. 1897,
p. 46. B.M. 2920. -This is an exceedingly variable species.
An endless number of garden forms has been produced
from it. Some of the most important are as follows :
Var. atropurplirea comj„i,t,,. ( It. 44, i>. 570 {Vernon),
excellent bedder, deep i- i
carmine, bedding ; i^ic -
Ci-JmsoM Gem, foliage <
mine ; Duchess of J^^/'^ ■
grown from seed ; Baiili,
dem, dark rose ; Illiistru
etegantissima, Miistodonte, Goliath, La France, Obelis-
^«e,etc.

21. Var. gigant^a rosea {B. semperfldrensxLynche-
dna). Very distinct: rootstoek woody ; sts. succulent,
about 3 ft. high: Ivs. on short petioles, ovate or reniform,
toothed at the margins, about 7 in. across, bright green,
with a red spot at base of sinus : peduncles axillary,
stout, 4-8 in. long, bearing large panicles of large rosy
red fls., of which the males have 2 ovate petals, the fe-
males 2-4 smaller petals. A. F. 13:586. A.G.16:41.-C

bright rosy

1 imson, bedding ;

. Us. elegant car-

lii'u'e, white, easily

liuke, white ; Dia-

-One

210. Begonia sempcrilorens, var. Sieberiana. No. 21.

of the best Begonias for winter decoration in the green-
house. Int. by Lemoine in 1888. Var. Sieberiina, Int.
by Lemoine, is shown in Fig. 210 (from the French).

146

BEGONIA

22. phyllomanlaca, Mart. Fig. 211. St. perennial : Ivs.
obliquely cordate, attenuate, 4--^i in. long, sliglitly lacini-
ated and fringed : fis. pale pink. B.M. 5254. Brazil. -
This species is peculiar in that it produces from the stem,
petioles and Its. innumerable Ifts. or small growths. It
is one of the most interesting of plants, though not of
much decorative value.

23. nitida, Dryander {B. minor, Jacq. B. speeidsa,
Hort. B. obllqtia, L'Her). St. 3-4 ft. high, perennial,
fleshy, woody at the base when old : Ivs. obliquely ovate,
wavy, 4-6 in. across, glossy dark green : fls. on long,
axillary peduncles, pale pink, with a silvery blush ;
males 1/^ in. across, with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals ;
females smaller, with 5 equal petals. Jamaica. B.M. 4046.
—A very useful plant in the greenhouse, flowering all
winter. Also interesting on account of being the first
Begonia introduced into Europe (1777). Var. odor&ta
(Uba is a very handsome variety of this species, which

BB. it's, red, reddish or red-veined on the under surface.
c. Margins entire or serrate.

28. maculAta, Raddi (B. argyrcstlgma, Fisch.). St.
erect, branching, woody when old : Ivs. cordate, lanceo-
late, wavy, 4-6 in. long, upper surface sometimes with
large white, roundish spots : fls. pale rose or white, males
with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals, females with 5 equal
petals. It includes several forms. Braz. B.R.666. Var.
argjrroBtigina picta, Hort., is a common form, with very
large white spots on the Ivs.

29. coccinea, Hook. (B. riibra, Hort. B. maciMta,
var. coj-aiHiia, Hort. ). Tall, succulent sts. : Ivs. on short
petioles, obliquely oblong, angular, with wavy red mar-
gins, 4-6 in. long: fls. deep coral-red; males Kin. across,
with 4 unequal petals; females more attractive, owing to
the length and rich color of the ovary, which has 3 small
subequal wings. Braz. B.M. 3990. - The fls. are very

^\f^^'

L phyllomaniaca

showing the ad^entltlou
plantlets. No. 22.

has smaller fls. of the purest
white and sweet-scented. Dr.
Nachtigal, hybrid (£. nitida,
Dry., var. odorata albaxLynche-
iina), is similar in general form
to the above, but has fls. of a deli-
cate rose-pink, especially on the
inner surface of petals.

cc. Margins incised, lobed or

parted.
D. Width of Ivs. less than S in.
24. Dr«gei, Otto & Dietr. (B.
Cdffra, Meissn. B. pnrvifdlia,
Orah. B. renifSrmis, Hort.).
Rootstock a fleshy, globular tuber ; sts. succulent, an-
nual, 1-2 ft. high : Ivs. thin, small, green, deeply ser-
rated, reddish on the under side : fls. white, small,
profuse. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 3720.

25. Weltonifinsls, hybrid (parents not known). St.
reddish, 13^-2 ft. high : Ivs. light green, smooth, ovate-
acuminate, lobed, dentate, lK-2 in. across : petiole red,
1-lKin. long : fls. pink, profuse, on short peduncles.—
Int. by Major Clark, of Welton Park. Var. 41ba, Hort.,
has white fls.

DD. Width of h-

• than S ,

26. coronita, Hort., hybrid {B. carolinia!fdliaxpoly-
dntha). St. shrubby, coarse, 2-3 ft. high, covered with
numerous withered stipules : Ivs. large, lobed, on long
petioles : fls. pale pink, with large, somewhat droop-
ing cymes.

27. Versoha!ielti4na, Regel. (B. Verschaffilti, Hort.
B. manicataxcarolinioffdlia). St. a thick rhizome:
Ivs. large, ovate, acuminate, lobed : fls. rose-colored,
pendent on long peduncles. I. H. 2: 68. — Tall, coarseand
unsightly as an old specimen, but when well grown from
year to year from cuttings makes a splendid plant.

persistent and ex-
ceedingly ornamen-
tal, especially when
planted out. Choice.
)0 Goegofensis Brcwn. Kike King. St.
a short thitk rootstock: Ivs. peltate, ovate-
orbicular 6-9 in long, surface blistered
or puckered green with dark, bronzy
blotches red on the under side : fls.
small rose pink Sumatra.— A distinct
and ornamental leaved plant.

31. sangninea, Raddi. Sts. perennial,
woody at the base, red : Ivs. subpeltate,
obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth, shining, bright
green above, blood-crimson below: fls. small, white. Rio
de Janeiro. B.M. 3520.— A handsome evergreen foliaged
Begonia.

32. imii.\eeL,Lem.{B.strigill6sa,J)ietT.). St. a short,
thick rootstock : Ivs. large, green, ovate-acuminate, cor-
date, margins slightly serrate and beset with long red-
dish hairs, surface covered with a peculiar network of
russet-brown: peduncles spotted and slightly hairy: fls.
white, tinged with pink. Mex. I. H. 8: 269. -A handsome
foliage plant, not very widely known.

CO. Margins incised, lobed or parted.
D. St. creeping ; a short, thick rhizome.
.33. heracleilblia, Cham. & Schlecht. {B.jalrophcefdlia,
Hort.). St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs. 6-12 in. across,
palmate, lobes toothed, rich green : peduncles 3-4 ft.
long: fls. white or rose-tinted. Mex. B.M. .!444. B.R.1668.
Var. nigricans, Hort., has the- uiiirijins ..f tin- Ivs. bor-
dered with dark green. B.M. 4'.is:!. \ ar. longipila, Hort.,
has long, fleshy hairs on the leafstalks ami peduncles.
Var. punctata; Hort., has green Ivs., reddish near the
margin : fls. rose-colored, with deep red spots on the
outside.

34. rubella, Hamilt. St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs.
large, cordate, acuminate, deeply lobed, smooth, spotted
with irregularly shaped dark brown marks : fls. pale
pink, on long peduncles. Nepal.

35. speouiata, Hort., hybrid? St. a short, thick
rhizome : Ivs. broadl)' ovate, acuminate, cordate, on long,
hairy petioles, dull green, rough, speckled with grey,
hairy, reddish on the under side, veins very prominent,
light green, profusely branched : fls. on long, hairy pe-
duncles, pink-white, males and females both with 2
petals : capsule green, with small red spots. — Origin not
known, though quite common in cultivation. .\ hardy
and useful Begonia.

BEGONIA

DD Jitem eiitt
3b 6lbia Kertho\e St leathtn - ft hitrh h«
lobed hairy and olive green above in th mil I le
neatb margins reddish petioles t,i< \ I m tli \ ms
prominent as dark lines flb conct dt I i \ h ui null
clusters direith on the st without i lun I 1 a„e
whitL male and female in same clustei Br iz

37 TeilBcben Lind St 2-i ft niKh erect strong
grower Ivs large acutely lolied o\ ate lanteolate mar
gins serrate bright green above with grp\ ish bloti hes
red veined beiow fls m axillarj clusters bright red
large Malaya I H 2b ii8

38 arg^nteo §nittata, Hort (B albo pktaxOlbui)
Protuselv bi uuhiug hs shinmg green o\ ate at mm
n:it li^hth I bed smooth 2!4in wide 3-o in long
tliii I 1\ I ti i w itb white spots fls m clusters variable
|"t I "lilt 1111,1 d with pink capsule rose pmk —Int

SlPPLEMENTiRl LIST — FIBKOnS ROOTEIl

39 Abundatice (B fuchsioidesXsemperflurens)
Plant 2 ft high st leddish hs glosby green
ovate 2 m long dentate lis lOhepink — lut by
Lemome in 18J1

40 fill JifrCP BruantiXRcezlii) Plant 2ft high
Ivs. green broidly ovite smooth lis rose colored
—lut by Bru-int in lhi>b

41 anguldris Riddi (B zehrma Hort ) St sm
culent 2-3 tt high l\s, elongate ovate acuminate
nnduUte shmy green \eins white fls msignific
pink Braz

42 iscntiensii Webb L\s o\ite 2 m long smooth brown
margin green dentate fls on peduncles 4 in long bright red

43 Bertha de Chateaurncher Hort Var of B
fls. blight currant red — Useful for cut floweis

44 Bijou de Oand Hort Caulescent fls rose in cUisteis
Very similar to Teuschen (which see)

45 BlsmarcH Hort Caidescent fls m clusters rose males
insignificant females a gorgeous display A ery simllai to
Teuschen

Caffra Meissn See B Dregei

46 carohmafbha 'Regel "^t n f tin 1 fl li hs palmate
lobes deeply divided into 6 i il i I 1 i peduncles
MexK o

47 Carnerei Hort (B semi i 1 i Dfwdrop
Bruanti Plant about 1 ft hi I I I i iHorens fls
wllite -Excellent bedlin„ Bi;. i liil U 1 i i iit in 1883

Borneo I H 'J

oblong
lose sepals

" F f Kill Hort (B SchmidtuXsemperflorens Vernon).
\ M I It md bushy iKft high fls abundant rose carmine.
I i ill 111 kr bedding Int by Hadge A, Schmidt m 1894

f I Hort (B manicataXh-v drocotylifolia) St a short,
tin ki t t k Ivs suborbicular thick red beneath entire:
leticles irregularly mirkel fl light pink on long peduncles.
-Int by John Feast of Biltmiore before 1880

Sauli Hort is a newly intiodueed species from Guatemala,
lesemblmgPeastii in the sh HI uii color of its Ivs but with a
distinct red smus at junction ot petiole with leaf

>1 QlUoni Hort (ongin American) Plant 2 ft high st.
slinibby coarse Ivs large lobed fls on long erect peduncles,
pale pmk —Interesting as being the only double fld bbrous-
1 mted Begonia Named tor t ilson colored gardener to Mrs.
I n-ingston N Y

1 ht/h,idn mnltiflbra Hort (B h\liri la flonbimda Hort.).
I lint -4 tt hi^h hs snidi 1 in lent ' in across dentate,
„ieenlelon fls rose pmk h lUaing in clusteis like a tuchsia.
() liiijrami Hort (B nitnia^tuchsioides) Combines the
h nacters of the two species fls light pmk —Int bylngrim
in 1849

signis SeeB incamata No 12
Knowlsleyana Hort (ongln n(

known) Very i

Kunthidn

Walp ^tem erect Ivs lanceolate acumi-
n ite serrate smooth green above red below fls white large.
BM j-84 Brazil

59 Lubberti E Morr Stem a short rhizome Ivs large,
palmate green fls pmk on long peduncles Br izil G C III.

301 El

1888 p 225

60 Liindna Hort hybrid (B Lyncheana X Bruanti)

Pis.

212 Begonia Madame

148

BEGONIA

micToplima, WUld. Is B. foliosa, No. U.

minidta, Planch. & Lmden. Is B. fuchsioides, No. 13.

62. Madam de Lesseps. Fig. 212. Strong, erect grower : Ivs.
acutely lobed, large, margins serrate, green above, red and
strongly veined below: fls. large, white, in axillary clusters,
males insignificant.

63. netumhiifdlia, Cham. & Schl. (B. hemandisefolia, Hort.).
St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs. large, 12-18 in. long, &-12 in.
wide, peltate, hairy on the under side : fls. small, white or
rose-colored. Mes.

Roezlii, Regel. See B. Lyncheana, No. 61.

64. B.PauiJ?rufln( (B.manicataX{?) ). St. short, thick : Ivs.
large, olive-green tinged with red, deeply lobed : petioles large,
long, striped with red ; a ring of fine hairs at the junction of
petiole and leaf: fls. abundant, pale pink, large on long pe
duncles. R.H. 1888. p. 544.— Int. by Bruant in 18!t2

65. President Carnot. Fig. 213. Plant. 2-6 ft. high leggy 1 s
ovate-lanceolate, acute-lobed. ribs on the under side red fls
in a large cluster : males small, insignificant : females large
bright red-carmiue, 2 in. long, including capsule.— Striking

66. Sdndersojil, hybrid (origin not known. B. D gwell ana
Hort.). Fls. scarlet. 1882.

Sailli. See below B. Feastii, No. 53.

67. stigmd8a,IAnd\. St. a short, creeping rhizome Ivs large
cordate- acute, irregularly toothed, smooth above, hairy beneath
green, with purple-brown blotches : fls. insignificant white m
■cymose panicles. Mex.

68. subpeltAta nigricans, Hort. (B. nigricans. Hort ) Plant
2-3 ft. high : Ivs.ovate, acuminate, blood-red below silvery and
slightly hairy above, 4-8 in. long. 2-4 in. across : fls rose pink
profuse: capsule wi;

r decorat c
richer color
of a deeper

y a,T. Pres.deJBoureuiUes, Hi>rt lia-^Ks ,
and more profusely studded uitli rr.| 1

69. Siinderbrtichi. B.ort. AuAmeri.uiilormofB. 1 eracleifol i
var. longipila : Ivs. bronze-green, silver bands along the ner\ es
purple underneath.

70. rA«rs(oni,Hort. (B. metalUcaXsanguinea). St '>ft hgh
Ivs. orbicular-acuminate, shiny, smooth, rich purple red on tl e
under side, veins prominent: fls. insignificant small losy
white, on slender peduncles. A.F. 7: 728.— Excellent

velHtina, Hort. See B. metallica. No. 10.

/

BEGONIA

II. SEMI-TUBEROns OR SOOOTRAN SECTION.

72. Socotr4na, Hook. Fig. 215. St. annual, stout and
succulent, forming at the base a number of closely set
scales or suppressed Ivs. resembling bulbs : Ivs. dark
green, orbicular, peltate, 4-7 in. across, center depressed,
margin recurved, crenate : fls. In terminal few-fld.
cymes, bright rose. B.M.655d. Gn.21:327. Gn. 49:1069.
G.C. II. 15:8. A.F. 13:587, 588. -Semi-tubers were
brought from the burning hot, sandy island of Socotra
by Dr. I. B. Balfour, and given to Kew in 1880. The
plant was discovered by Alexander Scott, the gardener
accompanying the expedition to Socotra sent out by the
Geogr. Soe. of London. Semi-tubers should rest during
summer and be planted in heat in winter

The follow ng are Soeotrana derivatives

3 Tr o nphe d L
baceous spread

flower ng branches
obhque margins si i,
mous cymes from
ceedmgly rare male
bouquet when u f

de Nancu v th li
i J I I Bml

XRoezb)

rb eular somewhat
u lib n dichoto

PI

■p occorrence
Tno iphe

,le)

h gh 1 r h ng nit iriUv a 1 treely 1 s obi Quely heirt
si aped I ta e a B s trana hght green fls borne

loosely {.ri eful pedun le st u 1 ne well abo e tie f ol age
every stem deve op ng male flo ver 1* dim br ght rosj

(■arm ne Blooms from bept to Ji u J b 1 —No femile

fls have been produced from th s hyl r 1 s thit see Ihngs 1 ave

been impos
Toh H ■

. lo

ety)

(hour
salmon i

) nk shade
a Gin re de Lorr.
nearU regular pur
petaled large bon
s per or part of the
p 111 \ F 1 W
semi t 0 er 1

I r d tor

/; '<' A '■

"HaM '^

Begonia Wcttsteinii (X !^).

71. Wettsteinii. Hort. Pig. 214. St. a foot high, branchinf
from the base : Ivs. sUghtly lobed, elongated, ovate-acuminate
fls. on long, slender, graceful peduncles, large, in clusters
bright red ; capsule large, red and showy, very profuse.

zebrXna, Hort. See B. augidaris, No. 41.

1 1 M 1 < F 1 1 terest ng oune t ng
laic t erous se t ons Int I j Th ba t

IK ii' fe (B SocotranaX n gn s)

L s inte rents but larger th in e ther

obi que fl leep rose Fls all w nter In

terest ng r us rooted and sem tuberous

ect ons I H t \ eitch A, Sons 188 Sjouis

mother bvl r d f r ties e parents with large green Ivs

nd red carmme fls males and females present

111. TlBEROLS OR Sl•MMER-PLOWERI^G SECTION

(Figs. 217, 218, 219).

A. Sfemless, It's, springing directly from tuber.

B. Color of fls. bright red or brilliant scarlet.

77. D4visi, Veitch. Stemless : Ivs. springing directly
from a rootstoek, ovate-cordate, shining green, slightly
hairy, underside red, petiole short, fleshy : peduncles,
pedicels, and fls. bright red. Peru. B.M. 6252. P.M.
1876: 231. G.C. II. 15: 6G9.-A favorite with hybridists.
Has given rise to numerous dwarf, erect -habited garden
forms, with small but brightly colored fls.

78. Fribeli, A. DC. Stemless: Ivs. numerous, cordate,
acuminate, green, covered with fleshy, purplish hairs :
fls. in tall. \:<\, (lr<"'pin^r. brunehiug cjnues, brilliant scar-
let, large. Wiiit.r. Ivuailor. Gn. 12, p. 376.— A beauti-
ful flowering' phiiit, u.^ifiil for conservatory work in
winter. B. F,-al„li i-tnialis, Hort., hybrid (Froebeli x
Dregei), similar to type. Int. by Deleuil in 1880.

BEGONIA

149

215 Begonia Socotrana (X H) No. 72.

, hairy petioles, 2-6 in. long, orbicular, reniforni,
e, margins lobed, red, toothed : fls. 2 in. across,
rose-red. Peru. B.M. 5680. — Light colored seedlings of
this species gave rise to Queen of Whites, put into com-
merce in 1878, and destined to be a most important
factor in subsequent garden forms of the same color.
Int. In 1867.

80. geranioides. Hook. Stemless, rootstock fleshy :
Ivs. radical, reniform. 6 in. across, lobed and toothed,
green, hairy, petioles 8 in. long: peduncles erect, 6-12 in.
long, reddish, hairy, bearing a lax panicle of fls., each
IHin. across, pure white, with a button-like cluster of
yellow anthers. Natal. B.M. 5583. — Planted in a border
in a sunny greenhouse, this is a fine Begonia, flowering
profusely during Oct. and Nov. Int. to Kew in 1866.

AA. St. present.

B. Color of fls. cinnabar^ed, orange-red, bright red or

scarlet.

81. BolivUnsia, A. DC. St. herbaceous, succulent
2 ft. high, branching : Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, ser
rate, 3-5 in. long : fls. in drooping panicles, cinnabar
scarlet, fuchsia-like ; males twice as large as females
Bolivia. B.M. 5657. -The first Tuberous Begonia intro
duced into England. 1864.

82. VMtchii, Hook. St.very short, thick, fleshy, green:
Ivs. orblculate, cordate, lobed and incised, margins cili-
ated, green, principal veins radiating from a bright car-
mine spot near the center, under side pale green; petiole
thick, terete pilose: fls. 2J4in. in diam., cinnabar-red:
capsule smooth, unequal wings. Peru. B.M. 5663. F.S.
22: 2.S26. — One of the progenitors of the Tuberous race.
Int. 1867.

83. Ch^lsoni, Hort. (B. SedenixBoUvUnsis). St.
fleshy, 2 ft. high : Ivs. oblique, lanceolate, irregularly
lobed : fls. large, orange-red, drooping. Gn. 4: 109.—
Int. by Veiteh in 1870.

84. CUrkei, Hook. St. purplish, fleshy, stout: Ivs.
obliquelv-cordate, serrate ; fls. in pendukms racemes,
abundant, large, bright r<-d. Bolivia. B.M. 5675.-
Resembles B. Veilchii. It was the seed parent of Vesu-
vius and Emperor, two important ami useful varieties
for bedding out.

BB. Color of fls. rose-red or pink.

85. Evansiina, Andr. (B. discolor, R. Br. B. grdndis.
Dry.). St. herbaceous, branching, smooth, 2 ft. high :
Ivs. ovate-acute, sub-cordate, lobed, margins denticu-
late, green above, underside and petioles red, peduncles
branching, axillary : fls. numerous, flesh-colored, large.
Java, China, Jap. B.M. 1473.— A handsome and almost
hardy species. Int. in 1804 to Kew. Little cult. now.

86. Batimannii, Lemoine. Tubers as large as ostrich
eggs : Ivs. large, orbicular, with short, thick petioles:
peduncles 18 in. high, bearing panicles of 4-6 fls., which
are rose-red, 4-petalled, from 3-4 in. across, and fragrant
as roses. Bolivia. Gt. 40:1348: 42, p. 25. A. P. 7: 561.
G.P. 5: 77. -It is described as plentiful in the moist val-
leys of the Cordilleras, where it is eaten by cattle.
Sweet-scented. Distributed by Lemoine in 1890.

87. gricilis, H.B.K. (B. bicolor, Watson. B. dirersi-
fblia, R. Grab.). St. erect, not branched, succulent:
Ivs. thinly scattered along sts., almost heart-shaped,
slightly hairy, lobed, denticulate, ciliate : fls. on short,
axillary peduncles, pink. Mex. B.M. 2966. -In axils of
Ivs. between stipules a cluster of bulbils is borne.
These niav be gathered and sown as seeds. Along with
its varieties, annulS,ta, diversifdlia, Marti4na, etc., It
makes a very beautiful summer-flowering greenhouse
Begonia. Int. by P. Neil, of Cannon Mills, Edinburgh,
in 1829.

88. Pdarcei, Hook. St. 1 ft. high, succulent, branch-
ing : Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, toothed, gla-
brous above, tomentose beneath, pale red on under sur-
face : fls. in loose, axillary panicles, large, bright yel-
low. Bolivia. B.M. 5545. -It has been the chief factor
in the production of the hundreds of yellow, buff and
orange-colored garden forms. Int. in 1865.

St-PPLEMENTARY LIST — TUBEROUS-ROOTED.

(A) The following tuberous-rooted species are not
known to be in the Amer. trade, but they are in cultiva-
tion in greater or less purity :

89. cinnaiarXna. Hook. Sts. annual, short, green, zigzag,
slightly downy : Ivs. on short petioles, obliauely ovate, lobed

216. Begonia Gloire de Sceaux iX H). No. 76.

'' 'r Sts. red. hairy. 1 ft. Mgh : Ivs.

1 I . i< ,,,. I , , innthed, tinged with red on the under side:

III. Inn. I. ^ ri,, I (.-,i, producing 3 pale rose-eolored fls. Bo-
livia B,M, :.HD7.-Iut. by Veitch in 186G.

91. cycloph}Hla. Hoo]:.. Stemless : Ivs. orbicular, 6 in. across,
green, with fimbriated margin : peduncles erect. 6 in. long :
fls. rose-colored, with the fragrance of roses. China. B.M.
'6926.-Int. to Kew in 1885.

92. geraiiifbli a. Tiook. St. 1 ft. high, erect, greenish : Ivs. cor-
date, lobed. serrated, green, margins red, whole plant smooth :
fls. 2 or 3 on terminal peduncles, outer petals orbicular, red ;
the two inner obovate. white. Lima. B.M. 3387.— Int. 1833.

93. Natalensis. Hook. Sts. fleshy, annual, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs.
obliquely cordate, lobed, sinuat.-, '_'- : m long, t^rt-en. sometimes
mottled with grey, veins reddish : tK Muish wliite. 1 in. across.
Natal. B.M. 4841.-Int. to Kew iu ls.".4

94. octopHala, L'Her. (B. grandiflora. Kuowl & West).
Stemless, Ivs. long, succulent, downy, petiole'* \\ ft. long, cor-
date, deeply lobed and serrated, bright green : fls. greenish
white, males with 8 petals, females generally fewer. Peru.
B.M. 3559. F.S. 20: 2056-7. A.P. 4:" '

217 Single Tuberous Begonia (X /-a

95. polypHala A DC ^t short fleshy annual : Ivs, ovate-
cordate, toothed hairy with raised veins 10 m by 8 in. : fls.
with 9 or 10 ovate oblong petals an inch long red ovary haiiy,
with one long wing Peru (rn 14 p 531 — Int by Froebel in

96. rubricaulis Hook Lvs 4-6 in long ovate wavy, ciliate
along the margins deep green flb large males li^ in. across,
5-petaled : females smaller C petaled reddish Country un-
known. B.M 4131 -Int to Birmingham Bot Gar in 1844.

97. SM^i. Hort hybrid (B Boliviensis X Veitchii?). Lvs.
long, pale gieen fls solitary brilliant red females of 4
petals ; m.iles r f f" p t iK R H 1872 90 —Int by Thibaut and
Keteleer in 1^

QS.Suth.r' 1! '-t ^nnual herbaceous 1-2 ft. high,

"bright rr,l ^ Unceolate lobed and serrated,

green, with r^n petioles slender, red: fls.

11 I led Natal BM 5689.-Int. by

99. tenern, Dr^ (B Thwaitesu Hook) Lvs radical, cor-
date, 5 in. long ( oppcrs green mixed with purple and blotched
with grey, under surtue cnmson fls white tinged pink.
Ceylon. B.M 4b<»> — (_hiefly interesting as a variegated plant.
Int. to Kew in 18o2

(aa) The following list comprises some of the best and
most distinct of the innumerable garden forms and hy-
brids now existing, which have almost all been pro-

(1) SINGLE -FLOWERED VARIETIES.

dark bcaiiet, dwarf , 'aud \ei.\ il.
orange-scarlet, compact and tree

b. Rose-colored.— Xarfy <?»</;
and fine ; Marginata, large, roui
of bright pink: Packe. boft, i.
Stanstead Surprise, deep ruse, \e

c. VTHiTE^.-Alba fimhrinfa if
with fringed petals ; Bfrlp}/ Wh,
purest white ; Mrs. J rt-nr/n \
reddish lake; Queen <i n
of great substance ; M

d. Orasge axd Ym
buflf.large.erectfls.; J//S- i ' L

218. Form of double Tuberous Begonia (X

(2) DOUBLE-FLOWERED VARIETIES.

a. Crimsons and Scari-ets.- CannelVs Gem, bright scar-
let : Dandy, intensely bright scarlet , extremely free-flowering ;
Flamingo, brilliant scarlet: Herishaw Russell, scarlet, one of
the best : Triomphe, rich, bright crimson : Duke Zeppelin.
dazzling scarlet fls., new.

b. RosF.-coLORED.-^^^/ia-mora. bright rosy cerise, distinct;
Duke of York, deep rose ; Glory of Stanstead, soft rose, light
center ; Hecla, bright, glistening pink, free bloomer ; Rosy
Morn, rose-pink, large, broad, vriivj petals.

c. Whites.— <7o7(»fps.s of Cravat, pure white fls., dwarf;
Miss Edith Wynne, pure creamy white; ^>c?a('(V, pure white
blossoms, very floriferous ; Picotee, delicate white, pink mar-
gin, dwarf : Princess May. pure white, uudulateil orcrimpled
at the edges.

d. Yeltx)WS.— Xady Balfour of Burleigh, large yellow fls..
erect; Miss Falconer, clear yellow; Mrs. Regnart, chrome-
yellow, petals prettily undulated ; Alice Manning, primrose-
yellow blossoms.

IV. Rex, or ORNAilENTAL-LEAV

Section.

100. Griffithii, Hook. {B. picfa, Hort.). St.-lvs. and
habit as in B. Bex : Ivs. olive-green, with a broad zone

Assam. B.M. 4984. — Int. by Henderson, England
1850.

101. lacini&ta, Rosb. St. perennial : lv.s. roundly
ovate, lobed, pubescent, black-purple, witb a broad zone
of green, reddish on the under side : fls. as in B. Sex.
India, S. China. B.M. 5021. -Int. to Kew in 1857. Var.
Sowringi&na, Hort., has green Ivs. and rosy fls. B.M.
5182.

102. zanthina. Hook bimilir to B Ser and prohabh
only a form of that species Ivs laige fleshy cordate
ovate, acuminate, sinuate ciliated d irk green above
purplish beneath : fls yellow capsule with one large
wing. B.M. 4683. -\ar piotifolia Hort BM 5102
Var: L4zuli, B.M. 5107

103. K6x, Putz. Fig 220 St a short fleshy rhi
from which spring the long stalked Urge, ovate
Ivs., which are hairy and colored a rich metallic green
with a zone of silverv grey peduncles ereit fls largi
rose-tinted, males 2 m across with 4 unequal pet lis
females smaller, with o nearly equal pttils o\ ir\ \
angled, with 2 short and 1 long -ning \ssam I S
12:1255-1258. B.M. 5101 -This nii^nihci nt sjems i-
the principal parent m the production ot the nunu r<ni>
omamental-foliaged Begoniis It his bun ii s ec
with a few species m the hrst pUci. ind then h\bii(
seedlings have been raised again and again from the
progenv. Fig. 220 is a copy of a part of the original h„
ure in Flore des Serres (1857) and is given here for ths

BELLADONNA LILY

very bright. Lucy Closson is very similar, but more vigorous,
with the blotches more numerous and better distributed.
Marquis de Peralta. Lvs. smaU, margins hairy, numerous
silvery spots on surface. Compact, dense grower. Duchesse de

Following are some of the deriv
Begonias :

104. RexXdiscnIor hvbnd<! TR '

sil\ery wh te v tl gree ar
and a green d Mad ( h
Mad O ra M rbe k 1
central green i r
la Bare e ie hi
central port o
light ipple green
disc dark green
spotted Others
nedy He

. like when

Mnd Jos Moens
be margins
1 with white
n edge and i
HI de Mad
i wnj green

Tne.

I-dn B Ken
U oKer Ed Py
e AbelCameie

1 p 91

Fres de la De a j Mud F A j
105 RexXd aden a hybr rfs R H 18«i8 .
Lesoud very s milar to B Rex but laiger leived
Schm dt green on the margins mirked and spotted sih er m
tlae center Cle e t e lobes very acute ^b te blotches in
center Mad Ala ag Iv verv lirge deeply lobed pure
metall c wh te wi h green ter Mai Isabelle £plhn
fiuelj dents e lo ed nd un 1 U el cente ol e green sur
rounded 1 y a zoneot wl te. Lecom ng r^.e on tl e inner mar
gin. M. Crousse, very long, dentate, green center, band of
silver around margin. Others are Theodore Schmidt, Henri
Domeck, Linee, Papillon, Mad. Z>. Wettstein, D. Wettateiu, A.
DallHre, Mad. Georges Bruant, Wilhelm Ffitzer.

106. FexXSocotrana. A plant has been produf-ed wliirh com-
bines the characters of the two parents in ;t pNitviui: manner :
lvs. likeB. Rex, but \vith shorter petioK-^, .m^I itmw ,|,.,I ,n\ the
stem; prettily colored : Us. in erect. --lurWy i.m < m.-- wlu<-li
stand well above the plant; like B. S<irMrr,iii,i m > i-!"!-. but
paler. Plant said to be evergreen.— Inteivstiiii: as a ionn.'rting
link between the Rex and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by San-
der & Co. in 1897.

107. Miscellaneous Rex hybrids of known origin = Jifx leop-
ardiiius CRexXsanthina, var. Reichenheimei). Very similar
to B. Rex, but much larger. F.S.'13: 1317.— Int. by Van Hontte
in 1859. Grandis (RexXsplendida). Vcrv similar t^ |;. R.-x
F.S. 13:1330.— Int. by Rollison. Otto F»rst, r \ [{••■. ■ imi.. n;, li- '
Dwf. habit : lvs. obliauely cordate, dark ■^^•■w. iii;irM.,| xwth
silvery greyish green: fls. greenish whiii, iinMii^pirmnis
ilfiranda (RexXimperialis, var. smaragil

B>abant Lvs large purile m i
gins and surface hairv otherwi
like B Rex Loiase (httti n I\
green with a zone ot glr \ sil\ i
towird the center c \Ht i \ iili
\ery small white sp t / '/ /
MacGregor Lvs ovite i i n i
lobed white center m 1 i in
green Count Erdodu ^-i\\ i in
green «tnped ilong the \ in liiii\
lobe twisted into a sj ii d li nr\
Matilda L\s siher\ white t nter
ind ilong ^elns green m iigms
hair\ Alue White Large 1 right
siher center 1 I uze atin luster
P B Kennedy

\

219. A type of
Tuberous Begonia,
double-flowrered.

(RexXa

above, but marbled with silver. Bomh

poldi (GriffithiXsplendid,!). I.H. 6:205. Prince Tmibetzko
double hybrid (GriffithiXXjinthina, vjir. marmorataand rubro-
venia), I.H. 5:138: also, from the s.%me cross, Madame Wag-
ner. I.H. 5:161, and Miranda. Countess Louise Erdody (Alex-
ander, var. Humboldt Xargenteacupreata). Fig. 221. Lvs.
obliquely cordate, ovate-acute, the smaller of the two lobes
twisted in a spiral manner, with as many as 4 coils : upper
surface silvery, with veins deep green ; under surface reddish,
pilose. I.H. 31:516. G.C. II. 22:205.-Int. by P. Nemeczik, gar-
dener to Count Erdody, a Hungarian nobleman, in 1884.

108. Other Rex varieties of unknown or uncertain origin:
Louise Closson. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, lobed, veins deep pur-
ple, surface blotched with deep purple bronze, metaUie luster

BELEMCANDA (East Indian
name). Ttiddcttv. Blackberry
Lilt. Leopard Flower. A
monotypic genus, containing an
interesting hardy, herbaceous

perennial plant, which is an old garden favorite. The
first of the popular names comes from the clusters of
shining, black, roundish seeds, and the second from the
flower, which is orange, spotted red. It is more commonly
sold as a Pardanthus. which also means Leopard Flower.
Perianth segments oblong, the 3 inner slightly shorter
and spirally twisting as they fade. Prop, by seeds or by
division. Of easy culture in rich, sandy loam and in a
sunny place. Commonly spelled Belamcanda.

nnctdta, Moench.
CMninsis, Eer-
L'2. Height2-3ft.;
!• : lvs. about 6, in
■ ng, I in. broad :
icels 1-2 in. long:
xing, persistent.
;. L.B.C. 19:18/4.
th dried grasses
mis-

Chin^nsis, T,f

Ijirds

BELLFLOWEE. See CamiMniiUi.
BELLADONNA. See Atropa.
BELLADONNA LILY. See Amaryllis.

152 BELLIS

BfiLLIS (Latin, bellus, pretty). Compdsitw. Eng-
lish Daisy. The Daisy, as it grows wild in England,
has a yellow center, snrrounded bv numerous rays in a

220 Bee:onia Rex, in its original form. ]\o iUJ
(See Begonia, p. 151.)

Single row, but the favorite cultivated forms are double,
the rays rising in tier upon tier, and frequently crowd-
ing out every trace of a yellow center. The English
Daisy is essentially a pink or pinkish fl. in its general
effect, the tips of the rays sometimes and the under
surfaces usually being pink or red. There are 27 species
In the genus, only one of which is American. B. integ-
rifolia is found in moist soil from Ky. and Tenn. to
Ark. and Tex., but is too rare and sectional to become a
general favorite. The plant that is most commonly
called Daisy in America is Chrijxinitlirnnim I.t iirnn-
themum. For an illustrated account .t" ll).- imious
plants known as Daisies in Ameriru, -. . /'ksv.

Daisies are favorite border plants, iiinl arr iniicli used
in spring bedding, especially for fclsiiiL'. Tlity thrive
in a cool soil and moist atmosphere, and are, therefore,
much better adapted to English than American gar-
dens. A light mulch is desirable for winter protection.
In home gardening, the plants, after flowering, are di-
vided into single crowns. These are planted about 6 in.
apart in good, rich garden soil. Each crown soon sends
out side growths, which, in time, form new crowns.
Before winter sets in the young clumps can be moved
readily to any place in the garden where they are
wanted to bloom. Daisies are also forced by florists for
winter bloom. When Daisies are desired for edging

BENE

and are placed 3 in. apart in a narrow trench. These
edgings must be renewed each year, as the plants, if
they grow well, spread too wide, or irregularly. In dry
summers many roots fail, and if they remain in the
same spot year after year, the fls. will degenerate to the
single condition.

The simplest way of propagating and growing Eng-
lish Daisies for spring bedding in this country is to
sow the seed in shallow boxes about August 10. As
soon as large enough to handle, transplant 5 inches
apart into coldframes, and when the winter sets in
put on the sash, giving air whenever the weather may
be mild. Transplant to the flower beds as early as pos-
sible in the spring, where in a very short time they
will be a mass of bloom, and will continue to bloom till
the beginning of June, when they should he thrown out,
and the summer bedding plants
planted. Longfellow and Snowball
are the two best varieties for this
purpose. Myosotis alpestris and
Silene penduta may be grown the
same way, using the Daisies as
edging when in the beds, and the
others as center pieces

The Daisy is propagated by seeds
(which are sown early), and by di
visions, the choicest varieties be
ing maintained by the latter method
The main types growd from seed
are the white, rose quilled, and
white with red
center, all of
which are double.
A dark red is
less common. Of
kinds prop, by
seed, Longfellow is
now the best rose-
colored, and Snowball
the best white van
ety, the latter being
especially prized b>
florists for cut-flow
ers. as it has long
stiff stems. Other
varieties are Maximi
Snowflake, and Rot
Roy, which is per
haps the best red.

per^nnis, Linn
True or English
Daisy. Hardy herba
ceous perennial, 3-6
in. high : Ivs. clus
tered at the root
spatulate or obovate
fls 1-2 in across
solitarj , on hairj
scapes \i r -June
ized

1 Cahf

lid m the

222 Belemcanda Chmensis (X%).
(See Belemcanda p lol )

spring flower beds, the clumps are divided into single
plants during the previous September, or early enough
to allow the new plants to get a firm hold before winter,

stites B "M 228 F
>^ 6 584 which shows
11 well marked types.— An interesting but not perma-
nent form which is a result of overfeeding, is the "Hen-
and Chickens Daisy," in which a number of small fl.-
heads are borne on short stalks springing out of the
main fl head Cockscomb forms, in which several
scapes unite to produce a monstrous flower, are some-
times seen but cannot be perpetuated. The rays are
sometimes whollj incurved, or reflexed, or quilled.
Other English names of the Daisy are Herb Margaret,
Ewe or May gowan, Childing Daisy, Bone- or Bruise-
wort Bone Flower. March Daisy, Bairn-wort.

J B Keller. E. J. Canning, and W. M.

BELLWORT In England, any member of the Cam-
panulAcecr In America, Uvul&ria.

BELVIDEEE, or Sumjier Cvpress. See Kochia.

BEHE. See Sesamiim.

BERBERIS

153

BENI, JAPANESE. See Caryopteris Mastacanthus.

BENINCASA (name of an Italian nobleman). Ciieur-
bitdcea-. One species from E. Ind. Annual, running,
squash-like herbs, with solitary yellow monoecious fls.,
the staminate long-peduncled, the pistillate nearly ses-
sile ; corolla deeply lobed ; tendrUs 2-3-branched.

cerifera, Sari. Fig. 223. Wax Gourd. Zit-kwa.
Chinese Preserving Melon. Chinese Watermelon.
Vine long, like a muskmelon, hairy, with cordate lobed
Ivs.: fr. mostly oblong, 10-16 in. long, hairy, white-

223. Bcnincasa ccrifei

waxy, with solid white flesh and small, cucumber-like
seeds. Cult, the same as muskmelon or cucumber.
R.H. 1887:540. -Recently int. into the U. S. (Bull. 67,
Cornell Exp. Sta.), and used for making preserves and
sweet pickles ; said to be eaten raw in warm countries.
L. H. B.
BENJAMIN BUSH. Benzoin odoriferum.

BENT GRASS. See Agrostis.

BENTHAMIA. Referred to Cormis.

BENZOIN (of Arabic or Semitic origin, meaning a
gum or perfume). Syn., Lindern. Laiirilceie. Trees
or shrubs, aromatic ; Ivs. alternate, usually deciduous,
entire or sometimes 3-lobed : fls. polygamous-dioecious,
apetalous, small, in axillary, umbel-like clusters ; calyx
6-parted ; staminate fls. with 9 stamens : fr. a berry.
About 60 species in trop. and E. Asia and N. Amer.
Some E. Asiatic species yield an odorous oil, used in
perfumery. Only a few deciduous species are cult.
They are attractive on account of their handsome foli-
age, which turns bright yellow in fall, and their black
or scarlet fr. The hardiest species is B. odoriferum,
though B. obtiisilobtim and J?, hypoglaticviii may also
be grown north in sheltered positions. They thrive best
in peaty and sandy soil. Prop, usually by seeds sown
after maturity; also by layers, which root best in peaty
soil ; of greenwood cuttings under glass, one-half may
be expected to root. The Benzoin of the druggists is a
balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin.

odoriferum, Nees (Lindira Bhizoin, Blume). Spice
Bush. Benjamin Bush. Wild Allspice. Fever Bush.
Fig. 224. Shrub, 6-15 ft., nearly glabrous : Ivs. oblong-
obovate, finely cUiate, bright green, pale beneath, 3-5 in.
long: lis. yellow, before the Ivs.: berry red, oblong,
spicy. N. Eng. southward and west to Kans. Em. 365.
—The bark is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, astringent.

B. wstimle, Nees=B. odorifenim.— B. grAcile, 0. Kuntze
(Daphuidium gracile, Nees). Lvs. ovate, 3-nerved, charta-
ceous. Habitat unknown. Stove plant.— .B. hypoglartcum^
Rehd. (Lindera hypoglauca, Max.). Lvs. penninerved. glau-
cous beneath : clusters few-fld.. with orbeforetbelvs.i berries
black. Japan.— i?. »)e/(>S(7('^n(H(, Nees. Allied to B. odorifermn.
Branches pubescent : lvs. oliloiig, downy beneath. S. states.
B.M. 1470.— B. obtusilobiini. (l. Kuntze. Lvs. 3-nerved. ovate or
3-lobed: clusters many-Hd.: berries black. Japan. G.l\ 6:295.
~~B. prtecox, S. & Z. Lvs. penninerved, elliptic-oblong : clus-
ters few-Hd., before the lvs.; berries brownish, Min. diam.
Japan.— i?. seri^eum, S. & Z. Lvs. penninerved, pubescent be-
neath : clusters many-tld., witli the lvs. Japan.

Alfred Rehder.

BERB£RID6FSIS (from Berberis and Greek opsis,
likeness). BerberidAcew. Climbing evergreen shrub :
lvs. alternate, petioled, dentate : fls. on long pedicels In
terminal racemes ; bracts, sepals and petals gradually
passing into one another, 9-15, the inner ones concave ;
stamens 8-9 : fr. a berry. One species in Chile. Orna-
mental low-climbing shrub, with deep green foliage and
crimson lis. in drooping racemes, for temperate regions
or the cool greenhouse, growing in almost any soil.
Propag. by seeds sown in spring, by greenwood cuttings
in spring, or by layers in autumn.

coralllna, Hook. Lvs. cordate, oblong-ovate, coarsely
spinulose-dentate, 2-3 in. long : fls. globose, over Yz in.
long, crimson, in many-fld. leafy racemes. B.M. 5343.
F-S- 20:2137. Alfred Rehder.

BfiRBEEIS (Arsibic name). Berberiddceie. Bar-
BERBV. Shrubs, with yellow inner bark and wood, often
spiny : lvs. alternate, often fasciculate, usually glabrous,
simple or pinnate, deciduous or persistent, mostly spin-
ulose-dentate : fls. in racemes, rarely umbellate or soli-
tary ; sepals, petals and stamens 6 : fr. a 1-celled berry
with one or several oblong seeds. Nearly 100 species in
America from Brit. Col. to Patagonia, Asia, Eu., and N.
Afr. Low ornamental shrubs, of which a large number
is cultivated. Most of the deciduous species are quite
hardy, while the evergreen ones are to be recommended
for more temperate regions, except /J. Aquifolinm and
B. repens, which may be cultivated even north in some-
what sheltered positions. Both evergreen and deciduous
kinds are very attractive in spring, with their bright or
orange-yellow fls., and in fall with their red, dark blue
or nearly black fruits. Some, as B. Amurensis and B.
Thunbergii, while amongst the handsomest in fr.,
assume a splendid fall coloring. They grow in almost
any soU, but prefer drier situations ; the evergreen
species thrive best in a sandy compost of peat and
loam. Prop, by seeds sown soon after maturity, or
stratifled and sown in spring ; even B. vulgaris, var.
atropurpurea, may be increased in this way, as a large
percentage comes
true. The evergreen
species grow from
cuttings in Septem-
ber, placed in sand
under glass. Most of
the deciduous species
can be grown from
greenwood cuttings,
taken from forced
plants in spring and
put under glass with
slight bottom heat.
Layers put down in
autumn usually re-
main 2 years before
they can be sepa-
rated. Some species
may be propagated by
suckers. Rarer kinds
and varieties are
sometimes grafted on
B. vulgaris or Thun-
bergii, in August
or September under
glass, or in early
spring in the green-
house. The root
and the inner bark

for dyeing yellow.
Some species have
medicinal properties.
In wheat-growing
districts, planting of
Berberis should be
avoided, as it is the
host of the ^iTciiJi eon -stage of Puccinia graminis, a fun-
gus which causes the wheat-rust. Destroying the Ber-
beris, however, will not check the propagation of the
fungus, as it is able to grow and to spread for years
without forming the ^cidiMm-stage. Monogr. of spe-

154 BERBERIS

cies cult, in England in Flore des Serres, 6: 66 and 73
(1850-1).

Index : Amurensis, No. 2 ; Aquifolium, 21 ; aristata,
15 ; asperma, 1 ; atropurpurea, 1 ; JSealii, 19; buxifolia,
9; Canadensis, 4; C(iroliniana,4; Darwini, 12; dulcis,
1,9; emarginata, 3 ; Fortunei, 24; Fremonti, 17; Jofto-
date, 2 ; heteropoda, 6 ; ilicitolla, 11, 14 ; integrlfolia,
7 : Jaraesoni, 13, 16 ; Japonica, 2, 19 ; Maximowiczi, 8 ;

*f^

axils of

iflora,
list ; iSinensi-s. '> : stenophylla, 10 ; Thunbergi, f
garis, 1 ; Wallicbiana, 13.

A. Lvs. simple, usuolly fasciculate

spines, deciduous or persistent.

B. Foliage deciduous : Ivs. membranaceotts or

charlaceous.

c. Fls. in racemes.

D. Brani-hes gray, except those of the purple-leaved

1. vulgaris, Linn. Common Barberry. Fig. 225, 226.
From 4-8 ft., rarely 15: branches grooved, upright or
arching : Ivs. oblong-spathulate or obovate, setulose-
dentate, membranaceous, 1-2 in. long : racemes pendu-
lous, many-fld.; fls. bright yellow : fr. oblong, usually
purple. May, June. Eu. to E. Asia ; escaped from cul-
ture and naturalized in E. N. Amer. Gn. 35: 693. — Hand-
some in spring, with its golden yellow fls. and light
green foliage; and in fall, with its bright scarlet fruits,
remaining through tin- whole winter. A very variable
species ; also the six fnll.iwiiiL,' kjh ries are Included by
some botanists as v:ni. ti.^. i if ilie iiianygarden forms,
the mo.st effective is \iif. atropurpiirea, Rgl.. with pur-
ple colored Ivs. Ut.U:i;7S. 1. There are also varieties
with variegated Ivs. and purplish black.whitish or yellow
berries, as var. dlba, white-fruited ; var. asperma, seed-
less ; var. dulcis, less acid ; var. liltea, yellow-fruited ;
var. mltis, less thorny ; var. nigra, black-fruited ; var.
Tiol&cea or fructn-vioUceo, violet-fruited. The spines
of the Barberry are, morphologically, Ivs., and the Ivs.
are borne on short branches in their axils (Fig. 226).
The stamens are sensitive. Touch the filaments with a
pin when the fls. first open, and the stamens fly for-
ward uym the j.istil.

LV Amurensis, Rupr. (B. riilgfiris, var. Amurinsis,
Rl'1 '. Till '■- fM s ft. I branches straight, upright, grooved:
Iv- iiiM it. , , ij-iiLT or elliptic, densely cifiate-dentate,

119. Var. Ja-

pomca, K. ;, I /■ r„/,„),-;.^. vmt, ./-.-/.^Hiea, Rgl. B.Sie-
(/oM/.Huit. : Mil /.//',''./.. llort.). Lvs. firmer
and more r' , Iv veined beneath,

shorterii.ti , .Tap. G.P.3:249as

B. Siebol'l'. \J'. I-: I'l i — \ iiT'i'ius-growing shrubs,
standing drought well, with brilliant orange and scarlet
fall-coloring, especially the variety.

3. emarginata, Willd. One to 3 ft., in culture usually
higher ; spines simple to 5-parted, sometimes longer
than the lvs. : lvs. cuneate, obovate or obovate-oblong,
setulose-dentate, J^-1/4 in. long : racemes short, up-
right; petals usually emarginate. S. Eu. to Himal.—
Low spiny shrub with handsome fall-coloring.

DD. Branches reddish brown or brown: lvs. usualh/
tjparsely dentate, sometimes entire.

4. Canadensis, Mill. (B. CaroZiMiana, Loud.). One to
3 ft. : spines small, 3-parted ; lvs. cuneate-oblong, re-

BERBERIS

motely spinulose-dentate, rarely entire, 1-2 in. long :
racemes few-fld., nodding, about as long as the lvs.;
petals refuse or emarginate : fr. short-oval or nearly
globular, coral-red. AUeghanies.— The plant sold under
this name is usually B. vulgaris.

5. Sinensis, Desf. From 4-6 ft., with slender, often
arching branches and small, 3-5-parted spines : lvs. cu-
neate, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, coarsely setulose-
dentate, sometimes entire, green or glaucescent beneath,
1-2 in. long : racemes pendulous, slender-peduncled,
bright or pale vellow : berries oval or oblong, blood-red.
From Caucasus to Himal. and China. B.M. 6573. -A
hardy, graceful species, very handsome in fruit.

6. heterdpoda, Schrenk. Three to 6 ft.: branches
stout, spreading, with few short spines : lvs. broadly
obovate, entire or remotely serrate, pals bluish green,
1^-2 in. long, some short and some slender-petioled;
fls. in long-stalked, few-fld. racemes, orange-yellow, fra-
grant: fr. oblong, dark blue with glaucous bloom. May.
Turkestan, Songaria. G.F. 8: 455. — Handsome and
very distinct species.

7. integerrima, Bunge. In habit and appearance very
like No. 6, and difficult to distinguish without fl.-clus-
ters : stems terete and brown : lvs. broad-obovate, re-
motely dentate or entire, dark bluish green above : ra-
cemes dense and upright. Persia, Turkestan, Songoria.

cc. Fls.

illy solitary, rarely in feic-fld. umbels:
lvs. entire.

8. Thtinbergii, DC. Figs. 227, 228. Dense, low shrub,
2-4 ft.: branches spreading, deeph- L'roore.l. brown,
with simple spines: Ivs. obovate in M-iiimi it. -inite en-
tire, glaucescent beneath, ^-1 ' I 1 ::. pale
yellow: fr. elliptic or nearly gliii. _ 1. Apr.,
Mav. G.F.2:53. B.M. 6646."R.11 . I -u 1 7 A n. 18:357.
Gng. 4:241 ; 5:119, 353, 355. Mn.2:llS. A. F. 8: 526.-
Oneof the most valuable species, especially remarkable
for its low, dense, horizontal growth, its large, brilliant
red frs., remaining fresh till the following spring, and for
its bright scarlet fall-col-
oring ; hardy. Very val-
uable for borders of walks
I drives. Endures par-
tial shade. Cattle and
sheep do not browse
it much. Var. Mazimd-
wiczi, Franch. & Sav.,
has the lvs. green beneath.
Var. plurifldra, Koehne,
with 3-10 fls. in short, um-
bel-like raceme, is perhaps
a hybrid with B. vulga-
■ St gray
branches. China, Japan.

BB. Foliage evergreen or half-evergreen.

c. Lvs. entire, or rarely with few spiny teeth.

9. btizi!61ia, Poir. (B.diilcis. Sweet). One to 3 ft.:

branches brown, grooved ; spines usually 3-parted,

short : lvs. cuneate, obovate or elliptic, %-l in. long :

fls. solitary, on long pedicels, orange yellow : fr. nearly

BERBERIS

globese, blackish purple. May. Chile to Strait of Ma-
gellan. B.M. 6505. S.B.P.G. II. 1: 100. P.M. 10: 171.
—A very graceful, free-flowering shrub ; one of the
hardiest of the evergreen species ; will stand the win-
ter even north if somewhat protected.

10. stenophylla, M;ist. i /;. riiirirhi! ■. ,',,ipetrifdHa).
Height l-:i ft., with sl.-ii.lrr. aivhiii- 1. ranches : Ivs.
narrow-ol.l.Mii:. n-v.ilutr at th.- liiaiu'lii-. spiny pointed,
Vi-IM in. l"ns-'- '^li"k Krt''u ali..\ t- : tl>. L'-ti, in pedun-
cled, pendulous umbels. Uf tfardin ori^-iu. May. G.C.
III. 7:619. A.F. 0: 325. -Handsome shrub, nearly as
hardy as the former.

cc. Lvs. cnai-seJi/ spi)nj fletrtate.

BERBERIS

155

D. FIs.

rhi

11. iIiciidlia,F..rst. II„llyI. av,.,l. Lvs.
green, persisting till late in wiiiiif. shinii
ovate, tapering at l.asi-, (■..ais.ly s|.iiiy-tu,,
short, 4-fid., somewhat cnrymljusu ; lis. c
Terra del Fuego. B.M. 4308. F.S. 3: 291.

12. D4rwini, Hook. Height 1-3 ft. : branches brown,
pubescent when young : lvs. sessile, cuneate, obovate,
usuallv .'^-tM at tlM> ajM-x, fflfi-ssv dark green above, K-1
in. long iM.i.M, -Iniir, in.iny-Hd., pendulous; fls.
orange \ > .1 i-h MHiside : style longer than
theovai\ I i;-!., Cliile to Patagonia. B.M.
4590. F.S : m; ,. \\l\>i ^-.if:

13. ■Wallichiana, ix ;. i B. JAmesoni, Hort., not Lindl.).
Shrub, to 1(1 ft., with grayish brown branches : spines
3-parted, marly an imli long : lvs. sessile, oblong-ellip-
tic or lauci-olate. rtiuotely spiny serrate, shining on both
sides, 1-2 in. long : fls. long-pedicelled, nodding, 3-6 in
a cluster. Himalayas. B.M. 4656. P.F.G. 1:79.

14. Neiiberti, Lem. (B. ilicifdlia, Hort., not Forst.
B. Aquifoliiim x vidgAris). Branches grayish brown,
without spines, upright : lvs. simple, oval or ovate,
sometimes with 1 or 2 smaller lateral Ifts., spiny or
setulose-dentate, dark grayish green above, 1^-3 in.
long: fls. in racemes. Of garden origin. I.H. 1:111.
G.C. III. 9:73, 7.'i. -Hardy north, but lvs. not persistent.

228 Bcrbens Thunbergu

DD. Fls. in compound, pendulous racemes.

15. aristita, DC. Bush, 2-6 ft. : lvs. oblong, semi
sistent, usually spinose-dentate, 1-3 in. long : fl:
long-peduncled, compound racemes. Himalayas. :
9:729.

16. J4mesoni, Lindl. Shrub, much branched :
oblong, 2-3 in. long, with few large and strong spii
fls. orange, in drooping panicles or compound
Ecuador. I.H. 6:201.

AA. Zivs. pinnate, persistent: branches spineless.

{Mahonia.)

B. Petioles short or almost none.

c. Bacemes few-fid., slender, mostly lateral.

17. Frfimonti, Torr. From .5-12 ft.: Ifts. 3-7, rigidly

coriaceous, ovate or oblong, with few strong, spiny teeth,

glaucous, dull, ' ■. - - -

229. Berberis AQUiloIium (X K).

pedicels slender : fr. at least Kin. in diam., red, in-
flated, and rather dry. W. Texas to Utah and Mex.
G.F. 1: 497. -Remarkable for its pale, glaucous foliage
and large berries. Not h.ardy north.

cc. Bdcemes many-fid., dense.

18. pinnata. Lag. {Mahdnia fasciculAris, DC). Two
to 3 ft. : Ifts. 5-17, oviite or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous,
undulate at the margin and with few spiny teeth, dark
green, somewhat shining; fls. in short, fascicled racemes:
fr. blue. Calif., N. Mex. B.M. 2396. B.R. 9:702.-Not
hardy north.

19. Japdnica, Spreng. (M. Japdnica, DC. B. Bealii,
Fort.). Height 5-10 ft.: Ifts. 9-13, roundish or ovate,
coriaceous, usually truncate at the base, with large, re-
mote, spiny teeth, 2-5 in. long : racemes 3-4 in. long,
fascicled : fr. bluish black. China, Japan. B.M. 4846,
4852. P.F.G. 1:11. F.S. 6:79. -Very effective by its
large foliage, thriving best, like the other Mahonias, in
a partly shaded position. Hardy north to New York in
sheltered positions.

20. Nepal6nsis, Spreng. (B. Japdnica, Hort.). Tall,
4-6 ft. : Ifts. 5-25, rigid, obovate-oblong, repand-toothed,
with few spiny teeth on each edge. India to Japan.
N. 1:182. A.G. 18:355.

BB. Petioles prominent or elongated.
c. Lfts. truncate or rotmded at the base.

21. Aquifdlium, Pursh (Mahdnia Aquifolium, Nutt.).
Pig. 229. From 3-6 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, oblong or oblong-ovate,
shiny dark green above, spiuulose-dentate : racemes
erect, fascicled: berries blue, small. May. British Co-
lumbia to Ore. B.R. 17:1425. L.B.C. 18:1718. P.M.B.
9: 5. — Handsome evergreen shrub, hardy north in shel-
tered positions.

22. nervdsa, Pursh. Dwarf evergreen shrub : sts. but
a few inches high, tipped with long, husk-like, pointed
bud-scales : Ifts. 11-21, lance-ovate, 3-5-ribbed, remotely
spiny-toothed, borne on a strongly jointed stalk ; ra-
cemes elongated, erect: fr.oblong, blue. Ore. B.M.3949.
L.B.C. 18:1701. F.S. 2:127. P.M. 7:55, as Mahonia
ylumacea.

23. ripens, Lindl. (Mahdnia repens, Don). Rarely
over 1 ft. high, stoloniferous : Ifts. 3-7, roundish ovate
or ovate, pale or glaucous and dull above, spinulose-
dentate : fls. and fr. like the former. Brit. Columbia to
Calif, and N. Mex. B.R. 14:1176. L.B.C. 19:1847.

cc. Lffs. cuneate at base, narrow-lanceolate .

24. Fbrtunei, Lindl. Dwarf : Ifts. 5-9, distant, nar-
rowJy lanceolate; spiny teeth numerous, small : racemes
erect, fascicled. China. F.S. 3:287 bis.

l')6 BEIiBHRlS

II " -/■ rMji'ini! rr-i Mil 1 1 1 It

BEROAMOT

I

iEIJTOI.ONIA

Nil

MM l.|>

Miiioiis iiinnmtic

iliuh

1., incinlK

r.s 11

f tlK LaluiiUr, as

Mono

Kllis Tl.o

He

1 Kiuiiot eHMeiico of

mdo f

roiii 11 citrr

ms f

lint Seo Cilnit.

\l ll.^^ It

"''":

1 Miidrnx botanist),
r A Ki-mis of

1 ^

b.-(irt Hbftped,

: . .1,

M,,i, tlM in

II dpiip-

1

MlllCh

1 li.ng.

( Mlon,

1 ll_-l -1 Ml

III 111

"st \ iIimMi (iniber

UK h^lit find

strone, is usod for

1

iinil tor

boats Itis.\port..l n»

( ult hv

Dr

rraiiopsohi, hiiiita

a T IlASTlNOS

II »iMm.
<lllnt« II

'V.V .'

piilo Kioon IN eriHMllHh jollnw fu'*tl<

KIlllGK lllul KUKll W CaKI)

BERCH£MIA idprivntiou iiiipertnin) Iihamndcf(r

ilmili- iiiii-tl\ olinibhiK, riiu'ly tm-s l\s deciduous,
lliiniii -.1 III 1 iiotiolod, entiio oi luiih -n wiih nil
spicuo

i>s tr

mill I

1 Mho spocies 111 1 \ 1

\i 1 1 I'UnibniK shnil

,11,^1 I iMl^bt Br.-..n ^i > I

fol lOMlllU- 111 Ills «..lk III -1111. I \

Rrow in iiliii(i-l iiin -.imI I'lop 1 v t

cuttmjts ill -iMiiii; iiiidir (;b>-.s i,

yOUIl(? sluiiils mill lis lUtllllifs nl n 1 1 ill

under glass

BOtLndeng, Kocli (li. toliihihi, DC) Scrn k .lACh
Ten to iri ft 1\8 ovate or oblonj? ovato, acuininatr,
often nndulato, 1-2 in lonft, ^Mth ')-lJ pairs of lateral
vins lis Kreeiusli white fi bluish black June
S states

raoemAsa, Slob & Zuce Cloael) allied to tlio former
Lvs coidati , mate, with 0-8 pans of \tins tls green-
ish fi III St led, becoming black at length .Iul\ .lap,
China —Haidiei than the forinei. not hiuh climbing ,
iittrncti\o in late summer, with Us led tiuit.s.

Alfkeu Rehdeb.

des J bnltl
enough tin
rastiiii, I w
includ. s 111.
«xo«lBa,11iinili ^ It n

ill furnish Hrnril nuts Curiously
II tiade name ot the Itiaril nut is
Miiperly the name ot the genus that

vith

top

sinoiith tniiiK
It f 01 Ills large f
Jio Negro Til.
iii.s ,l,.,pp,m:il

111 large

qiiessed
I caulk-
Kopur-

ilturo of

teii.ler for glow til an\ where in the United Mates — Ctilt.
at !>anta Barbara, falif q t Hastinos

BERTOLONIA (after A Bertolini, Italian botanist).
it>lii^lnmi)cf<r [splendid warnihouse foliage plants
fioiii Hra7il. alwa\ s dwatf. and soimtimes creeping, the
gardi n fnriiis with im nibrin ic< oils "".-T iior\ ed lea\es
r, s ,, 1 , . . I I II I I I I III lU . ^ .lored, 5-
pi II \\ I in the

r. si 1 „f the

M.: N..1 7),

till I 1. 1 bota-

nists .1 > 11. t s, p 1, III (111 Mil ll 1. I Ji IK 1 I winch usu-
all\ cannot be distinguished bv habit alone The surest
chill acter is the luHiited and .1 angletl oi J winged calyx
of Bertolonia. In Bertolouia, flower-parts are in S's, but

BERTOLONIA

the ovary is 3-colleii. Gravosia Im? n ficollpd ovary,
and Souerila is trimerous. In Bert(>!<»!ii:i »h<' fMmt.-ctive

of the anthers has no appendage : m ^ i,,, i, ,,. jj

a spur helow and behind thecoim i i i , -icna

there is a spur in front, and the c;!!;. i n ; i : i

Bertolonias are essentially fiinrn i ' p! mi It is
somewhat difHcult to bring out their trim elnir.i.teristics
under ordinary stove treatment, as they require a more
humid atmosphere than can usually be maintained, even
in a small house. The additional shelter of a small
frame should be provided, where the atmospheric con-
ditions will be much more easily regulated. A plentiful
supply of water at the roots is necessary ; syringing or
sprinklinp; overhe.td is not advisable. The most con-
venient iiietii,..! c.f i>r..|>ngation is by cuttings, which

strike v ii » n , i l.rately close propagating case

filled w I 111(1. The pots should be thor-
oughly ( i ! ' :n((l,and the compost open and

porous. Ihi I. r ill ,1,11-,,, shade. Old plants are not so
brilliant iis young ones.

Bertolonias and their allies furnish an excellent ex-
ample of Van Houtte's triumphs in hybridization. The
two species described below have probably been im-
portant factors in the plant-breeding, and Oravesiagut-
lala even more so. Gravesia is a Madagascar plant,
and has, perhaps, been crossed with the Brazilian Ber-
tolonias. Unfortunately, the pictures in Flore des Ser-
res show no flowers, and the pedigree is not given. The
Bertonerilas figured and described in I.H. 43, pp. 188
and 189, with colored plates 04 and 68, are presumably
hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila. Excepting C.
maculata Buii C. marmorata, the following are hybrids.
A. Veins not lined on both sides with a colored Ixind.

marmor&ta, Naudin. Stem less densely hairy than
the above : Ivs. more narrowly ovate, or ovate-oblong,
acute, sparsely hairy, streaked with white along the

Eriocnema mnrmnmta, Naudin. P.S.7: 7.W, as li.
lata, var. ti:ii niwrntn , I'liuielion. roifrnenux reengnizes
two varieties, viir. genuina, witli Ivs. grein .'il.ove.and
banded with white along the \eins i var. ienSa [Krioc-
nima wh!,i iiiid IS. „ ii.'ii, Namliii), with Ivs. .lark green
with a coppery cast, but not spotted or only slightly so.
Mirdndsei, V^an Houtte. Spots red on the lower Ivs.
and white on the upper or younger ones : Ivs. purple
beneath. F.S. 21:2235 (1875).

B. Hands and spots magenta or purple.

macul&ta, DC. Stem short, decumbent, rooting at the
base, densely clothed with rusty hairs : Ivs. long-
petioled, cordate, broadly ovate, obtuse, hispid above
and at margins, dark velvety green above, often spot-
ted; calyx densely clothed with glandular hairs: petals
obovate, soniewhat acute, rose-colored. B.M.455I.

Houtte4na, Van Houtte (IS. Van Houltei, Hort.).
IjVs. purple l>eneiith. This wtis the sensational i)lant of
1874, and Van Houtte refused $2,000 for his stock of it.
It was originated by his propagator, Marchatid. F. S.
20:2120.

mi. Bands and spots silvery whitr.
C. Spots very distinct.

Hruby&na, Van Houtte. This has bars of white con-
necting the veins. The under side of the Ivs. seems to
be green instead of purple, at least toward the tip. F.S.
23:2.381.

Kodecki&na, Van Houtte. Distinguished from the

above and all others of this group by the abundance of

dark red color in the upper surface of the Ivs. Veins

of the under side prominent and green. F.S. 23: 2382.

CO. Spots very faint.

Lesrelleina, Van Houtte (B. Legrille, Hort.). There
are a few longitudinal bars, but they do not connect the
veins. Reterred to Oravesia guttata by Coigneaux.
F.S. 23: 2407.

Other trade names are S. nuUAta. Hook, f .=Gravcsia ciit-
tata.— B. martiaritacea, Hort. BiilI.=Salpiuea margaritacea.—
£. primulatldra, Hort.= Monolema primuloBflora.— iJ. pubis-

BESCHORNERIA 157

crns, Hort., with long white hairs and a chocolate band down
the center. E.rei,l,.r n f'nriatissitna.Horl.—H.suDerblt-
»i»ia,Hort. 1 1', 1 1, 1 n,,,i ), with rose colored spots, which

pi^bai;?^";.'";,'! :,;.,,; v",;;;;;^'"''^"' ^--M-isKms).-

W M. s, .1 I. Tarrytown,N. Y.,andW. M.

BEETONEKlLA. A class of handsome foliage plants,
presumably hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila.
I.H. vol. 43 (189U). For culture, see Bertolonia.

BESCHOENfiRIA (after H. Boschorncr, German
liotanisi ). .1 1,1,11 i/ltiddcecf. Succulent desert plants, al-
lied to llravoa and Doryanthes. Lvs. in a rosette, glau-
cous, roughish at the margins, not so thick, firm or
fleshy as in Agave (which has a strong end-spine and
horny marginal prickles): rootstock short, tuberous.
In Besohorneria, the perianth is usually reddish green,
with scarcely any tiiiie and witli Ioiil'. olilaneenlnte s.-.r.
raents; in Doryantlie^ i !,,■ |,, , i,,,,: i, , , i,, i.:i,( , , ,i. 1 1,, ,'.'.
ments long, narrow! > i ,,, i, ,,1,

is red or white, the n. , , .i ,1 , ,, , , , ,1,,.

segments short. .1. 1 ; 1 ' ,' , , . \ mnA iii.i,,,,,, i(,i. cih,,,.,.
similar to ,\l i\,, M ,irsare vi'i-y closely allied,

anddiflieuli Tlie following are the only

kindswelllsi, n -leallfromMex. They flower

at long, irre^-iiiir |„ 1 i,,,i , .as do century plants.

The species sneeeed l.esi, when treated similarly to
Agaves, with the exception of the soil, which may be
made richer by the addition of crushed bone and a
little vegetable mold. All of the species need green-
house protection in the northern states. Useful for
bedding.

A. Roughish on both surfaces of lvs.

tubiilbra, Kunth. Lvs. 12 or more, l!^-2 ft. long, 1 in.

broad, linear, long-aeuminate, narrowest of the genus.

B.M. 4G42.-The oldest and best known species.

AA. Roughish beneath and on the margins of Irs.

B. Zi-rs. very glaucous.
Tonilii, Jacobi {B. 2'one(»dna, Jacobi). Allied to B.
tubiflora, but with looser habit and much broader lvs.
Lvs. 15-20, l-l}4tt. long, 2-2>^ in. broad, short-acumi-
nate, and more boldly contracted below the middle.
B.M. (i09l.

nn. Lvs. less glaucous.
r. liiisr of lvs. thick, about % inch.
Deko8terld,na, C. Koch. Lvs. 15-20, 2-4!^ ft. long,
2-2',j in. broad, oblanceolate, long-acuminate, very grad-
ually tapering both ways from the middle, l-V/im.
broad above the base ; the bases thickest in the genus.
B.M. G7()8.

CO. Base of lvs. thinner.
D. Narrowed to less than 1 inch above the base.
braoteata, Jacobi. Lvs. 20-30, lX-2 ft. long, 2 in.
broad, short-acuminate ; texture thin but firm. B.M.
6641.— In the picture the margins are rougher than in
any other species, and they are also wavy or revoluto at
intervals.

inj. Narrowed to % inch above the base.
yuccoides. Hook. f. Lvs. about 20, 1-1>^ ft. long, 2 in.
Iiioad, lanceolate, short-acuminate. B.M. 5203. -The
lvs. are broader than in A. tubiflora, shorter acuminate,
and more boldly narrowed below the middle. In the
picture cited, the lvs. seem more spreading and less
revolute than in the rest of the genus.

B. Califdmica is offered by Dr. Franceschi, Santa
Barbara, Colif., without description.

As Beschornerias can be certainly identified only
when in flower, the following key is added :
A. Inflorescence racemose.

B. Fls. highly colored, purple and red-Tonelii.
BB. Fls. dull-colored, reddish green- (i(6t7/ora.
AA. Inflorescence panicled.

B. Fls. 2 or 3 in a cluster— Z>eA:<).s/<;»-m)in.
BB. Fls. more numerous in the cluster, 3-7.
c. Peduncles bright red — )/MCCoirfc.s-.
CO. Peduncle dull reddish brown — ^rac<ea (a.
G. W. OuvEK and W. M.

158

BESLERIA

BESLEBIA (after Basil Besler. Nuremberg apothe-
cary, and reputed authorof the superb Hortus Eystetten-
sis, 1613). Gesnerdceoe. Tropical plants, mostly sub-
shrubs, with somewhat 4-angled stems, large, membra-
naceous, opposite, petiolate Ivs. prominently veined be-
neath, and yellow, white or purple fls. B. Imray is
herbaceous, with serrate Ivs. and yellow axillary fls.
B.M. 6341. Prop, by cuttings. None are known to be
offered in America.

BfiSSEBA (after Dr. Besser, professor of botany at
Brody). Mexican Coral Drops. An exceedingly pretty
summer-flowering bulbous plant, with umbels of pendu-
lous fls., which are vermilion outside, have a white co-
rona or cup within, and long, purple stamens. It is a
monotypic genus allied to Androstephium. Perianth
cup-shaped, the tube shorter than the oblong-lanceolate
segments; .stamens (i. Culture simple. Bulbs planted
out, and lifted when ripe. Belongs to lily family.

«egans, Schult. f. Bulb globular, 1 in. thick, tuni-
cated : Ivs. 2-3, about 10-12 in., or even 2 ft., long:
scape 1-2 ft. long, hollow, fragile; umbels 4-10-fld.;
pedicels 1-1 K in. long ; perianth 9-10 lines long, keeled
on the back, variously marked with white within, but
usually with vermilion margins and center-band : fls.
borne through two months of late summer and earlv
autumn. G.F. 4:125. Gn. 25:423. B.R. 25:34. B.R.
1546, as Pharium fistulosum. P.S. 4:424, as B. miiiia-
<«»i.- Strong bulbs sometimes throw up 6-10 scapes,
with 12-20-fld. umbels. W. M.

BfiTA(Latinname). Chetiopodidcem. Perhaps adozen
or 15 species of herbs, ranging from the Canary Islands
to eastern India. One polymorphous species yields the
cultivated Beets. This is B. vulgaris, Moq., the origi-
nal form of which is perennial, and grows on the coasts
of southern Europe, reaching as far N. as the Straits of
Dover. Moquin (DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2:56) divides the
derivatives of this species into three groups : (1) The
slender- and hard-rooted, essentially wild forms, includ-
ing B. maritimaoi Linneeus ; (2) Leaf Beet(B. C'lcla),
comprising the various kinds of Chard or Spinach Beet
(see Chard); (3) the common garden Beets, or Beet-
root. The ornamental Beets, grown for their handsome
colored Ivs., are akin to the Chards. All these races
have been developed in comparatively modern times,
probably from one original form. Cf . Sturtevant, Amer.
Nat. 1887:433. See Beet. L. H. B.

BETEL, or BETLE. The leaf of Piper Bette. a kind
of pepper used in wrapping the pellets of betel-nut and
lime which are commonly chewed in the Orient. The
pellets are hot, acrid, aromatic, astringent. They redden
the saliva and blacken the teeth, and eventually corrode
them. The betel-nut is the fruit of Areca Catechv, a
palm.

BET6NICA and BETONY. See Stachijs.

BfiTULA (ancient Latin name). BetuMcem, a tribe of
Cupulilenp. Birch. Trees or shrubs, with the bark usu-
ally separating into thin, papery plates : Ivs. alternate,
deciduous, petioled, serrate : fls. monoecious, apetalous,
in catkins, opening in spring with the Ivs.; staminate
catkins usually long and pendulous, formed in the au-
tumn and remaining naked during the winter, every
scale bearing 3 fls., each with 2 stamens divided at the
apex ; pistillate catkins oblong or cylindrical, bearing in
the axil of every scale 3 naked ovaries : fr. a minute
nut, often erroneously called seed, with membranaceous
wings, dropping at maturity with the bracts from the
slender rachis. About 35 species in N. America, Europe,
N. and Oent. Asia, especially in the northern regions.
No tree goes farther north than the Birch ; in N. America
B. papyri fera reaches 66° N. lat., and in Europe B. alba
goes to the North Cape, and is still a forest tree at 70°.
The hard and tough wood is often used in the manu-
facture of furniture and of many small articles, in
making charcoal, and for fuel; from the bark, boxes, bas-
kets, and many small articles are made ; also canoes from
that of the B. papyrifera ; in Russia and Siberia it is
ased in tanning leather. The sap of some species is used
as a beverage. The Birches are very ornamental park

BETULA

trees, hardy, except 2 or 3 Himalayan species, and espe-
cially valuable for colder climates. 'Their foliage is rarely
attacked by insects, and turns to a bright or orange-yellow
in fall. Theirgraceful habit, the slender, often pendulous
branches, and the picturesque trunks make them con-
spicuous features of the landscape. Especially remark-
able are those with white-colored bark, as B. papyrifera,
pnpiilifoliu, alba, Ermani, and also B. Maiimowiczii
with yellow bark. Most Birches prefer moist, sandy and
loamy soil ; but some, as B. alba and populifolia, grow
as satisfactorily in dry localities and poor soil as in
swamps and bogs, and they are especially valuable In
replanting deserted grounds as nurses for other trees ;
both are comparatively short-lived trees. Prop, readily
by seeds, gatljrr. M ;,i m,,! in-ii v ami -mi' ,, in ImII, or usu-
ally kept d^^ ■::_:. , , , . | ; but B.

nigra, ■Khh)i V ■ ^ i. sown at

once, and hv t .a i!,. -. -..in.-. -,■ ,i i.. -. . lal inches
high. The seeds sIk.uI.I l..- sown in saudy soil, slightly
or not at all covered, but pressed firmly into the ground
and shaded. The seedlings must be transplanted when
one year old. Rarer species and varieties are grafted,
usually on B. lenta, papyrifera, nigra or alba. Cleft or
tongue-grafting in early spring, on potted stock in the
greenhouse, is the best method. Budding in summer is
also sometimes practiced. Shrubby forms may also be
increased by layers, and B. nana by greenwood cuttings
under glass. Monographs by Regel : Monographische
Bearbeitung der Betulacese (1861); and in De Candolle,
Prodromus, 16, 2, p. 162 (1869).

Index : alba, 10 ; atropurpurea, 10 ; Bhojpattra, 2 ;
Carpatica, 10 ; cordifolia, 8 ; costata, 6 ; Daleearlica, 10;
Ermani, 5 ; excelsa, 4, 10 ; fastigiata, 10. 13 ; glandu-
losa, 12 ; Japonica, 10 ; laciniata, 10, 9 ; lenta, 3 ; lutea,
4 ; Maximowiczii, 1 ; minor, 8 : nana, 14; nigra, 7; occi-
dentalis, 11 ; odorafa, 10 ; papyracea, 8 ; pap3rrifera. 8;
pendula, 10, 9 ; persicifolia, 14 ; platyphytia, 8 : Pon-
tica, 10 ; populifolia, 9 ; pubescens, 10 ; pumila, 13 ;
pyrifolia,8; rubra, 7: tortuosa, 10; urticifolia, 10;
utilis, 2 ; verrucosa, 10.

1. Maxim6wiczii, Regel. Tree, 80-90 ft., with smooth,
orange-colored trunk and dark reddish brown branch-
lets : Ivs. long-petioled, broadly ovate, coarsely and
doubly serrate, membranaceous, pubescent on younger
trees, nearly glabrous on older ones : cones K-3 in.
long, slender, nodding ; fr. with very broad wings.
Jap. -This is probably the most beautiful of all Birches,
perfectly hardy north and of rapid growth ; its large
foliage and the yellow color of the trunk render it a
highly ornamental and conspicuous park tree.

c. Shape of Ivs. orate or oblong-ovate, rounded and often
cordate at the base, broadest about the middle:
veins distinctly impressed above, comparatively
short-pel ioled.

2. iltiiis, Don {B. Bhojpattra, ViTan.). Tree, 40-60 ft. :
trunk with reddish brown bark : Ivs. ovate, rounded at
the base, acuminate, densely irregularly serrate, pubes-
cent when young, 2-3 in. long, with 8-12 pairs of veins :
cones peduneled, cylindrical, 1-2 in. long ; bracts with
erect oblong lobes, the middle one much longer. Himal.,
Jap. — Not quite hardy N.

3. 16nta, Linn. Cherry, Sweet, or Black Birch.
Tree, 60-70 ft. ; trunk dark reddish brown, young bark
aromatic, of agreeable flavor : Ivs. oblong-ovate, usu-
ally cordate at the base, sharply and doubly serrate,
hairy beneath when young, nearly glabrous at length,
2-5 in. long : cones ovoid-oblong, 1-1 Kin. long; bracts
with broad lobes, the middle one slightly longer. From
Newfoundland to Florida, west to Illinois and Missouri.
S.S. 9:448. Em. 232.— Very handsome tree, round-
headed, and with pendulous branches when older; at-
tractive in spring, with its long staminate catkins.

4. Ititea, Michx. (B. excelsa, Pursh. not Ait.). Yel-
low Birch. Fig. 231. Tree, sometimes 100 ft.: bark

BETULA

159

silvery gray or light orange, on old trunks reddish
brown ; young bark aromatic, but somewhat bitter :
branchlets usually pilose : Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate,
usually rounded at the base, acuminate, sharply and

doubly serrate, usually hairy along the veins beneath:
cones like the last, but thicker, and bracts larger, pu-
bescent outside. From Newfoundland south to N. Caro-
lina and Tenn., west to Minn. S.S. 9:449. Em. 235.-
One of the most valuable forest trees in the northern
states, much resembling the former in habit. Var. per-
.j-:«ii.-- T^j — t_- , ^ longer Ivs., often ovate-

cc. Shape of 7cs. oi-ate, broad and usually truncate,
sometimes cordate at the base: veins not im-
pressed above: long-petioled.

5. firmani, Cham. Tree. 60 ft. : trunk white; branches
orange-colored ; branchlets usually glandular and pu-
bescent when young : Ivs. broadly triangular-ovate,
acuminate, irregularly coarsely serrate, 2-4 in. long,
hairy when unfolding, with 7-10 pairs of veins : cones
oblong ; bracts pubescent, with linear-oblong lobes,
middle one somewhat longer. N. E. Asia, Japan.—
Handsome round-headed tree, with slender branches.

6. C03ta.ta, Trautv. Tree, 50 ft.: bark yellowish brown:
branches not or slightly glandular : Ivs. ovate, rarely
oblong-ovate, irregularly doubly serrate, with 9-12 pairs
of veins, long acuminate, 2-3'^ in. long, glabrous :
cones elliptic ; bracts glabrous, with short, rhombic or
obovate lateral lobes. Japan. Manchuria.

CCC. Shape of Ivs. rho
veins slightly ir,
short : cones ere

the has

7. nigra, Linn. {B. riihr,,. Milixi. Ifru or River
Birch. Tn . . :.ii-;"i i-,: l. ark reddish brown, or silvery
gray on \ - ,> -. separating into numerous

thin, p:i|" ' i iiii-hlets pubescent : Ivs. rhom-

bic-ovati', :i III. , .! ii: . ~.-i-i-ate,pubescent when young,
at length oiiiv ou the veins beneath, pale or glauc-escent
beneath, 2-3H in. long: cones 1-1?^ in. long, cvlindri-
cal, ripening in May or June ; bracts pubescent, with
erect, linear-oblong, nearly equal lobes. From Mass.
south to Fla. and west to Kans. and Minn. S.S. 9: 452.
— A moisture-loving, graceful tree, with slender, very
numerous branches, and remarkable for its torn and
ragged bark.

AA. reins of li-s. 7 or less, not impressed pairs.

B. Wings usually broader than the nut.
o. Trunk tfith white bark. Trees ; rarely shrubs.

8. papyrifera, Mar,sh.(B.pnp)/r(}ceo, Ait.). Paper or
Canoe Birch. Fig. 2^2. Tree, 60-80, exceptionally
120, ft.: liiMiiflilits glandular, hairy when young : Ivs.
'iviiii, tian-'iw.-il t.) cordate at the base, acuminate,
'■.iar-riy aiiil u-iially doubly Serrate, pubescent on the
VL-iuv li.-n.;aili (.r nearly glabrous, ll4-4%in. long:
cuues peduncUa. 1-2 in. long ; bracts with short and
broad divergent lateral lobes. N. states from the Atlan-
tic to Pacific coast. S.S. 9:451. Em. 238. G.F.8:223.
-Ornamental tree, with rerv white trunk and a loose,
graceful head when older. Var. cordifdiia, Kegel. {B.
pyrifolia and platyphylla,nort.). Lvs. broadly ovate,
usually cordate, large. Var. minor, Tuckerm. Low,
bushy tree with smaller lvs. and frs. Mts. of X. Eng.
and N. York.

9. poptOiidlia, Ait. (B. dlba,v&T.populifdlia, Spach.).
White Birch. Small tree, exceptionally 40 ft., with
smooth white bark ; branchlets with numerous resinous
glands : lvs. slender, petioled, triangular or deltoid,
long acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, glutinous when
young, glabrous at leiii,'th and shining : cones slender,
stalked, cylindrical, about 1 in. long ; bracts pubescent,
the lateral lobes divergent, about as long as the middle
one. From X. Brunswick to Delaware, west to Ontario.
S.S. 9; 4.50. Em. 1:242. -A small, graceful, but short-
lived tree, yet thriving in dry and poor soil. Var.
laciniata, Hort. Lvs. incised-laciniate. Var. p^ndula,
Hort. Branches distinctly pendulous. Var. purpilrea,
Hort. Lvs. purple when young. gr»en at length. B.
populi folia xpapyrifera is shown in G.F. 8: 356.

10. Alba, Linn. Eukopean White Birch. Fig. 233.
Tree, sometimes 80 ft., with white bark : lvs. slender-
petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute or acuminate,
doubly serrate : cones erect or pendulous, cylindrical;
bracts with horizontally spreading lateral lobes about as
long as the middle one. From Eu. to Jap. — This very
variable species may he divided into 2 subspecies :

(1) pSndula, Roth {B. verrucdsa, Ehrh.). Branches
more pendulous, glabrous, usually glandular : lvs.
rhombic-ovate, glutinous when young : cones all pen-
dulous. The following varieties belong here : Var.

atropurpurea. Hort. Lvs. dark purple. Var. Dalec&r-
lica, Linn. (B.?<u-i«i(»ri. Hort.). Fig. 234. Lvs. more
or less deeplv lobed with incised-serrate lobes. Var.
faatigiS.ta, Hort. Of straieht, upright, columnar
growth. Var. Jap6nica, Miq. [B.dlba, va.T. Taiischi,

IbU BETULA

Regel.). Lvs. broad-ovate, usually truucate at the
base. Var. p6ndula, Hort. Branches slender, dis-
tinctly pendulous ; cult, in several different forms, as
var. pSndula laciniita, Hort., with laciniate lvs.; a
very graceful form ( Fig. T.U) ; var. p6ndula Slegans ;
var. pSndula Yotlngi, and others.

(2) pubfiscens, Ehrh. (B. odorAta, Bechst.). Less
pendulous or upright, sometimes shrubby ; branehlets
usually pubescent, not glandular ; lvs. ovate, pubes-
cent beneath, at least when young : cones pendu-
lous or erect. The first grows more in dry situations,
while the latter is found growing in moist places,
often in swamps. To this subspecies belong the follow-
ing varieties : Var. excSlsa, Regel. (B. eicelsa, Ait.).
Tree : lvs. ovate, short petioled, pubescent beneath.
Var. pub69cens, Regel. Branches and lvs. pubescent,
at least when young ; lvs. ovate, acute. Var. urticifb-
lia, Spach. Lvs. small, deep green, irregularly in-
cised-serrate, unequal at the base. Var. CarpAtica,
Regel, F6ntica, Dipp., and tortudsa, Regel, are small
trees, without any horticultural value.

CC. Trunk with dark bronze-colored bark.

11. occident41is,Hook. Small tree, occasionally 40 ft.;
branehlets slender, glandular: lvs. broadly ovate or
nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate, short-
petioled, glabrous or sparsely pubescent at the veins be-
neath, 1-2 in. long: cones 1-1J4 in. long; bracts with
erect, oval lobes, the middle one usually longer. North-
west Amer., east to Dakota and Nebraska. S.S. 9: 453.
BB. Wings smaller than the nut : shrubs 1-15 ft.: Irs.

small, short-petioled : cones erect.
c. Branehlets glandular, not pubescent.

12. glanduldsa, Michx. Only 1^ ft.: lvs. shortpeti-
oled, rounded or cuueate at the base, orbicular or
broadly obovate, obtuse, dentate, glabrous, H-li4 in.
long : cones peduncled, J^-?4in. long : lobes of bracts
nearly equal, slightly spreading. Newfoundland to
Alaska, south to Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado. B.B.I: 510.

CC. Branehlets pubescent or nearly glabrous, not
glandular.

13. pdmila, Linn. Usually 2-8 ft., rarely 15 : branch-
lets tomentose or pubescent, at least when young : lvs.
orbicular or oval, acute or obtuse, coarsely dentate, pale
and glabrous or pubescent beneath, yi-'i in. long: cones
peduncled, K-1 in. long ; lateral lobes of the pubescent
bracts spreading, shorter than the middle one. New-
foundland to Minn., south to Ohio. B.B. 1:511. Var.

fastigiita, Hort. {B. humilis
fastigiata, Hort.). Of distinct,
upright growth. B. pumila x
lenta is shown in G.F. 8:245.

14. n4na, Linn. Low, spreading, rarely 4 ft.: lvs.
orbicular or cuneate-obovate, crenate, rounded at apex,
glabrous, K-Kin. long : cones nearly sessile, H-Kln.
long ; the upper bracts usually entire, the lower ones

ms

234. Cut-leaved Weepine Birch- Betula i

3-lobed. Arctic N.E. Amer., N.Eu., Siberia. B.B.1:51L

graceful shrub for

Alii.', I Ir. I: iii^t:, I,.,- I.

B. alnoides.— i'. DahiiHa
lvs. ovate, pubescent on tl
oblong. Dahur., Manchu
ft.: lvs. ovate, glabrous
neath, 1-2 in. long. Sil-.
B. truticosa.— i?. grdml.x

and rocky slopes.

i.Wall.). Tree. 50-60
'Uspidately serrate:

J/w.Fries-B.inter-
/>'. conjUfolia, Regel.

1 H .v;ite, fojirsely den-
, -■,.,;.«„. Wall.=

i I'lic: cones

i Mmib, tol5

- iM.lidar be-

; ' '"' Buiige=

/>'. grbssa.

ii; Cauca-
. I. &Zucc.
lH-14 pairs

333. Leaves of Betula alba. Natural

pendula Youngi. Alfred Rehder.

BIABUM (old and obscure name).
Aroldem. Dwarf, tuberous perennials of
the same tribe with our native jack-in-
the-pulpit. They are hardy in England,
but probably are suitable only for pot-cul-
ture in the northern U. S. They have a
spathe which is tubular at the base, mostly
with a long limb, and usually a long tail-
like .spadix. They grow a few inches high.
Odd. Little known in America.

tenuifblinm, Schott (Arum tenuifolium,
Linn.). Lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatu-
appearing after the fls. decay: spathe
long-acuminate, at length recurved and
twisted spirally, about 10 in. long, out-
side green, streaked purple ; inside dull
purple, spotted ; margins wavy : spadix
15 in. long. Spain. B.M. 2282.

Pyr&mi,Eng.(/;f;i«™mPi/rami, Schott).
Lvs. oblong above the middle, narrowing
abruptly to a very long petiole, resembling

BIARUIVI

Calla palHstris : spathe green outside, shining, velvety
purple within, shorter and broader than inB. tubiflorum,
at length revolute ; tube swelling, connate only at the
very base : spadix thicker and shorter. Syria. B.M.

Bdvei, Blume. Lvs. similar to B. Pyrami : spathe-
tube connate a fourth of its length ; blade of spathe
longer and more narrowly lanceolate, green outside,
dark purple within. Syria, Asia Minor.

BtDENS (Latin, ?«>iVe-(oo»i€d, referring to the seed).
CompSsit(e. Bur Marigold. Mostly American hardy
annual and perennial herbs, allied to Dahlia and Core-
opsis, and distinguished by the barbed awns of the seed,
which, in B. fron<los<:. our common Stick-Tight, or
Devil's Bootjack, an- v.iv tioul.l.some by clinging to
the clothiiiu'. B. grandiSlora, I'.alli., from S. Amer., is a
yellow-tld. hanlv annual, i.'r..win- 2 ft. high, bearing
glabrous phmatise,-t lvs.: ,..M-asionally cult. For B.
atrosuHy„n,,a, Hurt., see tV.s<„^s dU'er.ifoUus.

BIENNIAL. A plant living two years ; particularly
one which does not bear flowers and fruit until the second
year from the seed. Plants vary greatly in their dura-
tion, depending ujion tin- oliniat.. in which they grow
and the treatment wlml, th, y ,,■■■, ive. Comparatively
fewplants are triit:- l.irnmal^. Tli.' common mullein and
bull thistle {Ciiirii.^ /.,«...-/„/»..) are examples. Most
cultivated biennials become annuals if grown in a warm
or long-season climate, as turnips, celery, cabbage,
onion. If the plants are crowded, or not allowed to attain
their full development, they tend to run to seed and com-
plete their growth the first year. Gardeners are familiar
with this fact in celery, carrots and beets. Plants which
are practically annuals under such conditions, but which
have the power of carrying themselves over winter by
means of bulbs, corms, tubers, and other food-.storage
parts, have been called psf H(f -an)! Ha?s. DeCandoUe esti-
mates that true or natural biennials comprise 1 or 2 per
cent of the total number of species of seed-bearing
plants. L. H. B.

BIFBENABIA (Latin for twice and strap, referring
to the connective of the pollinia). OrchidAcew, tribe
Vdndew. Very like Maxillaria, and distinguished by
technical characters of the pollinia. About 25 trop.
Amer. species, of which the two following are best
known to the horticulturist. These species do well at
the cool end of the Cattleya house, and, in general,
should be treated like Maxillaria and Lycaste.

aurantlaca, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate or ovoid, mono-
phyllous ; leaf -blades about 6 in. long, oval or nearly
so : fls. about 1 in. across, yellow, dotted with deeper
yellow. British Guiana. B.M. 3597.

vitelUna, Lindl. Fls. deeperyellow than in the above,
with a brown spot on the labelium. Brazil.

Oakes Ames.

BIGELdVIA (after Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of
Florula Bostoniensis, Medical Botany of U. S., etc.).
Compisitw. The only species in cult, is the original
one, which resembles a goldenrod. Prop, by cuttings
and by seed. Culture simple.

gravfeolens. Gray (Bigeldwia dracuncnloldes, DC).
Low shrub, 1-6 ft. high, densely white-tomentose, much
branched, very leafy, malodorous only in drying : lvs.
linear, 1-2 in. long : fl. -heads, yellow, 5-8 lines high,
very numerous, crowded, in terminal corvmbose cymes,
rayless. Alkaline soils Dak. to B. C. and S. to S. Calif.
and Ariz. Var. alhicaftUs is more permanently and
densely woolly, dwarfer, and recommended by D. M.
Andrews, Boulder, Colo., for low hedges and edgings.

BIGELOW, JACOB. Botanist, physician, educator,
and founder of Mt. Auburn Cemetery, tlie prototype of
all garden and landscape cemeteries, was born at Sud-
bury, Mass., February 27, 1787, and died at Boston, Jan-
uary 10, 1879. He was graduated from Harvard in 1806,
and began the practice of medicine in 1810. His Florula
Bostoniensis, 1814 (2d ed. 1824), was the first American
local flora of importance, and served for many years as
the only popular manual of New England botany. He
was Professor of Materia Medica in Harvard from 1815

11

BIGNONIA 161

to 1855, and for twenty years Physician to the Massachu-
setts General Hospital. His American Medical Botany,
1817-20, was the first work of its kind. Each of the three
volumes contained descriptions of 20 species, with a
colored plate of each produced by the aqua-tinting pro-
cess, a method invented by Dr. Bigelow just before
lithography. His essay on " Self-limited Diseases," an
attack on heroic remedies and a plea for the recuperative
processes of nature, marked an epoch in medical reform.
Dr. O. W. Holmes said that it probably had more influ-
ence on medical practice in America than any work ever
published in this country. He also did much to introduce
science into colleges that were too exclusively classical.
The genus Bigelovia, named after him by DeCandoUe,
was founded on a western plant resembling goldenrod.
He was the one man without whom Mt. Auburn Ceme-
tery would never have existed. This cemetery has been
one of the most important factors in the development of
landscape gardening in America, and without the reve-
nues derived from it the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society could never have played so important a part in
American horticulture. Dr. Bigelow was one of the most
versatile, useful and interesting men of his day. The
popular use of the word "technology" dates from his
"Elements of Technology," 1827. For a fuller account,
see the sketch by L. H. Bailey, in Botanical Gazette,
8:217 (1883), and Scientific Papers of A. Gray, 2: 413.
See, also, Dr. Bigelow's book on the history of Mt. Au-

W. M.

BIGNONIA (The Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis
XIV.). Bignoni&cew. Climbing American shrubs, mostly
tropical, of more than 100 species. Fls. mostly large and
showy, long-tubular, with a contracted base, 5-lobed or
-toothed, 2-lipped limb; perfect stamens 4 : seeds winged,
in a linear, compressed capsule.

Bignonias are strong and rapid-growing evergreen
greenhouse climbers, requiring considerable space for
their best development, such as the roof of a large con-
servatory, or the back wall of a lean-to greenhouse. If
convenient, they should be planted out under the plant
stage of the greenhouse, or otherwise in boxes placed on
the stage. Abox Sft.slJ'a ft. and 1 ft. deep will be found
a convenient size for them. As with most greenhouse
climbing plants, the roots like considerable freedom;
but with Bignonias the roots must be somewhat re-
stricted (though not to the limitations of a flower-pot),
otherwise an immense growth and few flowers will be
the result. They are not very fastidious as to soil. A
good, fibrous loam, to which one-third well decomposed
cow or sheep manure has been added, suits them admi-
rably. A winter temperature of 45° to 50°, with a gradual
rise as the days lengthen, should be given them, admit-
ting air freely whenever the weather is favorable. They
like plenty of moisture at the roots-especially during
the spring and summer (the growing season)— but per-
fect drainage should be ensured, as the soil at no time
must become saturated or sour. Except when in flower,
a good syringing on all fine days will be very beneficial.
They should also be sprayed once or twice a week with
a moderately strong solution of kerosene emulsion, or
kerosene and water, to keep them free from mealy bug,
as they are very subject to this pest. The vines should
be trained so as to allow a free circulation of air among
the branches for the purpose of ripening the wood, as
upon this depends the assurance of flowers. All super-
fluous branches and weak shoots should be removed,
and before the grnwinsr season begins all the branches
should be sliortcn.d frcuri 1 to 3 feet, according to
their strenstb : this will llii-ow the energy of the plant
into the lat.-ral liu.ls. wliirh will produce the flowering
branches, providing' tin- w.i.id has been properly ripened
the previous season.

Propagation is effected by cuttings taken in late
spring and inserted in sand under a bell glass, or in
a propagating box, in a warm temperature. Choose, if
possible, stout, short-jointed lateral growths for the pur-
pose. They must be carefully watered until rooted,
which usually takes from 6 to 10 weeks.

Cult, by Edward J. Canning.
A. Jyvs. simple, opposite.

magnifica, Bull. Free-growing and floriferous, need-
ing warm treatment: lvs. ovate-elliptic, stalked, entire:

fls. panioled, large (3Kin. across), ranging from mauTe
to purple-red, the throat primrose, limb wide-spreading.
Colombia. G.C. II. 12:73.

reg&Us, Hort. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate : fls. large, yel-
low and red. Guiana. -Of recent introduction. Requires
warm treatment.

ariT^reo-vioUscens, Hort. Lvs. ovate, cordate at base,
short-stalked, purple when young, but becoming beau-
tifully veined and blotched with white : fls. purple.
S. Amer.? I. H. 13:469.

AA. I/vs. pinnately compound, the 2 lower Ifts. usually

foliaceous and the others represented by tendrils.

E. Fls. normally from the axils of the lvs.

c. Pedicels 1-fld.

capreoUta, Linn. Trumpet-flower. Cross-vine.
Quarter-vine. Climbing to great heights (often 50 ft.
or more), glabrous, evergreen : Ifts. stalked, oblong-
acuminate, cordate, entire : fls. in nuniy "^-.'i-Iid. ^hort-
peduncled cymes, yellow-red and li-ht. r within, tubu-
lar (2 in. long), with a stout limb Native from .Md. S.
and W., and often a pest in orchards, climbing on the
trees. B.M.864. Gng. 1:370, 371. -Handsome vine for
outdoor use. Good for covering walls. Sometimes
grown in conservatories. A cross-section of the stem
presents a cross-form appearance, whence one of the
common names.

Var. atrosangulnea. Hook. f. (JS. atrosangttinea,
Hort.). Lvs. longer and narrower: fls. dark purple,
the lobes short and triangular-ovate. B.M. 6501. F.R.
2:27. — Handsome.

Tweediana, Lindl. Leaflets lanc-i-.,latr ;,!m1 |"Mi]ted,
cordate, 3 in. or less long: fls. tiuniii. t ~lia|i.,i. 2 in.
long, orange-yellow, the limb of roundiil, s|,ii%iding
lobes and from 2-4 in. across. Argentina. B.R. L'C: 45.
Gn. 40:812. -Will stand a little frost if grown in the
open in the South.

cc. Pedicels S-fld.

Lindleyi, DC. Glabrous : Ifts. oblongorovate-oblong,
cordate, acute, somewhat wavy-margined : fls. pale
purple, with spots and stripes, the tube oblong-cylin-
drical (2 in. long), the limb short and the lobes obo-
vate-rounded and undulate. Argentina. — Blooms when
young.

specidsa, R. Grah. Glabrous: leaflets 3 in. long, ellip-
tical and more or less acumin.ite, shining, the midrib

..'<.

prominent : fls. 3 in. long, with compressed tube, which
is furrowed or plaited below and yellowish with lilac
streaks, the limb 2-3 in. across, purple and streaked, the
lobes spreading-reflexed, obtuse and wavy. Argentina.
B.M. 3888.— Needs warm or intermediate temp. ; blooms

BILLBERGIA

BB. Pis. in clusters terminating the hranchlets.
c. Branches prominently 4-angled.

bucoinatoria, Mairet. (B. Cherere, Lindl. B. Kerire,
Hort.). Tall: leaflets 2-3 in. long, elliptic or ovate-ob-
long, obtuse or only cuspidate, pellucid-dotted, the
petioles (as the racemes) tomentose : fl. long-tubular
(4 in. long), blood-red, but yellow at base, the limb
rather narrow, with retuse lobes. Mex. Gn. 26:471.
B.M. 7516. R.H. 1898: 580. -Needs coolhouse treatment.
Strong grower. One of the finest species.

c. Branches terete or very nearly so.

eequinoctiilis, Linn. Glabrous : Leaflets ovate to
oval-lanceolate, obtuse or acuminate, shining above :
fls. in both terminal and axillary panicles ; corolla gla-
brous, trumpet-shaped, 2Min. long, purple, with dark
rose stripes (but said in garden books to be yellow);
fls. sometimes only in 2's. W. Ind. and S. Amer. — Per-
haps not the plant known under this name in the trade.

Ch^mberlaynii, Sims. Glabrous : leaflets ovate-acu-
minate, glabrous, shining above, paler beneath, more or
less tapering at base : fls. tubular, contracted below,
3-4 in. long, the limb comparatively short and spread-
ing, bright yellow ; cluster many-fld. Braz. B.M. 2148.
— Perhaps a form of the last. This species and B.
<Fquioctialis are referred to the genus Anemopt^gma by

venista, Ker-Gawl. Pig. 235. Sts. striate or some-
what angular, the young ones pubescent : leaflets usu-
ally 3, glabrous, ovate-acuminate, more or less tapering
at base : fls. in corymbose, mostly drooping racemes ;
corolla slender and long-tubular, contracted in the lower
half (2-3 in. long), with 2-lipped limb and oblong, obtuse,
reflexing lobes, crimson-orange. Braz. B.M. 2050. A. P.
11: 1023. -Requires a rather warm house. Profuse
bloomer; early winter. One of the best rafter plants.

purpilrea, Lodd. Glabrous, tall-climbing : leaflets
often 3, usually 2, lance-obovate, abruptly acuminate,
short-stalked, toothed or entire : fls. mauve or rose-pur-
ple, with a white eye, the flaring tube 1 in. long, the
wide-spreading lobes rounded. S. Amer. B.M. 5800.
G.C. in. '..'t: :i9<1. — Rpqiiirct warm treatment.

/:■'■' w 'I. -I tophragma. — B. alba, Hort.=

Piii ;, '.,. Thiinb.=Tecoma.-B. radi-

r"'<^ : ! /, ' "/(Tis, Koxbg.=Stereosperiiuim.

BILIM^I. iii^e Ar.rrlwu.

BILLAEDlfiEA (after J. J. Labillardi^re, French
botanist and traveler. ) PiltosporAcece. Tender Austra-
lian climbers, with terminal, solitary, pendulous, tubu-
lar, stalked fls., generally yellow, and edible fr. B. Ion-
giflora and B. scandens are cult, abroad as greenhouse
climbers. B. cymosa, cult, outdoors at Santa Barbara,
r.ilif.. is Snlhja hfterophylla.

BILLBfiRGIA i fur the Swedish botanist, J. G. BUl-
ii. TL' I . Hiniii. lu'u < ,1 . About 40 tropical American ever-
LTft'ii epipliyta] lierbs, now much cult, by amateurs and
II fancy collections. A few kinds are well known to

lists. A closely allied genus is ^Echmea, which see

r botanical differences. The fls. are in a spike or spi-
:ite panicle, which rises from the center of the rosette
of long, spiny edged, and usually stiff, pineapple-like
lvs. : fls. showy, with 3-parted calyx and 3 long petals,
6 exserted stamens, thread-like style, and berrv-like
fr. The colored bracts of the fl. -clusters are usually
very showy. Cf. Charles Mez, the latest monographer,
in DC. Phaner. Monogr. 9. Species confused ; but
the artificial arrangement given below may aid the
gardener.

Billbergias can be cultivated best in greenhouses,
planted in pans, pots, wooden cribs, or wire baskets,
with loose, light material about their roots, such as
pieces of charcoal, roots of very fibrous plants, or fern
roots and sphagnum moss, and such material. They
require little water at the roots in winter, and nothing
but light sprinkling over the foliage is required to keep
them alive during that time. But in summer, when the
heat is great and they are making their growth, they

BILLBERGIA

can withstand an abundance of moisture, at the roots
as well as at the top, most o£ the time holding water in
the funnel-like center or body of the plant. They gener-
ally bringtheir conspicuous, showy fiowers in the spring,
when moisture overhead or sprinkling should be with-
held in order to prolong the beauty of the flowers. They
require at night a temperature of from 50°-75°, but, of
course, can stand any amount of heat in summer. Bill-
bergias, like all other Bromeliads, make very good house
plants, and they will thrive exceedingly well in a living-
room temperature. They love plenty of light and sun.
All flrst-class private garden establishments should
have at least a few of this class of plants. They are
propagated best from suckers or sprouts, which arise
from the base of the old plant, generally after it has
bloomed and performed its functions. The old plant
then gradually deteriorates, sending out from two to five
young plants from its base. These can be taken off as
soon as they are hardy and substantial enough, and can
be mounted or potted into the same kind of material.
Then, suspended in the greenhouse, conservatory, or
window for an exhibition, they thrive best. Besides
their beautiful and attractive flowers, they have very
handsome foliage, which is of a tough and leathery
texture. Billbergias, ^chmeas, and the like, are na-
tives of the tropics, and, therefore, require a warm tem-
perature. Jichmeas are usually larger than Billbergias
and Tillandsias. Quit, by H. A. Siebrecht.

A. Fls. greenish or yellowish, often tipped with blue.
B. Petals curling spirally after fl. expands.
(Heliebdea.)

zebrina, Lindl. {Bromelia zebrlna, Herb, ^ehmea
sebriiiii, Hort.). St. very short, or none : Ivs. sheath-
ing, deep green, with blotches and zones of gray-white,
strongly spine-margined: tt. -cluster loose, long and
drooping : fls. green or yellow-green, the stamens be-
coming long-exserted : bracts salmon or rose, long-lan-
ceolate. S. Amer. L.B.C. 20: 1912. B.M. 2686.

decfira, Poepp. & Endl. (Helicddea Baraquinictna,
Lem.). Differs from the last in having longer petals,
denser spike and longer bracts : Ivs. 8-10, from 1-2 ft.
long, mealy, white-blotched and banded. Brazil. I.H.
11:421. B.M. 6937.

BB. Petals not spirally tioisting.

specidsa, Thunb. { B . amina , hindl. B. pdllida,KeT-
Gawl). Lvs. strap-shaped, connivent, and forming a
tube at the base, 1-2 ft. long, somewhat spine-margined,
green above and lepidote and somewhat striped on the
back : fl.-cluster large and loose, erect or drooping ;
bracts rose : fls. pale green or whitish, tipped with blue.
Brazil. B.R. 1068. -An old and well known species.

nutans, Wendl. Stemless, stoloniferous : lvs. linear
and long-pointed, 1-2 ft., distantly small toothed, finely
striate on the back : fls. 4-8, in a loose, drooping spike ;
petals green, blue-edged; bracts lanceolate, red. Brazil.
B.M. 6423. Gn. 32, p. 107.

AA. Fls. markedly red or purple.
B. Essentially red.

thyrsoidea, Mart. Lvs. 1-2 ft., broad-ligulate, spine-
margined, concave on upper surface, green above and
paler beneath, abruptly acuminate : fl.-cluster shorter
than lvs., farinaceous, densely red-bractert : fls. numer-
ous, bright red, petals reflexing. Brazil. B.M. 47.'i(i.—
Showy. Runs into several varietii-s. s..iiir (.f thc-ni with
purple-tipped fls. (as vars. spl6ndida mikI Jastuosa,
Andre, R. H. 1883:300). B. sph'iidriis, Hort.. is evi-
dently one of the forms. Species too near the next.

pyTamidd,Us, Lindl. (Bromelia. pyramiddlis, Sims.
B. CroyiUna, De Jonghe). A foot high : differs from the
last in having more gradually acuminate lvs., which are
more strongly and distantly toothed and whitish, or even
banded on the back : fl.-cluster less farinaceous, broader
and looser, the fls. less numerous. Peru. B.M. 1732.
BB. Essentially purple.

Morfelii, Brongn.(B. Morelidna, Hort. B. W^lherellii,
Hook.). Lvs. short (1-1>^ ft.), with few weak spines,
wide, glabrous and green : fl.-cluster exserted and

BIRTHWORT 163

drooping, with showy, pointed red bracts, the rachis
woollv : fls. with red sepals and purple-limbed petals.
Brazil. B.M. 4835. — Very showy.

vexill4ria, Andr«. Fig. 236. Hybrid of B. thijrso-
idea and B. Morelii. Pis. purple : lower bracts long-
pointed and red ; spike-erect, exceeding
the lvs. R.H. 1889:468.

vittata, Brongn. {B. Leopoldi, Hort.,
not Morr.). Vigorous, 2-3 ft.: lvs. long
and large, concave above, recurved at the
summit, obtuse or
abruptly pointed,
red - spined, cross-
banded on the back:
fl.-cluster loose and
nodding, shorter than
the lvs., red-bracted:
fls. deep blue, with
recurving limbs.
Brazil Gn 32-608
R H 1869, p 87

Liboni^na, De
Jonghe Small, 1-1 K
ft , producing run
ners lvs long Imear
o r strap shaped

der the bratts not
promment fls with
red sepals and erect
blue petals Brazil
B M 5090 F S 10
1048

Q u e s n e 1 1 d. n a ,
Brongn (Que'-neha
Caijennensis Baker)
Lvs numerous aris
ing from a trunk or 236 BiUbergia vexillaria

stem, rigid ind

spreading or recurved, concave above, very sharp-
spined, more or less white-marked on the back, long-
acuminate : fl.-cluster a dense, erect spike, with red and
white-blotched obtuse bracts : fls. deep purple. Guiana.
P.S. 10:1028.

Ill the American trade the following names have been used:
B. clarata longifolia. once offered by Pitcher & Manda, is proba-
bly ^c-hmea bromelia;tolia.— J>'. /ns«ii(i( =.lEehmea£asciata.—
B. maxima— i —B. ornata=l—B. rhodocyanea = MehmeA
fasciata.— B. stHcta=i

Any of the following may be expected to appear in the Amer.
trade at any time : B. Andegavensis. Hort., is B. thyrsoideaX
Morelii ; fls. red and hhie.— B. Bakrri. Morr. (B. pallescens.

tippeil

n-ple

;. .^nd hr'.i'-

B.M. 6342.-B. Breaute-

I h:is reddish, purple-

llort. B. BakeriX

//. Regel. Small: fls.

: -II. iridifblia.ljvail.

V.R.Wes.-B.Liitzei.

- 11. Fortednn, Brongn.

BILSTED. See Liquidambar

BIOTA. See Thuya.

BIRCH. See Betula.

BIRD-OF-PAEADISE FLOWEE. See Strelilzia.

BIED'S-NEST FEEN. See Tliamnopteris.

BIKD'S-TONGUE FLOWEE. See Strelitzia.

BIETHWOET. See Aristolochia ; also Trillium.

164

BISMARCKIA

BISMARCKIA (in honor of Prince Bismarck). Pul-
m&cere, tribe Bordssece. A genus nearly related to La-
tania and Borassus. distiaguished by fruit characters.
Forms a tree 200 ft. high, with a gigantic crown of pal-
mate Ivs. with white streaked petioles and blades 10
ft. in diam. : fr. borne in large, drooping clusters, dark
brown, plum-like, IM in. in diam., with a thin outer
shell and a fibrous inner one enclosing a rounded,
wrinkled seed 1 in. in diam., reticulated like a walnut
and ruminated, as in the nutmeg. Cult, as for Latania.

n6bilis, Hildeb. & Wendl. Young plants : petiole con-
Tex on the back, channelled above, finely serrate on the
ridges above, thinly clothed with tufts of fibrous scales,
half as long as the blade ; blade blue-green, rigid, 3 ft.
in diam. ; segments 20, 2 in. wide, 1 ft. long, apex blunt,
obtuse, with a long curved filament from the base of
each sinus. Madagascar. G.F. 6:246. F.R. 2:257.
<5t. 1221. Jared G. Smith.

BITTEK-SWEET. See Celastrus and Sotaimm.

BlXA (South American name). Bixclcem. A genus
of two species of tropical trees with large, entire Ivs.
and showy fls. in terminal panicles. B. Orellana is cult,
in the E. and W. Indies for the Annatto dye which is
prepared from the orange-red pulp that covers the seeds.
It is the coloring matter chiefly used in butter and
•cheese. It is also used in dyeing silks, and preparing
chocolate.

Orell&na, Linn. Height 30 ft. : Ivs. cordate : fls. pink-
ish. B.M. 1456. — It is rarely grown in northern green-
houses as an ornamental. Cuttings taken from a flower-
ing plant will produce flowering plants of a convenient
size. Plants from seed usually flower less freely, and
must attain a greater size before flowering.

BLACKBEEKY. A

of Rubus. of which t
drupelets when fruit i
■ ' " Iv in A

BLACKBERRY

wild fruit from the earliest times, the Blackberry has

only r titlv iii'i'l.- iti- rippparance among the more

onl.'i ..,,1 -,r,, ,,,,,!, . Li'liii fruits. The type species
is /." ' I urh it has long been known

unMi I // '.MIS (see Bubus). It is a

must \.inii.!. -[M . ;,^ , ;in,| I lu* niuuber of foHus which
may be n-i'(,giiizi-d di-pends only upon the judgment of
the botanist who is reviewing them. There are several
distinct types or groups in cultivation. (1) The Long-
Cluster Blackberries. Ruhnx niiimhnreus. The plants
growtall and upright, tl). ]■ ill. i - .m l..ii';-stalked. rather
flnely serrate and t:i|i. i I' i- tlower cluster is

long, leafless and oiM-t I. liual flowers stand-

ing almost at right ;
is normally ol)](
in color, with il
Taylor is on.- -
(2) The Whit.-
Similar to th.-
green canes :ni
Many varieti.-^
none have att:.i
Blackberries. 1
commonest fori
such varieties s

- I-. il - . . ii,r,,lstem. The fruit
iii.i.l- -,,;.|.. -I. -«-.-.-t, r;ither dull
-1,1^,11 :,n.l .L.-Iv ,,-,.-k.-d. The
-t 1-. |. ]■-•-. -ni;in\ i~ i.r iliis class.
r\. I,\ ,1. .jr. ■!■'!• •, IS, wu-.albinus.
tit H iih ii.-;irly r..iiii.l, yellowish
I rT-.aiu-or amber-colored fruit.
1 . |M have been introduced, but
.ui,.-ii.-e. (3) The Short-Cluster
... . i,.s-. var. sativus. This is the
iv;ited Blackberry, and includes
vder, Lawton and Agawam (Fig.
237). In this type the clusters are shorter, but leafless,
the pedicels more oblique, the fruits shorter and rounder,
glossy black, the drupelets large and irregularly set.
The leaflets are broader, coarsely and unevenly serrate,
or jagged and less tapering at the point. (4) The Leafy-
Cluster Blackberries, -ffi. argutus. This is a lower and
more bushy form, with narrow, coarsely toothed, light-
colored leaflets and short cluster, having simple leaves
intermingled with the flowers. Its best common repre-
sentative is the Early Harvest. (5) The Loose-Cluster
Blackberries, B. nigrobaccus xvillostis . This is a group
of hybrid origin, being intermediate between the Black-
berry and dewberry (see Dewberry). The plants have
a low, spreading habit of growth, broad jagged and
notched leaves, short dewberry-like clusters, with large,
roundish fruits, made up of very large, loosely set drupe-
lets. The Early Wilson and Wilson Junior are its best
known representatives (Pig. 238). (6) The Sand Black-
berry, B. ciineifoliiis (Fig. 239). A sturdy little shrub,
armed with vicious recurved thorns, with thickish,
wedge shaped leaflets, whitened woolly beneath. The
clusters are few flowered, opening from the center out-
ward, the fruit roundish, loose-grained, very black and
good Known m cultivation only as the Topsy, or Tree
Blackberry (7) There is still another type of Black-
berry, known as the Thomless cr Mountain Blackberry
{ li Canadensis), but it is not in cultivation. This is
( haratterized by smooth, unarmed canes, narrow, sharp-
jiiinttd leaflets, the upper ones borne on long, slender
I if stilks an open flower-cluster, a short, roundish,
_1 ss^ I I K k fruit, with large drupelets. It ripens later
tl in the I- Mnraon Blackberry, and is not so good in
lu^lltJ lor further account of the Blackberry tribes,
sit, Bailej, Evolution of Our Native Fruits.

The first Blackberry introduced into cultivation was
the Dorchester, which was exhibited before the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society in 1841. This was fol-
lowed by the Lawton a few years later, which became
much more prominent. The Kittatinny soon divided hon-
ors with this, and both now largely have given place to
the Snyder, which is undoubtedly the most widely
grown variety of the present day. This, like many com-
mercial fruits, is a variety of poor quality, but extremely
hardy and productive. The rapid strides made by the
Blackberry in cultivation prove that a place was ready
;. ti.l waiting for it in the pomological world, a place which
t lias proved itself eminently fitted to fill, owing both to
' - ilesirable qualities in general and to its ability to
i;i].id!y vary and develop new types. At the present
I line it is one of the most important, most generally liked
and most profitable bush-fmits grown.

The Blackberry thrives on almost all soils, but to reach
perfection demands a strontr l..am. retentive of moisture
and tending toward clay rather than sand. Soil must
be well drained at all times. If too rich in humus and
nitrogen, a tendency toward a rank growth of plant,
with diminished fruitfulness, appears, while a light,
sandy soil wiU fail to carry the fruit through periods of

BLACKBERRY

drought, which is usually the greatest obstacle to suc-
cess with this fruit. For this reason a cool northern
exposure is always desirable, and in the region of the
Plains, a good windbreak on the south and west is very
beneficial. Fertilizers containing a liberal proportion of
potash are most suitable. Too much stable manure, or
nitrogen in other forms, will induce a rank growth of
canes at the expense of fniit.

Plants are propagated either by root-cuttings, or by
means of the suckers which naturally spring up about
the parent plants. The latter are most commonly used
in commercial work. Root-cuttings may be made in the
fall and carried over winter in sand, or started under
glass toward spring, or the cuttings can be made in
spring and sowed in furrows, like peas. Planting is
best done in spring, as a rule. If set in the fall, each
plant should be covered with a mulch of earth or strawy
manure, which should be removed in spring. The rows

BLACKBERRY

165

of thinning the Blackberry, and
judgment must always enter into the question of thin-
ning fruit. In the region of the Plains, where moisture
is likely to be deficient, both in soil and atmosphere, it
is frequently found better not to cut back the growing
shoots in sunmnr. Imt t" I. t tliim develop one straight
cane, which i~ .1,1 l,,i k u. ." , ,,r :; I'.-.t in spring. This
will generally ■]• \ . |.,|, ;,I1 iln fniif which the plant can
carry to maturity uiiJ.r ,11, h ,-..n(liti(>us. A few grow-
ers in other parts ot the cuuiitiy train to wires, and in
that case the shoots are also allowed to grow at will, but
are left much longer in spring and tied to the wires for
support. Close-pruned, stocky bushes may be covered
with straw as a protection against late spring frosts.

The best of cultivation is always demanded. In a crop
in which so much depends upon an abundant supply of
moisture in the soil, none should be allowed to go to
waste. Hence, the cultivation should be frequent and

■^M^Ak^

hybrid of Blackbe

and Dewberry.

should be about 8 feet apart, and the plants may be set
from 2 to 4 feet apart in the row. At the latter distance,
cultivation may be given in both directions for the first
year or two. With high culture, good results may be
obtained by planting in hills, 7 or 8 feet apart each way.
Pruning the Blackberry is not difiicult, yet upon its
proper performance depends much of the success of the
crop. The old canes should be removed yearly, prefer-
ably in summer, as soon as they have borne their crop
of fruit. They then no longer interfere with the symmet-
rical development of the young canes, and if gathered
and burned at once, much'is gained in keeping the field
clear of certain fungi and insects. The young canes
should be clipped off when they reach a height of 18
inches or 2 feet, in order to induce early branching and
a stocky bush with well developed laterals, capable of
producing and holding up a heavy crop of fruit. It is
very important that the shoots be not allowed to get
higher than 2 feet before this clipping is done. They
will then elongate and make the bush high enough. If
neglected, and later cut back to 2 feet, the buds will be
weak, the growth poor, the bush low, and the crop small.
The laterals are usually cut back to about 18 inches in
lenu'th the fallowing spring, but varieties differ in their
habit (if bfariii!:; fruit-buds, and it is not safe to cut by
measure. It should be remembered that this spring

constant, but always
turbs the roots and
small garden patch 1
Growers in the ntidd

- be substituted,
id mulching with
iig between, very

winter protection is abso-
id often adds greatly to
the yield in other regions, where not considered a neces-
sity. This protection is bynomcaii-^ always called for
by reason of extreme cold. Tin- wintrr-; ..f Xi-braska
and Kansas are nearly always jiiiM.r ili:ni thosi- of cen-
tral New York ; yet during one C'f tin- milik-st cf these,
when the meri-ur\- t< ailnri z'ro but once, and was then
only five de.L'ri 1 .. li. l.i.\. Ti.l.r Blackberries were killed
to the ground. \\:itli ili. -n.ci-eding winter, which was-
decidedly coKUr, tli<y cain.- through unharmed. It may
be as much a nialti-r uf luuisture as of temperature. The
needed protection is best given by loosening the earth
on both sides of the plant, carefully turning it down and
covering the tips with soil, laying the next plant upon
the roots of this, and so on. In mUd climates, covering
the tips is sufficient ; in especially unfavorable ones the
whole plant must be covered. The cost of this need not
exceed $5 to $8 an acre.
The fruit of the Blackberry should be left upon the

166 BLACKBERRY

plants as long as possible before picking, for it is not
ripe when it first turns black. It should never be
exposed to the sun after it is remoTed from the bushes.
The Blackberry generally outyields all the other mem-
bers of this family, and is usually one of the most profit-

able to grow when properly managed, provided the cli-
mate and other general conditions are favorable.

There are several formidable enemies of the Black-
berry, but they are generally easily mastered by the
alert and energetic grower. " Ciittiiiff out tlic 1m ';iriii!,'
canes as soon as they an- tlirmi-li fruitiiiL' will cinniii-
vent the borer which sonutim.^ woik^ in tl..' . [lim -. aTi.l
will aid in preventing the >pn ad "t' anTliraciio^r ami
leaf rusts. The orange rust niu>t W fought by ilig^-ing
up and burning infected bushes as soon as detected, for
there is no cure. But this trouble is seldom serious.
Feed W. Card.

BLACKBEKRY LILY. See Belemcanda.

BLACKWOOD. See Acacia.

BLADDEK NUT. See StapliyJea.

BLADDEKWORT. See Ufricularia.

BLANDFOEDIA (after George, Marquis of Bland-
ford). Lilini-,:,r. Tender bulbous plants from Australia

and Tasmania. ].] .1 bv .1. ci. Hak.-r (.Tonr. I. inn. Sn,..

11:364) l.,-fH-,.-.n Kni|.li..lia an,l Kiiiil<ia. ).ut vrr-v .lif-
ferent in .-.nrral ai.|irar:inr,. fr,.ni Fiinl^ia. K.^.ts tn-
berous tibiTs : Ivs. in two vrrtiial ranks, nan-owlv liinar.
hard, persistent : fls. large, IJi-S in. long, showy, nod-
ding, in short racemes, usually orange-red to crimson,
Vfith yellow tips.

Being tenderer tha
difiScult culture. T.I;
America. B. ftain >■
In New South A\ .:

and of more

BLECHXCM

resting season they may be placed in a light pit, where
they are not crowded or shaded by taller plants. They
like a moist atmosphere and plenty of air, but not
draughts. The chief element of the potting soil should
be peat ; if the peat is heavy, use sand freely ; if light,
use some loam, and pack firmly ; if spongy, add some
charcoal. Pot after tiowering, in early spring, being
careful not to overpot, and plan to leave roots undis-
turbed for two years at least. A top-dressing each year
and liquid manure during growing season, is necessary
to produce a good flowering. Prop, by seeds sown in
sandy peat with mild bottom heat, or usually by careful
and not too frequent divisions of the root, made in early
spring, after flowering, at the time of repotting, and
preferably when strong offsets are formed.
A. Margin of !vs. not roughish.

Ctiuningliami, Lindl. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, 3-4 lines
wide, broader than in B. flammea : fls. 10-15, or even
20. Blue Mts. of Australia. B.M. 5734. Gn. 24:411.-
This has lately been held to be synonymou.s with B.
grandiflora, but it is horticulturally distinct, and the
pedicels are shorter.

AA. Margin of lvs. roughish.
B. Fis. golden yellow, without any red.

ailrea, Hook. f. Lvs. 8-12 in. long, lJ^-2 lines wide:
fls. 3-6, the only ones in the genus not touched with
red ; perianth wide-swelling, sometimes nearly as wide
as long, more bell-shaped than any other species. N. S.
Wales. B.M. 5809.

BB. Fls. red-tubed and yellow-tipped.
c. Perianth long, S-i times as long as wide.

n6bilis, Smith. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, %-% lines wide,
dark green, sharply 3-angled : fls. 4-9, smallest of the
genus, and narrowest. Near Port Jackson. B.M. 2003.
B.R. 286.

fidmmea, Lindl. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 2-2K lines wide:
fls. 4-12, typically constricted near the base of the tube
and much lower down than in B. Cunninghami. E. Aus-
tralia. B.M. 4819. P.M. 16:,354. F.S. 6:585. F.S. 18:
1829. as B. Cunninghami.

Var. princeps, Baker {B. princeps, W. G. Smith), has
larger and brighter colored fls., and is the best of the
genus. The perianth is longer and less spreading than
in the type, and swells very gradually from the base,
instead of being constricted near the base. B.M. 0209.
F.M. 1875:170. F.S. 22:2314. Gn. 47:1013.

cc. Tube short, scarcely twice as long as wide.

grandiflftra, R. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 3-4X lines
wi.li-: (Is. 10-30. Distinguished from all others by hav-
ini; til.' lilanients inserted above instead of at the middle,
liut in var. intermedia. Baker, which connects i?.<7ra«di-
flor^f ,an.l iinhills. the filaments are inserted at the mid-
dle of ilo- tnbo. till- lvs. are narrower, and the fls. smaller.
Tasmania. H.R. '.t:;4. — The name grandiflora is now a
misnomi r. a-^ tin- lis. are smaller than in any other spe-
cies i\((].t IJ. }i':hilis. The rarest species. \y. ji_

BLANKET FLOWER. See Gaillardia.

BLAZING STAR. ^seLiatris.

BL£CHNUM( Greek name for some fern). Polypodid-
cetp. Rather coarse greenhouse Ferns, with pinnatifid
or pinnate lvs.. and rows of almost continuous sori par-
allel to the midvein and close to it, covered with a
iin-mbranous indusium. Blechnums will thrive in al-
iri.ist any compost, but their lvs. quickly turn brown and
then black if watered overhead. Prop, by spores. In
Bleehnum we have a singular knot in nomenclature.
Linnaeus described two species in 1753, and to the West
Indian one he gave the name B. orientate, citing figures,
etc., to show that it is the plant that recent writers
call B. occidentale. His East Indian plant he simi-
larly called B. occidentale. The normal or ordinary
usage has been followed below, the name B. orientate
being given to the eastern plant.

Blechnums are ver>' useful to florists for jardinieres,
and for specimen Ferns. To attain best results, it is
necessary to maintain an abundance of moisture at the

BLECHNUJI

roots, with a drier atniosplirrc than mr
quire, to prevent fn.iMl- fruii tnrninL- 1
ter months. Av. i ■ i ■ •" ' !
of rich loam and 1 <

BlerUli.i.,- _. :! ,..: ' ' :
\ aOOUll...-. ..L|.;.m:Mnl 1,:

^t other Perns re -

rnvn during win-

- 1 1 . equal parts

l"'res of most

1. Iv if sown on

iiMild or peat in

BLOOMERIA

167

equal parts, and placi-d in a moderately
moist and shady position in a temp, of 60-
65° F. Some of the species send out creep-
ing rhizomes, which develop young plants at
the ends. When of sufficient size these may
he detached and potted, and in a short time
they will develop into good specimens.
Some very attractive spe-
cies are found among the
hardy British Blechnums.
Cult, by N. N. Beuckner.
^ strongltf decurrent

the one next below.
Brasili^nse, Desv. Gr
ing from n stout, slie-htly
boresoent trunk 1 ft. «r n
long : Ivs. ■_'-:; 11. I^iiu-, 1
ormore wid.'. « iili tiii- i.ii

but is not showy enough to be popular. They need a
long season of rest. The commonly cult, kinds are ter-
restrial, and thrive in ordinary orchid loam.

hyacintUna, R. Br. Lvs. about 1 ft. long: fls. looking
down, in various shades of purple, on a scape about 1 ft.
high. China. B.M. 1492, as Cymbidinm hyacinthinum.
— Stands some frost.

yereounda, R. Br. The first exotic Orchid introduced
(1731). Racemes showy and branching, 2-3 ft. : fls. pur-
plish. W. Ind. ; also in Middle and E. Fla.

ShSpherdii, Hook. Very like the last, and perhaps a
form of it : fls. deep purple ; center of labellum yellow.
B.M. 3319.

Sherratiina, Bateman. Lf.-blades pointed at both
ends : fls. large, more showy than in the above, brilliant
lilac or rose color; labellum purple, with 3 golden yellow
lines. New Grenada. B.M. 5646.

pAtula, Hook. Fls. deep pink-lilac, numerous and large
(2 in. across). B. M. 3518. — Requires culture given
Cattleyas.

campanuiata, La Llave & Lex. Pis. bell-like, purple,
with white center. Mex. — Not common in cult.

IS. aptifiUa, Nil

N. L'.-i

-S.Tan/cerinUew.R.

the rachis, the lower much
shorter and more distant.
Braz. S. 2:4.
nitidum, Presl. Habit of

lant 1-2 ft. high.

Corcovadfense, R a d d i .
cut to the rachis,
much crowded and shorter
than the last; longest pinnae
less than 6 in. long, attenu-
ate at the tips; lvs. crimson
when young, and gradually
tiirniiii; to n metallic hue

occidentale

crlspun
may be commoner in cult, than the type.
AA. Plnnxe contracted at the base to th'
forming a very short stalk.
occidentile, Linn. Lvs. from an erect caudex, which
is covfri.-il with lirownish scales : lvs. 9-18 in. long, 4-6 in.
wide, with thi- pinnae truncate or even cordate at the
hasc and slif;htly falcate. Mex. and W. Ind. to Braz.
yee Fig. 240.

serrulitum, Rich. Growing from an ascending nearly
naked rootstoek : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 6-15 in. wide, with
numerous narrow pinnae, which are contracted at the
base and of nearly uniform width throuirhoiit : margins
finely serrulate; texture coriaceous, i i:, i.. |;i > .

B. orientale, Linn., is a large East In ;: mi i . ~ian

Fern, with lvs. of ten 3 ft. long ; wellw,.i;l : i i i;

L.
BLEEDING HEAET. See Biceutra.

BLfiPHAElS (Greek, eyelash; referring to fringed
bracts). Acanthitcea. An unimportant genus of dwarf,
often spiny shrubs and herbs, allied to Acanthus, and of
similar culture.

carduifdlia, T.Anders. {Acanthus carduifdlius, Linn.
Acanthddium cnrdiiifolins, Nees). Plant villous : lvs.
lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, spiny : spike terminal,
cylindrical : bracts roundish, palmately 5-spined at
the apex.

BL£TIA (Louis Blet, Spanish botanist). Orchiddcea-,
tribe £Jpid^ndre(e . Terrestrial or epiphytal herbs, widely
distributed : lvs. plicate, membranaceous, sheathing the
St., erect. This genus lends itself readily to cultivation.

species growing as far N. as
Br., isaPhaius.

Oakes Ames.

BLIGHT, An indefinite term, popularly used to desig-
nate any sudden and inexplicable death of plants. The
term is now restricted by botanists to parasitic diseases.
These diseases are of two classes, — those due to bacteria
or microbes, and those due to parasitic fungi. For an
account of these troubles, see Diseases.

BLUE. See Chenopodiiim.

BLOODEOOT. See Saiiyuinaria.

BLOOMfiEIA (named for Dr. H. G. Bloomer). LiU-
Aceif. A genus of two species, natives of southern
California. In every way they are closely allied to
Brodisea, but differ in having the perianth parted
nearly to the base. Bloomerias have a flatfish corm,
ike Crocus, covered with fiber, and not often pro-
offsets. The lvs. are
radical, slender, and grass-
like; scape slender but stiff,
6 to 18 in. high, naked, ex-
cept for short bracts be-
neath the many-rayed um-
bel ; pedicels slender,
jointed; fls. nearly rotate,
less than an inch across,
orange. Bloomerias prefer
a sandy, warm and well-

, they are perfectly
hardy. In a colder climate,
a covering of straw or leaves
or a position in the cold-
frame would be a judicious
precaution. Plant early, and
see that the soil is light and
sweet. They like the sun,
and are good for forcing.
The light soil and warmth of
a pot more nearly approxi-
mates natural conditions
than the open
ground does in cool-
er climates. After
ripening, it
is best to dig
and replant
in fall. The
seeds grow
readily, and
the plants

241, Bloomeria aurea (>

to 4 years.
Scape roughish, 6-18 in. :
lerous, bright orange, in a

168

BLOOMERIA

dense umbel: stamens nearly as long as the perianth,
the filaments dilated at the base. B.M. 5896 (as Nothos-
cordnmaureum). G.C. III. 20: 687.

CWvelandi.Wats. More slender: Ivs. 3-7: fls. smaller,
keeled with brown, the stamens shorter. G.C. III. 20: 687.
-Less valuable than the other. ^^^^ ^^^^

BLUEBELL. See CampaniiUi.

BLUEBEEEY. Species of Vaccinium.

BLUE FLAG. See Iris.

BLUETS. See Eousionia.

BLUMENBACHIA (after Dr. J. F. Blumenbach, pro-

f es.sor at Gottingen) . Loasdcea. A genus of S. American
plants allied to Loasa and Mentzelia (Mexican prickly
poppy), not cult, in Amer. because cf tlnir .Lviriiii.' uf
stinging hairs. The fls. are odd :uid ]ii-. tty. Tl].- -jav-
den forms are mostly treated as tciidt r aniiuaK.

S. CIdquitmsis. Hook. f. Lts. 8-10 h, l-n- iK 1' . - in.
long, brick red, tipped yell'.\v with.Hi) : ' ■, liiiii :

petalsr>-10,l)oHt-shaped. Pcni.EauiMl.r im • ■' ', I ../.-

flora, a. Don IB. contorta, Honk, t 1 ' > I. i ''> in.

long: fls. 1%-d in. long, wln>lly mi ' _■ i iij,-

shaped, green; stamens in .'> hiinillr^ \\i'!i l-i'^ ti hi m.iils.
Peru.— if. insiiinis, Schrad. Stem ciunbing. 4siued : petals
white, ungnicni.-tte. B.M. 2H65.

BOCCdNIA (after Dr. Paslo Bocconi, Sicilian botanist
and author). Papaverdcere . PLtTME Poppv. A geniis of
5 species, of which B. cordata is tli.- .ihIn . .i,,- WMiiliV of

cultivation. The large, handsome. ;.-' ■ I - rinind

one, by their texture and lobing. d !■: lit iil Sty-

lophorum, which belong to allied ::. n, i.i. 'I'll. lis. are
very unlike our common poppies, iK-inir snudi and with-
out petals, but they are borne in great feathery or

picturesque general appearance. Hence, it is much used
for isolated lawn specimens, or for very bold and strik-
ing effects, being especially adapted to be viewed at
long distances. It is also placed in shrubberies, wild
gardens, and at the hack of wide borders, as it spreads

rapidly by suckers, any one of which, if detached, will
make a strong plant in a single season. The Plume
Poppy seems to be much hardier in America than in the
Old World. It was popular early in the century, but was
neglected, probably because it spread so rapidly.

BOMAREA

Lately it has become popular again. It deserves to be
permanently naturalized in the American landscape.
To produce the largest specimens, it is well to plant in
very rich soil, give the old clumps liquid manure in
spring, and cut off the suckers. Prop, chiefly by suckers.

cordata, VVilld. {B.Japinica.Hort.). Fig. 242. Hardy
herbaceous perennial : height 5-8 ft.: Ivs. large, glau-
cous, heart-shaped, much-lobed, deeply veined : fls.
pinkish ; stamens about 30. China, Japan. B.M. 1905.
Gn. 54, p. 279. Gng.5:342.

J. B. Keller and W. M.

BOEHMfiBIA (G. R. Boehmer, a German botanist).
Urticdce(e. Many widely distributed species. B. nivea,
Gaud., of trop. Asia, is cult, in some countries as a fiber
plant, and has been introduced into this country for that
purpose. It is a strong-growing, large-lvd. perennial,
well suited to the border as an ornamental subject.
B.nriji'ntea, Lind., a stove plant, is useful for subtropi-
■■;il bedding ; but it is not in the Amer. trade.

BOLANDBA (H. N. Bolander, Californian botanist).
.Siijifniiii)ce(f. Two species of small west American
herbs, with purplish fls. in lax corymbs ; petals 5. in-
serted on the throat of the 5-lobed calyx ; stamens 5,
.'Utemate with petals. Delicate herbs, suitable for rock-
work.

Oreg&na, Wats. A foot or two high, pubescent and
glandular : Ivs. laciniately toothed and lobed : fls. deep
purple ; tube of the calyx equaling the teeth and a little
shorter than the petals : pedicels reflexed in front.
Oregon. -Int. by Gillett in 1881.

The first-described species, B. CaUfdrnica, Gray,
seems not to have been offered in the trade. It is a
smaller species, less pubescent, w'ith smaller fls., the
lower Ivs. round-reniform and 5-lobed : plant 3-12 in.
high, the stems weak and slender.

BOLDOA FBAGEANS, cult, in S. Calif. See Peumus.

B0L£TUS. Consult Mushrooms.

BdLLEA. See Zijgopetahim.

BOLTONIA (James Bolton, English botanist). Com-
pdsitw. False Chamomile. Four or 5 species of aster-
like glabrous, often glaucous herbs of the United States
and eastern Asia. They are tall and leafy plants, bloom-
ing profusely in late summer and autumn, and excellent
for the hardy border. Differs from aster in having a
convex receptacle, short pappus bristles and awns, and
other technical characters. Boltonias are of easiest cul-
ture. They take care of themselves when once estab-
lished. Prop, by division. Should be better known to
gardeners. They stand without staking.

asteroldes, L'Her. [B.glastimia,'L''B.eT.). Sts.2-8ft.,
simple below and branching at the top : Ivs. broadly
lanceolate or the upper narrower : heads short-peduneled,
numerous, the rays varying from white to violet and
purple; involucre bracts lanceolate and acute, greenish;
scales of the pappus numerous and conspicuous, the
two awns sometimes missing. Pa. to 111. and S. B.M.
2381, 2554. Mn. 1 :33.- Perennial.

latisquima, Gray. A handsomer plant, with larger
and more showy heads with blue-velvet rays : invo-
lucre bracts oblong or obovate and obtuse (often bear-
ing a minute point); pappus scales small, the awns
present and conspicuous. Kans. and Mo. G.F. 5:271.
Perennial.

B. C'antonUnsis, Franch. & Sav., is native to Japan,
where the young plants are used for greens. See George-
son, A.G. 13, p. 8, fig. 4. It is annual. Has not yet ap-
peared in the Amer. trade. Gray restricts Boltonia to
the U. S., and regards this species as of another genus.
L. H. B.

BOMABEA (derivation doubtful). Amarylliddcece.
Tender South American plants allied to Alstroemeria,
and with similar fls. but a twining habit. Lvs. parallel-
veined, usually borne on short, twisted petioles: fls. in
pendulous umbels, variously colored and spotted, borne
in early spring and summer : perianth funnel-shaped :
tube none. See Baker, Amaryllideie.

Bomareas delight in a rich, fibrous soil, and require
plenty of water during the growing season, which com-

Plate ni. A hardy border
lul herbaceous plants, well grown and

BOJIAREA

mences early in spring. Late in fall the stems are cut
down to the ground and the roots are kept in the soil in
a dry state. While they often make satisfactory pot
plants, they do best when planted out in an open, sunny
■ I cool conservatory, where they have plenty

BORDER

169

BONESET. E:

Ivs., 1-fld. axillary or clustered peduncles, and usually
large white or scarlet fls. Specimens are rarely seen in
cult, in fine glass-houses, and none of the species appear
to be in the Amer. trade. The bark of some species pro-
duces commercial fiber.

iiim perfoUatum.

of air in summer. Prop, by fresh seeds,
which germinate readily if sown in shallow
pans in a warm propagating-house. Also,
ad more rapidly, by careful division of the rhizome,
> which some of the roots should be attached.

Cult, by X. J. Rose.

A. Perianth segm
B. Umbel simple : fls

oUg&ntha, Baker. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, oblong, acute,
lax, thin, densely pubescent beneath : fls. 6-8 in an
umbel: bracts large, leaf -like; segments 1-134 in. long,
outer dull red, inner bright yellow with reddish brown
spots. Peruvian Andes.

BB. Umbel compound,
c. Fls. small.

SaUilla, Herb. {B. ociilAfa, M. Roem. Alstra:meria
oculdta, Lodd.). Pig. 2-13. Lvs. 2-4 in. long, 3^ in.
broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, moderately firm,
glabrous beneath : umbel 4-1.^-rayed ; rays 1-3 in. long,
1-3-fld. ; bracts small : fls. pink or red, marked with
blue and dark purple within. Chili. L.B.C. 19:1851.
B.M. 3344.

CC. Fls. large.

C^rderi, Mast. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, 13^-3 in. broad, ob-
long, acute : umbel 1 ft. long, 6-9-rayed ; rays 1-4-fld. :
bracts large, leafy ; perianth-segments 2 in. long, outer
pale pink, spotted brown near the top, inner greenish
white, much spotted. P.M. 1876:239. G.C. II. 5:793.

Shuttle worthii, Mast. Lvs. 5-6 in. long, oblong, acute,
glabrous : umbel 1 ft. long, 5-10-rayed ; rays usually 3-
fld. : perianth segments 2 in. long, outer reddish, inner
greenish yellow. Colombian Andes. G.C. II. 17: 77 and
85. The curious egg-shaped tubers terminate un-
branched roots, which spring from a rhizome about 1 in.
wide. Having no eyes or buds, they cannot be used for
propagating.

AA. Perianth segments not equal, the inner longer

than the outer.

B. Umbel sim!)le.

Patacoc^nsis, B.eih.{B. conferla. B.'iifh. ). stems pur-
ple-tinted, pubescent: lvs. 5-6 in. ImiL'. uIiI.hil- laii.rci-
late, pubescent beneath: fls. 20-:;ii : nnirr ^c -up iit^
1}^ in. long, bright red, inner on.-s L" .. in. l-ni-', lui^ht
red, yellow-keeled, with a few spots. And.s .,f Iviiiadnr
and Colombia. G.C. II. 17: 187. B.M. «0112.-Wheu well-
grown, the umbel is very dense and many-fld.
BB. Umbel compound.

vitellina, Mast. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, ovate-oblong : um-
bel about 12-rayed : perianth segments bright yellow,
outer IM in. long, inner 2 in. long : bracts large, leafy.
Peruvian Andes. G.C. II. 17: 151. W. M.

B6MBAX (a Greek name for niic silk, alluding to the
cottony contents of the pods I. JI<ilv<h:iir. Silk Cotton
Tree Ten or 12 tropical trees, with digitate 5-9-foliolate

E |/ // ofhein&lis, hinn.). Boragindcece.

mm il I 1 mt grown for culinary use in some
u I m C ermany. Used as a pot-herb and
nietinies with salads. Only the young lvs.
II I il it ible Mostly known in this country
i i 1 ee plant and for its handsome blue
r 1 un li h racemed fls. It is a hairy plant,

1' -2 ft high with oval or oblong lvs. Eu.,

North \fiica

BOKASSUS PalmAceee Tall palms, with large pal-
raately flibelliform plicate lvs.: sheath short: petiole
spiny: ligule short, rigid : fr. large, subglobose, brown.
Species 1. Trop. Africa.

flabemfdrmis, Linn. Fig. 244. St. 30-100 ft. high: lvs.
8-10 ft. long; If.- segments bifid at the apex.— Widely
cultivated. One of the most useful palms of India.
The fruits are very large. Many parts of the plant are
utilized by the natives as food and in the arts. Wood
black, very hard. This plant requires rich soil and
strong heat for its best development, and is rather slow-
growing under cultivation, especially while young. The
illustration (Fig. 244) is adapted from Martins' Natural
History of Palms.

Jared 6. Smith and W. H. Taplin.

"i BORDER. A narrow planting, particularly if it is
alongside a walk, drive, fence, or other boundary.
Plate III. Figs. 245. 246. The term border may be taken
to have meant ongmalh a line of plants set out to mark
the edge or dividmjc line or termination of a part of the
grounds m man\ instances still to be seen in the most

ancient gardens of cistl
are formed on the ter
race where no other
form of fioral decori
tion would be possible
In these places are
often herbs shrubs and

and other reside

These

There lie thi.t di
tinct t^pes ot border

(1) the shrubben bor
der in which various
forms of garden plants
of fruticose habit are
blended so as to make
a harmonious whole.

(2) Another form of
border, now happilv al-
iiio-cf ,,l,snletf. is the

the old-fashioneii bur- -- '

der, or (3) the border 244. Borassus flabelliformis.
proper,— the one that

was used when gardening had to be done without the aid
of glass structures, all the occupants being hardy by na-
ture, whether of annual, biennial or perennial dura-
tion. It may be said that we are in the renaissance of
the flower border ; but much has been added to it, and

170 BORDER

the greater possibilities we have are due largely to our
greater wealth in plants.

To have a good flower border is by no means an ex-
pensive undertaking if a few essentials are regarded.

The first and most important requisite is a good depth
of soil ; it matters little what the kind of soil, if good,
but it is better, if possible, to vary the texture and be
able to control the quantity of moisture. Lilies are
among the most beautiful of border flowers, but they
like a soil that is light, cool and moist ; hence decayed
humus, us leaf -mold, is valuable. Many other subjects,
as annuals from warmer climates, like a soil that ab-
sorbs heat rapidly and retains it, such as a soil of a
sandy texture. In this will thrive all bulbs that die
down early in summer, such as tulips and narcissuses. It
enables the bxilbs to mature well and remain dry in
winter, and to make an early start in spring. The great
majority of plants, however, require a retentive compost,
that will not dry out readily in hot weather, and it must
be ma'le rich enough to grow vegetable crops. One
cannot starve the plant and expect a good harvest of
bloom. If the natural soil be not really good or suitable,
make it so. If ii i^ ip.t ],i,ssihle to do"it all at once, be-
gin well, juiii :i'l'I I'l II :i~ time goes on and the plants
need the s|i;h , . (..v it v. lil 1„- found that in a mixed bor-
der of pl.-iiit^ « lihii |,ii.ri i.Mlly take care of themselves,
there will ;il\\:iv~ I..- j.lt-iily for one's own use, and a

BOEDER

plants are very desirable, such as bergamot, monarda,
the perennial fennel, with its graceful foliage for blend-
ing with cut-flowers, a little bush of rue, one of marjo-
ram, a plant of the lemon-scented verbena or aloysia
(which may be wintered ■■vir indoors), the scented gera-
niums, southirii A i, iimI )ii,niy others that have old

associations. ;i II' ! ' :; ' . Ilie memory back of self

and friends. ^! - i mst not be negfected, as

they "come Ipii^i, i„, - ,. x, il;ires." Narcissuses in

many kinds arr ii.iiu_\ aiitl i-cniiMn'-Tit ; ^o, -tNo, ;irf the
Darwin tulips, evtu'though uuli'- il" ii,,,,.i- i,],:^].
This recent race of tulips and tin-' ' i li: ' ■ -i . ri,iii;i
type live year after year and ci- '- •' ' !" - 'I' - l;iv
ing fine blooms forcutting. Cri»u-' - im,i_> 1.. j.|;,c, ,1 jicar
the margins in warm comers, pluutiiig" over them or
sowing a few seeds of annuals to cover the soil that
hides them in summer. Stocks, zinnias, asters and
mignonette are all admissible and most suital)le, with a
clump or row of sweet ]h:i- h.iii ;Ii. li,i. k :,t int.rvals.
Gladioluses are excellent '" 1 ' - . [laiited

in a group, to do them j;i- ■ ■ . thtiibe

covered in fall with a I. 'Ill -I mi, |. , ,,,h : , i,. n.cdles
to protect them. The roj...! .J..i.:,i, n ,- - nm.li wa-
ter, and may be given a special be il. w liri, it , an be sup-
plied freely, other semi-aquatic plants \,i;ui: |ilarecl with
them, provided the one border thu-^ nut i:\\-f tin- desired
variety of soils; but the whole ..f tli.' above-named
plants may be made to grow in a mixed border if it be
properly prepared.

One of the best uses of a border is to make it a re-
pository or catch-all for hardy plants. Here plant wild
asters and gol.b-nrM.lx. wiM "lilies and buttercups, and
anything and im rx thin- \\lii,li interests you in the

woods or fields. FIm -,

plant, may be dug even in sum-

mer. Cut off th.- t..|,-.

1. I . Mi_- ti few leaves just above

the ground, plant ih, n

. tiii.L-.ttn.l n....-t ..f fltr-m will

live. The border rett.-.

■'- •'■'■ <" ■ ' "• '•- "laker.

One caution must lie

^■: Mffork

over such a border. 1

top-dressing in fall, a

11. iu iii_' t'lM pLitit- t me up

through it as tbev will.

Tin- best tim.- to plant is early

in fall, before the soil loses

its stored-up warmth, as the
plants then get well estab-
lished before spring ; but if
division and replanting are
necessary, wait until things
have made a visible start
in spring, so that nearby
plants are not injured bv the

qua

such a border is an important
IS general effect and efliciency are con
i- line of a fence or boundary
:. drive, or avenue, or next the hou
IS. The front line
curved or irregular
ing to tlu- si

all foriTis. Mi . . M . - I MM,,

of their ..« n i-. m , • _■ , n.-

lotted spa.'.-. II..- linnil.i-i ..1' subjects
suit.able f..r tliis kind of work are
many. B.-gin with the old-fashioned
flowers, such as peonies, dicentras,
larkspurs, perennial poppies, py-
rethrums, iris, hemerocallis, and a
host of others. Hollyhocks
excellent, but in the East the disease
or rust must be kept off by thorough
spraying. The pen-nnitil i.':ii-.l.-n
phlox must be adil.-.l. l.nt -. . i.. it

that it does not s.-. .1 ih. 1. .1 i

produce a tiresome .i-..]. ..1 [.....r.

weedy sorts. The same may be said

of the larkspur. In fact, unless

some specially marked flowers are wanted for seeds,

it is best not to allow border plants to seed in the

soil, for they speedily make trouble. Sweet-smelling

246. An informal border along the fence.

BORDER

L important conception
ndscape Gardening).
E O Okpet
The Hakdt Bokdeh may be made a most attractive
feature of any planting A good model to follow may
often be found along a country road which has not been
"cleaned up" into formality and monotony The charm
of the haidy bolder lies as much m its bapp-v faculty

BOROXIA

171

to them. The English florists set their young plants in
the open ground during summer, being careful to shade
them with lath frames Plants that have flowered two
seasons are thrown away and replaced by ■* ounger speci-
mens Ri)liert t imeron propagates them by cuttings
fi 111 li t I [ II 1 w )od inserted in 4 inch pots, which
u 111 inch of the top with a compost of

till 1 I I it and sand, over which is spread

I I I md After a thorough watering,

Hi I ] I 1111(1 J 1 hell glass in a greenhouse

"li 1 111 t 1 i| I mil 1 inges from 45-50° P., and
s'l I I 111 111 I M_lit nil Inn Seeds germinate readily
111 th s niji ti iii| 1 itui md make good flowering

and re IS II il I pi n iii n t ili
can ht 111 I 1 t 1 n till 1 1 1 1
of the 1 1 1 t 1 II I I I 1

plentiful t I ill

best h 11

mon pi lilt I ih II 1 1 I 1 II II
conditions «biih .,'im i u h i (linn
A border is recalled which shows
September an enormous boneset , i
at its beaut\ do not k co^^^ui/e tin i

particular 1 id, . ,s ,„ t

I 111 1 'i 1 1' llt^ to

all Amoi 111 ] lint -n t

'mis

curling (iiiii nil n 1 m i i

11 1 1 Iht

11 I m. 111 Un iiing

ins hau„', thtll bells

1 It 1 IS a glorj of wild

1 uuels and the rhodo-

beaut % 1 1

against h

dendioii i 1 il 1 1 nli i

11 h summer bungs out

the yam™ n.d tb, ludl.e. ki

1 lust before the happy

succession of asters and golds

mods start on their pro

cession toward wmter No t\

yo dajs show the same

blooms , often a visit m the

afternoon gives a totall)

different impression from the i

uorning \ lew.

Artistically treated, and with

care to keep out any of

the formal and comparatively artificial plants (gera-
niums, coleus. verbenas, and the like), the hardy border
may be n si.iircp of niucb enjoyment and edification,
wlictlii 1- it III- in a city Imck y.inl nr a great park. Often
an cxi^tiii- .iu-t.r i.t ^liriili^ m- l.cd of lilies in the home
1,'ri.iiiiiK niiiv -ir\-i. ii^ a stariin- fur the border; and
Sdiiic tine cxainplcs an- iciii.nil.ercd as incidental ad-
.iuncts to the farm vegetable patch, while nnc « liidi has
a most distinct individuality of beamy iin.ilitni-ively
flanks a unique Connecticut grass iranli n.

To create an individual hardv In,,, In-, tin ,,laiiter
must divest liiinself (if i.reiiidiee.'iiiMl H ei liiillv .tart a

plants in one season. Seeds can be obtained from '
man or Australian dealers, large quantities being
lected in the wild. Boronias belong to a large clas
hard-wooded Australian plants that were jiojnilar a
with the Cape heaths in the early part nf tlie I'.ith
tury. These were largely replaced by ((iii.ki r irnnv
soft-wooded plants. The renewed interest in l^mi.
is largely due to the more recently infriiihni d s]iei

thei

alit\

bers of his general plan. He should bu prepared to coi
sider any plant a prize in the border if it fits, and an
plant a weed if it is inharmonious.

J. Horace McFarland.
BOEECOLE. See Kale.

in Italian who lost
of Dr. Sjlithorp).

BOEdNIA (after Francis Borone
his life at Athen- in the v.,rri,-^
Rut&eece. A genu- ..i Vn-irninni ~l
fls. having a me-li j .

nate, or simple. /•. i

and B. hetemplni ■ ,i; ' ; n:l.

stigma (wliieli i- i . n ;n the lias

and hidd ■ - ■ jina. wlnie

The chiet '
granee. A sn

for two or three weeks. Boronias are cultivated like
Cape heaths in a cool greenhouse. After flowering they
should be cut back, in order to make compact, bushy
specimens. The leading shoots may be frequently
pinched, to prevent a straggling growth. As most of
them are natives of barren, sandy places, not bogs,
good drainage is necessary. Sour soil is very disastrous

liant in Australia, Oloomiug wlien very young,
maining attractive for two or three months.

A. Stigmas large.
B. Lr.'i. less than 1 in. Jong : leaflets in 1 or S
plus an odd one.
c. Fls. borne singly
megastigma, Xees. Fig. 247. Height about 2 ft.
very sparse.
pair, the Inv

one; Ifts. mi ii-. mi nion-purple outside

yellow within. , ; , i. -i 1\ ihaii in .B. e/a^ior. A

times some il-. .n. riueih bruwu, ulhers chiefly purple
B.M. G04G.-The bes

spe
cc. Fls. borne
heterophylla, F. Muell.

In whorls of 4 or 6.
Height 5-6 ft. in Australia :
. i in. long, sometimes simple, usually with 1
pair, rarely 2 pairs of Ifts.: fls. bright scarlet, but
usually pictured as purplish crimson. Differs from JS.
elatior and B. megastigma in its larger leaves, fewer
Ifts.. more brilliant fls. and longer filaments. Cult, only
in its var. hrSvipes, Hook, f., which differs merely in
the shorter peduncles. B.M. 6845. Gn. 32: 622.-Of late
years it has been grown for Easter by florists to a con-
siderable extent.

172

BOROXIA

B. Lvs. more than 1 in. long : leaflets in 2-6 pairs,

plus an odd one.
eiatior, Bartl. Height about 4 ft. : pubescence va-
riable : Ivs. close-set, 1-2 in. long, K-Ji in. broad,
petioled, with Ifts. in 2-6 pairs : Ifts. broader and
shorter-acuminate than in B. meyastigma : fls. darlt
red-brown, or rosy red, or purple, sometimes showing
groups of widely different colors on the same branch,
and borne so densely as to
hide one side of the branch.
B.M. 6285. Gn. 10:39. P.E.
9:491.

AA. Stigmas small.
pinnata, Smith. Lfts. in
2-4 piurs, very smooth,
aciitf : peduncles dichoto-
mous, 5-7-fld. : stamens 8.
B.M. 1763. L.B.C. 5:473.

tetrfindra, Labill. Lfts. in
4-5 pairs, obtuse, glabrous:
branches pilose : pedicels

BOTANY. The science
\\iii(.-h treats of plants; plant-
knowledge. In its widest
sense, and properly, it in-
cludes much that, by com-
consent, is usually in-
luded in horticulture,— as
lui-lioration of plants by
■ ■iiiistii-ation, hvbridizing,
■ ■ -ike.

BOTBVCHIUM (Greek, in
lusion to the grape-like

;ia|. Ophioglossdcece.

Ferns of woods and

s, with fleshy roots,
t t h s , and

248. Botrychii

4 Lf iiiij I s.ssi?, n,ai
til mi nil I th, slim
Virgimanum, "^wz Moon
SORT bix in to 2 ft high,
nth a broad, triangular leaf,
Pj* with 3 mam tn quadri pin
obliquum natifld divisions sporophyll
(Xj^.) long stalked Eastern U S

—The only species which is
large enough to make a display

AA. Lt. s'alked from near the base of the com-

obllquum, Muhl. Fig. 248. Plant, 6-15 in. high, with a
ternate If. 2-6 in. wide : segments obliquely ovate or ob-
long, %-%m. long : sporophyll long-stalked. (B. ter-
natum, Authors, not Swz., which is a very different
Japanese species.) Eastern U. S.

diBS6ctum, Spreng. Plant, 6-18 in.high, with a ternate,
finely dissected If., 3-8 in. wide, the ultimate divisions
-n, in. or less wide. Eastern U. S.— Evergreen; delicate
and graceful. Grows in woods. j^ jj_ ^tj

BOTTLE-BEUSH. See Metrosideros.

" BOTTOM HEAT. Said of soil temperature which is
higher than that of the superincumbent air. Most ten-
der plants require to have the roots warmer than the
tops, particularly when grown under glass.

BOUGAINVILLAEA

BOUGAINVtLL^A (De Bougainville, 1729-1811, a
French navigator). NyctaginAcece . A half dozen or
more species of S. American shrubs, with alternate
petiolate entire Ivs. The fls. are small and inconspicu-
ous, tubular, the margin 5-6-lobed ; stamens 7-8, on
unequal capillary filaments ; ovary stipitate. Fls. in 3's,
each one subtended by a very large colored bract. These
bracts are very gaudy, and constitute the decorative
value of the plants. Two more or less scandent species
are chiefly known in cultivation. Bougainvilleas are
just now receiving much attention in this country.

glabra, Choisy. Pig. 249. Growing 10-16 ft. high and
wide, when planted in the ground and allowed to have
its way ; glabrous : Ivs. ovate and acuminate, glabrous
and bright green : bracts cordate-ovate, bright rosv red,
distinctly veined. Brazil. G.C. III.23: 168. Gn.54,p.
257. R.H. 1889: 270. A. G. 16:15. A.F. 11:137. F.E.
10: 106.— Free-flowering and handsome ; often grown in
pots and kept dwarf. Var. Sanderiina, Hort. Very flo-
rif erous, blooming even in very small pots : bracts deeper
colored. Gn. 45:962. A.F. 10: 307 ; 11: 977 ; 12:1185.

Gng. 4:281 ; 5: :Ur).-A very worthv plant.

Bpeotdbilis, w i i

. , -rs(;.Lindl. B.spUndens,

Hort.). Tall.r.M.,

r ith larger and thicker Ivs.,

hairy : fls. ii. 1

; 1 Tacts larger, deep rose

color, but vaiM: .

1 1 :,'reenish. Brazil. B.M.

4810, 4811. V.S\ 1

1 II IJ: 30. -Variable ; known

also as B. B,"

/ ^' le.uta and B. Peruviana.

Var. lateritia. 1

''i„. Hort.), has brick-red

bracts. I.H. 11, n.,.

I'M. ,li..wy than the last when in

full bloom, bu: la..,.

lull, iilt to grow, and, therefore,

not so desirable. Int.

to cult, earlier than B. glabra.

refiilgens, Bull. Lvs. pubescent : racemes long and
drooping, and bracts purple. Brazil. — Perhaps a form
of B. spectabilis. l_ jj^ g^

There is much confusion in species and varieties of
Bougainvilleas in the trade. They seem to vary consid-
erably. B. spectabilis and its varieties seem to be un-
promising. Our experience with thousands of plants of
B. glabra and var. Sanderiana leads us to say that we
cannot think of any class of plants so readily handled.

249. Bougainvillaea glabra (X K).

They are easily propagated, are not particular as to soil
or treatment, their growth is strong and rapid, they can
be flowered with ease and certainty, and they are but
little subject to insect attacks. Their flowering charac-
ter is so persistent that a small stock of plants will afford

easily in Apr:
• old-wood
0 heavy-
shorter if
Place the

BOUGAINVILLAEA

cutting material for almost six months. The bloom-
bracts are extremely durable. They harmonize --"" ''*•
some of the popular orchids, and also go well wi
ican Beauty roses. Entire heads of plants prodi
decorative results, and are very satisfactory on
of their durability.

Bougainvilleas are propagated
and June. Secure half-ripened
cuttings — no wood is too old or ■
and cut into G-12-in. lengths, o;
more attention is given to them
lower part 2-t in. deep in sand in an airj
situation, fully exposed to the sun during
April, with some bottom heat for this month
In May and June give no bottom heat, but
slight shade should be given during the
brighter hours of the day. The sand should
be kept moist, not wet — ' — "=— '-"
syringed several times
every day in bright
weather. The foliage will
drop mainly at the end
of the first week ; after
the second week, roots
may be seen. The time
of rooting varies from 12
to 30 days, according to
conditions. In propaga-
ting in quantity, it is ad-
visable to grade the wood
according to ripeness,
enabling the removal of
the same from sand with
less trouble and loss of
time. For first potting,

use a light, sandy loam, with pots to suit the
roots ; place in a' sunny situation, keep them
on the dry side for a week or so, giving light
syringing daily, and shade during midday
hours. In four or five weeks they
shifted ti. laiircr ii.its. ;ni.l ^v:itf r niav be given
more frr,lv ; aftrr tin- tli.v r:in be shitted
almost lUMiitlilv. l'r..iii ih- nmr tliey are in
5-in. pots th. V .shouia lu,v cMirful drainage
as they will want daily syriu^int; and a free
supply of water. They should be grown with
full sun exposure under glass, and plenty of
air, and in July and August may receive al
most daily drenchlngs of water. All growths
should be exposed to the sun by occasional
turning of plants; this secures a ripened
dition of wood, which is essential to best
results. So grown, every shoot will flower
freely. If crowded or shaded, satisfactory re
suits are risked. The aim should be to secure
strong, well-ripened growths by the last of
October. For earliest bloom, plants mav be
held drier from this time on, but in the case of
/>'. ,il,thi;i II. .t .-n.iiiL'h to vellow the foliage
iwil.--^ Ill v.iy su-Mii- plants. With a little
.■\|.iri.n.-... ilii- .aili. ~t rested plants can be
ti..\\iTfd fur riiri^tnias, and others can be
brought in successively. The new growths
will afford cut-flower material until midsum
mer. In June, the flowering plants should be
held as cool and airy as possible, but not
shaded or only slightly so. If held too warm
or dry, the bracts drop in a short time. After
the flowering season is all completed, the
plants may be held dry for a week or ten
days; then all oM ■^"11 -.fiMiiM l..- ri-iii..v.'(I, the
roots, and tops i.npi. .1 i .■ -mt . ;iriil i In- 1. 1 ants
repotted to small' - ■ , , n. t

drainage. Then ti. . . ; ,: ^ .i, 1

cutting. Asani-xi 1 >■, m i i- m im :"ii, at 250.Made

this stage, shade for a few days and syringe
frequently. Keep on the dry side until the
foliage indicates that water may be given more freely.
Hundreds of eyes will push from strong plants ; and
the plants will soon make rapid growth, when they may
be syringed and watered daily. A yellowish foliage is
evidence of too much water, but this will hardly occur
with plants thoroughly drained and exposed to the full

BOUVARDIA 1(6

sun. Growths may be pinched according to the end in

Strong, well-ripened shoots of B. gUthra, tied hori-
zontally, produce numerous laterals, whose inflorescence
is very distinct in character from the earlier bloom,
clusters of intense mauve bracts crowding the shoots,
offset bv the dark green, glossy foliage. The arrange-
ment or disposition of the bracts on such
shoots is a revelation of beauty compared with
the more familiar form. B. glabra is gener-
ally spoken of as a climbing plant, which may
apply in a large state or when the plant is
stricted as to root room. In pots up to
12-15 in. we have frequently seen shoots 20-25
ft. long, hut these always prove mainly self-
supportin^'. H"th J!, ti'luhra and its variety
make distiii.f and rxtr.nnly showy subjects
for the lawn. In a |i,iiiially sheltered situ-
ation tiny lamld 1". held in fair condi-
tion for at least a mouth.

B. {ilabra, var. Sanxleriana, has
proved valuable as a decorative plant,
particularly for Easter, as it can be
flowered unerringly, and possesses the
merit of being durable for weeks, — a
decided advantage over most subjects
grown for that season. B. glabra also
may be grown into showy specimens,
but, being less compact than Saiideri-
ana, requires more attention to secure
shapely plants. It should be noted that
B. glabra, — on account of the larger
size of the bi-a.ts i fully tlirn. times as
large as thosr .f >.,../. ,-..■,. m and their
arrangement .m ili. Iran. h. -. oti'set by
luxuriant gins-v t..liai.'.-.-ai.pears to
be the most desirable variety for cut-
flower material ; while Sanderiana.
from its elegant, compact habit, affords
a splendid subject for pots.

Theo. F. Beckert.

BOUSSINGAtLTIA (J. B. Boussin-
gault, born in 1802, a famous agricul-
tural chemist). Chenopodiieea. A few
tropical American climbing herbs. Fls.
small, perfect, with a 5-parted, short-
tubed perianth, 5 stamens, and 3-
divided style, in long racemes. Lvs.
alternate, thick, entire.

baselloldes, HBK. Madeira Vine.
Mignonette Vine. Fig. 250. Peren-
nial, root tuberous: stems smooth and
twining, reaching 10-20 ft. in a season,
and in late summer or fall bearing
profusely of the fragrant white fls.
( which become nearly black with age) ,
and producing little tubercles, by
means of which the plant is propa-
gated. Equador. B.M. 3620.— A com-
mon vine, prized for porches and ar-
bors. The roots are stored in the
winter, and planted out after dan-
ger of frost is past. The plant
%vill not endure frost. Sometimes
grown in the conservatory and
window garden. l. jj, g.

BOUVAEDIA (Dr.CharlesBou-

vard, physician to Louis XIII.,

and superintendent of the Royal

Gardens in Paris). Huhiciceiv.

Between 20 and 30 American

(chiefly Mexican) shrubs or per-

ennialherbs. Mostly tropical, but

some of them range as far N. as

itire and mostly sessile, opposite

or verticillate lvs. with small stipules interposed, and

terminal cymes of long-tubular fls. with 4-parted limb

(lobes becoming more numerous in cult.), 4 stamens,

and 1 style with a slightly 2-lobed stigma.

Bouvardias are very useful late fall or early winter-

'^%«.

5W.

singauttu
Texas. They have i

BOUVARDIA

ts. Though they may be prop-
id ill sand in a propagating
:■■! .1 in-tter and more expedi-
H l.ii-.--t roots of a healthy
1 iiirh in length, placing
and covering

174

flowering greenho
agated by cuttiii;
frame with bottoi

tious way is to ■■iii n|> iiic i.irj.--^t i
plant into piecis ;i1,mui 1 iiirh ii
them thickly in pans ot light, peaty
them to the depth of 1 inch with the :
the pans are then placed in a warm temperature with
bottom heat, every piece will quickly develop one or
more buds and grow into a young plant. March is per-
haps the best time for propagating. As soon as the
young plants are well rooted they should be potted
singly into small pots and grown along in a tempera-
ture of about 60°. By the end of May the plants may be
planted out, either in spent hotbeds or frames prepared
with a goodly proportion of leaf -mold mixed with the
soil, if fine pot plants is the ultimate aim ; or if grown
for cut-Howers only, they may be planted out in the
greenhouse benches about 15 inches apart, giving all
the air possible and a plentiful supply of moisture. In
both cases, the plants must be kept well pinched back
to induce a bushy habit, and also to insure a greater
profusion of flowers. Towards the end of September
those intended for pot plants should be lifted and potted
and placed in a close frame for a week or ten days,
keeping them moist and well shaded until they have re-
covered from lifting. Before the approach of frost they
should be removed to the greenhouse and given a tem-
perature of 50°. They are very subject to the attacks of
mealy bug and green fly. They therefore should be
sprayed once a week with an insecticide, with a vapor-
izer sprayer, choosing fine mornings for the operation.
After flowering, the plants should be rested by keeping
them almost dry. Towards the end of April they should
be well pruned back, and in May again planted out for
the summer. The same plants may be grown in this
way for several years, when iu 4 or 5 years' time they
will make very fine specimens.

Cult, by Edw.^rd J. Canning.

The Bouvardias of florists donot n i i. ..n! ^my if il,,
type species. They are sports, hyliriil- im! ■ .h. r • i .

of variations. The Latin-form uiim- n \n , <

trade catalogues nearly all belong t.. I in ■> _;n-.i. n i.nni-.
The species which are of most inipuit to iLl- huiticul
ttirist are mentioned below:

A. Fls. in shades of red.

B. Ijvs. normally in 3^s (except, perhaps, on the

branchlets).

triphylla, Sali.sb. {B. Jdequini, HBK.). Small pu-
bescent shrub, 2-6 ft. high : Ivs. in 3's or 4's (or oppo-

^4^*^

BOWIEA

— The genus Bouvardia was founded upon this species,
which was introduced into England about 100 years ago.
It is evidently the most important parent strain, al-
though it is probably not in cult, in its original form.
Pigs. 251 and 2.52 partake very strongly of this species.
In fact. Fig. 251 compares well in botanical characters

site on the branchlets), lanceolate to lance-ovate, glabrous
above: fls. an inch long, pubescent, red. Mex., and reach-
ing N. to Ariz. B.M. 1854; 3781 as B. spUndens, Grab.

(except less long-pointed Ivs.) with the early pictures
of B. triphyllii.

Iei4ntha, Benth. Much like B. iriphyUa ; more bushy
and better grower : stems hairy : Ivs. hairv above : fls.
glabrous. Mex. R.H. 1851: 81. -Perhaps only a form of
the preceding.

Other red-ad.3-lvd. species are: B. angiistifdlia, B.BK.
Lvs. lanceolate, revolute, glabrous above and flne-pu-
bt'scent below : branches nearly glabrous. Mex. B.hir-
t.'n.i. Hr.K. Very similar : lvs. pubescent on both sur-
I n Mix. B. scdbra, Hook. & Arn. Lvs. ovate,

Il 'I -■ ilk.-d: fls. large, in dense clusters, pink : stem
lii.irN. .Mrx.

B. ZiVS, opposite.

Cavanillesii, DC. {B. muUiflbra, Schult.). Hairy:
lvs. ovate-acuminate, broad at base, short-stalked, edges
hairy: fls. VA in. long, very slender, glabrous. Mex.

AA. Fls. yellow.

fUva, Decne. Lvs. opposite, ovate-lanceolate or lance-
elliptic, very short-stalked, ciliate : fls. very long,
drooping, in 3-5-fld. racemes, bright yellow. Mexico.
F.S. 1:43.

AAA. Fls. white.

longifldra, HBK. Glabrous, branching shrub : lvs.
opposite, ovate-acuminate, stalked : fls. lK-2 in. long,
with a very slender tube and a wide-spreading, large
limb, 2 or 3 together and aggregated into a terminal
cyme. Mex. B.M. 4223. F.S. 2:123.-Gray supposes
(Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. iv., p. 314) that this
species belongs to the genus Houstonia. Not known to
be in the American trade.

Humboldtli, Hort. Lvs. opposite, ovate-acuminate :
fls. verv large, fragrant, in a large, terminal cluster.
G.C. 1873:717.-Thisis a choice conservatory plant, and
is in the Amer. trade. It is usually catalogued as B.
Humboldtii corymbiflora. Blooms from summer to
winter. Probably a derivative of B. Mnyittora. B.can-
didlssimn, Hort., white-fld., is said to be a hybrid, with
B. Humholdtii as one of its parents.

jasminifldra, Hort. Compact and dwarf, very florif-
erous. the fls. in close, tenninal clusters. G.C. 1872:215.
— Probably a derivative of J5. ;o«5riflora. ■

BOWIEA(afterJ. Bowie, collector for Kew). Bilidcece.
A monotypic genus containing one of the most curious
plants in the vegetable kingdom. A round, green bulb
4-5 in. thick throws up yearly a very slender, twining
flower-stem 6-8 ft. high, with many compound, forked,
curving branches below, and numerous small green fls.
above. The st. is somewhat asparagus-like. There are

BOWIEA

no Ivs. except two small, linear, erect scales at the apex
of the bulb, which quickly vanish. The Ivs. show its
relation to Drimia and Scilla.

volibilis, Harv. Fig. 253. Perianth G-cleft to the base:
segments Incurved at the tips. S. Afr. B.M. 5619.—
Sold by Reasoner Bros., Oneco, Fla., and cult, in botanic
gardens with cactus-like Euphorbias and other curi-
osities. W. M.

Bouiefl roliitiUs is a useful plant for twining on the
supports of a moderately warm greenhouse, and is of
the easiest possible culture. Propagation is effected by

BRAHEA

175

253. Bowiea volubilis.

bulbs. Th.- seas
first of Octub.-r,
anv li^'llt. ri.-li ;

.f trr.iwth

Gray, which has been int. by dealers in native plants,
is 2-3 ft. high, soft-pubescent, with thin, serrate Ivs.:
fls. golden yellow, in small heads, which are borne on
raceme-like secund branchlets. Recommended for the
native border.

BKACHYCdME {short
hair, from the Greek, al-
luding to the pappus).
Compdsita. Australian
herbs, with membrana-
ceoius involucral bracts,
naked receptacle, very
short pappus bristles, and
diffuse leafy growth. One
species in cult. :

iberidifolia.Benth. Sw w
RivEE Daisy. Fiirs. ■_'.-,:,.
256. Avery graceful littN-
annual(6-r2 in. liJ!;li i \v>i\\
Austral., suiTiMi tu Im.t
ders, and als(. attiaitivi-
in pots; seeds may hv >own ii
open or under glass. Fls. blv
white, an inch across: Ivs. sn
pinnate, with very narrow d
ions ; glabrous. l, -q

BKAHEA (Tyeho Brahe. the
astronomer). Palmare,' . trib.-
Corfipheit. Spinelesspalms. with
medium caudices, ringed below,
and clothed above with the bases
of the fibrous sheaths. Leaves
terminal, orbicular, somewhat
peltate, flabellat.- - ].li.-at.-, sjilit
down the miililli-. tli, \.,],r-. I.ifid,
infolded, fllaui.nt.iu- ..,, il,, mar-
gins; rachis sli"i-t. narr.iw : liijule
subtriangular; pctiulis rlatliiicd.
dentate along the margins ;
sheaths fibrous : spadices long,
pendulous, paniculately much
branched, the ultimate long ver-
miform obtuse branches rigid,
spreading, very densely velvety
tomentose : spathes many, long-
linear, firm, coriaceous, split, glabrous ; bracts and
bractlets minute : Hs. smaller than the diameter of the
branches, hidden in the toracntum: frs. »., in. long, ob-
liquely ellipsoidal, minutely pul>escent. laterally keeled,
pale when dry. Species 4. Mex. to the Andes. Of sim-
ple culture in a fibrous compost, with an admixture of
sand. Prop, by seeds.

dulcis, Mart. Palma Dulce. Stem 10-20 ft., 6-8 in.
thick, cylindrical : Ivs. 4-5 ft. long ; petiole plano-con-
vex, green, with pale margins; ligule short, subtriangu-

wiu-

>il. and kept well wat.Tf.l until the
lature. which usually u.curs in May,
when water should be gradually withheld, and the
plants stored away in some shaded part of the green-
house and kept quite dry until the season of growth
begins again. Edward .1. Canning.

BOX. See B»j-».v.

BOX ELDER {Acer Negnndo, which see). Fig. 254.
A very popular small native tree for planting on the
prairies and in trying climates. It propagates most
readily from seeds'. It is an excellent nurse tree for
other species. The wood is of inferior quality. It grows
with great rapidity for a few years.

BRACHYCHiETA (Greek, short bristle). Compdsitm.
One species, growing in open woods from Ky. to N. C.
and Ga. Closely allied to Solidago, from which it differs
in the very short pappus (the bristles shorter than the
akene), and the lower Ivs. cordate. B, cordita, Torr. &

SMM

*>^

255. Brachyo

lar. green, the scarious villous margin at length de-
ciduous: fr. edible. Mex.

JS. filameulosa, Hm-t.=Washingtonia fllifera.— B. fiUfera,
Hort.=W. tilitera.-/(. iilauca, Hort.=Washlngtoma flUfera.—
B.robusta. Hort.=Washingtonia.— B. B<)ez!w,Lindl.(B. glaiica,
Hort.)-Washinetoniii flUfera. Jaeed G. Smith.

BRAKE. A name applied to

larly to Pteris aquilina.

BKAMBLE. Thorny plants
of the genus Rubus, — raspber-
ries, blackberries, dewberries.

BRASfiNIA imrnniii- unex-
plained), y iiiK iih.i ^)r, ,1 . Water
Shield, (im- >ii((ii ^ of n4\iatie
plant widely distributer! ( in N.
Amer., Asia, Afr., Austral.).
Lts. oval and entire, floating,
centrally peltate : fls. axillary
near the summit of the stem,
small, purple ; sepals 3 or 4 ;
petals 3 or 4, linear ; stamens
12-18, on filiform filaments ;
pistils 4-18, forming indehis-
cent follicles. B. peltita,
Pursh, is not a showy plant,
but is interesting for ponds.
It is catalogued by dealers in
plants. Grows in 1-G ft.
f water. L. H. B.

BKASSAVOLA (A.M. Bras-

;,\..I:,, V, 11. |-:,n liufanist). O)-

h .■' ' ■ ' KpiiUndre(e.
I... , _ I I : ;. Amer. epi-
liv I. -, . ,--■ ,. .illii-d to L»lia,
ii.l .i. in.ii..!iii.; .similar treat-
I. ut. Su^ptud on blocks. The
s. an- large, solitary or ra-
i-nn)sr. the sepals and petals
arrow and greenish, the lip
Int. : h-. tln.k. solitary. For
11- .Milir, nioi-. tin- treatment of
la i^ identical with
the >I.xi.-an Lielias.
f sun to mature the
iwtlis. and water when
hat drier
.tmosphere when resting, will
li. DUjbiiana, Lindl., is Lalia
dl., is Liilia (jlaitca.

cucuIlAta, R. B;
and subulate, gro
ing a very long-ti
be elevated on :
red; petals whii
lobe beak -like, i:^

AA. Fh. ill )•

acaiUis, Lindl. & Paxt

cordJkta, Lindl. Lvs. linear, rigid, recurved :
corymbose ; sepals and petals lance-1:
pale green; lip roundish-cordate, cuspidate,
scarcely as long as the claw. Jamaica, Braz. B.M. 3782.,

nod6sa, Lindl. (B. grandifldra, Lindl.). Lvs. lanceo-
late, acuminate, channeled above : fls. few and large,
corymbose ; sepals and petals linear-acuminate ; lip
round-ovate, long-cuspidate, entire, longer than the
claw. Jamaica, Mex., S. B.M. 3229, of this name, is B.
subulUoUa. L. H. B.

BRASSIA (William Brass, botanical collector of last
century). Orch id^ceai, tribe Vandece. About 30 Trop.
Amer. plants, closely allied to Oncidium. Distinguished
from that genus by the very long and pointed sepals

BRASSIA

and the wingless column. The fls. are odd and spider-
like in form, and are cultivated chiefly for that reason.
They can be grown with Cattleyas. They bloom in sum-
mer, and during that time should have liberal supplies
of water. Keep them quiet in winter, but do not dry
them off completely. Grow in pots with thorough
drainage, in a soil of fibrous peat and sand. Prop, by
division.

The Brassias succeed well in the Orchid house de-
voted to Cattleyas, one that is not too warm in winter
and furnishes plenty of air during the warm months.
They have not been popular in gardens, as their flowers
lack brilliant coloring, but their shape is weird, and to
the collector they have charms that are almost as allur-
ing as the Odontoglossums. Pot culture is best, as the
plants make fine specimens, and are vigorous root-pro-
ducers. B. Lawrenceana and its variety longissima,
with B. vemicnsa, are the best, known in gardens, and
are most desirable from a cultivator's standpoint.

Cult, by E. O. Obpet.
A. Sepals and petals whitish or greenish.

verrucdsa, Batem. Pig. 257. Strong : foliage deep
green: fls. many and large, the greenish white petals
and sepals blotched witli dark jjurple, the lip white and
warty. Guatemala. Var. grandiildra, Hort., has fls.
twice larger than in tlie type.

AA. Sepals and petals greenish yellow.

macul4ta, R. Br. Sepals and petals pale or greenish
yellow, short for the genus, marked with large, irregu-

lar brown spots, the large lip white, spotted

with brown and purple. Jamaica. B.M. 1(J91.

-Int. into Eu. in 180(j, being one of the first

known of exotic Orchids. Flowers large, but not very

showy.

Var. guttata, Lindl. {B. Wriya;, Skinner). Fls.
greener, much spotted, lip yellowish : spikes 2-3 ft.
high. Guatemala. B.M. 4003.

AAA. Sepals (iiitl petals cleiirer ijeUow.

caud&ta, Lindl. Spikes drooping, 12-18 in. : sepals
and petals very long (4-6 in.), barred with brown; lip
yellow and broad spotted. W. Ind. A.F. «: G09.

Lance&na, Lindl. Robust, witii 2 dark green leaves
from each pseudobulb : fls. large and numerous, very
fragrant, lasting 2 or 3 weeks; sepals and petals bright
yellow, long and tapering, blotched with brown or red,
the lip yellow and wavy, spotted at the base. S. Amer.
B.M. 3577. — A handsome species. There are two or
three varieties.

Lawrence^na, Lindl. Sepals and petals bright yellow,
spotted with brown and green; lip yellow tinged with
green : otherwise much like the last. Braz. J.H. III.
30:275.

Var. longlSBima, Reichb. f., has a spike 18-20 in. long,
and very slender sepals, which are 6 or 7 in. long, the
lip purple-spotted near the base. Costa Rica. B.M.
57-18. — A remarkable plant.

Gireoudiana, Reichb. f. & Warsc. Large, with many-
fld. scapes: fls. larger than in B. lianceana, the sepals
and petals very long, they and the lip bright yellow,
Ijlotehed with deep red. Costa Rica. l_ jj^ g^

BRASSICA (old classical name). Crticifero!. Prob-
alily 100 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs,
natives of temperate regions of Europe, Africa, and
Asia. Petals and stamens 4 : pod long, beaked : seeds
not winged (Figs. 258, 259). Includes all the mustards,
cabbages, turnips, and the like ; and to these plants the
reader should refer f.ir ntlicr information.

In common witli iimrly all culTivated plants, espe-
cially those wbicli arr ]iii-j.lrxiiiLr. theBrassicas have re-
ceived too little attniti..]! fioiii ijiitauists. The inevita-
ble outcome of such inglect or of any superficial study
is a reduction of species, and in this direction Brassica
has suffered greatly. It is usually confusing to reduce
types. The most perplexing species in our manuals are
those which contain the greatest number of old types
i names. It is true that this is supposed to

origin is lost, and perspicuity demands that they be kept
distinct in a horticultural treatise.

The confusion into which our Brassicas have fallen is

Flower of Mustard.

be primarily due to the va-
riation of the species or
groups, but it is often to be charged
to superficial study or insi
terial. Our manuals contain too few
rather than too many species of
Brassica ; at all events, the miscel-
dumping of rutabagas, tur-

Bra'ssiea cnmpesfris is unnatural,
and, therefore, unf(.)rtuu
the best presentations of the true
259. Pod or sdiQue Brassicas is that of De CandoUe's
of Mustard— Brassica Prodromus, as long ago as 1824 (also
iuncca (X2). in Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc. vol. 5,
and in Systema, 2: 582-607), and the
following scheme closely follows that outline. Some
of the forms which are here kept separate as species may
be derived from their fellows, but the evidence of such

260. Flowers of Cabbage — Brassica oleracea (X K).

easure due to the different vernacular names
f bear in different countries. The French use
chou generically to include all forms of S.
lul th« rutabaga— that is. all the blue, thick-
■assicas— while in England the rutabaga is
Swedish Turnip. A tabular view of the di£-
uaculars may be useful:

Eiiglisli. American.

Chou Cabus,
Chou de Milan,
Chou de Bniselles

Chourave,

Cabb.-ige.
.Savoy Cabbage.
Brussels Sprouts.
Borecole or Kale.

Navet(orChou-naTet), Ttirnip,

Brussels Sprouts,

Borecole or Kale,
[ Turuip Cabbage
I or Kohlrabi.
fTurDip-rooted
, Cabbage or
( Swedish Turnip,

Cauliflower, Cauliflower.

,' Kolilrabi.

^ Rutabaga.

the flnirer-stems clasping: fls. various. (Brassica

B. /.rs. ti-'nit ih, first more or less fleshy throughout,

an. I ,il,iiir,,iis-t,hie even when young: fls. large

mid '■>■> ,1 ni 'f II' //nir. the petals conspicuously long-

elau-t'l. "11,1 til, s,/„ils Hsually erect.

oleracea, Limi. i'.mii!a.;e. Cauliflovtek, Brussels

Sprouts, K.\le. Fi;,-. -C.ii. Lvs. smooth from the first,

and the root never tul,)eruus. Sea shores of the Old

World, and naturally perennial. See Cabbage.

N&pus, Linn. Rape. Lvs. smooth from the first ;
differing from B. oleracea chiefly in habit and more
deeply scalloped lvs. The botanical position of the
Rapes is open to doubt.

camp^stris, Linn. Rutabaga. Fig. 261. First lvs.
hairy, the root usually tuberous.

12

178

0 Plant potentially hiennial (that is, the root hard and
thickened, often distinctly tuberous): foliage firm
in texture.

D. Foliage distinctly hairy.
B&pa, Linn. Co>raoN Turnip. Lvs. prominently
lyrate or interrupted below,the root tuberous. — Whatever
the origin of the Rutabaga and Turnip may be, the two
plants show good botanical characters. The tubers of
the two are different in season, texture and flavor. In
the Rutabaga, the small leaves immediately following
the seed-leaves are spars.-ly iKtiry. Imt all subsequent
leaves are entirely smooth. <!<ri-'h- L'*l;ni<'ous-blue, thick
and cabbage-like, with a th -liy p. ti..].- and midrib. In
the Turnip, the radical 1h:i\ . .. an- always more or less
hairy, and they are gretii and radi.--h like, thin, with
slender petiole, and the leaves are much more lyrate,
with interrupted leaflets on the petiole ; the small leaves
following the seed-leaves are also thinner and narrower
and more deeply scalloped. In the Rutabaga, the flow-
ers are large and more cabbage-like, whereas in the
Turnip they are small, yellow and mustard like with
shorter claws and more spreading calj-x. The Tumi]
vary in hairiness, but the cone of expand
or the "heart-leaves," always
shows the hairs distinctly,
while the heart-leaves of the
Rutabagas are entirely gla-

BRASSICA

feathered petioles, sharply and irregula
a thin bloom : beak of the pod more a
tinctly hard and tuberous. — This ve^r\
France in 1882 from seeds sent bv \>'
of the Russian legation, IVkin. It wa-

tubers a
sown in
not appear

I III rhina the
the seeds being
. China. It does
he attention of

. The plant is natii

ave been brought
botanists until Bretschneider published an account of it
in a I r. 11-1, "Uinal in 1881. Paillieux and Bois (Le
I'.i - 1 iix) regard it as a variety of .B»-assioa

jin iJi,- Chine.se mustard belongs, but it is

viiv nil- 1, 111 11. iiii that plant. It is nearly related to
Tttk-t. iMii, aiid 11 may have sprung from the same spe-
cies; but it is clearly distinguished by its sharply
toothed lvs., one of which is shown in Pig. 264.

(•<•. Plant trulji annual: foliage profuse, loose and soft.
Pe-tsM Bailcv Pets^i Cabbape Fig 265 Nu
merous radical lvs large
and light green oblong or
ovate oblong crinkled and
uj and the
ms wavv
flat and ribbed petiole 1

brous, fleshy, and remind one of the young shoots of
sea-kale. The Turnip usually produces seed freely if
the bottoms are left In the ground over winter ; and
thereby the plant spreads, becoming a true annual and a
bad weed, with a slender, hard root.

DD. Foliage not hairy.

Chin^nsis, Linn. Pak-Choi Cabbage. Figs. 262, 263.
Radical lvs. wavy and ample, glossy green, obovate or
round-obovate in general outline, either entire or ob-
scurely wavy or even crenate, tapering to a distinct and
thick, strong petiole, which is generally not prominently
margined ; pod large and tapering into a beak half an
inch long; root sometimes tuberous.— This plant is
grown by the American Chinese, and is occasionally
seen in other gardens (see Bailey, Bull. 67, Cornell Exp,
Sta. ). It is impossible to determine if this particular
plant is the one which Linnaeus meant to distinguish by
his Brassica Chinensis, but it best answers the de-
scription in his Anupiiitatfs (vol. n. In Linnfeus" her-
barium is a Bra-^-ir:, iiiarl.nl " ( liim u-is " in his own
handwriting, but ii i- iii!|il. tM. luhl has lyrate-Iobed
lvs,, whereas Linna w- d. -. rii.,.l In- [ilant'as having
yellow fls. and T} ii<i^'!.'s~uni-lik<j h ~.

napifbrmis, Bailey {Sinapis jiinvea, var. napifdrmis,
Paill. A: Bois I. TuBEROUS-ROOTED CnrsESE Mustard.
Fig. -H'A. Radical lvs. comparatively few, the blade thin
and oval in outline, and on long and slender, slightly

in. wide, which is provided with a wide, thin, notched or
wavy wing; stem lvs. sessile and clasping; pod of me-
dium size, with a short coBe-Uke beak. — The Pe-tsai. or
Chinese Cabbage, is no longer a novelty in Amer. gar-
dens, although it does not appear to hi- will known, and
its merits are not understood. Its cultivation and pecu-
liarities were described in France as loug ago as 1^40,
by P^pin, who says that, while the plant had been
known in botanic gardens for 20 years, it was brought to
notice as a culinary vegetable only three years before
he wrote. It appears to have attracted little attention
in Europe until very recent vears, however, and it is
stiU Included in the second edition of PaiUieux & Bois'
Le Potager d'un Curieux, 1892. It began to attract at-
tention in the United States probably about 15 years
ago. The leaves tend to form an oblong, loose head,
like Cos lettuce. See Cabbage.

Japdnica, Sieb. California Pepper-gkass. Pot-
herb Mustard. Pig. 266. Rather numerous radical

lvs., oblong or oblong-ohovn'. , iIm i -u'lns either

crisped or cut Into many vor\ ■ -, the petiole

distinct at its lower end ; -i i i.'lid ; pod

very small, with a slender 1 ..— Iim --ii, thin lvs,

make excellent "greens." L..1.1; ki.uiwi, hut with no
designative name, in old gardens in this countrv, and
occasionally runs wild, Int, in 1890 by John Lewis
Childs as California Pepper-grass, A verv worthy
plant (see Bull, 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.),

BKASSK'A

AA. Whole plant ijmn or but sliijlitly f/lfiiiroiis irJie
in flower: trs. on the ft. -stems not prominentl
clasping: fls. small and yellow. Anniiah
{Sinapis or Mustard.)

B. Pod terete or nearly so.
jiincea, Coss. (Slndpis juncea, Linn.). Chinese Mrt
TABD. Figs. 259. 2()7. Eanlc and coarse grower, in th
common forms nialiing great tufts of root-1

arly:

radical Ivs. generally abi

.ndant and often very
the blade angled or

f:iIMriiiL' iiit" a narrow iHtiiile, which generally
tty apprii(laL''> : l"\\<i- ^Ti-m-lvs. more or less
in.l i"ii.il;ii,-, til. upiMr . .HIS oblong or oblong-
c, eutirc and UMially sessile or clasping : flow-
nis and Ivs. more or less lightly glaucous : fls.
ellow : pod slender, of medixun size, tapering
(»rt beak. Asia. — This much abused species is
EI.Miker and Th..nis,.n (.Imirn. Linn. .Soe. v. 17(1:.

BRECK 179

anth-tube : fr. 3-celled, many-seeded. Native of the
mountain and table land region of Mex.— Five species
have been described, but recent explorations have
brought to light some 5 or G additional species. While

rliiucse Mustard, Chiuesr Lr. .a.i 1.. a , ,. li Mu.-lar.l. and
Brown Mu.stard). Linn.-eus f.iun.lrd his .Si,i<ip!s Jinirea
upon a figure in Hermann's Paradisus (Hermann, Para-
disus Batavus, t, 230, 1705), which represents a plant

the flowers ar<
yet the genus
lection. Ouly
extent, and ev
species often

2b3. Tuberous Root of Pak-Choi.

41ba, Boiss. Wild Mustard. Tall : Ivs. pinnatifld
and rough-hairy: pods spreading, hairy, the lower part
thick and few-seeded : seeds pale brown, large. Weed,
from Europe.

Sinapistrtun, Boiss. Charlock. Tall : Ivs. strong-
toothed, or sometimes nearly lyrate : pods knotty,
glalirous or hairy, the upper third indehiscent and
2-edged, usually 1-seeded. Weed, from Europe.
BB. Pod distinctly 4-angled.

nlgn^a, Koch. Black Mustard. Pig. 268. Wide-
spreading and loose grower : Ivs. pinnatifld, somewhat
hairy : pods short and erect, glabrous ; seeds small and
dark brown, punsent, supplying the mustard of com-
ni'-rce. Cuit. in Eu,, but a weed in this country. — Com-
niir..ial mustard is the flour of the seeds of this species
cliitily. lint the seeds of B. alba and probably of B.
j„„<;., .ari. si.tnetimes used. L. h. B.

BBAVOA ( Bravo, Mexican botanist). Amaryllid&cea'.
A small genus, much resembling in some of its species
the tuberose ( Polianthes ) , and considered by the writer
as hardly distinct from it. Stems slender, from small
thickened rootstocks: Ivs. mostly basal: inflorescence a
lax spike or raceme; fls. always in pairs more or less
bent or curved ; stamens 6, included within the peri-

tuberose,
■ found in every choice bulb col-
■i.s has been cultivated to any
...h- is not well known. As the
ill.' lii.rli moimtains of Mexico,
tliiy ought to be hardy in the
southern stretches of the tem-

Llav iS, Lex

I" 1 LB Stems

II 1-lK

I s cut

basal
I less

^e col

inded

and

The 1
probably

BRAZIL NUT. See Bertholletia.

BREAD FETTIT. See Artocarpns.

BREAD NUT is Brosimum Alicasfrum.

BRECK, JOSEPH (1794-1873). Plate II. Bostonseeds-
lu in and auth r t The Flower Garden or Breck s Book
of Flowers hr t ) il Ii bed m Ibil ind reissued in IfcOB

Pe Tsai Cabbage - Brassica Pe Tsai

180

BRECK

as the "New Book of Flowers." This was preceded, in
1833, by "The Young Florist." In 1822, he founded the
seed business now conducted at 51 North Marliet St.,
under the name of Joseph Breclc & Sons. He was one
of the original members of the Massachusetts Horticul-

Brassica Japonica.

tural Society, and its president from 1859-1862. He
edited the old New England Fanner for many years, but
discontinued it in 1840, when he turned over his list of
subscribers to Luther Tucker, of All)anv. N. Y.. at the
time of the founding of The H..rti. liii-m i , -Alii.li was
edited by the illustrious A. J. D<>« 1 ii . .lited

The Horticultural Register from 1 - :- - iii).auy

with Thomas Fessenden. The rcvi-Piii ■■! _u:~ iiM,,k in
1866 was undertaken when the aulhur iiii> lU \ lar.s old.
It was a popular book in its day. A portrait of Joseph
Breck is seen in the catalogues of the present firm.

BEEV06RTIA (J. Carson Brevoort, Regent N. Y.
State University). lAHdce(e. Differs from Brodis-a in
the long-tubular and 6-saccate corolla. One species.

Ida-Miia, Wood. (B. cocclnea, Wats. Brodicra coe-
cinea, Gray). Floral Fire-Cracker. Lvs. slender,
grassy: scapes slender, 1-2 ft. high, with 3-60 pendu-
lous tubular-saccate fls. 1-2 in. long, which are bril-
liant crimson-red, tipped with pea-green. N. Calif, to
Ore. B.M. 5857. G.C. III. 20: 687. Gn. 46, p. .503.-
The flower.s are very lasting and beautiful. Half-hardy.
Needs partial shade and a deep, loose soil, thoroughly

•iftju'jW

drained, and with some leaf mold. Bulb the size of a
nutmeg. Grows 2-3 ft. high. Carl Purdy.

BBEWflBIA (Samuel Brewer was an English bota-
nist of last century). Convolvulacea. Herbs, rarely
somewhat woody : lis. much like those of Convolvulus,
but style 2-cleft, the divisions simple, with capitate
stigma, the corolla pubescent outside in the bud : lvs.
simple. Trailing plants of 30 or more species in warm
climates.

grandiildra, Gray. Root tuberous : stem
pubescent : lvs. broad-ovate and very
short-stalked : peduncles 1-fld. : fl. very
large (3 in. long), bright blue and showy,
funnel-shaped ; stigmas large and glo-
bose. S. Fla. — Int. by Reasoner Bros.

BBIAS. In America, commonly applied
to brambles or thorny plants of the genus
Rubus, especially blackberries. In the
Old World, it is applied to large, wild-
growing roses.

BRICKfiLLIA (Dr. John Brickell, an
early American naturalist). Comp6sit(v.
About 40 species of herbs or small shrubs
in the warmer parts of the U. S. and Mex.,
only one of which seems to be in the
trade. Somewhat allied to Eupatorium.
Lvs. veiny, either opposite or alternate :
fls. white, cream-colored or flesh-colored,
small, with pappus either scale - like or
somewhat plumose : akenes striate.

grandifldra, Nutt. Tassel Flower.
Nearly glabrous, 2-3 ft., branchy above :
lvs. triangular-cordate or triangular-lance-
olate above, coarsely toothed: heads about
40-fld., drooping, in large panicles, tassel-
shaped and yellowish white. Rocky Mts.
— Recommended for moist, shady borders.

BRIDAL WREATH. Se

.s>,-

r

268. Brassica

BRIDGEMAN, THOMAS. Plate II. Gar-

di-in-r, lldrist, sut'dsman and author; was
born in Berkshire, Eng., came to America
in 1824, and established the business which
is now conducted under the name of his
son, Alfred Bridgeman, at 37 E. 19th St.,
New York. An historical account of this
business may be found in the catalogue of
the present firm. In 1829, Thomas Bridge-
man published "The Young Gardener's
Assistant," which was many times re-
printed and eventuallv enlarged to five
times Its origmal bulk It was copyrighted
m 1847 when it appeared as a large sized
w ork in three parts covering fruit vege
t ibl( and ornamental gardening Two of
tl I irts were published separately m

t! \<_aras The Kitchen C ardener s

i 1 1 I t r and The Florist s C uide

II hit named work was revised by
V I 1 1 IwardsTodd and republished in 1800 by Alfred
I 1 1 I III m Thomas Bridgeman died in 1850. -^y. jj.

BEINCKLfi WILLIAM DRAPER Plate II. Physi-
1 in III I amateur pomologi t mis bom in Delaware,
I „aii the practice of medicine at Wilmington in 1820,

III ved to Philadelphia in 1825 where he passed most of
111 life as a busy physician and diedat Groveville, N. J.,

I IM it th u <f i\t\ four In a room of his Phila-

I I I 1 1 1 I 1 trawberries and had fruit

1 He also had a little garden

He produced the Cushing

I 1 1 lent C ope Cushing, and

1 1 1 1 I 1 1 \\ ilmington and Catherine

( I 1 It ] I 111 nil! t i^ ni t of his work with

1 ]1 111 w 1 11 ^wtl / I Ilriii the Old World

lU regarded by many as

N.atur:i;

ll-

BRINCKLE

the acme of quality. He was for many years vice-presi-
dent of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and
was regarded as a leader of American pomology. In
raising pear seedlings, he was wont to graft and regraft
annually, after the second or third year from seed. He
thus produced new fruits in half the time required by
Van Mons, many of whose novelties did not fruit within
twenty years from seed. Dr. BrinckW gave away thou-
sands of grafts to amateurs and tradesmen everywhere,
and always prepaid the carriage. In ISliO he edited
"Hofify's North American Pomologist," a high-class peri-
odical with colored plates, which, unfortunately, did not
survive. Some sprightlv anecdotes of Dr. Brinckl^ are
reprinted from the Gardener's Monthly for 1863, in
Bailey's "Evolution of Our Native Fruits." t;^. M.

see Stropholirion ; for
Monogr. by Baker, in ill
also Watson, Proc. Ani.i
Index to the specii-^ :
caudida,2; congesta, r.l; I
16; gracilis, 9; grandiflor
23;hyacinthina, 7; ixioid*

BRITISH COLUMBIA. See C<

■uhi.

BBtZA (Greek name of a grain). Gramineip. Quak-
ing Grass. A genus of grasses cultivated for the
graceful panicles, which tremble in the slightest breeze.
Lvs. flat or convolute; panicles loosely flowered and
open ; spikelets many-flowered, triangular or heart-
shaped, nodding ; glumes membranaceous and rounded
on the back; awnless. Species, 12 in Eu., N. Afr., S.
Amer. About 5 are considered to be ornamental and
useful for dry bouquets.

genicul&.ta, Thunb. Fig. 269. Plant 12-18 in. high:
culms geniculate at the base : lvs. 3-5 in. long, smooth
above, slightly rough below: spikelets showy, nodding,
oblong-cordate, ^ in. long, 9-12-fld.,] with a striking
ribbed appearance.

m&xima, Linn. (B. mdjor, Presl.). Annual, 14-18 in.
high : lvs. long and linear-acuminate : panicles nod-
ding: spikelets oblong-cordate, 13-17-fld. Eu.— A hand-
some ornamental grass.

mddia, Linn. Common Quaking Grass. Plant 6 in. to
2 ft. high : lvs. short, linear-acuminate : spikelets tri-
angular, ^in. long, 5-12-fld. Eu.
minor, Linn. (B. grdeilis, Hort. B. minima, Hort.).
Plant +-15 in. high: lvs. 1-5 in.
long : panicle with hairlike
branches ; spikelets triangular,
.3-6-fld.; empty glumes longer
than the flowering glumes. Eu.,
N. Afr. —An exceedingly pretty
little ornamental grass.

P. B. Kennedy.

BRIZOPtBUM.

BROCCOLI.

CaiiUflou

BRODI.aEA (J. J. Brodie, a

Scotch botanist). JAUAcew. West
American cormous plants of low
growth, some of which are now
becoming popular in cult. The
fls. are several on a scape, the
perianth mostly funnel-form, and
either saccate or non-saccate,
ranging from purple to red, white
and yellow ; stamens 6, 3 of them
sometimes reduced to staminodia.
In Bot. of Calif., Watson includes
under Brodiiea a number of
genera erected by previous au-
thors. Baker, in his latest re-
vision of Brodisea, still further
enlarges the genus by including
some species of South American
(X M ) bulbs heretofore separated under

Milla and Triteleia. Brodia-a, as
thus outlined, includes Hookera, Triteleia, Milla, Calli-
prora and Hesperoscordum. For horticultural purposes,
it is better and more convenient to merge all into Bro-
disea. In this broad sense Brodisea includes about 30
species, which must be divided into several groups.
The species differ so widely in every way that cultural
directions must follow the group. For B. volubilis.

II. L'n, |M..-'13,238, 459, 687:
:Mt, \,.- :ui.l Sci. 14:236.
i::- : i; ( 'alifornica, 11;
_'l:,-n.JJ; i-recta,6;fllifolia.
Ill; HeiHlersoni,5; Howellii,
li; lactea, 8; laxa, 1; lilacina,

8,23, and supplementary list; major, 8; minor, 6, 12;
multiflora, 20; Orcuttii, 15; parviflora, 20; peduncularis,
3 ; Purdyi, 18 ; rosea, 17 ; splendens, 6 ; stellaris, 14 ;

Group 1.
In this group, which contains some of the best species
in cultivation, the plants have a fibrous-coated flattened
corm, resembling that of the crocus; not usually bulbif-
erous. The lvs. are few, all radical and grass-like; the
scapes are slender but stiffly erect, naked except for
bracts below the many-fld. umbel ; the fls. are oftener
broadly tubular, borne on slender pedicels, and are in
purples, white and yellow. • All are hardy, but a protec-
tion of straw or leaves is advisable in the colder regions.
A light, loose, well-drained, sandy or loamy soil best
meets their needs, and an excess of moisture and very
rich soils are to be avoided.

1. 14xa, Wats. Strong, with many broadly tubular
purple fls.: tube very narrow, and equaling or exceed-
ing the segments ; filaments very slender ; stamens in
2 rows. N. Cal. G.C. III. 20: 241. -Showy, and one of
the best. There are many variations.

2. c&ndida, Baker. Fig. 270. Much like B. laxa in
characters of bloom, but segments white or bluish with
a green vein, and the fls. set at an angle on the pedicel,
so that they all face one way : further distinguished by
early flowering and the very broad and glossy, scarcely
carinate lvs. Calif.

3. peduncularis, Wats. Still stouter (1-2 ft.), with
smaller and fewer white fls. on pedicels a few inches to
a foot long; filaments short or none. N. Calif. G.C.
III. 20: 243. — This species grows in wet, heavy ground
close to water, and is very bulbiferous.

4. Bridgesii, Wats. Fig. 270. Similar to B. laxa, but
stamens in one row, corolla with a spreading limb, and
color reddish purple ; filaments deltoid. Cent. Calif.
G.F. 1: 126. -Grows a footer more high.

5. Hfindersonii, Wats. Resembles B. Bridgesii: yel-
low, banded purple: filaments somewhat winged, but not
deltoid: small-fld. Central and N. Calif, to Ore.

182
6. ixioides.Watf

to 2 ft.). Fls. few
.shades of yellow

B.M'.35'88(as ('»//(,
handsome varietie

Th<

1 to Ti. /ff«(,batdwarfer(3 in.
ly, Miijiedicels 1-4 in. long, in
r.'ii purple-tinged ; filaments

S Calif, to Ore. B.R. 1590.
• t,,i)- li.C. III. 20: 459. -Many

best is var. splindens, Hort.

<Fig. 270), with large, bright yellow fls., the limb wheel-
shaped. Var. minor, Hort. Dwarf : fls. yellow, with
dark band and blue anthers. Var. erfecta, Hort. Dwarf.

7. hyacinthina, Bailey, Ann. Hort. 1891, 267 ( TriteMa
hyacinthhxa, Greene). From 1-2 ft.: Ivs. linear : fls.
10-30, 1 in. or less long, milky white or purplish. Calif.
—Probably a form of the next.

8. lAotea, Wats. In the type, has the habit of B. laza,
but the fls. have a short tube with a rotate corolla, and
are white, with green midvein; filaments deltoid. Calif,
to Brit. Columbia, in many forms. B.R. 1639 (as ffes-
peroscordutn lacteum and S. hyacinthinutn). G.C. 111.
20:459.— Var. lilaclna, Wats., is much stronger, very
bulbiferous, grows in wet, heavy soils, and has a larger
fl., which is usually lilac-colored. Var. mijor, Purdy.
Like var. lilavina, but fls. white.

9. grdcilis, Wats. A tiny species, with small yellow
fls. Scape 2-i in. and purplish: If. 1: fls. Kin. long, on
pedicels of equal or greater length; filaments elongated
and very slender. N. Calif., in Sierras.

Group i.
In this group the corm is not flattened, and bears many
strong offsets ; the coating is hairy and reddish. The
Ivs. are linear and grassy; the scapes stiff, few-fld. ; the
fls. of a thick, waxy texture, funnel-form (except B.
Purdyi), very lasting, usually purple. These Brodiseas
are native to a heavy soil, in rather moist situations, and
are hardy. They will thrive under conditions recom-
mended for Group 1. iRookera.)

10. grandifldra. Smith (Hookera corondria, Salisb.).
Scape 4-10 in. high: Ivs. nearly terete, dying before the
fl. St. appears: fls. 3-10, blue, of good size (1 in. long),
very lasting; staminodia obtuse; anthers linejir. Calif,
to Brit. Col., Ore., and Wash. B.R. 1183. B.M. 2877.
G.C. 111.20:213.

11. Califdmica, Lindl. (ffoo&era Califirnica, Greene).
Very like B. grandiflora : scape longer ( 12-30 in.) : fls.
10-20, IK-2 in. long, rose to deep purple : staminodia
linear and cu.spidate. N.Calif. G.C. III. 20: 215.-"The
finest species for garden purposes," ace. to Baker.

12. minor, Wats. Very slender^ 3-6 in. : fls. >^1 In.
long: staminodia broad and usually emarginate; anthers
oblong. Calif, to Ore.

13. terristris, Kellogg. Scape short or practically
none, the umbel sitting on the earth: Ivs. nearly terete:
fls. %-l in. long; staminodia emarginate, yellowish: an-
thers sagittate-oblong. Central Calif., along the coast.

14. stellilriB, Wats. Low: scape with long pedicels and
3-6 bright purple fls., with white centers : Ivs. nearly
terete: anthers winged behind: staminodia white, longer
than the stamens, emarginate. N. Calif. G.C. III.
20: 213. -Very pretty.

15. Orcuttii, Bailey. Ann. Hort. 1891, 267 (Bookira
Orcuitii, Greene). Plant rather stout, a foot or more
high: Ivs. linear, flat or nearly so: fls. 5-15, less than
an inch long, short-tubed, lilac; staminodia a small,
triangular scale or none. S. Calif. G.C. 111.20:215.

16. Hlifdlia, Wats. {Hookera filifdlia, Greene). From
6-12 in.: Ivs. slightly flattened: fls. 3-6, J4 in. or less
long, dark colored; staminodia triangular, twice shorter
than the anthers. S. Calif.

17. rdsea. Baker {Hookera rdsea, Greene). About
3-6 in.: Ivs. nearly terete: fls. 5-8, under 1 in. long,
rose-red ; filaments dilated ; staminodia white, obtuse
and entire, longer than the anthers. N. Calif. G.C. III.
20:213.— A pretty species.

18. Purdyi, Eastw. Different from others in having a
short-tubed fl. with broadly spreading, declinate seg-
ments, the throat constricted. Cent. Calif., in Sierras.

Group S.
In these pretty Brodiffias the corm is long and bulbif-
erous. Lvs. grassy; the scape tall, slender and flexuous;

BROMUS

the fls. in a close, head-like umbel, the separate fls.
waxy and narrowly tubular. They like a loose, perfectly
drained, loamy soil, with some humus. Hardy. The .spe-
cies are not readily distinguished. All are from Cent.
Calif, to Wash. Known as "California Hyacinths."

19. cong^sta, Smith. Tall (2-3 ft.), with a globular
head of purple fls. : lvs. somewhat terete : fls. 6-12, ses-
sile or nearly so, % in. long ; filaments 0 ; staminodia
purple, 2-toothed. N.Cal. G.C. III. 20:213. -Blooms late.

20. multifldra, Benth. Similar to B. congesia : fls.
6-20, sessile or short-stalked, umbellate, % in. long,
blue; staminodia lanceolate, entire. Calif, Ore., Utah.

21. capit&ta, Benth. Lower (1-2 ft.): lvs. narrow-
linear : fls. many, in a capitate umbel, ?^ in. or less long,
lilac (avar. ai6a); three inner anthers winged. Calif.,
Utah, N. Mex. B.M. 5912. G.C. III. 20: 238.-Early
blooming.

Var. parvifldra, Torr. Dwarf (3-6 in.), very early.

Group 4.
Bulb as in Group 1: fls. many, in a dense umbel, the
tube about as long as the segments.

22. Doiiglasii, Wats. Lvs. linear: scape lK-2 ft. : fls.
few, in a close umbel, saccate as in Brevoortia cocninru,
blue : segments as long as the tube, the inner ones
wavy: filaments winged. Ore. and Wash. B.M. 0907.

23. Hdwellii, Wats. (TriieleUt HdwelUi, Greene).
Fls. bell-shaped, white: differs from B. Douglasii in
smaller fls., and segments not more than half as long as
tube. Wash. B.M. 6989.

Var. lilaclna, Hort. One of the handsomest of all
Brodiseas, and a good grower. Fls. porcelain-blue, sag-
geative of Breroorlia cocchiea. Wash. G.C. III. 19: 767;
20: 239. Gn. 46: 992. — Large and strong.

li.crdcea.Vfa.ta. 1 ft. or more : fls. 6-15, yellow. N.Calif.— B.
insuldris. Greene. Like B. capitata, but more robust and
larger fid. Islands off Calif.— .B. iemnio(i(E, Wats. 1 ft.: fls.
small, .Ii'f.p nnmge. X. .\riz.— 7?. hi>tan(lra. Baker. 1 ft. or

as. orik-ut yellow. Lain. Qarl Pukdv and L. H. B.

BHOMfiLlA (Bromel, a Swedish botanist). Brome-
li&cein. About two dozen species of tropical Amer.
herbs, with stiff, pineapple-like lvs., and fls. in panicles ;
corolla 3-parted; calyx of 3 ovate-oblong sepals. Differs
from Billbergia and Ananas in technical characters,
particularly in the deeper-cut calyx. Less popular as
stove plants than iEchmeaand Billbergia. B. bracleata
and B. macrodontes of trade lists belong to Ananas.
Culture as for Billbergia, which see. Monogr. by Mez,
in De Candolle's Monogr. Phaner. 9.

Finguin, Linn. Pinguin of Jamaica. Wild Pine.
Three or 4 ft. high : lvs. broad-toothed and spiny,
bright green, but becoming pink and red with age : fls.
reddish, pubescent, in a dense panicle, with a mealy
rachis, the sepals acute : fr. as large as plums, acid.
W. Ind.— Makes a good hedge in tropical countries, and
the fr. yields a cooling juice.

Bindti, Morr. Panicle lax: sepals rounded at the top :
habit open and spreading. Braz. l. h. B.

BEOMPTON STOCK. See Matthiola.

BRdMUS (Greek, food). Graminew. Brome Grass.
Annual or perennial grasses, with large spikelets, usu-
ally over 1 in. long. Lvs. flat, the sheaths often closed:
panicle branched, somewhat spreading ; spikelets sev-
eral-fid., erect or drooping, awned, rarely awnless;
empty glumes 2, unequal, acute; flowering glumes usu-
ally rounded on the back (except B. unioloidefi). Species
about 40, most abundant in the North Temperate zone,
some also in temperate S. Amer.; a few on the moun-
tains of the tropics. A number of kinds used as for-
age grasses. The common Chess is B.secalimts.
A. Spikelets lO-flowered or more.

brizceS6rmi3, Fisch. & Mey. (B. squarrbsus, \a.r. miiti-
cus, C. A. Mey.). An elegant biennial grass with droop-

BROJIUS

ing panicles of spikelets about as large as those of Briza
maxima : Ivs. 5-7, soft-pubescent, blades 2-3 in. long :
spikelets 10-15-fld., nodding, awn short. Int. from Eu.
-Very useful in the mixed border, and for drying for
winter decoration.

macrdstachys, Desf. {S. lanceol&tiis. Roth. B. divari
cdtiis. Rohdel. An erect, smooth annual: Ivs. soft,
covered with hairs; sheaths slit: panicles erect, njr
row, the branches very short or the lower ones sonn
what long ; spikelets large, lanceolate, 10-lC-fld. Medi
terranean, Siberia.

BROWALLIA 1»3

often brown-marked : scape 1 ft. high: fls. stalked, in a
loose, erect raceme, bright crimson, lasting a long time
in perfection. .Jamaica. B.M. 3076, 3536. l. h. B.

AA. Spikelets from l-lO-flou

MadriWnsis, Linn. (B. poii/'.ttMn/ic
AWNED Bkome Grass. Fig 271 A so
annual, geniculate at the
base : sheaths longer than
the intemodes; blades 2H-3
in. long; spikelets dull green,
7-10-fld.; flowering glume
linear -lanceolate, about ?4
in. long, including the two
slender points : awn about 1
in. long. - Pretty ornament:. 1
grass. Int. from Eu.

nnioloides, H B K. (/>'.
Hchrdderi, Kunth). Kes. ri:
Grass. A stout, erect an-
nual, 2-3 ft. high : shc:iths
shorter than the internndi-s :
blades flat, smooth on the
lower side, scabrous on the
upper ; panicle variable,
about 8 in. long; rays stout,
bearing 1 to few spikelets
along the upper part. N.
Amer.

B. iiiermis, Leys. (B. gigaii-
teus, Hort.). An erect peren-
nial 2-5 ft. high. In Europe
classed among the best forage
plants. Int. from Eu.— B. mil-
lis, Linn. An erect annual 1-3
ft. high. Kcsemljles chess (B.

srr:,:h,ii.\ f ,. n ii llifh It differs

t ■ ~ ~ I A well-known

« I ^ u l: ■ i,:i 1 gr.ISS, With

siireadmg ;iiiil more or less drooping panicles. As it very
often occurs, in whe.at fields, it is erroneously regarded as de-
generated wheat. Int. from Eu. p. B. Kennedy.

BSOOM, See Cytiaus and Oenista.

BBOOU COBN. Brooms are made of the rays or pe-
duncles of the flower-cluster of Andropogon Sorghum
ISorfihum viihjare), the species which in other forms Is
known as Sorghum, Kafiir Com, and Guinea Com.
Broom Com is grown in various parts of the U. S,

BEdSIMUM (Greek, edible). Urticilcem. A few
large trees of Trop. Amer., yielding edible fr. B. Ali-
cdstrum, Swz.. is the Bread-nut of Jamaica, but it is
not grown within the U. S. It bears round yellow fr.,
about an inch in diameter, containing a single large,
edible seed. The tree has shining lance-elliptic Ivs.

BROUGHTdNIA (Arthur Broughton, English bota-
nist). Orclnddce(T. tribe Epidendrefp. Two or three W.
Indian Drchids nuich like L:plia and Cattleya. Several
species whic-li have been refcrriMl to this genus are now
distributi il in Ki.i.li ndnuii. .'M;ixiUaria, Phajus, etc.
Plant pr...luriii- ], -.11.1. .-Lull. ~. ;iii.l sendingup a bracted
scape l.e:iiiiiL'" ^. \ . r;il ..r iiii.iiy sliowy fls.: calyx of 3
e.|u:il lau.. ..|:.ti- v, |ial-: two lateral petals broad-ovate
ami -..iii.-vvhat .-ri -]■.■. 1. tlie labellum round-cordate and
s..lll.•\^ liaT L*-!..!.. .1. .i.nare, with a spur at the base ad-
nar.- T.. tin- ..vary. i;.-.|uire warmhou.se treatment. Cul-
ture like that ti.r La-lia. Do not dry off enough to
slirink the bulbs. Prop, by division.

sangulnea, R. Br. (i?. eoccinea. Hook.). Pseudo-
bullis clustered, roundish-ovate and somewhat flattened,

BROUSSONfiTIA ( after T N. V. Broussonet,

I French

..u- lit. Ill It. ].. Ti. 1..I ].!_'. n- .li . I us mcon-
s] 1 u .11- q.til us 111. si 1111111 ii. Ill 111 In. al, nod-

tiUii. Ill ^'l..l.ul n li. I. Is ...11. .In, ti -'I. .l.ul 11, consist-
ing of small flesh\ nutlets Thiee species in E. Asia,
and there often cultivated, the bark being used for
paper making. Ornamental trees with broad, round
heads. Imt umUr tultuit often shrubby, of vigorous
^'1 wTl 1 _ 1 . It, ctive by its large, often

.1. 1 \ north or only in very shel-

t 1 I I best in rich, somewhat

111. I .lis Prop, by seeds, sown

ati 1 I ' Ti'M.od cuttings under

gl I 1 kept m colder

iihouse ; also by
summer or graft-
use is sometimes

Kuo

IS P.

Mulb.

papyrifera, Vent. Tree, 30-50 ft., with thick, pubes-
cent branches: Ivs. long-petioled, usually cordate-ovate,
acuminate, coarsely dentate, often deeply lobed, espe-
cially on younger plants, rough above, pubescent be-
neath, 3-8 in. long : fr. -heads % in. across, red. May.
China, Jap. B.M. 2358.— Many varieties. Var. cucol-
Uta, Ser. {B. nafictilctris,ljodd.). Lvs. small, curled
upwari'. Var. laciniita, Ser. Lvs. deeply lobed and in-
eise.l. Decrative form, but more tender than the type.
Var. macrophylla, Ser. Lvs. large, usually undivided.

Kazindki, Sieb. {B.Kdmpferi, Hort.). Branches slen-
der, glabrous at length : lvs. short-petioled, ovate or
ovate-oblong, nearly glabrous, only somewhat rough
above, entire or 2-3-lobed, 2-8 in. long : fr.-head less
than y^vn. in diani. China. Jap. -This species is more
tender than the f..rmer. wliieh is also cultivated some-
times as 11. h'<i n^/ii. ri. wliil.. 111.' true B. Kwmpferi,
Siel... with til,- l\s. ivs.iiil.lini; 111 shape those of B.
K'lzni'.l.i. l.iit inu.li Mii.'ilj. r all. I i.iil.escent, and with
very small f r.-li.-ails. se.aus ii,.t t.. !..• cultivated.

Alfred Rehder.

BBOWALLIA (after John Browall, Bishop of Abo,
Sweden). SoJanaeia. A genus ..f al..,ut 10 South
American annua;-, witli nl.iiri.! mf Ii'u.'. ri..I."t or white

flowers. Til. - • ' '■ ;"■ larder, but

for the sak. , , i . v to start

them ind.....rs : , .
open about ;Mu;. 1."..
through our hot, dr
can be grown in p.
nuals, and make ex
also used for winter

the

ikely

Blue

ially desirable for their
!i winter and early spring.
likely to f.ide, especially the
of the early species, Linnseus
) of his acquaintancship with
Browall : elata, reflecting the exalted character of their
early intimacy ; demi'ssa, its rupture ; and aiicMoto, the
permanent estrangement of the two men.

A. Corolla segments long, acuminate: fls. large.
specidsa, Hook. Lvs. sometimes opposite, sometimes
alternate : fls. thrice as large as in B. grandiflora, all
solitarv. axillary : peduncle shorter than the lvs. : co-
rolla-tube thrice as long as the calyx, and abraptly
swelled at the top into a globular form : limb of 5 ovate,

184

BROWALLIA

striated, dark purple segments, pale lilac beneath.
Colombia. B.M. 4339. P.M. 16: 290.-There are blue,
Tiolet and white-fld. varieties. Var. major, Hort., has
Tiolet fls. 2 in. across. R.B. 20: 240. B. giganWa, Hort.,
is a florist's variety, with very deep blue fls. and long-
blooming habit. Int. into Amer. trade in 1899.

B. Uppe

loose

t stalked: fls. nil i
calyx not hairy.
grandifldra, Graham {B. Baezlii, Hort.). Stem and
Ivs. glabrous, or in the upper part of the plant minutely
clammy-puberulent : Ivs. ovate, the lower petioled :
calyx-teeth oblong, somewhat obtuse, equal, scarcely
shorter than the tube, spreading: corolla white or pale
blue, the limb wider than in B.demissa. Peru. B.M.
3069. In B. Bcezlii, from Rocky Mts., some fls. are
white, some pale blue. No dark blue or violet colored
forms are known.

BB. Upper Ivs. stalked; fls. solitary and axillary
belou\ racemose above.

c. Calyx hairy,
demissa, Linn. (B. elita, Linn.). Fig. 272. Stem and
Ivs. pubescent or glabrous : Ivs. ovate, with longer
stalks than in B. grandiflora : calyx-teeth acute, un-
equal, much shorter than the corolla-tube. The Ivs. are
variable, cuneate, rotund, or rarely cordate. S. Amer.
B.M. 34 and 1136. The followin- are now referred to
the above: B. J... -'■;„,,. ,■.•',,, , - .,,,,,•,^,, nerfdsa.

This species is til.' ■! i,. ■,,,■:. i , ;:illv known as

B.elata. Blue, vi-i ■ <■•' i ' i >: lirms are cult.

Viseftsa, HBK. (B. puldatla and B. Czerniakowski-
dna, Hort.). Plant viscous-pubescent : Ivs. short-peti-

r

272. Browallia demissa (X %).

oled, ovate, rough-hairy on both sides : pedicels a little
shorter than the calyx : calyx teeth very clammy, oblong,
shorter than the corolla tube. The Ivs. are similar to

BRUNPELSIA

B. demissa, but the habit is stiffer and the fls. more
numerous. The calyx teeth spread less than in B.
grandiflora. So. Amer.

B. AmericAna, Linn., is considered by some .-i separate
species from the above, but in Germany, whfTf most Sff.ls of
annual flowers are grown, it is used by.Si.l.. ii lil \ — mu
Vilmorin's Blumengartnerei) to include /.' - / ifn,

and other forms.— B. J dmesonii, Benth. - ^ i

somi.—B.pufcfteJia, Hort., is likely to be .ii,, , . :,,ih

or B. %-iscosa. ^y -^j

BROWNEA (Patrick Brown wrote a history of Ja-
maica). Leijuminosa'. Several small evergreen trees of
trop. Amer., allied to Amherstia, but little known in the

hothouses. B. Ariza, Benth. (B. Princeps, Lind.) has
drooping heads of scarlet fls. B. grdndiceps, Jacq., fls.
red, in capitate spikes : Ifts. about 12 pairs, lance-oblong.
B. Kdsa-de-M6nte, Berg., fls. scarlet, in dense heads :

Ifts. •_'-:! pairs, ir

BRUCKENTHALIA (after S. von Bruckenthal, an
Austrian nobleman). EricAcea, Low, heath-like, ever-
green shrub, 5-8 in. high, with small, linear, whorled
Ivs.: fls. rosy pink, nodding, in short, terminal racemes.
Only one species-B. spiculifldra, Reichb., in the moun-
tains of S. E. Europe. A pretty little plant for rock-
eries, quite hardy, and requiring the same treatment as
hardy Ericas. Alfred Rehder.

BRUGMANSIA. Consult Datura.

BRTTNfLLA (probably from old German breutie or
braiine, quinsy, which it was thought to cure). Often
written Prunella, LabiAtce. Low-growing, hardy, her-
baceous perennials, with fls. usually violet or purple,
produced all summer on heads an inch or more high.
They are best suited for the rockery and slightly shaded
parts of the border, succeeding In almost any soil that
is not excessively dry.

vulgaris, Linn. Self-Heal. Heal-All. Lvs. ovate-
oblong, entire or toothed, usually pubescent : corolla
violet or purple, rarely white, V^-Min. long, not twice
as long as the purplish calyx. Amer., Eu., Asia.
D. 255.— One of the most cosmpolitan of all plants, be-
ing too common in the wild to be cult. A form with
variegated lvs. is rarely found wild.

grrandifldra, Jacq. ( B. PyrenAica, Phillipe) . Lvs. often
toothed, especially at the base : corolla over 1 in. long,
more Ihan twice as long as the calyx. Eu. B.M. 337.—
The best of the garden kinds.

Webbi&na, Hort. Lvs. shorterthan in B. grandiflora,
and not so pointed : fls. very freely produced, more
than twice as long as the calyx, bright purple. June-
September. J. B. Keller and W. M.

BRUNFfiLSIA (Otto Brunfels, physician and botanist
of the 16th century). Syn., Franciscea. SolanAcea,
More than 20 trees and shrubs of tropical America, a few
of which are grown in warm glasshouses. Lvs. entire,
oblong, often shining : fls. in terminal cymes or clus-
ters, or solitary, large and showy, fragrant ; corolla
with 5 rounded and nearly equal spreading lobes (or two
of them a little more united) ; stamens 4, in the throat
of the corolla, the anthers all alike : fr. berry-like.
Brunfelsias are usually winter-flowering plants. The
wood must be well ripened before flowering begins.
Grow in a rather sandy compost. Of easy culture. Re-
quire a night temperature of 50°. They bloom best when,
pot-bound. Prop, by cuttings from the new growth in
spring.

Hopeina, Benth. (Franciscea HopeAna, Jlook. F.nni-
fldra, Pohl.). Compact and dwarf: lvs. lance-oblong,
alternate, paler beneath : fls. solitary or in 2's. with a
whitish tube and a bluish violet or purple limb. Brazil.
B.M. 2829.-Grows 12-18 in. high. One of the least
worthy species.

paucifldra, Benth. (F. calychta. Hook.). Branches
terete and glabrous, with abundant evergreen foliage :
fls. in large trusses, purple, with a lighter ring about

BRUNFELSIA

the mouth of the tube ; oalvx large, as long as the
curved tube of the corolla. Brazil. B.M. 4583. Gn. 40:815.
—A handsome plant, flowering in succession most of the
year. The commoner species in cult.

B. confertimra. Beiith.=B. ramosissima.— -B. exlmia. Bosse
=-B. macropbylla.— B. ijraiidifldra.

should be sown

BRYANTHUS

Ju:

185

NichoKo

Fls

vmbs.— /?. Liitdeni
iiuve- li.

iilla

Fls. 'J-'J'o in. across, deep purple: Ivs. longer .'tnd (hilli
than those of F. i-al.Toina.-B. ramosissima. Benth. Fls. larg
in crowded corymbs, deep violet-purple : foliage luxurian
One of the best: may be grown cooler in winter than the oth(
species. L. H. B.

BEUNSVfGIA (after the Duke of Brunswick). Avia-
ry llidicece. Tender flowering bulbs from S. Afr., with
imibels of large, numerous, brick-red fls. The bulbs
must be thoroughly rested from the time the Irs. fade
until the scape appears, or from May to Aug. Brun
rigias are hard to flower. They require rich, sandy so
plenty of heat and sunlight. When growing, give water
and liquid manure freely. They propagate by offsets.
J. G. Baker, Handbook o"f the Amaryllideee, p. 96.

A. Li'S. strap-shaped.
Josephlnae, Ker-Gawl. Bulb 5-6 in. thick : Ivs. 8-10,
strap-shaped, glaucous or greenish, thick, closely ribbed,
2-3 ft. long, VA-2 in. broad : scape 1 in. thick, 1)4 ft.
long: fls. 20-30. rarely 50-GO, in an umbel: pedicels H-1
ft. long: capsules smaller than in B. gigantea, less
conical and less strongly angled. B.M. 2578. F.S. 4:322.
—Named after the Empress Josephine, who purchased
the original bulb after it flowered at Malmaison.

AA. Lvs. tongue-shaped.

eietait6&. Heist. [Amaryllis gigantea. Van Marum.
A.orientcllis, Ecklon). Bulb very large: lvs. about 4,
tongue-shaped, closely ribbed, 3-5 in. broad, usually un-
der 1 ft. long: scape red or green, a finger's thickness:
fls. 20-30 in an umbel, paler than in B. gigantea, and
less numerous ; pedicels stout, strongly ribbed, 4-6 in.
long. B.M. 1619 as B. multifora.

B. falcdta, Ker-Gawl=Ammocharis falcata.

H. A. SiEBRECHT and W. M.

BRUSSELS SPEOUTS. Fig. 273. Although this vege-
table is popular in England and on the Continent, and
is extensively grown there, it is infrequent in Ameri-
can home gardens ; it is also but little grown as a
market-garden crop. The edible part of the plant con-
sists of the little "sprouts" or diminutive heads which
form along the stalk in the axils of the lvs. These
small heads may be boiled like cabbage or cooked in
cream the same as cauliflower. This is considered by
many to be one of the most delicately flavored vege-
tables of the whole cabbage family. The requirements
of the crop and its general treatment differ but little
from those of cabbages and cauliflowers. Any soil
which will produce good crops of these vegetables is
well adapted to the growing of Brussels Sprouts — a
good, rich, well-drained soil being the best.

For early fall
(in the North), in a
sufficiently \v;inu tin-
as the first true lr:i'
should be traiispluu
tected place, being s
plants will be ready 1

seeds should be sown in April
mid hotbed, or if the weather is
.l»ii ground will sufiice. As soon
s have developed, the seedlings
id to a coldframe or some pro-
t 2-3 in. apart each way. These
' transfer to the field or garden in
June. June-set plants should be ready for use in
September.

Forfleld-culture, the plants should be set in rows about
3 ft. apart and 18 in. to 2 ft. asunder in the rows. Ordi-
narily good cultivation should be given during the grow-
ing season. As soon as the sprouts become large enough,
so that they crowd at all, the leaves should be cut or
broken off as close to the stalk as possible, in order to
give the sprouts more room to develop. A tuft or ro-
sette of leaves only should be left at the top of the
stalk. These early-set plants will continue to develop
sprouts for some weeks.

The crop for late fall and winter use requires the
same general treatment, up to the time of severe freez-
ing, as the earlier crop does, except that the seeds

e. The plants will be ready for
. These plants will make much of
cool fall days, and by the time of
• will be in condition for storing,
sually less troubled by aphis, and
re the climate is not too severe the

273. Brussels Sprout:

plants may be left in the field undisturbed, and the
sprouts gathered from them during the winter as they
are desired. This method is followed by some of the
Long Island growers. But where the climate is too rigor-
ous, the plants may be dug, with considerable soil re-
maining on the roots, and packed as closely together as
they will stand in some sheltered place, as in a vacant
coldframe or some similar place where they can be suffi-
ciently well protected, to prevent repeated" freezing and
thawing. The essentials for good storage are the same as
for cabbages. Frosts improve the quality of the sprouts.
They are hardier than cabbages.

In marketing, the sprouts are cut from the stalk and
shipped in crates. They are usually sold by the quart.
To bring the best prices, much care must be taken in
preparing the sprouts. All discolored leaves should be
removed, and it is also well to have them as uniform in
size as possible.

Although a dozen or more sorts are catalogued by the
seedsiiiiii. thtrc is but little difference between those of
the s:iin.- tv|,i- .ir r..rm,they being little more than dif-
ferent ~tr:iinsMf til.' same thing. There are two forms,—
the tall and the dwarf. The former grows to a height of
2% ft. or more, and the sprouts are smaller and less
closely packed along the stalk than the dwarf ones are.
The latter seldom exceed 18 or 20 in. in height.

For the botany of Brussels Sprouts, see Cabbage.
H. P. Gotn^D.

BEYANTHUS (Greek, bryon, moss, and anthos,
flower: growing among mosses). Syn, Pliyllddoce,
EricHcea. Low evfrirrepn shrubs: lvs. small, linear,
alternate, crnmliMl : lis. in terminal umbels or short ra-
cemes, nodditi^'. en vIriMler |.edieels ; corolla urceolate
or rotate-canip:innI:ite. e Id.. .1; stamens 8 or 10: fr. a
many-seeded capsule. Eiu-ht species in arctic regions

of N. Eu.
southwaif

BRYAXTHUS

and N. Asia, in N. Amer. in tlie Roeliy Mts.
ti) (':ilif..ruia. Heath-like prostrate shrubs,
y. wifli iLiiid-orae, delicate fls., but rarely cul-
ii. y ilinvc best in peaty and sandy soil, and
i. mi.uij -.iufcssfuUy in localities where the
t ami ei'ul, but B, erectus is less particular.
seeds, sown in spring in peaty soil or cut

BRYOPHYLLUM

monoecious, fascicled : fr. about the size of a cherry,
spherical, green, with pretty white markings. Asia,
Afr., Austral. F.S.12:1202.

Var. erythrocirpa, Naud. (B. erythrocdrpa, Naud.).
Has red fr. with white marks. I. H. 12:431. F.S.21:2237.
Gn. «, p. 193. -A warmhouse plant, rarely grown in pots
and trained to rafters. Prop, by seeds. ^^ ji_

f^<^:p4Wr

274. Sprouting leaf of Bryophyllu

sphagnum and kept moist and shady, by cuttings in
August under glass, and by layers.

empetriidrmis, Gray. Five to 8 in. : Ivs. %-H in. long,
finely serrate; fis. campanulate, 6 or more on slender,
glandular pedicels, in short racemes: corolla rosy pur-
ple, about K in. broad. Brit. Columbia to Calif. B.M.
317G (as Menziesia empetriformis ) .

erectus, Lindl. (B. empetrifdrmis x Bodothdmnus
Chamachtns). Six to 10 in. high : Irs. slightly serrate:
fls. 2-10, rosy pink, rotate-campanulate, about H in.
broad. F.S. 7:659. P.P.G. 1: 19.-Of garden origin.

B. BrHveri. Oray. Allied to B. empetriformis. Fls. larger;
stamens exstTt.'il. Siirra Nevada.— iJ. glandulitldrus. Gray.
I - ui.^.iit, ..v., I, iiipliur-yellow. Sitka to Brit. C'olurab.—
'■ '- ' I iiall, rosy, 3-10, in slender peduncled

I I ■ iiring'slsl.— B. (axiVdKo, Gray. Fls.

- : lliKhMts.ofX.E. Amer., Greenland.

""■ '" ^ ^ ' ^ ' 1' Alfred Rehder.

BBYONIA (Greek, lo sprout, referring to the annual
growth from the tuber). Cucitrbitdctw. A genus of
7 species of perennial cucurbits, natives of Europe and
W. Asia. They are herbaceous perennial climbers, with
the staminate fls. in racemes, while Bryonopsis is an
annual plant, with the staminate fls. in fascicles. All spe-
cies of Bryonia are dioecious excepts, a Z6a. Bryonopsis
is monoecious. See Cogniaux, in DC. Mon. Phan. 2:469.
A. Fls. dioecious : stigmas rough : fruits red.

didica, Jacq. Bryony. Height 6-12 ft.: root long,
fleshy, branching, white, a finger's thickness: Ivs. ovate
or roundish in outline, 5-lobed, margin wavy-toothed,
rough with callous points, paler beneath : pistillate fls.
greenish white, corymbose, short-peduncled. Common
in Eng. and in central and S. Eu. Rarer in W. Asia and
N. Afr. Not sold in Amer,, but a common sight along
English highways. It grows rapidly over hedges and
fences.
AA. Fls. monoecious ; stigmas smooth : fruits black.

Alba, Linn. Height 6-12 ft. ; roots thick, tuberculate,
yellowish outside, white within: Ivs. long-petioled; pis-
tillate fls. in long-peduncled racemose corymbs. Eu..
Caucasus, Persia.

B. lacinidsa, Lijin.=Bryonopsis laciniosa. -^ jj

BKY0N6PSIS (Greek, Bri/ony-like). Cucurbitdcea.
A genus of two species of annual climbers. Consult
Bryonia for generic differences.

lacinidsa, Naud. (Bryonia laciniosa, Linn.). Lvs.
deeply 5-lobed, rough, light green above, paler beneath;
segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate : fls.

275. Flowers of Bryophyllum (X%).

BRYOPHYLLUM

Ih

i that

tive plant 1 1 and mterestmg It is only

necessary t on moist sand or moss, and

at the in 1 ] 1 nts will appear after a time

(see Fig. ' 4) It is even possible to pin leaves on the
wall, and without water new plants will come Useful
in botanical ieraonstrations

calyclnum balisl Fig ' j Height --1 ft stem
reddish, witl rai e 1 ol 1 i g wh ti h pot Ivs oppo-

276. Flowers of

Buckwheat.

Natural

site, fleshy, simple or temate, ovate, crenate, obscurely
veined above: fls. pendulous, in terminal-compound
panicles : caU'x and corolla cylindrical, reddish green,
spotted white : calyx 114 in. long; corolla 2K in. long,

BRYOPHYLLUM

with 4 slightly curving tips (Pis:. 275). ilex. B.M. U09.
LBC. 877. — It is said that the Ivs. are sour in the morn-
ing, ta.steless at noon, and somewhat bitter towards
evening. This change has been attributed to the absorp-
tion of o.f ygen at night and its disengagement in daylight.
W. M.

BUDDLEIA

187

BUCKEYE. Consult ^scuhis.
BUCKTHORN. Bhnmiiiis.-punii-

arlv R. rnfhar

281. Applet

expandine flower-bud.

BUCKWHEAT { Fiuiopf/nim esciile)ifiim. Moench).
Pol!/i/n,i(he<r. A tender annual grain phmt. Hour being
made of the large 3-cornered fruit. It i^ iiimli i;n.\vii in
the northern U. S., usually being sown aliMiit ili.- tiiM "I
July. It is also a favorite for bee fora-.. I in, kw li. :Lt i^
native to central Siberia and Man.liuna. an.l i- im.w
widely cult., although it is a grain of MCuiidiiiv impor-
tance. The flower-cluster is shown in Fig. 27G. The
Tartarian Buckwheat {F. TaUiricum, Geertn.) is occa-
sionally seen. It has smaller and yellowish fls., and a
smaller, roughish, wavy-angled fruit.

BUS. The undeveloped or embryo state of a branch.
As commonly known to the horticulturist, the bud is a
more or less dormant organ ; that is, the horticulturist
does not recognize the bud until it h i attained sufheient
size to be obvious or to sug.,e t onie practice in the
treatment of the plant. In thi tate the bud usuallj
represents a resting stage of the plant The bud cover
ing protects the growing point in the cold or drv season
The bud is a shortened axis or ver\ condensed brm li

£ht.

The dormant or resting bud (as the winter bud of all
trees 1 is covered with protective scales which are modi-
fied leaves ; and the core of it is the nascent or embryo
branch or flower-cluster, with rudimentarv leaves. Since
the bud is an embryo branch, it follows that disbudding
is a most efftcient means of pruning. A bulb is a form
of bud; and a dense rosette of leaves (as in the common

house-leek) is intermediate in structure between a bulb
and a normal branch. A cabbage head is essentially a
gigantic bud.

Horticulturists speak of buds as leaf -buds and flower-
buds, according as they give rise to barren, leafy branches
or to flower hrHni-h,-,< it'.ir flower-clusters are modified
branches). Trur ll..\v,r l.ii.N m- fruit-buds are those
which produ'f iail\ il-iwt-r^. a~ tliu^e of the apricot
(Fig. 116) aii.l Ml. p. a. lu Mi\. .1 ilowi-r-buds or fruit-
buds are those wliiili contain l.otli (lowers and leaves, as
those of the apple [ Fig. 281 1 and pear. On dormant
plants, leaf-buds and flower-buds are distinguished bv
position, size and shape. The position of the flower-bud
varies with the kind of plant, but is commonly termi-
nal, either on a branch of common lent'Hi or on a very
abbreviated branch or spur. The tlow.r liu.l is com-
monly larger and thicker than tli.- l.af lunl. hi-cause it
contains the embryo flower. Illustrations of flower-
buds and leaf-buds are showu in Figs. 277-2S0. With
Fig. 279 compare Fig. 298, showing a section of cabbage
head. The reader is referred to The Pruning-Book for
detailed discussion of the subject.

Of all tin- hu.ls whii-h form, vi-rv many do not grow,
bein-- -!,-,, !,.i ,.:;! m i li.' -tul'-I- 1 ■ ^r .-xistence. These
buiN ' I I .1 i, i: : for several years,
eai-h -,.... Ill, : . II ,i, .1 , i-ii i . :r rhances of grow-
ing cvi n II la'.MiMii] liiaMi- '"■-■ur. It is a common

opinion that these (iormam buds lier-ome covered by the
thickening bark, and grow when large limbs are re-
moved ; but this is an error. The shoots which arise
from a wound on an old limb are from true adventitious
buds, or those which are newly formed for the occasion
in tin- i-ainliium. Buds are normally formed in close
|.ro\iniit\ to leaves, usually in their axils; but adventi-
iMu~ limls form under stress of circumstances, without
r.-f.-r,-i,.-o to leaves. l, h, g.

BUDDING. See Graft,,.,,-.

BUDDLEIA (after Adam Buddie, an English bota-
nist). Syu., Biiddlea. L,u/atuctcea!. Shrubs or trees,
with usuall}' quadrangular branches : ivs. opposite, short-
petioled, deciduous or semi-persistent, usually tomen-
tose when unfolding, entire or serrate :
fls in racemes panicles or clusters • co
roUa tubular or campanulate 4 lobed
stamens included 4 fr a 2 celled cap
sule with numerous minute seeds About
70 specie m tropical and temperate i egions
f -Vmeii 1 \ la in 1 s \trica of which

ultivucl Oi
tieelv in uniii
the hardie t
^\ Inch ma^ 1
uorth but il
gj^bosa 1,11 1
will stand miii\
killed to the „i

idui pecii

flcwering

279 Sections of pear buds
fruit bud on the left, lea
bud on the right.

iO Buds of

The mid-^
die bud is
a leaf-bud

young shoots, which will flower mostly the

same season, especially i?. Japonica, I/hid-

leyana and intermedia. The handsomest

in flower are B. ColviUei, variabilis, gln-

bosa and Lindleyana. They grow best in

a light, well-drained soil, in a sunny position. Prop.

readily by seeds sown in spring in gentle bottom heat,

large side
buds arc
fruit buds.

188 BUDDLEIA

by greenwood-cuttings under glass, or by hardwood cut-
tings taken off in fall and kept during the winter in a
frost-proof room.

A. Fh. in punU-les.

B. Corolla small, with long, narrow tube, }{-% in. long.

a. Color violet or lilac.

Jap6mca, Hemsl. {B. ciirvifldra, Hort., not Hook. &
Am.). Three to 6 ft., with quadrangular, winged
branches : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely
denticulate, slightly tomentose or nearly glabrous be-
neath, 3-6 in. long : fls. in dense, terminal, pendulous
racemes, 4-8 in. long ; corolla slightly curved, lilac
outside, with grayish tomentum. Japan. I. H. 17:25.
B. H. 1870, p. 337, and 1878, p. 330.

Lindley4na, Fort. Three to 6 ft. : Ivs, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, remotely denticulate, pale green
beneath, and slightly pubescent or glabrous, 2-4 in. long:
racemes dense, erect, 3-5 in. long ; corolla purplish
violet, slightly curved, pubescent outside. China. B.R.
32:4. F.S.2:112. P.M. 14:5.

intermfidia, Carr. (B. Jap6nicay,LindleyAna). Hy-
brid of garden origin, similar in habit to B, Japonica.
Lv3. ovate-oblong, dark green above, 4-5 in. long : fls.
violet, in slender, arching or pendulous racemes, 10-20
in. long. R.H. 1873: 151. Var. mslgnis, Hort. {B. in-
slgnis, Carr. ), has the upright habit of B.Lindleyana.
Branches distinctly winged : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, of-
ten in 3's : racemes erect, rather dense, 4-6 in. long,
usually panicled at the end of the branches, with rosy
violet fls. B.H. 1878:330.

variibilis, Hemsl. Three to 8 ft. : Ivs. nearly sessile,
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely ser-
rate, whitish-tomentose beneath, 4-10 in. long : fls. in
dense, terminal, erect panicles, 4-6 in. long ; corolla
lilac, with orange-yellow mouth, glabrous outside.
China. B.M. 7609. R.H. 1898: 132. G.C. UI, 24: 139.-
A newly introduced, very handsome species, with showy
and fragrant fls.

cc. Color yellow.

MadagascariinBis, Lam. Shrub, 6-12 ft., with densely
tomentose branchlets : Ivs. ovate-oblong, rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, acuminate, entire, dark
green and lustrous above, whitish or yellowish tomen-
tose beneath : fls. tomentose outside, in large terminal
panicles, appearing during the winter. Madagascar.
B.R.15:1259. B. M. 2824. -Hardy only in subtropical
regions.

xl tube, limb over

C6lTiIlei, Hook. & Thoms. Shrub, occasionally tree,
to 30 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate,
pubescent, and pale or grayish green beneath, 5-7 in.
long : panicles broad, pendulous, 12-18 In. long ; corolla
purple or crimson, with white mouth. B. M. 7449. R.H.
1893:520. I. H. 41: 10. F. 8.14:1487. J. H. Ill, 31: 85.-
The most beautiful of all Buddleias, and a very desirable
shrub for warmer temperate regions ; only older plants
flowenfreely.

AA. Fls. in globular heads.

globdsa, Lam. Three to 10 ft., with the branches and
Ivs. beneath yellowish-tomentose : Ivs. ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, rugose above, 3-7 in.
long : fls. orange-yellow, in dense, long-peduncled,
axillary heads at the ends of the branches ; fragrant.
Chile. B. M. 174.— A graceful and very distinct shrub,
standing some degrees of frost.

JlAineriainn.Uun. Eight to 1'2 ft,; fls. in globular clusters,

r.r„,i,::;t..ri,,i,;,>! 1., ,,,!.•■-■- V.,-, T- > i .! . ■ r - /: .1 sW(lOT. Lour.

'|-,,, ,,..,, 1 -, t, iK ,,1,.,,. ,,,:,,,,,, ,). , > '.•■■i"l,'d spikes, fra-
:■' : - ■ I, \| . , /, ,| --H. gloliosa.—

BUFFALO BERRY

BUEL. JESSE. American agriculturist and editor,
was born at Coventry, Conn., Jan. 4, 1778, and died at
Danburv, Conn., Oct. 6, 1839. He lived at Albany from
1813 until 1821, when he retired to his farm near by. He
was one of the founders, in 1834, of The Cultivator, a
monthly, "to improve the soil and the mind," the sub-
scription price of which was fifty cents a year. In 1866,
The Cultivator was merged with The Country Gentle-
man, a weekly founded in 1853, and The Cultivator and
Country neiitleiiian is, therefore, the oldest surviving
American iiKrii-uIttiral paper.

BUFFALO BEEEY. Pig. 282. Shephirdia arglntea,
Nutt. [Lcpiinjiiripa arghitea, Greene). Elceagnclcece . The

^^>■

:-^y

deuso panicles; br.-mchfs and Ivs. tuin
9: 938.— if. salicifdlia. Jacq.= Chili-iiit
f&lia, Hort.= B. Lindleyana.— 3. sabu
arboreus.

282. Buffalo berry (X ?;,!.

Buffalo Berry has been long before the public, but it is
only within the last few years that it has attained any
prominence as a fruit plant. In Hovey's Magazine of
Horticulture for 1841, page 251, it is mentioned as fre-
quently cultivated, indicating that it found its way into
our gardens earlier tli;iii tin- lihi. klu-rry. Its position to-
day bears evidence fli;it iHi ^iii h |.l;irf was awaiting it
as stood ready for th. liLi. ki„ ii\ , ,,r that if there were,
it has lamentably failv.l iti ;ittriiii.ting to fill it. The
plant did not find its jdace as a cultivated shrub until
the settlement of the West created a demand for hardy
and drought-resisting fruits. The plant belongs to the
Oleaster family, and now bears the name of Lepargyrtea
argentea (Nutt.), though more commonly known as
Shepherdia argentea. It occurs commonly throughout
the Rocky Mountain region and the dry plains to the
eastward, from Saskatchewan to Colorado, and even
New Mexico. Its fruit is frequently used for .ielly, and

far less promising than most of our other garden fruits.
Apparently its chief value lies in its adaptability to
regions where more desirable bush-fruits can not be
grown. Where the currant thrives, there is little need
for the Buffalo Berry, except as a novelty or for orna-
ment. It possesses ornamental qualities of value, and
may well be planted for that purpose. It is often recom-
mended as a hedge plant for the Northwest. There are
two forms, one bearing bright red and the other yellow
fruit. The plant propagates readily, either by seeds or
cuttings, and also by the suckfrs whii-b sometimes
spring up about the base of tin- |il;iiif<. It is dioecious,
and both starainate and pistilhit.- ]il:iiii~ itni^t be grown
together, or no fruit will restili. lli, ^i nny be distin-
guished by the buds in winter, th(.se nf the pistillate

BUFFALO BERRY

plant being more slender, less numerous, and arranged
in less compact clusters, those of the staminate plants
being rounded, and borne in dense clusters.

Fkkd W. Card.
BUGBANE is Cimicifiiga.

BUIST, BOBEBT. Florist, seedsman, and author, was
born at Cupar Fyfe, near Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 14,
180.5, and died in Philadelphia, July 13, 1880. He was
trained at the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, came to
America in August, 1828, and was employed for a time
by Henry Pratt. In 1830 he became the partner of Hib-
bert, who had established the first notable florist's busi-
ness in Philadelphia. He became noted for his suc-
cesses with roses, which were at that time second m
popular favor to the camellia with the Philadelpluans.
The great improvement of the verbena was largely due
to him, and was imnicdintely followed by the introduc-
tion into America i.f :< .'i-tin'.-!- .i^iss of bedding plants.
He introduced P" I/' " ' ' ' """ to the trade, and
his sale of the do>i 1. 1. . ■ li. have been the first

transactionofthckii , -i i d hy ocean telegraph.

He was the authni ..i I Im An., liran Plower-Garden
Directory, in 1832, Tlic Knsc Jhmual, 18«, and The
Family Kitchen-Gardener (copyrighted. 1847), all of
which were frequently reissued, and enjoyed a consid-
erable sale for many years. An excellent account of his
life may be found in The Gardener's Monthly 22:372
(1888). The frontispiece of the bound volume for the
year is his portrait. W. M.

' BULB, BULBS. A bulb is a thickened, fleshy, and
usually subterranean bud, generally emitting roots from
its under side. The function of the bulb is to carry
the plant over an unpropitious season, as over winter
or a dry period. True Bulbs are either tunicated,
formed in rings or layers, like those of hyacinths and
onions (Fig. 283), or scaly, like those of liliums (Fig.
284); but as popularly understood and in commercial
parlance, the term Bulbs applies to a large class of
flowering and ornamental bulbous like plants in their

189

which are solid, as crocus and gladiolus ( Fig. 285) ;
tubers which are succulent and have the buds or eyes
near the surface, as the dahlia and potato (Fig. 286);
rhizomes, fleshy, creeping underground stems like cer-

]/ f^ y -^ »^^ pardal.num

■\

dormant condition, during which period they are col-
lected, dug, stored, shipped, sold and planted, like so
many potatoes. This class includes, in addition to the
true bulbs, many that are botanically known as conns.

286. Potato— Example of ;

tain iris, ginger, and many wild plants (Fig. 287 ; also,
Fig. 53, p. 37) ; pips, the flowering crowns of lily-of-the-
valley ; and certain other dormant fasciculated fleshy
roots like those of peonies, ranunculus, etc. A variety
of bulbs is shown in Fig. 288. The true or feeding roots
grow generally from the base of the bulb, the stems,
flowers and foliage from the crown of the bulb, or the
eyes. There is an exception to this in certain lilies,
which throw out roots above the bulb also (Fig. 289).
The bulb is a storehouse for the plant, wherein is formed,
after flowering, new stems, leaves and flowers. In fact,
the bulb contains a new plant, which is protected and sus-
tained within the bulb by the reserve food and energy
collected therein during one season for the plant's suc-
cessor. After the flowering period, the plant above the
bulb and the roots beneath it ripen off and die away.
The bulb is then in a .l..riii:iiit .-..ii.lition. It is during
this state of i-cst, la^iin • .iti.i"' itii:iicly from three to
six months, tli;it Imlii i ■ : ' -I' the ground and

transported ciisily mnl i i : i "Utinentto conti-
nent, if required ; afi. , ' '. I ;!. I I i|.i. lit roots, stems,
foliage and flowers di ' , i ;. 'i much luxuriance

and perfection— conditK I :i^.iiial — as if the

bulb had remained in ji- ! : ir.inraent.

Bulbous flowering id.mi- n.mi.-: ■jvc very popular
with flower-loving people, i lii-i-i- is a particular charm
and interest in growing them. As a rule, they produce
flowers of remarkable beauty, unsurpassed by any other
class of plants, and many of them are deliciously fra-
gi-ant. They comprise an endless variety in habit, form,
size and color, are adaptable for many purposes, and
many of them flower equally well under either garden
or house culture. Soon after their beauty fades they
hide away, or may be removed ; and in the interval,
their places may be occupied by other seasonable flow-
ering plants. >;ot the least among the merits of bulbs
is their ease of culture, and the great certainty and
perfection with which their flowers are produced, under
suitable conditions.

Among bulbous plants ai-e many that are sufficiently
hardy to withstand the severity of our northern winters.
The kinds that are suitable are nearly all dormant in
the fall, which is the pi-fiiev time for idanting them, and
cheywill flower theconnuL' s,,i^..n. In March or earlier,
spring is ushered in wiiti ili' M<M.niingof snowdrops,
chlonodoxas, anemoms. -riii:,^. nci, us, winter aconites,
bulbocodiums, etc., fcdl.iw. ,1 in Ain il with brilliant hya-
cinths, tulips, narcissus and hosts of others. In April
appear the unapproachalde late tulips, poet's daffodils,
dicentras,etc., followed in succession until frost, notably
with peonies, irises, hemerocallis, lilies, montbretias,
tritomas, etc. All these are useful for gardens, lawns,
and parks.

Gardeners usually think of bulbs as divided into two
classes, — hardy and tender, or those which stand freez-
ing and those which do not. There is a class from South
Africa known as Cape bulbs, which usually bloom in
the fall. There are now so many improved hybrids and
breeds that are crowding out the types, that the term

190

"Cape bulb" has lost its sign
the present article, bulbs an-
ing general heads : ^•"■■'' -•
(ling ; hardy bulbs
tiower border or lawn ;
tender bulbs for spring

287. Example of a rhizome

in the house and greenhouse ; keeping dormant bulbs,
tubers, etc. ; hints on buying and selecting bulbs ;
catalogue of bulbs.

Hardy SpRiNa-FLOWERiNG Bulbs for Design Bed-
ding.—The only bulbs adapted for geometrical beds are
Dutch hyacinths and tulips. It is not best to use both
in the same bed for really fine effects. While there are
hundreds of varieties in both hyacinths and tulips with
colors, gradations and variegations innumerable, yet for
this style of bedding only solid, bright, contrasting
colors should be used. This limits the selection in hya-
cinths to dark crimson, rose-red. pink, purple, blue,
lavender, white and yellow (the latter is seldom satis-
factory), and in tulips to dnrk blood-rMl, scarlet, rose,
blush-pink. y.ll..\v, wlnt.-. an.l :i l.liii-h cKiret, which
last is si-M..ni ii~. .1. In .-ra. 11 Hi/ ili.' l.iili.s for this Style
of bediiiiiL'. it IS iiii|.M,iiLiit iM -.1,-1 km. Is that bloom
at the SHiiM- liiiii- an.l aiv ..f iiinf..ini li.iirht. The bulb
catalogues give this information; or, deal with a reliable
firm and leave the selection to them. In planting bulbs
in "design beds," it pays for the extra trouble to first
the soil to

BULBS

are cut freely in bud or when just approaching their
prime, which is the best possible time for the benefit of
the bulb, for the efforts of any bulb to form seeds weak-
ens the bulb. A hyacinth bulb that matures seed is
virtually destroyed. Then, again, in an herbaceous bor-
der the bulbs are not disturbed. The foliage remains
uninjured until ripe, thus fulfilling its duty of re-
charging the bulb with new energy for the next
season's display.

Bold clumps of the taller bulbous plants are
very effective on the lawn, where beds of one kind
should be isolated, and be given a position not too
prominent nor too near. The object desired is a
mass of one color, which at a little distance is
more striking on account of the contrast with the
surrounding green grass and trees. Among the
best hardy bulbous plants for this purpose are :
hemerocailis, such lilies as candidum. tigrinum,
speciosum and auratiim: also di.^ciitra. crown im-
perials, moutbri tia-. tiit..iHas, pci.nies, Koempferi
and Germanica iri^.s. , tr.

Bulbs planted rml.t in th.' s...l ..n tl..- lawn make
a very pleasing pi.-turu when in bloom in the early
spring. Make patches here and there of golden,
white and purple crocus, the little chionodoxas,
snowdrops. Scilla amcena, winter aconite, snow-
flakes, bulbocodium and triteleia. These grow, increase,
bloom and ripen the foliage before it is necessary to
use the lawn mower, so that the surface of the lawn in
summer is not marred. The bulbs may be dibbled in
when the ground is moist and soft during the fall rains,
but it is better to cut and turn back the sod here and
there, plant the bulbs under it, then press the sod back
again.

For parks, groves and wild outlying grounds beyond
the closely clipped lawn, a very happy style of "natural-
izing" bulbous and other plants is coming much into
vogue. Such bulbs should be used as can be planted in
quantity, twenty-five to a hundred or more of a kind in
a patch, and only those should be used which are hardy,
and will flower and thrive and increase under neglect.
Fortunately, there are many bulbous plants that suc-
ceed even "better in such rough places than in the prim

bulb or displace it. Hu
vised, being all of an .x .
often, whi-u ].lani. .1 ^^ ii'

early si.riii^' mal,. ■ ■ -
of blouniin:;. I;.-;.). -. >
trowel or dibl.lf, tlicic i
occasionally, where it n
touching bottom.

Hardy Bulbs in the
Flower Border, or Lawn.-
favorite place for most hardy
planted in little colonies here ai
plants and shrubs ; and it is
thrive and give the most pi.

proaches, the sombre winter browns and dull greens of
the deciduous and evergreen plants are suddenly trans-
formed into an unrivaled setting, studded with bril-
liantly colored and fragrant flowers, the contrasts being
exceedingly effective and cheery; and besides, from the
border one does not hesitate to cut a few flowers for the
house for fear of spoiling the "effect, as would be the
case in formal bedding. Furthermore, bulbs seem to do
better and last longer in a border because the flowers

s Garden, Mr,
The mixed border i., ..
bulbs. They should be
III there among the hardy
here that bulbs seem to
spring ap

^-^

288. Various types of bulbs and tubers.
1. Tuberose. 2. Colocasia Antiquorum ( Caiadmm esculrmtu
3. Easter Lily. 4, Jonquil. 5. Gladiolus. 6. Lilium
pardaUnum. 7. Hyacinth. 8. Ldy-ot-the- Valley.

and heating) should b(
the ground ib:i-].ly. It i

too near theii- lia-.-. 11

liberally applied and dug into
nist be where the long, feeding
V . t not touch the bulbs, nor be
i- is easUy accomplished by re-

tbe top soil first, as described
under "Design Beddiu^'," above. If it is impracticable to

BULBS

191

do this, then it is not advisable to use manure at all, for
the bulbs are liable to come in contact with it and
become diseased. Bone meal alone is then the safest
fertilizer to use, and it should be applied lavishly. Most
bulbs like rich food if properly applied. Although the
embrvo flowers were formed within the bulb the season

before, yet their size, luxuriance and brilliancy this
season depend largely upon the nutrition the roots
receive. Liberal applications of manure water, when
the bulbs are in bud, often produce excellent results.

The proper depth to plant bulbs varies according to
the kinds. It is a common fault to plant them too near
the surface. Some kinds, notably the Californian Hum-
boldtii and Washiiisrtonianum lilies, do best when 10 to
12 inches deep : hyai-inths, tulips, narcissus, and simi-
lar large bulbs fn.iii 4 tu i; inches deep ; smaller bulbs
somewhat .shall. .wtr. Ihirdy bulbs root during the fall
and early winter, and it' planted too near the surface the
freezing, thawing tmd heaving of the upper crust of
soil in mild winters often causes the bulbs to break
from their roots, and, in consequence, only inferior
flowers are produced. When good, cold weather has set
in and a light crust has been frozen on the soil, then
cover the bed with leaves, straw, marsh hay or reeds to
a depth of from 4 to 6 inches. This protects not only
from severe freezing, but from equally injurious unsea-
sonable thaws. Do not put the covering on too early,
for it might warm the soil so that the bulbs would com-
mence to grow and afterward be injured from freezing.
Gradually remove the covering in the spring.

The general run of bulljous plants thrive in a loamy
soil, inclining to sand. This soil attracts moisture,
allows free drainage, and admits air. If the soil is cold
and stiff, a liberal admixture of leaf -mold and sand, with
the addition of manure applied as above described, will
be beneficial. The texture of the soil should be such
that stagnant water will not remain around the bulbs,
as it tends to rot them, particularly when dormant. An
excess of humus is, therefore, to be guarded against

libs. ^Y^

the

exposures. sli:uU' and sim. A .sluull woudnl valluv ur
ravine, with a brook flowing through it into an open,
moist meadow, affords conditions suitable for growing
to perfection the greatest variety of bulbous and other

plants, many of which cannot be enjoyed in the average
monotonous garden.

The sooner bulbs can be put in the ground after they
are ripe the better for the bulbs ; for, no matter how
long they will keep, they do not improve when out
of the ground, but tend to dry out and lose vitality.
There are, however, many reasons why bulbs cannot be
planted as soon as ripe ; and when they are to be kept
for certain purposes, they should be stored as advised
below. Hardy spring-flowering bulbs should be planted
in the open ground in the fall, not earlier than six weeks
before regular frosty and freezing nights are expected.
Plant as much later as necessary, providing the bulbs
are keeping sound, but it is not advisable to plant them
earlier. Cool weather is necessary to deter top growth,
which is very liable to start after four to six weeks of
root development ; and young, succulent top growth is
apt to be injured by the succeeding freezing. In Maine,
Ontario. Wisccmvm, and ether northern parts (about 45
degre. - II ■I'll 1 nir i i ^n li li.trdy bulbs as hyacinths,
tulip- |ii.iiited In September. In

New .1. I !■'. etc. (about40 degrees),

plant Lt, mil. .. .i In the latitude of Rich-

mond, ij.Hii-.v m. ^1 I, ...11- . t.-., the middle of Novem-
ber is early eiioii^Hi In ih. 1 ititude of Raleigh, Nash-
ville, and soutli. .1.. ii..t pi ml until middle of December;
anil for the latt. i ^i . ti..n I. i tin- selection of bulbs run
to late-floweniig i an. ti. s, s,i, b .is lUz.n-re. Darwin and

ips, late :
so likelv

such as Ron
White narci
usually thr..
gins. "South
bulbs arc n..

But the

. i-ional
111 this
.' bulbs,
1^. Paper

1 fidiage
he bulb
isted by

can supph ; ami this sn-i, n i

the time the flower-spik. - i. .

many half-hardy and t. i i ' i ,ire more easily

grown and flowered ill til -- i m the North.

The treatment of Imb ii'. i il. . nin^ is important
when the bulbs are to be u-.i-.l again. f<ir it must never
be forgotten that the flowers and resources for the next
season are garnered within the bulb after blooming,
through the aeeney of the roots and foliage. Imper-
fectly developed an. I iiiatiired fnliaire this v. ar means
poor flowers or 11..111 .n -ill n. \t \. u- . s., it is best to
leave the bulbs a I.. n. until tb. 1. i\ . s b n ,• ,li, ,1 down.

is sometimes u. . . ss II X I,, 1, ,ii,A . bnlbsl,,!.,!, rijie. In
such cases, thr bull - -li. 'III. I b. . ii.inlh t dx. n up with
a spade. Distuib tb. 1 ..t- ,, hiij. 1- i...-sib]i , and do
not cut or crnsb tb. I. i\ . - II. . 1 in tb. pi mts in a
shallow trench 111 s,,inc Ji.Ul sh.i.h ..nt ..I tin w a\ place
until ripe.

StraniEE- AND Autumn-flowering Garden Bulbs
FOR Spring Planting.— This class (Tender) includes
some of our showiest garden flowers, which are almost

indisp, iis.ibl. Tl nil, . I n -t p., ssihle culture.

Plant. . I 111 tl . . I • ..111 frost is over,

in a sllnll^ p 1.1^ soil, they will

flowiT \,iib .1. is..n. Atterflow-

ering and iipLijui., . L ih. i .. i., , ii.._. should betaken
up and stored for the winter as a.lvised below, under
"Keeping Dormant Bulbs," until wanted the next spring.
Among the more important species of this class of bulbs
are the undermenti.med (tliose niarki-d F must be kept
in a semi-dorin iiii . i.iii .11 111 . . Mtiame or green-
house): Aea]. ' ' iF), amorpho-
phallus,anom.ifl I ' nbi-rous begonia.

-Ii.li..fu's. i.'.ilt'<.nia,Hvn'iiitliiis . ,,1.1 m- , l^.n^singaul-
.b- ...iii!li.',!,-alum'(F), pancr'a'tinin. ii.l.n.lii (calla),
s. Iii,..sulis iF), sprekelia, tigndi.i. tub. i..-. H.itsonia,
i, phNiautbes.

Bulbs for Plo\veeinq in the House and Green-
house.—There is no class of plants that gives more
satisfaction for this purpose, with so little skill, than

192

BULBS

the various bulbs. Perhaps the most important class of
all bulbs for winter-flowering and forcing are certain
hardy and half-hardy kinds. They are the most easily
managed of all, and need occupy no space in the window
or greenhouse, excepting when in bud and bloom. Un-
der suitable treatment, they flower with great certainty,
and their flowering period may be hastened (forced) or
retarded at pleasure, so as to " bring them in " for certain
occasions, or to give a continuous succession of bloom.
There is a great variety of kinds of bulbs to select from
for this purpose (see list of species at end of this arti-
cle), yet the great demand, at this writing, has centered
on the following leaders. (■spe<ially for forcing pur-
poses : A Ilium Neapolitu » h iu , A . lie rmetii gra ndiflorum.
Anemone fuhjeus, convallaria i Lily-of-the-Valley), Free-
sia refracta alba, gladiolus "The Bride," early single-
flowering Dutch Hyacinths and "Romans,'" Campemelle
Jonquil, Lilium candidiim. L. ffarrisii and L. longi-
florum.. Several narcissuses are in demand, notably
among the large trumpet varieties : Emperor, Em-
press, Golden Spur, Horsfieldi, Maximus and Trumpet
major ; among the medium and small trumpets : Sir
Watkins, Barrii conspicuus and Poeticus omatus; of the
doubles are Von Sion and Orange Pha!nix ; of the Poly-
anthus narcissus : Paper White grandiflora (Totus
albus),and Double Roman (Constantinople). Of other
species of bulbs, Ornithogahim Arabiciim . Spiraa aslil-
boides floribunda (Aruncus), and single and double
tulips of the early varieties are in demand. The prin-
ciples of culture for hardy bulbs for winter flowering
are the same, whether only a few are grown in pots for
the window garden, or whether thev are to be forced by
the th..u<ai..l l.y tlu- n..ri>t. The 'first essential is to
secure til.- sin. iiL-'.-t Lull.-. Hcniember that the flowers
were f..riiH.l wiiliin ili.- hulLs the previous season. If

The
secrt
green

:iiiii"t make them produce more; but
iliM lopsuch flowers larger and better.
ni|..irtant essential— we might say the
s ill flowering bulbs in the house or
trfict root development before the tops
begin to grow. To aid the uninitiated in this important
matter, we will illustrate: When hardy bulbs are planted
in the open ground in the northern states in the fall, the
weather above 111. Ill is ,■..,.! i.r .-..I.!, tin- ^'r..uii.l beneath
them is wanii.r. -jwl il..' ...i .in i..ii^ nr. .■..nu.iiial for
root action but . I. I. rr. ill i.. t..|. L'^..^^ ili- 'I'lii- r.'-ults in
the perfect di-\< l..|.ni. nt ,.t -u. 1, n,.,.. i- ,,- ih,. bulbs
contain. On the uilji-r hand. \, I . . I, ...Ml-, tulips,
narcissus,' and most other hara\ -; ■ _ i' . i.- Imlbs
are planted in fall in our extn m. . . s.they

usually prove disappointing, I. . .. aiher is

warm, causing the flowers and f. Ih-l i I ■ „'iii lu grow
before the roots; and as soon as such sustenance as the
bulb could supply has been exhausted, the plant stops
growing and dwindles. When we grow bulbs under arti-
ficial conditions, we must make them produce roots first.
Failure to do this is responsible for nine-tenths of the
disappointments.

When hardy bulbs are to be grown in pots for winter
blooming in the house or conservatory, the bulbs should
be potted as soon as they are procurable, between Au-
gust and November. Some writers recommend that
bulbs be planted in successional lots to give later and
continuous flowers, but we think such advice is at fault,
as the bulbs tend to dry out and lose vitaUty when kept
dry too long. It is no trouble to retard the "flowering of
hardy bulbs in winter, as hereafter described, without
keeping them out of the ground.

The soil should be rich loam. Fresh manure cannot
be used. Of thoroughly rotted manure, some may be
pulverized and workedinto the soil, but it is safer to
use pure bone meal, one part to fifty of soil. If the soil
is stiff and heavy, mix it with sand and leaf -mold or
peat. The size of pots depends upon the kinds of bulbs.
A .5-inch pot is best for a first-sized hyacinth, or large-
bulbing narcissus, particularly the Polyanthus type.
Tulips, small narcissus, and bulbs of a similar size,
while they can go individually into a 4-inch pot, are bet-
ter when put three or more of one variety together in a
larger pot, as the soil retains a more even temperature
and for this reason some prefer earthen

BULBS

bulb-pans, which come in various sizes, from 8 to 18
inches in diameter. In potting, place a little broken
pottery or lumps of charcoal in the bottom for drainage,
then fill the pot with soil and shake it down, but do not
pack it. Neither must the bulb be pressed or screwed
into the soil, else the soU will be packed under it so
that when the roots start they often raise the bulb out
of the pot. Plant the bulb just deep enough that its top
will not show. Large and
soft bulbs, which are lia-
ble to rot, may be set in
a cushion of sand, and
the bulb not covered with
soil until it has taken
and become estab-
lished (Fig. 290).

When planting mixed
bulbs in the same pot,
[lan or box, care should
be used in selecting dif-
ferent varieties that will
flower at the same time,
on of An early-flowering Due
t decay, van Thol and a double
Tournesol tulip would
flower a month apart under the same treatment. Some
varieties of hyacinths, of narcissus, and of most species
of bulbs vary greatly in time of blooming, which, of
course, would spoil the effect.

When fiorists force bulbs in quantity for cut-flowers,
they seldom use pots, but shallow boxes, or flats, of a
size to economize bench room. Usually these boxes are
cut down from soap boxes to a depth of 3 or 4 inches.
The bulbs are planted closely in these, from an inch to
2 inches apart, according to the kind. The tops of the
bulbs (excepting lilies) are kept about even with the
top of the soil. Do not water them unless the soil is
very dry, for bulbs in a dormant condition resent an
excess of moisture. Afterthe bulbs are potted, or boxed,
as described, they should be placed in a coldtranie or
cold-pit to root. This is the most important detail in
flowering bulbs under artificial conditions. Cover the
pots, boxes or pans with 4 inches of sand, ashes, rotted
leaves, tanbark or similar substance, and do not put the
sashes on until freezing weather, and even then remove
the sash on pleasant days. When no coldframes or pita
are available, the pots may be covered as advised in a
cool cellar. It is preferable, however, to sink them in
the open ground. The writer never had finer flowers on
hardy bulbs than when treated as follows: A trench a
foot deep is dug in the garden where water will not set-
tle on it, and it is protected from the north and west
cold. Three inches of coal ashes is first placed in the
trench, to allow drainage and keep the worms out. The
pots are then placed on the ashes, the earth is filled in
about the pots, filling the trench rounding over. No
further attention is required, as everything is congenial
to perfect root development, while the weather is cool
enough to check top growth. When the weather gets
cold enough to freeze a crust on the soil, an additional
covering of about 4 inches of rough stable manure,
leaves or straw, is put over. Some early bulbs, such as
Roman hyacinths. Paper White narcissus. Due van
Thol tulips, etc., wiU root sufllciently in five or six
weeks to be taken up for first flowers, which should be
out by Christmas or earlier, but it is safer to allow all
bulbs not less than eight weeks for rooting. Every two
weeks after the flrst removal of pots, or as needed, fur-
ther relays of rooted bulbs may be taken out for a con-
tinuous display of bloom. When the pots of hardy bulbs
have been taken up, place them in a cool greenhouse or
cool, light store room, with temperature not over 50°.
This temperature will allow the flower stems and foliage
to grow, and at the same time prevent the opening of
the flowers until the stems have attained their proper
height, after which the pots may be taken to a sunny,
warm window, or wherever they are wanted to flower.
Bulbs treated in this manner will produce perfect spikes
of flowers. A good rule to keep in mind in flowering
hardy bulbs is: Temperature, 40° for roots, 50° for foli-
age and stems. 60° for best flowers, 70° for quick de-
velopment, 80° to rush bloom with loss of substance
and risk of "going blind" (producing no flowers).

BULBS

The exceptions to the above advice are liliums and
lilv-of-the-valley. Lilium Harrisii and Lilium longi-
li.'r ',, l.iiil.- |.;irticularly, in addition to tlirowing out
}.■ - I l.ase of the bulbs, usually form roots

1 1 II HI just above the bulb, and the plants

;li: I I, \ I I - ■.< 1 1 \ 1' much strength from these top roots.
b" ill i.oiiiiii; lily bulbs, it is best to put them do-vrn so
deep that there will be sufficient soil above the bulbs to
entice and sustain the stem roots. In other respects
treat the bulbs after pottrag as just advised. Wlnter-
fiowering lily-of-the-valley forms no new roots. The
thick, fleshy, fibrous old roots should be trimmed at the
bottom, leaving them from 2 to 3 inches long. This al-
lows them to absorb the abundant moisture with which
tlii-y should be supplied while the flowers and foliage
;tii ■] \. 1. ] ijiu. They flower just as well in sand or
i:i in;,' that retains an even moisture and

I' ! , ^ they do in soil, but lily-of-the-valley

i I il . . i,i._ ii t lie house or greenhouse requires freez-
ing li, i>-iv .1 , ;iii lie successfully brought into flower.
\\'itliout trr. v.iiiu'. iiiuny \>i\>s will ''come blind," or pro-
du.i- iiKiIfnniir.l ^|iik. ■;.' So if i^ just as Well for ama-
teurs to jiiant tlnir pips ;iii in<li or two apart in pots or
bulb-pans, and pliniijo flii-m in the garden, as recom-
mended for other hardy btilbs. Florist^s generally freeze
their pips in refrigerators, or have them placed, just as
they arrive from Germany, 2,500 pips in a case, in cold
storage, in a temperature of from 28 to 30°.

After being forced or flow, rod in tin- irreenhouse or
window, hardy bulbs are of linlo ^ ulno, for most bulbs
suitable for the purpose havo aitain.d tlnir maximum
size. ami. in consoquonco. aro r, .olv to Kr. ak up. Plor-

and flower.

Half-hardy bulbs for winter-flowering and forcing
should be treated the same as hardy bulbs, excepting
that after potting they should be placed for rooting
where they will not freeze. Yet they can go pretty close
to it and be all the better for it. In northern states, a
coldframe or pit or cold greenhouse to root them in is,
therefore, almost indispensable. For tender winter- and
summer-flowering greenhouse bulbs, the culture varies
with almost every species, and as no general instruc-
tions would suit all kinds, the reader may refer to their
individual cultures given under their respective head-
ings in this Cyclopedia. (See list of species at the end
of this article. )

The flowering of bulbs in glasses, bowls, unique pots,
«tc., is always interesting. Among the most successful
and interesting are hyacinth bulbs in glasses of water.
Use early-flowering single varieties only. The seedsmen
and dealers in bulbs supply special hyacinth glasses
for the purpose. They come in various shapes, colors
and decorations, and vary in price from 20 cts. to $1.50
each. These are simjily filled with fresh, pure water.
A lump of charcoal thrown in .-ilisorhs impurities, but it
is not absolutely mr, ssary. Tho bulb rests in a cup-
shaped receptacle on toji of tin- trlass. In filling, the
water should not quiti- t..iicli the bottom of the bulb.
Put in a cool, dark, airy place until the roots have
reached the bottom of the glass, which should be in
about sis weeks. Do not place them in a close, warm
closet. They must have fresh air. As the water evapo-
rates, fill the glasses, and change the water entirely when
needed to keep it sweet and clear. After rooting, place
the glasses in a light storeroom where the temperature
averages about 50°, until the stems and foliage have
developed ; then remove to a warm, sunny window for
flowers to open. There are other kimN that do .(pially
well when rooted in water, providing tin iaiL-o-t In alihy
bulbs are chosen. Among them are spi-.k. Ha j.Iaioliaaii
lUy), Trumpet narcissus Horsfleldi and Colditi Spur,
polyanthus narcissus Grand Monarque and Gloriosa,
large bulbs of Roman hyacinths, early single tulips,
and Mammoth Yellow crocus, etc. We have flowered
hyacinths on a piece of virgin cork floating in an aqua-
rium, a hole being cut through the cork for the roots to
reach the water. The so-called "Chinese Sacred Lily,"
a variety of Polyanthus narcissus, grows and flowers

13

BULBS

193

luxuriantly in bowls of water, provided they are not
placed in a dry, furnace-heated room, which will cause
the buds to blast before opening. SuflScient pebbles or
shells should surround the bulbs to prevent them from
toppling over.

Crocus, Roman hyacinths and lily-of-the-valley pips
are very pretty when nicely flowered in columnar, hedge-
hog- or beehive-shaped hollow pots with holes for the
reception of the bulbs. A bulb is placed in front of each
hole from the inside, with the crown of the bulb looking
outward. The pot is then filled with soil through the
large opening in the bottom, moss being pressed in last
to hold the contents in place, after which the pots are
put outside for the bulbs to root, as explained for other
hardy bulbs for the house.

Keepino Dormant Bulbs, Ttjeers, Etc. — Bulbs and
tubers of the various species, as well as their varieties,
vary greatly in size. Some, like oxalis, snowdrops,
chionodoxas, etc., often do not exceed half an inch in
diameter, while other bull's, s,,.-b ns thoso of Cnladium
escutentiim, certain am ,-. , inio,. ,i, ,,ii:nii great
size, frequently weiL'in ; ■ ■ li. Such

solid bulbs as thos,- ■ : , , i , n n-cissus,

etc., will remain out. .f tin -i 1 -o|n! an.l phimp, in

a suitable place, for three or four months. The larger
the bulb the longer it will keep, as a rule. Large cri-
num bulbs have been kept for fifteen months. Still, it
is always better to plant the bulbs as soon as possible,
for, although they keep, they do not improve, and their
tendencv is always towards drying out and loss of vi-
tality.

Never keep btilbs packed up air-tight. They are apt
to generate heat or sweat, mold or rot, or to .start.
When solid bulbs are to be kept doniiant for any length
of time, they should be stored away from bright light in
baskets, shallow boxes or slatted" trays, in a room or
cellar where there is a circulation of fresh air and the
temperature is as cool as possible. Forty degrees is the
desideratum for all excepting tender bulbs. Scale-like
bulbs, as liliums, soon dry out and shrivel if exposed
to the air for any length of time ; therefore, they are
best kept in open boxes packed with some substance
that will retain a slight and even moisture, such as
sphagnum moss, rotted leaf-mold, cocoanut fiber refuse,
or moist sand, but they must be kept cold to check any
efl'orts to start. Fleshy roots, like those of peonies,
certain irises, astilbes, etc., should be treated like the
lily bulbs. "WTien a cold-storage room, with an average
temperature of 30° to 40°, is available, it is the safest
place to carry over hardy bulbs and roots for spring
planting.

Lily-of-the-valley pips are carried in rooms of about
28° to 30°. The pips and packing freeze solid ; and here
they are kept for months until wanted for forcing.
When they are removed from this arctic chamber, they
must be thawed out gradually aud as soon as possible,
by plunging in cold water, before they are subjected to
any heat ; otherwise, they are liki-ly tn rot. For this
reason, "cold-storage pips " catinot lu- ^m*,-!^ -bippedany
distance in warm weather, this Ml 1 , i , oause of

the country florists' disappoint II i t

Tender dormant bulbs, as li i is. ama-

ryllis, pancratiums, tigridias, in' i -. • • must be
kept in a warm, dry atmosphere, not below 30°. The
cause of tuberoses not flowering is often that the
bulbs have been kept below 40°, which destroys the
flower germ, although the foliage grows just as vigor-
ously. Tenili 1 iuImi- -n li as dahlias, cannas, etc.,
shoiild be stoi ' ,1 m a warm, dry cellar or

under the gr, *

Hdjts on r.i , . , , .1. -I 1.1,. 'TING BrLBS.— As already
said, bulbs can .1. ,, lop only the flowers which were
f.>rine.l ^\■itlli[l ili. in before they were ripened. A bulb
may }»■ po.ir b. .aiise not full grown or too young, or

iiial c.iTi.liti.ins, ..r licrause itmay not have been matured
when dug ; or it may be injured from heating, sweating,
rotting or moldines's in storage or transit, caused by
improper curing or packing, or it may be dried out from
having been out of the ground too long. In the major-
ity of cases in which poor bulbs are planted, however,
it is the buyer's fault in procuring cheap bulbs, which
in many cases are second grades, lacking age and

5 ppoip5; usually

194 BULBS

proper size. The commoner varie
propagate the fastest, and it i
salable varieties and inferior sirdimL- :,i,,i miiiugs
from the named bulbs that go to II ruixed

colors" and "mixed varieties." '11 : i in ^t re-

sults, it is advisable to expend a L'i\ ■ n niMiiiit .,r money
for the first size named varieties, r.-itlier tlian for a
larger quantity of cheaper seconds and mixtures, unless,
of course, the bulbs are wanted for large permanent
plantings, as in promiscuous borders for naturalizing,
etc., where best fl.jwir.s the fir-^t season are of secondary
consideration.

The best namr.l liyariiitl,~-"top roots," as they are
called in Hollaii.l-ir,|uir. Iroin four to six vea'rs to
attain full size ami t'ive best tluwor*. Sn.-li l.^'ill.s, ac-
cording to the variety, should di.,,- .. ti-." m t.. 24
centimeters (8 to 10 in.) in circun : I , nat-

urally cost more to grow than tin _ ,,ri.l or

"bedding "grade of bulbs, measuriii,- 1 1 ■ m I - '. L'li cen-
timeters (6 to 8 in.). There is athird size, r;inj,'ing from
16 to 18 centimeters (4 to 6 in.), that goes in mixtures,
and a fourth size (12 to 14 centimeters) that goes out as
"Dutch Romans," "Pan Hyacinths," "Miniatures," etc.
Some growers even scale their sizes a centimeter or two
less than mentioned, to enable them to quote lower
prices. Crocus, narcissus, tulips and many other bulbs
are also sorted into sizes, enabling the grower to catch
all classes of buyers.

A first-size crocus bulb should measure 10 centimeters
(4 in.) in circumference, and such bulbs produce from
6 to 12 flowers each. A small, cheap bulb produces only
two or three flowers. A narcissus bulb of maximum
size will produce from 3 to 5 flowers (sometimes more),
and an inferior size usually but a single flower. A
White Roman hyacinth bulb 14- to 16-centimeter size
(5-6 in. circumference) will produce 3 and often 4 spikes
of firsts and several seconds, while an 11- to 12-cciiii
meter size will average only one first grade spike ;ir,.l ,
couple of seconds, or perhaps nothing but seconds. I

best lily-of-the-valley pips bear from 12 to 16 bells

spike, usually all firsts. Cheaper inferior grades of pips
have seldom more than 7 to 10 bells. If the florist or
planter wants the best bulbs, he must pay more money
for them, but they are cheapest in the end, for second-
grade stock takes up just as much room and requires as
much care, fire, and other expenses. It is the grade of
flowers called firsts that sell and pay a profibi The supply
of seconds is often so abundant that the market price
for them does not pay the cost of the bulbs.

C.\T\i.,H.\ i; .,F BrLBS.— To aid in the selection of bulbs
t'"' pHii. iil.ir purposes, we append a list of the leading
-I'M - tii.,1 I,,, procurable while dormant (between the
iii..iiili~ ~|M , iii.il) from seedsmen and bulb dealers, and
u c allix a sih'ii to each to indicate the purpose for which
the species — or certain varieties in it— are adapted. Some

eful for more tha

and such

of bulbs is to be made for winter-flowering
<■. make a note of those to which an aste-
llixcd, then turn to their respective headings
"pc ilia, where will be found full descriptions
t h s as well as species — and cultural Instruc-
1 1 \\ i 1 1 enable any one to make an intelligent

' ' ' ring bulbs for greenhouse or wiiidnir. select

• in,l fn/l-flnwering bulbs for pots for greenhouse

■ ■I'ffn',: , s, i.rt from species marked +.

'' ' ' " ' I rtbibulbsforgardensjavms, etc., select

■ r ,;,,,( i>'i! fhiwering hardy bulbs for gardens,
'•'■' '•■ :" .w. .■!,■,« marked II.

• ' ' •''""■ering (not hardy) bulbs for spring
' •' rt from species marked ^.

• 'lis, select from species iruirked'i.
I "■hi: B.B, half-hardy ; t, tender.

HAEDISESS.

Abobrallg

Achimenes t

Agapanthus 1 8

Albueat

AUium»t

Alstroemeria t §

Amaryllis't

Amorphophallus § .

...Oct, to April
...Oct. to April
...Oct. to April
...Oct.to.-^pril
...Ang. to Dec.
...Sept.toKov.
) April
> April

BlooniiTKi ;....

Boussineaultia'
Bowieaft

Brodi»a * j

Bulbocodium X.
Caladium t § . . .
Calochortus * J.

Cooperia ^ .
Corydalis II.
Crinum t § .
Crocus * t . .

CypeUai.,
Cyrtanthus
Dahlias §..

Dicentrat

■T Oct.ti. Ai.ril

• T Oct.toAiuil

•H Oct. f.i .March

• H Oct.toAprU

.H Aug. to Oct.

• H.H Oct.toAprU

• H Aug. to Nov.

• T Sept. to Dec.

■ T n,t t,.:\i:,rcii

Fritillaria*t

Galanthus * J

Galtonia?

Geissorhizat

Gesnera * t

Gladiolus?

Gloriosallt

Gloxinia t

Griffiuiat

Ha>mnnthust ...

Helleborus:

Hemerocallis II . . .

Honieria g

Hyacinth*}

Hymenocallis g t.
Imantophylliim t
Iris. Bulbous * t .
Iris, Rh

Ismenegt

Ixia*

IxioUrion J . .
Jonquils * t . . ,
Lachenalia *. .
Leueojum t i.-

Lilium * II

Lycoris? t

MiUag

Montbretia I . ,
Muscaria t . . . ,
NiBgelia*t...

Nerinet

Ornithogalum * §

Oxalis, Winter-flowering * t. .
Oxalis, for borders i

Pancratium f §

Phaedranassa *

Polygonatum H

Puschkiniat

Ranunculus *

Richardia * + ?

RigideUa?

Sanguinaria X

SchizostyUs * ?

..■\ug. toiVov.
.Oct. to Apiil
.Oct.toAprU
.Aug. to Nov.
.Oct. to April
.Oct.toAprU

.Aug. to Nov.
.Aug. to Oct.
.Aug. to Oct.

J April
) April

.Oct. t

GENERA, ETC. HARDINESS. DORMANT.

Spirea (.\.still.el * H (>t. to April

Sprekelia*t!> T Sept. to April

Steniliergia h Aug. to Oct.

Tepophylea • H.H Aug. to Oct

TiKri.liai T ct.toApn

Trillium II ' ''■' '" -^l-"'; '

Triteleia I n.H ' M tn .\,ir,l

Trit...iia* H.H \iii; l"N"V

Tritoma ! H (i.t t.. .\|.nl

Tropwuhim. Tuberous *1 H.H Vnj; 1.. I '.•.•,

Tuberoses 'i T X..^ tn >la.v

Tulip*: H \UK t..N..v

Tydiea*! T i ''t t.. .\i.ii

Urceolinat T (i.im April

Vallotat T (i,t.t...s.pril

Watsonia *i H.H iSept. to Dec.

Zephyrauthes * ? H.H Aug. to April

Peter Henderson & Co.

BULBtNE (Greek. ^""">', n l.iill.i. LiUdceo'. Half-
hardy African plants. <• ■' > ' '1 -! "s. allied to Antheri-

eura.'lnit practicalh u! - ...untry. Some of

the species are bulli' i: . : i , ■ the general treat-

BULBINfiLLA. See Chrysobactron.

BULBOCbDIUM (Greek, woolly bulb). Lili<tce<e. A
halt dozen low. crocus-like bulbous plants of the Medi-
terraueau region and eastward, some spring-flowering
and others autumn-tloweriug. The spring-flowering spe-
cies, B. venium. is the only one in our gardens. It
is hardy, and demands the "same soil and location as
crocuses.

y6mum, Linn. Fig. 291. Blooms in earliest spring,
before the Ivs. appear, the fls. resting nearly on the
ground : fls. rosT ptxrple, white-spotted on the interior,
1-3 from each bulb: Ivs.
broad and channelled.
B.M. 153 (cf.Fig. 291).
F.S. 11 : 1149.- Bulbs
should be taken up and
divided every 2 or 3
years. Plant m the fall.
Usually blooms in ad-
vance of the crocus.
L. H. B.
BULBOPHtLLUM
((4reek, bu/b-hnf).
OnJtiddce(e, tribe IiJpi-
dendrecf. Many species
of trop. orchids, mostly
of the Old World, more
odd than nrnanicntal

plants «,tl, , .t,.ut.
creepin^'iliiioiiii ,^iii ill
pseudobulbs lii-aring
one or two stiff Ivs. : lip
jointed, moving when
touched, sometimes
hairy: fls. in lacemes
or spikes, or solitary.
Reipiire warm temper-

0( MiW

riff.

1 blocks or trunks of tc in-
le of the largest of on In U
:rees, and its fls. emittni.,' tin
see G.C. II. 11: 41, and 1

They thrive or
Reichb. f.,is or
twining about 1
ceivable odor ;
B.M. 6567.

L6bbii, Lindl. Leaf solitary, broadly lance-elliptic :
scape 1-fld., arising from the side of the pseudobulb,
shorter than the If.: fls. large and spreading (2 in.
across ) ; sepals lanceolate and acuminate, yellow, more or
less marked with purple ; petals smaller, streaked purple ;
lip cordate-ovate, yellow and orange-dotted, not bearded.
Java. B.M. 4.532. — Flowers in early summer. Once cata-
logued by Pitcher & Manda.

BULL, EPHEAIM W. The introducer of the Concord
grape Lived a long, quiet, and useful life in Concord,

The flrst tiiiit
exact origin is
house in which
boys brought
scattered them
from which Mr
He planted set
fruited in 184!i
It soon becaii
America, as it
ness to ran-v t
in the lainl. It

E 195

95. in his ninetieth year.
rt-atcst fvent in the early

tilt- introduction, early
III.' iioi-iliern fox-grape.
- ..I.taiiicd in 1849. Its
I). Mr. Bull bought the

death. That year some
some wild grapes, and
. A seedling appeared
bunch of fruits In 1843.
I. and a resulting plant
as named the Concord,
grape in all

hardi-

of the In.il is ,xrr

II. '.1

. .1 '. i ill ihi latter

usually .l.niK.lnl ill.

.r.. .■

III'. III.

1 The Concord

istheoniMi,...! inii

,..rl;

1 III .m grape, and

the reallv sm --in

iiic of the coun-

try dat.-s from il- i

1 ; in:.! \.i this grape is

apureiiativfox .-r:

;i|....

and evil

li'iitly only twice removed

from tin- wiM VII,,..

Ephrain, \V. Bull

\va>

1 loved of his neighbors and hon-

ored l.v fv.rv .■..an

Irvii

i.an who

. grows or eats a grape.

He made verv littl.-

mo

n.-y froii

1 his variety, and died in

extreme poverty.

The

..riiriiia

I vine is still preserved.

It is a sprout from

till-

olil root

L. H. B.

BULLACE. A s,

nail

^yil.l or

half-domesticated plum,
iiliivai.il European sorts

{Pruiiii..<l..,„<.<t',r„

an.

llh.'Ull

.1 -1.... I /'. spiiwsa). This
../,/,.,, but it is so closely

plumisuMiallvr.f.'

b.M.lassirted with them.

The Bullace w.ml.i

tli.'i

n Ink.. ll

11' botanical name of the

Damsons, P.dnm.s

tii'fi

. var. /'

.nnnsceim (see Bot. Gaz.

27:481). This ].liii

ralllrr

.■oramon in parts of Eu-

rope, but is very s.-l

d.iin

SOCH ill

America.

F. A. Waugh.

BUMfiLIA (ancient

Greek

name for an ash-tree).

Sapotdcece. Small

tree

s or shr

ubs, usually spiny, with

rather small, entire, d

M-ldllOU

s or persistent Ivs. and

small white fls m

1^ ill

11 Ii

tiis: fr. an oblong black
s N. America to BrazU.

drupe. About _

None of them i

ti.'ultural value, but as

they grow natui .,i

,l,v,rocky or sandy SOU,

they may be use. 1 -

..In.

.1111. - .\

ith advantage for plant-

ing in similar situa

tlou

s. Prop

. by seeds.

lanuginosa, Pers.

Tr

ee, sometimes 50 ft. : Ivs. oblong-

obovate or cuneate-obovate, ron

inded and often apiculate

at the apex dark

f;;

?i h'"'i !l

ii^tioii^ above, tomentose
.11.11- It biigth, 1-2J^ in.

1..1U' . lu-T. 1- in .

i. . I 1 iiiler hairy: fr.

ii.iitli to '^ Illinois w.-T i.i l.\i- — lliis species and B.
Ijjeioldei, Pers., are the hardiest. They have proved
hardy in very sheltered positions even in Massachu-
setts ; besides the.se, B. angiisti folia, Nutt., and B.
lenax, Willd., are the most common species in the S.
states. B. Pdlmeri, Rose, from Mex., is illustrated in
(J F 7:196. Alfred Rehder.

BUPHANE

tti-oi/er. alluding to poi-
iM iw. Two or three South
known in this country.
my red fls. in an umbel.
ual and narrow, spread-
. s. long and sword-like.

sonous propeili. i ./

African bulb- i

They are laru.

Perianth tulml n _ i

ing: stamens o. t\-. utd

thick. See Baker, Amai } llidc».

dlBticha, Herb. {B. toxicdria. Herb., Bamdnthus
toxicdrius, Thnjib.). Bulb, 6-9 in. in diam. : Ivs. sev-
eral, distichous, 1-2 ft. long : peduncle or scape stout
(6-12 in. high) and solid, compressed, glaucous, bearing
a dense umbel. B.M. 1217. -Sparingly offered in this
country. Lvs. said to be very poisonous to cattle in
S. Afr."; bulb furnishes arrow poison for the natives.

Another species is B. cilidri.i, Herb., with fewer,
shorter lvs., and shorter peduncle, bearing 50-100 fls.
Not known to be in the Amer. trade. L H B

196

BUPHTHALMUM

BUPHTHALMDM (Greek for ox-eye). CompisUa.
A few Eluropean and W. Asian perennial herbs, some-
times grown in tlie hardy border. Heads large, with
long yellow rays : Ivs. alternate, entire or dentate :
panpus short, "often connate into a corona : akenes
glabrous. Showy plants of easy culture.

fipecioslssimum, Ard. Lvs. cordate and clasping, the
upper ones oval and acuminate : heads solitary on the
ends of the stems : 2-5 ft., flowering in July and later.

salicifdlium, Linn. {B. grandifldrum, Linn.). Lvs.
oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved, somewhat pubescent and
slightly serrate : fls. solitary and terminal, large : lower
than the last.

specidsum, Schreb. (B. cordifdlium, WnMst. A: Kit.).
Lvs. very large, cordate, coarse-serrate : tN. v.i y hirtri-
and showy, on an upward-thickened pediuu'lt- : ;!-4 ft..
blooming in June and later. B. M. 3466, as TeUltia sjie-
cidsa. L. JJ. B.

BTTFLEOBUM (Greek, ox and rib : of no obvious ap-
plication). UmbellUera. Weedy plants of the Old World,
of which one (B. rotundi folium, Linn.), i.s naturalized
in the Eastern states, and another [B. falcafum, Linn.),
is cult, in Japan for greens (A.G. 13:9).

BURBtSGEA (after F. W. Burbidge, who discovered
it in Borneo). Seitamindcece. A monotypic genus allied
to Hedychium, but with no lateral perianth segments and
the lip reduced to a small blade. The showy orange-
scarlet fls. rival cannas in brilliancy. For culture, see
Alpinia and Hedychium.

nitida, Hook. f. Tender herbaceous perennial : height
2-3 ft. : rootstock creeping, matted : stems tufted, slen-
der : leaf -blades glossy, 4-6 in. long, eared at junction
with the sheath : panicle terminal, 4-6 in. long, many-
fld. ; inner perianth tube 1-1 V^ in. long ; outer segments
lK-2 in. long, orange-scarlet, the dorsal one shorter
and more roundish than the 2 lateral ones. B. 51*. 6403.
Sold by Siebrecht & Son.

BTTRCHfLLIA (W. Burchell. botanical traveler).
Rubiaii'ir. One species from S. Afr., an evergreen
shnib, with opposite short-petioled lvs. and dense ter-
minal clusters of sessile scarlet fls.; corolla tubular,
bell shaped ; stamens 5, inserted in the tube : fr. a 2-
celled, many seeded berry. B. Cap6nsi8, R. Br., is in
the Amer. trade, being cult, for its rich, dark foliage
and brilliant fls. It is very variable, and has received
several names. 3-10 ft. Prop, by cuttings. Grown un-
der glass. B.M.2339. R.H. 1886:420. J. H. III. 34: 81.

BURDOCK. See Arctium.

BURLINOTONIA. See Sodriguezia.

BURNET (Poleritim Sangiiisdrba, Linn.). A hardy
rosaceous perennial, the piquant lvs. of which are some-
times used in flavoring soups and salads. The dried
roots are occasionally used as a family remedy. Burnet
Is little known in this country as a condimental herb.
It is worthy a place in the hardy border for the orna-
mental character of its odd-pinnate lvs. and its little
heads of fls. with drooping stamens. The leaflets are
very dark green, ovate and notched. Stems 1-2 ft. high,
bearing oblong or globular moncecious heads. Of easiest
culture, either from seeds or by division of the clumps.
Native of Europe. L, jj. B.

BURNING-BUSH. See Euonymus.

BURRlfiLIA. See Baeria.

BURSARIA {Bursa, a pouch, alluding to the shape
of the polls). PittosporAcem. Two species of shrubs
with white tls. in clusters ; sepals, petals and stamens
each 5 : fr. a 2-loculed capsule, in shape like that of the
Shepherd's Purse.

spindsa, Cav. An elegant spiny shrub or small tree,
with drooping branches and pretty white fls., produced
in summer : lvs. small, oblong-cuneate, alternate and
nearly sessile : fls. small, lateral or terminal, mostly
terminal. Australia, Tasmania. B.M. 1767.— Cult, in
S. California.

BUXUS

BURS£RA (Joachim Burser, a disciple of Caspar
Bauhin). Burserdcece. Generally tall trees, with sim-
ple or pinnately compound lvs. : fls. small, in clusters,
4-5 parted, with twice as many stamens as petals or
sepals, and a 3-parted ovary containing 0 ovules : fr. a
3parted drupe with usually only 1 seed. About 40 spe-
cies of trees in tropical America. For B. servidta, see
Protitim.

Simarubra, Sarg. {B. gummtfera, Jacq.). Lvs. odd-
pinnate, with 3-5 pairs of Ifts. ; Ifts. ovate, acute, mem-
branous, smooth on both sides, entire, the netted veins
prominent on the under side : fls. in a very knotty ra-
ceme, 4-6 parted : fr. adrupe, with a 3-valved succulent
rind und 3-5 nuts. A tall tree with a straight trunk and
s|in;iiling head, found in Florida, Mexico, and Central
Ann rii'a and the West Indies. — It yields a sweet, aro-
matic balsam, which is used in tropical America as a
medicine for internal and external application ; dried,
it is known in the trade as Chibou, or Cachibou resin,
or Gomart resin. It is a hardy greenhouse plant, and
thrives in a compost of loam and peat. Prop, by cut-
tings under glass, with bottom heat.

G. T. Hastings.

BUSH-FRUITS. A term used to designate those
small fruits which grow on woody bushes. It includes
all small-fruits- as that term is used in America— ex-
cept strawberries and cranberries. Bush-fruits is an
English term, but it has been adopted lately in this
country, notably in Card's book on "Bush-Fruits." The
common bush-fruits are currants, gooseberries, rasp-
berries, blackberries, and dewberries.

BtJlEA (Earl of Bute). Legumindsee. Three or four
species of trees or woody vines of India and China, with
deep scarlet. ]i:ipilionafeous fls. in racemes and pinnate
lvs. In tln> ( ilcl Wiirld rarely grown in stoves. In this
country, ■■nc is .-nit. in S. Calif.

fronddsa, Knxl.;;, A leafy tree, yielding gum or lac :
Ifts. 3, roundish, pubescent beneath, the lateral ones
unsymmetrical : fls. 2 in. long, orange-crimson, very
showy ; stamens 9 together and 1 free. India. — Reaches
a height of 50 ft.

BUTOMUS (Greek, bous, ox, and temno, to cut; the
leaves too sharp for the mouths of cattle). Alismhcece.
Hardy perennial aquatic of easy culture on margins of
ponds. Prop, by division. All the species are referred
by DC, in Mon. Phan., vol. 3, to B. umbellafus, or to
the Australian Butomopsis, which is also a monotypic

umbelUtus, Linn. Flowering Rush. Rhizome thick:
lvs. 2-3 ft. long, iris-like, sheathing at the base, 3-cor-
nered : fls. rose-colored, 25-30 in an umbel, on a long
scape ; sepals 3 ; petals 3. Summer. Eu., Asia.

BUTTERCUP. Species of Biniunciihts.

BUTTERFLY WEED. Asciepias tuberosa.

BUTTERNUT. See Juglans.

BUTTON-BUSH i% Cephalanthus.

BUTTONWOOD. Consult Platanus.

BUTTERWOET. See Pinguicula.

BUXUS (ancient Latin name). Eiiphorbidcece. Box
Tree. Evergreen shrubs or small trees : lvs. opposite,
short-petioled, entire, almost glabrous, coriaceous and
rather small : fls. moncecious, in axillary or terminal
clusters, consisting usually of one terminal pistillate
flower, with 6 sepals, and several lateral staminate fls.
with 4 sepals and 4 stamens : fr. an obovate or nearly
globular 3-pointed capsule, separating into 3 valves,
each containing 2 shining black seeds. About 20 species
in the mountains of Cent, and E. Asia, N. Afr., and S.
Eur., also in W. India and C. Amer. Ornamental ever-
green shrubs of dense but rather slow growth, with
shining, small foliage and inconspicuous fls. and fr.
The common Box Tree and B. mieropliyila may be
grown in sheltered positions even north, while B. Wal-
lichiana and B. Balearica, two very distinct and hand-

BUXUS

some species, grow in the warmer temperate regions
only. B. sempen'irens stands pruning very well, and
"m the old formal gardens of Europe was formerly much
used for hedges, and sometimes trimmed into the most
t:intastii-al shapes ; the dwarf variety is still often
pliuitfil for bordering flower beds. The very hard and
ciose-grained wood is in great demand for engraving
and finer turnery work. The Box Tree thrives in almost
any well-drained soil, and best in a partially shaded
position. Prop, by cuttings from mature wood early in

-^

BUXUS

197

^

fall, kept during the winter in the cool greenhouse or
under handlights in the open ; in more temperate re-
gions they may be inserted in a shady place in the open
air ; 4-6 in. is the best size for outdoor cuttings. Layers
will also make good plants. The dwarf variety is usu-
ally propagated by division. In planting borders, it is
essential to insert the divided plants deeply and as firmly
as possible, and to give plenty of water the first time.

Seeds are sown soon after maturity, lout it takes a long
time to raise plants of good size from them.

semp6rvirens, Linn. Comsion Box Tree. Fig. 292.
Shrub or small tree, to '-'.'. It.: In"niclns quadrangular,
sparingly pubescent: 1\>. m\ -il ,.M,,iiir or oval, rarely
roundish oval or lanceoljii-'. ii-ii.tll> ohtuse, M-IM in.
long: fls. in axillary ilust. r^ : ^laminate fls. sessile,
with a gland half as loiin :i~ ih. calyx in the center. S.
Eur., N. Afr., Orient, China. \civ variable in size,

color and shape of the Ivs. : s..i f tin- most cultivated

forms are the following : \'ai-. angustiiolia. Loud. ( var.
lonqifdlia, Hort. ; var. siilinfulia , Hort.). Lvs. narrow,
oblong-lanceolate, usually slirubby. Var. arbor6Bcens,
Linn. Tall shrub or small tree : lvs. usually oval. Var.
argfinteo-marginita, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Var.
atirea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. ailreo-marginita, Hort,
Lvs. edged yellow. Var. Buffrutiodsa, Linn. (var. nitia,
Hort.). Dwarf : lvs. small, oval or obovate : flowering
clusters usually only terminal.

Jap6nica, Muell. Arg. {B. oheorddia, Hort. B. F6r-
tunei, Hort-). Shrub, 6 ft.: lvs. cuneate, obovate or
roundish obovate, obtuse or emarginate at the apex,
K-IK in. long, with usually pubescent petioles ; clus-
ters axillary ; staminate fls. sessile, with a central gland
as l.>m,' as the calyx. China, Japan. — Nearly as hardy as
llir foniirr. There are also some variegated forms.

microphylla, Sieb. & Zucc. (B. Jap6nica, var. micro-
phfilhi, iMuell. Arg.). Dwarf, often prostrate shrub,
quite glabrous : lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, K-1
in. long : clusters mostly terminal ; staminate fls. ses-
sile, with a central gland, like the former. Japan.

BaleArica, Willd. Shrub, 6-15 ft.: lvs. elliptic or
oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, 1-2 in. long, light
green : clusters axillary ; staminate fls. pedicelled. S.
Spain, Balear. — Handsome shrub, but less hardy than
the former.

B. CalUdrnica, Lk. = Simmondsia CaUfornica.— B. Fdrtunri,
Hort. = B. Japonica.— £. Hdrlandi, Hance. Branches pubes-
cent : lvs. narrow obovate, emarginate, %-l% in. long. China.
—B. longifdlia, Boiss. Lvs. narrow-elliptic or lanceolate, 1-1%
in. long. Orient, China.— B. longUblia, Hort. = B, sempervi-
reiis, var. angustifolia.— B. Wallichiana. Baill. Branches pu-
bescent : lvs. linear-elliptic, 1-2K in. long. Himalayas.

Alfeed Eehder.

CABBAGE Biusiica oleiiicea, Lmn , is a crucifer
ous pUnt which fjrows wild on the bea cliffs of i
and southern Europe Fies 293 and 294 from

, Cabbage i

chHs of the English Channt

show the common form as it grows on the chalk cliffs of
the English Channel. It is a perennial plant, or per-
haps sometimes a biennial, with a very tough and woody
root, a diffuse habit, and large, thick. deep-Iohed leares
in various shades of green and rf-Mi^li, :hmI Tn'tv <>r
less glaucous. The leaves of tin- liiimi \mi. |.i .h;ii,K
eaten by the barbarous or half-i-i\ I ;
history begins, the plant had hi • ■■ . i ; i ,

vated grounds and had begun to ]ir'Miii, , il^ n^. i.i-riti ^
or heads of leaves. It appears to have biin in general
use before the Aryan migrations to the westward. There
were several distinct types or races of the Cabbage in
cultivation in Pliny's time.

From til lijii.il -''h1. I, ;u ,. sprung all the forms

ofCalil' _ I ' ■ ]: , .. 1- S|ir,,uts and Kales.

Fortlu-iii : I :- iIm- 10 nirlLsh language

has no -, i.. I ,, i I,. ; I . ,, li iiiriu.l,. themall under

the term c'/i-k. ui.a il.c i.. i;,.uii . treat thura under A'oA?.
These various tribes may be c-lassifled as follows (cf.
De CandoUe, Trans. Hort. Soc. London, 5, 1-I.S ; Prodr.
1.213):

Var. ac6phala, DC. The various headless Cabbages.
It comprises the Kales, in many types and varieties, as
the tall or tree Kales, Curled or Scotch Kales, and Col-
lards. The Georgia CoUards, grown in the south and
"to northern markets, is shown in Fig. 295. Its
i may be found wild on the cliffs of the south-
coast of England to-day. A Curled Kale is
shown in Fig. 290. The thick, tender leaves of the Kales
are used as "greens." See CoUards and Kale.

Var. gemmifeTa, Hort. The bud-bearing Cabbage, or
Brussels Sprouts (see Fig. 273). In this group, the main
stem or axis is tall and erect, and the axillary buds are
developed into little heads.

Var. capitita, DC Tin- luad bearing, or true Cab-
bages. In this tiil.r. til.' main axis is short and thick,
'Iv |.;ukfd into a gigantic bud or
Thi- varieties of Cabbage are
ions. A serviceable classification

this
and the leaves ar.- .|.ii-.-l
head (Figs. L':i7. L'!iM .
very numerous and varioi
of them might follow thi:

I oblate or flattened (Fig. 299), including
Lvs. blistered or puckered. The Savoy Cabbages, Fig.

300

olerdcea, var. bulldta, DC).

be further di-

Var. botrjtis, DC. Cauliflower and Broccoli, in which
the head is formed of the condensed and thickened
flower-cluster. See Cauliflower.

The Chinese Cabbage is a wholly different species
from the common Cabbages (see Srassica). It does not
form a eomi'aft and rounded head, but a more or less
o,„.n and -oit ma-- o| Laves, after the manner of Cos
L.ttm-r. It i-ot i.,-> .ulture, but must be grown in the
rool si.a-on, tor it run, .piickly to seed in hot and dry
wratlur. L H. B.

Culture of Cabbaue. — The Cabbage is agross feeder.
It endures much abuse. We may cover its leaves with
dust, dose it with all sorts of substances, mutilate its
leaves or roots as we choose, plant it in heavy clay,
black muck or pure sand, and it will do fairly well in
spite of all conditions if we but supply an abundance of
easily secured food and the right quantity of water to
enable the ppant to take it in and make it available.
Next to plenty of food, its great requisite is a proper
supply of water, and, though its native home seems to
be near the ocean, it is by no means an aquatic, and suf-
fers as much from an over-supply of water as from any
untoward condition. Cabbages cannot endure hot sun-
shine and dry air, and do best at all stages of growth in
a cool, moist atmosphere, and while young plants do
fairly well in a higher one, provided there is plenty of
light and air, the older ones cannot be made to form per-
fect heads in such weather as prevails in most parts of
the United States during the sunmier months. They are
quite hardy, and will endure a too low temperature bet-
ter than one which is to... lii-h. their hardiness in this re-

cooler

seed-s
plants
bages can be grown without protection

\

order

294. Wild Cabbage plant in seed.

wherever a minimum temperature of about 1.5° above
zero is the coldest that may be expected, and at the
north well-grown and hardened plants for early crop
may be set out as soon as danger of a temperature below
about 20° above zero is passed. The earliest maturing

CAF

s, when grown without check, will come into
heading condition in about ninety days from the seed,
and the time necessary for the different sorts to perfect
heads varies from that to some 200 days for the latest.
In about sixty days from the seed the plant will be as
large as can be piofltablj transplanted, so that when
plants can be safely set out of door'
seed should be sown early in Fcbru
ing to be determined b\ the locnl
We thmk the best plan i^ to so^^
about i inches deep and of en
filled with lather he1^ y but ^ i '
the seed in drills about _ in I
ten seeds to the inch 1 1
light and air, and the gre it i

followed h^ stime u( ( es
the open ground m Sept
frames m late October or
through the winter m i do
tioii Such plants liting%
nuil if ill goe^\\ell will

CABBAGE 199

small roller, or. best of all, the foot ; this firming of the
soil is often quite essential to success. It is sometimes
the case that, in spite of all our efforts, the seed-bed be-
comes so dry that seed will not germinate. In such cases
one can often get a good stand by watering the ground
before planting filling the drills two or three times with

till

,ht 1

thin spring pi lutmg For the litti i ^ i i 1 i ( it
the north, and for those parts of the south whtiu no pn
tection IS necessary seed is sown m beds out of dooi
For this purpose, select a well drimed 1 vel spot of
rich f liable soil as near the field where the crop is to
be grown as pi i ticable and get it into the best possible
condition as t tilth and moisture by repeated cultiva
tion In the latitu le of Ivew York the latter part of
Mu r the hi t of June is considered the best time fo-

s Mug i tir the gen ral crop 1 ut

hue -Melds are

fft n It nel there ficm sred sown as 1

ite as tl e mid

die f luh and nian> of the most sucr

e sfnl Kicweis

wi h ni ke sever il so^^lng ne s ca

il. as May 10

ai I 1 1 tno later si as tibe s u t

1 . llait 1

thi 1 t condition f r transpl mtii t

th n 1 tion of the field and w eatl

t 111

se 1 h lid be sown m dulls ahciit t

1 t t tl

7 at f Irut fifty to the foot or it tl

k 1 th tl nt

shoull Ic thinned to about one fourth

mch ai ait as

water and when it has settled away sow the seed and
cover with dry earth well pressed down In most eases
an attempt to wet the bed 1 \ sjimklnv either before
or aftei the seed is j 1 mt I will 1 m i li nm than
good \s soon IS til f iiiii^ 111 I _i und the
surtic e should be c n liii[\ tin Iwnli i 1 nul this
should be repeated It 1 i It u i in tim i week

un,til the plants are t d I u I th li 11

A full stand of health^ ^ 11 t il lishc 1 plants is of
great importance an 1 d es mu 1 t wiids assuring a
profatal le cr | So important is it that many growers
wait t r 1 in ! w th r 1 t i s tt i ^ regardless of the
istake in doing

far

thi:

be bts

ill de

lesirable
t are set at the

I nserved by
1 inimedi-

1 1 I 1 e given

1 1 1 uld be

1 1 1 tected

I I Just how
up 11 e ich planter's

circumstances and the help he has at his command.

which IS of especial
at IS that the roots
v,s. This is often
t the transplanting
i s fault. A Cabbage
iiiis to suffer much
ft' instead of folded

295. Georgia Collards.

soon as fairly up. Some growers sow the seed and leave
the plants much thicker, but we think it pays to give
them plenty of room. The seed should be lightly cov-
ered, and the soil pressed firmly over it with the "hoe, a

There is one point in trans
importance with Cabbage
are not doubled back uj"
done by careless nieii. an

machines are worthless I

plant so set never does w
more than if the root had

The Cabbage is very dependent upon a proper supply

of water, and sulf ers more from the want of it than most

actfii- . : I lit cause of failure. Men seem to

think:!-. ,' ihr plant is a rank feeder, all that is

neci-^-:ii\ i^ ;iii .iiiiii.lant supply of food, and set them
enrich, black soils, made up chiefly of vegetable mat-
ter, but so open that they quickly dry out during sum-
mer droughts and the plants die or fail to do well, or
on lands so poorly drained that in a wot time the ground
is flooded and thr- plants drowned out. Not only should
we select gronnil wIhv.. th.- natural watrr sii]iply is
good, but one v. In-n- th,- jihy^iral .•iiii.liTi.in. are such
that we can conserve the s.mI incisture by l'ni|iient and
thorough cultivation, be.th betV.re and aftn- netting the
plants.^
For the highest possible development, the

200 CABBAGE

distribution and the degree to which the plant-food has
become immediately available is of equal or greater
importance than the quantity. Land can be put into
the best condition for raising a maximun crop by a
heavy dressing of stable manure, thoroughly vrorked into
a well-drained, loamy soil, and repeating the process
yearly for several seasons. A much heavier dressing of
manure can be profitably applied to a soil which has
been well fertilized in previous years than to one which
has received little or none. The most successful grow-
ers use large quantities of manure, often as high as one
hundred tons to the acre. When stable manure cannot
be readily obtained, it may be supplemented bv com-
mercial fertilizers, so made up as to contain' about
seven parts of nitrogen to oifrht of available phosphoric
acid and about six of potnOi. If vt drpend entirely

upon fertilizers, we shoul.l n . <• '.'""' t.. :!,000pounds

to the acre, and we shoul.l i ' • ,• upon all ordi-
nary soils the yield au.! i i,, - ,,f a crop of
Cabbage is largely depend. 1,1 ii^ iLl m-L.ant of avail-
able and evenly distributeil jilaiit-fnod aud the degree
to which the soil is kept always' moist, and more with
conditions which can only be secured by frequent and
thorough cultivation.

Diseases and Sojie op the Most Common Insect
Pests. — Ci«6-TOo/.-This is the effect of a fungus {Phis-
midiophora Brassicw), which develops within the cells
of the root, causing them to become distorted and the
plant to develop imperfectly or die. On the death of
the plant, the spores of the fungus become mixed with
the soil, where they lie dormant until roots of some
other host-plant come in contact with them, and the
conditions are favorable for their development. They
develop within several of our common weeds, and we
believe that the spores are to be found in most of our
cultivated fields, and need only favoijible conditions to
develop. We have found that the disease is seldom
troublesome except where the cultural conditions, par-
ticularly as to moisture, are unfavorable to the Cab-
bage, and that the best preventive is careful attention
to the health and vigor of the plant. We know of no
practical remedy where a plant or field is badly affected.
Plea Beetle. — X small, quick-moving black insect
(Phyllotreta vittata), which sometimes destrovs the
seedlings before thry hare formed true leaves. "By at-
tending to thfiii pmiri.'lv. r.-r l,:ir. nl-v,-,-. succeeded in

protecting- .!■• ;J •. i, ,1.; .i . „ ith tobacco

dust, US..1 i , , ,sary, which

may be t\\ i. ■ j s \ ^ ' . ;. ,. : ;-. ;,,i, upon using

thetobac ,r, ^....u :,- ih. iir-^i Kl, tl. ., ui,p,..ar. It is a

great deal easi,-rt.. ki.p them off than to dislodge them
after they are once there.

Cabbage Root Marigot ( Phorbia Brassiete). — This is
the larva of a fly very much like the common house fly,
'a little smaller, They appear in the latitude

Cabbage head— Early Flat Dutch.

of Detroit early in May, and the female deposits her
eggs in the ground at or close to the plant, usually put-
ting her abdomen into the opening in the soil formed
by the movement of the plant by the wind. The eggs
hatch in a few days, and the maggots feed upon the
roots and soon destroy them. An effective but costly'

preventive, only practicable for use on early plants of
high prospective value, is to surround the plants with
shields formed of octagon pieces of tarred paper about
three inches across, and having a small hole in the cen-
ter, from which there is a slit to one edge, by means of

Showing

buds m the axilb

which the guard can be slipped around the plant and
pressed down on the ground, so that the fly is prevented
from laying her eggs in the earth, and, laid on the sur-
face, they will perish for want of moisture. We have
also done much to prevent injury by scattering among
the plants bits of sticky fly-paper, by means of which a
great many of the flies are caught and killed. It is
important that the paper should be put out early, so as
to catch as many as possible before they have laid their
eggs. In the seed-bed, the maggot can be destroyed by
injecting bisulfide of carbon about the roots from a
syringe, or pouring it into a hole and quickly closing
the hole (cf. Slingerland, BuU. 78, Cornell Exp. Sta.).

TJie Green Cabbage Worm (Pieris Bapce). — Weha.ve
succeeded best in protecting our young plants from
worms by spraying with Paris green and water in
about the proportions used for potato bugs. As the plants
become larger, and the use of the poison objectionable,
we dust the plants with pyrethrum powder, which, if
pure, will be very effective.

Hauvestino, Storing and Marketing.— Nearly all
(.f a will-grown crop of Cabbage of a good stock will
MKiture at about the same time, and, while the earlier
sorts remain in prime condition but a few days, the
later oues remain so for two or three weeks, and can be
stored so as to be salable for several months. Often the
maturing of the crop can be delayed to advantage by
partially pulling the plants and pressing them over to
the north. The southern crop is usually marketed from
the field as soon as it is fit, being sent forward in open
crates containing from two to ten dozen heads. The
early faU market is usually supplied by local growers,
who deliver direct to retailers. The late fall crop is
often shipped long distances in open or well ventilated
ears. At the north they may be stored till spring. We
have tried more than a score of -highly praised methods
of storing, and found that each, under certain condi-
tions, had advantages, but we have fouud that generally
the best and most certainly successful plan, at least for
the latitude of Detroit, is to store in trenches, as fol-
lows : Plow and replow several times a strip of well-
drained sandy land, where there is no danger from sur-
face water, and open a trench some 10 inches deep and
about 20 inches wide. Then pull the Cabbages, remove
a few of the outer leaves, stand them on their heads for

CABBAGE

a few hours, that any water at the base of the leaves may
escape, and set them in the trench, heads up and as com-
pactly as possible, throwing a little earth over the roots
as we do so. We have found it profitable to build a roof
of four rough boards over them, but this is not essen-
tial and they may be slightly covered with corn-stalks
or other coarse litter, or even the refuse leaves of the

CABBAGE 201

and of good quality. Owing to the hardiness and com-
pact habit of the plants, they are the best sorts for forc-
ing under glass and early spring planting at the north,
and for winter culture at the south.

Winnigstadt is in .some resj.>-. i mi;. !, !i; . ■.]„• above,
but is larger in plant and ht;ii(, ii r. and a

much better keeper. ThehemN: ' Mal.with

the leaves convi.lute rather than -■ . i lii-i iiu at tlie top,

'I'll'- iy]te is very sure heading and
111 L."""l lii-ads under circumstances

U '. , / ' s- rZ-^'rl- Fl'il I'-trh [Fig.

■yjlj.AII-JI.'' .1 1-,, ,i,,-M .,,r,,,i- „,rts, be-

Jersey Wake

Cabbage

Cabbage maj be used As soon is tli i i liii^ii f
frost, cover with eirth to protect tli in ti ni it ui 1 tin
rain If the boards are used the\ h ul 1 I \ ltd

with earth in the same way and m I ili ih i. %

ering should be increased as the wt ith i _i « liler,
and if it should be very cold a co\ering of stiiw or
coarse manure is desirable The aim is to protect the
heads from rain, but to keep them moist and at an even
temperature— one of about 32° is best and one some
what lower is less objectionable than one much higher.
The cost of growing an acre of general crop or late
Cabbage on good ground, not including ground rent, is
about as follows : Fertilizer, $20 to $40 ; preparation of
the ground, $10 ; growing and setting about 8,000 plants,
$13 ; cultivating and hoeing, $10 ; harvesting and mar-
keting, $10. The yield should be about 7,500 heads,
making the cost of growing about one cent a head.

'Varieties. — The Cabbage has been made more valu-
able to man by the development of a tendency to form
more and larger leaves, and thickening them with thick-
walled cells deposited both in the blade and the ribs.
There has also been a shortening of the stem, particu-
larly at the top, until the upper leaves are en. wiled and
folded over each other and form a bud nr leail. ilie inner
portion of which becomes blanched, tend, i- and sweet,
and, through the loss of much of tin- naturalh stnmg
taste, well-flavc.red. The thicker the leave, and the iinirc
solid the head, tin- sweeter, mure tender and better tla-
vored the Cal.l.a-e. If the l.'a\-es are 1,iiil' ami narrow.
with large inidril. and little Idade at tlie l.ase,
the upper part nf the head may l.e solid: Imt
the lower part, being made up eliiell\ -it ttie
thickened midribs, 'will be npen ami eearse.
If the leaves are broad and iirejniriiniiately
too short, they will not laji u • \] e\ i r i a,ii
other, and the head will li — ; ani ,\in
open at the center. Many 'a - in

developed, differing in "sea- i!\.

shape of head, etc., and ailain i ii imii n nt
cultural or market conditiuu.s. .Man, ,,1 il,,iu,
though differing in some poiut, are essentially
identical, and, as the list is an ever-increasing
and constantly changing one, we would refer
our readers to the various seedsmen's cata-
logues for descriptions, only speaking of a
few representative sorts of the different types,
between which there are many intermediate

Jersey Wakefield (Fig. 299), Express, New
York. — These are small-growing, early-ma-
turing and small-headed sorts. Under favor-
able conditions they become fit for use in
from 90 to 110 days from seed, and continue in
edible condition but a comparatively short
time. The plants are compact and erect-growing, with
very thick, smooth and smooth-edged leaves, and are
very hardy. The hearts are small, as compared with the
later sorts, more or less conical in shape, quite solid,

coming fit l',,r 'I 1 ' lin, ' ! intiuuing

in condition 1,1 w i.]ie. The

plants are lara, , -ini aihiiL'. ',,, ill laiL'i . In-iiad. smooth,
lliiek li-a\as, aild form a mure or less flattened, oval head
id - 1,1 id ^i.'.e ; solid, and of good quality. They are best
aihi|iiid 111 early fall use.

/,,//, Fhit Duteh, Stone Masoiij Late Drumhead. —
Strdiig-nrnwing. spreading plants, forming very large,
solid heads in from 120 to 180 days, and remaining a long
time in usable condition. They are th-a best type for
general crop, will give the largest yield, and keep well
through the winter.

Hotlander, Liixemliiirg. — A type of Danish' origin,
which has become quite popular of late years, particu-
larly for shipping long distances. The plants are strong-
growing and the hardii-st of all. enduring with but little
injury fr.ist or dnm-ht wliirh w.mld i-uin ether sorts.
They , ■lime t,, maturiiy sli.xvlv, and f.,nn a n ,iii|,aratively

small lint very hard riaind head nf :; i i|nalitr, which

keeps well and whi.li, lieeause et' its slia]i,' and solidity,
can be handled in shipping better than most sorts.

Savoy (Fig. 300). — A class of Cabbage in which the
leaves of both the plant and head are crumpled or sa-
voyed instead of smooth, as in the preceding. There are
varieties of all the types found in smooth-leaved sorts,
thoui;li geiierallv tln-y are l.-ss certain ti> form good
heads, and the Inaels an- smaller. As a .dass they are

grown in Eurepe. where tiny are esti-ennil tn be much
more tender and delicate in flavor than the smooth-
leaved sorts.

Sed Cabbage.— A class of which there are many varie-
ties, and in which the leaves of the plant are dark pur-
ple and those of the head bright red. The heads are

300. Savoy Cabbage.

202 CABBAGE

seed that this or any other vegetable can be improved,
or even its present good qualities maintained. It would
seera to be an easy matter to save and use only the seed
of a few of the most perfect Cabbn^. -. Iwr tli.' |.l:iiit is
capable of enormous seed product i<ni, \\ ■ h,i\> luown

a single plant to yield 35 oum-.^ I - 1. i iMMi.;h,

if every seed grew, to fiiniish the phmi^ Inr r»o acres;
but it is not quite -.. ^.i- :i- ilii- showing would make
it— first, because il !.>iied is an exceptional

one, and, second I \ - \ ery seldom that an

isolated plant vie I, I ,, ,i.,...i . , il. The flower of the
Cabbage is sexuallj ]., ti' . ; . I iliinl; tliere is no dis-
covered reason why iuiU\ : i nit- ;,n> self-impo-
tent, but we have never -i, ■ : iritting more
than a very few seeds fne I i il.uit. either in
the open air or when en.l.. ■ i , ; : i tij,'ht struc-
ture of glass and cL.tlj, in \\lil. li n tiuliil., r .,f i.ees were

confined. Again, we iiaxe r-|M:it,,My i-..l:iir,l il,,. ]„■-.!
plant of an hundn-d. ^.itinu- the i .-i in ;t tj..ek, ami t)ie
few seeds ebtaii.ed lV.,i,,il,ri-<.lair,l |,ni.iu 1 plants

:••'■■ '■■■■'' , ! ,, I '■ , ,-t one of our

they will produce and give plants of the desired type.
In spite of those facts, we believe that the general rule
h ^ive the best results with other plants
il 1' fir ilie Cabbage, and that in this,
- 1 n.uld first form a distinct and
llaiit we wish to produce, and

1 I ipiie which comes nearest to that

.em iljat the necessity of a distinct and
d of exactly what we want to produce
'ident, but some seed-growers have a
very vague idea of the exact type wanted. Some years
ago we visited the originator of one of our best varieties,
for the purpose c.f learning what he considered the type
OL the V irietj He was an intelligent man, a good culti
vator and hid been growing this strain for over twenty
years He took ns iiit i tii Id i t i li in 1 ini Calluses
as we ever saw In i 1 i t i i iii n \\

asked him to si I i I i i I i

fully noted its \ ' r

part of the fir 1 1 i I,

picked nut n ^ I I I i i

terof til 1 th

andpracti
are equall
as with el

oe wli

thenrais. -. . .
ideal. It«..ul,l
well defined id
would be self-.

were td n

Il ihii

should 1 tl ,

1 nut

sort Thud in 1 i

1 r nil lute

lietween the fli t t

1 uh like the

first This man 11 1 i

Ml for twent>

years and w is 1 1 i i

11 un of supe

rior qu dit\ 1 i i , 1 1

im. ind

m hi

s, lection and

breeding h il 1 1 1

1 h to the

selling

quahtv cf thf

1 qual

CACALIA

plants will go through the winter and seed better than
those which are fully ripe when put away for the win-
ter. The plants are usually wintered in the manner
described for storing for market use, except that the
trench is usually narrower. The plants are set out for
seed-bearing as early as possible in the spring. It is
usually necessary to carefully open the head by two
cross-cuts with a knife in order to let the tender seed-
stalk break through. The plants are given double or
treble the space which they required the first year. It
is generally true that the more developed and better the
stock, the smaller the yield of seed. \y. w. Tracy.

CAB6MB A (aboriginal name). Nymphm&cece. Haifa
ilozen aquatics of 'the western hemisphere, with small
flowers li'avint; ]iersisteiit sepals and petals, each 3 or 4,
and stamens few ; eai|H Is I'-.'i, free and distinct, and
snl.ni.-r^ed Ivs. lim-ly .li^seeted and mostly opposite.

Caroliniana, llray ( r. nqiidtica, DC, not Aubl. C.
viriclildliu, Hort.). Floating Ivs. green, oblong-linear :
fls. white, with 2 yellow spots at base of each petal ;
stamens 6. N. Car., S. and W. A.G. 15:157.— (7. rosce-
fdlta, Hort., is a form with reddish Ivs. A.G. 15:157.

The true C. aqudtica, Aubl., of trop. Amer., with
yellow fls. and nearly orbicular floating Ivs., is shown
in B.M. 7090.

Cabomba CaroHni
of aquatics. It is oi
the aquarium. It is
District of Columbia
tained in quantities i

L. H. B.

is very largely used by growers

f the inili-pensable plants for

«ii iMiui Ix in North Carolina,
Mill . Li ml, « here it can be ob-

per

ithe

vlieie It, is eoiumonly called Fish
Gra-^, w I i.iii.iii iirass,etc. It is tied in bunches with
a im ■ I ' ' J. -which acts as a weight, thus re-

tain; i - !■ IN a natural position in water. In a

mod. i:in I. nip, r,itiire it soon emits roots and grows
freely. It is a siilimerged plant, except in midsummer,
when the flowers are borne above the water, accompa-
nied by a few floating leaves. It is one of the best
plants for domestic fish. It also grows in New Jersey,
where it is quite hardv C rosafolia is tender does not
retain its delightful carmine coloring under confinement,
and 1 not so often met except m Florida

William Thicker

CACALIA (ancient Greek name) Comp6sitce Peren
111 I li il uf which 9 or 10 are native to the U S
lilt ill hermaphrodite with white or flesh colored

1 II IS II h of the 5 lobes with a midnerve akenes

heads

breeder 1 1 I i \ mi t i breed from black red

big or little i( ws ie„ iidless of anj thing but tli

ity of then milk Ha\ ing formed a carefuIU

ered ideal we should select from 10 to 100 of the

plants which come nearest to it and from these make 0

an extra selection of about one tenth of the lest ^ "*

would set the whole lot m a nearlj square II I a\ iiti

the extra selections m the center We woul 1 n n 1

plant seed from each extra select plant b\ it ll n I

haMne li\ m r\ < ir< fill e\ iinin itn ii i nitiii I In I

planting th it th i [ will I pi t i ommg to maturity
at the time ot stoiin„ toi wiutei lixtures and inferior
plants cin be detected and thionn out then as well as
when the plants are fully matured and the younger

^^-

CACALIA

glabrous : Ivs. petioled. None of the species are known
to be in the Amer. trade, but some of the native kinds
may be e^qiected to appear in commerce. For an account
of the N. Amer. species, see Gray, Syn. Fl., vol. 1, p. 2,

pp. .'igi-e.

CACALIA of the florists See i

CACTUS

203

lateral members upon it ; and most probably these
lateral members represent leaves. The Cactus forms are
not always leafless or compact, for the species of Peres-
kia are climbing, woody forms, with well- developed
petiolate leaves (Fig. 309); and even the well-known
pricklv pears (Opuntia) are more or less expanded and
have \eiy evident ephemeral lea^es

The flowers aie usually conspuuous m many cases
remark ihlj laige and luiUianth lolored The sepals
and pet lis iic numeious iri<m„fd in several imbrica
ting seiifb , tliH stinuns ire mdehnite m number and
inserted it the b ise ot tht corolla the stjle is promi

sith spreading,

>iig perennial 1-2 ft high

.. lit n]\ clabrous Ivs nearlj

I III 1 ] 11 ted the lobes

CACALI6PSIS

low floret 111.1 I

Narddsmu: ( i
loose woiilh but
all radit U lou^
dentate or cut 1
at the summit i t
woods, Cilif t I
border plant

CACAO, COCOA See Tluohioma

CACTUS CACTI Thi peculiar forms included under
this niiii 11 niul tin familj Cactdcur The} are
especialh li ii i ii ii t the warm and dry regions of
Ameru 1 tli u li | 1 i\ I i lug greatest in Mexico, although
extending lioiii the plans of North America and east
ward southwaid thiough the West Indies and Mexico to
southern South Ameiica Aside from ceitain Afiican
species of Rlnpsalis this gieat family contiiniug about
1,000 known i i. s i ibsolutch itstiKtcd to \mei
ica Th I I Mi |. ,1 ill/ ,n f, , I I, 1,1 1, ,]

has Ion i tin u_li ul rl M lir ii n m

region ii i it ii un I i tli n mi t

"Indiin li II 1 I h plu t ( 1 ti in tlin I niti .1

States IS in tin Mi xir m border states lejiiesenting
the northern edge ot the still more extensive Mexican
display

The peculiar habit of the famih seems to be the re
sultof prr. mini Ir n -bt < n liti n to which the> have
become r iiiiil il] 1 ,t I 111 t t ' 1 ]iioblera pre
sented 1 \ u h n h i i i tli t i t water and

the refill 111 n n I \ ii uli i « iter stoi age

the pluit I h 1 liii t n ti ilh u nlent Loss
ot watei 1 \ ti 1 I 11 ti n IS iidn td t i minimum by
heavy 1 1 1 I un I « II md cuticle and other anitomi
cal devi I ut | ih i still moie by leducing the sur

face ex p m t ih 1 U m comjiarison ■nitb its miss
(Figs 301 n. mi) i 1 til ill tint I 111, 1 u
have been abandoned entn l\ ii I tn ii | uli n w ik
has been assumed 1)% the ii| ili i I li u I tli i ni
The stem Itself is flit or 1 innin n i^l lulu tli lit
form representing the le ist e\i in t suii i c m i lu
portion to the mass The 1 itei alh de% eluped le i\ es md
branches common to ordinary stems are genenlly re
placed by various ephemeral or abortive structures the
most notable of which are the bristles and remukahh
varied spines The real natuie of C actus spines is i dis
puted question and not a \eiy impoitant one ^ hen
rudiment iry leaves appear a in Opuntia t\u\ ire
found subtending the cushion or irex in connection
with which the spines are de^ eloped This iiea is
clearh an aborted branch and the spmes repiesent

lobes (Fig M5) The

smooth or bnstlj or spmj flesh\ fiuit, often edible
(figs 304,306)

The largest forms i y t * i t^i ' i^i

columnar and flutfil i i i ^

iscending branchi ht

of 50 or 00 feet Th lis

developed in the di un I i I il i i I i i I i i

the eastern slopes of Lower California, these Cactus
trees occur m extensive forests, forming the so called
"cardon forests "

In Bentham and Hooker s Genera Plantarum, 13 gen
era of Cactacece are recognized, while m Engler and
Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, recently published Schu
mann recognizes 20 genera Of these 20 genera 15 are
included in tiade catalogues, and fave of them are rep
resented in the United States Generic and specific
lines among the Cactacem are ver^ indistinct and the
greatest diversity of opinion in leference to them ex
ists Thi erroup seems to be a ver> modern one geolog
11 ill\ II I 1 111! Willy plastic, responding readily to
\ II so that forms that have been de

s ii' I J lecies will undoubtedly prove to be

but 1 I 1 1 f I li s .if a single species The confusion
has be. n fnitbei intensified by the description of nu
merous garden forms As a result many catalogue
names aie very uncertain, being applied differently in

different garden collections. In addition to forms which
appear normal, various so-called "mons'
apt to arise, both in na

and in cultivation. These

abnormal forms are of two general types : one, in which
the body takes the form of a fan or contorted ridge, is
designated by the varietal name cristatus and its gender
equivalents ; the other, in which there is an irregular
bunching of branches, is designated in the same way
as var. monsirosus.

A brief synopsis of the 15 genera announced in trade
catalogues is as follows ;

short: fls.

Us of tubercles or

ith

1. Helocactus. Nearly globular, strongly ribbed and
spiny, easily recognized by the distinct flower-bearing
crown. About 30 species, found chiefly in W. India and
Brazil.

2. Mamillaria. Fig. 302. Globular to short cylindri-
cal, not ribbed, but with prominent tubercles bearing
terminal clusters of spines, and fls. usually in zones.
The largest genus, nearly 300 species being recognized,
ranging from northern U. S. into S. Amer.

3. Pelecyphora. Fig. 303. Like the last, but the
spirally arranged tubercles are flattened, and bear two
rows of flat, overlapping, horny scales instead of spines.
A single Mexican species.

4 Anhalonium Ijow flat topped form'., the tubercles
spineless and lesemlihng tliu k imbricate scales About

CACTUS

BB. Stems short: fls. terminal, on tubercles which
are often confluent into ribs.

5. Echinocactus. Globular to short cylindrical,
strongly ribbed forms. The second genus in the num-
ber of its species, 200 being recognized, ranging from
the U. S. to Chile and Brazil.

6. MalacocarpuB. Closely resembling the last, and
often iiii'luded under it. Distinguished by the woolly
tuft at the very apex of the stem. About 8 species are
recognized, restricted to Brazil and Uraguay.

BBB. atems mostly elongated, erect or climbing,
branching, ribbed or angled.

7. Cereus. Fig. 304. From almost globular to stout
columnar, or slender, climbing, creeping or deflexed. A
genus of about 100 species, extending from the U. S.
into South America.

8. PilocereuB. Distinguished from the large, colum-
nar forms of Cereus by the development of abundant
white hairs instead of "rigid spines. About 45 species
are recognized, ranging from Mexico to Brazil.

9. Echinopsis. Like columnar species of Cereus, but
very short (sometimes globose) and many-ribbed, with
remarkably elongated calyx tubes. About 10 species,
restricted to southern S. Amer.

10. Echinocereus. Like cylindrical species of Cereus,
but small, and with weak spines and short calyx tubes.
About 30 species, found in both N. and S. Amer.

305. Flower of Phyllocactus.

5 species, all Mexican, one of which is found in the U.
S. The proper name of this genus is Ariocarpns. By
many it is considered as belonging to Echinocactus.

306. Fruit of Phyllocactus angulieer.

BBBB. Stems flattened or winged, jointed.

11. Phyllocactus. Figs. 305, 306. Mostly epiphytic,
the joints flat, becoming thin and leaf-like upon cylin-
drical stems. About 12 species are recognized in Cent.
and S. Amer.

12. Epiphyllum. An epiphyte, with numerous hang-
ing, many-jointed stems. A single S. American species,
the other species usually referred to this genus belong-
ing to Phyllocactus.

AA. Calyx tube not produced beyond the ovary : stems
branching and jointed.

13. Bhipsalis. Small, epiphytic forms, with joints
ribbed, cvlindrical or flat, with or without bristles. A
genus of ".50 species, chiefly developed in Cent, and S.
America.

14. Opuntia, Figs. 307, 308. Branching, jointed forms,
the joints flat or cylindrical, usually bristly and spiny.
A large genus of 150 species, ranging from central N.
Amer. to Chile. The cylindrical forms belong to the
iii'ire desert regions, while the flat-jointed forms, or

prickly pears," as a rule occupy conditions not so ex-
tremely dry.

15. Pereskia, Pig. 309. Climbing, woody forms, with
perfectly developed Ivs. About 15 species are known,
ranging from Mexico to Argentine. The name is ordi-
narily written Pereskia.

The completest monograph of Cacti, with descriptions
of species, is Schumannn's Gesammtbeschreibung der
Kakteen, Berlin, 1899. jqhn M. Coulter.

CACTUS

Culture of Cacti. — To enable one to
hope to be fairly successful in the culti-
vation of a collection of Cacti, it maj- be
well to observe the following sugges-
tions : Always endeavor to secure plants
in May or early June, as at that time
any wounds caused by packing or m
transportation become quickly healed,
and a perfect callus is formed, which
generally prevents further decay. Again,
always be sure that the plant is in per-
fect condition before it is potted. Plants
collected from their native habitats are
usually received without roots ; or, if
they have roots, they will be found, m
most cases, to be so injured that, for
the safety of the plant, they would better
be taken off close to the plant with a
sharp knife. This done, proceed to closely examine
the plant, and be sure that every part of it is per-
fectly free from all signs of sickness or rot. Plants
which have been on the road only a few days may arrive
with a certain percentage dead. Such plants undoubt
edly looked good while being packed, but a careful
examination would have shown them to be unfit for
sale. If, on examination, any sign of sickness yr deca>
should be found, let the bad parts be at once taken out
until healthy tissue is ref.ched, after which place the
plants in full exposure to sun and wind, allowing them
to so remain until every atom of the treated part has
become covered with a dry and perfect callus. It may
sometimes be found necessary to use a hot iron where
decay is doing very rapid work. When the plant re-
ceived is very large and old, or the bottom has become
hard, dry and woody, or the roots injured, then at
cut off the woody bottom up to living tissue ; and plant
only after the wound has been dried thoroughly. Treated
thus, the plant will produce, in most cases, an abundant
supply of new roots in a very short time, and thus give
a virtually young plant ; but if any old, woody part is
left on, the chances will be against the forming of new
roots. Never take the hard trunk of a plant for propa-
gating purposes, but choose the active, growing part,
in which the cells are full of life.

In preparing soil for Cacti, it will be found advisa-
ble to use one-half good, fibrous loam and one-half very
old lime rubbish, secured from some old, torn down
brick building, taking care to sift from it the fine, dusty
particles to ensure material of perfect drainage. To
this may be added good, clean sand. In potting Cacti,
it is generally supposed that a ]>ot as large as the body
of the plant is sufficient ; but it is better to select pots
of a rather larger size for during the season of growth
the plant must be supplied with water and when pots
are too small this cannot be done In such case the
plant has to depend upon
its own resources In the
process of potting fill the
pot one third with rough
lumps of ccke or other
uch materi il on the top
t whi h pi 1 p 1 lihfral

ui then
o place
the cuttings or plants
Take care to plant very
litlle below the surface
1 lire thit the soil is

I II h dry and carefully
I t un from w itering for
me time but if the
neither is verv warm and
bright aven light sMing
ing ma^ be „iven once each
day If pot are plunged
m open ground this light
daily s\ ringing will be
sufficient until the plant
shows signs of growth

It is a mistake to repot Cacti very often, unless the
roots have become infested with mealy bug or other
pest. Should this occur, the plant must be turned out
of the pot, roots thoroughly washed, and planted in a
new pot and in new soil. The condition of the soil in
each pot should be constantly and carefully examined,
and if the slightest sign of imperfect drainage is mani-
fest, the case should receive prompt attention.

In the summer season, some persons turn their plants
out of pots into the open borders. They may do well
during the season, but, as there is more or less danger
of bruising or injuring them in taking them up from
open ground and repotting, the practice is unwise.
Avoid inflicting any injury on the plants in the late fall
or winter. It will be found a much safer practice to
plunge the plants, in their pots, in late spring or as
soon as the cold spring rains are over. Any warm, well-
drained bed or border may be selected for this purpose,
where they may receive sunlight and perfect venti-
lation.

For winter protection, select a naturally damp house,
— one with floor sunken two feet or more. It should not
be made wet by constant syringing or by a leaky roof,
but by keeping the floor of the house damp, thus ren-
dering it unnecessary to be constantly watering the
plants. Let the temperature of the house be kept as
close as possible to 50°, promptly ventilating when the
heat begins to increase. Avoid all severe changes. Use
as mild a fire heat as possible to be safe from cold.

Cacti may be propagated from seed, by division of
by cuttings or offsets. The most
tivi- and permanently successful
■ 1, I'hnits grown in this way will
ill iwo ur three years, with a fine
1^ whirli will be a permanent source
-iii^' ^..•.llings is better than import-

lli. ii.iii "I I .M ti. There would be
r r.ill,.,-iiMii^ ,,( Cacti if persons
Iiil; |. hints from seed. The most

large clumps.

method is fi
furnish the
stock of tliri
of satisfactii
ing the plan
to secure a

ZOb CACTUS

desirable Cacti to be raised from seed are Pelecyphora,
Mamillaria, Cereus, Echlnopsis and Echinocactus. When
raised from seed, any of these may be successfully
grown as v, indow plants, with little danger of loss.

Perhajps the mc.st easih giown of the Cactus family
are Opuntias, hut tin sc ire not to be recommended for

window culture, on account of their full equipment of
barbed spines. Cereus flaf/fllifiirmis, Rhipsalis, and
Epiphyllums on their own roots, flourish well and are
exceedingly attractive. But the best of all are the Phyl-
locacti ; these are without spines, grow vigorously, and
produce an abundance of blooms if thej* are given a
sunny window and tin- iK-c.-^nry nmomit of water.
Cactuses generally :irr sulij.Tt t,. in^.-.-t^ .iiid fii!ii.'ous
troubles. One of tli. mo-t .■..pimon |,.vi, ,, :, .,.:,l,- in-
sect. The safes
clean them off w
only moderate

rs of

The mealy bug may be easily
disposed of by dissolving 5 grams castile soap in hot
water, and adding IK quarts of alcohol ; then add 100
grams of fusel oil ; apply with a very fine spray.

James Gurney.

CABIA (Arabic name, Kadi). Legumindsm, tribe
Sophdrete. About 3 species of small evergreen trees of
Arabia and Africa, remarkable for their regular mallow-
like lis. : Ivs. pinnate : fls. axillary, mostly solitary,
drooping ; stamens 10, free.

ptirpiirea, Forsk. (C. fdWa, L'Her. ). Lfts. 20^0 pairs,
very narrow : Hs. bell-shaped, pedunculate, rose-red,
pretty ; not spiny. Arabia.— Cult, in S. Calif.

C. EUisiAna, Baker, has few large Ifts. and rose-colored fls.
Madag. B.M. 6685.— C. piMscens, Bojer. Lfts. 8-10 pairs,
broad-oblong. Madag.

CaiSALPlNIA (Andreas Cassalpinus, 1519-1603, Ital-
ian botanist). Leguminbsa'. Brasiletto. Shrubs or
trees, with bipinnate Ivs. and racemes or panicles of
red or yellow lis., with obovate more or less clawed pet-
als, 10 stamens, and a very long style. The fls. are not
papilionaceous. The species, all tropical, are nearly 50.
The genus yields tanning materials and dye stuffs ; and
most of the species are very showy in flower and arc
favorites in tropical and semi-tropical countries. They
are grown rarely in warm glass houses. The botanical
status is confused. L. H B

C.ESALPINIA

some hours before sowing. A sandy soil should be
chosen for the seed-bed, and lightly shaded. After the
plants show the first true leaf, they should be potted
off into small pots of onlin;iry Kar.l.-n soil, not too rich,
made Hl'IiI I'\ iIi. ii.I^lin-iM.f - himI ii" -r :i > I,, v .■\ nature.
The l.l:,lif- -I.. . ! .; i" ' '■■ hnti-d into

larijcr |...t- ,■! 'h. ' - ■ i.. i ■ . i . . ■ ii.mse cul-

size in pots. The dwarf species are elegant subjects for
subtropical gardening during the summer months in
temperate climates, provided a sunny location is given
them, as they revel in rather dry, very warm soil, and
do not require artificial watering after being established.
A rocky, sunny situation may be given C. pulcherrima
and its variety fUira, where they will bloom during
many weeks of summer, until frost checks them, if
stroiiir plants about a foot high are selected in early
sinnni.r. Ian- sli.,ukl be taken to gradually harden
«<1T ]ilaiii~ in tin- 111. use, so that they mav not be chilled
whin iraiiv|ilaiit.-.l outdoors. While they will do well
ill a |iipor si.il, all application of nirniin-i- nr- rbi-niical fer-
tilizer may be given them to ::■' ' ■ ;-in>; them

to make a more vigorous gri.\>' . _ i n.-r and

larger lieaiis of flowers. In tin i ; ■ ' :-" in sub-

tropical climates, these shriil'- ..i i Hi- .ir.> always
admired and are commonly planted fur ornament. The
Royal Poinciana (C. h'egia, but properly Poineiann
liegia, which see), and also the Dwarf Poinciana, or
Flower -fence (C. pulcher-rima), will thrive in close
proximity to the sea, and are valuable for planting in
exposed coast situations. e. N. Reasoner.

A. Stamens long-exserted : fls. vev}/ shoicy : frees,
unarmed or nearly so.

Gilliesii, Wall. Shrub or small tree, with very many
small, elliptic pinnules : fls. light yellow, with brilliant
red stamens protruding 3-5 in., in terminal racemes ;
sepals hairy-fringed. S. Amer. B.M. 4006, as Poinci-
ana GilUesii, Book. P.S. 1:61. R.H. 1893, 400. G.C.
in. 15:73.— Endures mild winters. A very showy and
worthy plant.

pulohAnima, Swtz. Barbadoes Pride. Barbadoes
Flower-fence. Dwarf Poinciana. Shrub, with deli-
cate, evergreen, mimosa-like Ivs., few scattered prickles,
and very gaudy red and yellow crisped fls. on the ends
of the new growth : stamens and style red, and long-
exserted. Generally distributed in the tropics. B. M.
995. — One of the most popular shrubs in warm climates,
as S. Fla. and S. Calif. There is a var. fUva, with yel-
low fls.

Lfts. small, H-l in. long, very obtuse.
c. Shrub, unarmed.
randegee. Shrub, 2^ ft., with slender
branches clothed with white, deciduous bark ; Ivs. de-
compound ; pinnee 2-4, each with 4-6 oblong and retuse
lfts. : fls. yellow, showy ; pod glandular, 1-2-seeded.
Lower Calif.— A rapid -growing species, recently dis-
covered and introduced to the trade.

cc. Shrubs or trees, prickly.

D. Pod smooth: shrubs.

sepi&ria, Roxbg. Pinnules about 10 pairs, oblong,

rounded on both ends : fls. yellow. India. — Furnishes

dye wood ; also used as a hedge plant.

Jap6nica, Sieb. & Zucc. Loose, spreading shrub, armed
with stout, recurved prickles : pinnules 7-9 pairs, ob-
long, very obtuse : fls. in large, panicle-like clusters,
canary-yellow, the stamens bright red. Japan. Gn.
40:837. J.H.III, 34: .531. — Endures the winters in some
parts of England. The hardiest species of the genus,
probably hardy as far north as Washington. D.C.
DD. Pod prickly : tree.
eclun4ta, Lam. Tree, with prickly branches, blunt,
elliptic, shining, alternate lfts., yellow fls., and spiny
pods; stamens shorter than the petals. Brazil. — Yields
dye wood.

C^SALPINIA

BB. L(ts IS in.long, acute or miicronulate:
pod prickly.

Mlnax, Hance. Diffuse shrub, thorny: pinnse 10, with
12-20 ovate-lanceolate glabrous Ifts., 1-lK in. long : ra-
cemes panicled, many-fld., with very large bracts : fls.
white and purple: pods 7-seeded (seeds large and black),
spiny. China.

B6nduc, Rosbg. Climbing shrub, with prickly, pubes-
cent Ivs., oblong-ovate mucronate Ifts., 1^-3 in. long,
vellow fls., and a few large yellow seeds in a short,
prickly pod. Tropics ; S. Fla.

C. hijiiga, Swtz. (Acacia Bancrottiana, Bert.). Spiny shrub,
with ultimate Ifts. in 2 pairs : fls. paniculate. Jamaica.— C
Rigia, Dietr,=Poinciana Regia.

L. H. B. and Alfred Rehder.

CAHOUN. Consult ^«a?eff Cohunc.

CAJANUS (aborifiinal nam.). /;, ,/«,»,«,«.,■. Tropical
shrub with piuual.-. :'.-f..li"lati. Ivs.. • ,ll..w p.apiliona-

the following :

tndicus, Spreng. A shrub with yellow and maroon
(is., blooming all through the year, and bearing a con-
tinuous crop of highly nutritious peas. Lfts. elliptic-
oblong. Plant more or less hairy. Grows from 4-10 ft.
high, very diffuse and spreading. Much cult, in the
tropics for the seeds or pulse. It varies greatly in
stature and in character of seeds : C. flcivus. DC, has
yellow fls. and 2-:.i-seeded pods which are not .spotted ;
C. Iitcolor, DC, has red-striped fls., and +-.". s,-r,l..,l pods
which are spotted: see B.M.6440 and K.ll. If-. I: I:i0.
Usually treated as an annual. Probably nativ i.i t hi-
nese territory. Known under many lo'-al nanns, as
Pigeon Pea Congo Pea Dhal Toor and others,

CALABASH GOURD See Lajenana

CALADIUM ( irigin f n n h ur
bi e us perenni il t 1

petuled l\s with 1 j I 1 1

casia in floral chdi i t i \
Trop Amer Two of the sj
and many named horticultu
Eugler m DC Monog Phni
In Caladium propagati i
the t il ers at the 1 eginnin,, t tl
nhi hi ibout the fii t of March Tl
to thini lb a mixture of hbr us lo i
an 1 well rotted c w ci si eej m«
with a spi inkling f i 1 11 1 Tl
potted at first in 11 ]

accommodate then lit I

thev require it Bi t I I
roots till active gi tl
develop thej re 1 1 i
atmosphere such
necessary for then 1
be shaded from Ir ^1 t II \

m the fall water shoul lie I

at no time must the tubers 1 1 1
dr\ Caladiums should be k j t
pots in which they have be i
m some convenient place in a temper i
50° or more than 60°

) A>'>ideie Her

rge rhizcmes or

\ marked 1 ng

>iiters from C olo

I I ecies in

I ^arlable,

1 e trade

F S 13

1 1 n ot

iture n t less than
E J CA^NIN&
PiNCYi,EA\ED CALADinib — As soou as the plants
begin to lose their leaves in the fall water should
gradually be withheld until the leaves are all gone
The pots should then be removed to a position under a
bench and laid on their sides or taken from the soil
and placed m sand During the resting period they
should not be subjected to a lower temperature thin C0°
F and kept neither too wet nor too dry Al out the I e
ginning of March the tubers should he started f ji the
earliest hatch to be grown in pots. Arrange the tubers
in their sizes. an<l keep each size by itself. The largest
sized tubn-s will start quickest, and it is desirable to be-
gin with ili.sc t(ir pot plants. Start them in chopped
m.is- in lMi\es. rhe tubersmay be arranged pretty close
togithir in the bus, and merely covered over with the

CALADIUM 207

moss to the depth of about an inch. The new roots are
made from the top part of the tuber, so it is important
that this part should be covered to encourage the roots.
For starting, a heat varying between 70° and 85° will
suffice. As soon as a healthy lot of roots make their
appearance, the plants sh"iili| Im- iH.tt.-d, nsii,L' as small
sized pots as possible. 'I'h. -,,il imi iin- i.i 1 1 1- should
be principally leaf -mold, i : ! In short

time they will need an., ,.nhl on

this occasion be a littli- sin,nj,i' ; l: i , . ,i jim-itioh near
the glass, and shade from strung sunshine. New forms
are raised from seed, this operation being an exceed-
ingly easy one with the Caladium, as they cross-fertilize
very readily. The flowers, unlike those of the Anthu-
rium, are moncecious, the females ripening first. To
pollinate them, part of the spathe must be cut away.
(seedlings at first have the foliage green, and it is not
until the fifth or sixth leaf has been developed that
they show their gaudy colorings. Propagation of the
kinds is effected by dividing the old tubers, the cut sur-
faces of which should be well dusted with powdered
charcoal to prevent decay. As bedding plants, the fancy-
leaved Caladiums are gradually getting more popular.
To have them at their best for this purpose, the ground
should be worked for some time previous to planting
out, with a goodly quantity of bone meal incorporated
with the soil. The tubers are best put out in a dormant
state, as then they make very rapid progress, and eventu-
ally make finer plants than when they are first started
in the greenhouse, as by this system they are too apt to
sustain a check in the hardening-off process, and lose
their leaves. The fine, highly colored kinds are not so
well suited for outdoor work as those having green pre-
dominating in the foliage, but some of the kinds, such
as Dr. Lindley and Rosini, do remarkably well. Fre-
quent watering with manure water is absolutely neces-
sar\ to the development of the foliage both outdoors
•"Id '1 G W Olher

«ieties mo t of which

The following specie

/ 41 lubi

cuni I 1 igit

tTt I s I I -Kku,

1 s I \j I Stan

geanun 1 s 1 tlnipe

(ft t im tran pueu 1 Ti uhetskoyi ob \ ellozi

inum 9 \ erschaffeltii ii i ndissimum 55, Wagneti,
31 Tf illiu 18 Wightii 44

It -nill 1 e een tbit ni st f the lultnated Caladiums

are c 1 1 1 1 t 1 t til i \ t , I i

tin Oil I 1 I L, list

A h!it I ot at all peltate obliquely elliptical oiate

1. Schdmburgkii, Schott. Petiole slender, 4 times
longer than the blade, sheathed J^ its length ; blade
obliquely elliptical-ovate ; midrib and 4-5 acutely ascend-
ing primary nerves silvery, pale, or red; sparsely spot-
ted above, paler beneath. French Guiana to Para. — Runs
into the following forms :

208 CALADIUM

(1) reins red.

2. Var. marmdreum, Engl. Blade dull green, with
brownish red nerves, bordered with yellow.

3. Var. erytlirium, Engl. (<7. 6>7^»^^tei•),Lem. C.cor-
dAtum,HoTt.). Midribs and nerves red. I. H. 8:297.

4. Var. piotum, Engl. With white or red spots between
the red veins. S Amer.

(2) I'eins silvery or green.

5. Var. argyronetirum, Engl. (C. argyroneitrnn, C.
Koch. C. Schdllerij'Liem.). Midrib and veins silvery.
I.H. 8:297.

6. Var. subrotiindum, Encrl. (C.subrotiindum, Lem.).
Leaf -blade rouml.il at th.- Iia^p. or shortly cordate, with
white or red spui^. I'i:i/.il.

narmoratum, .Ma

l,',;-isi„ Jiceslii, Bull. C.
thripeih'sliim. Lcni. I. I'lticilc- i-yliiiilrii-al, 12-16 in. long,
twice as Imij; as tljc bladi-, variegated; blade dark green,
with irregular gray, yellowish green and snow-white
spots, glaucous-green beneath, sagittate-oblong-ovate,
the upper lobe semi-ovate, slightly cuspidate, the basal
ones unequal, % or ^ as long as the upper, connate
%-% their length. Equador. I.H. 5. p. .19.

310. Caladium bicolor. var. Chantini. (No. 17.)
BB. Leaf ovate-triangular, or ovate-sagittate.

8. bicolOT, Vent. {Arum bicolor, Ait.). Fig. 310. Peti-
ole smooth, 3-7 tiim - a- l"ii- as the blade, pruinose to-
ward the apex ; I Int. i\ ai. -asrittate, or ovate-triangu-
lar,variegated ali". • . lIui ■.m. luneath; upper lobe semi-
ovate, narrowiii;,- ^ia.|iiall> i^ a .'uspidate point, the basal
ones ii to but littli -Ihii. a- than the upper, oblong-ovate,
obtuse, connati- 1 .'i-' tli, n- l.tigth. S. Amer. Intro-
duced into cult, ill 177;. K . .M . 820. — Very common in
cult., furnishin:; inaux .ii ilir fancy-leaved Caladiums.
The marked varieties are as t'uUows:

(1| Leaf-blade and veins of one color.

9. Var. Vellozitoam, Engl. ( C. VelloziAnum, Schott.
C. Piirdieiniim, Schott. C. pitslllum, C. Koch. C.
Sprucednum, Schott. C. firmulnm, Schott). Leaf-
blade dark green above ; basal lobes connate past the
middle. Brazil, Peru. R.B. 10: 169.

(2) Leaf-blade more or less variegated.
(a) With a colored disc.
(b) Vise transparent.

10. Var. transpirens, Engl. {C. transpdrens, Hort.).
Blade with a pale green, nearly transparent disc ; mid-
rib and primary veins red-purple.

CALADIUM

11. Var. rubicundum, Engl. ( C. bicolor, Kunth). Peti-
ole green, or variegated green and violet; blade green,
with a red, transparent, central disc, and a very narrow
red line between the disc and the margin.

(bb) Disc ,'j,„,j,ic.

(C) Purple ,l,sr.

12. Var. Baraquinii, En^'l. (C Hu,;i.,,ni,ii. Hort.).
Petiole violet; blade with a ]mrplc-n(l .lisc; beautiful
green between the disc and margin ; nerves and midrib
red-violet. Para. I.H. 7: 257. F.S. 13:1378.

13. Var. K6tteleri, Engl. ( 6'. KMeleri. Hort.). Peti-
ole crimson, variegated toward the base ; blade with
purple disc, midrib and primary veins, sparsely marked
between the veins with many small, rosy spots.

(cc) Sed disc.
U. Var. 8pI6ndens, Engl. ( C. rbseum, Hort. C. spUn-
dens, Hort.). Petiole green below, red above ; blade
with a red disc at the middle ; midvein and primary
veins red-purple ; green between the nerves and along
the margin. L. 4.

15. Var. L^opoldi, Engl. (V. Leopoldi, Hort. C.
Gcerdtii, G. Koch. C. Bogieri, Ch. & hem.). Petiole
violet beneath, red-purple above ; blade with a broad,
reddish disc ; margin green, red spotted ; midrib and
primary veins dark red-purple. Para, 1864.

16. Var. albomactiljltain, Engl. (C Alfred Bleu).
Petiole green ; blade green, with red disc, midrib and
primary veins, and marked clear to the margin with
many large, white spots between the nerves.

(ccc) Sose disc.

17. Var. ChAntini, Engl. (C. Chantini, Lem. C. Con-
nartii, Kort. V.amaentim, Hort. C. MartersteigiAnum,
Hort. C.punctatissimiim. Hort. C. Haage&num, Hort.).
Fig. 310. Petiole more or less violet ; blade broadly
red-purple along the midrib and primary nerves, rosy
nt the center, and with very numerous, unequal spots
between the nerves clear to the marginal vein. 1. H.
5:185. P. S. 13:1350, 1351. B. M. 5255. B. L. PI. 19
(1891). Para, 1858. A.F.8:129.

(cccc) Light green disc.

18. Var.Honliaii, Engl. (C.jffo«iM(M, Lem. C.Moore-
d««m,Hort. ). Petiole green, the sheath and a little of
the base violet-variegated ; basal lobes of the blade
somewhat introrse, rounded, connate % ; blade obscurely
green toward the margin, the midrib and primary veins
slightly reddish, and with a pale disc marked with many
irregular white spots.

(aa) Without a colored disc.

(b) Margins colored throughout.

(c) Bed margin.

19. Var. maTginilttun, Engl. {C. tnargindtum, C.
Koch). Blade dark green, with a red line on the outer
"^'•e"'- (cc) Vellou- margin.

20. Var. Krameriinum, Engl. (C KrameriAnum,
Hort.). Veins purple ; yellow margin.

21. Var. StangeAnum, Engl. (f. StangeAnum. C.
Koch). Blade reddish; green along the narrow mar-
gin, yellowish toward the margin.

(ccc) Solid white margin.

22. Var. Ferrierii, Engl. (C. PerneVi, Lem.). Petiole
violet-black ; blade dull green, with many red-purple
spots, and white along the margin. Brazil, 1861.

(cccc) Spotted margin.

23. Var. Eckhartii, Engl. ((7. .fi/cfc/iflW/i, Hort.). Peti-
ole violet-blotched at the base, green above the middle;
blade green, with few rosy spots along the margin, and
small white ones in tin- niidillc.

24. Var. HSndersoni, t;iii:i. i r. //.„./, ,sr,«i. Hort.).
Petiole variegated \i..l,t ami :.'n ■ ,|. r, ddish toward the
apex ; blade mostly Lnaa-u. rtMldish next the lower parts
of the nerves ; midrib and primary veins red-purple
spotted ; small red spots along the margin.

25. Var. Sieboldii, Engl. (C. Sieboldii. Hort.). Peti-
ole violet and green, reddish toward the apes ; basal
lobes of the leaf somewhat introrse, connate Vi their

CALADIUM

length, dark green ; midrib and primary' veins beauti-
fully red-purple spotted, and a very narrow white bor-
der, marked with small, purple-red spots. A. P. 8: 127.
(CCCCC) Purple margin.

■Iti. V'ar. Houbyinum, Engl. {C. Houhij&num, Hort.).
Petiole dirtv green on the lower surface, bright red
above ; blade bright green, with large pale spots, and
small red-purple ones between the midrib and primary
veins ; a red-purple spot above the insertion of the peti-
ole, and a pale purple line around the margin.

■li. Var. pellilcidum, Engl. (C. peUucidum, DC).
Petiole reddish, variegated with violet ; blade broadly
reddish purple spotted along the midrib and primary
veins, and more or less marked with transparent, red-
dish purple spots between the primary veins ; a contin-
uous purple line along the outer margin.

(bb| Onhi the margin of the basal sinus colored.

28. Var. Devosianum, Engl. (O. Devosidniim, Lem.
C. Wdllixl. Hort. C. ononis. Hort.). Petiole green;
blade bright i;rie\i, with Mnall, irregular white spots be-
tween the niidrili and primary veins, and a narrow
crimson IjortU-r at the sinus. Para. I.H. 0; !^'2'2.

■zy. Var. haematostigmatum, Engl. i''. l,,i iinii,>si!ii-
mal„m, Kth. C. peltiieidKm. DC.], r. ,/,,.. „/,.,•. }|..rt.l.
Petiole violet ; blade dark green, with a iMiriiU- Im.- on
the basal sinus, and sparsely marked with blood red
spots. Para.

:m. Var. poecile, Engl. {C.poec'ile, Schott. U.pallidi-
nh-vium, Hort.). Petiole reddish brown, or closely
streaked-variegated ; blade dark green ; midrib and
primary veins paler, often whitish ; a red-purple spot
where the petiole joins the blade, narrowly purple-mar-
gined in the sinus. Brazil.

31. Var. regile, Encrl. (''. reqiHe. Lem. C. Wdgneri,
Hort. C. Sii mm m. '„.■<.■. Mu]. <\ s.nilfttefdlium, Sieb.).
Blade bright u'r.-ni. ].iir|.|. iii:ir:.'in.-.l at the sinus, every-
where mark, d witli ^Tiiail, .oiitltiont white spots. West
Indies, 1710. I.H. '.i: .tic.

(bbb) Xo colored disc or colored margin.
(c) Variegated green blade.

32. Var. Brongnidrtii, Engl. {C. Brongnidrtii.Ijem.).
Very large ; petiole variegated violet and green, red-
dish toward the apex ; blade green, except along the
nerves below, where it is colored reddish, paler green
between the primary nerves, deep green toward the
mririiin : v. ins and nerves red-purple. Brazil-Para,
l,s:,s. K.s. i:;: i:;is,i349. I.H.5,p.58.

:(:;. \'ar. mirabile. Engl. (C rniraftiJe, Lem.). Petiole
griM'ii ; hladi- Lriirht green, densely covered with large
and small irregular pale green spots between the pri-
mary nerves and midvein. Para. I. H. 10:354.
(cc) Blue-green blade.

34. Var. pictum, Kunth (C. plctum, DC). Petiole
greenish, variegated beneath ; basal lobes connate 1-5
their length ; blade thin, blue-green, marked with
large, irregular, usually confluent, pale yellowish semi-
transparent spots. L. 43.

(ccc) Colorless blade.

35. Var. DucMrtrei, Engl. (C.X>Hcftrfrtrei, Hort.). The
long petiole green above, variegated below the middle
with violet-black ; blade colorless, except the midrib and
all the veins, or here and there pale rosy or red spotted,
or even more or less dirty green. A.F. 8: 129.

(cccc) Solid green blade.
(d) JJarlc green.

36. Var. argyrbspilum, Engl. (C argyrdspilum,
Lem.). Petiole grayish red, sparsely and finely
streaked ; blade a most beautiful green, with a crimson
spot at the middle, and with many small white spots
between the primary veins. Para. F.S. 13: 1346,1347.

37. Var. Curwidlii, Engl. (C. Curwddlii, Hort.).
Petiole greenish, slightly violet-blotched toward the
base ; blade reddish purple along the midrib and pri-
mary veins, marked between the veins with large white
spots, otherwise dark green.

14

CALADIUM

209

38. Var. Kdchii, Engl. (C. Kdchii, Hort.). Leaf-
blade more rounded, dark green, with small white spots
midway between the midrib and margin. Para, 1862.

39. Var. macrophyllimi, Engl. (C. macrnphijUum,
Lem. C. griseo-arginteum, Hort.). Petiole green;
blade dark green, marked everywhere with many small,
scarcely confluent white or slightly rosy spots. Para,
1862. I.H.9:316.

40. Var. Neilmannii, Engl. {C. Neiimannii, Lem.).
Petiole green ; blade very beautiful dark green, with
scarcely paler veins, marked between the primary veins
with large and small white-margined, reddish purple
spots. F.S. 13:1352, 1353. B.M. 5199.

(dd) Light green.
(e) Not spotted.

41. Var. rub^Uum, Engl. ( C. ruhfllum, Hort. C. Beich-
enbachiAnum, Stangl.). BUade green, with reddish
purple midrib and primary veins.

42. Var. rubrovdnium, Engl. (''. nihrnrhiinni. Hort.
Crubronirvium. Hort.). Petiol,- van. -air, I -r.-en and
violet; blade small, oblong-ovniil. th. Iia-r.l lol,, k some-
what introrse, obtuse, connate almost to tli.- middle,
pale caulescent or red-green along the midrib and pri-
mary veins ; veins pale red or scarlet. Para, 1862.

(ee) Spotted.
(f) With white spots.

43. Var. Lauche&nuin, Engl. (C. Lauchednum, C.
Koch). Blade bright green, with white spots at the
middle.

(ffl With purple and white spots.

44. Var. Wightii, Engl. {C. Wlghtii, Hort.). Petiole
pale green ; blade very beautiful green, marked be-
tween the primary veins with large, red-purple and
small white spots. French Guiana.

311. Caladii

picturatum, var. Belleymei. (No. 49.)

(fff ) With red or crimson spots.

45. Var. Enkeinum, Engl. (C. UnkeHnnm, C Koch).
Blade bright green, marked with large and small red
spots.

46. Var. Llndeni, Engl. (C. lAndeni, Hort.). Blade
bright green, with confluent small red spots.

47. Var. VerschaH^ltii, Engl. (C. Verschaffmn,
Lem.). Petiole pale green ; blade very beautiful green,
with few irregular crimson spots. I. H. 5:185. B.M. 5263.
L.46.

BBB. Blade lanceolate-sagittate.

48. picturatum, C. Koch. Petioles usually green,
variegated below, elongated ; blade lanceolate-sagittate,
cuspidate and submucronate at the apex, the upper lobe
nearly triangular, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, basal lobes
over half as long, lanceolate subacute, connate 1-6-Ji
their length, separated by a triangular sinus ; primary

210

CALADIUM

lateral veins 4-7, erect-spreading or spreading. Brazil. —
Variable, furnishing many of the faney-leaved Caladi-
ums.

(1) Transparent white blade.

49. Var. Belleymei, Engl. (Ci^eiiei^mu, Hort.). Fig.

311. Petiole greenish above, variegated violet beneath;

blade slenderly hastate-sagittate, white, translucent ex-

cept the green veins and nerves, with small green spots

along the margin ; basal lobes 1-5, or rarely H or M

connate. Para. I.H.7:252. A. P. 8:127.

(2) Pale green blade.

(a) With transparent blotches.

50. Var. hastAtum, Engl. (C. hastdfiim, Lem.|. Peti-
ole long, stout, white, violet-spotted ; blade hastate-
sagittate, slightly contracted above the lobes ; dull, pale
green, very irregularly marked with transparent blotches ;
basal lobe % connate, crimson margined in the sinus.
Para.

(aa) Opaque.

51. Var. albostriitulum, Engl. Blade greenish white
along the midrib and veins, white-striped and dotted
between the nerves.

52. Var. Osyinum, C. Koch. Blade white along the
midrib and primary veins, with purple spots between
the veins.

53. Var. porphyToneilTOn, Engl. (C. porphyroneitron,
O.Koch. (7. (■«;)/■« i(»i, Hort. AlocAsia porphyroneura,
Lera.). Petiole pale reddish, variegated with dull vio-
let ; blade broadly hastate-sagittate, dull, pale green,
slightly reddish on the veins, opaque basal lobes 1-6-^
connate. Peru and Brazil. I.H. 8: 297.

(3) Dark green blade.

54. Var. Megans, Engl. Petiole rosy, greenish below,
variegated ; blade narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly
contracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly
red or purple next the midrib and primary lateral veins;
basal lobes 1-5 connate.

55. Var. Lemaireanum, Engl. ( 0. Lemairednum, Barr.
C. pictiirntnm ,i ll,i nrrriiim. C. Koch. C. picturAtum
viridis.^iiiiKHi.i'. Ki>,-lii. Blade shaped like preceding,
dark greeu ; midrili und primary veins pale green or
white. S.Amer.,18Ul. I.H. 9:311.

56. Var. TroubStskoyi, Engl. ( C. TroubUskoyi, Chan-
tin. C. AppuniAnum, Hort.). Petiole red, variegated;
blade very narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly con-
tracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly
marked with pale red along the midrib and primary
veins, and with scattered, transparent, small white or
rose spots. F.S. 13: 1379.

CALA.MOVILFA
BBBB. Blade oblong-ovnte, or oblong: plant small.
57. Hlimboldtti, Schott (C argyrites, Lem.|. Fig.
312. Petiole slender, variegated, 2-3 times longer than
the blade ; sheath slender, narrow; blade oblong-ovate,
or oblong, green along the margin, midrib and primary
veins, with many large and small transparent spots be-
tween ; shortly and very acutely acuminate, the apical
lobe oblong-ovate, twice as long as the oblong or ovate-
triangular, obtuse basal ones ; basal lobes ^ connate,
separated by an obtuse triangular sinus, the 3^ primary
veins of the apical lobe uniting in a collective nerve re-
mote from the margin. Brazil. I.H.5:18d. F.S. 13:1345.
Gng.3:279. A.F.10:197. L. 22.

Jared G. Smith.

CALAMAGB6STIS (Greek for reed grass}. Gra-
in in., i. Heed Bent-grass. A genus of perennial grasses
with rniiiniig rootstocks. Very similar to Agrostis, but
spikclcfs usually larger. Can be distinguished from it
by the tuft of long hairs at the base of the fl. -glume,
and the flowering axis continued beyond the palet.
Spikelets 1-flowered (rarely an aborted or second flower
present). Glumes 3, the first two nearly equal and
empty, the third, or fl. -glume, awned on the back, usu-
ally below the middle. Species about 120, very widely
distributed over the world in the temperate aiid arctic
zones and on the high mountains of the tropics. For
V. brei-ii)ilis, see Calamovilfa.

Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Very com-
mon in the northern and northwestern states, usually
growing in moist meadows and swales. Under such
conditions it yields a large amount of indifferent hay,
which is used in some places. It is not used for horti-
cultural purposes. This species grows 3-5 ft., and has
flat, glaucous-blue Ivs. : panicle oblong, becoming open •
upper glume weak-awned near the middle.

Btricta, Beauv. (C. negUcta, Gtertn.). Pony Grass.
A rather slender, erect perennial, with narrow leaves
and a contracted, densely-flowered panicle, 3-C in. long:
fl. -glume about % as long as the second empty glume,
and nearly twice the length of the basal hairs ; awn
bent, exceeding the glume. Northern U.S. -A varie-
gated form has been brought into cultivation for orna-
mental purposes. „ „ t-

^ ^ P. B. Kennedy.

CALAMlNTHA (Old Greek name, meaning beautiful
mini]. Lithii'ilit . Various species of herbs or very small
shrubs. 2 or :i id them occasionally grown in borders for
their lis. and aroTiiMtii' fi-;iL'v:»ncc. Calyx 2-lipped, ob-
long or tubular: '-im
erally exceeding tin
larged ; stamens 1:1
whorls, which are ii^i
spike. Plants mostly

,'ht tube, and gen-
>at commonly en-
npper lip : fls. in
a long interrupted
gions, and of easy
jlture. The cult, kinds are perennial, more or less
hairy, mint-like herbs, 1-3 ft. high.

grandiil6ra, Mcench. Lvs. ovate, serrated : stems de-
cumbent, branching from the base : fls. in axillary
whorls, quite large, \% in. long, with a straight tube ;
upper lip flattened, purple ; June-July ; h. 9-12 in
Europe ; this and C. iilp)tia. Lam., which is smaller in
all its parts, are thf twn hi«t sppcies for garden use.
C. officinAlis, Mcen.'li , th.- .oniini.ti Calamint of Eu., is
sometimes seen in tjar.l. ii<, iLinuan old domestic medi-
cinal plant. It has l.m:.'. as., inliiig branches, ovate
crenate-serrate Its., and luw-dd. cymes : 1-3 ft.

J. B. Keller.
CALAMOViLFA (Calamos, reed, and Vilfa, a kind of
grass). Oramlnece. A genus recently separated from
Calamagrostis. Distinguished from it only in that the
flowering axis is not produced beyond the flower. Tall
grasses, with stout, horizontal lvs. and paniculate in-
florescence. Spikelets 1-fiowered, with a ring of hairs
at the base of fl.-iflume. Three known species, natives
of till- t.ni|ii'ratc and sul)trn]ntal rt-gions of N. America,
brevipilis. Hark. u'alaiHa.ir.ixlin brevipllis. Gray).
PiKiLi; f.iNT-.KAss. ( „l„,s iianl. iviry, 2-4 ft. high:
Ivs. tlat. with an .ipen. puridish panicle. — A rare grass.

ndy swamps and pine liar-

P. B. Kennedy.

apparently limited to
rens of New Jersey,
mental grass.

CALAMPfiLIS is Eccrtmocarpns.

CALAMUS (Greek fgrrecd). Palmacere, tribe Lepi-
iloriirpd-. Slender, cespitose or climbing palms, with
pinnatisect Ivs. ; Ifts. with reduplicate sides, acuminate,
entire, with parallel nerves : fr. of many carpels, clothed
with reflexed, shining, closely imbricated appressed
scales : spathes tubular, persistent, flowering annually.
Species about 150. Tropical Asia.

clliiris, Blume. Stem slender, climbing by means of
long, axillary, leafle.ss branches, ("Vi-nd wit'i hooked
spines: Ivs. 1 ft. long, 6 in. wid.-; Ifi^. ninii.r.uis, hairy;
petiole 2 in. long, with few liciki.! spin.^. Malaya.
F.R.1:607. G. C. 111. 21: 8C.-IiitnMlu.-...l i, if,, cultiva-
tion in 1869.

0. Andrednum. Hort., P. & lI.=?-0. calicArpus. Griff.=
Djemonoropscalicarpus, Mart.— C'.iemsiartws, Griff. =D«mon-
orops Lewisianus, Mart. Jaked G. Smith.

Calamus is an easily grown group of palms, very
state. Some of the spe-

cies have steni.s sevi
them to uufuld the
trees. The leaves !
the plant in climbii
cesses arranged on
the leaf. Where a
plants should be se
they are capable t

the main stem ascei
age. ■■ ■

iidred feet long, which enable
PS at the tops of the tallest

CALANTHE 211

discolor, Schrad. ( T. neqiinx. Hort.). One to 2 ft.:
Ivs. fleshy and obonate, purple beneath : fls. bright
rose, with yellow stamens. Chile. B.M. 3357.

caulfescens, HBK., var. M^nziesii, Gray (C. spe.cibsa,
Lindl.). Three to 12 in. high, with green herbage, gla-
brous, or nearly so: Ivs. linear, or spatulate-oblanceolate:
fls. rose-red or purple, rather large and long-ped uncled
(petals }^ in. long). Calif., N. B. R. 1598. -Variable.
There is a white-fld. var. advertised.

J. B. Keller and L. H. B.

CALANTHE (Greek for beautiful flower). OrchidA-
ee(e, tribe f'dndem. A genus of sub-epiphytal or terres-
trial orchids found in the eastern hemisphere, and spar-
ingly in the western hemisphere. Scapes erect, many-
flowered : Ivs. broad, plaited : fls. white or rose-colored,
rarely yellow : pseudobulbs angulate, with greyish
green sheaths in the Vestitre section, but absent in the
Veratrifoliae section. Many species are known to orchid
fanciers.

vestlta, Lindl. ( C. oeu Wn , Hort. ) . Lvs. broadly lan-
ceolate, nearly 2 ft. long, from greyish green pseudo-
bulbs : fls. nearly 3 in. across, numerous, in racemes;
petals and sepals whitish, all more or less overlapping,
the former oval-oblong, the latter obovate-oblong; label-
lum flat, large, three-lobed, the midlobe cleft ; a vellow
or crimson blotch in front of the short column ;;
scapes from 2-3 ft. high, hairy. Blooms in winter.
Malaya. B.M. 4671. F. E.9:.325. A. F. 6:655. F. S.

by C. Scipionum. Young plants thrive best in a root-
ing medium containing a considerable quantity of leaf-
mold. Older plants need soil of a more lasting nature;
a quantity of ground bone and charcoal in the soil may
be used to advantage. Old, well-fumished plants need
enormous quantities of water. All of them require stove
temperature. G. •\;V'. Oliver.

CALAMUS c.r SWEET FLAG. See A

CALANCHOE. See Kal tm hoe.

CALANDRlNIA (.J. L Calandrini,
Genevan botanist of last century
itihiedeetp. Fleshy, spreading, or nearly
trailing plants, with mostly alter-
nate lvs. and red fls. of short dura-
tion. Petals 3-7; stamens 3-5-12.
A number of species in N. and S.
America and Austral. Sometimes
cult, in borders and rockeries, oi
used for edgings in sunny places. Prop, from seed
usually treated as annuals (which some of them are).

vimbellita, DC. Four to 6 in.: lvs. linear and hairy:
fls. in a corymb, or umbel-like terminal cluster, bright
crimson. Peru. R.H. 1853: 5.- This species is hardy in
many parts of the U. S,, in our northern climate, it
should bo planted in a well-sheltered position, or pro-
vided with ample protection in winter ; sometimes it acts
like the biennials, but, as seeds are produced very freely,
young seedlings spring up constantly between the old
plants, and one does not miss the few which may decay
during the second year ; the plant forms a very neat,
slightly spreading tuft; flowers are produced in many-
flowered umbels, terminal, numerous, and large, glow-
ing crimson-magenta, saucer shaped, very showy. June
to November. Full exposure to sun, and light sandy
soil, are needed to bring out the rare beauty of these
plants. The flowers close up when evening comes, like
the annual portulacas, but they reopen on the follow-
ing day. In the sunny, sloping part of a rockery, even
when quite dry, or among other low plants in a bed or
border, they are highly satisfactory. This is the only
species which we have found to be tolerably hardy with
us in the north as a perennial ; it may also be treated
like the annuals, as it flowers the first summer just as
freely as afterwards. Can be prop, by cuttings.

■b^

and 8: 816. -A

which the following

the

ipor

tant : Var gigantda, Hoit
Larger in all parts fls white,
with led eye \ar nivalis,
Hort. Fls pure white Vai
Turuen, Hort (C Tminti
Keichb f ) Fls more numer
ous, labellum with a crimson
blotch ; blooms later in the
season than the next. Var.
ri»bro-ocul4ta, Hort. Label-
lum with a crimson - purple
blotch. October -February.
Var. Idteo-ooulilta, Hort. Yel- , "

low-blotched. Var. Begnieri, ^

Hort. (C. Kegnieri, Reichb. I [

f. C. Stevensidna, Regnier). '

Pseudobulbs more elongated, with a depression above the
middle, labellum rose-colored, with a purple blotch in front
of column, less deeply lobed than m the tj pe A F. 6 : 655.
veratrifdlia, R. Br. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about 2
ft. long, from a creeping rhizome : fls. white, in dense

212 CALAXTHE

corymbose racemes ; petals obovate-spatulate, sepals
obovate-oblong ; labellum 4-parted, tbe anterior lobes
usually broader than the posterior or basal lobes.
Blooms from May to July. Malaya. B.M. 2615.

VMtcliii, Lindl. Fig. 313. A hybrid between C. rosea
and C. vesfita : fls. rose-colored ; labellum with white
spot near the base. Winter-flowering. There is also a
white variety. This hybrid was raised by Veitch, in
1856. B. M. 5375. Forms of this are var. b^lla, Hort.,
with pink fls.; var. Sandhurstiina, Hort., with crimson
fls.; var. Sudani, Hort., with deep rose fls. C. Eyer-
■manii, Hort. (G.F. 4: 17), is a hybrid of C. Veitchii and
C. vestita. Var. sup^rba, Hort., has richer color.

Masdca, Lindl. Scape 2 ft. long, with large, many-
ribbed, dark Ivs.: fls. 1 in. across, the segments over-
lapping ; deep violet, fading to lilac, the lip deep violet-
purple. Summer and autumn. N.India. B.M. 4541.
Var. grrE^ndifldra, Hort., is of greater size throughout.

C. discolor. Lindl.. and C. Japdnica, Blume, both of Japan,
have been offered by dealers in Japanese plants : but they are
unknown to general cultivation. Oakes Ames.

CALATH£A (Greek for basket, the application not
agreed upon). Scitaminicece. Perennial foliage plants
■which are commonly cult, as Marantas. From Maranta
the genus differs chiefly in technical characters. In
Maranta the fruit is 1-seeded, in Calathea usually 3-
seeded; in the former the fl. -clusters are branched and
few-fld., in Calathea usually capitate or cone-like. Of
Calatheas there are 70 or 80 species, mostly of trop.
Amer., but a few of trop. Afr. The Ivs., forwhich the
plant is grown, are variously marked with shades of
green, red, brown, yellow, and white. The Ivs. spring
from the very base of the short stem, just above the rhi-
zome. Sepals 3, free and equal : corolla tubular, with 3
spreading lobes : stamens 3, petal-like, 2 sterile and 1
bearing anantheronitsside (compare Canna). L.H.B

Calatheas are among the handsomest of ornamental
leaved stove plants. They may be jiropagated by divi
sion of the crowns, or in those species which make sec-
ondary growths, by cuttings taken just below the node
and inserted in sharp silver saud in thumb-pots and
plunged in a propagating box with bottom heat. About
the beginning of April, or just before active growth
commences, is the best time for propagating and also
for repotting. The soil best suited to them is one-third
good, fibrous loam in small lumps, one-third fibrous peat
or chopped fern-root, and oiin-tliird leaf-mold and clean
silver sand, to which iii;i\' In- n-ldi-d a few nodules of
charcoal to keep the miNiur.- >». ct. In repotting, the
old soil should be shaki-u iri.in tlir r.iMis. and the plants
potted loosely in the new mixture, using clean, well-
drained pots, or for the creeping and shallow-rooting
species, pans are preferable. All matured leaves should
be removed at this time, and after repotting they should
be placed in a close, warm, moist atmosphere and kept
shaded, to induce active root growth. As the leaves de-
velop they require an abundant supply of water at the
roots, frequent spraying with aflne syringe, and to bo well
shaded from direct sunlight. These conditions should
be reduced on the approach of winter, but at no season
must the plants be allowed to become dry. The tempera-
ture during winter should not fall below 60°. Strong-
growing species, as 0. zebrina, do best planted out in a
palm house under the shade of palm trees, while the
low-growing or creeping species are excellent subjects
for Inside rockeries, where a warm, humid atmosphere
can be maintained. q^^^ by Edward J. Canning.

There are many species of Calathea in fancy collec-
tions, but the following list Includes those which are
known to be in the Amer. trade. Since the plants are
often named and described before the flowers are
known, it is not always possible to determine the proper
genus. Consult Maranta, Phnjnium, and Stromanthe.
For horticultural purposes, botanical characters cannot
oe used in classification of the species ; the following
scheme, therefore, is based on evident leaf characters.

Index : C. albo-lineata, 3; Bachemiana, 9; Chimbora-
censis, 10; crotalifera, 20; eximia, 21; fasciata, 4; La-
geriana, 7; Lagrelliana, 19; Lietzei, 11; Lindeniana, 12;
majestica, 3; Makoyana, 13; Marcelli, 25; medio-picta,
22; mieans,23; nitens, 14; olivaris.l'S; ornata, 3; Prin-

ea-lineata,6; rosea
,8; Vandenheckii,
Wagneri, 6 ; War-

CALATHEA

ceps, 15; pulchellii, ■_': nqnlis,;'.-. n
picta, 6; smaragcliim. :.: tuln^iiatl
24; Veitchiana. li; : it -no:-, j:.
scewiczii, 17; Wim, -i I-; .- i

1. zebrina, Lindl. {Mardnta zehr'ina, Sims). Large,
free-growing plant : Ivs. 2-3 ft. long, purple beneath,
satiny green above, with alternating bars of deep and
pale green : fls. dull purple, on a very short scape.
Braz. B.M. 1926. L.B.C. 5:494. R.H. 1865:90. S.H.
1:164. L. 1. — The commonest species, occurring in
nearly all collections of warm greenhouse plants.

2. pulchilla, Kcern. Weaker grower than C. zebrina,
the Ivs. lighter colored, with two series (large and
small ) of broad green bars. Braz. — By some considered
to be a form of C. zebrina.

3. om&ta, Kcern. (Mnrdnta retj&lis, Hort.). Dwarf:
Ivs. oblong-acuminate, the stalks 1 ft. long and blades
usually shorter, red beneath, green above and marked
with two bars between each of the transverse veins.
Colombia. — The transverse markings are usually bright
red, and this fonn is taken as tin- fvpe of the species
(I.H. 2:74. L. 201. In var. albo-line4ta, Hort. ( Ca?a-
thea and Murnntu ulho-liiiei'itu . Hurt. I, the lines are
white (F.y. 4:4i:i. L. .'i.".). Var. majestica, Hort. (Jf.
majestica , Lindl. ) . attaius a height of 4-5 ft. It has red-
striped Ivs. I.H. 41: 1.

4. fasciita, Regel & Kcern. Dwarf: Ivs. long-cordate,
the blade 10-12 in. long, pale green and purple-tinged
below, green above, with white bands running off to the
margin. Braz. Gn. 2, p. 3. L. 23.

5. smaragdlna, Lind. & Andr6. Two ft.: Ivs. wide-
spreading, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate, silvery
green below, dark green above, with prominent bands
of different shades of green, the midrib prominent.
S. Amer. I.H. 17: 16.

AA. Irrs. varioiislji marked and blotched, often mar-
gined, or only the midrib colored.
B. Markinf/s red, parallel with the margin.

6. rtsea-picta, Kegel (C. rdsea-lineita, Hort.! M.
Wagneri. HoTt.}. Dwarf: Irs. nearly orbicular, purple
beneath, the upper ~id< darl^- :rrrfii. the midrib red, and
an Irregular red z.nn ■ .m. tim.-^ twj zones) two-thirds
of the distance fi-cm lii' m-.lnii towards the margin.
Amazon F.S. IC: l',7.' -i.. i .u. J. \<. 3

BB. Markini/x m slia

7. Lageriina, Hort. Lv
the prominent veins rich bronze.

8. tubispitlia, Hook. f. Two feet or less high : Ivs.
obovate-elliptic, short-acuminate or cuspidate, thin,
greenish bene.ath, lively green above, and ra;u-ki-d mid-
way between the rib and the margin with lit'liter srreen
and squarish patches of brown. W. Afr. B.M. 5,")42.

EBB. Mar/cings in shades of yellow and green.

9. Bachemi&na, Morr. Lvs. unequilateral, cordate at
the base, long, smooth, finely striate, with parallel
greenish or whitish markings along the primary nerves,
purplish beneatn. Brazil.

10. ChimboTbcinsis, Lind. Dwarf : lvs. oblong-ovate,
8-12 in. long, acuminate, green above and below, with a
very dark green white-margined band running length-
wise the blade midway between the rib and each mar-
gin. Neighborhood of Mt. Chimborazo. I.H. 17:6.

11. Lietzei, Morr. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, truncate or
shallow-cordate at base, undulate, purple beneath, deep
green and shining above, with feather-like blotches of
deeper green. Brazil.

12. Lindeniana, Wallis ( C. Lindeni, Wallis & Andr6).
Lvs. elliptic-oblong, .short-acuminate (12 in. or less
long), deep gieen above with an olive-green zone either
side of the midrib, and beyond which is a darker zone
of green, the under side counterfeiting the upper side,
but with purplish zones. Peru. I.H. 18:82. — By some
considered to be a form of C. rosea-picta.

13. Makoy4na, Morr. (Mardnta olivdris, Hort.).
One to 4 ft. : lvs. broad-oblong, obtuse or somewhat
short-pointed, the stalks red, the leaf olive-green or
cream-colored above but marked against the midrib

brown or bronze.
large, dark red beneath.

with outspreading, dark green blotches of oblong, oval
or pyriform shape, the under surface similarly marked,
but in red. Brazil. F.S. 20; 2048-9. 6.0.1872:1589.
Gn. 4, p. 87.

14. nltens, Hort. Dwarf : Ivs. oblong, glossy green,
on each side of the rib marked with oblong, pointed
greenish bars, which alternate with dark green lines.

15. priuceps, Kegel. Leaf elongated or elliptical-lan-
ceolate, 7-10 in. long, 3-S}4 in. broad, light green above,
with broad black-green, flaming, broken band along the
middle nerve, violet-purple below. Amazon.

314. Calathea Veitchiana.

16. Veitchiina, Veitch. Fig. 314. Very handsome, 3-4
ft. : Ivs. large, ovate-elliptic, obtuse or nearly so, rather
thin, glossy, purplish below, dark, rich green above and
marked with one or two rows of light yellow-green
irregular blotches running the length of the blade {often
shading into white). Tropical Africa. B.M. 5535. G.C.
1870:924. Gn. 2, p. 545. F. S. 16:1655-8.- Common ;
one of the handsomest and most serviceable species.
The darker parts of the blade are often bronze-brown.

17. Warscewiczii, Kcern. Rather large : Ivs. 2 ft.
long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, purple beneath,
dark, velvetv green above, but the midrib broadly feath-
ered with yellow-green. Trop. Amer. F.S. 9:939-940.
Gn. 17:238. L. 17. -One of the best.

18. Wiotiina, Makoy {C.Widti, Hort.). Lvs. bright
green, with two rows of olive-green blotches. Brazil.

EBBB. Markings white or very nearly so.

19. Legrelliina, Kegel. Leaf elliptical, pointed, 5-6 in.
long, 2-3Hin. broad, above shining green, with broad,
white, flaming, broken middle band along the middle
nerve and numerous broken white linear small bands be-
tween the side nerves : lower surface whitish green and
marked with red and green. Equador. — Neat species.

20. crotaIi!era,Wats. Rattlesnake Plant. Lvs. oval,
abruptly acute at each end, 2 ft. or less long and half as
broad, yellowish green, with a white-margined midrib;
petiole 2-3 ft. long, curved, sheathing: peduncles 1 or 2

CALCEOLARIA

21. eximia.,K<ETn. {PhrSnium eximium, Koch}. Peti-
ole grooved, greenish, closely covered with soft hair and
naked only on the somewhat thickened end. Leaf sur-
face somewhat loncr-oHiyiticnl. pointed, in full-:rrown lvs.
8-10 in. long and 4-.-> in. lii-..:i.l.liu-litlvsl>ininff blue frrci-n.
and marked with Iirn;u! w liit-' rn.^N IminN : tht- under side

brownish purple ("I' ir. S. Amer. lU.i'.si;.

22. m^dio-picta, Makoy. Lvs. oval -lanceolate and
tapering to both ends, dark green, with the rib feathered
with white from base to summit. Brazil.

23. micans, Koern. Very small : Ivv _>_t ,,, i..n<j, ob-
long-lanceolate, somewhat acuuiin;(ic _ r, , I ,1,1 -liining
above, the rib in a feathered white - r. i 1^.49.

24. Vandenhiokei, Kegel. Lvs. ,, , ,. ^; Kining,

red-purple beneath, the upper surl:i,,e m.aki il witli two
concentric zones of white, and the rib margined with
white. Brazil?

25. virgin&lis, Lind. Lvs. soft-hairy below, broad-
oval, rather blunt. 7-9 in. long. 4— (i in. broad, upper sur-
face light green, ami bel,,w. in the e..mmun f,irm. whitish
green and lighter z.me- ^h.iw n. a- .,ii tli,, n|,|i,,i' surface,

— or in another f.Tni. wlii,-li lia- lieen ,li-tnl,nir,| in gar-
dens .as T. (M:n-anta ) ,l/„r,,//,,uml.TM.Ieslia.le,l alight
vielet and without y..i„~. Itrazil. A.F. 7:«U.

-(',('■'■, '■/,', 1. 11', 1 :,ii,l An,lr,' ■|;(ll: lvs. oblong, red beneath,
„-r.,,i,al,.,v.-,uitl.lIi.,Ti.,|x.,.i:!,,n,niiiu.nt. Equador. I. H. 18:77.

— (' H<n'i'iunn.\Kri;.\ !,\> ,,\;ii lanceolate, green, with bands
nf whit,- I'.ra/il - r, l-\,x.-n,<,i.'r. Hort. Dwarf: lvs. broad-
'i\ate...t,l..n:,' i.urT,li-li l,rii-;,il;. L'reen above and with blotches
ef li^'ht.T I',, lor aii'l traiiv\,,v-f narrow bars of red. Brazil.
1. 11. 41:1114. .IS Maianta Fa^' u,:i<,,r.— C. hieroglyphica. Liud.

t '>\,i I e. short-pointed, purplish be-

neath, green above and mark
of silvery white. Colombia. Til J^f):2~:^ — t\ ilhistris. Hort.
(Maranta illustris, Lind.). bwacf; I\s l,r<.;id. ovate or some-
what obovate, purple beneath, green abi.\e. wit ii oblique bars of
lighter green :ind tin encireliug /.one of sliuded white. Equador.
I.H. 14; 515.— V. leopardina. Regcl. Medium to large : )vs. ob-
long, olive-green, with blotches of deep green. Brazil.— C. Mas-
sOHfffdna. Hort. =Maranta Mass.'ingeana.— C.pardina, Planch.
& Lind.= C. villosa.- C. rutiUrha. Hook. f. Browii-hairy : lvs.
long-oblonj; or linear-oblong. l>right green above, and bltlish
greenan.l vielet-tini;.-,! beneath: lis. yellow. Kr.aziK B.M. 7560.
-O. ,•;,;/.■,<./. -..^■ .-..1,1 .v,,/,,,e/eJ„. 11 .o't = .Mara.ita splendida.- C.
villosa. I. in, 11, l.;UL''-: K^ Iii-L'(i in. long, oblong-ovate, pale
green, with d.ark brown ;int,'ular blotelies: tls. yellow. S. Amer.
F.S. 11:1101-2. as C. parJina; also. L. 32.-6'. vitlala, Kcern.
Lvs. ovate-jicuminate, less than 1 ft. long, light green, with
many transverse bars of yellow-white. Brazil. L. 38.

L. H. B.

CALCEOLABIA (Latin calceolus, a slipper, alluding
to the saccate fl.). Scrophularidcem. Many species of
herbs and shrubs, chiefly natives of S. Amer., but some
in Mexico and New Zealand. Corolla 2-parted nearly to
the base, the lower part or lip deflexed and inflated-slip-
per-like, the upper lip smaller and ascending, but usu-
ally saccate ; stamens 2 or rarely 3, and no rudiments
(A, Fig. 315) : fruit a many-seeded capsule: lvs. usually
hairy and rugose, mostly opposite. Calceolarias are
grown for the variously colored and usually spotted
lady "s-slipper-like fls. The colors are often very rich and
intense. The genus falls into two horticultural sections,
theherbaceous kinds, and the shrubby kinds. Theformer
are the only ones generally known in this country. They
are grown from seeds. They are often known as the
hybrid Calceolarias (C. hybrida, Hort.), since the com-
mon varieties are evidently the products of inter-crossing
and plant-breeding. l H. B.

Of the hybrid section, seeds are best sown at the end
of June or beginning of July, in pans. Care should be
taken to have the pans thoroughly clean. Good drainage
is essential. A good soil is one composed of equal parts
of sand, leaf-mold and sod soil. This should be finely
sifted. After filling the pans, thoroughly dampen, and
allow to drain before sowing. It is unnecessary to cover
the seeds with soil, but a close-fitting pane of glass should
be placed over the pan until the little plants are well
started, when the glass should be gradually removed. In
the early stages, watering is best done by immersion, but
it is not advisable to keep the pans standing in water.

CALCEOLARIA

Prick

will suit
pots. ']'!

iinc til.

hnncUf, into pons i

1 lows

rature i

it 'I- on, provide

iH rature of 50°
. and when the

iiuniure may be
. ily is the only

rail be kept in

-Its thoroughly

rM..nsiv,-iy in
; plant, liut'the

able for their i-ulturc, ki-.

possible cliM iiii; iIm' w an

anight I. ', , i i

to 55°. \\

flower s|.ik. - M, L i'l i" -I
■ frequeull> u.,..i ,w;li a. I
really troublu-sunie iii-sLci
check by the free distrih
the benches where the phi
■established, evaporate tol

The shrubby Calceolai
Europe, especially Britai
heat of an American suramei
Propagation is effected
taken there the end of August, struck, and wintered o\
jn cold frames protected from frost

Wm Scott of Tarrjtown

The hril I nu t, ii 1 n f rms c f Cal i 1 in i uir
often 111 1 t I 1 I 1 1 I I il I II «.

oft? Ill

race C i i I I

35 54) life Jli C cit

impress most distinctly <

erprove
iefly by

CALCEOLARIA

nied (the pptinlps winged at top), undulate and dentate,
'■'.iiH.iitnf^ ..).w,.,,r''lv lot. fit. rugose and pubescent, paler
i-M.- .11. ,.i ..ii |..ir|.i.-i. I... ardsthetip; stein-lvs.shorter-
. i I,, I , . . ile above : fls. in a forking

. ' I ,1 Monger oblong-obovate, f ur-

i..\...i .1 .1. iiai.. liaii'_ iii_', yellow, with orange-brown
dots. Chile. B.M. .'IL'.M.- From this species we seem to
have derived the spots of Calceolaria fls.

corymbdsa, Ruiz & Pav. One-2 ft., the stem 4-angled :
radical 1 vs. ovate and sometimes cordate, obtuse or nearly
so, doubly crenate, rugose and hairy, whitish beneath ;
stem-lvs. smaller and narrower, somewhat clasping, op-
posite : fls. small (about half as large as in C. crenati-
ftora)t in a broad, somewhat loose corymb, the slipper
somewhat short-oblong, clear yellow outside and marked
with red lines inside. Chile. "B.M. 2418.

amplezicaiilis, HBK. A ft. or two high: Ivs. cordate-
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent,
woolly beneath and deep-rugose above, clasping : fls.
small, in an upright corjTnb, pale yellow and spotless,
the slipper hoof-shapec; Equador, etc. B.M. 4300.
cc. Fls. purple.

purpiirea Grab Stems erect, pubescent, 1-2 ft. : radi-
cal h s spatulate and acutish, with a strong midrib,
sparseh hairy rugose dentate; stem-lvs. broad-cordate
and cKspmg less toothed fls. in loose corymbs, small,
purplish or leddish violet, the slipper somewhat fur-
rowed Peru B M 2775 — Supposed to have entered
largely into purple fld varieties.

arachnoidea Grab Stem a foot or two high, terete,
branchy woollj with appressed hairs : Ivs. oblong or
Imgulate narrowing into long winged petioles, clasping,
obscurely toothed rugose, woolly on both sides : pe-
duncles in piirs forking fls. small, dull purple, the slip-
per ni irh gl but ir and furrowed. Chile. B.M. 2874.

I /
scabiossfoha

mpoiind

essentially so.
ft., the stem terete, hf
with clasping petioles, cut iie;

or t mpleteh to the midrib :

late to broad oval acuminate, ciliate, .1. . . i y

small in small hair\ corvmbs, pale y. ' i . \ \"T

neaily < rbi< ular in outline. Peru. i'..M,_'l". hi . s-
I ti ll\|ureform this is sold by seedsmen as an annual
1, 1 1 1 lni„ plant

pmnita I mn Often reaches 3 ft. or more : Ivs. pin-
II itifi I 1 ( jmpletely compound, the divisions short and
marly entire obtuse or nearly so: fls. small, sulfur-
yellow Peru B M 41 —The first known garden spe-

still sold 1

AA Shntbby Calceolarias.
integnfdlia Murr ( C. rugdsa, Ruiz and Pav. C.
1 1 / /( f 1 ers ) Two ft. or less high, branchy
I II 1 1 u li\ h glabrous, oval-lanceolate, crisped
an 1 1 lit iti the short petioles winged : fls. in ter-
minal clu ters small yellow. Chile. B.M. 2523.-
\ ariable Probably the chief source of shrubby
Calceolarias
thyrsifldra, Grab. More shrubby : Ivs. linear and
clustered, toothed, sessile, not hairy : fls. small, yel-
low, in a close, terminal cluster. Chile. B.M. 2915.
C. dlba, Ruiz & Pav. Shrubby : Ivs. linear, toothed above :

41,-.

315 Calceolaria arachnoideo crenatiflora

A. Herbaceous Calceolaria.'!, parents of the florists'
varieties of this cotmtry.

B. Lvs. simple.

c. Fls. essentially yellow.

crenatiflbra, Cav. (C. phidula, Sweet). One-2 ft., ilie

stem soft-hairy, terete: radical lvs. ovate and long peti-

\:<:-MM.-C. Heiiiici, Hook. f. Shnibby,
i-like, small-toothed : fls. panicled, clear
urge. Equador. B.M. 5772.— C. hyssopi-
■ : lvs. crowded, small, lanceolate and
tern linear and entire, margins revolute:
any-tid. corymbs, pale sulfur-yellow, the
mate. Equador. B.M. 5548.—
C. lub&la. Cav. Herbaceous : lvs. triangular-ovate, palmately
5-7-lobed, dentate : fls. iu terminal clusters, clear, pale yellow.

CALCEOLARIA

and spotted on the up-evirved slipper. Peru, Bolivia. B.M.
6330.— 6', Pavbnii, Benth. Herbaceous ; Ivs. large and wrinkled,
ovate, truncate or cordate at base, the radical ones winged, all
jagged and toothed : fls. large, clear yellow, the lip up-curved.

CALIFORNIA

215

Meyer. Shrubby :

era. B.SI. 452,1.- C. Fis,
ovate-cordate, nearly or quite

larly crenate, margins reflexetl il- in: tMi-.i \:ii>inu'to

red, the slipper up-curved. PrV'i I'"' ' • ' - .a,

Smith. Herbaceous, stemless I I at

top: scapes many, (ew-fid., tin "I'r

side of the slipper dotted with r. i ' ■ 1 M '-" > ' Sni-

clairii. Hook. Herbaceous. !i:ilt h,ir.l,\ ]■. • .il'loiii^nvate,
stalked, crenate-dent,ate, hairy iN -mill, lil.ir cr llesh-col-
ored, spotted within, the twi> lip-- m ,irl> ,<iii;il, not saccate.
New Zeal. B.M. 6,W7.-r.'. /,„.//.-, i'... |.|. ,V Kndl. Herba-
ceous, half-hardy, 6 in. high: Ivs. (.v:,i, .r ..i l.i.ular. small
(Kin. long) , nearly or quite sessile : tls. .\rll.,^\ . -|Ntit, ,1 \\ ithiii.
Chile. B.M. 6231.-0. violacea, Cav. SImuIiI.^ K^ Mn:ill.
ovate-cordate, deep-toothed, stalked: iK ,\i!i,,\\ -;ihnnii,
spotted within and without, the two Up- n.,i ^:,.;:,t.' ( hil,..
B.M. 492!(. 1,. H. P..

CALENDULA (Latin, calendm or calends: flowering
throughout the months ) . Compdsitce. Herbs of temper-
ate regions, of 20 or more species. Annuals or peren-
nials, with alternate sunple Ivs., mostly large heads
with yellow or orange rays, glabrous incurved akenes,
plane naked receptacle, pappus none, and involucre
broad, with scales m one or two series.

officinalis, Linn. Pot Marigold. Fig. 316. Annual:
1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy : Ivs. oblong and more
or less clasping, entire, thickish : heads solitary, on
stout stalks, large with flat, spreading rays, showy,
closing at night. S. Eu. B.M. 3204. -One of the most
universal garden fls., running into many vars., distin-
guished by size, color, and degree of doubling. The
color varies from white-vellow to deep orange. This is
the Marygold of Shakespeare's time. The fl. -heads are
sometimes tised in cookery, to flavor soups and stews.
The Calendula is of the easiest culture in any warm,
loose soil. The seeds are usually sown where the plants
are to stand, but they may be sown indoors or in a
frame and the plants transplanted. The akenes are
large and germinate quickly. The plant blooms the
whole season, particularly if the fls. are picked. It is a
hardy annual, and in the southern states will bloom
most of the year.

BuSfruticdsa, Vahl. More diffuse, annual : Ivs. ses-
sile, lanceolate, somewhat dentate : heads bright yel-
low, not doubled, very numerous, on long peduncles.
W. Mediterranean region. — Seeds are sold by American
dealers.

C. PAngei, Hort., and C. pluvialis. Linn., will be found under

L. H.

CALICO BUSH is a .To ;»»

CALIFORNIA, HORTICULTURE IN. California oc-
cupies the mountain slopes and plain-like valleys of a
vast area, much of which is peculiarly well-fitted to
horticultural uses. New York, Ohio, Maine, New Jersey,
Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut,
Delaware, and Rhode Island, united, have a less area
than California. The range of products grown suc-
cessfully in California is nearly or quite as great as
that of all the rest of the United States ; the humid sea-
level islands of Florida are adapted to some plants,
such as Cassava, which do but poorly in California, but
on the sheltered uplands of California many species
which entirely fail in Florida are perfectly at home.
Here, as every tourist can see in a single summer, one
finds, and often on an enormous scale, the vines, wal-
nuts and prunes of France ; the olives, oranges, lemons,
chestnuts, figs and pomegranates of Italy and Spain ;
the Acacias, Eucalypts, Casuarinas, and salt-bushes of
Australia; the melons of Turkestan; the cotton and to-
bacco of the south ; the hemp, flax, rye, Russian mul-
berries, and other products of the more extreme north,
the cereals of the great west, the bulbs of Holland, the
costly seed-crops of European gardens, and, in brief,
examples of the greater part of the useful horticultural
productions of the temperate zones.

While the American pioneers of Kentucky were fight-
ing Indians, and struggling to obtain the right to navi-
gate the Mississippi, the Spanish pioneers of California

were planting pear, orange and olive trees, date palms,
and European grapes, about the early Missions. After
the American conquest, and the gold discovery of 1848,
horticulture gained a foothold in the mountain lands
below the Sierra peaks. Every village and town had its
gardens and its brginninirs of orchards. Soon the
thoughts of mill tiirtii-.l f" the broad, fertile, untilled
valleys, and in a tVw \ . ar- the wheat fanner became the
typical Calitornuiii. Lastly, the state entered upon a
magnificent ami still <-..iitiiiiiing period of horticultural
development, which well deserves to be written down in
history as one of the most important facts of modern
material progress.

Not so long ago almost 160,000 square miles of
California were considered "nearly all waste." Now,

one finds that forests, pastures, farms, gardens, so sug-
gestively occupy the land that, although there is room
for many more, it is difficult to call anything worthless
except the great heights that shelter and water the val-
leys below. Even the deserts have underlying streams,
and blossom with tree and vine as men sink artesian
wells there. The miracles of Italy, ancient Palestine,
modern India, are being repeated over large districts of
California.

The great vallevs and nearly level lands of Califor-
nia, the true cereal belts, subject to frosts, comprise
about 40,000,000 acres of land: the foothill fruit-belts.

216

CALIFORNIA

of Coast Range and Sierra, hardly as yet one-tenth oc-
cupied, comprise fully 25,000,000 acres; in timber and
fine grazing lands, capable of perpetual renewals, are
12,000,000 acres; high mountains cover some 13.000,000
acres; arid lands, often yielding enormously under irri-
gation, or slowly conquered by neutralizing their super-
abundant alkali, occupy about 10,000,000 acres. Over
these great areas every wind current, every mountain
spur, every alteration in slope or altitude, helps to make
a local climate. The complicated geological develop-
ment of California has produced soils almost as varied
as its local climates. StUl, the state can be conveniently
divided into five characteristic climate-zones: in the
high Sierras the mean annual temperature is from 30°
to 44°; in the lower Sierras it is from 44° to 52°; near
the Pacific ocean it is from 52° to 67°; in the central
valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin it is from 60° to
68°, and in the southern counties from 68° to 72°. But
every part of California shows very sharp horticultural
contrasts upon farms not a mile apart. Local climate is
the key-note of California life. Placer county, for in-
stance, extends from the center of the Sacramento val-
ley east to the summit of the Sierras. It has upland
Canadian valleys, pines and snow-blockades at one end;
groves of oranges and lemons in the Sierra foothills, and
rich alfalfa fields along the " bottoms " of the Sacramento
valley rivers. See Fig. 317.

Statistics are apt to be dull reading, but the horticul-
ture of California can be shown only by some of its re-
sults in recent years. Let us glance at a few of the
records. Take the well-known industry of raisin-mak-
ing. In 1873, 120,000 pounds were produced in Califor-
nia. By 1894 this crop had grown to 103,000,000 pounds.
The interstate shipments of fresh fruits, beginning late
in the seventies, rose by 1894 to nearly 180,000,000
pounds. The interstate shipments of dried fruits rose

between 1884 and 1897, from abi
150,000,000 pounds. During the
years, the product of beet-sucra:
2,000,000 to over 70,000.000 pumi-
years a noted California pr."liirf
1898, from 850,000 boxes t" t.il"
some other separate indu-tii.-, i
crop was over 30,000,000 i^iuim]
over 97,000,000 pounds, the drie

1.000,000 pounds to
e period of only 13
■rr-ased from about
< transes, for many
. t.itween 1884 and
Ihx.s. Turning to
II. til.- dried apricot
ir [.rune crop was
•ach crop was over

NEVADA

ARIZONA

CALLIANDRA

made by me for the Popular Science Monthly, I esti-
mated as follows:

Kind Acreaiie

Citrus and semi-tropic 9.5.000

Deciduous f niits 200.000

Nut-beariiif trees 2.1,000

Grapes 191,933

Small fruits 5.081

Totril 317,014

At the usual distances of planting, this would give
48,000,000 fruit trees and about 240,000,000 grape-vines.
Since 1893 nearly six years have passed, and yet the
acreage has not greatly gained. Some vineyards and
worn-out orchards have been destroyed. The area in
small fruits has nearly doubled. The citrus and semi-
tropic fruits have somewhat increased in area. There
have been seasons of he.tvy frosts and of light rainfall.
The industry hns }„.,.v. ]>-< irenerally profitable during
recent yenr- \ ...li ii t i;,i. ..f lesser horticultural occu-

Araongtlii iiltiiral industries of the last

decade or s.. m. il,. , A^m-ivi- growth of tree, flower and
vegetable seeds, ..f iut-tl..wcrs, of vegetables and of dec-
orative plants. California has always had important
nurseries and large market-gardens, but there is now a

Fig. 317. Horticultural reeions of California.

27,000,000 pounds. The wine-production of the state in
1897 was 34,500,000 gallons. The pack of canned fruit
in 1898 was 2,000,000 cases. In 1893, in a very careful
tabulation of the area planted to fruit-trees and vines.

Charles H. Shinn.
CALIFOENIA POPPY is Jischscholtzia.

CALIFORNIA YELLOW BELLS is Emmenanthe

petidulifloni.

CALtMERIS (Greek, beautiful arrangement). Com-
p<Ssit(e. A few Asian herbs, often united with Aster, but
horticulturally distinct, and differing from that genus
in the hemispherical involucre of few, nearly equal,
scarious-margined bracts, and broad, convex receptacle.
Akene flat and hairy. Hardy perennials of low growth,
suited to the border in front of stronger plants. C. Ta-
tarica is described in the genus Heteropappus.

inclsa, UC. (Aster inclstis, Fisch. ). One to 2 ft., erect,
corymbose at the summit : Ivs. lanceolate, remotely in-
cise-dentate : scales of involucre red-margined : fis.
large, purple-rayed or almost white, and yellow-centered.
— Of easy culture in any good soil, making a display
throughout July and Aug. The commonest species.

AlUica, Nees {Aster Altiicus, Willd.|. Lower, pu-
bescent or hispid : Ivs. linear-lanceolate and entire :
scales of involucre pubescent and white-margined : rays
narrow, blue. l, jj. g.

CALlPHBUaiA. See CalUphruria.

CALLA (ancient name, of obscure meaning). Ardidea.
A monotypic genus, containing a native bog-plant with
a white spathe. Herbs, with creeping rhizomes and 2-
ranked Ivs. Differs from Oroutium in the parallel sec-
ondary and terti;^r^ \> in- f Hi i-af -blade. See Sich-
iiriJ'Kt'inT V. .Kihi.'i I'l. Jilliottiana, and

lUDHi. The Calla ni ;: i i la Lily, is Richardia.

palustris, Linn. Ii- - I. mr bearing many dis-

licli-.'i- Iv -.Miir \.-:i\ ■■ 1 1-,' 2 Ivs. and the pe-

iliiiM I , ,, , , -li.athed : blade cor-

li.i'. i ' ' ! .. . ■■ I. late, white. Eu.,

N. _^.; I, iiiMJ I. :n . _\n,. r. I; .M , l,^:;l.— An interesting
liltl. i..-ieuiii.il |.iaiii. u.-. Uil 1.11 ..uidoor ponds.

Jared G. Smith.

CALLIANDEA (Greek, beautiful stamens). Legu-
Hiuidsff. Tropical American shrubs, distinguished from
Acacia by the presence of a thickened margin on the
pod. Lvs. bipinnate; Ifts. numerous: fls. usually borne
in globose heads ; corolla small, obscured by the nu-
merous, long, silky, purple or white stamens. Cult, in
S. Calif., and prop', by cuttings.

CALLIANDBA

Lamberti4na Benth [Acdcia Lambeitidna D Don).
Unarmed branches terete Ivs puberulous villous :
pmniB 2-3 yoked Ifts 9-12 yoked oval oblong obtuse
at both ends petiole not glandular peduncles 3-5,
racemose heads roundish stamens 20-25 exserted.
Mexico B R 721

CALLIRHOE

217

l/vs. tomentose beneath.

Shrub, 3-6 ft., with scurfy, downy

313. Calla palustiis.

tetragona, Benth. {Aedeia tetrdgona, Willd.). Un-
armed, glabrous: branches tetragonal : pinniB 5-6-yoked :
Ifts. 16-29-yoked, linear, acute, the outer larger : heads
pedunculate, axillary; lis. white : pod linear-obtuse,
thickened at the margin.

Fortoric6usis, Benth. (Acicia Portm-icinsis, ViiWA.).
Unarmed shrub, 10 ft. high: pinnffi 5-yoked: Ifts. 15-25-
yoked, linear, obtuse ; petioles not glandular: branch-
lets pubescent: heads globose, pedunculate, axillary:
calyx ciliate on the margin : filaments long, white : sta-
mens 20-25: pod straight, linear, tapering at the base.
West Indies.

CALLICAEPA (Greek, hettutn and fruit). VertienA-
ce(B. Shrubs or trees, mostly with routrh, stellate hairs:
Ivs. opposite, usually dentute and di-i-iduous : lis. small,
perfect, in axillary cymes ; corolla with short tube, 4-
lobed ; stamens 4: fr. a small, berry-like drupe, red,
lilac or violet, with 2-4 seeds. About 30 species in trop.
and subtrop. regions of Asia. Australia, N. and C. Amer.
Some species are cult, chiefly for their decorative fr.,
profusely produced in fall ; the hardiest are C pur-
purea and C. Japonica, and they may 1»- iri'"W" '-ven
north in sheltered positions, it soincwliat inoi, ,tr,l .lur-
ing the winter. If killed to the ki-"uii'I. ytnr^ -li.n.ts
spring up vigorously, and will prodme /Is. aii.l tr. m the
same season. If grown in the greeuhuuse, they require
a sandy compost of loam and peat, and plenty of light
and air. Prop, readily by greenwood cuttings in spring
or summer under glass, also by hardwood cuttings, layers
and seeds.

Americ&na, Linn,
tomentum : Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
tusely serrate, 3-6 in. long: cymes short-stalked ; corolla
bluish, glabrous: fr. violet. July-Aug. Virg. to Texas
and W. India. — One of the handsomest in fr., but more
tender than the Japanese species. There is a var. with
white fr.

AA. Lv.'i. glabrous beneathf hiti glandular : corolla
glandular outside.

Jap6nica, Thunb. Shrub, 3-5 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, ellip-
tic or ovate -lanceolate, acuminate, crenately serrate,
2^-5 in. long: cjTues peduncled, manv-fld. ; fls.pinkor
whitish: fr. violet. August. Japan. P.F.G.2,p. 105.

purpilrea, Juss. (C. grdcilis, Sieb. & Zucc). Shrub,
1-i ft. : Ivs. cuneate, elliptic or obovate, coarsely serrate
above the middle, entire toward the base, 15^-3 in. long:
cymes peduncled, few or many-fld. ; fls. pink: fr. lilac-
violet. August. Japan, China. Gn. 23: 392. -Closely al-
lied to the former, but smaller in every part.

C. cdna, Linn. Shrub : Ivs. broadly elliptic, shining above
and whitish-tomentose beue.ttli : fr. deep pui-ple. E. India,
China. Philippine Isl.— C. dichntouia, C. Kot-h ^ C. purpurea.—
C. laiidta, Schan., not Liim.^C peihmculiita.— r. Mimurazdhi,
Sieb.=C. Japonifa — C. iniillix, Sieli. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft.:
Ivs. oblong-laneculate. r.iumlfd at the base, tomentose beneath:
fls. ami fr. pink -I,,,,., -i , ' i;„,-uld!a, Ti.KT. Shrub: Ivs.
obloiiff-ovat,-. !M I ■ : iMunded at the base, green and

slightly lonitTiti. ,, V sleuder-pediincled. E.Ind.,

Austr. Sieli J ■ i ' -Crubelta. Und\. Shrub or

small tree, t<i 1'h n ] : - , .-t ,l,itr nhlong, tomentose beneath:
fr. purple. Himal, China. B. R.ll:883. F. S. 13: 1359 (as C.
purpurea). ALFRED Rehder.

CALLI6PSIS. Consult Coreopsis.

referring
ilso Cali-
m New

CALLIPHKtTEIA (Greek, b.autlful ,„
to the spathe inclosing the flowii> i. \V
phuria. Amari/lliddcew. Ten<lrr laii
Granada, dislnnguished from Eu(li;iris l.v tin- stamens,
the filaments being petalid, with three huge linear teeth
on top, the middle one bearing the anther. The fls. ap-
pear with the Ivs. Prop, by offsets. J. G. Baker. Ama-
ryllide.-e, p. 112.

Hartwegiina, Herb. Bulb ovid, 1 in. thick, stolonifer-
ous, with brown membranous tunics: Ivs. bright green,
firmer and more closely veined than in Eucharis, with
an oblong-acute blade 4-5 in. long, 2 in. broad, narrowed
into a petiole, which is flat above, and round beneath :
scape slender, 1 ft. long : fls. 6-8, in an umbel, white ;
perianth 1 in. long and wide. Andes of Bogota. B.M.6259.
Int. in 1889 by Reasoner, who has never flowered it.

C. subedentdta. Baker = Eucharis subedeutata.

CALLIPEdEA is included in Brodiaa.

C&.hIjtTTE3,IS (GTee\s.,beautiful fern). Polypodidcete.
A genus of ferns allied to Asplenium, with elongate sori
formed on both sides of the veins, and the veins uniting
to form meshes or areolfe. Some fifteen species are known
from the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The follow-
ing is the only one in cultivation. Culture of tropical
Aspleniums.

prolifera, Bory {Asplenium decussdtumyS^vz.]. Lvs.
2-4 ft. long besides the stalks, which are 1-2 ft. long, with
numerous pinnee 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with deeply
crenate margins and frequently with bulblets in the axils ;
veins pinnate, with the branches of contiguous veins
uniting. Polynesia and Malaya. l. ji. Underwood.

CALLtBHOE (Greek mythological name). Malvdcece.
Poppy -Mallow. Seven native species of hardy, showy
herbs of the easiest culture and deserving a much greater
popularity. The two kinds mentioned are chiefly prop,
by seedsj but the perennial species may also be prop.
by cuttings. The name is also written Callirrlioe.
A. Annual: involucre absent.

ped4ta, Gray. Fig. 319. Height 1-3 ft. : stem erect,
leafy: radical, and lower lvs. round-cordate, palmately or
pedatciv .'j-T-lobed or -parted, the lobes coarsely toothed
orini-isiii. upper H-.'i-cleft or -parted, usually into narrow
divisii.iis : Hs. red-purple, cherry red, varying to lilac.
Common in Texas. R.H. 1857, p. 430.

AA. Perennial: involucre present.
involucr&ta, Gray. Height 9-12 in., plant hir.sute

Thuja

*."^-\

or -cleft, the divisions mostly wedge-shaped, incised, the
lobes oblong to lanceolate : fls. crimson-purple, cherry
red or paler. All summer. Minn, to Tex. G.W.F. 26.
R.H. 1862:171, as U. verticUlata.

Var. lineariloba, Gray. Less hirsute than the type :
stems ascending : Ivs. smaller, 1-2 in. across, the upper
or all dissected into linear lobes.— An excellent trailer,
especially for rockeries. Thrives even in very dry soils,
the root penetrating to a great depth. A sunny position
is preferable. j g ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ jl

CALLISTfiMMA, CALLlSTEPHUS. See Aster, China.

CALLISTfiMON (Greek, fca??©.?, beauty ; stemon, a
stamen ; in most of the species the stamens are a beau-
tiful scarlet color). Myrtdcece. Bottle-brush. Au-
stralian shrubs : Ivs. evergreen, short : fls. in dense,
cylindrical spikes, at first terminal, but the axis grow-
ing out into leafy shoots ; anthers versatile, with par-
allel cells opening longitudinally : fr. persisting several
years. Prop, by ripened cuttings in sand under a hand-
glass, which flower when small ; or by seeds, but the
seedlings are slow in reaching the flowering state.
Rapid growers ; very ornamental ; greenhouse in the
north ; hardy in California, thriving in any soil and
without irrigation.

A. Lvs. flat, penniveineil.

specidsus, DC. Lvs. thick, narrow-lanceolate, pubes-
cent when young : spikes dense, large : fls. scarlet, the
calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens obscurely or very
shortly 5-adelphous. March-April. West Australia.
B.M. 1761, as Meirosideros speciosa. Height 10 ft.

lanceoiatus. Sweet. Pig. 320. Height 6-10 ft. : lvs.
crowded, thick, lanceolate, punctate, reddish when
young: spikeratherioose, of reddish fls. N.S.Wales. 6ft.

rlgidus, R. Br. Lvs. linear or narrowly linear-lanceo-
late, rigid, almost pungent-pointed : spikes dense : fls.
red ; anthers dark. New South Wales. -1 ft.

AA. Z-i'S. channeled above, linear, nerveless or
1-nerved.

line&ria, DC. Height 4 to 6 ft. : fls. dark or pale scar-
let : f r. more globular and more contracted at the mouth
than in C. rigidns. June. N. S. Wales.

J. BnRTT Davt.

CALLlTEIS (from the Greek for heantiful). Conif-
era, tribe Ctipresshiea. About 15 trees or shrubs,
growing in Africa and the Australian region, allied to

CALLUNA

The small cones have 4-6 separating woody
scales : lvs. small and scale-like, persistent. Of very
attractive habit. The only species in the Amer. trade is
robiista, R. Br. Cypress Pine. Somewhat resembles
our native red cedar, but is conical in form and very
dense. It is a fine tree for tall hedges and windbreaks.
Yoiiu^ trees planted out in S. Fla. make fine specimens,
lirauchini^ from the ground. In five years the plants
reach 10-12 ft. high. Little known in this country.
Queensland. l. h. B.

CALLtTNA (Greek, to sweep ; the branches are some-
times used for making brooms). UricAcea. Heather.
Low evergreen shrubs with imbricated, scale-like lvs.
in four rows, the branchlets therefore quadrangular :
fls. in terminal racemes , corolla campanulate, 4-lobed,
shorter than the 4 parted colored calyx , stamens 8 :
fr. capsular One species in W and N Eu., also in
Asia Minor ; in E N Amer m some localities natural-
ized. For culture, see JSrica

vulgaris, Sahsb {EAca lulrjitis, Linn ) From K-3
ft.: lvs. oblong linear, obtuse, sagittate at the base,
glabrous or pubescent fls small in long erect, rather
dense racemes, rosy pink, sometimes white. Aug.-
Sept.- Cultivated in man\ \arieties Var 41ba (and
\a.r. alba Hammond i) with white fls var Alpdrti, of
more vigorous growth w ith ros\ < armine fls ; var. c4r-
nea, with flesh colored Hs \ ir flbre-plfeno, with double

rose-colored fls.; var. p^gmsea, forming low, moss-like
tufts ; var. tomentfisa, the branchlets and lvs. with
grayish tomentum. The Heather is a very handsome

CALLUNA

small shrub, well adapted for borders of evergreen
shrubberies, or for dry slopes and sandy banks and
preferring sunny positions ; it is also found growing
well in swamps and in partly shaded situations. Cut
branches keep their life-like appearance for many
months. Alfred Eehder.

CAL0CH6RTUS (Greek for bea»tiful and grass).
LiUActa. tribe Tulipett. West American cormous
plants, the occidental representatives of Tulipa. St.
usually branched, and from a coated corm, more or less
leafy: perianth of unequal segments, the outer ones the
smaller and more or less sepal-like, the 3 inner ones
large and showy and bearing glands and hairs; stigmas
3, sessile and recurved ; stamens 6 ; fls. showy, shal-
low-cupped on the inner segments, arching. Nearly all
the species are in cult. Monogr. by J. G. Baker, Journ.
Linn. Soc. 14:302-310 (1875); and by S. Watson, Proc.
Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 14: 262-208 ( 1879). See also
Colochorti in the Sierra Nevada, by George Hansen,
Erythea, 7: 13-15; A. Davidson, Erythea, 2: 1-2, 27-30.
L. H. B.

Calochortuses are natives of western North America.
One or two extend into British Ann ricM. :ind a few, be-
longing to a peculiar gri>u|.. air t..iniil in Mexico; the
remainder are natives of tin- rniir.l States, from Ne-
braska to the Pacific ocean. Wliitt- tin- u^rneric charac-
teristics are unmistakable, the species and even varie-
ties have the most variable tastes as to soil, exposure
and climate. The Colorado desert and the summits of
the Sierra Nevada, the heavy clay lands of Californian
Talleys, the volcanic soils of the foothills and themead-
ows of the Northwest, each has its own representa-
tives of this beautiful tribe. The character of the genus
can be treated better under the various groups. Nearly
every known species is in cultivation to some extent.
Some are rr.nlily t:r..Hn, others present considerable
cultural ilillirnliii s ; hut while there are some which
will prolial.lv always )„ .lilKcult to cultivate, there are
many speciis-anil tin- number includes the very best—
which can he successfully grown by any one who is
willing to give a little special care to their culture; and
there are a few which possess such vigor and hardiness
as to be adapted to extensive cultivation. All Calo-
chortuses 111-4. bnr.lv ill tli.' s,-ns.. of withstanding ex-
treme culii. iiiii iIm \ will II. >t witiistand alternate thaw-
ing and Ir. ! .. anil thus we have the
paradox ..I ... .i-li severe eastern or
European \'. ini-i-- a.i.i -1111.111.^ ihi- loss of foliage in
mild ones. They slmuld 1,.- planted in the fall, and it is
better to plant late, so that leaf growth is delayed until
spring. Diverse as are their natural habitats, one soil
will answer the needs of all. In my own experience, a
light loam, made lighter with sand or sawdust, powdered
charcoal, or spent tan-bark, is best. My very best re-
sults have been with a mixture of equal parts of a good
light loam and spent tan-bark, with a little Ijroken char-
coal. Wallace, one of the most successful English
growers, recommends making a bed sloping to the
south, composed of leaf-mold and road grit in equal
parts, with a smaller proportion of sharp sand. The
idea is a light, porous, not too stimulating soil, with
perfect drainage. Wallace recommends covering the
beds with reeds to throw off the heavy rains. I accotn-
plish the same end by such thorough drainage that the
rains pass through quickly. It is better to lift the
bulbs as soon as they ripen, and replant in the fall.
Water sparingly at all times. Tli. y tak.- «-.ll to pot cul-
ture with similar soils and trtatnunt. While not to be
forced rapidly, they considerably antiripatr their out-of-
door season. The same treatment can be used in cold-
frame culture, but do not coddle them too much. Under
suitable conditions they are really very hardy and tena-
cious of life, but excessive moisture, either in air or
ground, is not to their liking after the flowering season
arrives. Theoretically, all Calochortuses of Section A
(Star Tulips) should liave shade, and all Mariposas ( AA)
sunshine ; but I find that the light shade of the lath -house
suits all alike, giving much finer bloom in the Mariposas.
The flowering season extends over three months, accord-
ing to species. Carl Purdt.

Index: albus. No. 1 ; amoenus, 1, 6 ; apiculatus, 8 ;
atroviolaceus, 25 ; aureus, 22 ; Benthami, 4 ; eseruleus.

CALOCHORTUS

5; Catalinse, 28; citrinus. 17.21:

clavatns

. 23: concolor.

21 ; elegans, 0 ; tlrxii..-.; -. J., ; 1,

1 , '..mnisoni.

31 ; Howellii. M) : K.i,., .i ; ■'.

I . '.■'.'■

'1 : lilaci-

nus, 10; Lohl.n, 1, : :

,

'. us, 21 ;

Lyallii, 6; ma.r...ai |.i,- . ,: . /.i;.

nitidus, 13 ; nudus. 1:; , .\uualii

. -^:i , 1 1.

.i-|....nsis,'l9|

ooulatus, 21 ; Palmeri, 27 ; (.am

1 ; i.i.tus, 24;

Plummer», 18; pulchelhis. 2; I'l

inh i, '.1;

|.ur|.urascens,

24 ; roseus, 3, 24 ; ruber. 2:1 ; s

aii^'uini'i

is, 2i ; splen-

dens, 25 ; sulphureus, 24 ; T.-lii

iiiei", 7 ;

nnmorusfll;

venustus, 24 ; Vesta, 24 ; Weedii

. 17.

A. Star Tvi.ips. — Blossoms or fruit more or less nod-
ding : inner periavfh segments strongly arched.

B. Fls. snbglobose, in.rhlhin : st. usually tall and

branching. Glohf, 'I'ri.ij.s. -These have a single
long and narrow shiniii- I. at from the base, and
slender, flexunus, Iraty st<-nis, the perfection of
grace in outline. The tiowers are exquisite in deli-
cacy of tints. Woodland plants.
1. 41bus, Dougl. Fig. 321. Strong,! ft. high: fls. globu-
lar, pendent, 1 in. across, of a satiny texture, delicately
fringed with hairs. Calif. B.R. 1661. F.S. 11: 1171.-
Chaste and deli.

Var. amoenus, Hort. Like C. albus, but rosy colored.
Cent. Calif.

2. pulchfellus, Dougl. Similar, but fls. flatter, of pure
yellow, the edges of petals witli a linr el stiff hairs:
very handsome. Northwe-st Calif. WM. lii.'.J.

BB. Fls. bell-shaped, erect irlii 11 ../..». iimsthi lined
with hairs, the pedicels bccuiniini ncurred; stem
mnstly low. and fls. often more or less umbellate.
Star Tllips Proper. — Like the Globe Tulip, but
smaller as a rule, and the fls. dainty open cups.
All of the species resemble each other, and were
first included under C. elegans.

3. Maweinus, Leichtl. Plant low (4-10 in.), usu-
ally branched : fls. white, purplish at the base, filled
with silky hairs, the gland covered by a broad semi-
circular scale : capsule long-elliptic. Calif. N. B.M.
5976 as C. cZ^ffons. -Variable. Var. m&jor, Hort. Fig.
322. Twice as large in all its parts. Var. rdseuB, Hort.
Pis. tinged rose.

4. B6nthami, Baker. Resembles C. pulchellus ; sts.
low : Ivs. narrow: fls. nearly erect, yellow, the segments
% in. long and brown at the base. Sierra Nevadas, in
Calif. J.H. 111. 30:549.

220

CALOCHORTUS

5. cseriUens, Wats. Similar to C. Maweamis, but
lined and dotted with blue : low, 2-5-fld., the pedicels
very slender : perianth ciliate inside: capsule nearly or
quite orbicular. Calif., in the Sierras.

6. eiegans, Pursh. Similar to the last: petals greenish
white and purplish at base, bearded, little or not at all
ciliate : gland covered by a deeply fringed scale. Ore-
gon, Idaho.

Var. amdenus, Hort. Fls. lilac, large and showy. G.C.

III. 15:808.
Var. Lbbbii, Baker (C. Ldbbii, Hort.). Dwarfer,

alpine: Hs. straw-colored, with dark eye; anthers less

pointed. Ore.
Var. nanus. Wood (C. Lyallii, Baker). Subalpine,

dwarf : petals narrow and usually more acute, more

hairy and ciliate. Mts. Calif., N.

BBB. Fls. bell-shaped: like bb, but lall (1 ft. ormore),
and stotitly erect, irith xrrernl fine, erect cups,
similar to C.Maweit „ :i < . i ;; ant Star Tulips.—
In this splendid gri Ml I . w. Iia\ .■ tli.- very dainty,
silky fls. and hanil-.iiiii , ijl.i~-y ivs. of the Star
Tulip, with a stout -t. i, i,M,t ,,i- iwo high, and

large fls. Unlike tl tli.i-. tlii-y naturally

grow in open phii-,-. an.l Ikla.- a vigor and
health which are a lii::li <■■ iniii..i,.lation.

7. Tfilmiei, Hook. & Arn. .^tMnt. a it. liiirh. generally
branched: petals oft.-n ni.n-.- rliaii an mrli I. .iilt. tinged
lilac, with purple an<l uliiti- Ikiiin : L'laiitl without a
scale : capsule brnatl .llii.ti.'. aruti^li. .Mt. Slnivta, N.—
Remains a long tinii' in lili.om.

8. apicuiatUS, Baker. Taller and stouter, with umbel-
late straw-colored fls. N. Idaho.

9. Piirdyi, Eastw. Fls. silvery white, filled with blue
hairs. S. Ore. G.C. III. 23: 395. -Very handsome.
BBBB. Fls. bell-shaped, the petals }ntk><l <<r Intn-ii only

at the base: low: leaf .^••l<l>n-ii. .Mlamiw
Tulips. -These Calochortu-- a., n.tn.-; ,.f
wet meadows. C. uin,-,,,,!^ am! ex. .-./ ltow
well in all soils a- ai:/ a^ . : lima ,i. and
as garden plant- 1 1 ' i in l:.lialiit

they are low, 11. .,,,. .,,;.,! i i . . u].s
are open, erect ami niim. i-,,ii- , an iia h .ir no
in diameter.

10. Ulaclnus, Kellogg (C. vmbellAtus, Wood). A
handsome species, with large, clear lilac fls., hairy only
at base : fls. 4-10, on long, slender scapes : capsule ellip-
tic, obtuse. Grows naturallv in wet meadows, and makes
offsets freely. N. Calif, and Ore. B.M. 5804 as C.
unifldrus. Perhaps the same as the next.

11. unifldms, Hook. & Am. St. very short, bearing
bulbs at base, 1-2-fld. : petals lilac, with purple claw and
hairy on the lower half. Coast ranges, Calif.

12. nddus, Wats. Low, delicate : leaf solitary : fls.
1-6, umbellate, small, white or pale lilac, not hairy, den-
ticulate. Calif., in the Sierras.

AA. Mariposa Tulips.— ii/osso»is on stout, erect pedi-
cels, the stems stout and strict: fls. open-bell-
shaped. Excepting in B, the Mariposa or Butter-
fly Tulips have sleuder, grassy, radical Ivs.,
stifl', erect stems bearing cup-shaped fls., and
sparingly leafy and with an erect capsule. Bulbs
small.

B. Capsule acute-angled or uinged : fls. lilac or uhite.
These are hardy species, growing in the meadows
from Oregon to Montana, where they endure
much cold. They form a connecting link between
the Giant Star Tulips and the true Mariposas.
Their Ivs. are like those of the Star Tulips -long,
broad and glossy. Like the Star Tulips, too, the
seed-pod is handsome, 3-cornered and winged.
The stems are stiffly erect: the fls. cup-shaped.
not so brilliant as the true Mariposas, but very
delicate: the plants are hardy, healthy and vig-
orous, and are to be highly recommended for
cold climates.

13. nltidus, Dougl. Scape erect, but not stiff : leaf
solitary, glossy, narrow: fls. 1-3, large and showy, lilac,
yellowish, or white, with a deep indigo blotch in the cen-

CALOCHORTUS

ter, lined with yellow hairs. Meadows, E. Ore. to Mont.
— Very beautiful and showy.

14. Greinei, Wats. St. stout and branching, 1 ft., 2-5-
fld. : sepals with a yellowish hairy spot ; petals lilac
barred with yellow below, and somewhat purplish, loose-
hairy, not ciliate : capsule beaked. Calif, and Ore.

15. longebarbatns, Wats. Slender, about 1 ft. high,
bulb-bearing near the base, with 1 or 2 narrow radical
Ivs., 2-branched and usually 2-fld. : fls. erect or nearly
so, lilac with yellow at base, scarcely hairy except the
long-bearded gland. Washington.

16. H6wellii, Wats. St. erect, 1 ft. or more, 1-2-fld.:
Ivs. very narrow: sepals ovate, short-acuminate; petals
yellowish white, 1 in. long, denticulate, slightly ciliate
near the base, brown-hairy inside, the gland yellow-
hairy. Ore.

BB. Capsule obtuse-angled.
C. Color yellow or orange or orange-red, more or less
marked with brown and purple (except in forms
of C. luteus) : in cult, forms running into other
colors.

17. We^dii, Wood. Radical leaf single, glossy, broad:
St. tall, leafy, bearing large orange-colored fls. dotted
with purple : petals triangular, square-topped : gland
small, hairv : bulb heavily coated with fiber. Calif.
B.M. 6200, as C. citrinus. G.C. III. 16: 183.-Varies to
white.

18. Fliimmerae, Greene. Similar, but purple and very
showv. Calif. G.C. III. 16: 133. J.H. III. 29: 289. Gn.
47:99"9.-A fine species, with fl. of large size and full
outline, lined with long, silky yellow hairs. It is the C.
Weedii, var. purpurascens, of Watson.

19. Oblspo^nsis, Lemm. Tall and slender, branching,
very floriferous : petals yellow, verging to red at the
tip and less than half the length of the orange-brown
sepals. Calif. G. P. 2: 161. -Odd and bizarre.

20. K6nnedyi, Porter. Bulb small and
slender, 18 in., sometimes branches: Ivs.
linear, tufted from the branching of the
St.: fls. 2-5 ; sepals broad with a purple
spot ; petals red-orange to vermilion, not

ciliate nor prominently
hairy, purple-spotted at
the center. Desert spe-
cies of S. Calif. B.M.
7264. - Brilliant and desirable,
but difficult to grow.

21. liiteus, Dougl. St. 1-10-fld.,
bulb-bearing near the base : Ivs.
very narrow : sepals narrow-lan-
ceolate, with a brown spot ; petals
2 in. or less long, yellow or orange,
brown-lined, slightly hairy below
the middle, the gland densely
hairy. Calif. B.R. 1567. — Varia-
ble. Some of the forms are sold
as C. venustus.

Var. citrlnas, Wats. {Cvenits-

tus,y&r. citrlnas, Baker). Petals

lemon - yellow, with a central

brown spot.

332 Var. oculitus, Wats. (Cvenics-

Calochortus Maweanus. tus, var. oculdtus, Hort.). Petals

var. major (X H)- P*'^ "'' ^liit^" 'i'"" Of yellowish,

with a dark spot.
Var. cdncolor, Baker ( C. cincolor, Hort.). Petals deep
yellow, marked with red bands, hairy below. Gn.
48: 1043.

--pi^^Z^

CALOCHORTUS

22. atireus, Wats. Very low: petals yellow, not hairy,
the hairy y:lan(i purple-bordered. S. Utah.

23. clavitus, Wats. Petals yellow lined with brown,
the lower part bearing club-shaped (or clavate) hairs,
the gland deep and circular; anthers purple. Calif.—
In this excellent sort we have the largest-flowered and
stoutest-stemmed of all Mariposas. The bulb is very
large, the single bare leaf 1 or 2 ft. long : the st. is
heavy, stout and zigzag. The fls. are shaped like a
broad-based bowl, sometimes 5 or G in. across. The
color is a deep, rich yellow, and the lower half is cov-
ered thickly with stiff yellow hairs, each tipped with a
round translucent knob, and in the light like tiny icicles.
There are various strains : El Dorado, the largest, not
so deep yellow ; Ventura, very stout, deep yellow ;
Obispo, like the last, but the upper half of the back of
each petal is olive brown, which shows through the deep
yellow of the inside, giving changeable shades.

CC. Color white or lilac: sometimes running into
yellows.

24. venttstus, Benth. Butterfly Tulip. Stout, 6-36
in. : petals white or pale lilac, with a reddish spot at
top, a brown-yellow center, and brown base : gland
large and oblong, usually densely hairy : capsule 1-2 i^in.
long. Calif. B.R. 1669. P.S. 2: 104. Gn. 46, p. 395.-
Very variable. 'She yellow forms (as var. sitlphiireus,
Hort.) are often treated as forms of C. luteits. To this
group of Calochortuses is properly applied the Spanish
name Mariposa (butterfly), for their brilliantly colored
fls., with eye-like spots on each petal and sepal, and
other delicate markings with dots, lines and hairs, which
are strongly suggestive of the wings of a brilliantly
colored butterfly. Botanists have variously divided this
great group of allied forms between C. luteus and C.
venustiis. Botanically all can be considered as either
strains of one variable species or as a number of closely
allied species.

Var. pictus, Wallace (G.C. III. 18, p. 14). Creamy
white, brilliantly marked, often with a gold blotch. Gn.
48, p. 277.

Var. purpuriscens, Wats. Petals deep lilac or pur-
plish, darker at center, the fl. fully 3 in. across. Strong
grower. Gn.46:986.

Var. rdseus, Hort. (C. roseus, Hort.). Creamy white
or lilac, with an eye midway and a rose-colored blotch
at apex. Gn. 46:986.

Var. sanguineus, Hort. Fls. deep red, with very dark
eye, and without the rose blotch at the apex. Perhaps a
form of C. luteus.

Var. V6sta, Hort. (C. lY.s-^n, Wallace). Tall, long-
stemmed, vigorous, bearing large white fls. tinged with
lilac and beautifully marked. Produces large offsets,
which flower in 2 years. Gn. 46: 986.

25. splindens, Dougl. Strong and tall, 1-2 ft. : fls. 2-3
in. aci-oss ; petals large, pale, clear lilac, paler below,
with a darker claw and scattered long, white hairs be-
low the middle. S. Calif. B.R. 1676.

Var. atrovioUceus, Hort. Tall and slender: fls. 1-lKin.
across, of a deep purple color, with a dark spot on the
claw, and short hairs on the lower third.

Var. rtber, Hort. As large as the type but deep, red-
dish purple, with a dark purple spot at base of claw.

26. flexudsus, Wats. Related to C. splendens, but
with sts. so weak as to almost be said to creep. The
fls. are large and very brilliant, a dazzling purple, with a
darker purple eve, and yellow hairs below. S. Utah.—
Int. by Purdy in 1897.

27. P41meri, Wats. St. 1-2 ft., very slender and flesu-
ous, 1-7-fld., bulb-bearing near the base : sepals with
long, narrow, recurved tips, spotted; petals 1 in. or less
long, white (or yellowish below), with a brownish claw
and bearing scattered hairs about the gland : capsule
very narrow. S. Calif.-The C. Palmeri of dealers is
not always this species.

28. Catalinse, Wats. Habit of C. venustus : st. 2 ft.,
branching : fls. white to lilac, or deep lilac, very large
and handsome, a large round black spot at base of each
petal. — A lovely species between C. splendens and C.
venustus. Remarkable for blooming with the Star Tulip

CALOPHACA

221

section, fully a month before other Mariposas. Native
to Santa Catalina Isl., off S. Calif.; also to Calif, coast.

29. NiittalUi, Torr. & Gray. Sego Lilt. St. slender,
bulb-bearing at base, usually with only 1 cauline leaf,
1-5-fld. : sepals ovate-lanceolate, often dark-spotted ;
petals 1-2 in. long, white tinged with greenish yellow or
lilac, with a purplish spot or band above the yellow
base and hairy about the gland ;
anthers obtuse. Dak. to Calif,
and N. Mes. — There are no more
exquisitely beautiful fls. than
these Sego Lilies (the Mormon
name) of the Great
Basin. Most of them
are plants of the sage-
brush deserts. Thelvs.
are an ashy green, the
foliage scant, but the
great fls. are wonder-
ful in timings. There
are shades in blue,
pink, lilac, and yellow-
ish; also white.

30. telchtUnii, Hook. f. Sle
der alpine species ( 5-6 i
by some regarded as a form of
C.Nuttallii: fls. smoky white,
banded with green and marked
with dark brown. SierraNevadas.
B.M. 5862. F.S. 20:2116.

31. Giinnisoni, Wats. Fig. 323.
Much like C. Nuttullii: anthers
acuminate : fls. light blue or al-
most white, delicate yellowish
green below the middle, purple-
banded at the base, and bearing a
band of green hairs across each Qunnisoni.
petal. Rocky Mts., Wyo. to New Natural size.
Mexico.

32. macrocirpus, Dougl, St. stiff, the cauline Ivs. 3-5:
fls. 1 or 2; sepals acuminate, sometimes spotted; petals
2 in. or less, acute, lilac with a greenish midvein, some-
what hairy. B.R. 1152. N. Calif, to Wash, and Idaho.—
This fine species forms a group by itself. It has a very
large bulb, a stout almost leafless stem, and a large
flower of an exquisite pale lavender, banded down the
back with green. Petals long, narrow and pointed.

Carl Pubdy
CALODfiNDKUM (Greek, beautiful I,
)iic uf tlii- hands, imest deciduous truc^
(ttud Hope. rnlt. in northern greciili'

L. H. B,

Prop, by

L Africa,

or flesh-col, I1-. .i il -. :,i'c -..,„, i im. ~ , i
deep. A m ■' I - :

with attract!

features. Calh'il '■ w iM i 'In'^i iin: ' m.
cuttings of half-ripened wno.l uihl. i ■•

Capensis, Thunb. CapeChk-tm i
70 ft.: branches opposite, or in .;'^: Iv^, simple, decus-
sate, ovate, obtuse, refuse or a.nr.', paiall. l-nt-rved, 4-5
in. long, studded with oil cysts, whii-h Ic.nk like translu-
cent spots when held to the li;;ht : panicles terminal ;
peduncles usually trichotomous : caly.x deciduous : pet-
als 5, linear-oblong, IH in. long. 2 lines wide, sprinkled
with purple glands : stamens 10. 5 alternate, sterile,
and petaloid : seeds 2 in each cell, larger than a hazel-
nut, black and shining. G.C. II, 19: 217.

CALOPHACA

A-iMs, r.f

itiful, and phaka,

lentil). I,.,iini,,„...^,, . i),.,-nln.in- sii rubs or herbs, with
alteniafc, c.l. 1|. innate. |,nl"-c. iit. ami often ghindular

pubescent and iilaiiclnlar, i-vlimlrical. About 10 species
from S. Russia'to E. India." The two cultivated species
are low, prostrate shrubs, with grayish green foliage,
and rather large yellow fls. in erect racemes, followed
by decorative, reddish pods. They prefer a well-drained
soil and sunny position, and are well adapted for bor-
ders of shrubberies and sandy or rocky slopes. Prop,
by seeds, sown in spring ; the young seedlings should
have plenty of light and air, as they are very liable to

222 CALOPHACA

damp-off if kept too luoist and shady. Sometimes grafted
high on Caragana or Laburnum, forming a very attrac-
tive, small standard tree.

Wolg&rica, Fisch. Two-.') ft. : pubescent and glandu-
lar : Ifts. 11-17, roundish-ovate or oval, 'A-%in. long :
racemes long-peduncled, with 4-7 fls. ; corolla over %
in. long. June-July. S. Russia, Turkestan. — <7. {rrnndi-
fldra, Regel, is similar, but Ifts. 17-25 : racemes 10-16-
fld. ; corolla 1 in. long. S.Russia. Gt. 35:1231.

Alfred Rehder.

CALOPHtLLUM (Greek, beautiful-leaved). Gut-
tiferHcece. Tropical trees, with shining, leathery, ever-
green penninerved Ivs. and panicled fls. The following
is cult, outdoors in S. Pla. and S. Calif., and possibly in
northern warrahouses. Prop, by cuttings.

Inophyllum, Linn. Branches terete : Ivs. obovate,
usually marginate : fls. white, fragrant, in loose, axil-
lary racemes; peduncles 1-fld., usually opposite; sepals
4: fr. reddish, as large as a walnut. E. Tropics. — Int.
by Reasoner, 1893. Also in S. Calif. A tall tree, with
beautiful glossy Ivs. and white fls. Oil is extracted from
the seeds. Has medicinal properties.

CALOPOGON (Greek, beautiful beard}. OrchidAcete
One of our daintiest native orchids, with pink fls. an in.
across, grass-like Ivs., and a small bulb. The Up is on
the upper side of the flower, spreading, distant from
the column, with a narrowed base. One of the choicest
hardy bog plants. A moist and shaded position and
very porous soil are most suitable for this pretty plant,
though I have seen it do admirably well on a rockery
only slightly shaded. at midday, but here the plants were
watered very freely every day during hot or dry weather.
Prop, by offsets, separated from the old tubers, but the
old established plants should not be disturbed very
often. Collected clumps of all our native orchids are
offered at very reasonable figures, and these give imme-
diate satisfactory results, while the small offsets would
not be strong enough to flower for several years, and
require much attention during the first year, or perhaps

puloh611US, R. Br. Height 12-18 in.: scape 2-6-fld.:
fls. pink, magenta, or purple : lip bearded with white,
yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. Bogs, Newf. to
Pla., west to Minn, and Mo. G.W. P. 14. G. P. 10: 505.
J. H. III. 35: 45. B.M. 116, as Limodorum tuberosum.-
Eleven fls. on a scape is the average number in Penn-
sylvania bogs. j g ^^^^^^ ^^^, ^ jj

CALOTHAMNUS (Greek, beautiful bush). Myr-
tAcew. Australian shrubs somewhat similar to Calliste-
mon but more graceful in habit : Ivs. long, alternate :
fls. showy, usually red, in lateral clusters : stamens
united in bundles opposite the petals ; anthers erect,
attached by the base, oblong or linear ; cells parallel,
turned inwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Orna-
mental greenhouse shrubs. Hardy out of doors in Cali-
fornia. For cult., see Callistenwn.

quadrifidus, R.Br. Height 2-4 ft. : Ivs. narrow, terete
or slightly fiattened, heath-like, glandular-dotted: fls.
rich crimson, 4-merous ; calyx 2-lobed in fruit ; stami-
nal bundles nearlv equal, of 15 to 20 or more filaments.
W. Austral. B.M". 1506. j. bj-ktt Davy.

CALPORNIA (after Calpumius,an imitator of Virgil,
because these plants are allied to Virgilia). Legumi-
nisa. Trees and shrubs from tropical and southern
Afr. cult, out of doors in S. Calif. Lvs. odd-pinnate ;
racemes long, axillary and terminal : fls. yellow.

sylvdtica, E. Mey. Shrub, 6-10 ft. high : lvs. 2-6 in.
long: Ifts. in 3-10 pairs, membranous, obovate-elliptical,
retuse or obtuse : fls. J^ in. long : ovary glabrous.
Caffraria.-Also rarely cult, north as a greenhouse

lasi6gyne,E. Mey. (C. a H«a, Benth.). Ataliershrub,
with larger lvs. and fls., more coriaceous, more pubes-
cent, and exactly elliptical or oblong leaflets. The silky
ovary at once distinguishes it. Natal.

CALTHA

CALTHA (Latin name of the Marigold). Bnnuncu-
lAceie. A genus of beautiful marsh plants, about 10
species, of temperate and frigid regions. Succulent,
perennial herbs, glabrous, with a fascicle of strong,
fibrous roots : lvs. simple, rather rounded-cordate at
base : fls. yellow, white or pink ; sepals large, decid-
uous, petal-like ; petals none ; stamens numerous, car-
pels sessile, becoming follicles, with two rows of
seeds. They flourish best in wet places near running
water. Though naturally bog plants, they succeed ad-
mirably well in an ordinary border in rather rich soil.
They should be introduced more liberally into the flower
garden, where they flower very freely year after year,
and generally mature a second quite abundant crop of
bloom in the fall. The flowers last a long time in water,
and sell readily in the cut-flower market. Monogr. by
G. Beck, in Kaiserlich-Konigliche Zool.-Bot. Gesell-
schaft (Vienna, 1886), 36: 347-363 ; E. Huth, Monogr.
in Helios 9: 69-74.

bifldra, DC. No true stem ; scape slender, usually
2-fld. : lvs. as in C. palustrisi : sepals 6-9, nearly white

leptas6pala, DC. Stout scape, 8-12 in. : lvs. all basal
or barely one on stem ; nerves at base nearly parallel,
otherwise like those of C. biflora : sepals 7-10, oblong,
becoming narrower, white; fls. solitary: follicles
scarcely stalked. May-June. Alaska to Wash, and Colo.
Gn. 30:565.

paliistrlB, Linn. Marsh Marigold. Stem hollow, 1-2
ft., branching, several-fld. : Ivs. cordate orrenifonn, den-

324. Calycanthus floridus.

tate, crenate or entire : fls. bright yellow, 1-2 in. broad
sepals 5 or 6, rarely 7: follicles compressed, % in. long.
Apr.-June. Wet ground. Carolina to Canada and west-
ward. Gt. 47, p. 630. D. 115, pi. 35.-Used before flow-
ering in the spring as "Cowslip greens." Var.

CALTHA

Btrdsa-pleno, Hort. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). An im-
jirovemi-nt on the above : fls. larger, of greater sub-
stance, and often much doubled. Very beautiful,

K. C, Davis and J, B, Keller.
CALTKOPS. Trapa.

CALYCANTHUS (Kahjx and antJws, flower; the calyx
is large and conspicuous), CalycanthAceie. Carolina
Allspice, Sweet-scented Shrdb. Deciduous shrubs
of aromatic fragrance : Ivs. opposite, petioled, entire,
usually rough above : fls, terminal or axillary, solitary,
is sepals and no distinct petals ;
ike, but not dehiscent, like the
'rilyx tube and containing nu-
mcr.Mi-' ;ik. II. - -'\ -I. ■- ill N. America and E, Asia.
OriiiiiiM nil! I , I h.-r large, handsome foliage

and iii.i-il-, - ' - 1-.; they are almost hardy

nortli, . \r, |ii ( ', ... ..'. ..'.i.'.N and C.pnecox. They grow
in almost any wt-U drained and somewhat rich soil, and
succeed as well in shady as in sunny positions. Prop, by
seeds sown in spring; also, increased by layers put down
in summer, and by suckers or division of older plants.
A. Wiiiti-r-biids ifiihout scales, very small: fls. tiroii-n,
in summer.
B, Lrs. densely pubescent beneath.

fWridus, Linn. Fig. 32-1. Three-6 ft.: Ivs. oval or
broad -ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale or grayish
green beneath, lK-3 in. long : fls. dark reddish brown,
fragrant, about 2 in, broad, Va, to Fla, B,M. 50.3. -This
species is the most cultivated for its very fragrant fls.

BE. Li-s. glabrous beneath or nearly so; fls. slightly
or not fragrant.

!6rtilis, Walt. ( C ^ei-ox, Michx. C.l(evig&tus,Wmd.).
Three-6 ft. : Ivs. usually elliptic or oblong, acute or acu-
minate, green beneath, 2-5Hin, long: fls, reddish brown,
l^^in, broad, AUeghanies. B,R,6:481,

glailcus, Willd, Fig. 325. Four-6 ft. : Ivs. usually ovate
or oblong-ovate, acuminate, glaucous beneath, 2-4Kin-
long: fls. reddish or yellowish brown, 1J4 in, broad. Va.
to Ga. B.R. 5: 404.-Var. oblongifdlius, Nutt., with
oblong-lanceolate Ivs.

occidentilis, Hook. & Am. (C, macrophfilliis, Sort.).
To 12 ft. : Ivs. usually rounded at the base, ovate or ob-
long-ovate, green beneath and sometimes slightly pubes-
cent, 4-6 in. long : fls. light brown, 3 in. broad. Calif.
B.M. 4808. F. 8.11:1113. R.H. 1854: 341,

CALYPTROGYNi

223

lar

praecox, Linn, {Chimondnthus frcigrans,'LmAl.). Lvs.
elliptic-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, green and
glabrous beneath, 3-5 in. long: fls. very fragrant, 1-lKin.
broad, outer sepals vellow, inner ones striped purplish
brown. China, Japan. B.M, 466, B,R, 6:451. L.B.C.

7:617. G.C. III. 11 : 213. - Desirable for temperate regions
for its very early, sweet-scented fls.

The newly introduced C. nitens, Oliv., from China,
allied to C. prmcox, has the lvs, coriaceous, long-acumi-
nate, shining and smooth above, Alfred Rehder,

CALYC6T0ME {Kalyx, and tome, a section or cut ;
calyx looks as if cut off). Leguminbsm. Low, spiny,
divaricate shrubs : lvs. 3-foliolate, deciduous: fls, papilio-
naceous, yellow, fascicled or in short racemes ; calyx
truncate, obscurely denticulate. Four species in the
Mediterranean region, of which two are sometimes culti-
vated ; not hardy north. They prefer a sunny position
and well drained soil. For prop., see Cytisus.

villdsa, Link. Two-4 ft. : branchlets grayish tomeu-
tose: leaflets obovate, densely silky beneath, under yiin.
long : fls. Hin. long, 3 or more, fascicled : pod villous.
May, June. -It is excellent for dense, low hedges.

Bpinosa, Link. Closely allied, but somewhat larger
in every part, and with glabrous branchlets and pods :
fls. solitary or few, B,R, 32:55, Alfred Rehder.

CALYPSO I from the Greek goddess, whose name sig-
nitifs cimctalment ; referring to its rarity and beauty).
Orrhidace't:. One of our rarest and most prized native
orchids, a delicate bog-plant, 3-4 in, high, with a small
Viulb, one roundish or ovate, striated leaf, and one pink
flower with a spotted sac, A monotypie genus. For
culture, see Calopogon; but more difBcult to growthan
that plant.

borealis, Salisb. Pig. 326. Leaf an inch wide and
long : scape .3—1 in. high, with about 3 sheaths : sepals
and^ petals similar, ascendins. lanceolate, acuminate,
pink: lip larger than tin. l■.■^l nf tlir tl., witli brown
spots in lines ami ]iiir|.li. ini.l yrll.nv marking's, woolly-
hairy within : cuIiiiiMi fiital likr. civat... li..ariiii.' tlie lid-
like anther just l.il.iw tin- ajirx. :\Iaiiii. to Minn, and N. ;
also Eu. Abundant in parts of Oregon and Washing-

CALYPTKOGYNE (Greek-made name). PalmAceir.
tribe Aricece. Spineless stoloniferous palms, with short
orlongcaudices, ringed below: lvs. terminal, unequally
pinnatisect : segments a few joined together, narrow or
broad, falcate, very long-acuminate, plicate ; margin

224

CALYPTROGYNE

recurved at the base ; nerves numerous : petiole very
short: sheath short, open; spadices simple or branched
at the base, long-pedunculate ; spathes 2, narrow, the
lower much shorter than the peduncle, split at the apex,
the upper deciduous, elongated, split its entire length ;
bracts connate, bordering the lower lip of the flower-
bearing cavity ; bractlets minute : fr. small, oblong or
obovoid. Species 8. Trop. Amer.

Ghiesbrechtiina, H. Wendl. (Geonoma Ghiesbreghti-
(tna, Lindl. & H. Wendl.). Stem short or almost none :
petiole 5 ft. long : Ivs. elongate-oval ; segments in
ote, lancec
uppermost
on each side very wide. Chiapas, Mex.

0. spicigera, H. Wendl. Stem e\-ident ; Ivs. irregularly pin-
nate, H ft. or less long, the stalks Hat on upper side. Guate-
mala.—C Siv&rtzii, Hort., is a Geonoma.

Calyptrogynes are handsome pahns, seldom seen out-
side of large collection.'!. Special care must be given to
the soil so that it will bp swf^pt and porous, especially
after the plants leave tin- -.-.•.I], an. Well-drained pots
and a little charcoal mix- M wii'ii tlit- v,.ii. and the plants
kept in a uniformly nioi-i -t:,i. . -.w,- .Liiilitions essential
to the healthy growth ut thr plants.

In thi- i.'ciiu-.. C. (ihicxijni-li/iiiiia is the most widely
know ij v|,, 111 ^, aniither garden name for which is
GeiDinni.i \ , rsrh.in, Hi. These are shade-loving palms,
haviiii,' Iravfs nt cuniparatively thin texture, and con-
sequently are subject to attacks of red spider unless
properly cared for in regard to moisture. Calyptrogynes
are most useful in a small state, old plants'in general
being rather leggy and poorly furnished.

Jaked G. Smith, G. W. Oliver and W. H. Taplin.

CALYSTfiGIA. See Convolvulus.

CALYX. The outer floral envelope. See Floiiwr.

CAMBIUM

The Camassias are bulbous plants, found only in the
temperate regions of N. Amer., and closely allied to
Scilla. Bulb, as in Scilla ; the many lance-shaped Ivs.
sheathing at base: st. erect, many-fld., bracted below
each flower, and flowering in long succession from the
bottom. The genus has not been carefully studied, and
many forms are confused under the same names.
Monogr. by J. G. Baker, Jour. Linn. Soo. 13:256; S.
Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 14:240. On
questions of nomenclature, consult Coville, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash. 11: 61.

Camassias are natives of rich meadows, very wet in
winter and spring but dry in summer. They do well in
any good loam, avoiding too rank manures. They are
perfectly hardy. Bulbs should be set in early fall, at a
depth of 4-6 inches, and left undisturbed . As cut-flowers,
they open in long succession. The bulbs produce off-
sets very sparingly. Seeds grow readily, and seedlings
bloom in three to four years.

s n.

nany

CAMASSIA(gMamos7»or Camass is the Indian name).
Lilidceiv. Fls. blue, purple, or whitish, with 6 spread-
ing, 3-7-nerved sepals, and G filiform stamens, filiform
style, and 3-angled, 3-valved, several-seeded capsule.

high, robust : fh.
ISO or more).
Cilsioldi, Wats. Bulb very large (weighing 4-8 oz.):
Ivs. numerous, broad, glaucous, somewhat undulate (15
in. long, often 1}^ in. wide): St. often 3 ft. high : fls.
30-100, very pale, delicate blue ; segments spreading,
crinkled atthe base, faintly 3-5-nerved. Ore. G.F. 1:174.
-One of the best of the genus. Dift'ers from C. escu-
lenta in its larger bulb, more numerous Ivs. and stouter
and more clustered habit. Grows on drier land. Hardy
in New Eng., and grows well in good garden soil.

escul^nta, Lindl. Camass. Fig. 327. Not very stout,
1-2 ft. : Ivs. %in. or less broad : fls. 10-40, dark blue or
purple, the perianth irregular (5 segments on one side
and 1 on the other, and deflexed) ; segments 3-5-nerved
and a little longer than the stamens, narrow and chan-
neled at the base : pedicel not exceeding the fls.: cap-
sule ovate to oblong, obtuse, transversely veined. Calif,
to Utah and N. B.R. 18:1486. F.S. 3:275. Gn. 46, p. 339,
983. -Bulb cooked and eaten by the Indians. The fls.
vary to white.

Leichtlinii, Wats. Stout, often 3 ft. high: fls. cream-
colored, ranging to white, nearly regular, the stamens
and style ascending; segments broad and flattened at the
base, usually 5-7-nerved : capsule oblong-ovate, emar-
ginate. obliquely veined. Mts., Calif., N. B.M. 6287,
as C. esculenta, var. Leichtlinii, Baker. -Purple-fld.
Camassias are sometimes referred to this species, but
it is doubtful if they belong with it.

Hdwellii, Wats. Bulb rather small : Ivs. few, 1 ft.
long and less than %m. wide : st. often 2 ft. high, many-
fld , with spreading pedicels twice or more longer than
the linear bracts : fls. pale purple, opening in the after-
noon, the segments Kin. long, 3-5-nerved : capsule
small, broadly triangular-ovate and very obtuse. Ore.
-Int 1892 by Pilkington & Co.

FrAseri, Torr. Scape 12-18 in. high : Ivs. keeled : fls.
light blue, smaller than in C. esculenta ; segments 3-
nerved : pedicels mostly longer than the fls. Penn.,
W and S. B.M. 1574, as Scilla esculenta.

V.ir angusta, Torr. (C. angusta, B-ort.). Very slen-
der, and Ivs. narrower ^%m. wide): fls. smaller, M or
Jiin. long. La. and Ark. to Tex.

L. H. B. and Carl Purdt.

CAMBIUM is a nascent layer of tissue between the
wood and bark of trees and shrubs. From it is developed
secondary wood and bast. The thickening of stems and
roots is mainly due to activity of the cambium. It is
most evident in June and July, when tissues are rapidly
forming. Woodsmen take advantage of this to peel bark.
Boys also take advantage of the readiness with which
bark and wood separate at the cambium to make whistles
of basswood or willow. Trees are more easily bruised at
this time in the year than at any other. The cambium
plays an important part in the healing of wounds upon
stems. It is the union of the cambium layers of cion and
stock that makes grafting possible. \vr. w. Rowlee.

CAMELLIA

CAH£LLIA (after George Joseph Kamel or Camellus,
a Moravian Jesuit, who traveled in Asia in the seventeenth
century). Ternstroemi&cew. Evergreen trees or shrubs:
Ivs. alternate, short-petioled, serrate : fls. large, axillary
or terminal, usually solitary, white or red ; sepals and
petals 5 or more: stamens numerous, connate at the base :
fr. a3-.^-<•elled.dehis-
< ent capsule, \\it4i
large, globular or
ovoid seeds About
10 specie-, in trop and
^ubtrop Asia, di
\ ided into the sub-

CAMELLIA

225

i'HC

ilUa

itiil Then tonsidertd
I \ some to bedistinit
,'inira, bv sonu all
united under Tlu i

llu -p. 111., of 1 II

h-iS

3ii Cjmelli
Abby Wild

camellia, especialK (
Japoiuca, are popul ir
decorative shiubs, with
ver\ show} fls About 50
years a„'o one of the ni()..t
apprei lated gr< ( nhouse 323 Came
shrubs, and se\(.ralhun Japonica
dred varieties were eulti- Lucida.

vated. Of the second
subgenus, C. Thea is
cultivated in nearly all subtropical coun-
tries and in the mountainous regions of
the tropics for its leaves which yield the
well known tea and aie in article of great
commercial importince There is a mono
grqih of this genu-, by Seemann m Tians
Lmn Sue X\1I p 3il-i^2 lllusti ited
monci.jiHphs of the horticultui il \ uieties
art Luiti^ Munogr ot the genus L imi llui
(181')), Biumann BoUweiler L imellii n
sammlung (1828), Chandlei, Camtllu,i
(18J1) Berl^se, Monogr du genre Camt Hi i
a(18J'M, Verschaffelt, Nouvelle Mono
graphie du CameUia (1848-bO) the last
with 576 and the foregoing with 300 colored
plates
A Fh 6e6^tle, eiect, terminal ana an!

lary, lalyi lobes deeiditom Catiid

ha piopei
Japdmoa, Lmn Figs J28-3J1 bhrub
or tree , sometimes to 40 ft , glabrous
Ivs. very shining and dark green above,
ovate or'elliptic, acuminate, sharply serrate, 2-t in. long:
lis. red in the tvpe, 3-5 in. across ; petals 5-7, round-
ish. China, Japan. B.M. 42. S.Z. 82. F.S. 20: 2121.-
Var. Alba, Lodd. Fls. white. L.B.C. 7: 636. Gn. 54, p.
243. Var. SIba plena, Lodd. Fls. white, double. L.B.C.
3: '2i\'.t. V;ir. anemoniflora, Curtis. Fls. red, with 5 large
nailer and

bluntly pointed at the apex, crenate-serrate, shining,
dark green and hairy on the midrib above, l%-3 in. long:
fls. lK-2 in. across, white ; petals 5 or more, obovate or
oblong. China, Japan. Gn. 54:1189. S.Z. 83 (except the
red vars.). — Var. semipUna, Hort. Fls. seniidouble,
white. B.R. 1:12 and 13:1091. Var. anemoniflora, s,,ni.
Fls. large, double, outer petals white, inn. r ,,ii. - murli
smaller, yellow. B.M.5152. Var. oleifera, IMmI. i ( ' . ', ^
era, Lindl.). Of more robust habit, with Ix-. mi. I th,.
single white fls. larger than in the tvpe. U.K. 11 : 1)42.
L.B.C. 11:1065.
AA. Fls. pedicelled, nodding, mostly axdiai ii . cu/i/j--

tttth pusisl.tit Th,a
Thfia, Lmk u i . iit / s Lmn).

Tea. Shrub ^ i lance-

olate or obov It 1 il.rous,

sometimes \m\> i i i i mt, 1-

IHin. broad, pet.iK > < Inn. li..li.i -L^u.illx two varie-
ties are distinguished. Var. Bohea ( Thea Jiuhea, Lmn.).
Lvs. elliptic, dark green, to 3 m. long: branches erect.
M. 998 L.B C 3- 226. Var viridis [Thea liridis,
inn ) Lvs p.ile green, l.iii. e.iLili to 5 m long:

^Js I'll. 1.1 1 k t. I li « MI m.l _r. . n t. i . t . .unmerce
> n..t . 111. ti. Ill . . II tin \ mill. 1 ut ii. ilip result

nl.k i.ink BR.
V17 L B C 12:
14 BM 2080
Alfred Rehder.

Camellias are
ot hard to grow,
ither the well
nown C. Japnn-

]'..^l.

ig that of a double
For the numerous
mentioned mono-
stration Horticole,
cations contain a

Ani'moiR-. L.B.
other garden for
graphs ; also, Fk
and other older
large number of varifii.-s wirh illustrations.

retioulita, Lindl. Large shnih. glabrous : lvs. dull
green, not shining above, reticulate, flat, elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, 3-5 in. long : fls. 5-7 in. across, pur-
plish rose; petals 15-20, obovate, looselv arranged. China.
B.R. 13:1078. B.M. 2784. P.M. 3:101. -Var. pidna,
Hort. Pis. with twice as manv petals, and more regularly
arranged. B.M. 4976. F.S. 12:1279-80,

Sasanqua, Thunb. Shrub of loose, straggling habit,
with the branches pubescent when young : lvs. elliptic,

15

the
common C. Sa -
<:a)igiia, and C.
Thea, the Tea
Plant. They re-
quire a coolhouse,
not too dry an
itmosphere. and

,must never suffer
from dryness at the
roots ; a somewhat
shady position is
helpful, and good
ventilation is essen
tial. A night tern
perature of 45°-50'^
P. is best for them
while at rest ; this
is also the time of
blooming, but it
may be increased
during the period
of growth ; the day
temperature should be from 60°-70° P. The soil for es-
tablished plants should be made mainly of well-rotted
sods, to which should be added some leaf-mold, rotted
cow-manure, and enough sand to insure good drain-
age ; sod and leaf-mold should be unsifted. For young
plants, the Dutch growers use a rather fine soil of
peat, leaf -mold and sand ; the Japanese gardeners use

ZZb CAMELLIA

a heavier soil, apparently containing some clay. The
pots and tuhs shoiild be well drained with potsherds and
charcoal, the drainage being protected by sphagnum to
insure durability, the older plants not requiring frequent
shifts. Potting should be done just before new growth
starts, when the flowering is about over; the exact time
can be determined by noting the beginning of the root
growth, which generally precedes the expanding of the
leaf-buds. The soil should be moist, not wet, and made
firm. Large shifts should be avoided; in many cases, by
renewing the drainage and removing the surface soil, a
larger pot will be found imnecessary. After potting, the
temperature may be increased, and the plants should be
kept close until a new growth is established.

When the weather in May becomes settled, they should
be placed in summer quarters. This may be a cool green-
house, well shaded, or, preferably, a position in the open
air, protected from sun and wind. Lath screens maybe
employed, or the shade of trees or fences. In any case
there must be plenty of light and air. Great care must
always be given to watering, but especially at this time,
while they are making and ripening their growth ; the
dropping of flower buds in November is often the result
of careless watering in summer. Plenty of water must
be given to the roots, never in driblets, and the foliage
should be syringed night and morning in dry weather.
The forcible application of water in the form of spray not
only keeps the plant in good condition, but checks mealy-
bug and red-spider. In September they should be put in
the cool end of the coolhouse, or they can be stored in a
pit and brought in later. The Camellia is nearly hardy,
but should not be exposed to ui-tiKil fn.st. LarC'i' -pei-i-

mens can be planted (mi) in , . ill ,iiu i _ u

den. They thrive woml' i i i '

of such a position, and L' I \ '

mas and New Year, will II 1 1 .1 ,_.

too, can be freely cut, .-^lli. I „io.\ il, uii.u 1 ili. ^, . .m.li-
tions is so much improved.

Propagation is now effected by cuttings and grafts.
Formerly inarching and even layering were employed.
Cuttings should be made, November to January, from
wood of the previous season's growth, from lK-2 or 214
inches long, each having from 1-3 eyes; in single-eye
cuttings the leaf is left entire, in others 1 or 2 leaves are
removed. Plant firmly in sharp sand, keeping them cool,
well watered and carefully shaded for the first few weeks.
Sometimes they will be 'sufliciently rooted in June for
potting in thumbs, but at others they will not be ready
until October. Shift on the youna- plants as their growth

requires, never

surprisingly good growth >> '

buds should be picked hi:
there is trouble from 1 . 1 ■ , 1
eventually form. GraftiiiL' 1- 1 m
bar and January, using the inipr
close frame is not necessarv, but i
be ,

< : they make
■ 'iiilished. Flower
' k ; sometimes
a new bud will
]i \"M'iuber, Decem-
■ VHil veneer graft ; a
I often used, in which
case great care must be given to watering and ventila-
tion. If rafHa is used for tying, it should be smeared
with grafting wax to prevent "decav; the process of unit-
ing is lengthy. Stock can be obtained from seed or by
cuttings of easily rooted varieties. Mealy-bug and red-
spider can be avoided by proper syringing ; thrips and
aphis are kept down by tobacco fumigation; scale must
be checked by washing and spraying ; a troublesome leaf-
eating insect is only removed by hand picking.

Consult Practical Camellia Culture, by Robert Halli-
day, Baltimore, 1880. Illus. The onlv other American
book on Camellias is an American edition of The Abbe
Berlese's Monography of the Genus Camellia, by Gen.
Dearborn; Boston, 1838. For a list of varieties, see also
Nouvelle Iconographie des Camellias, Amb. Verschaffelt
Fils ; Ghent, 1856-60. Illus. B. M. Watson.

Camellias are general favorites with most people, and,
when well-grown, have few equals among hardwooded,
cool, greenhouse plants. They may be propagated by
seeds, cuttings, layering, grafting or inarching ; the
two latter methods are best for the double forms, as
they succeed better when grafted or inarched on the
single forms than on their own roots, the operation be-
ing performed immediately after the flowering season,
or just as soon as new growth is about to commence,
and the method known as "side-grafting" is best if this
means of propagation is used. The single species are

CAMPANULA

best propagated by seeds, if these can be obtained fresh.
They should bs sown in early spring, in 4-inch pots,
containing a mixture of peat, leaf-mold and sand, in
equal proportions. The pots should be placed in a
warm temperature, where they will usually germinate
in from 4 to 6 weeks. If ]>r.>]i;i;,'uted by cuttings, the
half-ripened wood >1imii|,i i„ ,),-,„. n. and the cuttings
inserted around tin : < , ;.. li pots containing a

sandy, peaty mixiu i- ! 1 1 y firm. The pots
should be placed in n -iai-i. lii^c position, where an
even temperature ot ul...ui 1.11 uau be maintained. The
pots plunged in a half-spent hotbed would be an ideal
place. If carefully attended to, they should be rooted
in about two months, after which they should be potted
singly, in small pots, and grown on as rapidly as possi-
ble. When of suitable height, stopping should be at-
tended to, to induce a bushy habit. As the plants in-
crease in size, a slightly heavier soil should be used
when potting, a mixture of equal parts loam, leaf-mold
and fibrous peat being most suitable. Camellias re-
quire at all seasons a good supply of water at the roots,
and during the flowering season they should have an
abundance. If allowed to become dry, the flower buds
will fall oft. They also require to be shaded from direct
sunlight during the spring and summer months. A
lean-to greenhouse, with a north aspect, is an ideal one
in which to grow Camellias. In such a house they might
te planted out, providing an abundance of air could be
given during the summer ; they make much larger
plants and flower more freely when planted out than
when grown in pots or tubs. The flowering season is
usually from tlie l)egiminii; of February to the middle

"I' \MiI It ~i 1.1 111 Ml 1 jn-enhouse tempera-

' I ' '1 I I n-mg if the flowers

' I ' ' ' > I tliey should be kept

- '111^' 1 10 11 ' 111 i_ iiM III \ _i ,vtli, and also to keep
tilt 111 till- iioiii tliii|is. u Kiowii HI pots or tubs, they
.should be placed in a sheltered, shaded position outside
for the summer. ^ \ ^

Edward J. Canning.

CAMEL'S THORN. See Alhagi.

CAMPANULA (Latin, a little bell). Campanuldcece.
Beli. FiAiwER. A genus of about 300 species, confined

to the norther
most popular ganhn |
baceous perennials. 1
than the stem-lvs.. aih
more or less transitory.
5-fid : corolla 5-lobed

containing some of the
Mi-ially of hardy her-
>. are usually larger
different shape, and
violet or white; calyx
stamens 5, free ; fila-

ments wide at the base, membranaceous ; stigmas 3 or
5, filiform : capsule 3-5-valved, dehiscing laterally by
3-5 valves : seeds ovate, complanate. or ovoiil. .Ulied
genera of garden value are Adenopliom fan uina. .Tasi-

one, Lightfootia, Phyteuma, Platy -; nia,

Symphyandra, Trachelium, and WiiiiN 11 lali

gene

spec

whicli grows in the grain tielils of S. Europe, and is
cult, for its violet fls. with a white eye. The calyx-tube
of Specularia is much longer, proportionately, than in
any Campanula.

Botanically, Campanulas are divided into two impor-
tant groups, based on the presence or ab.^ence of calyx
appendages. The subgenus Medium has the appen-
dages, and Eucodon lacks them. In straightening out
one's garden labels, the calyx appendages are one of
the first things to be looked for, and they are often
minute and disguised. In cultivation. Campanulas tend
to become taller and more robust, less hairy, more
branched, and more floriferous. A very few have white
or yellowish fls., with no blue or violet forms. Any blue
or violet-flowered form is likely to have white varieties,
and double and semi-double forms are common in
3 or 4 of the most popular species. All flowers tend to
become larger and more numerous on a stem. In culti-
vation, the 3-celled species are likely to have 5 stigmas
instead of 3, and 5-celled capsules, often along with
normally constructed fls. on the same plant. The height

C\MP\NLLA

CAMPANULA

is the m

below C

wrong

De Cau

nigh u L

dist nc on of h

cult ral groups of t a i

kind and rock garden

den mon

alls C
Of he
are po

the s heme

ha a te u by

uoth ng e e but a
the two mportant
z Border or tall
f k nds The be t gar
J F W Meyer n
also The Gardi

The fo low

g ar

the best

ow grow ng

1

for he

0 k ry 6

(

a and

i i.

s a.

C

n ds

pro n

t nake a

P<r-

H-

Maoy

k ds

r ck

gar en

K

LK N

the wo \ for hi
lish lea ers offe
Camp nu a
part > eeau e
becau e ro k g

ulas h w r a
thei u

in the w u

each k nd u t
spec fled they a
dim may be tr
as a tender annu
Campanulas g
end year but C
spring an 1 et o
the best I oom
Campa as tha
divided every yea ^

eron e ommends everal
scrib d elow as they can
botan c garden
The genu C
conta ns manj
tion s ve y ea
can be g own u
while the dwa f k u

many of them u he f nt
Propao-a on donee h r
The gen an ea v

The
the
hou e
the an
bifol A n 1

Of the b enn a nany w 1 tio r he h t
the seed are sown ear y n spr ng n the g
and the p ant p t out of doors when he
favora e On of he mo t impo ant C
(Canterbury Bel and

varie y « a s so name 1 b ca e th ha

broadened o t nto a aucer haped on fl w r

which V ry howy and n eres n n B

are gene y ra e 1 f om e wh h wi n

Apr M V or a er n po box d n n n

be t an ferreJ noehrd ■« an

besghypoed nhw n n ns

planted n spr ng to the j e nanen pi no good

rich so where they w 11 make a grea ow f hey
have obta ned the r ght treatment A few o her good
biennials are C. primulcefolia, C. Sibirica, C. spicata,
and C, thyrsoides.

c C

■•Jle

ndag at } e b of

5 elled s g as 5

J long tl e st gn a an nch

lo g

1 macrdstyla Bo ss & He dr Annual 1 2 ft h gh,
I ranched from the bae h pdwthrgd spread ng,
scattered br sties b an he stout vs scattered,
small for the size of the plant, ^essile, bristly on both
surfaces; lower ones ovate-oblong, acute ; upper ovate-
lanceolate, recurved, cordate, eared at the base : calyx

228

CAxMPANULA

tube hidden by the bladdery appendages, small, broader
than long : ils. solitary, on stout peduncles, 2-2K in.
broad ; corolla very broad and open, pale purple with-
out, dull purple within marked with violet and hairy to-
ward the bottom ; lobes very broad, short and acute.
Mt. Taurus in Anatolia. Gn. 15:178 and 12, p. 209.
B.M. «:i94.- Easily told from all other species by the
very long e.xserted style, which is brown and spindle-
shaped before spreading open. Self-sown seeds some-
times wait a year before sprouting.

DD. Styh

elif lontj.

bes

2. Medium, Linn. Canterbury Bells. Fig
Biennial, 1-4 ft. high : plant pilose : st. erect : Iv;
sile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, i-n iiat. -.l.ntat.': peti
oles not marginal : raceme lax, ii
ovate-acuminate, the appendages li.ilf ,i. ] .n- as the
ample, ovate, obtuse lobes : corolla v. rv lai;,'.-. bell-
shaped, inflated. S. Eu. Much less cult, than var. caly-
c4nthema, Hort. Ccr ahd Saucer. Hose in Hose. Has
the calvx colored like the corolla. A fair per cent come
true from seed. G.C. III. 24: fi.5. R.H. 1S97, p. 2.'i8. R.H.
1896:301. Gng. 5:88. Gti. 1^. j., 'J'!.- F.S. 19. p. 1.52.-
Canterbury Bells are iH-'il':'!' '' !■ ■' nn.l most popu-
lar of all Campanulas. '11, i I I it)iiioiiIy treated
as hardy biennials, thr , i i . ^ ,ii in tin- open
border, but they do n<^f ll,... r iIm iu^: \ , ar. 'riii-y can
also be treated as tender annuals, ih. -'. . ,1 l„ jn^' sown
lndoor.s in early spring and the planfs s, t .mt .May 1-
15. They will then flower well th. \\r~\ -. a^..ii, 'but
always better the second year. DouM,- t'-.j-jti-- are very
popular and interesting, 1^ perfect bells lieing formed
one within another. The name Medium has no reference
to size of plant or flower, but was the name of an old
genus, now a subgenus of Campanula.

<a'. Capsule S-ceUed ; stigmas S.

Di>. Corullii with a curious projection at the base of

each sinus.

3. alliariaefdlia, Willd. (C. lamiifdlia, Bieb. C. mac-
rophjilla, Sims). Pig. 333. Height lJ^-2 ft.: stem
erect, striate, woolly, branched only at the top: root-lvs.
large, heart-shaped, crenate, tomentose : stem-lvs. on
petioles which gradually shorten upwards, the highest

being s " " ' "

short stalks, borne

singlv in the axils of the floral

1 C. Sar-

,,1,^ matica, but the

:./ floral

calyx a third or
a fourth shorter
he corolla, with mar-
oUed back, and appen-
dages less minute than in C.
Sarmatica : corolla always
white, 2 in. long, ciliated at
the margin, and with charac-
,'^ V, " • teristic tooth-like processes

'p' ^ ' -1^ } at the base of each sinus,

~ ' ' which are especially interest-

ing in the bud. Caucasus,
Asia Minor. B.M. 912. -Int.
into England about 1805 by
Loddiges. No blue-fld. form
seems to be known. Prop, by

4. SarmAtica, Ker - Gawl.
Height 1-2 ft. : stem simple,
striate, pubescent : Ivs. re-
markable for their gray color,
333. Campanula 1\ harsh, leathery, wrinkled, to-
.,• - -t.i-- W mentose, oblong-cordate, cre-

alUariaefoha. X^^ ^^^^^ ^^J lower long-petioled,

the upper sessile : calyx with minute reflexed appen-
dages, and a short, densely hairy tuft : fls. about 6 on
a stem, nodding; corolla about 1 In. long, and IH in.
across, marked with 5 hairy lines. Caucasus, subal-
pine portions. B.M. 2019. L. B.C. 6: 581.

5. GrdBsekii, Heuff. Has the habit and inflorescence
of C. Trachelium, but the calyx is appendaged. Height

larger

CAMPANULA

2Hft., branching from the base, angled, pilose: Ivs.
the lower cordate unequally petioled, doubly
-serrate, the uppermost ovate-acute, narrowed
into a petiole : calj-x setose-ciliate, lobes lanceolate,
spreading, reflexed at the apex, appendages lanceolate,
a third shorter than the lobes ; corolla hispid, 2 or 3
times longer than the calyx lobes : fls. large, bell-
shaped, violet, in a long raceme. Hungary. Gt. 35, p.
477, f. 55.— A rare plant.

6. mirAbilis, Correvon. Height 1 ft. or more. "The
leaves forming the rosette are somewhat thick and
fleshy, the lower ones .spreading out to a diameter of
about 9 or 12 inches, the succeeding leaves smaller and
arranged in an overlapping manner." Upper Ivs. ovate-
serrate : fls. pale blue, hairy, 2 in. across, bell-shaped,
sometimes stronglv angled : raceme lax or dense. Cau-
casus. G.C. III. 24:33. Gt. 47 :192. Gn. 54, p. 454.-
Int. in Europe in 1896 by Leicthlin. Very rare and in-
teresting. Probably a biennial rock plant. Slow from

Fls. rotate or wheel shaped.

ft. : St. erect, simple : Ivs. thin, serrate, somewhat pi-
lose, root-lvs. ovate-acute, subcordate, petiolate ; stem-
lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acimiinate at both ends : calyx
tube long, obconical, the teeth linear-acuminate, almost
entire, spreading shorter than the 5-fld, wheel-shaped
corolla : fls. light blue, 1 in. broad, in long spikes, soli-
tary or in 3's ; corolla shallow, lobes pUose outside
and at the apex ; style long, strongly declined and up-
wardly curved : capsule cylindrical, grooved. Shaded
low ground western N. Y. to Iowa, south to Ga. and
Ark. Rarely cult. It is possible that Phyteuma canes-
cens is still cult, as C. Americana.

CO. Fls. saucer-shaped or hroadly bell-shaped, i. e.,
the tube shallower and the limbs more widely
spreading than the bell-shaped.
I). Stem-h-s. liiiriir-laiiceolatr, crinillate.

8. persiciidlia, Linn. Fig. 334. Height 2-3 ft. : stem
erect : Ivs. glabrous, rigid, crenulate ; root-lvs. lanceo-
late-obovate ; stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatulate,
often 3 in. long : calyx lobes acuminate, wide at the
base, entire, half as long as tlu- l.n.adly bell-shaped
corolla : fls. blue or white, pc .Ii . ]]. I, - : t iry. terminal
and axillary, often 1^$ in, I. . ' i a-l : capsule
ovoid, 3-grooved. Eu. B.M. - iiiacrantha is a
large-fld. form with fls. all a|,! ;i. (,:.ll,p.U8.
(4i, 4« V ■«"; A.p. r;,:is:!, > [: ; ,i. \ ar alba grand-
ifloia !',! . i[ B.ackhousci I ' , a,' the popular white-
Ill i , - i ., mi-double forms in
I,!, I ^ useful for cutting.
Tip II'. ,.,,.,,,.;..,..,,., i. 1. w. Meyer's favorite
of all ( ■ainpaniilas. This si.e.ies ..<Tasionally runs wild,
especially in England. The Ivs. are very characteristic,
and, once seen, are never forgotten. Var. coron&ta,
Hort., is a semi-double white form. F.S. 7:699. The
pictures in B.M. and F.S. show distinctly saucer-shaped
flowers.

DD. Stem-lvs. wider and coarsely toothed.

9. latiloba, DC. (C. grdndis, Fisch. & Mey. Height
1-1}^ ft. : glabrous : stem erect, simple, terete : stem-
lvs. 3-5 in. long, 4-6 lines wide, lanceolate, narrowed at
both ends, crenate-serrate : calyx lobes ovate-acute,
broad, entire, erect, one-half shorter than the broadly
bell-shaped corolla : fls. blue, with a whito f.imi, often
2 in. wide, sessile, solitary or somtwliat <-ln^tirfd,
sometimes equaling the ovate-acutr, .l.ntat. l.ra.ts.
Mt. Olympus. P.M. 10:31. -Fls. liki- c. /.. ,■>,., iniia.
Quickly forms a dense carpet. Int. into Eug. abmi 1842
from St. Petersburgh.

ccc. Fls. bell-shaped or tubular, not saucer-shaped.
D. Inflorescence a dense roundish head.

10. grlomerMa, Linn. One of the most variable :
DeCandoIle makes 8 botanical varieties. Height 1-2 ft. :
typically pubescent : stem erect, simple, terete : Ivs.
serrulate, lower ones rough, with very short, stiff

CAMPANULA

hairs, VA-3 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with a cordate, ovate-
oblong blade shorter than the petiole ; upper ones ses-
sile, ovate, acute : fls. in dense 'heads or glomes, 15-20
in the terminal heads, fewer in the axillary ones. Eu.,
Armenia, Persia, Siberia.
B.M. 2649 is var. specidsa,
which has the largest fls.
L.B.C. 6:505 is var. sparsi-
fl6ra, with much smaller
clusters. — This is one of the
earliest flowcriiiu' and easi-

CAMPAN ULA

229

:of I

Fls.

j-pi-

cally dark piiii
recorded \\liitc ^arirties.
Var. Dahilrica, H..rt., is
probably the commonest
form. Terminal clusters 3
in. or more thick ; a very
characteristic inflorescence.
The fl. has a longer tube
than C. IiHtifinra and thyr-

DD. Iiiflorfsifiir,- a xpike

E. Colo

olhl

■III, ,<;<.

persicifolia.

(There are forms with more
broadly bell-shaped flowers.)

tit hid.
11. lactifldra.Bieb. Height
2}-i-5 ft. : stem erect, branch-
ing : Ivs. sessile, ovate-lan-
ceolate, acutely serrate :
i-alyx lobes very broad,
acute, semilate, one-half
shorter than the broadly
111 II sha]»ed corolla: fls. in a
1. 1. .SI ,.r dense panicle, which
iii.n 1h- SJo in. long and
till! k , corolla white or pale
blue, 1 in. long, nearly 1\
in. broad : capsule ovoid,
erect. Caucasus, Siberia
B.M. 1973. — Not advertised
in Amer. at present. C
celtidifdlia, Boiss., referred to the above, may be a
strongly marked variety. A plant once cult, at Harvard
Botanic Gardens has very characteristic, perfectly el
liptical Ivs., blue fls., and more open inflorescence.

12. thyraoldes, Linn. Biennial : height 1-1}4 ft
stem grooved : Ivs. all covered with long hairs at the
margin ; root-lvs. sessile, spatulate or obtusely lanceo
late, 2J-2 in. long, % in. wide, in adense rosette, lying on
the ground ; upper Ivs. more narrow and acute : fls
40-50, sulfur or creamy yeUow, in a dense thyrse-like
spike, which may be 6 in. long and 2% m. broad : stjle
exserted. B.M. "1290. L.B.C. 17: 1644. -Intermingled
with the fls. in the spike are Ivs. which are longer than
the fls.. which is not true of C. laetiflora. Should not
be confounded with C. thyrsoidea, Lapeyr., which =
C. speciosa. No blue or purple forms are known. The
picture in B.M. shows a cha

•istic red-tipped i
FF. Corolla large, long-tubed.
Vid&lli, H. C. Wats. Perennial : height 1-

stem branching from the base : some branches short
sterile, others tall, floriferous, all grooved, clammy
glossy : Ivs. 3-4 in. long, oblong-spatulate, coarsely ser
rate, thick, fleshy, firm, viscid, the upper ones gradually
becoming bracts : fls. 2 in. long, nodding, about 9 in a
loose terminal raceme ; calyx lobes triangular, thick, one
fourth shorter than the corolla ; corolla tubular, swelled
below, constricted above, with a yellow base. Azores
B.M. 4748. F.S. 7:729. A.Fl. 3: 116. Gn. 54, p. 299
G.C. III. 18: 95. -Very distinct.

EE. Color of fls. normally Hue or purple, with white

varieties.

F. Size of fls. large.

G. Haceme pyramidal, usually dense.

14. pyramidalis, Linn. Chiiinev Campanula. Figs.

335, 336. Glabrous : ivs. glandular-dentate, lower petio-

late, ovate-oblong, subcordate ; stem-lvs. sessile, ovate-
lanceolate : calyx lobes acuminate, spreading, half as
long as the broadly bell-shaped corolla : fls. numerous,
in pyramidal racemes. Austria, near Adriatic. Gn. 45,
p. 67 ; 48, p. 306 ; 51. p. 221 (a staked pot plant). R.H.
1897, p. 238. Gn. 53. p. 535 (with extensive cultural

Var. compActa, Hort. S.M. 2:97. Gn. 47, p. 86 (with
very full cultural notes). The tallest of Campanulas
and one of the oldest. Much grown in pots for exhibi-
tion. The compact variity is vi-ry floriferous and con-
venient for conservatory, but larks the characteristic
tall, pyramidal habit.

GG. Eaceme vol jninniiiilnl, usually looser.

15. latifolia, Linn. Height .'i-l ft. : Ivs. large, doubly
serrate ; root-lvs. sometimes 6 in. long, petiolate, cor-
date, covered with soft hairs ; stem-lvs. sessile, more
acuminate: peduncle 1-fid. : calyx lobes long-acuminate,
one-third shorter than the corolla : fls. 6-15 in a loose
spike or raceme about 8 in. long, erect, very large, 2J^
in. long, purple or dark blue, hairy. Eu., Persia. Var.
macrdntha, Sims (C. macrdntha, Fischer), is commoner
in cult, than the type, a little hairier, with a glabrous
calyx and very large fls. B.M. 2553 and 3347. R.H.
1897, p. 2.39. Var. erioc4rpa, DC, has the stem and Ivs.
pilose and more pallid, and a hispid calyx tube. There
is a white-fld. form. It is native to England, and is
easily naturalized in their wild gardens. The stem-lvs.
are probably the largest of any of the garden kinds,
often 3yi in. long and 2 in. wide.

FF. Size of fls. small, less than 1 in. long.

16. Bononi^nsia, Linn. Height 2-2}4 ft.: scabrous:
stem simple : Ivs. serrulate, ovate-acuminate, pallid be-
neath ; root-lvs. cordate-petiolate ; upper Ivs. clasping:
calyx lobes acuminate, one-fourth shorter than the fun-
nel shaped corolla:

« fls normally pur-

""i/ plish m a long,

-^^^ loose pyramidal

X VT* spike which may

>rJf, be 2 ft long, with

^ «& ^A ^l_ 60-100 small fls.;

^ % f*.3/ -/* ^» eorolla %m long

.^jS, ^'■' ^ ' < - ,„rt broad E Eu.,

<- vfe ^ \\ Sibeiia and

-^ ^ I uiasus Var.

fy^ Ruth6mca (6 Ru-

^ n I II It a Bieb ) has

\ wider and to-

iitose beneath.

^ utasus and Tau-

M 2653.

'V. kIJ<S - I lure is a white-

** -^ J| _ * Ml form The fls.

^W / r much smaller

tl] m m C latifolia,

ind the raceme is

much lirger

335 Pot plant of

17. rhomboidalis, Linn. Height 1 ft., sometimes 2 :
stem simple, erect : Ivs. sessile, ovate-acute, serrate :
calyx lobes awl-shaped, one-half shorter than the bell-
shaped corolla : fls. 8-10 in an almost corymbose ra-
ceme, the lower pedicel? of which may be 3 in. long, the

ZdU CAMPANULA

uppermost 1 in. or less : corolla purplish blue, with a
white variety, 1 in. long and a little wider. Mt.s. of Eu.
B.M. 551, as G. azurea. — It flowers in July and August,
after which the stems and Ivs. die down quickly.

18. TracMlium, Linn. Pig. 337. Height 2-3 ft. : stem
angular, covered with dense, short hairs : Ivs. rough,
acuminate, coarsely crenate-dentate ; root-
Ivs. cordate, ovate, short-stalked : . calyx
lobes erect, triangular - acuminate, one-
third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla :
peduncle 1-3-fld. : fls. erect at first, at
length tending to droop, in a loose raceme,
vhich may be 12-18 in. long : capsule
Cu., Caucasus, Siberia, Japan.
R.H. 1897, p. 239.
There is a double-fld.
form. - One of the
commonest and hardi-
est of the border per-
ennials, often running
out the other Campan-
ulas, and hence pass-
i n g under many
pecially V.

19. rapunculoldes,
Linn, Hfitrht L'-4 ft.:
stem a little rougher
than in C. Truche-
lium; Ivs. rough,
acuminate; root-
Ivs. petiolate, cordate,
crenulate ; stem - Ivs.
serrulate : calyx a lit-
tle rougher than in C.
Tmchelium: lobes lin-

oddi

at

spikes. Eu., Caucasus,
Siberia.

20. versicolor, Sibth.
& Sm. Height 3-4 ft. :
plant glabrous : stem
ascending : Ivs. ser-
rate ; root-lvs. long-pctioled, ovate-acute, subcordate ;
stem-lvs. short-pptirilftl. f>vatn-lanceolate, acuminate :
calyx-teeth acuniiimir. -piTMilini:, at length reflexed, one-
half as long as tlic ("I"!!.! : IN, in long, spicate racemes;
style exser ted : rap-ul. ,-|ili. r..iil. Greece.— Rare.
DDD. Infloresct'HCf an open, compound panicle.

21. divaricita, Michx. Glabrous: height 1-3 ft. : stem
erect, slender, paniculate above : branches slender, di-
vergent : Ivs. sparse, subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate at both ends, coarsely serrate : calyx-lobes awl-
shaped, one-half shorter than the tubular, bell-shaped
corolla : fls. small, nodding, blue, in a very open and
compound panicle ; style straight exserted. AUeghanies,
from Va. to Ga. — Rare in gardens.

AA. Low-groxving or rock-garden Campanulas, mostly

less than a foot high
B. Calyx with an appendage at the base of each sinus,

often minute or disguised in form.

c. Throat of corolla spotted violet.

22. punctita, Lam. {Cnibilis, Lindl.). Named from
the spotted corolla, the purplish spots being inside and
showing through faintly in the fresh fl. but more plainly
in the dried specimen. Height 1 ft. : stem with longer
and looser hairs than in C. alliaricEfolia : upper Ivs.
nearly sessile, and more sharply toothed than the lower:
calyx-lobes one-third as long as the corolla, longer, looser
and hairier than in C. alliari(V folia, and the margins much
more recurved : peduncle 1-4-fld. : fls. nodding; corolla
cylindrical, 2K in. long, white, spotted within, strongly
ribbed. Siberia, Japan. C. nobilis has been considered
distinct. In F. S. 3: 247 the corolla is dark violet with-
out, the limb hairy, while in B. M. 1723 ( G. punctata } the

ii"t l.f-arded. InF.S.6:563
inili ix not bearded and the

great ditt'i-l'.'lir, , m |,,||,,.,, |,iil., -,-,,i,,,., :,imI :i|,|,.,|i.|;,,_',,s.
This is o,H ,.•.,,,,.,:,■,,., ■ ; , ■ : . .;,, ;.,,, ,];,..

and is, iin|,,i ■.■,■,, .,•„.,, ...i r, ,,, , ,|',,,|iiit

than beaiiiitf.l. (',miii,,i Ii. u-.,i |,ir .■uii in:;. TIm -p.it-
ted throat rt-arlily ,-;cparafi'S it from all Campanulas.
See supplementary list for C. Van Souttei, a supposed
hybrid.

cc. Throat of corolla not spotted.
D. Stems 1-flowered.
23. Allidnii, Villars. Height 3-5 in. : rootstoek slen-
der, creeping underground, sending up stems at inter-
vals of 3^-1 in. : Ivs. few, about7on a stem, 1-2 in. long,
linear-lanceolate, sessile, slightly hairy, entire, midrib
distinct, lower ones in a whorl of about 5, upper ones
similar but more erect : cal>-x-lobes lanceolate, half as
long as the corolla, the appendages ovate, reflexpcl. one-

■tl[r

local species, tuuud e.niv in the Alp^s ui lie.iiii..iil iind
Savoy. B. M. C588.-No white-fld. form is known. Int.
into Eng. about 1879 by G. Maw. "It is an excellent
rock-plant, and, though requiring plenty of moisture, it
should have a well-drained position, and is therefore
best grown in a narrow crevice filled with sandy loam
and an abundance of small stones and grit."— J^. W.

DD. Stems several-flowered.
E. Margin of corolla bearded.

24. barbita, Linn. Height 6-9 in. : stem pilose : Ivs.
villous, entire or nearly so; root-lvs. tufted, lanceolate;
stem-lvs. few, ligulate?: raceme loose, 3-4-fld. : fls. nod-
ding, pale blue ; calyx appendage ovate, obtuse, half as
long as the lobes ; corolla bell-shaped, shorter than in
('. A Uinnii, and with a bearded mouth. Alps. L.B.C.
8:788. Gn. 48, p. 297.-There is a white-fld. form, but ap-
parently no purple. Readily told from G.Allionii by
the different colored, bearded and smaller fls., which
are rarely borne singly, and by the dense, soft hairs of
the stem. Commonest species in the Alps. "In the
rock-garden it should be grown in poor, stony soil, as it
is apt to become somewhat coarse when grown in rich
»m\."-F. W. Meyer.

EE. Margin of corolla not bearded.
F. Fls. erect.

25. mbllis, Linn. Perennial : velvety gray : height
6-8 in. ; stems procumbent, about 2-fld. : root-lvs. tufted,
obovate or spatulate ; stem-lvs. ovate or rotund : fls.
loosely panieled ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect, half
shorter than the glabrous, bell-shaped corolla ; appen-
dages minute, shorter than the calyx tube; corolla erect,
dark purplish blue or lavender, with a white throat, the
tube long, segments short, broad, spreading, acute.
Spain, Crete. B.M.404.— Rock or borderplant; not adv.
in America.

PF. Fls. nodding.

26. alplna, Jacq. Height .3-8 in. : stem furrowed :
Ivs. smaller than in C. barbafa, more narrowly lanceo-
late, entire, hairj' : fls. typically deep blue, bell-shaped,
with broader and shorter segments than in C. barbata :
calyx-lobes proportionately very long, surpassing the
fl.-bud, and nearly as long as the flower, but widely
spreading. Swiss and Austrian Alps. B.M. 9.i7. J.H.
III. 29: 5. -There is a white-fld. var. Int. into England
about 1805 by Loddiges. The plant has a characteristic
shaggj- appearance from the hairy Ivs. Easy of cult.

27. Siblrica, Linn. (C. Bblienackeri, Pisch.). Seta-
ceous-pilose : stem erect, simple, panieled above : Ivs.
crenulate ; root-lvs. petioled, obovate, obtuse ; stem-
lvs. lanceolate-acuminate : calyx hairy, the lobes long-
acuminate, a third shorter than the corolla : calyx ap-
pendages like the lobes but half shorter and reflexed :
fls. 25 or more, violet, with a longer and narrower tube
than in C. alpina, and longer divisions of the limb.
N. Asia, Caucasus, W. Eu. B.M. 659. R.H. 1861: 431.-
The type Is rare, but var. exlmia, Hort. , is somewhat

scabrous

CAMPANULA

It is dwarf er, imich branched, with long,
^. and pale bluish tp violet fls. See Mottefs
of Nicholson, Diet. Gard. Var. div^rgens,

Willd., has larger fls. and broader Ivs. than the type.

G.C. III. 16:597. C. Sibirica usually does best when

treated as a biennial.

BB. Calyx without appendages.

c. Pis. very wide-spreading, i.e., rotate, wheel-shaped,

28. Waldsteiniina, Ro.in. \ s, lu.lt. Perennial:
height 4-C in.: stems rigid. -I.iIumuv : Ivs. fleshy, ses-
sile, gray-green, lanceolau-. sli^litly s, ir;iti--dentate, the
lower obtuse, the upper long-acuniinate : calyx lobes
awl-shaped, spreading or recurved, one-fourth shorter
than the corolla : fls. 5-9 in a corymbose raceme IH in.
long, % in. wide, pale purplish blue ; corolla rotate, al-
most starlike, with a dark spot in the throat : pistil
large, white, twice the length of the corolla, with a yel-
low stigma. Hungary. Gn. 8, p. 173.— Not advertised
in America at present.

E. Huh, I Ir.nli.ri ,.,■ i.. „,! „ l..„ .■: .

29. frigilis, Cyiill. I'. iriiiii:il : hri-ht Mi in.: stems
diffuse, trailing': r.">t Ivs. Inn- pftid,-,!, roundish-cor-
date, obtusely dentate, or erenately lobed ; stem-lvs.
smaller, scattered, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate : fls.
pale purplish blue with a white center, lii in. wide, in
loose corymbs ; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, erect, almost equaling the corolla; style exserted:
capsule ovoid. Italy. B.M. 6501. P.M. 11:25. Gn. 8,
p. 174, and 47, p. 278. Var. hirstlta, DC, is a hairier
form.— This is the best species for hanging baskets,
window and veranda boxes, and for covering large
stones in the rockery. Prop, by cuttings in spring, the
roots being too fragile to divide well. Not so hardy as
C. Garganiea.

30. Garginioa, Tenore. Height 3-6 in. : stem diffuse:
lower Ivs. reniform-cordate, crenate-dentate ; upper Ivs.
ovate-acute, dentate : raceme lax : peduncles 1-2-fld. :
calyx tube spheroid, the lobes spreading, a third or
fourth shorter than the glabrous corolla. Mt. Gargano
inltaly. B.R. 21:1768. Gn. 48, p. 295, and 43; p. 25. Var.
hirsata, Hort., is a hairier form. Gn. 46, p. 253, and 48,
p. 297.— "Owing to the pendent character of its flower-
ing branches, its proper place is against a rocky ledge,
over which its masses of flowers may hang."— >/. C
Niven. Half-shaded position. Prop, by cuttings or by
division.

EE. Habit not trailing or pendulous.

31. Elatlnes, Linn. Perennial, more or less pubescent:
height 5-6 in.: Ivs. cordate, coarsely and acutely den-
tate, lower rotund, others ovate-acute : raceme lax :
calyx tube spherical, the lobes spreading, linear-lanceo-
late, somewhat unequal, a half shorter than the rotate
corolla : style exserted. Piedmont. — Rare rock plant for
light, stony soil.

32. FoTtensclilagi^na, Roem. & Schult. (C. miirdlis.
Port.). Height 6-8 in.: stems somewhat erect : Ivs. all
alike petiolate, cordate, roundish, acutely angular-den-
tate: calyx tube spheroid, lobes erect, acuminate, a third
shorter than the infundibuliform corolla : fls. racemose.
Dalmatia.— Allied to 0. Garganiea, but the corolla not
so deeply 5-cut. Little known. For conflicting descrip-
tions, see Gn. 8, p. 173, and 48, p. 297.

D. Height f-5 in.
33. EMnerii, Perpenti. Height 2-3 in. : stems suberect,
branching; branches 1-3-fld. : Ivs. subsessile, ovate, dis-
tantly serrate, the lower smaller and obovate: calyx tube
obconieal, the lobes long-acuminate, erect, half shorter
than the broadly infundibuliform corolla: fls. large, soli-
tary, erect, dark purplish blue ; style short, not exserted :
capsule obovate. Mts. near Lake Como. P.S. 18:1908.-
One of the choicest rock plants, but somewhat rare.
Several forms of the hybrid Campanula G. P. Wilson
are often cult, under this name, but their Ivs. are lighter

CAMPANULA

green and less tomentose than C. Bain
well drained, sunny position.

DD. Height more than ?-3 i
.34. Tendril, Moretti. Height 8-12 in., glabrous i

ending!

athery; root-lvs. long-petl-
. ii iii.'ularly serrate; stem-lvs.
lively serrate: calyx lobes
. half as long as the broadly
- 1 1, ( mose : capsule spherical.
1. Urred to the Grecian species
typically taller. In the garden.

petiolate, n\ i
linear-lane.,.;

bell-shaped r u.

Naples.— This is i

C. versicolor, whic

O. Tenorii resembles C. pyramidalis in foliage and

flower, but is shorter.

E. Style not exserted.
35. Carpitica, Jacq. Pig. 338. Height 9-18 in., gla-
brous : stem branching : lower Ivs. thin, long-petioled,
ovate-rotund, cordate, coarsely dentate, undulate; upper
ones shorter vietioled. ovate-acuminate: peduncles long,
terminal and axillary, Mid.: Hs. large, often IKin. wide,
deep blue or w liii<, : ■ al y\ ihIm- obconieal, the lobes acute,
wide at the lias, , miImIi mate, erect, a third or half as long
as the broadh lull -li.ii" ,1 ecrolla : style not exserted :
capsule uv,ii,! , inn III: .1 1 '.a i'] .iitli hiu Mts. of AustHa.
B.:\[.II7. ',i I ' irturbin^ta, Hort. (Cfiirfii-

H((^<. Seleiii re eiiiiipact, with fls. more

btdl- er t,i|' -r.i I ' li . I III I ! in J ill. across, purplish blue.

Italsoha, laru.a l,-,:ii e ,!,■ ,le,,,ni, Lent habit. Gn. 45,

p. 171. A fern. «.ili i-allhl iN.i- rarer. Var, G. F.Wil-

witl'l the lan;-e lU. et the lenii.r ami the handsome dark

foliage

and

?ry hairy Ivs., with crenate-serrate margin. G.
Haylodginsis, Hort., is a garden hybrid, probably be-
tween C. Carpatica and C. caspitosa. Raised by Ander-
son Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh. Height 6-9 in.:
root-lvs. tufted, roundish cordate, slightly dentate- stem-
lvs. light green, ovate-cordate con
spicuously toothed : fls. light blue
bell-shaped, few, at the ends o:
stems. Var. pelviibrmls, Hort
from Crete, has very large i th
lilac, almost saucer-
shaped fls. R.H. 1882,
p. 509. Var. H6nder30ni,
Hort., is generally re-
ferred to var. twrbinata,
but is more robust. Lvs.
ovate and ovate-cordate,
li-2 in. long, %in. broad,
slightly hairy on both
sides, folded" upwards,
serrate; petioles 1-1 >2 in.
long: fls. dark blue, lK-2
in. wide, in short, 6-9-
fld. racemes. — This spe-
cies is among the first
dozen in popularity, and
is very variable in
height and in shape
of flowers.
EE. Style exserted.

36. isophylla, Moretti
(C. floribilnda, Viv.).
Stem suberect : lvs. all
alike, petiolate, round-
ish cordate, crenate-den-
tate: calyx lobes acumi-
nate, half shorter than
the broadly bell-shaped
corolla: fls. pale blue, 1 338. Campanula Carpatica .
in. or more wide, corym-
bose; style exserted : capsule ovoid. Italy. B.M. 5745.
Gn. 49, p. 483; 48, p. 297. -An excellent basket or rock
plant in sun or half shade. The white variety seems
to be more popular. Fls. may be saucer-shaped.

ccc. Fls. bell-shaped.
D. Style exserted.

37. Scoilleri, Hook. Height 8-12 in. : stem simple or
branched : lvs. acutely .serrate, somewhat hirsute ; lower
ones ovate-acute, petioled ; middle ones ovate-lanceo-

232

CAMPANULA

late ; upper linear-lanceolate, sessile : calyx lobes awl-
shaped, erect, one-third shorter than the corolla: Hs.
racemose, or more or less panicled : styl.- ■ xsiriici :
capsule ovoid. Columbia river.— Tin ..i|i.nl,ii x.ilvi-s
are a little above the middle, while in ' '. ' '.i q>.iiir<i :iii(l
C. persicifolia they are near the api-x. A i;irr wr^ii-rn
American species.

DD. Style not exserted.
E. Color very dark purple.
piilla, Linn. Height 3-5 in. : stem normally 1-fld. :
Ivs. glabrous, crenulate-dentate ;
lower one.s .short-petioled, ovate-
md ; upper sessile, ovate-
i1>t; lobes long-acuminate,
erect, a half shorter

CAMPANULA
40. Scheiichzeri, Vill. (C. IhiifoUa, var. Scheiiehzeri)

the

U-
nodding

ite. a M.xth as l.jni;

e corolla. L.B.C.
C : 554. — Darkest flow-
ered of all Campanu-

rowly lance..
Ivs. spatulat.
nearly as !..(
subarctic r.i;

buds nod in the former, but :.i
calyx lobe.s are relatively lony
perhaps the bell is deeper.

4L caespitdsa. Scop. (('. pn
Hienk.). Height 4-0 in. : )■....!
ovate, glandular-dent;ii. . -hii
erect, a third shorter tlii.n ih.
nodding, pale blue or wliit. ; |..
.'■|I2. Gu. 43:892. Gn. 48, p. •-".li

tally

stem-lvs. linear or nar-
rulate, the lowest stem
luler, linear-awl-shaped,
|.od corolla. Alpine and

riower-
r. The
.»■!, and

<lif„li,i

but th.

51ue Bells of Scotland "—
Campanula rotundifolia.

Natural size.

EE. Color not vi'vy dark purple.
39. rotundifdlia, Linn. Haih-
BELL. Harebell. Blde Bells
OF Scotland. Fig. 339. Height 340. Campanula rotundifolia.
(i-12 in. Root-lvs. petiolate, var. soldanellaeflora.

cordate, crenate-dentate : stem-
lvs. linear or lanceolate, usually entire: calvx lobes awl-
shapeil . erect .a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla :
11. buds erect. Eu., Siberia, W. N. Amer. Gn. 53: 1153.
— This is one of the most cosmopolitan of all Campanu-
las, and the trui' hairbell or bluebell of literature. In
the wild it is slenderer and taller than in the garden.
In shady woods it often grows 2 ft. high. The tvpe has
a white-fid. variety which is much less popular, but
G.C. 18(il : ('.fi8 shows an excellent pot-plant of it. Var.
Hdstii, Hort. (<'. ndstii, Baumg.), has larger fls. than
the type and stouter stems. The lower stem-lvs. are
lanceolate, remotely dentate, the upper linear entire :
calyx lobes longer than in the type, a half shorter than
the corolla. The white-fld. form is not as vigorous.
The most pronounced form is var. soldanelleefldra,
Hort. (C. soldandhi, Hort.). Fig. 340. With semi-
dotible blue fls. split to the base into about 25 divisions.
F.S. 18: 1880. — This curious variation is unique in the
genus. The alpine soldanellas are famous among trav-
ellers for melting their way through the ice. They have
fringed blue fls. The name of this species seems singu-
larly in.appropriate until we have sought the root-lvs.
in early spring.

-'■/, r.irt. (', pusllla,
. I nil. '.I, short-petioled,
l: : '■■.\\\s. lobes linear,
. It^li;.l.ed corolla: fls.
■n vi. .let-colored. B.M.
■ Dwarferthan C. rotun-
ith root-lvs. never reniform, shorter-petioled,
i; until after fls. have gone. Perennial, quickly
•nse mat. Border, edgings, or rockery. The
trad.' catalogues usually offer C. caspitosa
s:llfi sej.arately, and doubtless plants of dis-
.•nlinral value are passing under these names,
s. . in t.. l.e no botanical or horticultural de-
scripti..iis tljiit will clistinguish them.

42. excisa, Schleich. Perennial, glabrous : height 4-5
in.: stems slender, 1-fld.: roct-lvs. spatulate: upper Ivs.
linear: calyx lobes bristly, spreading, at length reflexed,
a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla : fls. pale
I. hie, divided to about half their depth, with a round hole
..t the base of each sinus, which easily distinguishes it
1 1 ..m C. puUa and all other Campanulas. Rare in Alps.
i;..M.7358. L.B.C. 0:561. -Ararerockplant. Likes cool,
moist air, and not too full expo.sure to sun. Not adver-
tised in America.

cccc. Fls. long-tuhitlar, abnormal.

43. Z6yBii, Wolf. Height 3-4 in.: plant tufted, gla-
brous : stems few-fld. : root-lvs. entire, crowded, petio-
late, ovate -obovatc, obtuse: stem-lvs. obovate-lanceolate
and linear: peduncles 1-fld, terminal, rarely axillary :
calyx lobes linear, awl-sliapi-d. spreading, a foiirth shorter
than the corolla : cor..!!,. ! .hl . > Ii.mIi i.al, constricted at
the apex, wider at tin i . ' ,: angled. Austrian
Alps. Gn. 8, p. 173. i,.' id ' i- A rare and abnor-
mal species. "Fls. lull,'. II. |.i .] I. 1.. the size of the

plant, azure blue, • ♦ • t. rniinai. .1 l.elore expansion by
a pretty stellate process, arising from the infolding of
the segments of the corolla after expansion. These are
seen to be densely bearded, forming a mass of hairs sur-
rounding the large capitate stigma."— J". C. I/iven.

AAA. Kitchen garden vegetable; roots radish-like.
A salad plant.

44. Bapiinculus, Linn. Eampion. Biennial: height 2-3
ft.: root spindle- or long-radi-1. -lia|:..l. '/in. thick,
white: stem erect, sulcate : l..v,.i ' . ' ;. , short-
petioled, somewhat crenate: st.n n. eolate,

entire: fls. lilac, in a spike or ra.. ii, ,., >; ..bconi-

cal, lobes glabrous or bristly, ere. i, a.. 1 .-liapul, a half
shorter than ornearly equal to the funnel-shaped corolla.
Eu., Orient, N. Asia, N. Afr.— The roots and Ivs. are
eaten as a salad. The seeds, which are the smallest of
any kitchen garden vegetable, are sown in the open
ground in early May either broadcast or in drills. A little
sand mixed with the seed gives an evener sowing. Press
firmly, and water carefully. Thin out the seedlings if
necessary. Water freely in hot weather. A fresh sowing
may be made in June, as early sown plants may run to
seed. Roots are gathered in October, and may be stored
in sand for winter use. Rapunculus means a little tur-
nip. Vilmorin-Andrieux, The Vegetable Garden.

C. a!)irfl?i(i, Griseb. R,-.r. I in. I . .I.rv iIi .! u ill, slender,

wiry stems 9-15 in. hisli '"^ -■ I. ranching

spikes. .July-Aug. E. Kn . !! -■ -(.'. Me-

dium, var. calycanthema- ' ' I I. ....kplant

; stemlvs. ovate-oblung ; all Ivs.
sessile-entire : calyx hirsute, the lobes linear-lanceolate. a half
shorter than the deeply 5.eut. spreadine corolla.— C Dahilrica.

CAMPANULA

Hort Plant's 'sol 1 n le

he ght 3-9 n Ivs sn all'
cut the po nted lobes co
a 1 ght enter t bular

m n long
fls blue or v

Trachel m -C Ta H t t irr He ght tt tl

long pet olei ro nd 1 eorlate ore or less lolei tern 1 &
sessile oval Ian eolate rretn 1111 4 n lo g

nodi ng at the en 1 of i 1 g 1 lit a

broad nd go 1 1 e or 1 reid ng 1

France 18 h I v Th 1 1 t an 1 K 4 0(de cr )

Var pall da has pale la end 1 -^ jj

CAHFHdBA (from camphor made from its lu ee)
La (iff The Camphor T ee (Ca pi & i of! ( Al a
bteud ) n t L\ 1 Tipi 1 ut t is now m

troduce 1 '^ I- 1 I II 1 ly al

I ed to tl It 1 to tl at

genus ( /It lifter m

Its seal 11 1 1 1 t 1 aracters

Ca 1 1 I a u d, h 1 t 4 J tt and en

dures light trobts It has alternate o ate tU ptic en
tire thick Ivs an I ax llary pan cles f small yellow
fls The whole plant conta ■, campl or Tl e gum s
obta ned from the extracted ju ce

CAMPION See i !e e

CAMPSIDIUM See Te o

CAMPTOSOEUS (Creek bent o all 1 t the
irregular arringement ) Poljpod 5 \ II i^ei us

of hardy fern with simple po nt 1 1 II take

root at the apex and are hence kn n W Ik u^, leaf

Ferns A sii gle spec es is na
tive mostly on lime bearing
rocks and an allied species i
known from Japan and N As a

rhizophylluB, Link. Fig. 341
Lvs. simple, tapering from a
heart-shaped base, 4-12 in. long
veins forming meshes near the
midrib ; sori irreg-
ularly scattered.
Canada to Alabama.
— Sometimes growm
in rockeries and
wild gardens.
L. M. Underwood.

CANADA. Fit.-
342-4. The must
important fruit re-
gions of Canada are
those surrounded
wholly or in part by
bodies of salt or
fresh water. In the
extreme east the
Atlantic ocean with
its indentations, is
the influencing climatic factor In centiil Canada the
great lakes, Ontario and Erie, serve the same useful
office, while in the extreme west the Pacific ocean, with

CANADA

t g If stream tempers the I at 1
b a an 1 g e fhcient at | I
all b it tropical an 1 c trn t
m st favore 1 lo al t e It

vh le tl e e ter Atlai t | |

f II r a far north a the 4 h i'

233

Col m-
o that
n the

e that
uccess-
llel north lati-

1 I Br t sh Columbia as fai uoith a the 52d

1 I latitude J et m the inter or of Ontar o and

I have not s icceeded north of the 4bth par-

The t ts of Canada of to daj are attributal le to 5
ma n sources 1 bee 1 I f,ht 1 y the first French
missionar es and Engl sh colon t Seed'i and plants

obta ned from \ r^, 1 \e Englan 1 3 Plant and

seeds brou 1 II 111 reRojiIst 4 Chance

seedlmg t I I portat oi from Europe,

and systc u i ! 1

In or ier I f the character of fruits

cult vate 111 ill be necessarj to con-

ler the i i I

Prin f F I - 1 titude 46 degrees to 47

Tie t I 1111 nently

341. Camptosorus rhizophyllus

II I s and

long a 1 t I II f II 1 trequent

fogs and sleet\ ra n Tl e first fru ts i tiod ced were
apples by Fre h col t Later the Engl h and
Scotch settler 1 r ght otl er apples an 1 peais in aldi-
t on to Kent h he r es It a j robal le also that some
of the e carl f u t vere ntro luce 1 1 v the Acadian
French We st 11 ft 1 the sland a few of tl e old

French orchards f a; i les an 1 cherr Cherr have

1 een cult vate 1— n fact tl ey have taU f 1 Piii-

selve — th cce n e the t n e ot I v-

luct on The} 1 el ng to the Kent h | i | ii.

that lo al t am nth later than io tl h^

grown a tei Ontar o Bla k k 1 II ;ip-

pearel b t i 1 ng atten le 1 t A] [ 1 (,r g ou

the ncrea e Tl e better pra t e n t u t grow ng are
be ng ntro luce 1 a few large orch ris a e already
establ he 1 an 1 1 f 1 The cl mate

ha an 1 11 I 1 ] j, properties of

api les an 1 I ar eties as Ben

Dav St 1 II t as a r le at-

ta n full I I mn and early

w I ter api II 1 su table varie-

t es Of the e c K 1 tun Bl uh m P pi n H bbard-
tou and C r mes Golden The same tiue of pears.
The early and m d eason varieties do be t Clapp,
Bartlett Howell and Anjou are doing well Among
] lums Moore s Arctic Eaily Damson and Lombard are
f ivorites Peaches cannot be grown successfully unless
artificiallv protected during winter

Small fruits aie „rowu s 1 e f illy m all parts of the
island Tl ^ 1 t i ( t f (1 tl i nberry.

1 1 Ih The

I. rod let 1 1 I I I 1 I I 1 1 111 tedly a

future for ti I I I 1 natural

under diain „ i i II Innate and

its proximitj to th I

Nova Sc-otia avi 1 1 Dominion owes

very much to this j 1 pioneer work

done m advertismt, I capabilities of

C anada in the Eur \e i k t ri best advertise-
ment that could 1 e given 1 % an^ c :iuntr> wah afforded by
the magnificent disj. lay of truit m i le 1 } the Pro\ mce of
N M s til tl r I 1 It Fi t ( \ iitionat

II II in 1886.

1 I \ adlan

111 s were
s 1 at the
piesent ia\ It must not 1 I apple
gionmg of \ova Scotia is r \ napolis
valley This valley i onh ci 1 II the con-
tiguous tei tile vallevs ot tl C ri w illi ai i Ga pereaux
rivers are equally well adapted and equally productive.
The protection afforded in this, the best fruit section of

234 CANADA

the province, by the low parallel lines of hills, known as
the north and south mountain ranges, is important and
valuable as windbreaks. The numerous bays and inlets
assist in equalizing temperatures, and exercise a raarlied
Influence upon the longevity of the apple tree in this
region. The soil consists of sand, sandy loam and clay,
overlavinff snii(Nt"n.- f"nn:iti..i,. Th.- cti-.imhous rise and

fall of til.- fn|.- !i I . ...... I.!.,, I . <• 1. -posits con-

stitutiiij,' til- ].!■. ^ ■ I . , I:,, ids. These

marsh laiHl^ -I r> . i ;, ,; .: , i . 4 m u abundant

CANADA

The snowfall is heavy, and is a sufficient prot«ction.
Thomas A. Sharpe, of Woodstock, is a pioneer in this
work. Of apples, the following varieties have been
most successful in the St. John river valley: Duchess,
Wealthy, Fameuse, Pewaukee, Longfleld, and Scott's
Winter. The small-fruit harvest is a week later than in
Nova Scotia. New Bninswii-ki-r« ar.' tli.-r.-t'..r,. i-nahlpd

classes of
ries ( Vacci
in large quanti:

-/./,/

-I,ln

, Wolfville, and

are found manv of the 0
as Golden Pippin and
apples are grown in nea

former il

The ex I

been stea

ketable c

-^ Arctic is till- tavurite of the
:)f the latter.

ritain began in 1875, and has
se since that time. The mar-
apples in 1896 amounted to 500,000

barrels, nearly all exported to Britain. The characteris-
tic apple of the province is Gravenstein. This, with
Ribston Pippin, was imported from England by Hon.

Charles Raina-c. Prpscot " ^ ~"

John Bui-lii.lL'.inirM.li

Inglis.thcii,-. i.,-l...|,,..
Bellefleurt.iil,. \ni,:M."l
by the name -r l;i-l,"|. -

Thecralil.. tr; ;!m! ,- ,■

the out]ii.i
barrels; in
varieties en
The fruit
energetic. The Provi

1830 and ;
iiparell Russet. Doctor
I it i;i, introduced Yellow
wliere it is now known

I >|>ing rapidly. In 1890
Ih'i^s amounted to 400
l,cd 4,000 barrels. The
rum the wild marshes,
nee are intelligent and
;-growers' Association,

the oldest in the Dominion, assists in maintaining s
ticultural school, which was established at Wolfville
and is affiliated with Acadia College.

The fruit-growing industry in Cape Breton is yet in
its infancy. The climate and soil resemble that of Prince
Edward Island, and practically the same class of fruits
are being tested.

New Brunswick.— The climate of this province fa-
vors a mixed husbandry. Wild raspberries, strawber-
ries, blueberries and cranberries grow in wild profusion,
and have to some extent hindered the growing of culti-
vated forms Apples may be grown successfuUv for home
use in nearly all parts Commercial orchards are now

ly known in New Brunswick as Wolfberry or Low-
bush' Cranberry. In the past, lumbering, fishing and
mining have absorbed much attention in New Bruns-
wick, but fruit culture is constantly receiving increased
attention. Bright minds are at work in the province.
What to grow, and how to grow it, are questions receiv-
ing earnest attention.

Quebec. — The climatic conditions in eastern Quebec
approach quite closely those obtaining In many parts of
New Brunswick. We And the principal fruit areas ly-
ing south of that great artery of commerce, the St.
Lawrence river. Here and there, not on the low clay
flats, but on the higher middle elevations, with gravelly
subsoil affording natural drainage, we find orchards
made up of "La Belle Fameuse," Pomme Gris, and St.
Laurent, truly Canadian and truly delicious apples. In
the lower St. Lawrence region, especially on the north
side, the keeping season of apples is very much ex-
tended— or rather, the ripening season is very much re-
tarded. At Chicoutmi, on the Saguenay, Red Astrachan
ripens about the end of September and Wealthy is late
winter.

In L'Islet county, about 70 miles northeast of the city
of Quebec, plum-irrnwing has become a somewhat spe-
cialized indii«trv >liiriin_' it-, fvliition, wliicli covers a

period of a .-. inn . mil im 1 \ hi. m .. ,,f Reine

Claude ami in 1 1 . 1 , . _ n 'I. and are

now peculitii ];■ ■■ ' ; n ,1,. Mont-

morency is :i lin. ll.i.niil -Ir.ini .■!' tin' imiriit group.
All plums grow in stocky f<irni, with widely spreading
re very productive. The trees are
with little pruning and fertilizing.
cas.pM extends from September 15 to
i\ I", till- 111" Kentish cherries have also
i II is a month later than at

, i. c- and Montreal, along the
I I II- and apples are grown to a
l> . J lit- heavy blue clay of the region
between the Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers is un-
suited to the cultivation of fruits. A wild fruit which
is being grown by the French habitant of the Richelieu
and its tributaries is the choke cherry, Prunus Vir-
yiiiidiia, Linn. The fruit is eaten
raw. but is also made into jellies
and conserves. A yellow variety is
comnicin to gardens in the vicinity
of St. Hyacinth, Que. The Island
of Montreal is undoubtedly the
cradle of the fruit industry of the
province. Here a truly intensive
style of fniit-^Towini: prevails.
A|iiilcH,|iliiiii^ tuiil I'l-tirs tire staples.

othin- -mall fruir- tun Iarf;ei>' culti-
vtitc.l. riiij\-ciiiniit nittrket facili-
ties, both at.home and abroad, assist
the fruit-grower. The hardier types
of Primus dontestica, such as Dam-
son and Orleans plums, succeed

branches, and
grown in soc
The marketing
October 15. IT
beendeveln)ii
Ottawa, Out
St. Lawrence i
limited extent

342 Ontario, Quebec and /
Nova Scotia
I. 1. peach and grape regions: 2, mixed
fruit zone; 3 general agrieultu
apples. Nova Scotia : 1, plums, pears, .apples; 2, apples,
being planted in the valley of the St. John river, at
and about Woodstock. Damson and Moore's Arctic
plums are grown to a considerable extent. A few grow-
ers have found it profitable to protect their plum trees
in winter by planting them in such a manner as admits
of the trees being reclined on the ground i

IS of unusual se-
hipan plums have
sjand. with the es-
■rtainly. So far as
ntreal is the home
nd possibly Pomme

verity, when the
not yet been s

ception of Burbank. wlii-li ti-
can be ascertained, the l>lai
of the Fameuse and St. Lawr

Gris. About the foothills of those curious outcrop-
pings of the Vermont mountains that we find in the
Richelieu valley and in the eastern townships — locali-
ties peopled by U. E. Loyalists — fruit-growing is a
leading branch of rural labor. Beloeil, Rougemont
and Abbotsford are well known to Quebec fruit growers

CANADA

as leading fruit-growing centers of tlie province. The
standard commercial apples of Ontario and New York,
as Greening, Baldwin and Spy, do not succeed. Fameuse,
Wealthy and Duchess, with Canada Baldwin and Win-
ter St. Lawrence, do well, the latter two being natives
of the Pi">iii' r. ;mi.1 iiimh appreciated. The fruit area
along tin \. "i ' !.-!iii,l-
arylin>i- iin-.

Applo :'<r Ill- .11.- Ma-
are grown for huuic use.
The earlier varieties of
grapes only are grown. Con-
cord does not ripen with
certainty every year. Dili
ware, Lady and Mo..r.
Early are generally reli:i
in this western region.

Gibbland Farm, once tin
home of Charles Gibb i I
ceased 1810) a promm
amateur fruit crrowoi i i

■were \\ I I
Quebec tl i ii^h th 11 it
of Mr Gibb A few of th
summer varieties have --i
perseded older kinds Th
only winter Russian apple
which has become at all
well known m Quebec is
Arabka of Ellwnn„'Pi & Barr
cessful in a tmiftiplpc wh
Unless f II I 1 th

by over!

Monti I 1 I 1 I le shipping port duiing Sep

Ontario and

235

to 200 acres of land for a cow, but found no buyer. This
land is now valued at from $300 to $500 per acre. The
improvement of native fniits began in 1830 by the in-
troduction of foreign varieties, and by the establishment

Fui

Portland oi
lit gioweis m
Duihess and

Boston For a numbei t
the vicinity of Monti e 1 I

Alexander apples t I i | I i i lie un

satisfactory fe it f uit

growing m Qii I I i

apples The 11 I le

sirable substitut I ild

win Scott Wiut 1 1 i i^ tr 1 tcLici 11> rec

ommended

Ontario —From the standpoint of a fruit grower, thi
province iiiiy be divided as follows

1 An 1] I 1p <Tonni' ip'i n m the extreme east oi

very large In Is U II t i 1 i*

shipped from Lean 11 I Isi

more than double tl t i i t t it t li Ism

more than hilt a nulli n pea h trets weit ] 1 inte 1 in
that region In the Niagara district the output of
peaches is much larger, and the fruit lndustr^ is more
uniformlv diversihed The Niagara fruit grower is
strictly up to date Electiic cars run ever\ half htur
past the doors of the fruit growers residing bttwttn
Hamilton and BeamsviUe telephones connect thi ir
homes and bung daih market reports Duiin-r the
shipping se I 1 1 tl lit trim 1 ivin"* Ni ^ii t ills
daily an 1 I 1 t 1 1 i 1 i i li

peaches 1 1 ii I i j II is

the

then, ith 1 t 11 s,, I , ,

2 A 1 , 1 11 1 i 1 I I 1
Toronti IK t 1 i tl

3 An \t 1 1 1 II 1 h tin tl^
between Toicnto en the siuth
north Haliburton on the northe on
the west [In the vicinity of Ow ith
shore of Georgian Bay, plums ot / ire
extensiveh cultivated 1

4 A peach grape, pear plum and small truit region
in the Niagara peninsula between the o\ erlapping ends
of Lakes Frip and Ontaiio 1 Fig -iP

5 A 1 ' f( ^ t 1 I V,. St fHir
and 1 1 ted
in th< I I I lie
might 1

housie
The

and!

f m

are from seed i lanted pr )
One of the oldest treis is
trees are productn 1 ut
planting of api 1h i I i

the

■84 n

region is noted I it i i it 4

Peninsula was setti 1 n 1 t I t i tl
region. Here letw iii 1 s(l i the I nit I
alists recened grants of land trim Km,;
planted seeds of apples Irought from thi
the United States. Here we are told that
in the early part of this century, offered to

Sp-s Greening and Baldwin Ben D i% ^ I I | il

and Ontdiio are 1 eingwideh planted — ti I i

of the proMn e It is a cioss b t\\ i \ 1 s, i

Wagener pioduced by the 1 1 \ I

Princess Louise and Mclnt 1 I

of Fameuse are becomir_

parts of the province Am i

the province are the Movei nil „i i c ilic 1 li

gerald and Longhurst peai hes

C C Jimes Deput\ Minister of Agriculture for
Ontario gives the folk wing estimated statistics regard
ing fruits and fruit areas in the province in 1895 Area
in orchard garden and vineyard iiO 122 acres number
ot apple trees of bearing age, 5 91 ^ <)00 \ oung trees not
bearing 3 548,053 In 18% the > leld of apples m the
province was estimated to amount to 20 000 000 barrels
The Provincial Fruit growers Association has a mem
bership of 5 000 and publishes a monthly Journal of
Horticulture Secretary and editor Linus Woolveiton
Grimsh\ Out

\ I ff ml 1 fi t xperiment stations has re

1 1111 1 ated as to i over the va

I 1 I tl province The object is

t t I 1 1 1 It I I II tl iits old and new These
I un 1 1 the ) mt c nti 1 t the Ontario Agricultural
L llej,L md tht, Ontario Fiuit growers Association,
with L Woolverton as e-?ecutive oflicer whose duty
It IS to make an annual report of the whole to the Min-
ister of Agriculture.

236 CANADA

Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.— As
far as the tree fruits are concerned, tlmse wliioli can In-
grown successfully in these regii^ii- \\i-\ t . \tr:M.ic|

nary care have yet to be prodmi .; \ i I; ,
apples and Siberian crabs have sui\ I i n i i ■ - ji

duced some fruit in southeastern Mmii /'.;/. r,

baccata (the berried crab of Europe) i^ hanl_\ at ilit- i>nin.
Experiment Stations at Brandon, Man. , and ludiau Head,
N. W. Terr. This has been crossed with the hardiest
Russian apples in the hope that the resultant seedlings,
of which there are now many thousands, will prove
hardy in tree, and produce fruit of edible size.

With the protection afforded by belts of timber, small
fruits of nearly all kinds— grapes, however, being a no-
table exception— are grown with a moderate degree of
success. The natural obstacles are appreciably less in
Manitoba than in the Provinces of Assiniboia, Alberta
and Saskatchewan, where late spring frosts, high winds
and periods of summer drought and severe winter cold
make the cultivation of the hardif^t fniit-i. sm-li .t^
gooseberries and currants, difScult and ]iri'ariMUv. .\a
tive types of these fruits are cu!ti\at.-i. .IuimIm rri< ~
are much appreciated. Without duuM th.' ran.h. r and
wheat grower of these northwest pruvinct's will 1)l- de-
pendent for his fruit supply upon Ontario and British
Columbia for many years to come. The chief sources of
horticultural information in this region are the Do-
minion experiment stations already referred to.

The fruit regions

British Columbia.— Fig. 344. I am indebted to
J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for the
province, for much of the following data. British Col-
umbia is wonderfully diversified, and has great fruit-
growing possibilities in its deltas, its coast line, its
valleys, its benches, its irrigated lands. Great climatic
variation means a corresponding widening of the possi-
bilities of fruit-culture, and there is here undoubtedly
a more extended range of thermometric variation and
atmospheric moisture than" is found in any other prov-
ince of the Dominion.

Historical. — Regarding the early historj' of fruit-
growing, and some of its later developments, Mr. An-
derson writes as follows :

"It was soon discovered by the early settlers in and
about the old Hudson's Bay Company's forts of Victoria
and Langley, that apple trees would mature and bear
fruit. There was, however, a deep-rooted belief that the
greater part of the country would not produce fruit, or,
indeed, for that matter, crops of any kind. However,
gradually trials were made by adventurous spirits,
miners, packers, and others (probably never by practi-
cal farmers or fruit-growers), and it gradually dawned
upon the sparse population that apples and field crops
would grow in most parts of the coast line of the
province, and of that part known as the dry belt lying
between the Coast Range and the Rocky mountains.
Then it appeared to occur to the residents that other
fruits might do, and thereupon trees and plants were

CANADA

procured from California, and in most cases all were

found to be successful. Up to this time (between 1855
iihI l-(iM(. most of the fruit was the produce of seed-
I _ , ! . (ilf spring of seeds procured from other couu-
'1. Iihh being acclimatized, with a good climate,

I II , (1(1111 ((f insect pests and diseases, produced wonder-
iul crops withoutthe trouble of (^nltivatin;,', pruning and
spraying. Now, however, fruit tr( ( s (,f a ^nperior qual-
ity began to be imported, and I'cr some time throve
equally well as those of humlili r (.ri-m. I.ut l.y and by,
for some unaccountable reason, llie trees did not bear
as well as formerly, nor was the fruit as good or as
large as it used to be, and old-timers wondered what was
the matter, and so things went on from bad to worse,
until people of a new generation began to settle in the
province, who soon ascertained the cause of failure to
be due to the importation with the trees, from the
neighboring states and provinces, of pests and dis-
eases hitherto unknown in the province. It was then

that the le-isIatlirr-fniKt.-d tie- Tf( (rticdt i, r-.d Td.-d-d \ct.

( t( i( .-( . I:. lull., n,, !!■ li.e J.ilere.sl uf

-!■ (I((iu nece.s.',ary. It has fol-

-' . that in consequence of the
(! . t ( ' M. r class of nursery stock is
111 111' I'K ^ inee, and although it is quite
inipossihie. even with the strictest in-
spection, to detect all infestations, and
although people have been slow in
adopting even those measures best cal-
culated for their benefit which have been
recommended by the Board of Horticul-
marked improvement
in the state of the orchards of the prov-
ince, and of the fi-uit pro-
duced.
"""~^, The young orchards

\ planted out since the inau-

guration of the newer and
more intelligent methods,
are likewise coming into
bearing. The production
of fruit is even now in
many lines in excess of
local demands, and hence,
in view of the line of action
pursued by the Board of
Horticulture, which now
prevents this province
from being the dumping
ground for the refuse fruit
of the neighboring states,
it may reasonably be concluded that the imports of
fruits will be restricted in the future to those early fruits
which mature in the south, or to the production of the
antipodes at a time when those of this country are not

.f)-Ki7s.— "The principal fruits produced in the
province are apples, pears, cherries, plums, prunes, and
all the small fruits. Other fruits, such as peaches and
grapes, have not been produced in suffirient quantities
to meet the demand, those like the first nairn li litiving

been at first considered unsuitable to tin nntry, Imt

are now found to do excellently in many part ~. •

Fruit Sections. — Some of the best fruit hinds are to
be found along the mountains and foothills on either
side of the nimierous valleys of the province. This is
particularly true of the region along the Eraser river
between Chilliwack and Hope. The region along the
Eraser river from Agassiz to the coast is one abun-
dantly supplied with water and now producing Itirge
quantities of plums, apples and berries. Sonn- nl' the
interior valleys are eminently adapted to the reciuirc-
inents of the tenderest tree fruits. Peaches are being
successfully cultivated here and there on the lower
bench lands. The accompanying map shows the princi-
pal fruit-producing areas of the province. At Vernon,
in the Okanagan valley, the Earl of Aberdeen, a late
governor-general of Canada, has an extensive orchard
of 200 acres. Here an irrigation plant, while not deemed
absolutely essential to fruit-growing, is thought to be a

of dotted Hues.

desirable ad.iunct. This valley is producing apples,
pears and plums of good quality.

Markets. — "The exportation of fresh fruit to the North-
: Territory and Manitoba, which is the natiir.nl mar-

is specially noted.
The markets of
the Orient and
Australia -n-ill in
the near future
also be outlets for
the surplus fruits

the

lishments of
sing of some

sported

gh price of labor, i

tition which has to be i
jams and other products,
stances and glucose, wii
California, are, howi\ i i-. \
itate against the suc'^^ •
Pests. -Most of tli. I"
serious loss to the "r l.i:
made their !i])pe:nMii ■
the efforts made f..r •

Climate. — The dim ii- i :):■■ ^ ii-t is most equable.
The temperature sehlnm falls to zero nor rises above
75° or 80'. In the interior the variations are naturally
greater, but even there, in the coldest part of the win-
ter, the temperature does not long remain at or below
zero. On the coast, the precipitation is almost entirely
in the form of rain, which is sufficient for the

in the

dulterated with foreign sub-
ii .uiiii- from the east and
r\ 'i-iiMus factors which mil-

^urli . stablishments."

- whi.h liave caused such

-•- if "tht-r countries have

' ! ' '. iiiee, but, thanks to
~:mii. the codlin moth

CANNA 237

with drooping, inflated buds and solitary, bell-shaped
fls. more than 1 in. long and 1% in. wide, dull yellow,
flushed and veined with dull purplish brown. Lvs. has-
tate. B.M. «+.-Xot in the Amer. trade.

CANAEY-BIED FLOWEK is a Tropwolum.

CANARY GRASS is a Phalin-is.

CANAVALIA (an aboriginal name). Jjegumindsa>.
Trailing or twining herbs ; fls. in axillary racemes.

pods large and ribbed on edges. Several species,
widely distributed in wann countries.

ensiformis, DC. (C gladiUta, DC). Jack Bean.
Chickasaw Lima. Figs. 197, 3-15. Grown in the south-
ern states for stock, but the pods make passable snap
beans when not more than 4 or 6 in. long. In warm
countries it is a bushy plant, with
little tendency to climb. The pods
reach a length of in-U in., the walls
being very hard ami dtn^e » Inn ripe.

part for agricultuial
poses, the objection oe
ing that little or none
falls during th

Hcipitation
s mostly in the shape
it snow,' it is so light
hat irrigation h.is to be
esorted to. jqhx Craig.

turgid beans, bearing a very prominent brown seed-
scar, are packed crosswise the pod, imbedded in a very
thin white, papery lining. The flowers are small and
light purple, resembling those of the Cow-pea (though
larger) and of various species of Dolichos. The leaflets
are3, large and broad (,t-8 in. longand half orthree-fifths
as broad), strongly veined and dull, dark green, abruptly
pointed and smooth. Tropics. A. G. 14:84. B.M. 4027.—
Beans said to be used as a coffee substitute, l, jj_ g,

CANDLEBEERY, CANDLENUT. See Aleurites.

CANDYTUFT. See /6i

(treated

CANAIGEE. See Sum

CANARINA (fn.m tin- (

Idceu;. Thn-.. sinrie. ,,f tr

CANE-BRAKE. Species of Aritndi.
under Bamboo).
nosepalus. CANlSTRUM. See ^chmea.

Islands). Campanu-

erbs closely allied to ,j~- CANNA (name of oriental origin, of no application).
the calyx and corolla Scitamindcea. Stout, unbranched, large-leaved tropi-

nts in C's. C. cam- cal an-" *.,..,_.,„„/! .,„m. u — :._v „:.i.

It from the Canaries, large ;

in a tenmnal i
3 loeuUcl 111 1 -
s, 3 and --iii ill

CANNA

me or iiiniclt , ve^^ ineirnlar capsule
1 il-iiiiii\ s, , 1 lip Fu' 110), sepals,
1 11^ ill _i. II I t N ! lic, mostly
1 -I n I 111 t\li single and
IIS II I I I s lit 1 l.\ p. tal like, ob-
tii st hhiiumIi I <i ml', -I or :J of which
pruduted and broadened, and one is
ower and forms the lip of the flower,
irne m a single loculed anther, f, borne
mrrow and more or less coUed stami-

OU th. SI

A generation ago, Cannas were grown for their
foliage or mass-effect. They were tall and long-
jointed, with small and late flowers (Fig. 347).
The parent of the old-time garden race of tall
Cannas was C. Antiai, raised by M. Anni?e, of
France, from seeds of C. ^e-
palensis, sown in 1848. The
flowers from which the seeds
were taken probably had been
pollinated by some other spe- /^.j!

cies, most likely with C. </?«»<•(/, i\\

In 1803, a new race apppareii. j^ ,'^-% ^
as the result of tlir unimi of i '. pSil.-*^^
iridiflora with C. W'lr.- . ,<,-:,,. ^"J^
This hybrid
Ehemunni

flowercil I'll:-. I : ■
known:,- III
origin ; ,i. - i

another im , i
gamati.iii > : , i
den forms :iii.i \\ nh < ',
come mostly from Italy a
Cannas; also, asorchid-ll.
ers are characterized by
outlines, but they are si
„r.'th.. vnri..ti"s Italia (Fi

thi.

, Pandora, Burbank and niln i-
he evolution of the garden Caimi-
Tourn. Roy. Hort. Soc, Jan.. Is!" I
ant-Breeding, 140 ; also, parti, ii
story of the Italian race, Revui
516, and Gardeners' Chronicle

Horticole, 1895,
Dec. 14, 1895.

The culture of Cannas is simple and easy. They
demand a warm, friable, rich and moist soil. They
are injured by frost, and therefore should not be
planted out until the weather is thoroughly settled.
For mass effects, set the plants not more than 1
foot apart each way; but if it is desired to show
IndiTidual plants and their flowers at fh.- l..-t,
give three times that amount of ro..iii t.. a -in-l.
plant. Pick the flowers as soon as tli. y \\ilf. to
prevent the formation of seeds {wliidi i-au-i s thr
plant to lessen flowering), and keep the plants in
tidy condition. If the best plants are desired, give
the soil and treatment which produce the best re-
sults with In.liau corn. „, "

•Xi « Miii. •;. - :iii I i-,.,l from seeds. The seeds f.'""'
1. . and sometimes not at all, _„

M nil. lit is cut or filed, or is „ /^'

siiiMiiiil ii> -.iii;,-._: II water; those precautions "°'''
taUu, Ihcy y,-il.,ii,.,i. irii.-l:'- s;.,.„ l,,.,, ;., ...i.^tr-r, i-i
rather strong buttoui loat. . "i- -■ '.•■ -' i' - r ]■.■'- I'r;- '
out, and give plenty of 1 M.I I i

Cannas are propairatcd i,, . ^ i

rootstock is a bram-Iiy ma--, wiiii niii._. I.'l:. IuhI-. If
stock is not abundant, as luauy plants may ho made from
a rootstock as there are buds, although the weak buds
produce weak plants. Leave as much tissue as possible
With each bud. These 1-bud parts usually give best re-

CANNA

suits if started in pots, so that the plant is 6-12 in. high
at planting time. The commercial Canna plants are grown
mostly in pots. If one has sufficient roots, however, it
is better not to cut so close, but to leave several strong
buds on each piece (as shown in Fi?. ri.il). These pieces
may be planted directly in tlio i-rMim,], altlioujh more
certain results are to be seen r..! i- •■"■:. 'lo-m in the
house in boxes or pots. If sn... . i,. desired,

particularly in shrub borders. 1 ; ..mt the en-

tire stool. In the fall, when iIm_ ; 1 au: - an- killed by
frost and the tops have dried a few days, dig the roots,
and let them dry as if they were potatoes.
Then store them on shelves in a cellar
which will keep Irish or round potatoes
" Take care that the roots do not be-
come too warm, particularly be-
fore cold weather sets in ; nor
too moist. Well cured roots
f'-.im \vi II iiiatiir. .1 plants usu-
•^ iM- K.i.p \\ ill... lit .lirticulty.

I iiiiia- ar.. ....iiiiuonly used

Ml t.iriiial Ih. (is. but most
I I lliiii I ii,....ts may be se-

;■ lii . -I aiii-ring themsingly
■ : 11 -mall clumps in the

I Oil III . 1 1 I' or amongst shrub-
Ill y\. .\-:iiiist a heavy back-
},'r.,uiid of green, the gaudy
flowers show to their best, and
the ragged effect of the dying
1 not noticed. They also make
eUent center-pieces for formal beds.
The tall-growing Cannas, with small and
late flowers, have given way almost
wholly to the modem race of Crozy or
^^ ^^■> French dwarf Cannas. whi.-h usii'ally
remain under 4 ft. bi-li. I'l.' .m aii
abundance of large early flowers. ' i . ,il-
ways mu.st be used for bold plai' l.--

cause the flowers have not suflicii i- .iuiiiiiny to
ii ii-i'ful as cut flowers. As individual bloo'ms,
lowers are not usually attractive, but they are
y and interesting in the mass and at a dis-
I hi o. The new race of Italian or Flaccida Cannas
has more attractive flowers, but even these are
most useful when on the plant. Of varieties there
are legion, and many new ones are imported each
year, chiefly from France; and there are so many
new aspirants each year that it is not worth while
to enumerate varieties in a cyclopedia.

The garden Cannas are now so much varied and
inter-bred that it is no longer possible to classify
them by the characters of the species. One of the
best classiflcatory schemes is the following ( adapted
from G. cm. 14:432):
I. Tall varieties.

c. Minor flower-segments narrow.
cc. Minor flower-segments broad.
BB. Bicolor forms, in which the lip is of a dif-
ferent color from the other segments.
Divided into c and d-, as above.
BBB. Spotted varieties. Including c and cc, as
above.
BBBB. Blotched varieties. Including c and CC.
BBBBB. Margined varieties. Including c and CO.
AA. Foliage purple. Divisions as under A.
I. II. Dwarf varieties. Divisions as under I.

^^ " To many of the garden forms and hybrids spe-
..anna ^ j^^ Latin names have been given ; but the f ollow-
°*'* ing synopsis {adapted from Baker's "Synopsis of
'°''=- the Species of Cannas," in G.C. III. 13: 42, 70, 164,
I'tr,! ■j.i'-rs n L-'Ti^^-ral view of the original species. The
'I ii - h r. I lilted for are : aurantiaca, 14; aiireo-
I , i."); cinnaharina,G\ coccinea, 6; com-

. ;; ; II ta, 13; croc«a, 14; densifolia, 5; de-

<- 1 / ' ", _'o; lii-i .il.ir,19;dJvaWcato.20: edulis, 9; Eliren-
benjii, r> ; exrtileiitii, 9 ; excelsa, 20 ; ejrigna. 5 ; Fintel-
manni, 3 ; flaccida, 21 ; flavescens, 5 ; floribnnda, 4 ;
formosa, 6 ; fulgida, 6 ; gigantea, 7 ; glauca, 10 ; heli-
coniffifolia, U ; humilis, 6 ; Indica, 1 ; iridiflora, 22 ,

\ar Hav^scens Piker (C «t

' '

stammorlia i
tall!, prohviW
AuH/sanl

icul ti 0 1 t 1 4 je
poljmotpha 16 Pot toil

nata i Beexesu 'l Sos
it I i S litecliten

, 1 1 tab ! ■< i

bi 1

Wltl

M *

entili 1 ill U 14 1

dunculata 8 polyclada
censis 6 pulclua 5 re
eoeana U rubra 6 i
dahhana 3 SeUouii i
stolontfera 10 stiipAi" 1
vestris 6 Xexensis 4 i
rtegata i lenfncosa 4
14 Warscewiczu 18
A Edcauna — Corolla lobes an I
stammodia united into a shot
tube tuo o> thiee of the upper
stammodia petal like
B Three upper stammodia petal

like
c Lis of 01 dinary consistency 01
il ckne':'!
D Lj It

1 Indica L nn Indus
Shot Stem slender gla
brous green J 5 ft Ivs
oblong and acute green
half as broad as long (1
ft long) racemes simple
and lax some of the lis
m pairs the liacts green
and nearly oibiculir fls
small sepals oblon and
green % m long petals

lanceolate pale green about 1 2 in long 3 uppti
stammodia bright red entiie ' m long but nar
row lip linear red mellow s) otted with red cap
sule globose 1 in in diam \\ li he i 1 ( 1 1 in i

2 LAmberti Lmdl St 1 I
brous 1' 14 ft Ivs obi

simple or forked lax an 1 i

an 1 1 1 n„ reen sep II j 1

^1 ] 1 lancet late 1 1 re 1 li I

1 scarcely longer than the petals

bright crimson capsule oblong

\\ 1 1 s \mer
Fintelmanni Bouch^

eel \ etdls lanceol
long stammodia emargii
yellow hp oblanceolite
globose small S Briz 1

Stem green and glau
cous 4-5 ft Ivs oblong and acute green and
glaucous raceme few fld and lax the bracts green
and oblong sepals oblong, '3m , green, petals Ian
ceolate, pale green, l>^in.; stammodia obtuse and
entire, 2-3 in., yellow; lip oblanceoiate, yellow,
mottled red : capsule large. Trop. Amer.? — Pos-
sibly a hybrid of C. glauca and C. Indica. C.
SchlechtendahliAna, Bouch^, is similar, but has the
staminodia spotted red.

r>D. Lip emarginate.

4. patens, Roscoe. Stem slender, green and gla-
brous, 4-5 ft. : Ivs. oblong and acute, green, the
lower 1 ft. long: raceme few-fld., simple and lax,
the bracts orbicular and green, the fls. single or in
pairs : fls. small ; petals lanceolate, pale green,
about l^in. long ; upper staminodia bright red,
entire, 2 in. long, and narrow; lip bright red-yellow,
with minute red dots : capsule globose, 1 in. in
diam. Trop. Amer. B.M. 454 as (7. /ndiCrt.

Var. limbata. Baker ( ('. limMfn. Roscoe. ('.

/ 1 1 Sunnamensis

sylv^stns B ker (6 syh(siri

s inodii longer plain deep

I n that ind the Up with

In cli V Tro] Amer

latiioha ^M II [C qi

1 ihi/Ua

1 1 ^ nd pu

1 long

I I lower

fls m

ng a

or less long entire or emar
gmate bright red lip bright
red capsule large S Amer
B M '31b
8 pedunculata s s 1

lender gre
glibrous J- i 1

lancec late I

ft long and -t-4 11 1

I \ ra erne with 1 1 1

1 ng pedicel th 1

1 M

) Rootbt ck
purple Ivs
raceme lax

border ■ if i-i u:,; • . I'.i - , r. • . ■■

thefol^.^^ : ' ' .

rubra, ,s< //.-«■;, , >,.,./,..;'-,;,., !'.:.„. . ,,,-,
ventricosa of Bouche. C. oc'idcntalis.lio^^c
2 staminodia, petal-like.

5. orientelis, Roscoe. Stem slender, glabrous, 3-4 ft.;
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, a foot or more long : raceme lax
simple or forked, the bracts oblong : sepals oblong
lanceolate, green, iiin. or less long ; petals lanceolate,
greenish, IKin. long ; upper staminodia 2J^in.
long, bright red, often emarginate; lip red-yello'
sule globose and very small. Old World tropics.

r (C eieuleiti Lodd
tl 1 1 1 le stem stout 8 12 ft
II 1 r bronze 1 2 ft long

turkcd or simple: fls. usually in pairs, bra«ts or-
bicular or oblong; sepals oblong-lanceolate, ^in.
long, tinged with red ; petals lanceolate, lJ^-2
in. ; staminodia entire or emarginate, 2>2in. long,
bright red or orange ; lip bright red or yellow-red :
capsule large. Trop. Amer. B.M. 2498. — Starch
is procured from the roots, and for this purpose
the plant is widely cult, in the tropics.

10. glaiica, Linn. Stem green and glaucous, 5-6
ft. : Ivs. green and glaucous, oblong-lanceolate and
very acute, tapering both ways (the middle of the
blade about 4 in. wide) : raceme lax, simple or
forked: sepals lanceolate, green, Min. long; petals
lanceolate, yellow-green, lK-2 in.; staminodia en-
tire, 2M-3 in., yellow, not spotted; lip linear, emar-
350. ginate, pale yellow: capsule oblong, m-2 in. long.

Italia Canna. Trop. Amer.- The C. longifoUa, Mexicana and

stolon ifera of Bouch^ belong here.
"'>'' cc. Lvs. thin and papery.

',ite. 11. heliconiaefdlia, Bouch^. Stem 6-8 ft. : lvs. oblong,

and green, 2-3 ft. long (resembling those of Heliconia ) : fls.
in a panicle formed of several lax racemes ; sepals lan-
ceolate, ^in. long; petals lanceolate, Kin. long, colored ;
staminodia not much longer than the petals, scarlet; lip
scarlet: capsule ellipsoidal, large. Mex.

BB. Two upper staminodia petal-like.
c. Stem woolly-pubescent.
12. lanugindsa, Roscoe. Stem green, woolly, 4-6 ft.:
lvs. oblong, acute, green :

only

less

raceme lax, few-fld., simple

240

CANNA

or forked, the bracts obtuse, small and green ; sepals
lanceolate, green, Kin. or less long ; petals lanceolate,
1>2 in. long, tinged with red ; staminodia entire, red or
red-yellow ; lip the same color, oblanceolate and emar-
ginate. Brazil.

cc. Stem glabrous.
D. Leaves green.
13. comp4ota, Roscoe. Stem stout and green : Ivs.
broad, oblong and acute : raceme simple and many-fld..
dense : sepals lanceolate, Kin. long ; petals unequal,
lanceolate, VA in. long, red-yellow ; staminodia slightly
emarginate, iyi-2 in. long, bright crimson ; lip emar-
ginate, red-yellow. Trop. Amer.

351. stool of Cinna, showme how it may be divided.

11. Ifttea, Miller. Stem slender and green, 3-4 ft.:
Ivs. oblong and acute : raceme lax, simple or forked,
the small green bracts oblong and obtuse: sepals green-
ish, oblong, J^in.; petals lanceolate, pale gi-een, l-\H
in. long ; staminodia pale yellow, often emarginate,
lX-2 in. long ; lip linear, pale yellow, emarginate.
Trop. Amrr.

Var. pallida, Roscoe. Staminodia and lip pale yellow,

\'ar. aurantlaca, Roscoe (C. Tlnei, Todaro). PetaLs
tinged red ; staminodia red-yellow ; lip red-yellow and
red-spotted. — To C. luleii are to be referred C. commu-
tata, leiicocarpa, MoriUiana. and ifo.icoeonn, of Bouch^;
C. crocea, Lag.; C. Lagntimxix, Lindl.; C. maeiilaia,
Link ; C. macroearpa, sulphiiren and vitelUna, of Hora-
ninow.

15. vari6bilis,Willd.(C.cnV«ra. Roscoe). Stem green,
3—4 ft. : Ivs. oblong and acute : raceme simple and lax,
the small bracts oblong and obtuse : sepals lanceolate,
green, Hin. long; petals lanceolate, 1% in. long, pale
green; staminodia pale red, entire; lip linear and entire.
Brazil.

16. speoidsa, Roscoe (C. leplm-h,
hi). Stem green, 5-6 ft.

ITliI

Bouch^

fls. in a deeply forked, long-1

lanceolate, %m. long, pale red ; i , , ...;.,,;., i' in.

long, pale red ; staminodia 3 in. li'ii_. i mai ,;n.iu , bright

red ; lip emarginate, bright red-yillow. Himalavas.

B.M. 2317. — C.NepaUnsis,W&l\., has 3 upper staminodia.

DD. Lvs. bronze or brown, at least on the margins.

17. polycl&da, Wawra. Stem tall and slender : Ivs.
oblong and acute, base rounded, brown-edged : fls.
(often in pairs) in a long, much -branched panicle, the
bracts nearly orbicular ; sepals lanceolate, i4in. long ;
petals lanceolate and unequal, the longest 2 in., tinged
red ; staminodia acute, not longer than the petals, bright
crimson ; lip oblanceolate, the claw yellow-spotted, the
limb bright crimson. BrazU.

CANTERBURY BELL

IH. Warscewiczit, Dietr. Stem claret-purple and
L'l:ni.-..ii-<, :! I ft : iv-.- r.l.lniiL' :iii(l acute, more or less

'■I'H.i "1 I.' .Ill 1: r: in., simple and rather

' I ' ' ' • ! . , I . . I _ , , - I .racts : sepals lance-
"b: I I , ■, l.iii.-eolate, 2 in. long,

i''''i':]Oi ,i!m1 - 1:1,1 r ^ : ^ I, I n. 11 Ml. I ' 11 [ sometimes 3) entire

or nearly so, i;'.,-:: in. long, liright scarlet; lip oblan-
ceolate, emarginate, bright scarlet. Costa Rica. B. M.
4854.

19. discolor, Lindl. Stem stout, 6-10 ft., purple and
glaucous : Ivs. broad-oblong, acute, brown-tinted, the
lower ones sometimes 3 ft. long : fls. in a deeply forked
panicle of lax racemes, the bracts small and orbicular ;
sepals lanceolate. Kin. long, green ; petals lanceolate,
1% in. long, pale green ; staminodia entire, 2ii in. long,
bright red ; lip lanceolate and emarginate, brick-red.
Trop. Amer.

AA. DiSTEMON. — CoroHa tube short: upper stami-
nodia suppressed.

20. panieuiata, Ruiz & Pav. {C. denuddta, Roscoe.
O. excUsa, Lodd. C. divaricita, Klotsch). Stem tall
and slender, glabrous : Ivs. oblong and acute, green and
glabrous : racemes lax, disposed in a large panicle ;
sepals lanceolate, Kin. long ; petals lanceolate, yellow-
green, 2-3 In. long ; lip rather longer than the petals,
crimson. S. Brazil.

.\AA. EuRYSTTLUs. — CoroHo (M5e 5-2K in. long: S
staminodia produced, clawed : lip orbicular.

21. iUccida, Salisb. ((7. J?e«!'esii, Lindl.). Stem green
and glabrous, 4-5 ft., very leafy below : Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, green : raceme simple, lax and few-fld., the
bracts very small : sepals lanceolate, 1 in. long, green ;
corolla lobes lanceolate and reflexed, nearly as long as
the tube ; 3 upper staminodia obovate, sulfur-yellow,
2-3 in. long by 1 in. broad ; lip large, yellow. Swamps,
S. Car. to Fla., near the coast. L.B.C. 6: 562. — Useful
for its good habit and iris-like fls.

AAAA. AcniRimx. — Tube of corolla and staminodia as
long as the blade : fls. large and pendulous.

22. irldifldra, Ruiz & Pav. Stem green, 6-10 ft. : Ivs.
oblong, bright green, slightly pubescent beneath : ra-
cemes paniculate, drooping : sepals lanceolate, 1 in.
long, green ; corolla lobes lanceolate, red-brown, 2Kin.
long ; 3 upper staminodia somewhat longer than the
corolla lobes, obovate, nearly or quite 1 in. broad, rose-
crimson ; lip narrow, deeply emarginate, rose-crimson.
Andes of Peru. B.M. 1968. R.H. 1861: 110.

23. llliiJIdra, Warscew. Stem robust, green, 8-10 ft. :
Ivs. many, oblong, green, 3-4 ft. long, spreading from
the stem at a right angle : fls. in a corymbose panicle ;
sepals linear, as long as the tube of the corolla ; corolla
lobes lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, pale green, the tube of
equal length ; 3 upper staminodia white, united into a
tube for half their length, the blade obovate and spread-
ing; lip oblanceolate, as long as the .staminodia. Colom-
bia. R.H. 1884:132. F. S. 10: 10.^5-6. -A fine species.
The white fls. finally become tinged with brown ; loni-
cera-scented. l_ jj_ b_

CANNABIS (the ancient Greek name). Urtichcece.
Hemp. A single species, probably native to central Asia,
and now widely cult, as a fiber plant. Hemp is also grown

* asii.nally as au ornamental plant, being grown from

s.-nls and tnatid as a half-hardy annual. It makes ex-

ii-llfur ..^i-i IIS in remote places. It thrives best in a rich,

ratli. 1- niiiisi s.iil. C. satlva, Linn., is the only species,

(l.-ns. till- f..i-ui kni.wn as r, ,■ - ■ ■ ^ . . niiiionest; this

r.-arlii- a h.-iL'lit uf 1(1 ft.aii.i ■ 1^. ...ds are usu-

ally .-iiwu wh.-r.. til.- |ilani^ ,,i . ;,i;,i, ; l.ut if quick
effects arc wanted, tbcy nia\ In, .-L.rtLiI mduurs in pots or
boxes. Hemp is dioecious. The staminate fls. are in
axillary panicles, and have 5 sepals and 5 drooping sta-
mens. The pistillate fls. are in short spikes, with 1 sepal
folding about the ovary. Lvs. digitate, with 5-7 nearly
linear, coarse-toothed leaflets. The plant is annual,
roughish and strong-smelling. l_ g g

CANTEEBTTEY BELL. See Campanula Medium.

CANTUA

CANTUA (from Cantu, Peruvian name). PoUmnnin-
cea. Ten species of South American flowering slinibs
with very variable foliage and showy, tubular fis. of va-
rious colors. C. buxifoUa is cult, out of doors in S, Calif.,
and is recommended in Europe as a coolhouse shrub.
Probably no tenderer than Fuchsias. Prop, by cuttings.

buxifdiia, Lam. ( C. depindens, Pers. ) . Much branched
shrub, about 4 ft. high ; branches more or less downy:
Ivs. very variable, generally oblong-obovate, acute, taper-
ing at the base, entire or serrate, downy or glabrous :
fls. 5-8, drooping vertically, in a kind of leafy, termi-
nal corymb ; calyx pale, membranous, green-streaked,
5-toothed, a fourth shorter than the corolla tube ; corolla
long-funnel-shaped, the tube 2}4in. long, red, usually
streaked ; limb of fringed, obcordate, crimson lobes :
stamens included. Peru. B.M. 4.i82. F.S. 7:650. R.H.
1858, p. 294. — One of the choicest of European green-
house plants. Very liable to red spider in our climate.

C.btmlnr. I..'. I I'i-in-ir.ii. .1 1;^,,, I ' - :i I.. -v 1,y the entire
lvs.,whirli . •'■.'. -I I ' ■ -Mlit.'iryfls..with

a short, y. ;i . ■, ! i .. i ■ . ',,,,: i : , j i ;,,. tis. droop, but
notvertir.i I ■. r •• i ■■ r- i : I TMl.^ibly less de-

sirable tliiiii 111- :ii'.,\' - I i.urfi..i..i, !•. r~ Lvs. generally
broader ami more tootlu'd tli.-m in C. bii"nl(,r: Hs. as many as 17,
in an erect, terminal, compound corymb ; calyx red-tipped,
nearly half as long as the yeUow corolla tube : corolla about
IJiin. long, mth a white limb : stamens long, exserted. Peru.

B.M. 4.386. F.S. 4:383.

W. M.
CAPE BULBS.

CAFE CHEST-
NUT is Caloden-
drum Capensis.

CAPE GOOSEBEKET

CAPE JESSAMINE.

CAPE PONDWEED.

CAPER. See Capparis.
For L'aper-spurge,see Euphor-
bia Latlninis.

CAPPAEIS (Greek, caper).
Caper-bush, or Capee Tkee.
CapparidAceoe. Capers are
pickles made by preserving
the flower buds of C. spinosa,
a straggling shrub which
grows out of old walls, rocks,
and rubbish in Mediterranean
regions and India. Also rarely
cult, as a greenhouse flowering
shnili. The genus is large and
polymorphic, and none of its
relatives are familiar north.
Prop, by cuttings in green-
houses, and by seeds south.
spindsa, Linn. Spiny shrub,
ft. high : l\ s. roundish or
nv :ii. , .i.ri.i.,.'U^ : fls. borne
^1 ' ■ l\ . and fading

l"i"! 'I : ■ i':ils 4; petals

-!. "lih'iij. 1 la >A.. I. wavy, white,
I'jin. long: stamens 40-50:
filaments purple above, per-
haps the chief beauty of the
■ ■ ~ "t. 291. -What seems
to be the long style
with a short, un-
opened stigma, is
really the elon-
gated peduncle or
topped by

CAPSICUM 241

CAPKlOLA (the wild goat, which feeds iipon this
grass). Crramliieif. Low, creeping perennials, with
short, flat leaves and slender spikes, which spread out at
the apex into flnger-like branches. Spikelets 1-fld.,
awnless, sessile, in two rows along one side of a slender,
continuous axis. Glumes 3, the first 2 iiarniw, krrlcd.
usually acute, empty; the third or florni L'liiiiir I, , •.,.(, l.i-
and usually a little longer than the enipn .m-. ni-i . i, s
4. One distributed throughout the tn.pii :il -.lud \\;,iin. r
temperate regions of the world.

DActylon, Kuntze {Cf/nodon Ddctylon. Pers.). Ber-
muda Grass. Fig. 352. A widely dispersed grass, with
a creeping habit of gi-owth, extending rapidly over the
surface of the ground and rooting at the joints. Used
extensively in the south for lawn-making, where Ken-
tucky blue grass and the bent grasses cannot be success-
fully grown. Except in the far south, however, it is not
a desirable lawn grass, as it quickly turns brown upon
the approach of cold weather, and is rather late in be-
coming green in the spring. A variety known as St. Lucie
Grass is regarded as a more desirable form for lawns
than the species. Experiments made in central Michi-
gan by Beal seem to show that Bermuda Grass is val-
uable to mix witli .Tun.- irrass for a lawn where the
soil is rather tliin, th,. .Iiuie grass occupying the soil
from early si.riii^' until h.it, ilry weather, when the Ber-
mudacovers tlif i.'niiiiiil. In the cool autumn, June grass
appears again at the surface. ^ ^ Kennedy.

CAPSICUM (name of uncertain origin, perhaps from
kapto, to bite, on account of the pungency of the seed or
pericarp; or fi-oni ra jisa . :i rhest, having reference to the
form of fruit I. .s'-./,,„,i, , ,. . Red Pepper. Cayennf
Pepper. Ht-rlis cu- ^liiuli-. ..liginally from trop. Amer.,
but escaped tp'iiiriilfivatiMU in Old World tropics, where
it was once sujipused tu in- indigenous. Stem branchy,
l-(l ft. high, glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate or subel-
liptical. entire. acoDiinate • fls. white or greenish white,
rarely violaceous, solitary or

corolla rotate, usually 5-
loliid; stamens 5, rarely 6
or 7, witli bluish anthers de
hisciuglongitudinally;ovar\ |
originally 2-3-loculed : fr
a juieeless berry or pod
extremely variable in form
and size, many-seeded, and
with more or less pungency
about the seeds and peri-
carp. Fig. 353. The fi-uit be-
comes many-loculed and
monstrous in cultivation. 353. Normal 2-loculed iniit ol
About 90 species have been Capsicum, in cross section,
named, most of which are

now considered forms of one or two species. Monogr. by
Irish, 9th Ann. Kept. Mo. Bot. Gard. For culture, see

A. Annual or biennial.

dnnuum, Linn. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, grown as
annuals in temperate climates, but in warmer latitudes
often treated as biennials. All of the leading commer-
cial v.arieties in the United States readily find classifica-
tion within the types or botanical varieties. The species
has never been found wild.

B. Fruit oblong-linear.

c. Calyx ustiaUy embracing base of fruit.
Var. conoides, Irish (C. cono)dcs, Miller). Suffmtes-
cent: lvs. numerous, rather small, 2-3 in. long, •
wide: peduncles sleuil
obconicalorcup-sha]i.
corolla greenish whiti ■
conical or oblong <

aaU; calyx
ng base of fruit ;
. : fr. erect, sub-
in. long or less,
usually shorter than the peduncles and mostly borne

352. Capriola Dactylon. Nat. size,
the pistil, which has no style and a minute stigm;
CAPEIFOLIUM. See Lonicera.

Coral Gem, Tabasco.

Irish (C. fascicuUtum, Sturt.).

d or nearly so: branches few: lvs.

I bunches about the summit, ellip-
tical-lanceolate, pointed at both ends : fr. also clustered,
erect, slender, about 3 in. long bv Jijin. in diam., very
acrid. This is the Red Cluster Pepper.

above the lvs., very

Var. fascicuiatum,
Stem herbaceous, rou:
clustered or crowded i

242

CAPSICUM

Var. actunin&tum, Pingerh. (C. ChiUnse, Hort. ). Her-
baceous, very branchy, about 2J^ft. high, bearing a dense
mass of foliage : fl. medium size, spread l4-% in. : fr.
larger than the preceding, either erect or pendent.
Chile. Long Cayenne.

OC. Calyx not usiiaUii cmhra

Var. WngTim, Sendt. (('. ainnni

DC). Plants herbaceous, alnint

paratively few branches : h>. i;ir

2)^in. wide: fl. large; corolla spre:

calyx usually pateriform i

C. Idngum,
:\i, with com-
4 in. long by
-1 J, in., dingy
-form, rarely

embracing base of fruit: fr. often a foot long by 2 in.
diam. at base ; flesh thick and in some varieties very
mild. Black Nubian, County Fair, Elephant's Trunk,
Ivory Tusk.

BB. Fruit of vtiriotts shapes, but not oblong-linear.

Var. grdssum, Sendt. (C. grdssum, Linn.). Fig. 35t.
Herbaceous, about 2 ft. high, with few branches : Ivs.
very large, often a by 5 in., sometimes coriaceous, lower

duncles stout, about 1 in. long; corolla large, spreading,
%-lMin. : fr. large, oblate, oblong, or truncated, 3-i-
lobed, usually with basal depression, more or less sulcate
and rugose; flesh thick, firm, and of a mild flavor. Em-
peror, Monstrous. Bell, Sweet Mountain, Golden Dawn,

var. grossum.

Ruby King, Golden King, Brazilian Upright, Golden
Upright, Squash.

Var. abbreviAtum, FiT.iifrl.. (C. i,ml.iHr,)t,iw.yvn. C.
litteum. L:mi.l. Suftrntr.rnif ; Ivs. l.roadly ..v;,tr.-J-l in.
long: pediiTii-li-~ -I,.!!,!,!-, ^traii/lit ..r ■■urvcl. a- [..ultus or
longer than tlif hi i]\ : fr. al.out _' in. lun:; ..r 1, >v, vary-

eral ovate, quite rugose, except in one variety, sometimes
turbinate. While this variety is used to some extent for
pickling, it is noted more as an ornamental plant. Celes-
tial, Etna, Kaleidoscope, Red Wrinkled, Yellow Wrinkled.

Var. cerasi!6rme, Irish (C. cerasiforme, Miller). Fig.
355. SufFrutescent : Ivs. medium size, ovate or oblong
acuminate, about l)i-3Kin.: calyx seated on base of
fruit ; corolla large, spreading, %-l'i4m.: fr. spherical,
subcordate, oblate, or occasionally obscurely pointed or
slightly elongated, smooth or rarely minutely rugose or
sulcate ; flesh firm, one-twelfth-J^in. thick, extremely
pungent. Cherry, Yellow Cherry, Oxheart.
AA. Perennial.

frut^Bcens, Linn. Fig. 356. Shrubby, perennial, 3-6 ft.
high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled
stem and branches: branches loosely spreading or trail-
ing : Ivs. broadly ovate acuminate, 3-6 In. long, 2-3>2in.
wide: peduncles slender, 1-2 in. long, often in pairs, usu-
ally longer than the fruit: calyx cup-shaped, embracing

CARAGANA

base of fruit; corolla often with ocherous markings in the
throat : fr. red, obtuse or oblong-acuminate, %-lHin.
long, ii-%in. in diam., very acrid. — Cultivated only in
the south, as the seasons in temperate latitudes are not
long enough to mature the fruit.

Var. baccatum,
Irish (C. haccMum,
Linn. ) . Plants not
as tall, but more
erect than the spe-
cies : branches slen-
der, fastigiate, flex-
uose: corolla small,
spreading, about 3^
in. : fr. ovate or sub-
round, about Kin. in

H. C. Irish.

CARAGANA ( Car-
agaii, its Mongolian
name). Lftfuniiuds(F.
Pea Tree. Shrubs
or small trees : Ivs.
deciduous, abruptly
pinnate, often with
spiny - pointed and
persistent rai-lii-; : II
stipules deciHiiMiix cir
naceous, axilla] v . -I
fr. a linear {■•>•]. _\i~
China. Ornam. ntal ~
appearing late

cerasiforme (

«mall, entire, mucronulate ;
in :iimI |i. 1 -istent : fls. papilio-
I I ■ d, usually yellow :
Inim S. Russia to
ill., A nil liaiiilsome yellow fls.,
. g or earlv in summer; quite
hardy, except a few Himalayan species. They grow in
almost any soil, but best in a sandy soil and sunny
position, and are well adapted for shrubberies. C. ar-
horescens is the only one which grows into a small tree,
and is of upright habit, like C. fniteseeiis, which is about
half as high and more graceful ; all the other species
are low shrubs, of usually spreading habit. Prop, by
seeds sown in fall or in spring ; if kept dry during the
wmter, soaking in tepid water for 2 or 3 days before
sowing will be of advantage ; also, increased by root-
cuttmgs and layers, or by grafting on seedling stock of
' rt»6o(fsce«s in spring.

A Zfts. 8-lS: rachis of the Ivs. deciduous.
•irbor6Bcens, Lam. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft. : Ifts.
1_ obovate or oblong, sparsely pubescent beneath or
^i liirous at length, %-l in. long : fls. 2^, pale or bright
vtUow, %in. long ; pedicels usually longer than the fls.
May, June. Siber., Manchuria.— There are some varie-
ties, of which var. pSndula, Hort., with pendulous
branches, is the most remarkable ; it should be grafted
high.

microphyUa, Lam. [C. AUa-
(/(i/m, Poir.). From 4-6 ft. : Ifts.
12-18, obovate, pubescent when
young, one-sixth-K in. long:
fls. 1 or 2, yellow, %va. long;
pedicel about as long as the fl.
Siber., China. L. B.C.
11 : 1064. — Under this
name a dwarf form of
the former is often
tivated.

AA. Leaflets 2-4.
B. Jtachis of the h-s. de-
ciduous; pedicels as
long as or longer
than the fls.
Irutesoens, UC. ((7.=
friitex, C. Koch). Pig.
357. From 6-10 ft. : Ifts.
4, approximate, nearly
digitate, cuneate. obovate
or oblong, rounded or
emarginate at the apex,
glabrous, y^-l in. long : fls. solitary, iJ4-l in. long, yel-
low. May. S. Russia to China. Gt. 10:348. S.B.F.G.
3:227. — Var. grandifldra, Hort. Fls. somewhat larger:
Ifts. usually large and broad.

356. Capsicum

CARAGANA

BB. Rachis persistent, spiny : pedicels shorter

than the fls.

Cbdmlairu, Lam. Shnib, 2-A ft.: spines long: Ifts. i,

pairs, chartaceous, obovate, emar-

ginate or rounded at the

apex,glabrous,M-?i in. long:

solitary, reddish yellow,

l^in. long. May. N. China.

pygmaea, DC. One to 3
ft.: spines short, Min.: Ivs.
nearly sessile ; Ifts. 4, ap-
proximate and almost digi-
tate, cuueate, linear-elliptic
or linear-lanceolate, gla-
brous, %-% in. long: fls.
solitary, %m. long, golden
yellow. Cauc. to Siber.
and Thibet. B. B. 12: 1021.
-Grafted high on C. arho-
reseens, it forms a graceful,
standard tree, with pendu-
lous branches.

grandffldra, DC. Similar
to the former. Lfts. cuneate-
oblong : fls. li^in. long ;
calyx gibbous at the base.
Cauc — Under thi^ name
mostly a varietj of C fnites
(■f«>i IS cultivated

CARDIANDRA

243

'rojI?

as long as broad ovary glal i

Spmes2-3m long 1ft 1 1 i i i mmon

peduncle Himil P I i 1 I u i P

dowskii Hort not I I -^til

illes spiny lfts t

seeds brown sp tt i i i i i

Gerardw irr I y ,

ous lit I I I I h pII 1

Himal — ( I ' / 1 11

Branch I lii il

pedicelle 1 > 1 i ^ 1 I J 1 1 \

very distract md cuii u lu km^ i i /

Shu Hort not DC =ouneif olia Dipp — < lis

1 in long lfts 4 rareh more approxin i I te

glabrous fls solitary short pedicelle 1 s I - , „

C K.och = C spinosa — O tragacanth tl in si_ i llts
4-8 cuneate oblong pubescent fls soht iij bhoit pL licelled
ealyx villous pubescent Himal — C tnflora Lindl =C brevi
ulgans Hort =C arborescens

Alfred Rehder

CARAGUATA By the latest

ogripher referred

CAEAMB6LA See A i

irlio

CARAWAY (Cdrum C&rui Lmn ) Umhelliferce
A biennial or annual herb grown for its seeds which
are used m flavoring bread cakes and cheese also oc
casionally for the \oung shoots and leaves which are
eaten It grows a foot or twi high has finely cut pm
nately compound foliage and small white flowers m
umbels It is of the easiest culture The seed is nsu
allv sown in spring and the crop of seed taken the ff 1
lowing year It thrives m any garden soil The plant
occasionally runs wild bee Carum

CARB£NIA (name of doubtful meaning) Compds
tta Blessed Thistle \ monotypic genus allied to
Centaurea and distinguished from it botanicallj by
involucre athenes pappus and anthers Its habit in
the garden is very different from the Bachelor s But
tons being thistle like and more interesting than orna
mental A hardy annual low growing herb rough,
branching and pilose. Once thought to counteract poi-
son. Culture easy. Fit for wild gardens and rockeries.

benedlcta, Adans. {Cdrduus benedlctus. Authors.
('ii)riix hiiiiilii-iiis. Linn. Centaurea benedicta,L,mii.).
Fig. .irkS. Hiiixht J ft.: Ivs. alternate, sinuate-piunatifld,
the l..l„s :iii.l frith spiny: fls. terminal, yellow, 1 in.
Willi-. :Miiiitirr:iiifan regions and Caucasus. Sometimes
cult. ; alsi. rari-ly si-i-ii in waste jilaces iif southern Atlantic
states anil Calif, as a wi-i-il ailvclitive from Eu.

CAEDAMINE ((ireek name of a cress). Cruciferm-
Small perennials growing in low, rich land, blooming in
spring or early summer. Petals obovate or spatulate ;
pods linear and straight, the wingless seeds in 1 row.

prat6nsis, Linn. Cuckoo Flower. Plant slender and
usually glabrous, 12-20 in., somewhat branched : Ivs.
pinnately divided; lfts. of root Ivs. small and rounded
(/^ in. or less across), those of the upper stem-lvs. ob-
long or even linear and entire or somewhat toothed:
fls. % in. long, in a corymb, white or rose-color, pretty.
Eu. and Amer., in the northern parts. — In the gardens
it is chiefly known in the double-fld. form, which prob-
ably has been obtained from European rather than
American sources. There are other forms of it. It is
an excellent little plant to grow in moist places, particu-
larly along creeks and about springs. It is also useful
in drier places, as in rockeries.

anguUta, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5-folio-
late the lfts ovate or oblong and the middle one usu-
ally coarseh toothed fls rtther large white, in short,
few fld racemes Mts of Ore andViash -Int. 1881 by
Gillett

C gemmata int by Pilkington ISQ' is evidently Dentaria
murocarpa L. H. B.

CARDAMON bee 1

and EUttarm.

CARDIANDRA (Greek heart and manor stamen:
alluding to the shape of the anthers) baxifragdcea.
Low deciduous shrul illied to H}drangea with alter-
nate rather lar,.,e hs lis m terminal loose corymbs,
small those ot the margin lar.,e radiant and sterile.
One species m S Jai an and Chin i Tender and suifruti-
cose thriving m an> good garden soil best in a partly
shaded position Prop by greenwood cuttings under
glass

alternifdlia, Sieb. & Zucc. 1-3 ft. : Ivs. broadly ellip-
tic to elliptic-lanceolate, tapering into a very short

244 CARDIANDRA

petiole, coarsely serrate, sparsely pilose, membrana-
ceous, 3-7 in. long : fls. white, tinged red. Summer.
S Z. ee, 67. Alfred Rehder.

CAKDINAI FLOWER. £

Ter'en'^ii^l

CAREX

CARDOON iCynira C«rd«Hc-H?H.s, Linn. ). A thistle-
like plant of southern Europe, cult, for the thick leaf-
stalk and midrib. It is thought to be of the same spe-
cies as the artichoke, and to have been developed from
it by long cultivation and selection. The plant has been
introduced into South America, and has run wild exten-
sively on the pampas. Darwin writes that "no culti-
vated plant has run wild on so enormous a scale as the
Cardoon." From the artichoke it differs in tallv?r and
growth and smaller heads. The Cardoon
is not hardy, and is treated as an
annual. Seeds are sown In spring, either in pots under
glass or in the open where the plants are to stand.
The later sowing is usually preferred. The plants are
given rich soil and should have abundant mi.i,t\irf sup-
ply, for they must make continuous and struHL; irrnwili.
When the leaves are nearly full grown, tli. y ;ir, ti. il tn-
gether near the top, straw is piled aroiui'l tli. Ik ;i,l, mid
earth is banked against it. This is to bhimli tlif plant,
for it is inedible unless so treated. Frum two to fonr
weeks is rec|uired for the blanching. Tin- |.i-..r(iliiic is
not very unlike that adopted for the blaiLc-hin:; of ccliry
or endive. If the plants are late, they may be diiK .iust
before frost and blanched in a storage pit. The plants
are usually grown from 2-3 ft. apart in rows which are
4 ft. apart. They are sometimes grown in trenches, after
the old manner of growing celery. Cardoon is almost
unknown in America, except amongst foreigners.

CARDUUS. For C. benedictus, see Carbenia.

CAREX (name of obscure origin). Cyper&cece.

1 1 uiidreds of grass-like plants in temperate cli-

unisexual, in spikes, the staminate naked

I did by a bract or scale, the pistillate com-

-iiigle pistil enclosed in a thin sac or ]ierigyn-

iiini I 111 two sexes may bi- i'l M,^ -:. i .|.:n:it.-

■-pikes ; and rarely they arr ....''-■■• : iit

diCDcious). Carices are very :ii ' ' i ' i i'-

regions, both in species ami i i; Mmv

of them grow on dry land, but th. I.i:_i i .\v

in low grounds and swales, and oftiii t i : n i ; ili.-
bulkof bog hay (Fig. 300). The sp.-. i. rii

I ult to distinguish because they an- \ 1

the studv of them is usually left to spi. Ill I- ^-n . of
ur broad leaved nati\ ( '.pecies mal \ 11 it 1 il r
md interesting clump in corners about buildings and
ilonf, walls Many of the lowland spi ok ar< <\((IUnt

(» , I u < J ha J urn )ij)i II lulu un
culata ttilpinoidta The following species are in
Amer trade

CABDIOSF^BMUU

white heart-shaped spot

the plant was thought i

pindAce<F. Thirty tropn

herbs, with alternate, 1

If ts., and small white fls

The most popular is the mterestmg Balloon Vine, which

is a rapid-growing, tender annual, curious for its m

flated seed-vessels.

Halic^cabum, Linn. Pig. 359. Height, 10 ft.: stem
and branches grooved: balloons an Inch or more thick.
E. and W. Indies. B.M. 1049.-A general favorite, es-
pecially with children. W. M.

362. Carex Morrowi.

H6TT0wi, Boott. (C. Japdnica, Hort., not Thunb.
C. lenuissima.HoTt. C. amtif&lia, Sort.). Fig. 362.

CARICA

245

aim 1 ft.

Pith

three slender pisfillar<' ^i-il^iv j | in, ioni: i ti-"iii ^ln';iths:
perigvnium small and tinii, si.nirwhat cx.-uiviil, 2-
toothed, glabrous. Jap. U.C. ill. i:j;17.l. K.B. 2U. p. 9.
—A very handsome plant, suited for pots or the border.
The stiff, clean, white-edged foliage keeps in condition
for months, making the plant useful for decorations
in which pot-plants are used. It is perfectly hardy in
central New York, holding its foliage all winter. A use-
ful florists' plant.

tenikria, Hort. {C. thiera, Hort.). Slender but stiff :
Ivs. narrow, rolling more or less when dry; staminate
spikes long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, short-
stalked, short, with few large-turgid, tapering, shining

360. Carex lurida. one of the
(Natural size.)
ri, staminate spike; 6, b, pistillate spikes.

perigynia and awl-like, rough-pointed scales. Probably
Japanese. -Cult, for its stiff foliage. Grows 18-30 in.
high. Allied to the N. Amer. C. hullata, Schk.

Gaudlchaudiina, Kunth (C. vulrjtlris. Fries, var.
Oaudichaudidna, Boon). Culms erect, 1-2 ft. : Ivs. long
and grass-like : staminate lis. in terminal spikes : pis-
tUlate fls. in 2-3 cylindrical,
sessile or subsessile spike
perigynium lenticular, siii;
very short beaked, oti^mn iy
toothed, finely nervi.I. l.iiu
than f

Austral., N. Zeal.-l'Mlu
bog planting.

Fraseri, Andre

no midncrvp,
evergreen : «-iil
high, beariii:;- ;
single whitish
staminate at t<
ovoid, thin am
mountain woods, V:
as C. Fraseriana.-
very remarkable pi

CAElCA (a geographical
name). Passiflor&cece. Papaw.
Small trees, mostly with un-
branched trunks, the juice
milky. Lvs. near the top of the
trunk, alternate, large and vari-
ously lobed, soft, long-stalked :
plant usually dioecious: fls. in
racemes from the leaf -axils, the
staminate funnel-shaped and
bearing 10 anthers on the throat,
the pistillate larger and with 5
distinct petals and 1 pistil with
5-rayed stigma. There are about
20 species, in tropical
They have somewhat the aspect
of palms. Under glass in frosty
countries, the common C. Pa-
paya is frequent, and
is grown for its foliage
and interesting habit
(Fig. 363). In frost-
less countries, this spe-
cies is grown for its
fruit (Pig. 364), which
is oblong or egg-
shaped, a foot or so
long, orange - yellow
when ripe, thick-skin-
ned, with many small
black seeds. The young
fruit is cooked
eaten, and the ripe
fniit is eaten by na-
tives.

L. H. B.

jited

361. Carex longirostris (X J^).

as is a rich loam, having perfect drainage.

jm is succulent and tender, great care is nec-
avoid bruising ; hence pot-grown plants are
mucn to be prefi-rrcil to spellings from the open
ground. Sccils sImmiM h.- sih .tiil from the best and
largest fruits and s'lwn in a will worked bed under a
slight sha<b'. II sr. ds aiv ,|ndr dry ur old, they should
be soaked in waini watir In I'.ur sowing. The seed-
ling plants are di-licate, ami rci|uire close watching at
first to avoid damping-off. Soon as plants are well
up remove the shading, and after the third leaf ap-
pears they may be pricked out into a larger bed, or bet-
ter, potted off in fairly rich soil. After plants are a
few weeks old. and have been shifted once into larger
pots, they may be set permanently outdoors in the
tropics. Caricas seldom branch, but usually grow up-
right like a palm, hence cuttings are not often avail-
able. Sometimes small bramdirs form, and these may
be cut off and as readily rootid as nii-^t tiopical deco-
rative plants, provided the cnitinL' is not too young
and tender. In temperate climatis. t'aricas have been

246

CABICA

CARLUDOVICA

found to be good decorative plants for both
tory and summer bedding, the deeply cut. palmate leaves
forming a striking contrast to ordinary vegetation. In
bedding out. select open, sunny exposure, with perfect
drainage, and make the soil rich and friable. Constant
cultivation with alight hoe will cause a luxuriant growth
under these conditions, and
the planter will be amply re-
paid for his trouble by beau-
tiful, showy specimens as
uni(iue and tropical-appearing

Cult, by E. N. Reasoner.

Papiya, Linn. Papaw.
Melon Papaw. Melon Za-
POTE. Figs. 3C3, 364. Trunk
reaching 20 ft. : Ivs. often L'
ft. across, palmately 7-lobed:
fr. 6-12 in. long and half as
thick, hanging from the lower
axils of the pistillate plant.
Trop. Amer..but widely natu-
ralized. Grows spontaneouslv
in the wild in S. Fla. B.M.
2«98-!l. A. (i. IX: r.n.- The
plant si-i-nis s(.iTictimes to be polygamous (to bear
both kinds of (lowers }. The fruit is used as a
vermifuge and a cosmetic. The juice of the fruit
or the macerated leaves, if rubbed on animal flesh,
make it very tender. It Is best to roll the meat
and leaves together for a few hours. The fruits are
made into sauces or conserves, and are sometimes
eaten raw. The Papaw is variable. C. jjyrifiHrmis,
Hort., has pear-shaped fr. C. atrovioldcea, Hort.,
with purple fr., is evidently only a form of it.

grdcilis, Hort. Larger than C. Papaya, with
finely cut palmate Ivs. with pink veins. A form of C.
Papnija I

CandamarcSnsis, Hook. f. (C. Cundinamarehisis,
Liii'll '. I.'. iimiiiTous, d.ark green above and pale

5-angled, golden yellow, 5-loculed. V. I r I ; M

6198.— "Probably the most hardy -i 1 ;

-makes rapidly a bold foliage plant", tli. i . ,

yellowish flowers being produced hcr< ;illiin \i:ii '
-Franeesi-hi, S. Calif.

quercifdlla, Bciitli. .V: Hook. ( VasconcUla querci-
mill. (St. Hil.). Lvs. shaped like those of the Eng-
lish oak. palmately :i-niTved, ovate or ovate-lance-
olate and sometimes obscurely cordate, the margin
undulate or inequally few-lobed, the lobes
obtuse or the lower ones acute. S. Braz.
and S. — "A quick-growing, hardy kind. ^gS^L
with small fruits, but its large halberd- ,^^*°°^
shaped leaves contain a higher percentage
of papaine, now much used in medicine \
inpreference to pepsin. "—/'ro/iccsc*!. 1

Ardulna, Lam. Amatungula

MARITZr.t'LA

Spines

strong, often 2 in. long: lvs.

ovHtp and s„

icordate.

mucronate, glabrous and entin

: IK, Willi.'. 1

.- corolla

twisted to the right in the bud.

S. .\|r. A eh

■ ic'e ever-

green shrub, rather hardy, with

tllh'k IMIIM'lll.'l

like lvs..

very glossy: Hs. large, fragrant

nne pro-

fusely: fr. dark red. 1-1^
in. long, resembling in fla-
vor red raspberries, and
having a papery skin and
few small seeds. A fine
pot shrub. Well worth ex-
tensive planting in S. Fla.
and Calif. The fruit is said
to be unsurpassed for jam
making.

acuminata, DC. Spines
weak: lvs. smaller, ovate-
acute, subcordate, mucro-
nate : peduncles short,
forked, axillary : fls. with

grandifldra, DC. Natal Plum. Spiny shrub :
Ivs. ovate-acute, tapering to the base : fls. large,
white, fragrant, solitary and terminal, twisted to
the right: fr. red, size of a cherry, good. S. Afr.
B.M. 6307. E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B.

CABLtNA (said to have cured the army of Charle-
magne [Carolinus] of the plague). Comp6sitce. Some
15 or 20 species in the Mediterranean region. Low,
rather coarse annuals, biennials or perennials, with
thisth-like foliage, large white or purplish heads, a
fo:itliery pappus, and chaffy receptacle.

acaiilis, Linn. A small and very dwarf hardy plant:
liiigbt 3-() in. : lvs. glossy, pinnatifid, divided, with
spiny ends: fl. arising barely above the foliage, soli-
tary,' very interesting, the scales surrounding the
llower-head being long and narrow and ray- or petal-
liki-. silkv. shinv: head 6 in. across when expanded.
.Inn.-. .luiy and iate fall. G.C. II. 13:720, 721. -Cult. :
an i.|Hn. sunny place and ordinary garden soil are all
I h. \ i.c|uire. They are capital for the sunny part of
a KH k, ly. Prop, by cuttings or seeds.

J. B. Keller.

CARLUD6VICA (Charles IV., and his Queen
Loiiisii. of Spain I. CuclanthAceai. Palm-like plants
(it 'rro|i. Aiiiir., allied on the one hand to screw
pinis and on the other to aroids. The plants are
mona'cious, the two sexes being on the same spadix,
which is enclosed in a 4-leaved spathe.
Staminate fls. with many stamens and many-
lobed calyx, 4 of them surrounding a pis-

CABlSSA (aboriginal name). ApocynA
€€(e. About 20 very branchy spinose shrubs
of the tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for
ornament or for the edible berry-like fr. Fls. white,
solitary or in cymes ; lobes of calyx and corolla 5, the 5
stamens free and included in the throat, the ovary 2-
loculed : lvs. opposite and thick, simple. In the Old
World sometimes cult, in warmhouses, but in this
country known only in the extreme S. Prop, by seeds
and cuttings of ripe wood.

Car4ndas,Linn. Caraunda. Christ's-Thorn. Ever-
green shrub or small tree, with dark green ovate or
elliptic mucronate entire lvs., strong axillary spines
(which are often forked) and fragrant white fls. in clus-
ters of 2-3, the corolla twisted to the left in the bud :
fr. the size of a cherrv (1 in. in diam.), reddish, pleas-
ant-tasted. India. L. B.C. 7: 663. -Reaches 20 ft. Half
hardy in central Fla. The fruits are eaten from the
hand when ripe, and pickled when green. Might serve
for hedges.

363. Carica Papaya

tillate fl. — the latter have a 4-sided ovary, 4 barren sta-
mens,and 4-lobed calyx: fr.a4-sided, many-seeded berry.
The Carludovicas are usually regarded and treated as
palms bv gardeners. They are useful for decoration.
The family Cyclanthaceae is exclusively American, of

CARLUDOVICA

35-40 species and 4 geuera (Stelestylis, Carludovica,
Ludovia, Cyclanthus) : it is often united witli tlie Pan-
danaceae or screw pine family. l. H. B.

Carludovica palmata is the species most frequently
met with under cultivation. Under favorable conditions
it grows to a height of about 8 feet. All of the kinds
need stove treatment during the winter mouths ; in
summer they may be used for subtropical bedding with
good results. They have a certain palm-like appear-
ance, but the leaves are of a softer texture than any of
the palms. They may be propagated by division, choos-
ing the early spring for the operation. C. palmata seeds
freely. The fruit, when ripe, has an ornamental appear-
ance for a short time after bursting open. The seeds
are very small, and should he carefully washed free from

CARNATION

S-lobed.

247

¥>m^M

365. Carludovica palmata.

the pulp, and sown on the surface of a pan of finely
chopped sphagnum moss. Germination takes place in
two weeks from sowing if kept in a brisk, moist heat.
The species are not particular as to soil, but the drain-
age must be perfect, as the plants require an abundance
of water when growing. q. -^y. Oliver.

A. Zvs. 3-5-lobed.

palmd,ta, Ruiz & Pav. Fig. 365. No trunk : petioles
3-B ft. long, glabrous, terete and unarmed ; blades
4-lobed, the lobes again cut into narrow segments, dark
green, gracefully spreading, and drooping at the mar-
gin. Peru. R.H. 1861, p. 10. -The common species, and
a very useful plant. Panama hats are made from this
plant.

rotundifdlia, H. Wendl. Much like the last, but more
compact under cult., owing to the shorter petioles, but
growing much larger: petiole distinctly pubescent:
leaf -blade large and orbicular, 3- or 4-lobed. Costa Rica.
B.M. 7083.

^legans, Williams. Blades with 4 or 5 lobes, which
are very deeply cut into straight strap-like divisions.
Probably of horticultural origin.

atrdvirens, H. Wendl. Blades very deeply 2-lobed and
very deep, rich green (whence the name, dark green),
glabrous. Colombia.

htlmilis, Poepp. & Endl. Dwarf : blades angular,
2-lobed at the summit, the segments more or less jagged
but not divided, a foot or less broad. Colombia. R.H.
1869, p. 327. -One of the best.

Plumerii, Kunth (C. palmaifdha, Sweet). Caudex
erect : blades with 2 lanceolate and plicate divisions,
bright green above and pale beneath: spadices pendu-
lous. Martinique.

imperiilis, Lind. & Andr^. Caudex short and pros-
trate : blades with 2 ovate-lanceolate entire segments,
with very prominent veins, the lobes about 5 in. wide
and shining green; petiole purplish, canaliculate, tumid
atthebase. Equador. I. H. 21:166 (by error 165).

L. H. B.

CARNATION {Did nthus Carxjophyllus, Linn.). Cary-
ophymcea-. Pigs. 366, 367. Half-hardy perennial, her-
baceous, suffrutescent at base: height 2 ft.: stem
branching, with tumid joints : Ivs. linear, glaucous,
opposite : lis. terminal, solitary ; petals 5, tiesh-col-
ored, very broad, beardless margins toothed ; calyx
cylindrical, with scaly bracts at base. June-August.
Native of .southern Eu.; occasionally met in the wild
state in England, where it was introd'uced through cul-
tivation.

Theophrastus, who lived about 300 years B.C., gave
the name Dianthus (Greek Dios, divine; anthos, tlower)
to the genus, probably suggested by the delightful fra-
grance. The specific name (_'aryophyllus (Greek, Cannon,
nut; and phijUoti, leaf) has been applied to the clove
tree (Cariiophtjllus aromaticus), and because of the
clove like fragrance of the Carnation, this name was
applied to the species ; otherwise it would have no sig-
nificance. The name Carnation (Latin, carnatio, from
caro. carnis, tiesh) has reference to the flesh-color of
the flowers of the original type. This plant has been in
cultivation more than 2,000 years, for Theophrastus
(History of Plants, 300 B.C.) says : "The Greeks cul-
tivate roses, gillyflowers, violets, narcissi, and iris,"
gillyflower being the old English name for the Carna-
tion. It was not, however, until the beginning of the
sixteenth century that the development of the Carnation
into numerous varieties made an impression upon its
history. The original flesh-color of its flowers was
already broken up into its component colors, red and
white. The gardeners of Italy, France, Germany, Hol-
land and England, with their respective ideals of beauty
in this flower, contributed so many varieties that in
1597 Gerard wrote that "to describe each new variety of
carnation were to roll Sisyphus' stone or number the
sands."

There were many attempts at classification, but most
of them, like the varieties they serve, have disappeared.
Two of them are as follows : The French scheme ar-
ranged all varieties into three classes, thus: — Gretiadins
(Fig. 368), including those with strong perfumes, flow-
ers of medium size, either single or double, petals
fringed, and of but one color ; Flamands, including
those with large flowers, round and double, rising in
the center to form a convex surface, petals entire, either
unicolored or striped with two or more colors ; Fancies,
including those with colors arranged in bands on light
grounds, the petals toothed or not. The English classi-
fication of these varieties makes four categories : Selfs,
or those possessing only one color in the petals ; Flakes,
or those having a pure ground of white or yellow and
flaked or striped with one color, as scarlet, purple or
rose ; Bizarres. or those having a pure ground marked
as in the Flakes, but with two or three colors ; and
Picotees, or those having a pure ground of white or
yellow, and each petal bordered with a band of color at
the margin. This last class has been regarded with the
distinction of a race.

In the early part of the nineteenth century English
gardeners exercised very great care, in the growing of
Carnations, to m.-iture only perfect flowers. Imperfect
and superfluous petals were extracted with forceps ;
petals appearing out of place were arranged in a per-

'Z4:» CARNATION

feet imbrication ; the calj'x tube was cut partly down
between the teetli, to prevent excessive splittinjr at one
side and to give more freedom to the expansion of the

i\ under glass for win-

1*40 as a distinct race

lis. A French gardener,

flower. These and many more tedious details seem to
have wrought the downfall of this sweet flower about
the middle of the nineteenth century.

All the foregoing has reference to those types of Car-
nations which are but little known or grown in America
at the present day. The varieties so common in Europe
are usually kept in coldframes or coolhouses during
the winter, and as spring approaches the plants are
brought into their blooming quarters, for no flower is
expected to appear until the month of July, when there
is a great profusion of blossoms, but for a short season.
Therefore, they cun all he classed as a summer nice.
They are also grou n |m rm mi rn ly in the open.

PERPETUAL-FI.||^^ I i . \ 1 ION (Remontant.

Monthly, or Tn-.- , i . . ,, ...ns so common in
America, and gn.wn .. >
ter cut-flowers, ori^iimitri
of Perpetual-flowering Ci
M. Dalmais, according to M. Jean Si:
tained the first real constant-blooming Carnation, which
was called Atim, and sent out in 1844. It was the result
of artificially crossing Oeillet de Mahon. or St. Martin,
because it was regularly bloomed in November, with
pollen from Oeillet Biohon. The first gain was crossed
with Flemish Carnation with repetition. In 1840 he
obtained a great number of varieties of all colors.
M. Schmitt, a distinguished horticulturist of Lyons, fol-
lowed in the work, and obtained several fine varieties,
like Arc-en-ciel and BloHe Polaire, which were culti-
vated for several years. The next enthusiast who aided
materially in the development of this new race of Car-
nations was M. Alphonse Alegatiere, who, by careful
crossing, obtained varieties with stiff stems. About
1866 the number of such varieties was increased, and as
a class they received the name of Tree Carnations, but
in America they were more generally termed the Monthly
Carnations. The earliest importation of this race of
varieties into America seems to have been made in 18G8,
and included such varieties as Edwardsii, President
Degraw, La Purite and Variegated La Purite, and for a
period of ten years were grown as pot plants for sum-
mer or winter blooming. About 1875 bench culture was

CARNATION

introduced in coolhouses, and was attended with such
marked success that soon entire greenhouses were de-
voted to the cultivation of the Carnation, and there arose
the carnation specialist, or carnationist, the latter title
being used first, in 1892, with such men as Starr,
Swayne, Tailby and Dorner. There are now about 500
distinct varieties in this country, all of Americail origin.
The winter forcing of Carnations is now more highly
developed in America than anywhere else in the world.
For sketches of the evolution of the Carnation, particu-
larly of the American cut-Hower race, see Bailev, "Sur-
vival of the Unlike."

Pro/xiyn/ioii. — Theperpetual-flowering Carnations are
propagated by cuttings (Fig. 369). The best "wood " for
this purpose is found in the lateral shoots at the base of
thrifty branches ; shoots appearing high on the flower-
ing stem are not desirable. No cuttings should be taken
from stems bearing small, sickly, or poorly colored
flowers. Diseased plants, and plants which have been
greatly stimulated and forced in a high temperature,
should also be avoided in propagation. The material for
cuttings is pulled from the plants by a lateral move-
ment, and in this condition, — that is, without further
cutting or trimming, — is considered by many propaga-
tors as ready for the sand-bench ; others remove a por-
tion of the leaves or the tips of the long ones. Cuttings
are successfully made from December 1 to May 1.
Growers choose different portions of this period for
the best results. February is, perhaps, most frequently
chosen. The cuttings are usually planted in sand-
benches to be rooted, either in a separate propagating
house or upon a portion of bench prepared for the pur-
pose in the regular Carnation house. For a limited num-
ber of cuttings, "flats" may be used and placed where
they will receive proper treatment. The temperature in
which cuttings are best rooted is 50° F. for the first few
days, then increased to 55° or 60° F. During sunshine
the young cuttings are shaded, and at all times mois-
ture is carefully regulated, to avoid the "damping off"
fungus and the flagging of the cuttings. In about four
weeks a good bunch of roots will be formed, and the
cuttings are transplanted into small pots or flats. They
are then kept in coolhouses (45 to 50° F.) until it is
possible to plant them in the field. Propagation by lay-

^'^'

ering is practiced abroad (Fig. 370), but is too slow for
American conditions. Plants are grown from seed only
when it is desired to obtain new varieties.

CARNATION

Summer Trentmetit. -The yonng plants are carefully
hardened in the spring, to enable them to be planted
in the open field in May. Various soils have given
good results. A sandy soil yields fine plants if a drought

CARNATION

249

does not prevail

clay

make short, stiff
plants, which are slow to
yield flowers in the fall ;
a sandy loam is the best
soil

The field soil is well pre-
pared by applying a liberal
quantity of well-
rotted manure or
an equivalent in
— i commercial ferti-
^--^ lizer, plowing
deeply and har-
A y rowing thorough-

ly. The plants are
then set, as soon
as danger from heavy frosts is
past, putting them 10 inches
apart, m rows 12 inches apart
if to be worked entirely by
hand, and 3 feet apart if to be
worked with horse and culti-
Throughout the summer
the plants are kept free from
weeds and frequently culti-
vated. No blossoming by plants
intended for winter flowering
is permitted. All rising shoots
are cut back to 2-4 inches as
fast as they appear. Such prun-
about August 1 to 10.
In the month of September the
plants are lifted and planted
upon the benches. Some grow-
ers transplant with "balls" of
ground, others without any soil
clinging to the roots.

Winter Treatment. -The Car-
nation house usually stands east
and is provided with
both raised and solid benches.
Much experience and a long
have resulted in
the conclusion that some varie-
ties of Carnations should be
planted on raised benches and
others on solid benches. The
soil is prepared some time pre-
, Carnation. Ti«"S t", "« "^e with three-
(X %.) fourths loam and one-fourth

well-rotted manure, turning
several times to thoroughly mix the elements. About
September 1 it is placed on tbe benches, enough to be
4 or 5 inches deep when settled. The plants are set 8
to 12 inches apart each way, watered thoroughly, and
syringed frequently until established. Staking is nec-
essary to keep the branches off the ground and the flow-
ers above the foliage. Various arrange-
ments of wires and strings are devised.
The use of plant-stakes has been universally
abandoned.

The temperature of the Carnation house
is maintained at 50 to 55° F. at night and
about 10° warmer in the daytime, during
the whole winter. The proper use of water
maintains a healthy growth, ensures sub-
stantial flowers, and prevents red spider.
On bright days the houses are freely
syringed. Fertilizers are used with great
liberality on the plants in ihe benches, and
with good results. Liquid manures from
horse, cow, sheep or hen droppings, diluted 369. Cama-
to the color of weak tea, are applied about (jon cutting,
once a week, beginning about January 1,
or a mulch of well-rotted cow manure is put over the
ground after the plants become well set. Disbudding is
practiced to produce large flowers on stiff stems.

Carnations are not very seriously annoyed by insects
or fungous diseases. The red spider is usually kept

368. Grenadii

under control by syringing judiciously with water, and
the greenfly by fumigation with rose-leaf extract or the
use of tobacco stems on the floor of the house. Three
fungous diseases have recently become annoying ; viz.,
rust (Uromyces caryophyllituis, Schr.), anthracnose
( Vohitella sp.), and spot or blight (Septoria Diantlii,
Desm). The best treatment is to destroy diseased plants
and to spray the rest with Bordeaux mixture.

Varieties are constantly changing. The following
represent the common range of variation :

White-Lizzie McGowan (Fig. 372j, Ivory, Alaska,
Uncle John, Flora Hill, White Cloud.

Pink-Wm. Scott Daybreak (Fig. 374), Albertini,
Bridesmaid, Delia Fox, Triumph, Victor.

Scarlet- Hector. Portia, Dazzle, Jubilee (Fig. :!7.1).

Variegated - Minnie Cook, Helen Keller, Mrs. Geo.
M. Bradt, Armazindy.

Yellow— Eldorado, Buttercup, Mayor Pingree, Gold
Nugget.

Crimson— Meteor, Tidal Wave, Cartledge.

Carnations in Pots. -For pot culture, the Carnation
is propagated and treated as previously described in
field culture up to the time of lifting the plants, when
they are taken up and planted singly in pots. — 4-. 5-

6-, or 7-inch sizes, suiting them to the size of the plants.
If the heading-back was not continued too late in the
field, many plants may be in bud in October and be
excellent specimens for fall sales. The bulk of the
potted plants, however, are intended for spring sales,
and are carried over the winter in well-built coldframes,
left uncovered as long as fine weather will permit ;
frosts and even light freezes will not hurt the plants.
At the approach of severe weather, sashes are covered
over the plants, but on mild days liberal ventilation is
given, and during extreme winter cold additional cov-
ering is placed over the frames. About the first of
March these plants are brought into a coolhouse, and
one month later they are graced with a profusion of
buds and blossoms ; with proper care they will continne
to flower throughout the summer. The varieties pre-
ferred for pots are those of dwarf habit, with stems stiff
enough to hold up the flowers without staking. In
color, the varieties known as "fancies " are usually more
salable than those with single colors. Varieties recom-
mended for pot culture are Portia, Mrs. Fisher, Grace
Wilder, Buttercup, American Flag, Robert Craig,
E. G. Hill.

Other Carnations. — Aside from the forcing Carna-
tions, the following groups receive attention in this
country:

Carnation, Malmaison. -This is a group of varieties
grown in Europe. It is said (Revue Horticole, 18K8) that
the original variety of the group was taken from La Mal-
maison in the time of Napoleon I. It was pure white in
color, but now all the shades of red are in the group.
The flowers are very large, even 6 inches in diameter
with good culture, the plants are dwarf, very florifer-

250

CARNATION

ous, but not constant bloomers, never seeding. The
stems are strong and straight. Usually propagated by
cuttings or layers.

Carnation, Victoria. — A group of varieties under this
name originated with M. Benary, Erfurt, Germany, in
1879 (Revue Horti'-olc Isiini. probably descendants
from Souvenir d.- h^ M ,:i, , i- .i, , » liieh it closely re-
sembles, but of gii ;ii. . , . I , ,»<!• of a firmer calyx.
All the colors of ( ,11 i-i.sented; petals are

large, finely fringcil. I h. pi ini i- .Iwurf, not remontant.
Propagated by layers or cuttings. The members of this
group, as of the pi-eceding, have not received much
attention in this country.

Carnation, Marguerite (Fig. 3711. — A comparatively
new class of Carnations. Origin not definitely known;
supposed to have been in somewhat obscure cultivation
in Italy and Algeria a very long time. The plants are
generally raised from seed, and blossom in about four
months. A very large majority of flowers come double
or semi-double, strongly clove-scented, deeply fringed ;
color red, pink or white. The plant is dwarf, 10-15
inches high, compact, erect, branching. It is a constant
bloomer, but in quality the flowers are far inferior to
the Perpetual-flowering Carnation. The Marguerite
Carnations are highly prized for massing in summer
beds, and are treated as annuals. George C. Bctz.

Commercial Carnation Culture. — Carnation cul-
ture can be divided into three parts or periods — propa-
gation of the young plants during the winter and early
spring months ; the summer culture, generally carried
on in the field or garden, for the growing of the young
plants to a stage of maturity suitable for the transfer
to the houses in the fall ; and the winter or bouse cul-
ture, which is often prolonged throngli spring and early
summer, depending on the condition of plants and va-
riety. Of late, experiments have been made with summer
culture under glass, a subject which is treated below.

To make the mode of cultivation more comprehensi-
ble, it will be well to speak first of the habit of the Car-
nation in general, for there is a great difference in
growth and blooming of the different varieties, without
making one variety or the other less profitable. Al-
though the same treatment may be app''^*d- a slight
deviation from general rules may often )»■ |.r:ii-tii'iil and
more fitting to certain varieties. \\ . i: >! hhmhj ,,ur
present varieties some with a mores]. 1. . j. j-liiii,'
growth, as Daybreak, while others lt n i . i ; rrt,
as Jubilee. We find early and lat.- M .i:.. r- ; --me
that are continuous bloomers, as lira. (ico. Jl. Bradt,
and others that show a tendency to "crop", while with
some varieties the coming off crop and the new coming-
in are so linked together that it will only be noticed by a
less quantity and smaller flowers, as in White Cloud;
with others it is somarked that often an interval of from
four to six weeks, or an entire cessation of blooming,
will take place, as in Bridesmaid. In the aggregate,
the continuous bloomer and the cropper may furnish
the same number of flowers through the season, and,
under circumstances, one may be as pi-ofltable as the
other.

Propagation can be carried on from January to May.
Earlv propagation is preferable, as often in April warm
weather will interfere with good results. When the
plants are expected to commence to bloom early in fall

CARNATION

and furnish a good quality of blooms, early propagation
is a necessity. Late-blooming varieties, when propa-
gated earlj', advance their time for blooming consider-
ably. Late-propagated plants may have to be trans-
ferred from the propagating bed to the field at a time
when the hot weather will prove very severe on the
little plants ; they are deprived of the advancing spring
growth, and consequently make little headway through
the hot summer months, but will make good plants for
late blooming, or, when not allowed to bloom, will fur-
nish excellent cuttings for early propagation.

Any young shoots not advanced into bud formation,
but seeming to be capable of producing a good flower in
time, will, as a cutting, make a good plant. If the bud
has commenced to form, even only to half the size
of a pinhead, it is bound to develop ; it retards root
formation, and when eventually roots are formed, all
the nourishment taken up is used to mature that bud.
Such cuttings, doubtful at their taking, but which will in
time develop a flower-bud, are not to be necessarily
classed as bad cuttings if, at the first symptoms, the
bud is removed ; when left to develop it may still make
a plant after a lapse of two or three months, but time is
lost. In general, the strongest and best cuttings are
found at the base of the flower-stem ; those that appear
upon the flower stem are of an inferior quality, and will in
time show symptoms of degeneration; the same will be
the case when taken from exhausted blooming plants.
For this reason the late-propagated plants, whose growth
has been made through the late fall months, and where
the flower stems are removed as fast as they appear,
and the whole strength thrown into the young shoots
appearing below the break, will furnish the best cut-
tings. The plant is in quite a different stage of growth
when producing new shoots, and when young shoots-
cuttings— are produced only in connection with the ma-
turingof flowers. This wilflead tothe conclusion that to
produce the best cuttings, a separation of the culture for
flowers and the culture for cuttings is the best solution.
A cutting should have an average length of 4 inches,
with at least 1-inch clean stem. When taken off close from
the branch or stem out of the axil of a leaf, no further
trimming of the heel is necessary except an occasional
removing of some wood fibers that may adhere from the
break. When the shoot is too long and demands a cut
with the knife, the cut should be made at or right above
a joint, so that the two leaves can be peeled off and leave
a clean heel. If cut too h igh above a joint, the stem gets
too hard ; if below, the bark will be peeled off with the
leaves, and gives occasion to rot. Leaves should be re-
moved as far as the cutting is inserted in the sand,
and the top of the leaves shortened, so as not to give too
much surface to evaporation.

The propagating bed should be filled with ,S inches of
clean, sharp sand, not too coarse, and well packed.
When the cuttings are to be inserted, a line should be
drawn with a knife to the required depth of about 1
inch, the cutting inserted and the sand pressed on. A
tile or brick bottom in the propagating bed is much su-
perior to a common wooden bottom ; it assures better
drainage and less danger of fungus. The utmost clean-
liness should be observed in a propagating house, and
no decaying matter be allowed to lie around. Water is
needed every two or three days when the bench has
good drainage. The house should be shaded either from
the outside with a whitewash of white lead and
coal oil, or on the inside with a light white mus-
lin. Ventilation is advisable whenever the
temperature comes near to 60°; general tem-
perature 55°, and all available means should be
employed to keep it at that point. Day tem-
perature may be two or three degrees above,
and night temperature as much below.

Average time to root Carnation cuttings is
four weeks, and depends much on the variety.
Mary Wood may root in two weeks, while it may
take six weeks to root Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt. In
a higher temperature, cuttings will root more
quickly, but it is not advisable, as it increases
■"^ »he danger of cutting-bench fungus and soft-
ns the young plants.

As soon as rooted, transplant into a light soil
nriched with well decomposed manure— none

CARNATION'

other should be used — in a light, well-ventilated house,
either on benches, in flats or small pots, the latter pref-
erable, as early-rooted plants can be shifted into larger
pots, and the later-rooted be just in good shape for the
transfer to the field. Temperature the same as in the
propagating house, but when the j-oung plants become
well established may be kept 5° lower.

The ground for the field or summer culture should be
well prepared, and any working in it be avoided when
too wet: planting to be done as soon as the weather will
permit. A good spring growth is of the greatest advan-
tage, especially if good plants are wanted tor early fall
blooming. Late spring frosts will not injure the plants,
and a cool atmosphere is more congenial to a good
growth than the hot summer weather, when growth is
comparatively slow ; plants to stand at least 15-18
inches apart each way, or at any greater di:

CARNATION

251

through a drought than when resort is had to watering.
Watering, unless it can be done thoroughly and kept
up, should not be resorted to, and only as a last measure
in a severe drought.

When the plants attain the height of 5-6 inches, top-
ping should be
commenced a

long a s the
plants remain in
the field. This
operation is tor
the purpose of
removing the

wTere' buds
are forming, or

the mode of cultiv.ating the
soil to be adopted may re-
iiuire. From the time of
planting, as soon as a crust
forms after a rain it
should be broken and the
surface of the soil kept in
a mellow condition to a
depth of 2 inches through-
out the summer ; any
deeper cultivating is in-
jurious rather than bene-
ficial to the plants. A
thorough cultivating will not only destroy weeds, but
will keep the soil in condition in which it retains mois-
ture the longest, and will carry the plants much better

374. Carnation, Daybreak.

where a part of the plant grows out of proportion to
the other, to force the plant to grow into a symmetrical,
bushy form. At the same time, care must be taken not
to cut any more than the purpose of topping calls tor,
for the plant is just as dependent on all its leaves as on
its roots. Any bloom is at the expense of the fall and
winter crop, for it retards the growth of the plant and
uses up energy that is wanted at a more desired time.
The transfer from the field to the house for the fol-
lowing winter culture is an ordeal to the plants and
much anxiety to the grower. If early flowers are wanted,
an early transfer has to be made — as early as the latter
part of August and beginning of September. Late-
rooted plants, that had not the chance of any spring
growth, should be given the benefit of a fall growth and
be transferred later.

252 CARNATION

The preparation o£ the soil for the benches in the
houses should be commenced the year before. If pos-
sible, select a piece of sod — but other ground will an-
swer—give it a good coat of stable manure and plow
under. In the spring, add more manure or any fertilizer
that the soil may mostly require, especially bone, wood-
ashes and lime, if not already in the soil, plow again,
and repeat the plowing two or three times during the
summer. As to the texture of the soil, a loam that con-

tains some clay without making it too heavy, is prefer-
able. It requires a rich soil and, therefore, the prepara-
tion has to be commenced in time, so that the manures
become decomposed and well incorporated, ready for
assimilation.

Light, roomy houses, with good ventilation, are re-
quired to insure a bountiful crop. Whether solid or
raised benches, especially for the latter, fresh soil is re-
quired every season. Good drainage and an even fill-
ing and packing of the soil insures an even, healthy
growth. Strong-growing varieties should be planted
12-15 inches each way, less strong ones closer ; any
crowding, when not diminishing the quantity of flowers
to the square foot, will certainly degrade the quality of
the same. Transplanting is an ordeal for the plants,
and has to be done with the greatest care and dispatch,

CARNATION

especially as the ordeal is often aggravated by hot
weather during early transplanting. Points to be ob-
served are, in the first place, a careful lifting. When the
ground is sandy and loose, the ground may be shaken
off, but when hard and baked, so there is danger of
breaking the roots, it is better to leave a ball. In setting,
plants should be cleaned of all decaying leaves, and
buds removed. Place the plants in a natural position by
spreading the roots out over a little mound formed in
the excavation made for the plant, and press the ground
on firmly. Any deeper planting than the plants have
stood in the fields invites stem-rot. Water well after
transplanting, after that more sparingly, as a too wet,
cloggy soil will retard root-formation. Other precau-
tions to facilitate the establishing of the plants are
shading of the house, and reduction of ventilation to a
minimum. A moist, cool air, even if close, that other-
wise would be injurious, has to be employed to prevent
a too strong enervating evaporation from the leaves — in
other words, to prevent wilting. An occasional syring-
ing two or three times a day will give enough moisture
to the soil after the first watering, and keeps a moist
atmosphere. When plants showing signs of having
formed new roots become established, any of the pre-
cautions employed to gain this end become injurious.
The shading is to be gradually removed, ventilation in-
creased, syringing reduced, and a normal treatment of
growing plants assumed. House culture may be summed
up as follows: Average night temperature 55°, day tem-
perature on cloudy days 60° to 65°. When over60°, ven-
tilation should be given, and increased when necessary
to retain the desired point. Fresh air is a necessity,
and ventilators should be opened whenever it is practi-
cable to do so. All syringing is to be avoided and the
water applied to the soil below the plants. Water should
be given freely when needed, and care be taken to make
the wateringthorough,reachingthe bottomof the bench.
Glass roof should be kept clean, so the plants will de-
rive the benefit of every moment's sunshine. Cultivat-
ing the soil, with the exception of a mere scratching, is
of more injury than benefit, as it will destroy the white
roots coming near the surface in quest of food.

The principles of support are to hold the body of the
plant off from the soil for a free circulation of air un-
derneath, and to support the flower stems in a way so
as not to impair the plant in its freedom of growth, and
leave free access to cut the blooms with any desired
length of stem.

The Carnation is rather a heavy feeder, and quantity
and quality of blooms depend largely on the nourish-
ment supplied. The necessity for feeding depends on
the richness of the soil, and to avoid a disastrous over-
feeding, food has to be applied judiciously— rather weak
and often than too strong at a time. Feeding can be
done with a mulch of well decomposed manure, or best,
with prepared liquid manure. If it can be arranged so
a part of the liquid manure could be given with each or
every other watering, best results will follow and danger
of overfeeding be avoided. In the preparation of liquid
manure, it is best to take fresh cow-manure as a base
and add any other ingredients desirable, as chicken
manure, bone meal, sulfate of potash : liut avoid any-
thing that contains lime, as lime will set free the valua-
ble ammonia.

Summer culture under glass has been experimented
with in late years, but with no generally satisfactory re-
sults. The hot, close, greenhouse air is against it ; the
plants grow, as greenhouse plants do, soft and drawn, not
to be compared with the sturdy, short-jointed, hardier
outdoor growth, so productive of a good crop. Indoor-
grown plants lack the foundation gained in the field.
True, the plants will not have the set-back of a trans-
planting, but better results have to be shown before
this mode of summer culture will become general.

Every year new varieties are produced and introduced,
superseding older ones. A list of the varieties grown
at present may be useless in three or four years, so we
mention only the best grown now. Among the whites,
Lizzie McGowan ( Fig. 372 ) has been a standby, but White
Cloud now stands as the best. Maceo is the best deep
red or maroon yet produced ; a very free and continu-
ous bloomer. In the scarlets. Jubilee (Fig. 37:i) wants
first place, but indications are that it will be superseded

CARNATION

by G. H. Crane. Among the light pinks, Daybreak
(Pig. 374) is still a standby, but there are some among
the new ones that will, to all appearance, push it into
the background. In the dark pinks, Scott yet claims the
honors, but Mrs. Francis Joost, as the newer variety,
may succeed to its place. In yellow. Gold Nugget is
conceded the best. Mayor Pingree is a good large flower,
but rather of a pale color, and a shy bloomer. The
Carnation par excellence is Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt, white
striped scarlet — an even, continuous bloomer through-
out the whole season ; a tine, large flower, admired
wherever grown. P^^^ Dokner.

CAKOB. See Ceratonia.

CAROLINA ALLSPICE. See Cuhjcanlhus.

CARPEL. One of the separable or component parts
of a compound pistil. See Floivei:

CARPENTARIA ( after Professor Carpenter, of Louisi-
ana). Saj:ifnifidce(p. Evergreen shrub, with rather large
opposite Ivs.: rts. large, in terminal, looseeorymbs; calyx
5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens numerous ; ovary almost
superior, o-O-celled : fr. a many-seeded dehiscent cap-
sule. One species in Calif. A highly ornamental ever-
green shrub, with very large, white and fragrant fls.,
but not hardy north. It requires a well-drained, light
andsandy soil, and sunny, somewhat sheltered position;
it especially dislikes moisture during the winter, and its
perishing is often more due to an excess of moisture
than to the cold. Prop, by greenwood cuttings under
glass in summer, and by suckers, which it produces
freely; also, by seeds, sown in spring.

Calif6nuca, Torr. Shrub, 6-10 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lanceo-
late, entire or remotely denticulate, bright green above,
whitish-tomentose beneath, 2— I in. long: fls. pure white,
2}4-3 in. in diam., fragrant ; petals orbicular, concave.
June, July. B.M.6911. Gn. 31: 581, and 54,p.248. G.C.
11,26:113. R.H.1884, p..^65. J.H. 111,29: 251.

AliFEED EEHDEK.

CARPET BEDDING. See Bedding.

CARPlNUS (ancient Latin name). Cupuliferm (or
Bvliiliieni ). Hornbeam. Tree, of medium size, some-
times shrubby: Ivs. deciduous, petioled, alternate, ser-
rate; stipule? deciduous: tis. in catkins, appearing with
the Ivs.; staminate catkins pendulous, each scale bear-
ing 3-13 stamens, 2-forked at the apex ; pistillate cat-
kins terminal, slender, each scale bearing two ovaries,
the bracts and bractlets of which develop into a large,
leafy, more or less 3-lobed bract, embracing the small,
nut-like fruit at the base. About 8 species in C. and E.
Asia, 2 in Europe and W Asia and 1 in N and C Amer
Hardy, ornamental tree, usually with dense, lound
head, and of somewhat slow growth. The wood is \ery
hard and close grained, and much used in making tools
andothersmi'l irtuhs The h uidscni. f..li ig. is i iieh
attacked I \ n i i 1 n 'I i 1 1 i

color in f
large h s

elegant In II i i i

well, and i i i wi i ,1 I i i l.ul li.iU . u I ilis
European spcLies was foimerlj muth ustd in the old
formal gardens foi this purpose; the latterinakes, also,
an excellent game cover, as it retains its withered foli-
age almost thioughout the whole winter The^ glow m
almost any soil, and e\en lu iIm n Kn situ itions
Prop, by seeds, sown iisu ilh in till „i i iimi iiiii.; \ pi \
Irregularlj , if the^ do nut s| ut\^ u). tin liist sj iiii_'
the seed bed should be comimi until flu t )II..\miu'
spring with moss oi leat mold to keep the soil moist
If intenilt d fdi hedges, the seedlings should be trans-
phiuteil .iftei the fii st -^eai, and allowed sufBcient space
to prevent them from growing into slender, tall plants,
unfit for hedges. The varieties of rarer species are
grafted in spring under glass, or in the open air on
seedlings of one of the common species.

CaroIiiiitaa,Walt.(C. J)Hf)-iV()»f/.Michx.). American
Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Fig. 376. Bushy tree, rarely
40 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, usually rounded at the base,
acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, glabrous at
length, except in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-4 in.

CARRIERIA

253

ioiig; fruit clusters pednncled, 2-4 in. long: bracts ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, %-l in. long, with 2 broad and short
inequal lateral lobes, and a much longer middle lobe,
usually serrate only on one margin. E.N. America, west
to Minnesota and Texas; also, in Mexico and C. Amer.
S.S. 9:447. Em. 1 : 199. -Bushy tree, with dense, but

slender and often somewhat pendulous branches, and
dark bluish green foliage, changing to scarlet or orange-
yellow in fall.

B^tulus, Linn. European Hornbeam. Tree, to 60 or
70 ft. : Ivs. similar to those of the former, cordate or
rounded at the base, ovate or oblong-ovate, of somewhat
thicker texture, and the veins more impressed above:
fruit-clusters 3-5 in. long : bracts over 1}^ in. long, with
ovate, lateral lobes, and much longer oblong-lanceolate
middle lobe, the margins almost entire or remotely den-
ticulate. Europe to Persia. — The most remarkable of the
garden forms are the following; Var. inclsa. Ait. (var.
quercifoUu, Desf.). Lvs. incised or lobed, smaller. Var.
fastigiita, Hort. Of upright growth. Var. purpurea,
Hort. Lvs. purplish when young, green at length. It
grows into a taller tree than the American species, though
the former is of more vigorous growth when young ;
the foliage turns ^pII( w m fall, and remains on the tree
throughout tlit w mtt i

O Auuiuati'i Ml li\ ( * iinlimana— C corddta Blme
To 40 »t hs 1 1 ]\ ,1 I \ itB or oblong ovate with 14-20
pins ,,t \ 111 I 11 i I 111 Min.liuru (, P 8 295

Al FKEli KfHIiFR

CABRI£RIA (after E A. Carri^re, prominent French
horticulturist and botanist, died 1896). Buatur De
ciduous trees, with alternate, long-petioled, glabrous
lvs., resembling in appearance the genus Idesia. Two
species, recently discovered in China, of which one, C.
calyclna, Franch., has been introduced. It is a tree to
50 ft. high, with rather large, oval or obovate Ivs. and
apetalous fls. with 5 large sepals in few-fid. terminal
racemes. It will be probablv of the same hardiness and
culture as Idesia. R. H. 1896, p. 498.

Alfred Rehdek.

254

CARROT

CAHBOT (Da WCHS Cfflcdta, Linn.). Umbeltifera. A
native of the Britisii Isles, and one of tlie bad intro-
duced weeds of eastern North America (Fig. 377). The
improved succulent-rooted garden varieties are believed
to be descended from the same stock, though this has
been denied. It seems probable that the horticultural
improvement of the species was begun in Holland, and
it is said that the cultivated forms were introduced
thence into the gardens of England during the reign of
Queen Elizabeth. The Carrot is now very generally,
though not extensively, cultivated everywhere, both for
culinary purposes and for stock-feeding. It is some-
times forced under glass, but to no great extent. Car-
rots are most useful in culinary practice for soups,
stews, and salads, and as this class of cookery has
never been reasonably popular in America, this vege-
table has not received the attention it deserves.

The Carrot requires a loose, friable, warm soil, in the
very best mechanical condition, and especially for the
early crop of tender spring roots, this needs to be lib-
erally fertilized with weli-rotted stable manure and
some rapidly available potash fertilizer. Seed for the
first crop of Carrots should be sown as soon as the
ground is warm and dry enough, in rows 1-2 feet
apart. As they germinate slowly, the land should be
free of weeds. When they are large enough to be
thinned, the plants are decimated to stand 2-3 inches
apart in the rows. Careful, clean cultivation is requi-
site, and drought is to be especially avoided, even at the
cost of any practicable irrigation. Later crops, and
Carrots grown for stock feed, may be sown in May or
early June, and treated like the early sowing. When
the young roots are ready for market they are pulled
and tied in bunches of six or ten or a dozen (Fig. 378).
In the early spring, when a considerable appetite for
green stuff can be depended on, a great many young
Carrots are shipped north from southern gardens.
Well-ripened roots of the fall crop may be stored in
pits or in the root-cellar. The Carrot has no enemies of
importance.

The varieties of Carrots differ chieHy in respect to
size and ^'riiin, wiHi d iiim-nces in earliness closely cor-
related. I'l . ' III- favorite varieties:

FrenrI, I i l„-t Short Horn). -One of the

smallest .ml . ,rh. -i , loot small, almost globular,
orange-red.

iJaiii'ecs. — Cylindrical stump-rooted, medium large,
dark orange, flne-grained ; the favorite all-purpose
variety.

Ozheart — Medium size, oval, rather light colored,
fine gram and flavor , recentlv mtroduced from France,
and quite successful

V

of wild Carrot.

Halt-long Scarlet.— Top small, roots medium size,
cylindrical pointed ; much used for bunching.

Harly Scarlet Morn. -Top small, roots half-long,
somewhat oral, smooth, fine grain and flavor; a favorite
garden sort.

Large White Belgian. — Very large and rather coarse,
whitish; principally grown for stock-feeding.

P. A. Waooh.

CARYOPTERIS

CAKTHAMUS (Arabic name, alluding to the coior).
C'ompdsit(f. Hardy annuals 2-3 ft. high, with spiny Ivs.
Involucre with spreading and leafy outer scales and the
inner ones more or less spiny : receptacle chaffy :
akenes glabrous, mostly 4-ribbed, the pappus none or
scale-like. Of easiest culture, from seed.

tinctoriUB, 1 mil '^vn-i wm 1 u -i saffron.
One to jit liigli glabiou-,, bianchtd h -, ovate, ^piny-
toothed H heads vMth upwird tapering involucre, and
a globular 1 low n of orange florets Asia —The flowers
furnish a dje material, which is used in place of the
true .Saffron (which is a Crocus). l H. B.

CAEUM (Caria, in Asia Minor). UmUlUferm. Gla-
brous annual or perennial herbs, widely distributed in
temperate and subtropical regions. Lvs. pinnate, or
ternate and pinnately decompound : fls. white or yel-
lowish, small, iu compound umbels, the calyx-teeth
small : fruit ovate or oblong, sometimes compressed,
more or less ribbed, glabrous, or sometimes hispid.
Koots often tuberous. Fifty or more species.

C&rui, Linn. Caraway (which see). Stem slender
but erect, furrowed, 1-2 ft.: lvs. pinnately decompound,
with threaii-like divisions. Old World. — Sometimes runs

Petroselinum, Benth. & Hook. f. {Petrosenniim sa-

•Hm. Hotfm.). Parsley (which see). Erect, 1-3 ft. :

ternate-pinnate, the Ifts. ovate and 3-cleft (much

in the "curled " garden vars.), the upper ones nar-

and nearly entire : fls. yellowish. Old World.

-Much cult., and occasionally runs wild.

Giirdneri, Gray. Stem solitary, 1^ ft. : lvs. mostly
simply pinnate, with 3-7 linear or thread-like Ifts., the
upper Ifts. usually entire, but the lower ones often di-
vided: fr. with long style. Dry hills, in Calif, and Nev.
"nt. 1881 by Gillett as an ornamental plant. Roots
tuberous and fusiform. l_ jj_ g^

CARtMBIUM. See Bomalanthus.

CAEYA is treated nniev Hicoria.

CAEYOPHtHUS, the Clove Tree, is now referred to
Eugenia.

CAEYOPTEEIS (Greek for nut and wing). Verbe-
niiceep. Small shrubs with deciduous opposite lvs. and
blue or violet fls. in axillary cymes : corolla 5-lobed,

5f,AIiq- C. Sinensis,
5 ft.: Ivs. petioled,
, pubescent above,

CABYOPTERIS

one segment larger and fringed ; stamens 4, exserted ;
fr. separating into 4 somewhat winged nutlets. About
6 species in E. Asia. Free-flowering, small shrubs, very
valuable for their late blooming season ; not hardy
north; even if well protected they will be killed almost
to the ground, but the young shoots, springing up freely,
will flower profusely the same season. They require
well-drained and sandy soil and sunny position ; if
grown in pots, a sandy compost of peat and leaf soil or
loam will suit them, and they will flower in the green-
house until midwinter. Prop, readily by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in summer or fall under glass, and
by .seeds sown iu spring.

Maatac4nthu9, Schauer ( C. int
Dipp.). Fig. 379. Suffruticose,
ovate or oblong, coarsely sen

grayish tomentose beneath, 2-3 in. long: cymes pe-
duncled, dense-fld. ; fls. small, violet-blue or lavender-
blue. Aug.-Nov. China, Jap. B.R. 32:2. B.M. C7il9.
R.H. 1892:324. R.B. 19:273. G.C. II. 21:149. Mn.5:5.
S. H. 2, p. 89.— Known in the nursery trade as "Blue
Spiraea." There is also a new variety with white fl.s.

Lvs. lanceolate, almost entire : cymes
R.H. 1«72:4.'J0.

Alfred Rehdeu.

CABYdTA (old Greek name). PalmAceie, tribe J cecfff.
Fish-tail Palm. Spineless, monocarpic palms, with
tall, stout, ringed halms, at length bearing suckers. Lvs.
disposed in an elongated terminal fringe, ample, twice
pinnately divided ; segments dimidiate-flabelliform, or
cuneate, entire, or split, irregularly dentate, plicate,
folded back in the bud ; midnerves and primary nerves
flabellate : petiole terete below: sheath keeled on the
back, fibrous along the margins : ligule short ; spadices
usually alternately male and female : peduncle short,
thick : branches long, pendent : spathes 3-5, not entire,
tubular ; bractlets broad : fls. rather large, green or
purple : fr. the size of a cherry, globular, purple. Spe-
cies, 12. Malaya, New Guinea, Australia.

Remarkable for the delta-shaped or flsh-tailshaped
leaflets, which make the graceful, spreadingfronds very
attractive. They are excellent warmhouse palms, very
useful for decoration, particularly when young. They
are frequently planted out in protected places for the
summer. Prop, by seeds and suckers. For culture, see
Palms.

There being so many different genera to choose from
in selecting plants for moderate-sized conservatories,
the members of this genus are not very popular for
providing small specimens. In a high, roomy structure,
however, they are among the most ornamental of the
tribe. They are quick-growing, with large, broad leaves,
finely cut up, the small divisions resembling the tail of
a fish ; hence the name "Fish-tail Palm." After reach-
ing maturity the plant begins flowering at the top, and
continues downwards until the vitality of the stem is
exhausted. Suckers are freely produced by
some species, but these, as a rule, do not
become so robust as the parent stem, owing
probably to the soil becoming exhausted.
Seeds are offered by most dealers. The
young plants should be grown in a warm,
moist atmosphere, the soil consisting of
loam with about one-third of its bulk leaf-
mold and sand in equal parts. They some-
times lose their roots if kept too cool and
wet in winter.

mitis, Lour. (C. sobolifera. Wall.). Caudex 15-25 ft,
high, 4-5 in. in diam., soboliferous : petioles, leaf-
sheaths and spathes scurfy-villous ; lvs. 4-9 ft.; pi:
very obliquely cuneiform, irregularly dentate, upper
margins acute ; pinnules4-7in. long. Burma to Malaya.

iirens, Linn. Wine Palm. Toddy Palm. Caudex
stout, 30-40 ft. high, 1 ft. thick, not soboliferous : lvs.
18-20 by 10-12 ft.; pinna? .5-0 ft., curved and drooping,
very obliquely truncate, acutely serrate, the upper mar-
gin produced and caudate ; pinnules 4-8 in. : petiole
very stout. India, Malaya. A. P. 12:295. Gng. 5:131.

Rumphi&na, Mart. Lvs. 2-pinnate. several feet long,
the pinnules thick, sessile, 6 in. long or nearly so, ob-
lons. Malaya. -Var. Albertii, Hort. (C.^ifteWii, Muell.),

CASIMIBOA

255

is iu the trade. It is large and free-growing, the lvs.
being 1(5-18 ft. long and two-thirds as broad ; If.-seg
ments fan-shaped and oblique, toothed.

C. Slancbi, Hort.. from the Philippines, is in the Amer. trade.
It is probably a form of C. urens.

Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

CASHEW is

CASIMIBOA

Gomez). jKidtii
ag-petioled, d

la

cent beneath : fls. rf
5-parted, small ; pet
curved ; disc incons]
filaments subulate ; ;
disc, globose, .'">- ur
stigma spssil,-.. ,--Iol.r
illarv : fr, ii .lrn|..>.
agrfe:ili|,- 1.. i;.si,., ,■

1 in honor of Cardinal Casimiro
vergreen trees : lvs. alternate,
, 3-7-foliolate ; Ifts. petiolulate,
ightly serrate, smooth or pubes-
;ular. iiiilygiimo-dioecious ; calyx

:.M stamens 5, free;

' i ' vary sessile, on

"" - '11.^ " ^ lobed, 5-celled:

: .niil.s solitary in the cells, ax-

l.itL-r, ai-|)ressed-globose ; pulp

ilil' : sieds oblong, compressed,

I'w" species, of which the fol-

6dulis, LaLlave. White Sapota. Coohil Sapota.
Large tree : trunk ashen gray, with warty excrescences :
lvs. dark green, glossy: fls. greenish yellow, small: fr.
greenish yellow when ripe, with strong, thick epicarp,
J^in. thick, about the size of an orange : seeds nearly
1 in. long and half as wide. Me.x. Cultivated to a lim-
ited extent in Calif. — The fruit of this species is said
to have a delicious flavor, similar to that of a peach.
They are used in Mexico as an aid in inducing sleep,
and the leaves are used as a remedy for diarrhoea. Trees
grown at Santa Barbara, Calif., are said to have reached
an age of over 80 years and to have borne fruit regu-

prob-

larly, though entirely neglected. The tree woul
ably succeed well in southern Texas, Louisia
Florida. It grows on the co,ast of Mexico to an altitude
of about 7,000 feet. It does not root well from cuttings,
but may be raised from seeds. jj. j. Webber.

256

CASSABANANA

CASSABANANA. See Sicana.

CASSANDRA. See Chamwdaphne.

CASSAVA. Consult Manilwt utilissimu.

CASSEBEfiRA (from a German botanist). Polijpo-
ditiri'ip. A small genus of small Brazilian ferns allied
to the maidenhair, but rarely seen in cultivation.

CASSIA (ancient Greek name). Legumindsce. Senna.
Several hundred herbs, shrubs or trees in many parts
of the world, of which a very few are in cult, in Amer.,
mostly as border plants. Lvs. even-pinnate: fls. nearly
regular (not papilionaceous), with the nearly equal
calyx-teeth mostly longer than the tube ; corolla of 5
spreading, nearly equal clawed petals; stamens 5 or 10,
frequently unequal, and some of the anthers abortive :
fr. a stalked pod which is either flat or terete, contain-
ing numerous seeds. The Cassias delight in a sunny
exposure. Most of those which are cultivated here are
herbs or herb-like shrubs, attractive for the finely cut
foliage and the showy fls. Some of them are cultivated
only in the extreme south. Prop, mostly by divisions
and seeds, — the annual species always by seeds.

Senna leaves, used in medicine as a cathartic, are de-
rived from various species, chiefly from C:acutifoUa of
Egypt, and C. angustifolia of India and other Old
World tropics. The "Cassia lignea" of drug stores is
made from a Cinnamomum.

A. Hardy border plants : leaflets 6 or more pairs.

Marylindica, Linn. Wild Senna. Perennial, glabrous
or nearly so, stems nearly simple : Ifts. 6-10 pairs, ob-
long or lance-oblong and entire, short-acuminate or
nearly obtuse: fls. in axillary racemes near the tops of
the stems and often appearing as if panicled, bright
yellow, wide open. New Eng. to Mich, and south,
mostly in wet soil. — Grows 3-4 ft. high, and has attrac-
tive light green foliage.

Chamaecrista, Linn. Partridge Pea. Annual, erect
or spreadin;;. 2 ft. or less high: Ifts. 10-1.5 pairs, small,
narrow ol,l,,i,j. i,,.i. r..i,:ii-, -- i,-iiive to the touch : fls.
large, --'i i _ -j vr ;, •. .-Mnarv-yellow and 2

ofthepifi II I 'I \ soil, Maine S. and W.

nder glass :

ith,f.

I fls

I In

B. Tree, uith very long, woody, indehiscent pods.
Fistula, Linn. Pudding Pipe Tree. Lvs. large, the

Ifts. 4-6 pairs, and ovate-acuminate : fls. in long lax ra-
cemes, yellow : pods cylindrical, black, 3-furrowed, 1-2
ft. long, containing 1-seeded compartments. India, but
introduced in W. Ind. and other tropical countries.
Sparingly cult, in S. Fla. — Furnishes the Cassia pods
of commerce.

BB. Shrubs or herbs, trith shorter and more or less
dehiscent pods.

Sophdra, Linn. (C. schiiiifdlia, DC). Shrub, 6-10 ft. :
Ifts. 6-10 pairs, lanceolate-acute : fls. yellow on many-
fld. axillary and terminal peduncles, which are shorter
than the lvs.: pod thin, tardily dehiscent. Oriental
tropics. Int. in S. Calif.

tomentdsa, Linn. f. Shrub, 4-8 ft.: Ifts. 6-8 pairs,
oval-oblong and obtuse, white-tomentose beneath : fls.
yellow. Mex. — Said to be a good winter bloomer in S.
Calif.

corymbosa. Lam. Shrub, half-hardy in middle states,
4-10 ft.: Ifts. 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate and somewhat
falcate, obtuse or nearly so: fls. yellow, in long-stalked,
small axillary and terminal corymbs. Argentina. B.M.
633. Gn. 50, p. 139. -The best known stove species.

artemesioldes, Gaud. Tree-like shrub, soft-canescent
and gray all over : Ifts. 3-4 pairs, very narrow-linear :
racemes axillarv, ,T-8-fld., the fls. deep yellow. Austral.
-Int. in S. Calif. Withstands drought.

biSldra, Linn. Shrub, 4-8 ft.: Ifts. 6-8 pairs, broad-
oblong, verv obtuse : fls. Iprge, yellow, on 2-4-fld. pe-
duncles, which are shorter than the lvs. S. Amer. B.M.
810. — Sparingly cult, in greenhouses.

C. Schraderii, "yellow, dark spotted fls. in racemes. 2-3 ft.."
is oflfered, but its systematic position is doubtful, l. H. B.

CASTANEA

CASSiOFE (Greek mythological name). Erichceoe.
Low, procumbent, evergreen, heath-like shrubs : lvs.
small, usually imbricated and opposite : fls. solitary,
nodding ; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed ; stamens 10,
included : fr. capsular. Ten species in arctic regions
and high mountains of N. Amer., N. Eu., N. Asia and
Himal. Graceful, delicate plants, adapted for rockeries,
flowering in summer. They are of somewhat difiicult
culture, and require peaty and sandy, moist hut well-
drained soil and partly shaded situation, though C. hyp-
noides grows best in full sun, creeping amongst grow-
ing moss. Drought, as well as dry and hot air, is fatal
to them. Prop, readily by cuttings from mature wood
in August under glass ; also by layers, and by seeds
treated like those of Erica. Formerly included under
Andromeda.

C fastigidta. Don. Ascending: lvs. imbricate. in4rows, with
white fringed margin : fls. axillary, white. Himal. B.M. 4796.
— C. hypno'ides. Don. Creeping ; lvs. linear, loosely imbricate:
fls. terminal, deeply 5-cIeft. .\rctif reginns. B.M."
20:19K.-V.Mertensiai,a.l>.,u K,..,,., .,...;„l,u-
lvs. imbricate, in 4 rouN. r.irin ii ■ ■ i' i '
white or slightly tins'M r.i.v - <

Don. Similar to the i.-iin. r. '
deep furrow on the bark. .Vnti' i _■! ii- 1. ^l 1

L.B.C.

ft. high:

trdgona,
. with a

CASTANEA

ALFKEli KEHDER.

at Latin name). Ctipuiiferm (or
Fagacece). Chestnut. Deciduous
trees or shrubs, with alternate
serrate lvs. : fls. monoecious, the
staminate ones with 6-parted
calyx and 10-20 stamens, in long,
erect, cylindrical catkins ; the
pistillate ones on the lower part
of the upper catkins, usu-
ally 3 together in a prickly
involucre: fr. a large brown
nut, 1-7 together in a prickly
involucre or bur. Five spe-
cies in the temperate re-

380. Castanea An

381. Cast2nea sativ

gions I

CASTAXEA

Amer., Eu., N. Afr. and Asia. Hardy
jfs or shrubs with handsome foliage,
which generally is not injured by insects or fungi; very
attractive when in bloom. C. Americana and C. satii'a
are large-sized trees, while C. pii»iila and C. crenata
usually remain shrubby. The coarse-grained wood is
much used for furniture, railway ties and fence-posts,
as it is very durable in the soil. The Chestnut is exten-
sively cultivated in Europe and E. Asia for its edible
fruit. It grows best in well-drained soil on sunny slopes,
and even in rather dry and rocky situations, but dis-
likes limestone soil. Prop, by seeds, sown in fall where
there is no danger of them being eaten by mice or squir-
rels ; otherwise they should be stratified in boxes and
buried 1 or 2 feet deep in a warm soil until early spring,
when they are sown in rows about 3 inches deep. If
growing well they can be transplanted the following fall
or spring 2 or 3 feet apart from each other, and planted
where they are to stand after three or four years. They
are also increased by layers in moist soil. Varieties are
usually worked on seedling stock or on sprouts by
whip-grafting above the ground when the stock is just
beginning to push into leaf. Crown-grafting, root-graft-
ing and budding are also sometimes practiced, but no
method gives wholly satisfactory results, and usually
only one-half take well. See Chestnut.

A. Lfs. qiahrous or nearly so at maturity.

Americana, Raf. ( (7. (ff>i;(!''(,Borkh.). Fig. 380. Tree,
occasionally 100 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, coarsely serrate, nearly glabrous when
young, 6-10 in. long and somewhat pendulous : fls. of
heavy fragrance, in June or July : nuts >^-l in. wide.
S.Maine to Mich., south to Ala. and Miss. S.S. 9:440-41.
Em. 187. G.F.10:373.-Thetallest,mostvigorous-grow-
ing and hardiest species. The nuts, though smaller,
have a better flavor than the European varieties.

sativa. Mill. (C. ff'sca.Giirtn.). Fig. 381. Tree, 50-80
ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, slightly
pubescent or tomentose beneath when young, nearly
glabrous at length, .5-9 in. long, erect : nut over 1 in.
wide. June. Prom S. Eu. and N. Afr. to China. Gn. 50,
p. 389. Gng. 3: 209. — There are some garden forms with
variegated Ivs., and others, of which var. aspleniiolia,
Lodd., with lacinlately cut and divided Ivs., is the most
remarkable. Of several varieties cultivated for their
fruit, Paragon, a precocious kind, and Numbo, a variety
with very large fr., are the most extensively planted in
this country. See Che.it nut.

CASUARINA

257

crenata, Sieb. & Zucc. (C. Japdnica,B\\ime). Pig. 382.
Shtub or tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. elliptic or oblong-lanceo-
late, usually rounded at the base, acuminate, crenately
serrate, or the teeth reduced to a long, bristle like
point, slightly pubescent when young, glabrous at
length or only pubescent on the veins lieneath. 3-7 in.
long, erect: nut overl in. wiile. .Iap:in. ( liiiiii. -Shrubby
and very precocious ; it usu.-illv I., -ins t(, fruit when
about six years old. Hardy a-- tin- N. ;i- .Mm-s.

AA. Lvs. u-hiti.ih tonunl;.-i, Ij.nLath.

pilinila. Mill. Chinqdapin. Shrub or small tree,
rarely 50 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-oblong or oblong-
obovate, acute, serrate, teeth often reduced to bristle-
like points, 3-5 in. long : fr. usually solitary, ovate,
small, about %in. wide and %-\ in. long. May, June.
From Pa. to N. Fla. and Texas. S.S. 9: 442-43. -Useful
for planting on dry and rocky slopes ; attractive when
in flower, and again in fall, with its abundant light green
burs among the dark foliage. The closely allied C. alni-
folia, Nutt., in the S. states, grows only a few feet
high, and has larger Ivs. and fr. Alfred Eehdek.

CASTANEA of commerce. The nuts of Berlholletia.

CASTAN6PSIS {Castanea and opsis, chestnut-like).
Cupuliferce {OT Fagitcea). Evergreen trees or shrubs,
closely allied to Castanea and in some degree also to
Quercus, with sometimes entire Ivs. and spiny or tuber-
culate involucre. About 25 species, chiefly in the trop.
and subtrop. mountains of Asia, and 1 in W. N. Amer.,
which is the hardiest, and is sometimes cultivated. For
propagation, see Castanea.

chrysophylla, DC. (Castanea ehrysophylla, Hook.).
Tree, to 150 ft., shrubby at high elevations : Ivs. ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
entire, dark green above, coated with minute golden
yellow scales beneath, 2-r> in. long : nut about Kin.
%vide, usuallv solitarv in the spinv involucre. Summer.
Ore. to Calif. S.S. 9':4:i9. P.M. 49.53. G.C. III. 22:411.
F. 8.12:1184. R.B.7:240.-A highly ornamental tree
with beautiful foliage, hardy only in the warmer tem-
perate regions, but the shrubby form is much hardier.
Alfred Rehder.

CASTANOSPfiEMUM (Chestnut seed, because of the
taste of the seeds). Leguminbsa>. One tall Australian
tree, with odd-pinnate Ivs., the Ifts. broad, thick, entire;
fls. large, orange-colored, in lateral racemes ; petals 4 ;
stamens free- ovary long-stipitate, many-ovuled: seeds
larger than Italian chestnuts, globular. C. austrMe,
Cunn <L Frnser is the species known locally as "More-
ton Bay Chestnut " The seeds are roasted and eaten.

Int

CASTILLfilA (a Spanish botanist, D. Castillejo).
6 )ophuhniaiea Painted Cup. Herbs, with small,
solitary fls in terminal, gaudy-bracted spikes, mostly
\ Amer corolla tubular, sometimes flattened laterally,
2 lipped , lower lip smaller, more or less 3-toothed :
stamens 4 Ivs alternate, entire or cut. C. coccinea,
Spreng the common Painted Cup of the E. states,
has been offered by collectors. It has showy laciniate
bracts CistiUeias'are little known in gardens. They
ire of simvle culture.

indivlsa En^elm. Annual, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. lance-linear
ind entire (or sometimes 2-3-lobed): bracts not lacini-
ate bright red and showy. Texas. — Blooms early in
spring

afSinis, Hook & Arn. Perennial, 1-2 ft. : Ivs. narrow-
lanceolate entile or the upper ones toothed at apex:
fl bi lots becoming short and broad, red : spike lax be-
low C Uif , m moist soils. — Int. 1891 by Orcutt.

foholdsa. Hook & Arn. Woolly perennial, 1-2 ft., the
base woody: Ivs. sijiall (1 in. or less long), narrow-
linear, crowded or fascicled : bracts 3-parted : spike
dense. Calif., in dry soils. — Int. 1891 by Orcutt.

L. H. B.

CASTOR BEANS are discussed under Bicintis.

CASUAEiNA.Isaid to be derived from Casuarius,
Cassowarv, from resemblance of the branches to
feathers)." CasuarinAce<r. Beefwood. She Oak.

the

258

CASUARINA

score or more of trees and shrubs in the Australian re-
gion and the Indies, being the only plants o£ the family.
They are usually classified near the walnut and hickory
tribes, although very unlike them — or other known
plants— in botanical characters. They are jointed and
leafless plants, somewhat suggesting Equiseturas in
gross appearance of branches. The fls. are unisexual.
The staminate are in cylindrical terminal spikes, each
fl. consisting of a stamen inclosed in 4 scales, 2 of the
scales being attached to the filament. The pistillate fls.
are in dense heads borne in the axils, and this head
ripens into a globular or oblong cone ; they are com-
posed of 1-ovuled ovaries subtended by bracts. The
fruit is a winged nutlet. The branches are long and
slender. Beefwood is planted in the extreme south for
its very odd habit, and also to hold sands of the sea
coast. The wood burns quickly, and is very hard and
durable. The redness of the wood has given the popu-
lar name, Beefwood. Remarkable for rapid growth.
They grow well in brackish and alkaline soils. Prop.
by seeds and cuttings.

equisetifdlia, Linn. Tree, becoming 150 ft. high in
favorable climates, and a most rapid grower. Branches
drooping, pale green, simple, 6-8-angled or terete, the
internodes very short (less than >iin.) : sheath-teeth 7
(6-8) lanceolate and appressed ; staminate cone nearly
terete : pistillate cone short-peduncled, ellipsoidal,
about 12-sided. Widely distributed in Old World
tropics, and the best known species in this country
(S. Fla. and Calif.). — The wood is valuable for many
purposes.

Btricta, Dryand. Becoming 20-30 ft. high : branches
erect, simple, 6-7-angled, scarcely green, internodes
short, as in the latter : sheath-teeth usually 7, ovate-
lanceolate and appressed : staminate cone slender; pis-
tillate cone nearly sessile, oblong (sometimes staminate
above), about 14-siJed. Austral.

tOTuldsa, Dryand. {C. Utiiiissima, Sieber). Reaches
70 or 80 ft.: branches erect, capillary, mostly terete, in-
ternodes short : sheath-teeth 4, very short, triangular
appressed : staminate cones filiform : pistillate cones
ellipsoidal, 8-10-sided. Austral. L_ jj 3

CATALPA (the Indian name of C. bignonioides).
BignoniAcew. Deciduous trees with opposite orwhorled,
long-petioled, large and simple Ivs.: fls. in large, showy
panicles ; corolla tubular-campanulate, 2-lipped, with 2
smaller upper and 3 larger lower lobes ; calyx 2-lipped :
fertile stamens 2 : fr. a very long, cylindrical capsule,
separating into 2 valves, with numerous small, oblong,
compressed seeds bearing a tuft of white hairs on each
end. Eight species in N. Amer.. W. India and E. Asia,
of which 4 are hardy in the colder temperate regions.
Highly ornamental "trees with large, bright green fo-
liage and beautiful white or yellowish fls. in large,
showy panicles. The coarse-grained and soft wood is
very durable in the soil, and, therefore, much valued
for fence-posts and railway ties. They grow in almost
any somewhat moist soil, and are hardy as far north as
New England. Prop, by seeds sown in spring, in the
north, best with slight bottom heat, or by cuttings from
ripe wood, the varieties often by softwood cuttings in

early summer or by grafting on seedlings or on roots
under glass in spring ; also increased sometimes by
layers and root cuttings.

384. Catalpa speciosa Natural sue

A. Fls. white, with two yellow stripes inside, and
spotted purplish brown.

bignonioides, Walt. (C. syringifdlia , Sims). Tree,
20-50 ft.: Ivs. often whorled, cordate-ovate, abruptly
acuminate, sometimes with 2 lateral lobes, pubescent
beneath, 5-8 in. long, of unpleasant odor : panicles
many-fld.; fls. about 2 in. in diam., thickly spotted in-
side : pod 6-20 In. long, }4-/i in. thick. June, July.
S. states, north to Tennessee, often naturalized else-
where. B.M. 1094. L.B.C. 13:1285. S.S. 6:288-89.
Gng. 6: 118-119. G. F. 3: 537, 539. J. H. III. .32: 121.
G.C. III. 21:298. -Usually low tree, with very wide-
spreading branches. There are some garden forms.
Var. ailrea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. n4na, Hort. ( C.
Bungei, Hort., not C. A. Mey.). Forms a dense, round
bush, often grafted high. Gng. 3:195. Var. purptirea,
Hort. Lvs. purple when young, green at length.

specidBa, Warder. Pig. 383. 384. Tree, to 100 ft. : lvs.
cordate-ovate, long-acuminate, pubescent beneath, 8-12
in. long: panicles usually few-fld.: fls. about 2^ in. In
diam., inconspicuously spotted inside: pod %-%m.
thick. June. Prom southern Illinois and Indiana to
Louisiana and Mississippi. S.S. 6:290-91. R.H.
1895:136.— A very desirable ornamental tree, closely al-
lied to the former, but taller and hardier.

385. Catalpa ovata

hjbrida, Spiith. (C. bignonio'ides Xov&la). Teas'
Japan Hybkid. Large tree, intermediate between the
parents: the lvs. resemble more those of C. ovata, smd
are purplish when unfolding, but much larger and

CATALPA

slightly pubescent beneath, while the fls. are more like
B. bignonioides, with the inflorescence often twice as
long. Originated at J. C. Teas' nursery, at Baysville,
Ind., about 20 years ago. G.P. 2:305. Gt. 47:1454. -A
very valuable tree, flowering profusely; of rapid growth
an<I hardy. Seedlings usually resemble C.ocaffl.
AA. Fls. yellow, striped inside orange and spotted dark
violet, about 1 in. in diam.

ov&ta, Don [C. Kcempferi, Sieb. & Zucc). Fig. 385.
Tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. broadly cordate-ovate, abruptly acu-
minate, often 3-5-lobed, nearly glabrous at length, with
reddish spots in the axils of the veins beneath, 5-S in.
long: panicles many-fld., 4-7 in. long, fragrant. .Tuue.
China, much cult, in Japan. B.M. 6611. I.H. 9:319.-
Hardier than the American species.

C. Bungei. C. A. Mey. Allied to C. ovata. Lvs. truncate at
the base, long acuminate. 3-5 in, long: fls. large, nearly white,
in few-fld. panicles. China.— C BwHffei, Hort.=C. bignonoides,
var. nana.— C /onfffssima. Sims. Tree, to 50 ft.; Its. oblong-
ovate, coriaceous : fls. small, white. W. Ind., often planted as
shade tree in Cuba. Alfred Rehder.

CATANANCHE (Greek name, referring to ancient
custom of using the plant in love-making). Comp6sita.
A half dozen annual or perennial herbs of the Medi-
terranean region, with the lvs. crowded at the base of
the stem, and linear or lanceolate. Head loug-peduncled,
blue or yellow. Akene oblong, ribbed and generally vil-
lose or setose. Pappus of 5-7 scales. Of easiest culture
in any garden soil, particularly if lightt Useful for
cutting.

csBrtllea, Linn. Perennial, 2 ft. : lvs. tomentose, lanceo-
late and few-toothed : fl. -heads 2 in. across, with wide,
flat-toothed blue rays, on long, slender stems. Blooms
in .lune. Julv and Aug. S. Eu. B.M. 293. R.H. 1890, p.
523. Var. ilha, Hort., has white fls. Var. bioolor,
Hort.. has white margin and blue center. Often used as
Everlastings. Prop, by seeds and division, l H. B.

CATASfiTUM (Greek for downward or backward,
&nilbristle). Orchiddcm. tribe I'liiidce. Flowers globose
or expanded; labelluni fleshy: column erect; poUinia 2.
Stems short fusiform ; lvs. plaited, membranaceous ;
scapes basal, fls. in racemes ; the column provided with
sensitive appendages which, when touched, cause the
pollen-masses to fly out. There are about 50 or 60 spe-
cies in the Amer. tropics, either terrestrial or epiphytic.
The fls. are in racemes or spikes, firm in texture, and
white or in shades of green, yellow, brown or purple.
Catasetums are not much cultivated, since most of the
species are not showy, but they are interesting to the
botanist and amateur because of the striking ejection of
the pollen-masses. Gardeners often have trouble with
Catasetums, but they are not diffieult to grow if given
good care. They need a high temperature, long period
of rest, and free supply of water during the growing
season. They are grown in both pots and baskets.
Readily propagated by dividing the plants at the base;
also from very ripe pseudobulbs cut in pieces and
put in sand. The genus includes Monachanthus and
Myanthus.

A. Flowers white.

Btmgerdthii, N. E. Brown. Stems 8-9 in. tall; sepals
larger than the petals, nearly 2 in. long; labellum tend-
ing toward concave, roundish ; appendages thickish.
Equador. B.M. 6998. G.C. III. 1:142. I.H. 37:117 ;
34:10. Gn. 33:646. A. F. 6: 633. -A striking plant.
AA. Fls. yellowish,

maerocArpum, Rich. (C. Cldveringi, Lindl. C. Iriden-
tUtum, B-Ook.}. Fls. large, nearly 3^2 in. across ; petals
and sepals yellow, verging on green, spotted with red-
dish brown; labellum yellow. Guiana. B.M. 2559, 3329.
I.H. 33:619.

Hmbriatum, Lindl. & Paxt. Pseudobulbs, 2-3 in. long :
raceme pendulous, 8- or more-fld. : fls. 2K m. across ;
sepals whitish or pale vellow, closely barred with red.
Braz. B.M. 7158. A.F. G:609.

longifdlium, Lindl. Pseudobulbs deflexed: lvs. nar-
row and glaucous, reaching 3 ft. : fls. on drooping, com-
pact spikes; sepals and petals greenish yellow tipped

CATTLEYA

259

-like, orange-yellow. Guiana.

with dull red ; li
Epiphyte.

AAA. Fls. essentially red or brotvnish.

decipiens, Reichb. f. Fls. IH in. across ; sepals and
petals lanceolate, red-brown and spotted ; lip saccate,
yellowish outside and red-brown inside. Venezuela.
A.F. 6:609.

AAAA. Fls. many-colored, grotesque.

Gndmus, Andr6. Pseudobulb, oblong-ovate and alter-
nate, articulated: fls. in a long loose raceme on slender
pedicels; sepals greenish and purple-barred ; 2 lateral
petals spreading, concave, purple ; lip bluntly conical,
olive-green spotted outside, ivory white within, fringed
above. S.Amer. I.H. 24:270. A.F. 12:293.

C.barbdtum, hindh Fls. green, blotched with purple. Guiana.
— C.calldsum.hindi. Odd: fls. with chocolate-brown, narrow-
lanceolate sepals and petals ; lip greenish, speckled with red.
Venezuela. B.'M. -i-V.i, tji^-i^.~ C. C/ir<^t<niuu/,i . K'-irhl.. f. Se-
pals and petaK u- i.i"\ " ' r. " ;.,;! iili-

fringed. S. .Virt. ■'.'[![]-''" ' ' i ^

Eolte. ■ Alli".l I.' ' ; :

Sepals and petd.t t

ulir cordite p rrple

nd \ellowisl w th purple
' gl t yellow with 2 purple

17 329 SHI

spots tootl
Reichb f l_
veined lip 3 ul
Cogn Interme 1
pum sepal gre
with minj I

CATCHFLY Consult Silene

CATECHU See Acac a Gated t

CATEEPILLAES. The worm-like pods of Scorpitirus
vermicul&ta , Linn., t>. siibrillosa, Linn., and others
{Leguminosrs}, are .sometimes used as surprises in
salads and soups ; and for that purpose they are cult,
in parts of Europe, and seeds are sold in this country.
They are sometimes catalogued as Worms. They are
annuals of the easiest culture. The pods of Medicdgo
seutelldfa, Mill., and others are known as Snails. The
pods are not edible. European plants. A. G. 13:681.

CATMINT or CATNIP. See Nepeta.

CAT-TAIL. Tupha.

CATTLEYA I William OattleV. an early English nat-
uralisti. Drrliuli'ir,,! . tribe hJ i>iilt ml n'lF . Epiphytes of
tropical America. Pseudobulbous : leaf-blades 1-3, cori-
aceous: fls. usually terminal, large, fleshy or membrana-
ceous ; petals and sepals nearly equal, or the former
much broader : labellum cucullate, usually trilobed,
proximal part inclosing the fleshy, clavate column,
except in C. Aclandiw and C bicolor : pollen masses 4
(2 pairs), with short appendages. A genus generally
cultivated for its large, showy flowers, which for inten-
sity of color have few, if any, equals in the family of
orchids. Most of the species do satisfactorily under
artificial conditions, although there is an opinion preva-
lent that they degenerate or "run out." Naturally, some
kinds are diflicult to grow, since the horticulturist is
not well enough informed concerning their require-
ments, but there is no reason why the majority of the
species should degenerate if properly treated. The
genus Cattleya was founded on C. labiata by John
Lindley in 1824. As a genus, it is very closely ailied to
Lselia, being distinguished by having two pollinia (4
pollen masses), whereas that genus has four (or 8 pollen
masses.) Qakes Ames.

260 CATTLEYA

The Cattleyas are indigenous to tlie western hemi-
sphere only, Central and S. America being the regions
where they abound, particularly in the latter, from the
different countries of which large quantities are im-
ported yearly. During the last few years the collecting
and importing of Cattleyas into the U. S. has assumed
large proportions, owing to a continually and steadily
increased demand, not only by amateurs but also by the
trade in general. There are tw.> particular reasons for
this increased demand : First, the exquisitely beautiful
flowers, combined with size and marvelous colors, and
adapted for decorations at all sorts of functions, they be-
ing never out of place ; second, their easv culture. Flor-
ists and amateurs alike are beginning 'to realize that
after all, orchids are only plants, and if only treated in a
common-sense way they are by far easier to grow than
a good many plants, and especially so the Cattleyas,
provided some attention is paid to their requirements.

Cattleyas in general delight in a genial, moist atmos-
phere and a temperature ranging all the way from 55°
to iO°. They all require an abundant supply of water
accompanied by a liberal supply of air and light, dur-
ing their respective growing seasons. A Cattleya house
should, if possible, have bottom and top ventilators,
which when open produce a current of fresh air impos-
sible to obtain or imitate in any other way, and in which
these plants delight. The glass should be shaded with
a, thin coat of naphtha and white lead, enough to pre-
vent the sun from burning the plants, for, while they
enjoy all the light possible, the full sun in our climate
is too strong for them, and they are liable to dry and
shrivel, and thus lose their natural luxuriance. The
shading, however, may be removed entirely during the
dullest winter months. Cattleyas will grow equally well
in baskets, pots, or on boards ; the former are prefera-
ble where limited quantities are grown, inasmuch as
they are easily managed and may be hung up or taken
down or moved from one place to another with the
greatest ease. The large blocks or boards are to be rec-
ommended where large quantities of plants are grown
for cut-flowers, being more economical in every sense
of the word. When boards are used, the width ought
not to be less than 10 inches, as the plants would very
soon grow over the sides of the boards ; the length may
be ad,justed to suit the house, but should not exceed 5
feet-anything larger is liable to be too clurasv to han-
dle conveniently.

The best potting material is soft, fibrous peat, with a
sprinkling of live sphagnum intermixed. Too much
stress cannot be laid on soft peat, as frequently too
coarse material is used, resembling amass of wire, with
the result that the water benefits the plants but very
little, and root-action is slow, if taking place at all.
One thing is imperative in the cultivation of Cattleyas,
in whatever receptacles they are grown : they must be
firm, without going to the extreme of ramming in the
stuBf too hard. A plant lying loose in a basket or a pot
will never grow well, but will gradually dwindle away
to nothing. Where boards or large blocks are used, the
plants are fastened on by means of galvanized staples,
inserting a piece of peat between the staple and the
rhizome, so as to keep the staple from burning while
new. In this way freshly imported Cattleyas may be
fastened on to clean boards or blocks, and by liberal
overhead syringing the roots soon appear, when a mix-
ture of chopped peat and sphagnum may be shaken in
between the plants to cover the roots. In using baskets,
it is advisable to use them shallow and less material,'
the compost thus keeping fresh and sweet for a consid-
erable period of time. Cattleyas, as previously men-
tioned, enjoy a copious supply of water during their
respective growing seasons, in our climate the best
method is to use the hose, and water overhead, which,
if adhered to, will cause the plants to soon assume a
natural green color and luxuriance common to them in
their native habitats. Besides, the overhead watering
will keep down vermin, such as scales, etc. By the so-
called resting season of Cattleyas is generally under-
stood the time after the plants have finished the flow-
ering bulb, and until they begin to send up the next
growth. During this time, when they are, in a sense,
dormant, the quantity of water should be diminished,
which causes the new eyes to move slowly and break

strong. As soon, however, as the new breaks are fairly
under way they should be encouraged in the wav of
moisture, when the new roots will soon appear and" the
plant.s go ahead with renewed vigor. If the plants are
in baskets, suspended under the roof, they should be
taken down at intervals and dipped thoroughly. Hand-
in-hand with a copious watering must go a liberal sup-
ply of light and air at all times. In order to obtain the
best results, the plants should be placed as near to the
light as possible-say. from l-:i feet from the glp-"
acconling to kinds ;- ' - " ■ ■ ■

house. Kinds such n
delii. C. Mossice luu
flower well in anv \>:
vided they have pl.-i
the maxiniiini i|i-':ii
theCattlcy.L- -i, 1 I
A capital ilii ' ■

Ii- spu.-e available
'/./''/. <■. hil.n,!.,. C. Men-
■/ .~. •,,,.;„., will grow and

,-ln and air, but H feet is
the glass at which any of
to be successfully grown,
nbove is, for instance, G.
gij/as, wtiirt, ,|,M.. ;,,|i,M, H,ly suspended Under the ridge
ot the house, where it receives the full benefit of air
and light, in which position it flowers profusely, while
if grown on a bench or stage it rarely flowers.

The best twelve varieties of Cattleyas for commercial
purposes, and, indeed, for amateurs also, are the fol-
-March; Schroederia

ving: C.Triansei,

fls. March, April : Mossiaj. Hs. April, May; Mendelii!
fls. April, May; Warneri. rts. May, .June ; gigas, fls.

June, .July ; Gaskelliana,
a, fls. Sept., Oct.; labiata,
I, fls. Oct., Nov.; Percival-

June, July ; chrysotoxa,

fls. Aug. , Sept. ; Harrisoni

fls. Oct., Nov.; Bowringea

iana, fls. Dec.

. ^.',*'^.'' iiumber of plants of each of the above kinds.

It will be seen that it is possible to have a succession of

flowers from one end of the year to the other.

John E. Lager.
Index: Aclandia), 18; amethi/sfina, 21; amethysto-
glossa, 25; aurea, 2; autumnaUs. 16; bicolor, 19;
Bluntei,6; Boqotensis, 1 ; Bowringeana, 16; bulbosa,
30; Candida, 23; Carrierei, 1; Chocoensis, 9; chryso-
toxa. 2 ; citrina. 17 ; Vawsonii, a ; dolosa, 21 ; Dowi-
an.-i, 2: Pf.I .rn I ., 3; ErnestI, 1; Forbesii, 22; Gas-
k'lli ■ ' I 12; gloriosa, 1; granulosa, 26;

«"" ' '' -^"nim, 23; Harrisoniana, 23; Sol-

[""''■ '^. 1; intermedia, 21; ^'e^eieeWi, 25;

lal.i;ii;i. 1 , L iv, iLiiccana, 14; Leeana,!; Lemoniana,! ;
Leopoldn. 11: Loddigesii, 23; Luddemanniana, 5;
luteola, 30 : ilassangeana, 1 ; maxima, 13 ; Mendelii,
6 ; Morgance, 1 ; Mossise, 7 ; Nalderiana, 1 ; nobilior,
31 ; pallida. 1 ; Parthenia, 21 ; Peelersii, 1 ; Peroi-
valiana,8; Perrinii,!; Primii, 25; punctatissima, 21;
gitadrieolor, 9 ; Beinecklana, 1 ; Bmzlii,!; Rollis-
xoHi, 1; Sanderiana, 12 ; Schilleriana, 29 ; Schofieldi-
ana, 27 ; Schroederiana. 9 ; Skinneri, 15 ; speciosis-
sima, 5; splendens, 28 ; superba, 28 ; Trianffii, 9 ;
Vietoria-Regina, 20; rio/acra, 28 ; virginaU.s,! ; Wag-
nep, 7 ; Walkeriana, 31 ; Wallisii, 3 ; Warneri, 10 ;
Warocgueatui, 1 ; Warscewiczii, 11.

The following Amer. trade names belong to L»lia :
enspa, lobata, marginata. piimila. See, also, the list
ot hybrids at the close of Cattlerja. For C.aurantiaca
see Epidendrum. '

Of several of the following species, there are named
vars. in the Amer. trade, varying in stature, habit, and
particularly in the color of the flowers.

A. Blossoms from a leafy pseudobulb.
B. Fls. memhrimacKous, not fleshy.
c. N'umher of fls. not more than 5, or rarely C:
pseudobulb 1-leaved.
1. labiata, Lind. Pseudobulbs 4-8 in. high, com-
pressed, from stout creeping rhizomes : leaf-blades
broadly ovate or oblong, about 6 in. in length: fls. 2-5,
ranging in color from rosy mauve to white ; petals
3% in. long, 2% in. wide, ovate-oblong, several times
broader than the sepals ; labellura 2K-3K in. long, ex-
panded portion 2 in. across, blotched' or veined with
crimson or magenta-purple, the margin crisped and
paler; the posterior part stained with yellow and veined
with crimson-purple. Blooms in autumn. B M 3998
P.M. 4:121. Gn. 51:1107. G.C. III. 19: 13. R.B. 22-25'
A.G. 17:65; 19:811. F.R. 1:8; 2:531. Gng.2:275. P.E
9:327. A.P. 6:607.-Int. in 1818 from the Organ moun-

CATTLEYA

tains of South America. It was lost for many years and
became exceedingly rare, but recently its rediscovery
has made it a common orchid, and many beautiful varie-
ties are in cultivation. Some of the varieties have here-
tofore been regarded as species, but as the points of
distinction are too slight to be specific, it has seemed
best to put such forms as C. Warneri, C. Trutmri and
C. Mossiie in their proper place under the original
species. C. labiata is probably the most useful species
of orchid. Immensily vari

261

of the

se forms are regarded
sub-varieties, by dif-
is given below, the

varieties are desiTi I' ■! ii.

variously as spi-.i. ,

ferent authors. 1; . -

following are to 1"- : :

sis, Lind.; C. C II : : r. /;, , ';. ILn-t.;

C.gloridsa,C&vi\. ' .ri; ,,, c ■ ,,i»,7,

Hort.; C.Lemoni', . i,:i . . < '; • !:. i^-hb.

f.; C.Udrgana. W i : ' \ , i.- .■ ;,i.. f . ;

C. pdllida, Lindl. >.V 1;.m ' / . An.h. ; ('.

P^rWnii, Endl. (not Lm.ll, . ' / 1,'. i.-lib. f. ; ('.

BdtUssonii, Moore ; C. !■,,■ I : ,v Andr^ ; C.

Warocquedna. More than I > itically made

names are referred to this vi„r;, -, ripie are white-
fld. forms of nearly all the vius.

2. Var. Dowi4na, Veitch (C. DowiUna, Batem.). Fls.
nankeen-yellow, except for the disproportionately large
labellum ; petals about twice as wide as the sepals,
about the same length as the labellum, wavy margined,
obtuse ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; labellum amply ex-
panded, margin crisped, surface velvety, dark purple,
beautifully and finely veined with golden yellow lines,
which radiate from the median line. Strong plants
produce 3 or more tls. on each peduncle. B.M. 5618.
R. H. 1869 :30. - Discovered in Costa Rica by Warscewicz.
Little was known about it until 1864, when Mr. Arce
found plants and sent them to England, where they
flowered in the autumn of 1865. There are now several
geographical varieties of this orchid, the one called
ailreaorchrysot6xa(I.H. 30:493. J.H. 111.31:253. R.H.
1892:492. A. F. 6: 563; 12: 10. F.R. 1 : 76), being more
easy to grow. This variety is recognized by having
deeper yellow petals and sepals, and more copious vein-
ing on the labellum. The fragrance of this orchid sug-
gests vanilla, and renders it readily distinguishable
from other varieties.

3. Var. Eldorado, Veitch (C. EldorMo, Linden). Fls.
pale rosy lilac, except for the more or less tubular la-
bellum, which bears at its distal end a border of crimson-
magenta, which shades into an orange-yellow disc ;
petals narrowly ovate ; sepals lanceolate. Int. in 1866
from Braz. F.S. 18:1826. -The fragrance of this orchid
is very characteristic, while its fls., which are much
smaller than in the type, are produced in July and Aug.
There are several recognized forms. Sub-var. crocita
is paler in the sepals and petals. Sub-var. Wdllisii is
a white form (A. Wallisii, Linden).

4. Var. Gaskelliana, Hort. Petals and sepals usually
narrower than in the type, perhaps paler. Blooms from
June to Aug. The usual forms are not distinct enough
to be varietal. Venezuela. I. H. 33:613. A.F. 6:185.
Gng. 5:72.

5. Var. Luddemanni4na, Hort. (C Iruddemannidna,
Reichb. f. C. Sdivsoiiii. Waraer. C. speciosUsima,
Hort. ) . Petals and sepals delicate rose color or pink-lilae,
petals much broader than the sepals ; labellum wavy or
crisped at the margin, compressed dorsiventrally, apex
deeply divided, front lobe deep crimson-purple, the color
carried back into the throat in streaks, front part of the
lateral lobes nearly white, margined with blush-rose ;
throat yellowish. Venezuela.

6. Var. MfendelUi, Backhouse (C. Mfiidellii, Hort.).
Fig. 386. Petals and sepals pale rosy mauve to white ;
labellum blotched with crimson-purple, throat yellowish.
Blooms in May and June or earlier. Of this variety
there are many beautiful forms. Eastern Cordilleras,
New Granada. S.H. 2:413. -C. .B/hh^ci, Hort., is apure
white form with a beautifully fringed lip.

7. Var. M6ssiae, Hook. (C. MiUsiiv. Parker). Habit as
In type, or very similar; petals broadly ovate; labellum
broad in expanded part, crisped at the usually whitish

margin; throat yellow lined with purple,
tion mottled with crimson ; frequenil>
mingled with orange-vellow. La Gu:.\ t
R.H. 1857, p. .322. S.H. 1:149. A.G. 1 1 : 7

Ho

torn

C. Reineckuina. Reichb. f., is the mo--! 1.. , ;;,; i.M.i.

It has white sepals and petals and :i u.l;l\ r..|,,r.il
labellum.

8. Var. Percivali^na, Reichb. f. (('. P, r. ir,ii,>uni.
O'Brien). Fls. r:ither small; petals and .sipals deeper
colored than in the type species' ; labellum relatively

r/:'^^^

386. Cattleya labiata

small, pale at margin; throat deep yellow streaked with
crimson, expanded part crimson-purple. F.R. 1:298,
J.H. III. 32:179.

9. Var. Tritasei, Veitch ( C. Trianwi, Lind. & Reichb. f.
C. quad ricolor, Lindl.). Fig. 388. Foliage more robust,
perhaps, than in the type species, though, of course,
cultivation has much to do with this ; petals broader
than in the type species, ovate-rliomboid ; exceedingly
variable in color; expanded portion { not usually so wide
or spreading as in C. labiata) crimson-magenta, the
margin less wavv than in the other varieties. New
Grenada. B.M. 5504. R.H. 1860, p. 406-7. A.G. 17:177.
Gng. 3:151. A.F. 6:607; 13:715. F.E. 9:325. F.R.
1:672-3. S.H. 1:11,27; 2:403, 405.-The fls. are pro-
duced 3-5 on the stout peduncles. Subvar. 41ba.
White tls.. yt'llow blotch in throat. Sub-var. CllOC06n-
sis, Hill, Vi I . -iinilar to the above, but the fls. have
til-' I I' I I not wholly expanding. Colombia.
1.11 . ir.r,iys. Sub- var. Schrtederiana , Hort.
(C -^ . U'fichb. f.). Fragrant; petals and
sipr , white to pale rosy mauve ; labellum
ha^ i : x.llow than usual. Blooms at about
til. I h ihe above, and on account of its pale
(i>. ! ,. .; , : uifty. G.C. 111.20:73. A.G. 15:211.
F.E. 'i.:;:;l,-( , / .'/nrj is probably the most popular
single garden orchid.

10. Var. WAmeri, O'Brien (C. Wdrneri, Moore). Very
similar to C. labiata itself, differing from it, perhaps,
only in its blooming season. May, June and July. S.
Brazil. A.F. 6: 563.

11. Var. Warscewiczii, Reichb. f. Fls. large ; label-
lum yellow in the throat, streaked with magenta-red, the
infolding portion similar in color to the expanded por-
tion, whii/h is uniformly crimson-purple. New Granada.
G.C. 111. 22:li;3. — At the entrance to the throat there
are usually two yellow blotches, or "eyes."

262

CATTLEYA

12. Var. Sanderiilna, Hort. (C. g)gas, Lind. & Andr^).
Fig. 387. A noble-fld. form, which, besides beingrieh in
color, is larger than the usual varieties of C.labiata.
New Grenada. l.H. 21:178. Gn. 45, p. 445. G.P. 1:437.
A.G. .July 23, 1898, Suppl. F.R. 1:77 and 674. F.E.
10: 892. -This is a form of var. Warscewiczii.

13. mixima, Lindl. Plants about 1 ft. high : sepals
and petals pink-lilac ; labellura oval-oblong, obscurely
3-lobed, richly veined with crimson, expanded part
crisped at the margin, a yellow median band on the
disk. Equador. B.M. 4902. F.S. 20:21.36. F.R. 1:298.

14. Lawrenceina, Reichb. t. Pseudobulbs 12-15 in.
high, frequently brownish, rarely green : sheath red-
dish brown : Hs. few, about 4 in. across ; petals oblong,
blunt at the apices ; sepals pale mauve, narrow; label-
Inm purple shaded with maroon. March. British Gui-
ana. B.M. 7133.

cc. Number of fls. usualhj more than G:
pseudobtilb 3-S-leared.

15. Skinneri, Batem. Stems about 1 ft. high, attenu-
ated at base, 2-lvd. : fls. 6-8, sometimes more, about 4
in. across, rose-mauve ; disk of labellum whitish, bor-
dered with deeper rose-mauve or deep purple. Guate-
mala. B.M. 4270. P.M. 11:193. R.B. 22:201. G.C. III.
20:6. G.F. 3:201. -Common, and a favorite. Runs into
white-fld. forms.

16. Bowrlnge&na, Veitch (C. anlnmndlis, Hort.).
Pseudobulbs about 18 in. tall, J^in. in diam., subcylin-
drical, jointed, nodes about 6, base swollen, 2-3-lvd.:
Us. 5-30, on stout peduncles 1 ft. long, double-sheathed ;
petals 1% in. long, deep rose-mauve; labellum magenta-
purple at distal end. deeper colored toward sulfiirous
yellowthroat. Blooms in autumn. Honduras. R.B. 21:37.

R. H. 1890:.3n0. -Undoubtedly a variety of
I preceding.

BB. Fh. not membranaceous, fleshy,
thick: usxially S-leaved.
rnlniirJi'i penclent.
citrlna,Lindl Pseudobulbsovoid,
erect, with membranaceous
itish sheaths: If. -blades
glaucous about 6 in lontr fls

CATTLEYA

cc. Peduncles erect.
D. Lateral lobes of labellum practically uanting.

18. Aclindiae, Lindl. Dwarf : sts. slender, 4 in. tall :
Ivs. elliptical: peduncle 1-2-fld. : fls. about 4 in. across;
sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong, yellowish verg-
ing on green, spotted and blotched with dark purple
(much less distinct on dorsal surface); labellum with
small lateral lobe.s that do not include the column, pale
purple, with dark veins and a yellow line under the
fleshy column. Brazil. B.M. 5039.

19. bicolor, Lindl. Sts. nearly 3 ft. high, 2-lvd.: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, about 6 in. long : peduncle 2-5-fld.,
sometimes more : fls. 4 in. across ; petals and sepals
greenish brown, sometimes spotted with brown ; label-
lum tongue-shaped, crimson or deep rose-mauve, mar-
gins recurved ; lateral lobes do not cover the column.
Brazil. B.M. 4909.

DD. Lateral lobes of labellum inclosing column.

20. Victbria-Regina, O'Brien. Pseudobulbs slightly
clavate : Ivs. elliptical-oblong : peduncle short, 2-3- or
more fld. : sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inferior
ones tinged with yellow at the base, otherwise pink-
lilac ; petals undulate, similar to the sepals in color ;
labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes whitish, with purple-
violet blotch near summit, midlobe rounded on distal
margin, crimson ; disk yellow, striated with crimson.
Pernambuco, 1891.— A hybrid between C. labiata and
C. Leopoldi, var. Pernaynbnrensis. One peculiarity
that tends to show this origin is the variability in the
number of leaves, sometimes 1, sometimes 2 being
borne on a stem.

21. intermedia, Graham (C. amethystina, Morr.).
Pseudobulbs IS in. high, jointed, rarely 3-lvd. : Ivs.
narrowly ovate, serrulate ou basal inargius : fls. white,
suffused' with pale rose I ilar: laliilluin dNtiiictiy :Mobed;
throat whitish streaked with . i iin-cn hiiil-. tiki, midlobe
rathernarrow.crimsi.ii ni:(_'riii,i, |;i,, .|,. .I.m, no. B.M.
2851. P.M. 1:151. -V.u-. punctatissima, San.l.-r, is simi-
lar to the type, but the petals and sepals are peppered
unevenly with crimson spots of various sizes. Var.
Parth^nia, Reichb. f., is white throughout. Brazil, 1886.

22. Jbrbesii, Lindl. Fls. about 5 ; sepals oblong, ob-
tuse pale greenish yellow ; petals oblong-lanceolate,

undulate samecolor: labellum trilobed, lateral lobes
pale yellow without, brighter yellow within ; the
midlobe rather dentate, pale yellow ; the disk
brighter yellow, spotted with reddish purple toward
^„_ the base. Braz. B.M. 3265.

^^"\ 23 Mddigesu, Lindl. 'C. ca»i(Ji(2a,WU-

^f^i hams). Pseudobulbs about 1 ft. high:

^ ^ If.-blades ovate, 5 in. long : fls.

-^^^ 2-4, pale pink-lilac; sepals elliptic-

-^^^/ oblong; petals very similar; label-

^^' lum 3-lobed, throat and inner sur-

^ ^ faceof lateral lobes whitish, colored

?/, on the outside like the petals, the

midlobe colored like the petals,

spreading, base yellowish: column

losely presGed to the labellun

Cattleya
labiata var

Sandenana

never-fully expanding; sepals and petals very thick,
lemon-yellow; labellura yellow, anterior margin crisped
and white. Mex., at high elevations. B.M. 3742. J.H.
III. 30:399.— Not an especially easy orchid to grow.
Fragrant.

%' "^ , a,W..:,n,,,,., ..,.,,,,,.,.,,,,,.,.,,. is

'/ much ol.liT tli:in ' . I,ii,,,:i.i . wl.irli IS otten

considered tiie uldust spi-rit-s in the group.

Var. Harrisoniana, Hort. ( C. Harri-

soniana, Batem. C. Hiirrisonice, Paxt.).

Surface of the labellum more corrugated.

__ ^ _ - Really too like the preceding even to be a

variety. P.M. 4:247. Gn. 48:1040.

24 guttata, indl. Pseudobulbs fusiform, 2-3-lvd.;
It blades elliptic oblong : peduncle stout, bearing sev-
eral large fls , sepals oblong-lanceolate ; petals rather
broader all yellowish green (metallic), spotted with
brown purple labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes pink-
lilac, midlobe large, cuneiform, deeper colored. Rio de
.laneiro. Var. Leopoldi, Sort. (C. Leopoldii. Versch.
& Lem.), has smaller and more aumerousfls. 1.3.2:69.

25 amethystoglossa, Ljinden 6z Reichb. f. {O. guttiita,
var. Prima, Reichb. f. C. Prlnzii, Hort. C. outtMa,

CATTLEYA

var. Keteleerii, Houlbt.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate : ra-
cemes many-fld.: petals and sepals about equal, the
former obovate, the latter narrower, all suffused with
rose and spotted with deep crimson ; labellum 3-lobed,
lateral lobes white outside, the reflexed apices crimson,
midlobe broad, deep crimson, disk corrugated and pap-
illose. Bahia, Brazil. B.M. r)683. R.H. 1869:210.

CAULIFLOWER

263

purple-brown, spotted with deeper brown : labellum
3-lobed, lateral lobes infolding the column, whitish
without, yellow veined wiih purple within ; midlobe
reniforra, deep rose-mauve with whitish veins, throat
yellow. Braz. B.M. 5150. F.S. 22:2286. A. F. 6:563.

30. lut^ola, Lindl. [C. Hdlfordi, Hort.). Lf. 1, short
and broad (3 in. long), the pseudobulb compressed:
peduncle short, 5-6- or more-fld.: fls. very small, yel-
low, the sepals and petals uniform and 1-2-in. long and
obtuse ; lip about as long as the petals, 3-lobed, vel-
vety within. Brazil. B.M. 5032. F.S. 23:2479.

AA. Blossoms from a leafless psendolndb.

31. Walkeriana, Gardner (C. 6H?6fca, Lindl.). Stems
2-5 in. tall, 1-2-lvd. : lvs. oblong, 3-5 in. long; peduncles
come from the rhizome near the base of the folia-stems,
and are leafless; tls. large, 1 or 2: petals and sepals rosy

! or pink-lilac ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes
partially infolding the column, midlobe spread-
ing, anterior end deeper rose-mauve; posterior end yel-
lowish, striated with rosemauve. Braz. A. G. 11:159.—
This Cattleya is distinct from all others in producing
its fis. from a leafless shoot.

V-ir dolosa Veitch (C dtUsa Eeichb f ) Peduncles
pro luce 1 fi m letween two lvs This variety together
with se\enl otliei-. must be regarded as perpetuated
anomali s of ( II ilhe>i(ina

\ ir nobilior \ eitch (C nobilwi Reichb f ) Large
ind han 1 onie tiont lobe of lip spotted with creamy
white I H 3(1 485

388 Cattleya labiata var Tnanaei

26. granuldsa, Lindl. Foliage very similar to that of
the preceding species: peduncles stout, bearing several
large fls.: sepals oblong, olive-green, spotted with red;
petals obovate-ohlong, undulate, margined, otherwise
like sepals; labellum 3-lobed. lateral lobes yellow inside,
whitish outside, midlobe attenuated toward the disk,
expanded part subreniform, white, covered with numer-
ous purple papillae. Guatemala.

27. SchoHeldiana, Reichb. f. Lvs. 2. dark green, 6 in.
long and 2 in. wide : sepals and petals liirht greenish
yellow, the petals very narrow at thr liasi. and very
broad and blunt at the top ; lip imn h like ihai ><( c.

purple-amethyst. Brazil. G.C. III. 2.' :_'.V_'.- Fls. larger
than in C. granulosa, and the lip is granulated.

28. aup^rba, Lindl. {C.violctcea, Hort.). Sts. clavate,
about 1 ft. high : lvs. ovate-oblong, very thick : fls.
about 6. 5 in. across ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceo-
late, about equal, deei> !■!>-'■ r..|..r, pih' ;i! tIm ha^e ;
labellum 3-lobed, lateral h , out-
side ; midlobe broadly mar _ [^ass-
ing abruply into yellow. viiiHMi wun >,iiii-"n British
Guiana. B.M. 4083. P.M. iCJ..... .l.H. ill. .ii:321.

A.F. 11:1351. — This plant is reputed difficult to grow.
There is a form called var. splendens, Hort. It is pabr
in color than the type.

29. Schilleriana, Reichb. f. Sts. 5 or 6 in. high, red-
dish brown, 2-lvd. : lvs. elliptical, dark above, brownish
purple beneath : peduncles usually 2-fld.: fls. several
In. across ; petals and sepals equal, oblong-lanceolate,

Some of tl e }

Cattley»Vi
supposed 1

(Gt 44 14 1 (t C III 24 333) C Whllei Reichb f a
supposed nituril 1 yl nd of labxataXSchiUerian i» C Zmbbta
— LoddigesiiXLeelia elegans OakeS Aves

CAULIFLOWER [Brdssica olercteea, Linn., var.
botrytis, DC). One of the cabbage tribe, of which the
head is composed of the metamorphosed flowers and
flower-cluster (Fig. iWni , ,-<.... (:,i.h„f,f.\ The Cauli-
flower is one of thns,. ,r,.i,, in 1 hr riiirnrt- c,f wliirii ihe

unskilled amateur i- ! " ■ i ■..i,|.> u|n.ii su. ss,

and the more expc !■;■ ■ ■ i ; ■ nal t<> iihrt with

failure. One can uinl-iiak.' m. lt.hv this cmi, intelli-
gently and with some assurance of a favorable outcome
only when he thoroughly understands the particular
requirements of this fastidious vegetable. These
requirements mean especially a high degree of soil
fertility, perpetual moisture with proper drainage, and
protection from an excess of direct sun heat. In the
heat of mid-season. Cauliflowers seldom head well, ex-
cept in more than ordinarily favorable locations or sea-
sons. For this reason, the early crop is usually expected
to head before midsummer, while the late crop is
planted with the expectation to have it come to a head
after the hottest summer weather is over. In all cases,
try to select the richest land for Cauliflower, giv-
ing a rich pasture or clover-fleM the preference. A
strong loam, neither too clayey nor too sandy, is best.
Plenty of good manure, horse manure being considered
best, must be well incorporated with the soil, and the
latter he brought into the highest state of tilth.

For the early crop, start the plants from best seed ob-
tainable, under glass, as early as the early cabbage plants
are started. This can be done in a greenhouse or a
hotbed. The possessor of the greenhouse, of course,
has the advantage that be is sure to be in position to
plant, and that no postponement will be necessary on
account of the weather. The aim is to have the seed-

264 CAULIFLOWER

lings pricked out into a eoldframe and (frown to good
transplanting size, and also well hardened off by expo-
sure, by the time that the soil can be brought into good
working order in early spring. With properly hardened
plants, late spring frosts are not much to be feared.
Liberal applications of good commercial fertilizers, say
up to a ton per acre, and made either before or after the

plants are set, are often of material help ; and au
ounce or two of nitrate of soda scattered around each
plant soon after setting seldom fails to show marked
or even remarkable results. Salt, lime, kainit, or muri-
ate of potash frequently tend to aiti the plants in mak-
ing increased growth. No application, however, can be
more necessary or more useful than that of cultivator
and hoe. The soil at all times should be kept loose and
mellow.

The best demand for Cauliflower is usually during
the pickling season, in September and October. Plants
can be started from seed and transplanted to the field
at the same time that we start and set late cabbage
plants, or a little later. In a general way, the crop is
handled similarly to the early crop. It is not always an
easy task, however, to get the plantation started during
the hot and dry weather of July. A favorite method
of raising late Cauliflower is to sow a few seeds right
in the hill where the plants are wanted to grow. Put
the soil in perfect tilth previously, then mark out rows
3 feet apart, drop the little pinches of seed about 2 or
234 feet apart in these shallow marks, and lightly cover
with the foot, firming well by stepping on each hill.
Later on the plants are thinned to one in the hill. The
soil must be kept stirred frequently, unless-and this is

a much better plan. :iim1 r.i;r -■
practice— the soil i- I r ; • , i
fresh manure, thirl. .
growth. In dry w...i ,,
this layer of manure, ;i!iu wi.l
drink for the plants.

Of the enemies of the crop, n
than the cabbage root-maggot,
special liking for the Ca\ilif
measures which are used fm- . i
more necessary for early i ,i
measures, that of enveloping:
fitting collar of tarred felt, ;ii;.
about a teaspoonful of bisuliiii
under the roots of each plant, a

most surely effective. Plant lice are another serious
pest of this crop. Effective remedies are dusting with
fine tobacco dust, or spraying with strong tobacco tea or
kerosene enuilsion. At times we have had fair success
by dashing hot soap-suds upon the plants.

Varieties. -There are no typical or very marked
differences between anv of our most popular varieties.
Most of them are selected strains of the Early or Earli-
est Dwarf Erfurt. Among these are Alabaster, Best
Earlv, Gilt Edge. Ideal, Lackawanna, La Crosse Fa-

we always try to
(1 with a mulch of
ep down all weed
' be poured upon
ish both food and

The protective
'^i;;. s ;„e all the
\Mi iiig such
.' III. a tight-
li' r 'if injecting
iion into the soil
' probably the best and

CEANOTHUS

vorite. Long Island Beauty, Sea Foam, Snowball, Snow-
storm, and others. All these may be planted for early
as well as the late crop. A large form of the Earlv Er-
furt (and a little later) seems to be siightly better
adapted to growing in warm weather. Early Paris and
Half-early Paris are varieties well suited to summer
conditions. Autumn Giant or Giant Naples is a rather
late sort, which gives good satisfaction in some of our
coast states.

The hot summers of the United States are not favor-
able for the production of Cauliflower seed, so that,
until quite recently, almost every pound of seed used
here was imported from Europe. Now, however, a con-
siderable portion of it is being grown on the Pacific
coast (Puget sound), and seems superior to the im-
ported in plumpness and vitality. We have always se-
cured especially strong plants from this American-
grown seed. For seed-growing purposes, sow seed dur-
ing July, transplant, and winter the partially-developed
heads over in eoldframe or cellar, to be set in open
giound again in early spring, and otherwise to be
handled similarly to early cabbage when grown for seed.
T. Greiner.

CAVAN is Acacia Cuvenia.

CEANdTHUS (ancient Greek name). New Jersey
Tei. lihamnacecc. Shrubs or rarely small trees, some-
times spiny: Ivs. alternate, sometimes opposite, serrate
or entire, and usually 3-nerved at the base : fls. perfect,
5 merous, white, blue or purplish, small, but in showy,
often panicled clusters : fr. a3-celled drupe, dry at length
and separating into 3 stones. Thirty-six species in N.
America, chiefly Pacific coast region. Ornamental, free-
flowering shrubs, some especially valuable for their late
flowering period. Many of them are only hardy in the
warmertemperateregions,but C J(»c)iVrt"«Hs,C.ora(i(«,
and C. Fendleri are hardy north, while the numerous hy-
brids of C.Aniericanus are only half hardy, and even if
protected they are killed to the ground in the north, but
the young shoots will usually flower the same season.
The safest way, however, to have good, free-flowering
plants of these beautiful hybrids will be, in the north, to
dig them up in fall, store them away in a frost-proof pit
or cellar, and to plant them out again in spring. Pruning
of the late flowering species will be of advantage; about
one-half of last year's growth may be taken away. They
grow in almost any soil , but best iu alight and well drained
one, and most of the Californian species prefer a sunny
position. Prop, by seeds sown in spring and by cuttings
of mature wood in autumn, inserted in a eoldframe or
greenhouse ; softwood cuttings also grow readily if
taken in early spring from forced plants. Sometimes
increased by layers, and the varieties and hybrids by
grafting on roots of C.Americanus under glass in early
spring ; the cions must be fresh and with leaves, taken
from plants kept in the greenhouse during the winter.

A. Lvs. alternate,

n. Mivrtjins of lvs. serrate or crenate.

c. Fls. white.

V. Foliage deciduous.

Americinus, Linn. Fig. 390. Low, erect shrub, to 3 ft. ;
Ivs. ovate, usually acute, finely and irregularly serrate,
bright green and dull above, paler and pubescent or
nearly glabrous beneath, lJ^-3 in. long: fls. in terminal
and axillary panicles on slender peduncles, forming
large, corymbose panicles. July-Sept. From Canada to
S. Carolina and Texas. B. M. 1479. - Common in dry
woods and making a profusion of bloom, which, how-
ever, is short-lived. Many hybrids have been raised
from this species in Eu. (see C. hybridus). Var. inter-
m4dius,Trel. (C infei-wMiHS, Pursh), has smaller, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate Ivs. and the fls. in small, very slen-
der, peduncled, short racemes or panicles. Tennessee to
S. Carolina.

ov4tT!S, Desf . {C. orAlis, Bigel.). Low shrub: lvs. ellip-
tic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, crenulate-ser-
rate, nearly glabrous, glossy above, 1-2 in. long: inflores-
cence like the former, but usually smaller. New England
to Colorado and Alabama.

CEANOTHUS

sanguineus, Pursh (C. Oregdnus, Nutt. ). Tall shrub,
with purple or reddish glabrous branches : Ivs. orbicular
to ovate or obovate, obtuse, serrate, nearly glabrous,
1-3 in. long: fls. in rather long, narrow panicles, on stout,
leafless peduncles, axillary , from branches of the previous
year. May, June. Brit. Columbia to Calif. B.M. 5177.

veliltinus, Dougl. Tall shrub : Ivs. broadly elliptic,
mostly subcordate, obtuse, serrate, dark green and gla-
brous above, 2-3 in. long : fls. in large, compound pani-
cles at the ends of the branches. June, Julv. Brit.
Columbia to Colo, and Calif. B.M. 5165.

cc. Fls. blue, piii-j)lisli c

hirstitUB, Nutt. Shruh

branches: Ir--. hrnnrilv .11'

date at tli- i ,.:-.. ,

villous :ui.l , ' ' I

deep blur i- ;..:;,,..,
April, May. u.lii. \ ar. (
rey). Fls

■pink: Ivs. half e
or small tree, w

,pale

thyrsifldrus, Eschsch. Shrub or small tree ; Its. ob-
long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, nearly glabrous, l-li4va.
long : fls. blue, rarely white, in narrow panicles, about
3 in. long. May-July. Oregon to Calif. B.R. 30:38.
S.S. 2: 64. G.C. Ill, 20: 363. -A very fine, free-flowering
species of beautiful blue color. Probably natural hybrids
of this species are: C. Veitchidniis. Hook. {€'■ thyrsi-
flonisxrigidiis), with deep blue fls. in dense panicled
clusters; B.M. 5127; F.S. 13:1383, and C. Lobbidnus,
Hook. (C.thi/rsifloriisxdentatMs), with deep blue fls.,
in oval, peduncled, solitary clusters. B.M. 4810 (4811 by
error). F.S. 10:1016.

BB. Margins of Ivs. entire or nearly so: litilf evergreen.

F^udleri, Gray. Low, prostrate and .spiny shrub: Ivs.
oval, rounded or nearly acute at both ends, entire, rarely
flnely serrulate, grayish green, minutely tomentose be-
neath, %-l in. long: fls. white, in short racemes, termi-
nal, on short, lateral branchlets. Jnno, -lulv. From S.

Dakota to New Mexico and Ari/"iia. - A vir\ lt fiil

and free-flowering shrub of alni..-r . r. ,.|hiiu' li.niii. u. li
adapted for covering dry, sandy l.:iiik- : lialf i\ . r^'i il-ii
and hardy north.

iutegerrimus. Hook. & Arn. 'I'all. en rt vlinil..\yithgla-
brescent branches : Ivs. broadly elliiitia >n- ..\ate, spar-
ingly hairy or glabrous, bright i;reru h.n.aili, 1-3 in.
long : fls. blue, sometimes white, fra^-raTir, in 3-6-in.
long, narrow panicles. April-June. Washington to Calif,
and S. E. Arizona.

divaricatus, Nutt. Tall, erect shrub, with usu.illy glau-
cous branches and often spiny : Ivs. ovate, obtuse or
nearly acute, glaucous and glabrous or grayish tomen-
tose, K-1 in. long: fls. pale blue, sometimes whitish, in
2-3in. long, narrow panicles. ApriWune. Calif.
AA. Lvs. opposite, persistent.

ouneatus, Nutt. Tall, much-branched shrub: lvs. spatu-
late or cuneate-obovate, mostly obtuse, entire, minutely
tomentose beneath, H-l in. long : fls. white, in small
clusters along the branches. March-May. Oregon to
Calif. B.H. 8:170.

prostratus, Benth. Procumbent shrub : lvs. cuneate,
obovate or spatulate, coarsely and pungently toothed,
sometimes only 3-pointed at the apex, often minutely
silky when young, J^-l in. long : fls. blue, in clusters,
terminal on short branchlets. Spring. Washington In
Calif.

h^bridus, Hort. Hybrids of garden origin, chiefly be-
tween C. Americanns or C.omlus and C. thyrsiflorus
or C.asuretis, mostly raised in French nurseries. .Some
of the most distinct are : Atbiis-pleiiiix. with double
white ds.: Alror,rri<leiis piirpinriis. Hs. blue, foliage
purple when young: Arnnhll. fls. sky-blue, in large
panicles; Gloire <le I'ersiiilles, with bright blue, large
panicles; Gloire de Pluntieres, fls. dark blue, in large
panicles ; Marie Simon, fls. flesh-colored ; Soseus, fls.
pink. R.H.1875:30.

C.Africanus.Um=yo\U

lvs. smaller.
O. folibsus. P
glandular-tool
deep blue, in i
Pursh=C. Au:
Tall shrub: h
neath: fls. yel
anus. Hook., •

white.' in ini'

alt-ri; ' !. ovate, emargin.ite, dentic-ulate. nearly

glala; 1. , liile. in small, axillary clusters along the

brani ].. (,...:—( .a /TKcdfilw, Hook.= C. rigidns.

Alfred Rehder.
CEDEELA (from Cedrus, the wood resembling that
ofCedrus). Meli&cece. Tall trees, with alternate, usu-
ally abruptly pinnate lvs., without stipules: Ifts. peti-
oled, entireor slightly serrate : fls. ineonspieuous. whit-
ish, usually perfect. .5-ii a' r> a i ,. in laiaj-a i ... i a I n S .us, termi-
nal panicles; theopri.ii I ■: a .[.reading
limb : fr. a capsule, .1. i . . i itli many
flat, winded seeds. Ei-I,r -im , a - in ■ ) . .|i .\ na la and 8,
forming the subgenus Tooua. in E, IiHli:i and Australia.
Tall, ornamental trees, and well adapted for avenues ;
only hardy in S. Calif, and in the Gulf states, except
('. SineiLsis. The wood of some species is known as
cedar wood, and much valued for making furniture and
boxes. They thrive best in rich loam, and are prop, by
seeds or by cuttings of mature wood, and, also, by root-
cuttings, all with bottom heat.

266

CEDRELA

391. Leaflets of Cedrela and
Allan tti us.

Cedrela on the right (X %).

A. Lfts. 10-25, quite ijlabrons.
Sinensis, Juss. Fig. 391. Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. long-
petioled, 10-20 in. long ; lfts. 10-22, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, slightly and remotely serrate,
4-8 in. long : lis. white, in very long, pendulous ra-
cemes : fr. oblong or obo-
vate, about 1 in. long. June.
China. R.H. 1891, p. 57-1-75,
and 1875, p. 87. Gng.4:l.-
Ornamental tree, with large,
feathery foliage; very valu-
able for avenues; similar to
Ailanthus, and nearly of the
same hardiness, but of more
regular and dense growth,
and without the disagreeable
odor when flowering. Ailan-
thus can be easily distin-
guished by the few coarse
teeth near the base of the
lfts., each bearing a large
gland beneath (Fig. 391).

serrita, Royle. Tree, to
70 ft.: Ivs. usually odd-pin-
nate. 15-20 in. long: lfts.
15-25, ovate-lanceolate or
ovate-acuminate, irregularly
serrate, glaucous beneath:
panicles long, pendulous :
fls. fragrant. Himalayas.—
This is probably the hardi-
est of the tropical species.
Closely allied to this species is C. Toona, Roxb., from
E. India, but Ivs. abruptly pinnate, and lfts. usually
entire.

odorMa.Linn. Tree, to 80 ft. : Ivs. 10-20 in. long; lfts.
12-20, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire, 4-G in.
long: panicles shorter than the Ivs.: fr. oblong, almost
VA in. long. W. India.-The cedar wood comes mostly
from this species.

AA. Zfts. 6-10, finely
Dugdsi.Wats. Tree: Ivs. 10-15 in.
ovate-lanceolate, long and slender acuminate, nearly
entire, shining above, 4-6 in. long: panicles rather com-
pact, much shorter than the Ivs. Mexico.

Alfred Rehder.
CEDBONtLLA {a little Cedar, from the odor of C.
triphylla, a species from the Canary Islands,
called "Balm of Gilead"). habidtw. Eight
herbs or shrubs, allie(i to Dracocephalum. 1
tive kinds described l)elow are compact, free-flowering
border perennials, with aromatic Ivs. and
showy, purplish pink fls. with blue stamens, and born
in dense whorls on long racemes or spikes. Thev ar
not quite hardy north, and should have a sheltered
sunny position, or some winter protection.

cana, Hook. Height 2K-3 ft.: stems hard, square,
subshrubby: branches numerous, especially at the base,
opposite, hoary with a minute pubescence: upper Ivs.
small, i4-\yi in. long, entire, hoary, numerous near the
fls., ovate; lower Ivs. larger, cordate-ovate, dentate-
serrate : spikes numerous : whorls dense, 15 or more
fld.: corolla 1 in. long, limb 5-cleft, the lowest lobe
largest, crenate, revolute. June-Oct. Mex. and N. Mex.
Mexicina, Benth. {Gardbquia betonicohles, Lindl.).
Height 1-3 ft.: root creeping: Ivs. lK-2}^ in. long,
ovate-lanceolate (the lower ones cordate), crenate-den-
tate, becoming purplish below, petioled : fls. very like
above, bright pink. Mex., Mts. S.Ariz. B.M. 38G0.-
Rarer in cult, than above. Lvs. larger, longer and fewer,
triphylla, Moench (Dracocephalum Canarihise, Linn.).
Balm of Gilead. Shrubby: leaflets 3, oblong or lanceo-
late : fls. purple or white, in loose spicate whorls. Aro-
matic plant from Canary Is. Three to 4 ft.

J. B. Keller and W. M.
CfiDBUS (Kedros, ancient Greek name). Coniferw.
Cedar, Large evergreen trees, with quadrangular, stiff,
fasciculate Ivs. : fls. monoecious, forming cylindrical cat-
kins: cones ovate, 3-5 in. long, with broad, closely imbri-

CEDRUS

cate bracts, attaining maturity in two or three years ;
seeds winged. Three closely allied species in N. Africa,
Asia Minor and Himalayas. Large ornamental Conifers,
with wide-spreading branches, very distinct in habit
from most other Conifers ; not hardy north, but the
hardiest, C. Atlanfica, may be grown as far north as
New York in sheltered positions, while C. Deodara can
be only grown safely in Calif, and S. states. The very
durable and fragrant wood of all species is highly
valued. The Cedars prefer well-drained, loamy soil,
and will also grow in sandy clay, if there is no stagnant
moisture. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring ; the varieties
by veneer grafting, in late summer or in fall, on seed-
lings of C. Atlantiea; or, in warmer regions, on C.
Deodara ; they grow also from cuttings, if the small
shoots are selected which spring occasionally from the
old wood. Plants of this genus are the true Cedars ;
but trees of other genera are often called Cedar. See
CUam(fr!ipiiris,Jii>iiperus, and Thuya; also Cedrela.
A. Branches stiff, not drooping : cones truncate,
and often concave at the apex.

Atldntica, Maiietti. Fig. 392. Large, pyramidal tree,
to 120 ft., with upright leading shoots : lvs. mostly less
than 1 in. long, usually thicker than broad, rigid, glau-
cous-green : cones 2-3 in. long, light brown. N. Africa.
Gng.2:163. G.P.9:417. R.H. 1890, p. 32. Var. glaiioa,
Hort. Foliage glaucous, with silvery hue ; a very de-
sirable and vigorous form. Var. fastigiilta, Carr. Of
upright columnar habit. R.H. 1890, p. 32.

Libfkni, Barr. Large tree, with wide spreading, hori-
zontal branches, forming a broad head when older, lead-
ing shoot nodding : lvs. 1 in. or longer, broader than
thick, dark or bright green, sometimes bluish or silvery:
cones 3-4 in. long, brown. Lebanon, Taurus, S. Ana-
tolia and N. Africa. Gng. 5:G5. Mn.l:39. G.F.8:335.
Gn. 48, p. 237. Var. argfentea. Loud. With blue or sil-
very hue. Var. n4na, Loud. Dwarf foim.

tiate.
long; lfts. cuneate,

392. Cedrus Atlantiea.

AA. Branches and leading shoot pendulous :

cones obtuse.

Deodilra, Loud. Tall tree, of pyramidal habit, to 150

t. : lvs. 1-2 in. long, dark bluish green, rigid, as thick

s broad : cones 3J4-5 in. long, reddish brown. Himal.

CELEEIAC

267

Gng. 2:8. Var. arg^ntea, Hort. Lvs. with silvery hue.
Var. viridis, Hort. Lvs. bright green. Var. robiista,
Hort. Lvs. about 2 in. long, very rigid.

Alfred Rehder.
CEIBA. See Eriodendro}i.

CELANDINE. See CheUdmiitm.

CELASTBUS (fi'eias^ros, ancient Greek name). Celas-
trUcew. Shrubs, usually climbing, with alternate, peti-
oled, usually deeiiiuous and serrate glabrous lvs.: fls.
polygamous, 5-nierous, inconspicuous, greenish white,
in axillary or terminal panicles or racemes : fr. a cap-
sule, dehiscent into :) valves, each containing 1 or 2
seeds, enclosed in a fleshy crimson aril. About 2fl spe-
cies in S. and E.Asia, Australia and America. Hardy
ornamental shrubs, very effective by their bright-colored
fruit remaining usually throughout the wiuter ; they
are very valuable for covering trellis-work, trees or
rocks and walls. They grow in almost any soil and
situation, and as well in shaded as in sunny positions.
Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified, and by root-
cuttings or layers ; suckers are freely produced, and
become sometimes a nuisance in nurseries ; they can be
also increased by cuttings of mature and of soft wood.
The species with perfect fls. in axillary cymes and with
evergreen lvs., being rigid and often spiny shrubs, are
now included under Gijmnosporia, which see.

acindena, Linn. F.^lse Bitter Sweet. Fig. 393.
High, climbing to 20 ft.: lvs. cuneate, ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, 2-1 in.
long : fls. in terminal, many-fid. panicles or racemes :
fr. about Hin. in diam., orange-yellow, with crimson
seeds. Canada to S. Dakota and N. Mexico. Era. 545.
A.G.11:29,31. G.F.5:569. Gng. 5: 119.

orbicuiatus, Thunbg. ( C. artU-iihttiis, Thunbg. ). High
climbing shrub : lvs. cuneate, suborbicular to oblong or
obovate, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, 2-3 in.
long : fr. globular, orange-yellow, with crimson seeds.
Japan, China. B.M. 7599. G.P.3:550. A. F. 9:534. G.
cm, 23:29. Gng.5:119. Var. punctitus, Rehder (C.
punclAtiis, Thunb.). A less vigorous grower, with
smaller, elliptic lvs. C. orbicuhitus is of more vigorous
growth than the former species, and fruits very pro-
fusely, but the fruits are hidden by the foliage, and are
not very conspicuous until the lvs. have fallen, while C.
scandeus bears its fruits above the lvs.

paniculatus, Willd. (C. dephideiis.'Wun.). Branches
with white lenticels, pendulous: lvs. ovate-oblong or
obovate: fls. in terminal pendulous panicles. Himalayas.
Not hardy N.

C. nutans, Hort. Reasoner, not Rosbg.=Quisqualis Indica.—
C. Orixa, Sieb. & Zucc.=Oi-ixa Japoniea.

Alfred Rehder.

CELEKIAC {Apium gravioUns, Linn., var. rapii-
ceiim, DC). UmbellUera. Fig. 394. An offshoot of the
celery species, producing an edible root instead of
edible leaves. Just how long Celeriac, or Turnip-rooted
Celery, has been in cultivation is unknown. Its history
as a garden vegetable can be traced definitely as far

back as the middle of the seventeenth century, although
writers for a centur\ or more previous to this time made
references which would seem to relate to this vegetable,
but the identity is obscure Its origin was probably the
same as that of the common garden celery, of which it

394. Celeriac (X %

is doubtless a state wherein the root has become en-
larged and edible. This form is supposed to be the one
most remotely removed from the wild state.

Celeriac is very little grown in this country, and to
Americans is almost unknown, but it is much prized in
Europe. It is cultivated chietly where there is a Ger-
man population. Fifteen or 20 varieties are mentioned
in the seed catalogues, but there is very little difference
in the various sorts, some seedsmen even making no
distinction between varieties, but catalogue the plant

in ^.ii.i.il, iiic nilnin- i- tlie same as for celery, ex-
ct_-ip! :iired, sinceit is theenlarged

ruoi 1 . Iihle portion. Sow the seed

duriiiL: iin -|>! iMu ;ii ;i ai II prepared seed-bed, prefera-
bly in a more or less siKidid location. A coldtraine or a
spent hotbed is a good place. The seed is slow to ger-
minate, and must be kept well watered. When the
plants are 2 or 3 inches tall, they ought to be trans-
planted ; about 3 inches apart each way is a good dis-
tance to place them at this handling. Later, again
transplant them to the ojieii ground, in rows about 2
feet apart and C, or S inches distant in the row. The
soil should be a rich, light loam well supplied with
moisture.

The seed may be sown where the plants are to remain,
and thinned to the required distance, but stronger,
more stocky plants are obtained by transplanting as
above directed.

Plants thus treated will be ready for fall and winter
use. It they are desired for earlier use, the seeds may
be sown in a mild hothed anri transplanted to the open

Aside from fr.M"riii ih1,i_. i vir. i ,,■ rei|uires but little
attention duiin- -i. i I ■ frequent practice

among grower- t.. i. i - i I ^.t the earth from

about the plants :ift, nli.' i..,.! Ii:i- i., .ome well enlarged,
and to cut off the lateral roots. This tends to make the
main root grow larger, smoother and more symmetrical
in shape.

For winter use, the plants may be protected with
earth and straw sufficient to keep out frost, or packed
in moist sand and placed in a cool cellar.

The principal use of Celeriac is for the flavoring of
soups and stews, but it is also served in several other

268 CELERIAC

ways. It may be boiled and eaten with a white sauce,
like cauliflower ; as a salad, either first beiuff cooked
as beets or turnips, or else cut up into small pieces and
used raw ; when boiled, sliced and served with oil and
vinegar, it forms the dish known as "celery salad." An
extract may be obtained from it which i.s said to have
certain medicinal properties. h. P. GocLD.

CELERY ilpium i/rai-eolens, Linn ) VrnTieUifent
Annual or biennial plants: leaf-stalks 6-15 in lonfj
bearing 3 pairs and a terminal leaflet all of
which are coarsely serrate and more or less ~
ternately lobed or divided: flower stalk 2-3 7

ft. high, branched and leafy, bearing nu r
merous rather small compound umbels of
inconspicuous white flowers: fruit small
flattened on the sides, broader than Ion
Au ounce contains between 60,000 an I
70,000 seeds.

Celery is known in America only as
garden vegetable, and is cultivated maiuh
for the leaf stalks, which are blanched an
eaten raw with salt, made into salads, c i
boiled and served like asparagus. Celer\
roots, leaves and seeds are also used m fla
voring soups, meats, etc. The garden torn
resembles wild celery, which grows over i
wide range in Europe and Asia, but the
plants are less acrid and pungent and the
leaf-stalks are much larger and more meaty and solid.
Ancient writers left little definite information about this
plant, and it is doubtful if its cultivation as a staple gar-
den vegetable really began until after the Middle Ages.
Previous to that time it does not appear to have been
clearly distinguished from parsley, which was mainly
used at funeral ceremonies, and not at all as a salad
plant. It is supposed that the Selinon mentioned by
Homer in the Odyssey was wild celery, and it has also
been stated that Dioscorides distinguished between the
wild and the cultivated forms of this plant, but later
writers were singularly silent about garden celery until
the seventeenth century. In 1629 Parkinson wrote that
"sellery"was a rarity in England. It seems to have
been introduced there from Italy, where its cultivation
as a garden vegetable probably began. In 1699 John
Evelyn wrote of "sellery"a3 .4j9*«m ItaJicitm, and de-
scribed it as a hot and more generous form of Mace-
donian parsley or sniallage, which, he stated, fo' its
high and grateful taste was ever placed in the middle
of the Grand Sallet at the great men's tables and
PrsBtors' Feasts as the grace of the whole board. Dur-
ing the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries celery was
frequently called smallage in England and arhe in
France, but now these names have fallen into disuse.
Until about 1850 celery was grown in trenches; later
level culture was gradually adopted. For 20 or 2.5 years
following 1850 celery was used almost entirely as a win-
ter vegetable. The plants were only partially blanched

CELERY

The demand for earlier celery increased after 1875 or
1880. The introduction of two new kinds of celery a few
years later, namely the White Plume and the Paris
Golden, both with distinct self-blanching tendencies,
gave a fresh impetus to the cultivation and the con-
sumption of early celery. These new kinds were more
attractive as table decorations, and they were also more
easily grown and blanched than anv varieties previously
cultivated Soon after their introduction boards began
to he used m the place of earth m hi inching early

0i-4-

iW^^^'

fe^4

in the field, then lifted and placed in trenches or celer\
pits, where they remained until the blanching process
was completed, being taken out from time to time dur-
ing the winter. Celery is reported as naturalized on the
coast of southern California, and as escaped from culti-
vation in southeastern Virginia.

396 The ^l 1 L

celery. This proved a decided advantage to growers
because the rows could be from 2V2 to 3 feet apart in-
stead of 4 or 5 feet, as was uece>sary Ijutore, and also
less labor was recjuired in cjinuL' i' 1 iIm 11 "|i and pre-
paring it for market. With 1; . ~ and im-
proved methods of blanching.' ■ ''i:::iuto be

grown on a large scale after 1>-... .mi • inL't- markets

are supplied with Celery throtii.'hiHii Uie enure year.

Staktixh the Plants. — Celery seed is usually sown
in frames where there is but little artificial heat. The
seeds germinate slowly, and the seedlings require about
three months after the seed is planted to mature sufii-
ciently to be set in the field. ' Sowings for the early crop
begin in January, and those for the late crop about the
middle of March in the northern states. The seed is
sown broadcast, and when the plants are large enough
to handle they are transplanted into other frames, being
set 2 or 3 inches apart each way. The soil in these
frames, and also where the seed is sown, is made very
fertile.to insure a strong growth ^._ ,.

of both roots and foliage. After .- — ^^^;'' -^'^ r~

being transplanted the plants n^r .-. ^ ' .' ' ,"■ "' -_
are allowed to remain in the ~==^^-' ' ''' ] ^ ' ^, r'"' >
frames only long enough to
send out a new set of roots and
leaves. If for any reason the
plants remain in the frames too
long, they often go to seed pre-
maturely when set in the field.
This IS much more IikeU to oc-
cur with the early than n ith the
late crops.

FiEiD Cplturb. — Moist,
1 1 it\ suil 18 preferred, but cel-

i\ 1^ ii'cessfully grown on
iliMv uirt even sandy soils.

!i -Q th are highh fertilized

11 1 m iTid Level" culture is
I J !I\ practiced the old

I III uhith pi luts were

397. The old method
of growing Celery
in trenches. Plants
are sometimes stored
for winter in sneh
trenches.

till 1 u' 317) being nearly
(ihsdlpte The plants are set
from () inches to a foot apart in the rows, and the rows
from 2'< to i^^ feet apait Early and late varieties are
often set in alternate rows. Boards are used to blanch
the plants that mature first, and when these are out of
the wav there is room to bank the remaining rows with
earth | Fig 396)

Celery plants are also set 7 or 8 inches apart each way
in beds. This method requires intensive culture. The
plants must be frequently fertilized and copiously
watered during their growth. In this case the crowding
of the leaves is sufficient to blanch the stalks of the

CELERY

Paris Golden, which is the variety generally grown in
this way, and boards are used only around the outside
of the beds (Fig. 395). This method is known as the
"New Celery Culture, "or Niveu's method.

Blanching. — When the weather is warm in summer
celery often blanches in two weeks after boards are set
up beside the rows, but later in the fall it takes three or
four weeks, and the winter varieties are often banked
with earth considerably longer than this and then placed
in celery pits, where the blanching process continues.
Hemlock boards an inch thick, a foot wide and 12 feet
long, are largely used for blanching summer celerj'.
These are placed on edge beside the rows and drawn
nearly together at the top, where they are held by small
wooden cleats. When thus placed the boards enclose
the entire plants, with the exception of ends of scatter-
ing leaves, which project above them. In market gar-
dens these boards are moved from one tield to another
after the crops mature, and kept in constant use from
the middle of June until late in November. When freez-
ing weather is expected, the remaining plants of the
early varieties are lifted and set in beds in the field,
where they are enclosed on the sides and covered as
closely as circumstances may require with the boards.

Late celery is blanched mainly by banking with earth,
the earth being thrown up against the plants at two or
three different times; first, the base of the bank is
thrown up about one foot high, the leaves being held
together during the operation to prevent the soil from
filling in between the stalks. The top of this bank is
left broad and dishing so that the plants can be watered.
Two or three weeks later the bank is raised 8 inches or a
foot higher, and often it is again raised, the top of the
highest banks being about 3 feet above the ditches be-
tween the rows. The plow is used in loosening the soil.
butthe banking ismainly done by hand. Theold method
of growing celery in trenches ( Fig. 397 ) in order to bleach
it is now entirely obsolete in this country. A well-hilled
field is shown in Fig. 396.

Celery is sometimes blanched by wrapping the plants
in thick paper (Fig. 398), or by placing large pieces of
drain tile over them.

Preparation foe Market.— After pulling, the celery
is trimmed, then taken to the packing room, where it is
washed and tied in bunches, the bunches being from 3
to 4 inches in diameter and containing from 2 to 6
"heads" or plants. The root is cut to a point, as shown
in Fig. 399. After bunching, it is packed in cases of
various patterns which hold from 2 to 5 dozen bunches
each . A common style of celery crate, for the marketing
of trimmed plants, is shown in Fig. 400. Sometimes
celery, especially the early crop and for nearby markets,
is not trimmed at the roots; but the roots are left intact,
the plant w^i^linl .-umI stripped of its dead and broken
leaves itinl ih.-n ^liipiifd in a tray which holds water.
Fig. 401 sh..w~ Nivri, V trav.used for this purpose. This
tray or crate will hul,l L'4-30 roots. The sides, A A, are
20x40 in.; B D, 14;,.k40 in. : top pieces, C, IHin. wide bv
%in. thick; posts, D, 1x1x12 in. The joints are mitered
and painted before nailing. The inside of the tray is
painted white.

Varieties. —Not less than 50 kinds of celery, which are
more or less distinct, are catalogued by American seeds-
men. The plants vary in size from the Paris Red Ribbed,
which is scarcely a foot high, to the Giant Pascal, which
is fully three times as tall; and in color of the foliage
from the deep green of the Boston Market to the
golden yellow of the Paris Golden and the almost pure
white of the White Plume. Some kinds are turnip-
rooted (see Ce!eri<u-]. others have red leafstalks, and
still others are very bitter and pungent; yet all of these
variations seem to have resulted from high cultivation
and, possibly, in some cases, from crossings of the differ-
ent kinds. Ahalf dozen leading types inavbe described.

Paris Gohhn or Golden Self-hlaiiehini/'.-ThisyarU-ty
was raised by M. Cheinin in his market-garileiis mar
Paris, France, and it was introduced into the United
States about 1885. It was entirely distiiift from all
other varieties, and it gained favor among growers rap-
idly. Since 1892 or 1893 it has been the leading summer
kind, and more generally planted in market-gardens
than any other. The plants are stocky, they can be
planted closely, conveniently blanched with hoards,

CELERY

269

packed in small space when bunched, the bunches keep
remarkably well, are exceptionally attractive when ex-
posed for sale in the market, and the stalks are never
disagreeably bitter. Leaf-stalks below the lower pair
of leaflets 6 to 8 inches long and from IJi to ]?4 inches
in circumference, generally with 9 distinct ridges and
13 rather small fibrovascular bundles, the latter not im-
bedded in green cells, the ridges flattened and the
furrows between them shallow; leaf-bearing part of the
stalk 12 to 14 inches long, with a decided constriction
where the lower pair of leaflets unite with it; leaflets
thick, sharply serrate, usually wedge shaped at the base
and with characteristic yellow specks, which increase in

398. Blanching Celery by wrapping it with paper.

numbers as the plants mature until the entire foliage
appears to be of a light golden hue.

The Paris Red Ribbed celery is a very dwarf variety,
having thick leaflets with yellow specks in them like the
Paris Golden, but the plants are smaller, not so full in
the centers and the leaf stalks are shaded with red.
Another variety of recent introduction, known as the
Broad Riliheil celery, is evidently nearly related to the
preceding kinds. The foliage shows the yellow specks,
the leaf stalks are large and rounded on the edges, and
the plants mature early, but they are open in the center.
.Some strains of this variety have reddish leaf stalks.

fmte PI tone. -Introduced by Peter Henderson in
1884. For several years this variety was more generally
grown than any other kind. The plants are distinctively

270 CELERY

self-blanching ana beautiful, ami it has been claimed
that this variety surpasses all others as a table decora-
tion. Leaf -stalk below the lower pair of leaflets 8 to 10
inches long, 1 to 2 inches in circumference, light green,
becoming pure white when blanched, ridges 9, fibrovas-
cular bundles 13 imljedded in green cells; leaflets large,
borne on slender divisions of the main stalk, turning
light colored and sometimes nearly pure white when the

399. Celery plant trimmed lor market.
plants approach maturity. This variety often requires
artificial ripening to reduce the strong flavor, in addition
to what is necessary to whiten the stalks.

The Pink Plume is a nearly related variety, having
reddish stalks but is hardly equal to the preceding kind.

Boston Mtirkft.-Au old variety, that has been grown
in the vicinity of Boston since about 1850. Plants low and
spreading, very dark green and glossy, forming numer-
ous secondary crowns, leaf -stalks short and stout, ridges
9 or 11, with shallow furrows between them, fibrovascular
bundles 13 or 15, imbedded in green cells; leaflets thick,
rounded in outline, deeply cleft, serrations shallow, each
terminating in a whitish point. There is a constriction
where the lower pair of leaflets unite with the stalk, and
the stalk is lighter colored here than elsewhere; above
this point the central stalk tapers rapidly to the end.

The Early Arlington celery is a sub-variety of the
Boston Market.

Golden ifear*. — A popular kind before the introduc-
tion of the self-blanching varieties, but now placed in
the background with the Golden Half Dwarf, White
Solid, Schumacher, Perle le Grande, and Alpha.

J?ose.— A tall, red variety, better known than any other
kind of this class. It was introduced in 1886 by Peter
Henderson, but it never has been extensively grown for
market. Leaf-stalk red or purplish, 10 to 15 inches
long, IK to 2 inches in circumference, ridges 9, fibro-
vascular bundles 13; leaflets dull green, thin, and the
edges inclined to turn upward ; the whole plant tall,
slender and rather hard to blanch. The young stalks
retain the red color when blanched, and are exception-
ally attractive in appearance, crisp, and have the nutty
flavor that is so highly prized in choice celery. It was
formerly supposed that the red varieties of celery kept
better than the others, but the supposition does not seem
to be well founded.

CELERY

Other varieties of this class are the Crimson Bouquet,
Pink Aromatic, and Convent Garden Rose.

Giant Puscn;. — This variety is peculiarly adapted to
the production of a large amount of edible matter. The
stalks are of the largest size, tender, and never pungent,
even before they are blanched ; grown both in private
gardens and for market. Leaf-stalks very large, long
and thick, generally with 12 flattened ridges and 16
flbrovasfular bundles; leaflets dark green, thick, deeply
cleft and coarsely serrate. Plants with full centers and
usually without secondary crowns.

Although the variety is iuui')i, thi' value and appear-
ance of the plant depiiiil mml' ii|.(iti the growing. There
are different ideals in .lilt, i, m ].:,rts of the country.
In the west, a plant t.f th- iji..- of Fig. 402 is wanted.
About Boston, a broad-based and thick-set plant (ob-
t:iiiii-rl l.y much transplanting and less crowding) is

Fekjii,izeks.— Celery rarely makes satisfactory growth
on laii.l .if ordinary fertility; it is a crop that must have
liber;il treatment to yield good returns. Organic ferti-
iiz.-is rich in nitrogen are mainly used, although gener-
ally in market-gardens these are supplemented with pot-
ash and other salts. It is customary to apply the organic
fertilizers in a decomposed condition and plow them in
before the plants are set. Later, when the plants are
about half grown, some commercial fertilizer is scattered
along the rows before each hoeing. It is important that
the fertilizers used should not make the land too porous.
They should increase its capacity for holding moisture,
and not hasten evaporation. When coarse, light manures
must be used for this crop, it is better to place them on
the surface as a mulch than to plow them in.

Diseases. — Of diseases, there are two orthree serious
blights or rusts, but there are no widespread and serious
insect depredators. (See Duggar, Bull. 132, Cornell
Exp. Sta., and reports from stations in Conn., N. Y.
(state), N. J., Dept. Agric, etc.) The best general
treatment is to start with healthy seed on land which
has not bred the disease, and then spray early and fre-
quently with Bordeaux mixture, or other fungicide.
The treatment should all be done early in the life of
the crop.

Storing. -If celery is to be kept for winter use, it
must be cool and moist. It is usually set out again, so
that the roots take suSicient hold upon the earth to pre
vent the plant from wilting For home use, the plants
may be set in an old shoe case, m which there are a few
inches of earth in the bottom, the top of the box being
left uncovered. If the box is is 1 i is tl Ik ight of
the Celery, holes should be m I m il lit the box

to admit of ventilation The I \ i i I kept in a
cool cellar. Taking similar ) i i i ' I i} maybe

stored in barrels in
the cellar. For mar
ket. Celery may be
set in trenches, as
shown in Fig. .397
Two boards are then

the

plants, to form a ga
ble roof; and as cold
weather approaches
straw is thrown on
top. In large celer\
areas, however, the
crop is now stored in
sheds or cellars made
for the purpose. In
these sheds, the eel
ery is planted out,
and the temperature
is kept above hard
frost. Full discussii
under Storiiifi.

For further information, see Gre
Profit"; Vauirhan's "Celery Manual
"Kalamazoo Celery"; Hollister'

400. Celery crate.

i method will be found

Celery for

Bochove's

Livingston's Celery

KiNN-EV.

Commercial Celery Culture. -The increasing de-
mand for this delicious vegetable has interested both the
gardener and farmer in studying its needs. They have

CELERY

succeeded so well that the quality has been improved
and the length of the market season increased to such
an extent that instead of finding it for sale only during
the fall and winter months, we now have it the greater
part of the year. The greater part of the crop is pre-
pared for shipping by trimming off the outer stalks

271

in bunches of one dozen
, and packing in boxes containing from 4 to 8 do
according to the size of the roots. The California and
some of the Michigan and New York growers ship with
the roots on unwashed, and load in refrigerator oars,
with two decks put in and the bunches placed on the
decks. A car contains by this process from 1,200 to 1,500
dozens, while a car loaded with the boxed product con-
tains from 1,500 to 2,000 dozens.

The seeds are very small and slow to germinate. The
first leaves are small and digest food slowly, which
makes it necessary to have plant-food available at all
times during the growth of the plant, so that nature may
be assisted in her work of building it up and giving to
it a constitution strong enough to resist disease, which
sometimes comes in the shape of a fungus which attacks
the leaves, and, with the plant in its weak condition,
absoi-bs the sap aud destroys the digesting surface of
the leaf to such an extent that the outer stalks, and
sometimes the inner ones as well, dry up, and the crop
is a total loss. Fortunately, the climatic conditions for
the development of the fungi do not remain more than
3 or 4 days at a time, and, with means for irrigation and
with food containing the different materials that the plant
desires, this difficulty is successfully met. In Colorado
and other parts of the west, they expect to demonstrate
that the disease cannot exist, on account of irrigation
keeping the pKnt well supplied w'th food tl e large
a t of 1 me the <iO 1 conta ns the br ght sunl ght

an 1 cool n "ht as all these a e to tl e advantage of the
plant an 1 a" t he develop nent of f ng

The so Is best adivte I to tl e plant are c anberry bogs
and lo V n ar hes filled w th a depo t of decaj e I vege
table mattei from 2 to 15 feet leep wh cl whe Ira ned
by open and t le dr mge cleare 1 of trees an I roots

the surface cut with disk-harrow, smoothed and pulver-
ized wi:h common harrow aud roller, are then ready for
a crop of corn or millet the first season. The following
season the surface is treated with a ton of air-slaked
lime to the acre, which is turned under to hasten the
decay of the vegetable matter and correct the accumu-
lated acidity which abounds from the decay of such
large quantities of vegetables. The lime also destroys
fungous growth and tends to strengthen the constitution
of the plant. The surface is then dressed with a ferti-
lizer composed of 1 ton of fine raw bone, 40 bushels of
wood ashes, and 500 pounds of salt to the acre. Where
barnyard manure can be had, the raw bone is reduced
1,000 pounds, and 20 loads of manure are applied. In
Florida the amount of bone is increased to 3,000 pounds,
and 2111) |inini.N(j( hiu'li-grade potash added and theashes
omitti'il. Ill ('..|.ira.|.>. where the soil contains 10 per
cent of liiri. , it is „.■! ii.-cessarytouse lime. With ferti-
lizers ooiiiaiiiiiiL: 111 |Mi- cent of potash, 4 per cent of
nitrogen, and lo liirmii iijiMsphoric acid, applied at the
rate of 1 ton to th.- art , , mmI u nh the physical conditions
of the land iniininr,! In mining under green crops,
such as corn or allalla. si,,i, ., i^ anticipated. Celery
is also raised on sanely Immih. but nnloss 50 loads of
coarse manure is plowiil uii.lir, hihI water plentifully
supplied during growth, .iihci- l.\ lains or irrigation,
the crop is poor in quality ami li^'iit in quantity.

In the north and middle states, the early plants are
started on hotbeds March 1, and transplanted in cold-
frames March 10-12, then into the open field after May 10.
For the late or main crop, the seed is sown in the open
ground April 1, aud by June 1 the plants are large
enough to cut back to the heart leaves. This makes
them stocky and increases the root-growth, and by June
10 they are large enough to be removed to the field,
where they are cultivated frequently by both horse and
hand cultivators. In Florida, plants are all started
under a half shade in August, and transplanted under
another half shade made by setting posts in the ground,
5 feet high and 12 feet apart, on the tops of which a
board is nailed, forming a rest or frame, and 3-incb slats
nailed on 3 inches apart, thus protecting the beds from
the bright sun in day time and cold at night. The plants
are removed to the open field after September, and
planting is continued until about February 1. In Colo-
rado the early plants cannot be grown successfully with
glass close to the plants. The bright sun penetrates the
soil and takes up the moisture so fast that germination
is retarded and takes place very unevenly. By covering
the glass with plant cloth tacked on the inside the light
3 ubdued and success attamed For the month of
Ap 1 beds covered
with plant cloth alone "^t.
do verj well It is not ^i \ ^
practical to sow late j^jlt
plants in the open
ground without the

"/I .7

' \,\m

402 A good Celery plant of tl

403 The Boston ideal

272

CELERY

maclii

for the piu-|.o:
September 20 1

plant-cloth protection against the bright sunlight and
frequent winds that prevail during April and May in
this latitude. Close watching and spraying twice each
day will bring the seed up, and, after the fourth leaf
is well started, the cloth is removed for a few hours
toward night each day until the plants are 2 inches
high; then the cloth is removed during the night after
May 10, and the plants are hardened.

From 20,000 to 30,000 plants are set on an acre. In
sixty days plants are large enough to blanch for the
early market. Pine boards 1 foot wide, 1 inch thick, 16
feet long, dressed on both sides, are placed against the
celery on both sides of the plants, and are held in an
upright position by a piece of wire bent at each end so
as to form a double hook. The lumber excludes the
light, inducing the heart of the plant to grow rapiiily
and blanch at the same time, and in 15 to 18 days
after the lumber is put up, the celery is ready to
market. Lumber induces a taller growth, but the flavor
is not quite as nne as tlmi l.l:im'h»^'l with earth. The

lumber is safer for early M Iinl- i r rhe reason that

the disease commonly iM I i , : , i , i I.- to attack the
stalks if earth is used li' i ■ -■: • r 10. Earthing

up becomes a necessity iili. i ^. |. I.. i JO, as frost may

appear any night after tliis <lal.- and damage the crop
where the lumber is used, while that with the earth up
to it is protected. The process of earthing up with a
spade is si-Idiun seen nowadays, as there are banking
plows w 111 iiiin liiiH uts that push the leaves into an
uprii;lit ; : ! !iiin the earth upat the same time,

oneli.M ' plow very easily.

I I "p. leading growers have washing
mi cool the stalks, which adds to
' airing transit and delivery from
III' r. Great pains is taken to sort
lit sized roots, bind them into
1 1. 1. Ill into neat new packages made
■. Large quantities are marketed from
> October 20, to save the expense of stor-
ing in the winter houses, as the loss in those is liable to
be great from evaporation, disease and consequent de-
cay. California and Florida shipments come in Novem-
ber, and all through the winter months the leading
markets are supplied with this appetizing vegetable.

The popular varieties are: First, the White Plume,
which is early and makes a very fine appearance, quality
medium ; and next the Dwarf Golden Heart, which is a
little later but much hardier than the former, also pos-
sessing much better flavor. The best for winter use are
the old reliable Boston Market and its half brother, the
Giant Pascal. These two, wlien grown to perfection, are
good keepers and of excellent quality.

E. J. HOLLISTER.

CELOSIA (Greek, kelo.i. burned : rf-tVrrinL' to the

burned look of the tts. in some s; i.^ I i,... .,:„l,'ii-ea.

Cockscomb. The genus contaiiiiiiL- Mn . hiiiM-!! I'ucks-

comb of old-fashioned gardens h.i^ ii'Mii i_' -| ics, all

tropical and mostly annual herbs, \' ith :ili.iii:,ir. entire
Ivs. narrowed into a petiole, various in form, and with
fls. borne in dense spikes. There are two main types of
Celosias, the crested fomi and the feathered or plumy
ones. The crested Cockscomb is very stiff, formal and
curious, while the feathered sorts are less so, and are
used to some extent in dried bouquets. The plumy
sorts are grown abroad for winter decoration, especially
under the nameof C. pyramidulis, but to a small extent
in America. The crested Cockscomb is less used as a
summer bedding plant than formerlv, but it is still com-
monly exhibited in pots at small fairs, the object being
to produce the largest possible crest on the smallest
plant. For garden use, the seeds are sown indoors in
early spring, and the plants set out May 1-15. If the
roots dry out the Ivs. are sure to drop off. The Cocks-
comb is a moisture-loving plant, and may be syringed
often, especially for the red spider, which is its greatest
enemy. A light, rich soil is needed.

A. Spikes crested, monstrous.

cristata, Linn. Cockscomb. Height 9 in. or more ;
stem very glabrous : Ivs. petiolate, ovate or somewhat
cordate-ovate, acute, glabrous, 2-3 in. long. 1 in. wide:
spikes crested, subsessile, often as wide as the plant is
high: seeds small, black, shining, lens-shaped. Tropics.

CELTIS

Gn. 13, p. 231. R.H. 1894, p. 58. -There are 8 or 9 well
marked colors in either tall or dwarf forms, the chief
colors being red, purpli-. violet, crimson, amaranth and
yellow. The forms with vuii.-atcd Ivs. often have less
dense crests. A. J,ip,,,n,„ , M:<r\.. little known to bota-
nists, is said to be a distiiu-t tiarden plant with branch-
ing, pyramidal habit, each branch bearing a ruflled
comb.

AA. Spikes piumy, feathery, or cylindrical.

arg^ntea, Linn. Taller than the above: Ivs. shorter-
stalked, narrower, 2-2H in. long, 4-6 lines wide, linear-
lanceolate, acute: spikes 1^ in. long, erect or drooping,
long-peduncled, pyramidal, or cylindrical. India. -This
species is considered by Voss (in Vilmorin's Blumen-
gartnerei), to be the original one from which the crested
forms are derived. He makes 9 botanical forms, to one
of which he refers C. cristata. The range of color is
even greater in the feathered type than in the crested
type, as one form has whitish fls. The spikes are very
various in form and habit. Various forms are shown in
Gn. G, p. 513 ; 9, p. 149 ; 17, p. 331. R.H. 1857, p. 78 and
1890, p. 522.

Euttoni, Mart. Height 1-2 ft.: habit bushy, pyra-
midal : stem sulcate-striate : Ivs. reddish or crimson,
lower ones lanceolate, subsessile : spikes red, cylindri-
cal, oblong, obtuse, IK in. long: perianth segments ob-
long (not lanceolate, as in C. argentea). Java. G.C.
1.32:214. — A foliage plant, and less common than the
two species above. -^ jj

CfiLSIA (Olaus Celsius, 1670-1756, a Swedish oriental-
ist). ScrophulariAcece. Herbs, with yellow fls. in termi-
nal racemes or spikes, closely allied to Verbascum, but
has only 4 stamens, and they are of two sorts. There are
many species. Only C. Crttica, Linn.f., is known in
Amer., and that very sparingly. It is a hardy or half-
hardy biennial, with alternate Ivs., of which "the lower
are pinnate and the upper toothed and clasping : fls.
large and rotate (nearly 2 in. across), yellowish, with
dark markings in the center and conspicuous deflexed
stamens. Stout, hairy plant, 3-6 ft. high, from Crete.
B.M.964.

CfiLTIS (ancient Latin name). Urtic&cea>. Nettle
Tree. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. alternate, petiolate, stipu-
late, deciduous or persistent, usually oblique at the base
and 3-nerved : fls. polygamous-moncecious. inconspicu-
ous, apetalous. 4-5-merous, staminate in small clusters,
pistillate axillary and solitary : fr. a 1-seeded, small
drupe, edible in some species. Sixty species in the tem-
perate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere,
of which few hardy ornamental species are cultivated;
they are valuable as shade trees or as single specimens
on the lawn, mostly with wide spreading head and light
green foliage, which is rarely seriously injured by insects
or fungi; they thrive in almost any soil and even in dry
situations, they are of vigorous growth when young, and
are easily transplanted. The straight-grained wood is
light and elastic, easily divided, and much used for the
manufacture of small articles and for furniture: that of
C.aiistralis is valued for carving. Prop, by seeds, sown
after maturity; also by layers and cuttings of mature
wood in fall ; rarer kinds are sometimes grafted on
C. occidentalis.

A. Lvs. entire, or rarely with few teeth, thin,
at length glabrotis.

MissiS8ippi6ll8is, Bosc [C.lirvigetta.'WMA. C. integri-
fdliu, Nutt.). Tree, 60-80 ft.: Ivs. unequally rounded or
cuneate at the base, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, acumi-
nate, usually falcate, smooth above, 2-4 in. long : fr.
orange-red. nearly globular, Min. thick, on slender pedi-
cel, longer than the petiole. From S. Illinois to Texas
and Florida, west to Missouri. S.S. 7:318. G.F. 3:41,
figs. 9-11. Mn. 7: 225, 227.-Var. reticulata, Sarg. Lvs.
smaller, ovate, usually cordate, rough above. S.S. 7:319.

B. Foliage scabrous above, membranaceous, more or
less pubescent.

occidentalis, Linn. Large tree, occasionally 120 ft.:
Ivs. oblique and rounded at the base, ovate, acuminate,
pubescent when young, light green, 2-4 in. long : fr.

CELTIS

orange-red, Kin. long, on slender pedicel, longer than the
petiole. S. 8.7:317. G.F.3:40,43. Em. 304. Mn.7:231,
233.- Very variable species. Var. crassifdlia, C. Koch,
has firm, very rough and large Ivs., to li in. long, usually
cordate at base. Michx. Hist. Arb. 3: 228. Var. ptimila,
Gray, is a dwarf form with smaller Its.

austr^Us, Linn. Tree, to 60 ft. : Ivs. oblique, cordate
or rounded at the base, ovate oblong, acuminate, pubes-
cent beneath, 2^-5 in. long : fr. over Kin. long, dark
purple, sweet : pedicels 2-3 times longer than the peti-
oles. Mediter. region to Persia.— Not hardy north.
BB. Foliage sniooth and glossy above, glabrous or
nearly so, leathery.

Sinensis, Pers. [C. Japdiiiea. Planch. ). Tree, to 30 ft. :
Ivs. usually rounded or cordate at the base, broadly ovate
to oblong ovate, acuminate, serrate-dentate, pubescent
when young, pale or glaucescent and prominently reticu-
late beneath, 2-4 in. long : fr. dull orange-red ; pedicels
rather stout, not much longer than the petioles. China,
Japan. — Not hardy north ; often the following is culti-
vated under this name.

Bmigekna., Blame {C. Da vUlidna, CuTT.). Tree: Ivs.
narrow or rounded at the base, ovate or narrow elliptic,
acuminate, crenate-serrate, nearly glabrous when young,
green and shining on both sides, 2-4 in. : fr. purplish
black, small : pedicels 2-3 times longer than the petioles.
N. China. — Hardy, and a very distinct species, with dark
green and glossy foliage.

Kraussi4na, Bernh. Tree : Ivs. oblong ovate, usually
rounded at the base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, semipersistent: ovary toraen-
tose: fr. mostly pubescent, slender pedicelled. S.Africa
to Abyssinia. - Hardy only south. ^^^^^^ Rehdeb.

CEMETERY. See Landscape Gardening.

CENCHRUS (ancient Greek name). Gramlneip. An-
nual or perennial grasses, with spreadingor erect culms
bearing an intiorescence of globular, spiny burs. Spik-
lets 1-fld., 1-4 together, with an ovoid or globular invo-
lucre of rigid, more or less connate bristles, forming
spiny burs, which fall oft at maturity. Glumes as in
Panicum, awnless. Species about 12, in the tropical and
warmer temperate regions of both hemispheres.

tribuloldea, Linn. Sand-buk. Bur -grass. Culms
ascending, branching, 1-2 ft. long, with spikes composed
of 10-15 coarse, spiny burs, which readily attach them-
selves to passing objects. It is one of the worst of annual
weeds wherever it becomes abundant. It is distributed
more or less throughout the United States in sandy dis-
tricts, and said to be perennial in the southern states.
P. B. Kennedy.

C£NIA (Greek for empty, in allusion to the hollow
receptacle). ComposltiF. Low herbs from South Africa,
with the aspect of Mayweed. Head small and rayed, the
ray fls. pistillate, the disc fls. compressed and 4-toothed,
the receptacle gradually enlarged from the top of the
peduncle, and hollow. C. turbinita, Pers., is a common
weed in Cape Colony, and it is occasionally seen in Amer.
gardens. It is annual, diffusely branched, and a foot or
less high, with tinely dissected, soft, almost moss-like
foliage, and long-peduncled, small, yellow heads. Of
easy culture. ' l. H. B.

CENTAtTKfiA (a Centaur, famous for healing).
Compiisitw. Centaury. Dusty Miller. Bachelor's
Button. Corn Flower. Knapweed. Annuals or
half-hardy perennials ; fine for bedding, vases, baskets
and pots, and for borders and edgings. Differs from
Cnious in having the aohenes obliquely attached by one
side of the base or more laterally. Species about -400,
much confused, mostly in Eu., Asia and N. Afr., 1 in
N. Amer., 3 or 4 in Chile. The involucre is ovoid or
globose, stiff and hard, sometimes prickly. Receptacle
bristly. The marginal florets are usually sterile and
elongated, making the head look as if rayed. Several
Old World species have become weeds in this country.

The following species of Centaurea are here described,
the synonyms being in italics : Americana, 7 ; argen-
tea, 2 ; atropurpurea, 13 ; Babylonica, 14 ; £enedicta=

CENTAUREA

273

Carbenia benedicta; calocephala, 13 ; (.andidissima, 1;
Cineraria, 1 ; Clementei, 3 ; Cyanus, 4 ; dealbata, 12 ;
declinata, 10; flore-pleno,i; gymnocarpa, 2; imperialis,
5; leucophylla, 10; macrocephala, 8 ; Margarilacea, 6;
Margarit(F,o; montana, 11; moschata, .5; nigra, 9; odor-
ata.a ; plumosa, 2 ; splendens, 6 ; suaveolens, 5; varie-

gata

,4.

A. Dusty TShL.i.EK.— White-tomentose low plants, used
for bedding or for the sakz of their foliage.
1. Ciner4ria,Linn. (C.candi(/i..si»ia,Lam.). Fig. 404.
Perennial : sts. erect, 3 ft., brarched, the entire plant
white-tomentose : Ivs. almost all bipinnate (except the
earliest), the lower petioled, all tie lobes linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse : scales of the ovate involucre appressed,
with a ineiiil.i:uious black margin, long-ciliate, the api-
lers: fls. purple. S.Italy,

ised

a beciiiini: i.l:iiit, not being
allowed to bloom. The
first Ivs. of seedlings are
nearly entire (as shown in
Fig. 404), but the subse-
quent ones become more
and more cut. Grown both
from seeds and cuttings.
Seedlings are very apt to
damp off unless care is
taken '

2. gymnocarpa, Moris & DeNot (C. argentea, Hort.
C. plumosa, 'Hon.). Fig. 405. Perennial: entire plant
covered with velvety white pubescence : sts. 1^-2 ft.
high, erect: Ivs. bipinnatisect; segments linear, entire,
acute : fi. -heads small, in •< close panicle, mostly hidden
by the Ivs.: tls. rose-violet or purple. Caprea.-Very
ornamental on account of its velvety finely cut Ivs.
Much used, like the last, for low foliage bedding ; Ivs.
more compound, and usually not so white.

3. Clementei, Boiss. Perennial, the entire plant
densely white-woolly : sts. erect, branching, with few
Ivs.: root-lvs. petioled, pinnate, the lobes ovale-trian-
gular, sharp-pointed : st.-lvs. sessile : fl. -heads termi-
nal on the branches, globose : involucre scales with
scarious, ciliate margins, scarcely spiny : fls. yellow.
Spain.

AA. Corn Flower, or Bachelor's Button. — Tall-
growing annual, with very narrow Ivs., grown
for the showy fls.

4. CJanus, Linn. Bluebottle. Bluet. Bachelor's
Button (see also GoiiipAi-fiiu). Corn Flower Ragged
Sailor. Fig. 406. Annual, slender, branching, 1-2 ft.

274

CENTAUREA

CENTAUREA

high, woolly-white when young : Ivs. linear, entire, or
the lower toothed, sometimes pinnatifld : fls. blue, pur-
ple or white, the heads on long, naked stems : involu-
cral bracts rather narrow, fringed with short, scarious
teeth. S.E.Eu. Gt. 38, p. 6«; 39, p. 537.- One of the
most popular of garden fls., running into many v-arieties.
It is perfectly hardy, blooming until frost and coming
up in the spring from self-sown seed. The following are

i pure white and very fragrant. It was

406. Ce

. Cyanus {X %).

varieties of this: Pure Wliite ; Victoria, a dwarf, for
pots and edgings ; Emperor William, fine dark blue ;
flore pleno, with the outer disc fls. converted into ray
fls.; nana compacta, dwarf.

AAA. Sweet Svi^tavs. — Straight-growing, smooth an-

nxalx nr perennials, ivith dentate Ivs., grown

for the large fragrant heads.

5. mosch^ta. Linu. {C. suaveolens, Linn. C. odordta

Hort. C - Antberbdi, MWl. Amtierbda moschdta,'Less.}

Sweet Sultan. Fig. 407. Annual : sts. 2 ft. high.

branching below, erect : whole plant smooth, bright

green: Ivs. pinnatifld, the lobes dentate : fl.-headslong

pediuK-led; invol. round or ovate, smooth; only the in

nermost of the invol. scales with scarious margius: fls

white, yellow or purple, fragrant. Orient. Mn.4:U9.

Gn. 54:119.5. l.H. 42, p. 106. Gng. 4:147.

Var. Alba, Hort. (C. Uargaritm, Hort.). Fls. white.
Gn. 19, p. 337; 54:1195. A.G. 13:607. This form, known

as C. MargaHt

int. by an Italian Arm in 1891.

Var. rtbra, Hort. Fls. red. Gn. 54: 1195.-A popular,
old-time garden flower, with long-stalked heads; of easy
culture. It does not bear transplanting well.

C imperidlis, Hort., is the offspring of C moschata
and C. Margarita!, int. into the American trade in 1899.
Plants are said to inherit the vigorous, free growth of
C. Hio«Aii/n,beingof the same easy culture and forming
clumps .J-l ft. high. The fls. resemble C. Ifai-<7an7(p, but
are twice as large and abundantly borne on long stems
from .luly until frost. Theyrange through white, rose,
lilac and purple, are fra(;rant. and it cut when first open
will keep 10 days. C. JI<)riie, Hort., int. 1899, resembles
('. imperialis, but the fls. open sulfur-yellow, become
lighter, and are tipped with rose.

AAAA. Other Centaureas of various kinds, occa-
sionally grown in hardy borders for their fls.
or imposing stature.

B. Foliage green on both sides.
c. l/vs. pinnate or hipinnate.

(!. Bpl^ndens, Linn. (C. margariticea. Ten.). Peren-
nial : sts. erect, branched : Ivs. smooth, the lowest bi-
pinnate. the upper pinnate, all with very narrow, linear,
entire, acute lobes : fl. -heads subglobose ; scales of the
involucre with a rounded, almost entire, rather lax tip ;
Hs. purple. Spain, Italy.

cc. Z/VS. entire or dentate, not pinnatisect.

7. Americ&na, Nutt. {Plectocephnliis Amei-icAmis,
Don). Basket Flower. Fig. 408. Hardy annual, nearly
smooth : sts. stout, simple, 2-5 ft., thickened under the
naked head : Ivs. mostly entire, oblong-lance-shaped :
involucre yi-1% in. in diam., its bracts all with fringed,
scarious appendages ; fls. rose or flesh-colored ; disc
1-3 in. diam.; narrow lobes of the ray

flowers often 1 in. long. Ark. to Ariz.
P. S. 4: ,127. S. H.2: 223. -Very attractive.

8. macroc6phala, Puschk. Perennial :
stems simple, erect, swollen below the
flower-head, leafy, 2%-3 ft. high : Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, slightly decurrent, sca-
brous, acute, somewhat serrate, gradually
diminishing upwards to the base of the
siiii,-li- feriuinal head : head subglobose,
hitL-ii- tliiiii a hen's egg, often 3-4 in. in
ili.nii,; irivohicre of 8-12 rows of ap-
pn -M (1. M-arious-margined, rusty, fringed
sc:iles : lis. yellow, the marginal and disc
alike. Armenia. B. M. 1248. J. H. Ill,
33:.331. — Often grown from seeds.

9. nigra, Linn. Knapweed. Hard
Heads. Perennial, 1-2 ft, high : sts.
branching, rough pubescent: Ivs. lance-
shaped and entire or lower
sparingly toothed : invo-
lucral bracts with pecti-
nate-ciliate-frdnged black
appendages: fls. all alike,
the disc and marginal ones
of the same size. Europe.
—Var. varieg&ta, Hort.
Lvs. edged with creamy
white, tufted. A very strik-
ing border plant.
BB. Foliage white or to-

mentose, at least be-
neath (often green
above).
c. Sten

not strict.
10. leucophyila,Bieb.((7.
deoUnAta, Bieb.). Peren-
nial : stems short, decum-
bent, with very few lvs. :
root-lvs. petioled, tomen-

407. Centaurea moschata.

(X M.)

tose-woolly on both sides, pinnate, the ovate lobes un-
dulate, sparsely cut-lobed or sinuate-toothed : fl.-head
with few bracts, solitary, terminal ; scales of the ovate
involucre lanceolate, acuminate, brown, long-ciliate :
fls. purple. Caucasus.

CENTAUREA

11. montflna, Linn. Mountain Bluet. Perennial :
sts. low, stoloniferous, unbranched, 12-10 or rarely 20
in. high : Ivs. decurrent, the young ones silvery %vhite,
oval-lance-shaped : involucre of 4 or 5 rows of scales,
black-eiliate along the margins; fls. blue, the marginal
ones 1 in. long, disc-fls. very short, becoming purple.
Europe. B. M. 77. Var. Alba, Hort. Pis. white. Var.
rdsea, Hort. Fls. rose-colored. Var. citxina, DC. (var.
sulphurea, Hort.). Disc-fls. brown, rays yellow. Ar-

cc. Steins fvc'ct, simple or branched.

dealbita, Willd. Perennial : sts. sub-erect, 8-24

'v^\[ : Ivs. white-villous beneath, glabrous above,

the lower ones 1-lM ft. long, pet-

ioled, pinnate, the obovate lobes

coarsely cut-toothed or auricled at

,' the base ; stem-lvs. sessile, pinnate,

with oblong-lance lobes : fl.-head

solitary, just above the uppermost

leaf : fls. red, those of the disc

rosy or white : outer scales of the

involucre with lanceolate tips, the

middle rounded, deeply fringed,

ciliate. 'Asia Minor, Persia.

13. atropurptirea, Waldst. & Kit.
(T. ralore'pjinia, Willd.). Peren-

CEPHALANTHUS

275

ft.

the

nate ; lowest h-^. |hii, i.-i, iii.j.ci--
most pinnatifid : . . ' iui

bracts ; invol. ><■; : -. l\

vhite lanceolate tips, theinneriiMi~i ,.,,.^. rr.uii.i, ,1,
s-margined : fls. black-purple, ihinpiry.
14. Babyl6nica, Linn. Silvery white perennial : sts.
simple, stout, erect, (i-10 or 12 ft. high : Ivs. long, coria-
ceous, strongly decurrent on the stem, the radical lyrate,
the lower stem-lvs. oval or oblong-acute, entire or undu-
late, the upper lance-acute : fls. yellow, the globular
heads almost sessile in the axils of narrow bract-like
Ivs.; }^-}^ of the stem Uower-bearing: involucre-scales
with a short, recurved tip. Asia Minor, Syria. Gn.2,p.73;
8, p. 263. B. H. 1859, pp. 540-1. -Tall, stout and striking
P'="'t- Jared G. Smith and L. H. B.

CENTAUElDIUM. See Xanthisma.

CENTRADfiNIA ( Greek for toothed gland, alluding to
the anther glands). Melastomicece. Four species in
Mexico and Central Amer., grown in warmhouses for
their showy-colored Ivs. and pretty fls. They are herbs
or shrubs, with angled or winged branches, petiolate,
opposite lanceolate or ovate-entire, ribbed Ivs., and fls.
with 4-lohed calyx, 4 petals, 8 stamens, and a 4-Ioculed
ovary. The blossoms are pink or white, in axillary or
terminal clusters. Prop, by cuttings. Very showy and
desirable plants. Stems often colored. Centradenias
like rich leaf-mold with sharp sand, and brisk heat.
Give a light but shady position. Strong plants are much
benefited by liquid manure, and such applications give
better colors in both flowers and fruit. Monogr. by
Cogniaux, DC, Monographife Phanerogamarum, 7: 116.

grandiJoUa, Endl. Branches 4-winged : Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, brilliant red beneath,
long-pointed and curving at the end: cymes many-fld.,
shorter than the Ivs., the fls. light rose, rotate, the
petals very obtuse, the stamens unequal. B.M. 5228.—
The plantgrows 2 ft. high, and blooms in winter. Very
showy. The cut branches hold their color a long time,
making the plant useful for decorations.

floribunda. Planch. Branches obscurely angled, pu-
bescent, red: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering below, 3-
nerved, red-nerved below : fls. pink, in terminal pani-
cles. F.S. 5:453.-Smaller than C. grandifolia.

inaequilateraiis, G. Don ( C. rosea, Lindl. ) . Lvs. ovate-
lanceolate, unequal-sided, entire, ciliate. reddish be-
neath: fls. pink, in terminal corymbose racemes: dwarf.
Mex. B.R, 29:20. l. h. B. and H. A. Siebkecht.

CEHTRANTHUS {Greek, spurred flower). Vaterian-
etcew. A few annual and perennial herbs of the Medi-
terranean region, with dense clusters of small red or
white fls. terminating the branches, and opposite entire
or cut lvs.: calyx cut into 5-15 narrow divisions, en-
larging after flowering; corolla slender-tubed, 5-parted,
spurred at the base; stamen 1: fls. with a pappus-like
crest. Of easiest culture.

rilber, DC. Red Valerian. Jupiter's Beard. Per-
ennial, 1-3 ft., smooth and glaucous, forming a compact
and floriferous, bushy plant : lvs. ovate to lanceolate,
some of them toothed at base: fls. very numerous, deep
crimson.— A very handsome old garden plant, too much
neglected. It blooms all summer. Excellent for cut-
ting. Increased by division; also by seeds. There is a
white-fld. form (var. dlhiis).

macroBiphon, Boiss. Annual, of easy culture in any
good soil: 1-2 ft.: lvs. ovate, glaucous, toothed: fls.
larger than in the last, red. Spain. — There are white-
fld. (var. dlbtis) and dwarf (var. ninus) forms. Excel-
lent for rockeries and borders; also good for lawn vases.
L. H. B.

CENTROPOGON (Greek kentron. spur, and pogon,
beard, referring to the fringed stigma). Campanu-
lilcew. About 36 tropical Amer. sub-shrubs or shrubs,
often scandent, with alternate, mostly dentate lvs., and
long, tubular fls. which are violet, purple, red, or orange,
and usually borne smgly on long peduncles : bracteoles
very small or wanting. Warmhouse perennial, prop, by
cuttings.

Lucyanus, Honllet. Height 1-2 ft. : stem somewhat
wo.hIv: lvs. short-petioled, finely toothed: fls. rose, win-
ter; iiiTiiisiilierical, with lanceolate segments recurved
at the tips. K.H. 18G8:290.-Said to be a hybrid of C.
fasltiosits and Siphocampi/tus betulceformis, but seems
to show little influence of the latter, which has longer
petioles and peduncles, more coarsely toothed lvs.,
longer calj'x-segments, and a yellow-tipped corolla.

fastubsus, Scheidw. Lvs. peach-like, oblong, acute,
bordered with glandular teeth, very glabrous, short-
petioled: fls. rose-colored, winter ; calyx hemispherical,
with 5 lanceolate, denticulate segments. Mex. R.H.
1853:181. -w. jj.

CENTROSfiMA (Greek, spurred-standard) . Legu-
mintsce. Butterfly Pea. Twining herbs (at least
those in cult.), with pinnate, .3-7-foliolate lvs., and
showy white or reddish fls. in the axils. Fl. papiliona-
ceous, the standard spurred on the back, the keel broad,
and the style bearded at the apex. Species nearly 40 in
tropical Amer. and 2 in U. S.

Virginianum, Benth. Roughish, climbing, 2-6 ft.:
Ifts. ovate to linear, shining, stipitate : fls. 1-4 in the
axil, 1 in. long, violet and splashed, showy: pod straight
and long-pointed, 4-5 in. long. Md. S., in sandy lands.
A.G. 13:649. -Int. to cult, niany yenrs ago, but again in-
troduced in LSiU las ('. ,ini ii.l i'flnni n, I, aii.l iinii-h adver-
tised. Itisabar.h an. I .IrHral.l.- | irrr nil ia I vine, bloom-
ing the first s.-a-Mii ii-,,iii ~rr.]. 'I'll, i-r i- a whit. --fld. var.
L. H. B.

CENTURY PLANT. C.nsult .l./,(r. .

CEPHALANTHERA Minrk f..r

l„'.i,l :

,11.1 ai,ther).

OrehiiliJC'ij. 1ri\'r .\,,;ili,<i. .\li..ut

111 sp..,-

i.s „f small.

teniperate-rc-i..ti ;. t-r. -ir,,.! .ir,-l.:.l-

, :,lll.'.l

1.. Kpipactis,

Pogonia, etc - i i

s. American,

and others ar. i

';.U .

-inall, ovate:

lip saccate : l\ - ■ - ' im. - >■ ■"•

1 l.J 1 1

an.c.late or

oblong: fls. mostly small i som.-tjme:

s ShOWV

). in an open

spike. The species are scarcely knc

iwn in c

:ult., but two

Japanese species have been offered by importers. These
are E. falcita, Blume. yellow, and E. er§ota, Blume,
white.

CEPHALANTHUS (Greek, head and flower: fls. in
heads). Rubiiceo!. Button Bush. Shrubs with oppo-
site or whorled, entire, stipulate lvs. : fls. small, tubu-
lar, white or yellowish, 4-merous, with included stamens
and long, exserted style, in globular heads : f r. dry, sepa-
rating into 2 nutlets. Six species in Amer., Africa and
Asia, of which only the one North American species is

276

CEPHALANTHUS

cult. Hardy ornamental shrub, with handsome glossy
foliage and very attractive with its flower balls appear-
ing late in summer. It thrives in any good garden soil,
best in a sandy, somewhat moist one. Prop, by seeds or
by cuttings of ripened wood in fall, and also by green-
wood cuttings taken from forced plants early in spring.
oooidentilis, Linn. Shrub, 3-12 ft. : Ivs. long-petioled,
ovate or oval, acuminate, glossy above, glabrous or
slightly pubescent below, 3-6 in. long: heads about 1 in.
in diam., long-peduncled, 3 or more at the end of the
branches. July-Sept. From New Brunswick south,
west to Ontario and Calif . Era. 394. R.H. 1889, p. 280.—
Var. angrustifdlia, Andr^. Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, usu-
ally in 3's. R.H. 1889, p. 281. Alfred Rehdee.

CEPHfiLAEIA (Greek for Jiead, alluding to the capi-
tate flower-clusters). Dips&eeoe. Coarse annual or per-
ennial herbs of Europe, Africa and Asia, much like
Dipsacus, but the heads less spiny. The heads are ter-
minal and globular, bearing manv 4-parted yellowish,
■whitish or bluish florets.

Tat&rica, Schrad. Perennial, 0 ft., rank, with striate
stems, suited to the rear border, where strong effects are
desired, with showy cream-white flat heads in July and
Aug.: lvs. pinnate, the Ifts. broad -lanceolate and ser-
rate. Grows readily, and is increased by seed or divid-
ing the clumps. j^ jj g

CEPHALOTAXUS (Greek, Jicod,- Taxics-like plant,
with fls. in heads or clusters). Conlferm, tribe Taxdcea.
Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, linear, pointed lvs.
with 2 bro:,,], l-Itmi.'.vti^- liiv^ beneath, arranged in 2

rows: II- ! ill)- I 'i:i. in 1-8-fld., short-stalked

clusti r- I ' _ I a small cone with sev-

eral 1'?:m ' I _ _ I . . il (i\-ules. Seed enclosed

in atlf^lij. ■ II ■ : I- . .11 ip. Ilk. , about 1 in. long, reddi.sh
or greenish br<iwii. Fnini allied genera it may be easily
distinguished by the resin-canal in the center of the
pith, and by the glaucous lines beneath from Taxus,
which has the lvs. yellowish green beneath, and from
Torreya by the glaucous lines being broader than the 3
green lines, while in Torreya the glaucous lines are
narrower than the green ones. Six closely allied spe-
cies from Himal. to Jap. Ornamental evergreen shrubs,
in appearance very like a yew. hut ..f m ,r, L-nifcful
habit. Not hardy north, or only in I j.osi-

tions. They thrive best in a soin. i . i well-

drained, sandy loam, and in parti . iiions.

Prop, by seeds, stratified and sown in -|.iin_'. imiiurted
seeds usually do not germinate until the scc-und year ;
increased also by cuttings in August, under glass, and
by veneer-grafting in summer, on one of the species or

t

^P

. Cepnalotus lolUcularis (XJi).

on Taxus baccata. For cions and cuttings, terminal
shoots should be selected, which form regular plants
■with whorled branches like seedlings, while cuttings
from lateral branches grow into irregular, low. spread-
ing shrubs.

CERASTIUM

A. lyfS. 2-S in. long : branchlets yellowish green,
pendulous.

F6rtunei, Hook. Lvs. tapering gradually into a sharp
point, usually falcate, dark green and shining above :
fr. greenish brown, obovate. N. China, Jap. B.M. 4499.
F.S. B: 555. R.H. 1878, p. 117. — This is the most grace-
ful species, with long and slender branches, attaining in
its native country 50 ft. in height, in culture usually re-
maining a shrub.

AA. I/vs. 1-2 in. long.

pedunculata, Sieb. & Zucc. With spreading, often
somewhat pendulous branches, dark green when young:
lvs. to 2 in. long, narrowed into a sharp point, shining
and dark green above: fr. ovoid, rounded at both ends,
rarely giobulat. Jap., China. G.C. III. 18: 716.-In
Japan, tree to 25 ft. high, usually shrub in culture. A
remarkable form is var. fastigi^ta, Carr. (Podoeiirpus
Koraidna, Sieb. & Zucc), of columnar habit, with tip-
right branches and spirally arranged lvs. G.C. II.
21:112. S.H. 2:450. Gng. 2:341.

drup&cea, Sieb. & Zucc. Branches spreading, stiff,
usually light green when young : lvs. about 1 in. long,
abruptly pointed, narrow and straight, often upturned:
fr. usually obovate, narrowed at the base. Jap. G.C.
III. 18:717. — This is the dwarfest species, usually form-
ing a low bush with stiff, spreading branches.

Alfred Rehder.

CEPHALOTUS (Greek, in a head, referring to the
crowded stamens). SaxifragcLcea. One species in
Australia. Lvs. all radical, of two kinds, the ordinary
foliage lvs. being spatulate or elliptic, hairy, and entire,
the others being pitchers with purple tints and a netted
and veined lid. The fls. are borne in an interrupted
spike, on an erect scape; they are apetalous, and have
» white, 6-parted calyx, 12

tivorous pitchers, which are 1-3 in. long and beautifully
lined and shaded with purple and green. The plant is
grown in peat and moss, after the manner of Drosera
and Dionsea. Delights in plenty of moisture, mounted
on sphagnum moss. Give a cool and shady position.
Prop, by seeds (allow only one seed vessel to mature)
and also bv division. A most interesting plant. R.B.
23:2.33. I. H. 27:391. J. H. III. 35:260.

L. H. B. and H. A. Siebreoht.
CEEASTIUM (Greek for ftor«, alluding to the shape
of the pod). Caryophyll&cea. Decumbent annuals or
perennials, with weak, slender stems, small, opposite
lv3. and small white fls. : differs from Arenaria in the
shape and dehiscence of the capsule: sepals 5 or 4;
petals as many, often 2-cleft; stamens 10 or less. Valu-
able in rockeries or for bedding and borders. Species
about 100, of world-wide distribution.

A. Lvs. green, merely pubescent.

arv^nse, Linn. (var. oblongifdlium, Holl. & Britt.).
Sx.vKRy Grasswort. Fig. 410. Perennial, low, much
branched and matted; stems 8-12 in. long; lvs. oblong or
lanceolate, pale green, pubescent, obtuse, %-\}^ in. long,
]4 in. wide: fls. very numerous, appearing in April and
May; petals 5, deeply bifid : capsules twice as long as
the calyx. On magnesian rocks, N. Y. to Va. and west-
ward. Bui. 74. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta., from which Fig. 410
is adapted. — Recommended as a bedding plant, for its
.aat-like habit, covered with white bloom.
AA. I/vs. silvery or grayish.
B. Capsule equaling the calyx.

grandlildrum, Waldst. & Kit. Creeping perennial :
lvs. linear, acute, the margins reflexed ; inflorescence
dichotomous : fl. -stems 6-8 in. high : petals oval, 2-
parted, transparent white, twice as long as calyx. E.
Europe.

BB. Capsule much longer than the calyx.

Biebersteinii, DC. Stems 6 in., creeping, diffuse,
branched : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, tomentose-wooUy ; pe-
duncles erect, dichotomous ; capsule ovate-cvlindrical.
Tauria. B.M. 2782. — Like C. tomentosum, but with
larger lvs. Fine for edgings.

CERASTIUM

, Gren. Low: Ivs. silvery, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, entire, sessile; peduncles 4-12 in. high ; inflores-
cence a dichotomous cyn\e : fls. large, white. Spain.

tomentbsiun, Linn. Low, creeping, branched : Its. ob-
long, spatulate, grayish woolly, upper Ivs. lanceolate ;
peduncles 6 in. high, erect, dichotomous: capsule cylin-
drical. Eu. -Much used for edgings.

Jared G. Smith.

CfiEASUS. Consult P™h»s.

CEKATIOLA (Greek, « lilfle horn, referring to the
4-branched, serrate stigma). Umpetrdcew. A heath-
like evergreen, much-branched shrub from the sand
barrens of Ga. and S. C. ; rarely cult. N., but not hardy.
Only 1 species.

ericoldes, Michx. Height 2-8 ft. : branches subverti-
cillate, marked with scars of numerous fallen Ivs., the
younger and upper ones only retaining foliage : Ivs.
crowded, almost whorled, yi-% in. long, linear, rigid,
shining, pale, rounded above, grooved beneath: fls. in-
conspicuous, dioecious, of peculiar structure : berries
round, orange-yellow. B.M. 2758.

CEEATOLOBTJS (Greek for homed pod). Palmdcew.
Spiny Javanese palms, with pinnate Ivs., sometimes
seen in fine collections, but not in the Amer. trade.
The species are C. cdncolor, Blume ; C. glauciscens,
Blume; C. jlfic/ioh/zidna, Hort. G.C. III. 23:251; C.
Findley&mis, Hort., A.G. 15:169. Treated the same as
Calamus.

A small genus of warmhouse palms, natives of Java
and Sumatra. The members of this genus are slender-
growing, spiny palms, with pinnate leaves, one of the
best being C. MichoWsiana, which has rather short
pinnffl irregularly grouped along the rachis. A shaded
house, with a night temperature of 65° to 70°, a moist
atm'osphere, and plenty of water at the root, are the most
essential points in their culture.

L. H. B. and W. H. Taplts.

CERATOZAMIA 277

CERATdNIA (Greek for horn, in reference to the

»rgcp..dl. if;7»»ii»o.s,r. A tree of the Mediterranean
asin. li,l,inffin- tr. tin- r:iNsia Iril.r. Tlir n.-tals are

tlic

lilu

hiiKht

of 40-50 ft. It is evergreen. Lv.s. pinnate, shining, the
Ifts. oval and obtuse. It thrives well in S. Calif, and S.
Pla. The pulp about the seeds is sweet and edible, but
the fruit is used chiefly for feeding stock. In Europe
these pods are much prized for the fait, nin- ..i -w m, .
The dry pods are occasionally seen in tin !i,i ij-
in northern markets. Var. longissima .! :. . I m
having very long pods. The Ceratonia i- In- i n :■- Al-
garoba, Carob, Karoub, Caroubier, and !^t. Joim s Bread.
The last name records the notion that the seeds and
sweet pulp are respectively the locusts and wild honey
which .St. John found in the wilderness. The dry
valves or pods have been supposed to he the husks
which liecanie the subsistence of the prodigal son. See
G.F.3:;US.323. L. H. B.

CEEATOPTEEIS (Greek, horn fern). Ceratopteri-
ilitcetc. A genus of aquatic tropical ferns, forming the
type of a distinct family. The plants root in mud, and
the sterile Ivs. either float on the surface or are carried
above the surface of the water. The sporophylls are bi-
tripinnate, with pod-like ultimate segments, entirely
unlike the sterile Ivs. Only a single species is known.
C. thalictroides, Brongn. Tropical waters of both hemi-
spheres, rare in Florida. — Useful in ponds and aquaria.
Must be taken indoors on approach of cold weather.
Best grown when planted in loam and leaf -mold topped
with spagnum, and tied in a pan or crib and set into a
tub in medium temperature, with the crown on top of
the water. To propagate, pull out several of the center
leaves, and new crowns will form; these can be divided.
L. M. Underwood and H. A. Siebrecht.

CEEATOSTlGMA (Greek, /lornerf stiqmn). Plumbagi-
nicea. Different from Plumbago in having no glands
on the calyx, stamens adnate to the corolla tube, fls. in
dense clusters rather than spicate, and other technical
characters. There are 3 or 4 s]ifoies in warm regions of

^vith alternate.

plumbaginoldes, BiiiiL /
Vulorddia plumba,i,„< -
6-12 in., the stem red ami l.ia
ciliate on the edges : IN. si,
spreading, deep blue liinl.. tln^
collected in dense heacN .t ui
P.S. 4: 307.-A hardy luddiii^'
of its deep blue fls. late in fa
covering in winter in the N.

minutely toothed,
■liina. B.M. 4487.
■oducing profusely
vahKiMi-. Needs
L. H. B.

CEEAT0THi;CA(Greekfor7,..,H..;r.(/..s»/, i. Pedalid-
cew. Tropical African herbs of 3 or 4 kinds, with usually
opposite Ivs. which are ovate, 5-parted calyx, 2-lipped
corolla, fls. solitary in the axils, and a 2-horned capsule.
C. triloba, Meyer, is occasionally grown in S. Pla., and it
may be adapted to glasshouses. It is a tall herb (5 ft.),
with the habit of foxglove, probably biennial, hairy: Ivs.
stalked and crenate-dentate : fls. 3 in. long, blue, pubes-
cent, deflexed, the lower lobe prolonged. Handsome.

CEEATOZAMIA (Greek, horned Zamia ; referring to
the horned scales of the cones, which distinguish this
genus from Zamia), Ci/caddcete. Handsome Mexican
foliage plants, with Cycas-like Ivs., but less commonly
cultivated in American palm-houses than Cycas. Best
raised from young imported plants, but rarely prop, by
seeds, or by offsets from the slow-growing trunk. Bum
out the center of the plant with a hot iron, and a num-
ber of offsets will spring from the trunk and the crown;
these may be used for propagation.

Mexic&na, Brongn. Trunk thick, short, covered with
the remains of fallen leaf-stalks : Ivs. rich, dark green,
pinnate, on prickly petioles 5-6 in. long, which ar&
shaggy when young ; leaflets very numerous, 6-12 in.

■278 CERATOZAMIA

long or more, lanceolate : cones produced annually on
separate plants; female cones 9-12 in. long, 4—6 in. thick,
the scales 2-horned ; male cones narrower, longer, on a
hairy stalk, the scales with two small teeth. Mex. Gn.9,
pp. 308, 309.— An excellent decorative plant, best grown
in sandy loam. Give freely of water and heat in spring
■»nd summer, but keep cooler and dryer in winter.

H. A. SiEBKECHT and W. M.

CEKCIDIPH^LLUM {Ceieis and phyllon leaf the
Ivs resemble those of Cti. is) Tiotlwdtndriiea Trie
with deciduous n u ilh \\ it ] ti 1 1 in 1 i Uiii it h
nerved Ivs fls di in n i i i u n i] til u Ii
tary staminaten ulv il I nii^nuiii i n t in n

with slender fil iiii( III [i iillii i li II 1 n i tin., 1
3-5 carpels endiu^ ml n.. 1 uii h h t\ ksauddn ik] iii;,
into about •*4in lou^ dLhisceut pods with many seeds
One species in lapan Hardv ornamental shrubby tree
of pyiamidal and when-voung almost fastigiate habit
with handsome, light gr< en foliage purplish when un
folding, turning bright j ellow or partially scarlet m fall
It prefers rich and moist soil, and grows rapidly when
young. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring, and by green-
'wood-cuttings, taken from forced plants in early spring,
or by layers ; cuttings from half -ripened wood in sum-
mer, under glass, grow also, but not very well.

Japdnicum, Sieb. & Zucc. Bushy tree, usually 20-30 ft.,
but sometimes rising to 100 ft., with slender, glabrous
"branches : Ivs. opposite, occasionally alternate, slender
petioled, cordate, orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse, cre-
nate-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 2-3 in. long.
Japan. G.P. 7:106, 107, and G: 53. Mn. 3:74. Gng. 5:1.35.
— A very desirable tree, one of the best of the newer
introductions from Japan. Alfred Rehder.

C£BCIS (A'ci-ii's, ancient Greek name). Legnminisa-.
Judas Tree. Red Bud. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. decidu-
ous, alternate, petioled, palmately nert'ed, entire : fls.
papilionaceous, pedicelled, pink or red, appearing before
or with the Ivs., in clusters or racemes from the old

411. Cercis Canadi

-wood: calyx 5-toothed, red: petals nearly equal, the up-
permost somewhat smaller : pod compressed, narrow-
oblong, narrow-winged on the ventrical suture, many-

CERCOCAEPUS

seeded. Seven species in N. America, and from S. Europe
to Japan. Very ornamental trees or shrubs, with hand-
some, distinct foliage and abundant showy fls. in spring,
very effective by their deep pink color. They are well
adaped for shrubberies or
as single specimens on
the lawn, and attain rarely
more than 20 or 30 ft. in
height forming a broad
irregular head when older
Onl\ C Canadensis is
]i u h II ith while none of
I'l Till < an be grown
11 lulh farther north

111 \ 'Vork Thev

SUM, s \<uii„ plants, 4
or 5 years old, produce fls.
freely and may be recom-
mended for forcing, espe-
cially C. Chinensis, which
is the most beautiful of
all. Prop, by seeds, sown
in spring, best with gentle
bottom heat ; sometimes
increased by layers, or by
greenwood cuttings from
forced plants in early
spring; C.(77i/HeH«!« grows
also from greenwood cut-
tings in summer under
glass.

A. Lvs. abruptly and short
acuminate, usualln
iilightly pnhearent
near the base beneath.

Canadensis, Linn. Fig.
411. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs.
roundish or broadly ovate,
usually cordate, 3-5 in.
long : fls. rosy pink, J^in.
long, 4-8 in clusters: pod
2M-3Min. long. From New
Jersey south, west to Mis-
souri and Texas. S. S. Vatural size
3: 133-34. A. F. 13: 1370.

Gng. 6: 290. P.E. 9: 593.— A very desirable ornamental
tree for the northern states. There is also a variety with
double fls.

Chin^nsis, Bunge (C Japdjjjca, Sieb.). Fig. 412. Tree,
to .'(1 ft., slirul) ill culture: lvs. deeply cordate, roundish,
witli a wliit.-, transparent line at the margin, subcoria-
i-i-ous. sliiiiiiiL-iilH.v./, 3-5 in. long: fls. 5-8, purplish pink,
'^ill. liiiL- . i"'.! .;-."> in. long, narrow. China, Japan.
F.S. s:,si!i, Mi,.2:l.i9. G.P. 6: 476. -The most beautiful
sp.ri.-, V. it), ii,,. lis. nearly as large as those of C. Sili-
qitii^t ,-nt,i ;nHl iiiuri* abundant.
AA. Lis. ruioiJed or emarginate at the apex, usuajty
broader than long.

occident&lis, Torr. (C. Califdmica, Torr.). Shrub, to
15 ft. : lvs. cordate, roundish, glabrous, about 2 in. wide:
fls. rose-colored, Kin. long: pod 2-2Kin. long. Calif.— A
closely allied species is C.renifdrmis, Engelm. (C. Tei-
hisis, Sarg. ). SmaU tree: lvs. subcoriaceous, 3-5 in.
wide, sometimes pubescent beneath : pod 2^ in. long.
Texas, N. Mexico. S.S. 3:135.

Siliqu&stnun, Linn. Tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. roundish,
deeply cordate, glabrous, 3-5 in. wide ; fls. 3-6, purplish
rose, %\n. long : pod 3-4 in. long. S. Europe, W. Asia.
B.M. 11.38. Gn. 42: 879, and 52, p. 5. — There is a variety
with white fls. Alfred Rehder.

CEBCOCAEPUS (Greek, tail and fruit; the fruit with
a long, hairy tail). Ros&cem. Small trees or shrubs, with
alternate, persistent, rather small lvs.: fls. inconspicu-
ous, apetalous, whitish or reddish, in the axils of fas-
cicled [vs.: fr. an akene, surmounted by the persistent,

412. Cer

CERCOCARPUS

long and hairy style. Small genus of about 4 species, in
the Rocky Mts. from Montana south to Mexico; without
decorative value, but probably valuable for covering dry,
rocky or gravelly slopes in arid temperate regions, as
they thrive under very unfavorable conditions. The
very heavy and close-grained wood is manufactured into
small arti.-Irs. and VMliir.l us fii.-l and for nialiins char-
coal. Th.v m:iv I,.- niUivar. a in a peaty and sandy, well
draine.i soil m'-unny i,Msiiio„s, and pn.p. I.y s,.,-,N or by
cuttings ut' lialf-riptniil w.n.d nndir glass. C. ledifdlius,
Nutt., is the hardiest, and stands frost to zero. It has
narrow, entire Ivs., while the Mexican C. fothergiUoldes,
HBK., has the Ivs. somewhat larger, serrate and tomen-
tose beneath, and clustered fls. C. parvifdlius, Nutt., has
cuneate-obovate, coarsely serrate Ivs. D. M. Andrews, of
Colorado, who handles this shrub, writes of it as follows :
" Mountain Mahogany, 6 feet. A nearly evergreen rosa-
ceous shrub of peculiar and attractive habit of growth.
Flowers white, early, followed by the long, plumose
akenes, which are 3-5 in. long, strangely curled and
twisted, arranged above and on each side of the slender
branches, so that at a little distance they have an appear-
ance suggestive of ostrich plumes. Easily transplanted,
and thrives anywhere." Alfred Rehder.

CfiBEUS (from the Latin ; some think it comes from
the word toi candle, in allusion to the shape of the stem;
others that it comes from the word for pUa)it\, Cactd-
cece. A genus of varying habit, from stout-columnar to
almost globular, deflexed or creeping or slender-climb-
ing, generally ribbed. The fls. are borne singly on the
side of the stem ; they have a long tube which, with the
ovary below it, is beset with scales or bracts ; petals
numerous and spreading. The sts. bear numerous tuber-
cles or woolly tufts, which bear spines ; these spines
are usually of two kinds or groups, — the interior ones,
or "centrals," which stand at nearly right angles to the
stem, and the outer ones, or "radials," which are vari-
ously spreading. The largest Cacti are Cereuses. A
genus of about 100 species, extending from the arid
regions of southwestern U. 8. southward through Mex.
and Cent. Amer. into S. Amer. Formerly the genus was
made to include the ntunerous species of Echinocereus,
but these are now regarded as forming a distinct genus.
Those who miss well known Cereus forms from the
following list should look under Echinocereus. Not all
of the specific names to be found in the trade cata-
logues can be accounted for at present, but the following
synopsis contains the most important in the Amer.
trade ; and the unidentified names will be found in the
supplementary list. See Cactus.

John M. Coulter.

The Night-blooming Cereuses are the only species
(except C. flageUiformis) which are generally culti-
vated. The sts. of the Night-blooming Cereus are either
cylindrical or angled, and are trailing or climbing in
habit. Some species grow to a great height. They are
excellent for growing against pillars or rafters in the
greenhouse. They grow most luxuriantly where they
receive abundant light and a good circulation of air.
They are not particular about soil, but do well in any
open, porous compost. Great care should be taken that
the drainage is perfect, as stagnation at the roots of
sueh fleshy succulent plants is sure to prove disastrous.
During the summer months the stems should be syringed
twice a day ; but during the winter they require no syr-
inging and very little water. Good plants can be grown
in pots, using a compost of one-half good fibrous loam
and the other half lime rubbish, broken brick and sand.
The best species are C. qninrliflorna. C. MncDonaldw,
C. titjclirnliix. and C. fr!a„r,„l,irix. At the Harvard

CEREUS

279

vhich 1

They

lapse

Robert Cameron.
The following Cereuses are here described : Alacri-
portanus, 22 ; Alamosensis, 8 ; atropiirpiireus, 45 ;
azureus, 34 ; Baumanni, 27 ; Belienli, 24 ; Bonplandii,
44; Baxaniensis, i3; Bridgesii, 33 ; ctesius, 35; can-
delabrum, 24 ; candicans, 4 ; Cavendishii, 29 ; cha-
lybaeus, 25; ChUensis, 7; ChiotUla, 10; coccineus, 37 ;

Cochal,21; cffinilescens, 32; colubrinus,2~; Donkel^ri,

49 ; Dumortieri, IG ; Dijckli, 11 ; ebumeus, 19; edulis,

19; Emoryi, 39; eriophoriis, 30; eruca, 41 ; euphorbl-

oides, 12 ; extensus, 59 ; Femambucensis , 42 ; flagelli-

form 4 for 0 s 4' ge n nat is 15 geometn

zans ''0 g ganteus 1 grand flonis 0 1 4''

Greg Sb gummosus 40 ham IT 1

nu 1 nerm s 5o isogonus

lagen form s 33 lamprocl lorus /

leptoph 4 MacDonald «e 01

Mall on 48 marg nat s lo M

tin 4b Mavnard ol Mex canu

46 nolo '^ \d\ oleon

Olf 1 Pa cana 3 Pe t

P a b si 1

platy nu 31 4b i 1

s, 19 ; <7 o r

57 repand ^0 1

37 t, I I 3i ] f 1

an 6 ; OS , , ulo

su 0 plenden 4 tell t 11 teph a an hus

14 Thurler •> To I a 11 tort osus 45 tn

angular s 60 urano 50 Id ''') a nb I s

42 43

A. Sts. erect, 2 in. or more in diameter.

B. yew groicth green, not pruinose (i. e., not covered

with a bloom or gluucitm).

c. Bibs of stem 10 or more.

1. giganteus, Engelm. Sil-warro. Fig. 413. A stout
form, 25-60 ft. high, simple or with a few erect branches
shorter than the main st. : ribs 12-1.') below, 18-21 above,
often almost ..lilitnai' ] ii i -;.!■. I. ss on older parts:
spines strait'l It. lull i i- or straw-color, be-
coming ashv .ir ,l:iii.. -i.ut, the 11-17 outer

ones setaceous : ll>. wn.>M- uhitish: fr. oval or

pear-shaped, --;i in. luii>i aiid i-J iu. in diam. In rocky
vallevs and on m.:.untain sides from Ariz, into Sonora
and L. Calif. B.M. 7222. A. G. 11:451, 528. -The best
known of the tree forms. The young plants are globu-
lar for several years. Forms the cordon forests of the
Sonoran region. Runs into crested or cristate forms.

C. Pringlei, Wats., is one of the cordon Cereuses of
N. Mex. Not so tall as C. gigantens, ribs fewer, and
fls. scattered. Not in cult. G.F. 2:65.

2. TMrberi, Engelm. Several stems arising from the
same root, becoming 10-15 ft. high, fasciculate-jointed:
ribs 13-16, very slightly prominent : spines 7-16, slender
and rigid or almost setaceous, very unequal in length :
fls. greenish -white : fr. globose, 1-3 in. in diam., olive-
color, with crimson pulp. Southwestern Ariz., through
Sonora and L. Calif.

3. Fasac4na, Weber. A gigantic species, reaching a
height of 20-30 ft., and sometimes even 50 ft., and a
diam. of 12-16 in. ; sparingly branching above ; in new
growth dark green, becoming gray or bluish: ribs 15-
20, or in young plants only 9-10: areolaa %-% in. apart,
large, brown, becoming yellowish and finally gray: ra-
dial spines 10-13, about 1 in. long, the under one or
lowest pair straight, subulate, the others curved ; cen-
trals mostly 4, the under and upper ones the longest,
reaching 2 "in. in length, straight or curved ; the young
spines are clear brown, often with alternating rings of
light and dark tissue, later gray, bulbose at the base :
fls. from the lateral areolse, about 6 in. long, white.
Argentine Republic. -This is the giant Cereus of the
Argentine desert, as C. gigantens is of the Mojave
desert.

4.*c4ndlcan3, Gillies. Stems upright, low, cylindri-
cal, bright green, 2K-3 ft. high by 6-8 in. in diam.;
freely branching from the base: ribs 10, obtuse angled:
areolae %-%m. apart, large, depressed, white, becoming
gray : radial spines 11-14, spreading, at first thin,
needle form, later stronger, stiff, straight, about % in.
long ; central solitary or later, 3-4 additional ones ap-
pearing above, stronger, reaching a length of l^in.,
sometimes somewhat curved ; all the spines horn-col-
ored, with tips and bases brown, later becoming gray:
fls. long, funnel form, resembling those of Echinopsis,
10 in. long by 6 in. in diam. : fr. spherical to ellipsoidal,
about 3 in. in diam., red, somewhat spiny, flesh white.
Argentine Republic.

280

CEREUS

5. lamproclU6rus, Lem. Related to C. candicans . vt a
taller growth, cylindrical. 3-6H ft. high by about 3 in.
in diara., at first simple. Imt later brfuiciiing at the base;
in new L'n.wtli t.ri-lit lt.-.-ii. Int.-r .lirty green: ribs

10-11 or i..-i-;i-i.iii:[||y 1 :. ; i -i.i.'u. .u^ly i-ri-nate, later

blunt aiKl l.ut li:tl,- , ivii,ii'>: ar."l:i- in.-.liinii size, about
3^in. apart, yrlli.wish whitr. iMrniiiini,' irruy ; above each
areola two 'radiating grooves form a letter V: radial
spines 11-14, spreading, straight, sharp-pointed, about
%in. long, clear to dark amber color; some are strong
and rigid, while others are bristle-form ; centrals mostly
4, somewhat longer, stronger and deeper colored, with
brown bases, becoming dark gray, about Kin. long : fls.
from the previous year's growth, about 8-10 in. long by
6 in. in diam., white. Argentine Republic.

6. Spachi4ims, Lem. Stems upright, at first simple,
later profusely branching at the base, branches ascend-
ing parallel with the main stem, 2-.*^ ft. high by 2-23^ in.
in diam., columnar: ribs 10-15, obtuse, rounded : areolie
about Kin. apart, large, covered with curly yellow wool,
becoming white : radial spines 8-10, ^4-% in. long,
spreading, stiff, sharp, amber-yellow to brown; central
solitary, stronger and longer; all the spines later be-
coming gray: fls. about 8 in. long by about 6 in. in diam.,
white. Argentine Republic.

7. Chilinsis, Colla(C.C;iiZoi?n«i«,DC.). Stems strong,
upright, simple (so far as known), about 2>2 ft. high by
3H-5 in. in diam., cylindrical to somewhat clavate,
bright, clear green: ribs 10-12, obtuse: areolae about an
inch apart, large: radial spines straight, sharp, rigid, at
first 9, but later 4 others appear above these; centrals
mostly 4, seldom but a single one, bulbose at the base;
the young spines are brown honey-yellow, becoming
white, with dark tips, and finally gray : rts. from the
upper lateral areoIie, about 6 in. long, white, resembling
those of Echinopsis. Chile.

CC. Bibs of stem 7-9.

8. AlamOB^nsis, Coult. Upright columnar, about 2 ft.
high by about 2 in. in diam., several stems arising from
a common root-crown: ribs 7-9, compressed and slightly
crenate: areolae prominent, about 1-1 K in. apart, hemi-
spherical, .densely covered with short, reddish brown
wool: radial spines 15-18, slender but rigid, rather un-
equal, spreading, straight or curved, %-l in. long, ashy

luich stouter and longer,
^■'■iit, the lowest (usu-
! ittened), porrect or
^i>metimes teretish,
i-li, vrith dark brown
rom the upper lateral
long, red. Northern

gray; centrals comnm

the three upper on. •

ally the longest n

deflexed, all mor.

lX-2 in. long, win n

base, finally beconimL; i;ray

areola, funnel-form, about

Mexico.

9. Queretar^nsis, Weber. Arborescent, with a trunk
about 3 ft. high by about 14 in. in diam. ; the much-
branched crown has a diameter of 12-16 ft., the total
height of a plant being about 20 ft.; branches dark
green, in young growth frequently of a peculiar violet-
brown: ribs 6-7, separated by sharp grooves, which later
become much flattened, and tin' stmi i-,,iis(([uently more
cylindrical: areolte depri-s.-.M|. duk l.r.nvn: radial
spines 6-9, the lower ones rhe I-'Iilt'-t. rihout IH in.
long; centrals 4 (often but L' * , r.ac-iiiiii: !'_. in.: fls. nu-
merous from the upper part of the branches, about 4-5
in. long : fr. yellow to red, about 2 in. long, covered with
dark yellow to brown spines, about 1 in. long, and bul-
bose at the base. Mexico.

10. Chiotllla, Weber. Arborescent, stem reaching a
diameter of 16 in., freely branching from the base up-
ward, the whole plant reaching a height of 16 ft., with a
crown 12-14 ft. in diam., branches 8 in. in diam., dark
green: ribs mostly 7 (seldom 8): areote elliptical,

"il spines
ng ; cen-
trals 1-2, rarely 3-4, the under one long and very strong,
about 2 in. long, curved downward, and either to the
right or to the left, the others about half as long ; all
the spines are horn colored ; the narrow groove con-
necting the areoliB bears a few bristles : fls. from the
lateral areolse, near the end of the branches, lM-13'2 in.
long, sulphur-yellow: fr. spherical, little more than an
inch in diameter, scaly, brown-red, with a violet flesh
within. Mexico.

CEREUS

11. stell4tus, Pfeiff. (C./).vcia,Mart. C.TonelHcinut,
Lem.). Stems upright, columnar, 10-14 ft. high, light
green ; branches upright, 2-3 in. in diam. : ribs 7-10,
rarely 15 : areolae J^-1 in. apart, sunken between adja-
cent swellings of the rib: radial spines 8-10, about %in.
long; centrals 3-5, the upper ones upright or divergent,
the under one porrect, about %-% in. long ; all the
spines bulbose at the base, rigid, white, and sometimes
with dark tips, turning gray with age : fls. forming a
crown at the end of the stem, about 2 in. long, light
pink : fr. spherical, \}4 in. in diam., red outside and
carmine-red within. Central Mexico.— Fruit edible and
common in the Mexican markets.

12. euphorbioldes, Haw. (C 6;/^er.9!(, Otto). Columnar,
simple, 10-16 ft. high by about iM in. in diam., in young
growth pale green, changing with age to gray-green :
ribs 8-10, separated by sharp grooves, sharp-angled, be-
coming flattened in older growth : areolae about %in.
apart, small, white to gray: radial spines mostly 6, the
under one the longest, reaching a length of over an
inch, strong, yellowish brown to black, the upper ones
shorter and bristle form ; central solitary, in young
plants twice as long as the radials; all the spines finally
become gray: fls. from near the crown, 3}^-4 in. long,
beautiful flesh-n-.l. nniaining open for 24 hours. Brazil.
K.H. 1885,p.L>7:i.

13. BoBzlii, Haaur. l"|.ri-lit, columnar, about 3 in.
in diam.: ribs I), sii.arattd by sharp, somewhat serpen-
tine grooves, obtuse; above the areolae, two radiating,
slightly curved grooves form a letter V : areolae ]4Si
in. apart, comparatively large, slightly sunken, yellow-
ish, later gray: radial spines 9-12, radiate, nearly Kin.
long, straight, subulate, tolerably sharp, slightly thick-
ened at the base, clear brown, with darker stripes; cen-
tral solitary, reaching IK in. in length, straight, porrect,
later somewhat deflexed, clear brown ; later all the spines
become gray. Andes of Peru or Equador.

14. tetrao4nthus, Lab. Upright, arborescent or
bushy, freely branching, young branches leaf-green,
later srray-erpen : ribs 8-9, low, arched : areolae me-
dium si7,.,i, s|iir|,tlv sunken, about Kin. apart, white to
gray: ri.li ,'- ", hiT. ,• 7, radiate, about %in. long, straight,
suIhi I 1 1, with brown tips and bases, later
a.sh> . . i-:{, under one largest and porrect,
wli'-n .'■iiii^' \ri;>.\v and translucent, later gray: fls. re-
semble thiisi- of ('. tnrtuosus. Bolivia.

ccc. Uibs of utem S-G.

15. marginatus, DC. (C. gemmiltiis, Zucc). Simple
or branching at apex, 2-3 in. in diam., with 5-6 obtuse
ribs, which are woolly their whole length: spines short-
conical, rigid, 7-9, all nearly alike: fls. brownish purple,
about IK in. long : fr. globular and spiny. Mexico.—
Frequently used for hedges in S. Mexico. The stem is
often covered with a woody crust.

16. Dtunorti^ri, Salm-Dyck. Tall, strong, 6-angled,
columnar stems, much resembling C. marginatus, but
with the confluent areolae armed with slender, needle-
form, yellow spines: radials about 9-15, radiating, about
%-% in. long ; centrals 1^, the under one longest,
reaching IK in. in length : fls. numerous, funnel-form,
about 2 in. long, opening to about 1 in. in diam., white.
Mexico.

17. Hanke&nus, Weber. Upright, robust, not branch-
ing (so far as known), young growth bright green, later
dark green, about2 in. in diameter: ribs 4-3, euniprf ssed.
about 1/4 in. high, conspicuously crenati. \\ iMi anS f-.nn
line passing from each areolae toward tin . ■. : . i M .
stem: areolae %-l in. apart, horizontal

heart-shaped, brown, becoming gray 1" I ■. ..;,.a

above: radial spines 3, needle-like, stout, .^Laip puiutci.
about %in. long, amber-colored when young, turning to
brown ; central solitary, straight, porrect, %in. long,
stronger than the radials, horn-colored ; later all the
spines become gray: fls. 4-5 in. long, white. S. Amer.

BB. Tfew growth blue, white- or gray-pruinose

(i.e., covered with a bloom).

c. nibs of stem comparatively broad and low ; more or

less triangular in transverse section.

18. macrfigonus. Otto. Arborescent, sparsely branch-
ing, reaching a heigh of 20 ft. (in cultivation, 6 ft. high

CEREUS

by 3-5 in. in diam.), brin 1
columnar : ribs mostl\
dom 8-9, thick, slightly un ]
late, obtuse and with conv
faces, about 1 in. high blu
green, frequently having a
pressed line near the areol
areolae about >2in. apart Hr
gray: radial spines 6-9 ra
ate or spreading, strong
ulate, Hm. long, horn col
later black ; central "sp r
1-3, somewhat stronger a
longer than the radial
or less conspicuously porrect
lis. from the lateral reolt-
ncar the end of the In i 1
2V^-3iu. long.tolerabl fle 1
white : fr. depressed-f,lob
2 in. in diam. by little
than 1 in. long. Braz 1
C. Picten - aboi g
Wats., is closely allie i i
above. It is Sonoran, b
known to be in cult
7:335.

19. ebiSrneus, Sain D k
((;. p«<i«d.s-«s, Otto. ( ^1
?is, Hort.). Stem simple an!
glaucous, with 7-10 r I b
spines subulate, rigid i orj
white, with black tip (purpl sh when young)
radials 8-10, central ally solitary (
times 3-4): fls. purpl 1 W Ind Mex
Cent Amer., S.Amer

20. geometrizana, Mart {C p iq m fer s Lem ) S m
pie, 4 in. in diam., with o-9 obtuse ribs with 1 roal in
tervals : spines 3-6, ui eq lal stout and black h the
solitary central one (somet lues want ng) verj long and
stout: fls. pinkish wh te abo 1 1 m long and in broad
Mexico.

21. CAchal, Orcutt. Stout at base, and repeatedly
forking above, becoming 4-10 ft. high: ribs 4-8, obtuse,
with wide, shallow intervals : spines few and stout, the
solitarv central one «t..iit."Jt : tl^. purplish green, 1-1 H
in. long : fr. the siz- hhI -Ii h^ ^f an olive, not spiny,
red (frequently gra} I ; ■ ; liUrown). L. Ualif.—
The short and stc.iit i , ;^ often 1ft. in diam.,
the long branches _-- m. ;ii iMn..

CC. Hihs of stem struH'jly compressed lateralUj.

22. Peruvianus, Haw. (C. monocldnos,T>C.). Hedge
Cactus. Tall, 30-50 ft., branching freely toward the
base, columnar, J^8 in. in diam., new growth dark green
and glaucous, becoming a dull green with age, and, in
old stems, becoming corky: ribs 5-8, compressed : are-
olte K-1 in. apart, in new growth covered with con-
spicuous, curly brown wool, becoming gray : radial spines
about 6-7, about %-% in. long ; central sMlitary, narh-
ing a length of 2% in.; the number i.f -iiiii. - in. i,a-es
with age to as many as 20. all are ri-i.l. liiiwn : tls.
abundant, from the lower part of th.- ^
turnal, 6-7 In. long bv 5 in. in diam. Flc
and S. Amer. G.C. Ill, 24: 175 (var. mo,

Vtff. Alacriportanus, K. Sch. (C. AlacriportAmis,
Mart. ) . Of somewhat weaker growth, low, and less con-
spicuously pruinose in the new growth, which is con-
sequently nearly clear green. S. Brazil.

23. Janiaoa.ru, Salm-Dyck (C. ™'h(f«s. Haw.). Stems
upright, robust, rigid, 12-16 ft. high by as much as 6 in.
in diam.; young growth azure-bhic. Tnriiiiv.- ilarlc ^rreen

with age, glaucous: ribs 4-0. thin. imh,... ! . i . .. ,t(-:

radial spines 5-7, stiff, neqdie-lili' , . . Aitli

brown points, or brown and linally I'll I . liii.

long; centrals 2-4, somewhat stronj," r, ["ii.t. i :i in.
long: fls. large, 10 in. long by 8 in. in diam., white noc-
turnal. Braz., Venezuela.

24. candelabrum, Weber (C. BeUeicU, Hort.). Tall,
columnar, simple or branching only at the base, dark
green with a faint trace of blue, 30 ft. high by 4 in. in
diam.: ribs 9, blunt, strongly compressed, %in. high,
slightly crenatp : areolae 1-2 in. apart, ovate, large.

, Mes.

white: radial spines mostly 9, the under ones longest
and about an inch long, laterally compressed, the upper
ones shorter, round, all bulbose and black at the base,
ivory-white above ; central solitary, very large, 3-4 in.
long, dagger-like, laterally compressed and faintly an-
gled, porrect, ivory-white to gray, base black and
strongly bulbose : fls. from the lateral areolae, 3-4 in.
long, white: fr. the size of a small orange, covered with
small scales, in the axils of which are wool and bristles
Mexico.

25. ohalybsus, Otto. Stems upright, branching above,
arborescent, azure blue and pruinose, later dark green,
ly^-i in. in diam.: ribs 6, in young growth very much
compressed, later depressed till the stem is nearly cy-
lindrical : areolae about %in. apart, dark gray-brown ;
radial spines mostly 7, about Kin. long; centrals 3-4,
similar but somewhat stronger and
the spines are pointed, stiff, wlieu
later brown to gray with black tip<. 1
fls. very similar to those of C. c" /"
Republic.

AA. Stems erect, less fluiii J
B. Sibsofstem 10 '■,-

26. serpentinus, DC. Stems <"hii
flexuose. 5-8 ft. high by l-lJ„in. iu
the point : ribs 10-13, low, obtuse

all
re black,
the base:
Vigentine

slender,

ubout %i:

.part: radial spines 10-12, slender.needle form, stiff,%ln.
long ; centrals 1-1, pink and white when young, later
gray ; the number of spines increases by new ones ap-
pearing later : fls. from the upper lateral areolae, slen-
der, green, spiny tube with funnel-shaped corolla, about
6 in. long by 3 in. in diam., white, nocturnal: fr. ovoid,
red, covered with deciduous spines. Cent. Mex. B.M,
3566.

27. Bailmannii, Lem. (C. colubrlnus, Otto). Stems
dark green, slender, flexuose, columnar, reaching a height
of 6 ft. and a diam. of 1-lK in., the few branches ascend-

282 CEREUS

ing slender, parallel with the main stem : ribs 12-16,
rounded: areolae close together, brown ; spines tine, slen-
der, very sharp, 15-20, fascicled, white to yellow or darli
brown, about i4 in. long ; sometimes a single one from the
center reaches a length of % in. : fls. numerous, tubular,
zygomorphous, 2K-3 in. long by about Kin. in diame-
ter throughout, red or sometimes with orange-red petals
and red tube. Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentine Re-
public.

28. iabgonua, K.Seli. Stem upright, columnar, about
1-lK in. indiam., in young growth light green to yellow-
green, later darker ; ribs 15-16 : areolae approximate,
white, turning gray: radial spines as many as 20,
spreading, at first clear or darlc yellow, becoming white,
and finally gray, bristle form, flexible, about %in. long;
centrals 6-8; two of these are somewhat stronger and
stiffer, about % in. long, one directed upward and one
downward, yellowish brown to dark honey-color ; later
gray, as in the radials. S. Amer.

29. spl^ndens, Salm-Dyck. Columnar, slender, short,
rigid, more or less branching from the base, reaching a
height of about 2 ft. and about 1-lKin. in diam., light
to yellowish green : ribs about 10-12, rouiiib'd ; areolae
prominent, about Ji in. apart, tawin , lH,,.ii,iif- wliite.
tomentose : radial spines 8-12. ii! • i .\\ and

light brown, becoming gray; • ! nci-ly

larger than the radial, yellowisli I" :\\^>\' ]<■ -pines

slender, bristle form, about ^-.'4 m- lui.s;- -I In- may
be but a lower, stouter form of C. rcpandus. C. Caven-
dishii has been referred to this species, but with some
question.

BB. Bibs S-10.

30. repflndus, Haw. (C. eridphorus, Pfeiff.). Stem
simple, 20 ft. high, tapering at summit and jointed,
with 8-10 obtuse ribs: spines 9-12, needle-,shaped, white
with black tips : large white, funnel form flowers, the
calyx-tube covered with long wool. W. Indies.

31. plat^gonus, Otto. At first upright, later some-
what reclining, branching, at the base about 1 in. in
(liam,. tapi-ririL- in th<- new growth: ribs 8, low, archedi
■ii'cii. ,,Im,,,, I, ,,, ,;,:irt.very small, yellow, becoming
i-'i.i,. I- ! ,1 small 3-angled bract; radial
-I'll" - IJ r. I 'iL.'. bristle form, little more than
's ill. I"ii4: '.lit 111 iMiary, slightly longer and stronger;
all till- si.in.s at first yellow-brown, changing to white
or gray with age.

32. C8erul6scen8, Salm-Dyck (O. Ldndbeekl, Phil.).
Arborescent or shrubby, 3-5 ft. high: stems 1-1 V2 in. in
diam.: ribs usually 8, obtuse: areolffi approximate, white
bud soon becoming black : spines rigid ; radials 9-12,
H-i4 in. long, black ; centrals 4, % in. long, stronger,
black or white : fls. from the si3e of the stem, slightly
curved, 6-8 in. long by 6 in. in diam., tube bronze-green,
corolla white or occasionally rose-pink: frs. ellipsoidal,
pointed at both ends, about 3 in. long and half that in
diam., bright red, with blue glaucous covering. Argen-
tine Republic. B.M. 3022.

33. Bridgesii, Salin Dyck. Upright, tall, columnar,
simple in- lattr l.iaiHhiii!; at the base, bright green when
young, be.-uimiii,' l.hir to gray-green, lK-2 in. in diam.:
ribs 5-7, very Itrojul and low : areola ^-^in. apart,
yellowish to gray: spines 3-5, radiating, the under one,
or seldom the upper one, the longest, i% in. long, stiff,
sharp, straight, dark honey-yellow, with brown tips, be-
coming gray with age. Bolivia.

Var. lagenifdrmis, K. Sch. ( C lagenifdrmis, Forst.).
Spines more numerous, somewhat longer,

34. azCireuB, Parm.(C.Se)dehi, Lehm.). Stem upright,
tall, slender, columnar, branching from the base, in the
young, fresh bluish green, later dark green with gray,
glaucous covering, about 3-4 ft. high and about 1 in. in
diam. : ribs 5-7, rounded, enlarged at the areolae :
areolffi about %-l ft. apart, elevated, large, abundantly
woolly when young : spines 8-18, nearly alike, about
%-ya in. long, stiff, slender, needle-form to bristle-like,
black; the 2-4 central ones somewhat longer: fls. 8-12
in. long, obliquely attached to the stem, slightly curved,
white. Braz.

35. CEBsius, Otto. Upright, columnar, branching at the
base, somewhat tapering above; in new growth, beauti-

CEREUS

ful light blue, pruinose ; later, light green to slightly
bluish, about l>^in. in diam.: riijs 5-6, separated by
sharp grooves, about % in. high, compressed, faintly
crenate, becoming depressed in older growth : areolae
about % in. apart, small, yellow at first, later becoming
white and finally gray : radial spines 8-10, sometimes
more appear later; radiate, litrht ambfr-rolnr, brown at
the base, the lower pair the lunLiPst. iri'tstiv about J^ in.
long; centrals 4-7, like the railiaK l.nt usually some-
what stronger, longer and ilaik-i- ; all tlit- .spines thin,
needle-form, flexible, sharp ; latt-r, liyht horn-color,
finally gray. S. Amer. { '.}.

36. Greggii, Engelm. Slender and branching, 2-3 tt.
high and %-l in. in diam., from an extraordinarily
large, tuberous root (often 6-10 in. long and 4-6 in. in
diam.): ribs ,;-i;. a.nt.- : s))ines subulate from bulbous
base, very si,., it an. I -harp, 7-11, 1 or 2 being central:
fls. white or V. llo\vi.|i. i;-.s in. long; fr. ovate, alternate
at base ami apex. I.riu'ht scarlet, fleshy and edible, 1-2
in. long. Southwestern Tex. to Ariz., and south into
Chihuahua and Sonora. Generally in gravelly or hard,
clayey soil.

37. specidBUS, K. Srh. (C. rorrhims, Salm-Dyck. 0.
Schrdnkii, ZunQ. c . /'-'" .■^ '"././(.■,■, DC). Slender,
much branched from , i '. ■:,-,•; stems about 2 ft.
iQ length by about 1 . . 1 .: . sometimes having
aerial roots near tl.i ,. un- -f-v,ili: ribs 3-5, serrated:
areolae occupy the .sli..ii uppn side of the serrations,
large, copiously white, woolly ; spines fascicled, 5-8,
more in age, spreading, slender, stiff, sharp-pointed, the
under one bristle-form, about K in. long, yellow : fls.
appearing from the older growth of the stems ; large,
6 in. in diam., remaining open several days, purple-red,
with irridescent, bluish center : fr. ovoid, with a few
scattering scales, lK-2 in. long. Mex. and Cent. .\mer.
B.M. 3822. I.H. 32:548. Gn. 53, p. 153.-This species is
commonly hybridized with other species of Cereus and
of Phyllocactus, giving rise to numerous horticultural

38. Mexic&nus, Lem. Said by Lemaire to be a garden
hybrid between C. speciosiis and some other species not
mentioned.

AAA. Stems prostrate.

39. £mOTyi, Engelm. Prostrate, cylindrical, 2-4 ft.
long, with ascending or erect branches 6-10 in. high and
1-2 in. in diam.: ribs 15, tuberculate : spines slender
and rigid, interlocked, yellow ; radials 40-50, very slen-
der; central usually solitarj', stouter and much larger :
fls. greenish yellow, 1-2 in. broad : fr. globose, very
spiny, 1-1 J^ in. in diam. Rocky hills, S. Calif, into L.
Calif, and adjacent islands.— Grows in thick masses,
covering patches 10-20 tt. square.

40. gummbeus, Engelm. (f. giimmindsus , Hort.).
Prostrate and assurgent, 1-1 ft. long, 3-4 in. in diam..
dull purplish green: ribs (on young branch) 7-a, tiilier-
culate: spines stout and rigid, black, from a strong,
bulbous base; radials about 12; centrals 3-6, stout and
angled: fls. purple, 4-5 in. long: fl. subglobose. about 3
in. in diam., spiny, bright scarlet with purple pulp
("color of ripe watermelon"), acid and pleasant. L.
California.

41. eiiica, Braudegee. Prostrate and stout, .suigle or
slightly branched, 2-t ft. long, 3-7 in. in diam.. rooting
from the under surface, generally in patches of 20-30 :
ribs 13-21: spines stout, ashy, interlocked; centrals ,5-8,
stouter, the lowest flattened and strongly deflexed : fls.
4-5 in. long, reported to be yellow: fr. globular, 2 in. in
diam., somewhat spiny, dull red, with purple pulp. Sandy
plains, coasts of L. Calif, and adjacent islands. — A plant
of curious and uncouth habit, often in large masses, and
from a distance " looking like a lot of firewood thrown at
random on the ground."

42. Fitaid,ya, DC. (C. Pernambiicinsis [Fernambu-
censis], Lem. C. formdsus, Salm-Dyck. C. variibilis,
Pfeiff. ) . Stems at first simple, later branching, in young
growth light green, turning grayish green with age,
pointed, 5i-lKin. indiam.: ribs 3-5, commonly 4: areolw
about 1 in. apart, large, bearing a conspicuous' amount of

CEREUS

curly hair, about Kin. long, in new growth : radial spines
0-7 and a solitary central one, uniform, about ^-^gin.
long, amber color to brown and finally gray : ils. from the
older growth, large, about 8 in. long, slightly curved,
white, nocturnal. Uruguay, Brazil, Columbia. 15. M. 4084.
— C. grandis, Haw., according to Dr. Weber, is but a
larger form of this species.

4.3. princeps, Pfeiff. ( C. BaxanUnsis, Karw. C. varid-
bilis, Engelm.). Erect, 3-10 ft. high, 2 in. in diam., and
3-or 4-angied: spines 4-6, stout and radiiint, iiiitMiual, the
larger 1-1 }^in. long: fls. white, long-tnl.iil:ii , 7 ^ in. I ii:;:
fr. oval, spiny, 2-3 in. long, scarlet, ill M I ili !i. fc<l

pulp. Lower Rio Grande, on Mex. I ni;

shoots are said to have 8 ribs and Hi .- len-
der spines, and in cultivated foi-nis iLl .^pui^.-. ay^ ullun
much longer than given above.

commonly run spirally arouud the axis of tlir -t. ui :
areolag K-lMiu. apart, at first considerably dr[.rr>-.,l.
later shallower, white, becoming gray : radial .^pinrs
4-G (later 1-4 more appear), straight, spreadiiiir, tin'
largest about K-1 in., stout, subulate, pointed, the unler
one needle form and shorter ; central solitary, straight,
stronger, 1 in. long, deflexed or porrect ; the stronger
spines are white, with tips and bases brown, when young
beautiful ruby-red, later all are gray, with black tips and
bulbous bases: fls. from the lateral areola, about 10 in.
long, white, nocturnal : fr. nearly spherical, about 2 in.
in diam., mamraate, dark carmine-red. Paraguay, Brazil,
and Argentine Republic.

45. tortubsus, Forbes (C. atropurpiireus, Haage).
Stems slender, weak, at first upright, but later reflexed,
reaching a length of 3— t ft., and 1-lKin. in diam.: ribs
commonly 7, sometimes l>ut .i. rounded, low, soj^arated by

brown when young, becoming ashy with age : Hs. from
the previous year's growth, aliotit (i in. in length, trum-
pet-shaped, tube olive,- green and
spiny, in the axils of "the reddish
green scales; outer petals pale green,
tinted with brown ; inner petals
clear white : fr. spherical, bril-
liant red without and white within,
raammate, bearing a few spines on
the summits of the lower mammas.
Argentine Republic.

46. Martinii, Lab. (C. monacdn-
thas, Hort.). At first upright, later
requiring a support; freely branch-
ing from the base, branches long,
reaching nearly 5 ft., %-l in. in diam.,
slightly tapering, dark green : ribs
5-6, separated by serpentine grooves,
contracted between the areolae; some-
times the ribs are not evident, when
the stem is cylindrical: areolas about
1-1^^ in. apart, white: radial spines
5-7, reddish, short, bristle-form, with
bulbous bases or short conical, usu-
ally about ^8 in. long ; central soli-
tary, mostly deflexed. 'o-l in. long
(in young growth, frequently not

longer than the radial), subulate, 414. Cereus

robust, light brown or white, with
bases and tips black : fls. from the
older growth stems, 8-9 in. long, clear white, noc-
turnal : fr. sjdierical (very similar to C. tortuosus)^
pointed, dark carraine-red, about 2 in. in diam., mam-
mate, a few spines on the mammas, toward the base
of the fr. Argentine Republic. R. H. 1860, pp. 658-9.
— This species is commonly sold under the name of
C. platygonus

B. Bibs of stem 5 or more.

47. Ilagellifdrmis, Mill. Rat-tail Cactus. Creeping
or pendent, slender and very branching, cylindrical,
K-1 in. in diam., branches 1 ft. long or more : ribs 10-12,
tuberculate : spines short, rather rigid ; radials 8-12,
reddish brown ; centrals 3 or 4, brown, with golden tip:
fls. funnel-form, crimson, 2-3 in. long : fr. globose,
J^in. in diam., reddish and bristly, the pulp greenish
yellow ("with the taste of a prune"). W. Ind., Mex.,
Cent. Amer., S. Amer.-This is commonly hybridized
with other species. It is a very common window plant.

Var. Uptophis, K. Sch. (C. Uptophis, DC). Of more
handsome appearance : new spines on the growing point
carmine-red : ribs at the most 8: fls. somewhat smaller
and lighter.

4H. Mallisoni, Hort. (C. Smlthii, Lindl.). This is a
canlrii liyl.rid of C. flageUitormis on C. speciosus. Habit
oi ( •. ii,i./, Iliformis, but stouter : fls. more like those of

C.xi„',-i„siis. B.M.3822.

t'i. Donkel4eri, iSalm-Dyck. A bushy epiphyte, richly
iH-aiiching, clinging to the bark of trees by aerial roots,
.ouinionly in company with orchids : branches very
long and thin, scarcely %in. in diameter, cylindrical or
inconspicuously 6-angled, or rarely 7-8-angled : areolee
very close together, small, white : spines 10-15, very
.short, snow-white ; sometimes 2-3 short, stronger
spines appear in the center of each cluster : fls. resem-
bling those of C. gmnditlorus. Brazil.

50. grandifldruB, Mill. Fragrant Night-blooming
Cereus. Fig. 414. Diffusely creeping, with very long
and flexuous climbing 5-7-angled branches, K-1 in. in
diam., with bunches of wliiti- l.risil.v associated with the
5-12 short spines: fls. wiiii. :ni.l ii.mrant, 6-8 in. broad.
W. Ind., Mex. B.M. lilisl . - I ."Ui: .uli ivated in gardens as
the "Night-blooming IVnii-.," and made to vary widely.
C. Uranos, Hort., is but a form of this species.

51 . Miynardii, Lem. ( C grandifldrus,va,T. MAynardii,
Hort.). A garden hybrid of C. grandiflorus on 0. spe-
ciosus. Habit of C. grandiflorus, but red colors of C.

speciosus.

"^^

\ f //

-/

'^'iif^'

ling Cereuses (X ]

52. spinuldBUS, DC. Stems slender, climbing, reach-
ing a height of 8-10 ft., %-l in. in diam., branches more
slender : ribs commonly 5, sometimes 6, sharp, becom-
ing obliterated with age : areolie small, about }^in.
apart : radial spines about 8, very short, bristle-form,
brown, becoming gray ; central solitary, somewhat
longer: fls. 5-6 in. long by 3-4 in. in diam. .white, flushed

Zbi CEREUS

with pink, nocturnal. W. Ind. and Mex.— The plant
much resembles C. grandifloru.i, but is easily distin-
guished by its smaller and different colored fls.

53. Martitaus, Zucc. Of bushy growth, branching,
reaching a height of 3 ft. and more ; branches slender,
provided here and there with aerial roots, cylindrical,
about %m. in diam : ribs commonly 8, straight, sepa-
rated by sharp grooves, very low : areolae %-% in.
apart, small, white : radial spines 6-10, bristle-form,
spreading, clear honey-yellow, at base brownish, later
whitish and becoming gray, about Min. long ; centrals
3-4, similar, only somewhat stouter and darker : fls.
usually abundant, straight or slightly S-shaped, 4-5 in.
long, scarlet-red : fr. spherical, reddish green, covered
with bristles. Southern Mex. B.M. 3768.

BB. Jiibs of stem 3-o.

54. nycticilus, Link. Night-bloomdjg Cereus. Sub-
erect, very long-jointed, %-l in. in diam. : joints vari-
able, some cylindrical, others 4-ti-angled : ribs acute
at first, obtuse later : spines 1^, and very small : fls.
white and fragrant, about 7 in. long. Mex. — The com-
monest Night-blooming Cereus.

55. in^rmis, Otto. Sts. branching, climbing, branches
4-5-angled, sharp-winged, yellowish green, later darker,
slightly crenate : areolae in the depressions, small,
bearing a few bristles when young, but soon naked.
Venezuela.

56. hamitus, Scheidw. (C. rostr&tus, Lem.). Stems
slender, weak, climbing, bright green, less than 1 in. in
diam. , reaching a length of 10 ft. : ribs remotely serrate,
the serrations repand, and bearing on their anterior
edge the small areolae: spines 5-6, bristle-form, whitish
to brown very short and partly deciduous fls large,
10 16 m long and nearly the same m diauneter, white,
nocturnal f entral Mexico

CEROPEGIA

58. Napolednis, Graham. Suberect and long-jointed,
the joints 3-angled and with flat sides, 12 in. or more
long, %-l in. in diam. : spines 3 or 4, subulate, unequal,
black; sometimes a few white bristles: fls. snowy white,
8 in. long and 6 in. broad: fr. bluish and spiny, 3 by 4
in. W. Ind., Mex. B.M. 3458.

.'i9. ext^nsns, S.ilm Dvi'k. f'liml) lur • ^tom^ rir-bly

and strong, straight or very slightly curved, dark brown,
becoming gray with age : fls. from the sides of the
branches, 8-9 in. long, rose-red. Trinidad. B.M. 4060,

60. triangularis, Haw. Stnn^ joint.-.l. I,.ii- :,ii,l >li-n-
der, climbing : ribs :;. r,.ni|.r.--r(i, thin, an.i aliMUt i in.
or more high, creuat.', wuli a r,,nirMiis i]ia]-i;iii ( c.iiin-i-t-
ing the areolae: arc. la- al."iit 1-1'.. in. apait : radial
spines 2-4, bristle-form, shuit. sii,m ili.-ciduou.s ; (■(•mrals
1-3, conical from a bulbous base, dark colored : fls.
large, about 1 ft. long by about the same diameter when
fully open, white, nocturnal, tube covered with large,
leaf-like scales : fr. large, covered with the persistent
large scales. Mexico and West Indies. B.M. 1884 Sin.
6:5.— The fruit is edible and very refreshing, and is
common in the Mexican markets.

BBB. ffibs inconspicuous or wholly absent.

61. MacD6naldiae, Hook. Climbing, and of rapid
growth, richly branching, branches very long, cylindri-
cal or with here and there very obtuse and not continu-
ous angles, dark green : areolae elevated on tubercles
which are arranged spirally on the branches small
spine sol tary ( or rarely 2 ) short porrect brow n or
black inconspicuous fls lateral about 14 in long white,

urcturnd Htnduiis B AI 4 0

1 g S\T10p

f < < t ( panus C

C conoideus C

\

57. B^gelii, Hort. This form is very common in the
trade; is a very excellent plant, with good, fixed char-
acters ; is a slender climbing plant. Its origin is ob-
scure, but, from its vegetative characters, as well as
floral, it is apparently closely related to either C. hnma-
tus or C. MacDonaldice, with one of which it may be a
hybrid.

CERlNTHE ( nek keyot wax
the ancients be
bees visited the
\ BoragmdcetB
Ij t annual or per

^^* 1 Europe and Asia

Minor with alteri nd showy purple

1 ratts. The best >-i which has a unique

appearance in the gard* n, aiid i.> .suungly recommended
for more general cultivuliuu. It is a hardy annual of
easy culture. For a garden review of the other Honey-
worts, see Gn. 41, p. 212.

ret6rta, Sibth. & Sm. Honeywort. Fig. 415. Height
VA-2 ft.: Ivs. glaucous, often spotted white or red;
lower Ivs. obovate-spatulate ; upper Ivs. amplexicaul,
with 2 round ears, on the flowering branches gradually
becoming smaller and closer together until they pass into
purple bracts, which form the chief attractive feature of
the plant : fls, when full-blown protruded beyond the
bracts : corolla tubular-club-shaped, yellow, tipped pur-
ple, with 5 small, spreading teeth. Greece. B.M. 5264.
On. 41: 847. w. M.

C£B0F£6IA (Greek, wax and fountain, Ihe flowers
having a waxy look). Asclepiaddcew. Greenhouse vines
of Africa and Asia, not in the Amer. trade. A dozen spe-
cies are known in Old World collections. Many of them
have tuberous roots, and need a season of rest and dry-
ness. Prop, by cuttings. Odd and handsome.

CKROXYLON
CER6XYL0N NIVEUM, Hort.= DipIotheraium.

CfiSTEUM (old Greek name). Syn., Habrolhdmnus.
Solandeece. Greenhouse shrubs of many species, in trop-
ical Amer. Some of them have a climbing habit. The
tubular fls. are in axillary or terminal cymes, red, yellow,
greenish or white, often very fragrant. Lvs. alternate
and entire, usually rather narrow. Fruit a berry. Oes-
trums are among the most useful of bright-flowering,
shrubby, greenhouse plants, and they may be grown
either as pot plants, or planted out against the back wall
or supports of a greenhouse, where, if given a light po-
sition, they will produce an abundance of flowers from
January to April. The Mexican species will do well In
a winter temperature of 45° to 50°, but the species from
Central America require stove temperature. They are
propagated bv cuttings taken in February or early in
March, and inserted in sand in a warm temperature,
keeping them somewhat close until rooted, when they
should be potted in a light soil, after which they may be
grown in pots, shifting on as often as required, or planted

CHAM^BATIA

285

416. Cestrum elegans (X ii

out m the opt n gioum
position wli. 1' it 1m
growth and iTtt nti' ti
fineplant^- I \ tli, tu-
be hfted 111 1 p tti 1
and shadi d t i i U w

in die

h 1 111 1 li„lit, ink -oil and k. pt ilose
t. ^^ .1 IN - Hid then transfeued to their
\tti 1 ll(.wering, the plants should he
given a rt -^t 1 i i in iiili ni six weeks, gradually reducing
the supph t w iti 1 t ■ induce the leaves and wood to
ripen, attn whn h the\ should be cut well back, the old
soil shaken oil and the routs trimmed back, and then
either pottid again or planted out for the summer While
in the gieenhouse, Oestrums aie very subject to the
attacks of insects, especialU the meah bug ( Coccus
adoiiidum ) To keep these m check thej should be given
an occasional spraA ing of kerosene emulsion. The Oes-
trums are much grown m warm countries, and they
bloom continuously. Following are the only species
known to be in theAmer. trade :

A. FU. red.
61egans, s,-lil,-i'ht. tnal,ron,,!min,s rhinnis. BiMiiiin.).

Fig.41G. Tall and sl.Mia.T.l.alf-Hinil.inuMh.- l.raii.-hes
pubescent: hs. ..vatc hiii.'.-.,|ati\ lni,:.-.arunnnati', of
medium size, inilirsc.nt bi-math; tls. rrd-purplr. swollen
near the top of the tube, iu louse clusters, which nud at
the ends of the branches, the lobes ciliate. Mex. F.S.
2:82. — One of the commonest and best of greenhouse
shrubs, blooming almost continuously. There is a form
■with variegated lvs.

fasciculitum, Miers. Spring bloomer, with larger fls.
than those of (.'. eleganx, and more compact, nearly
globular fl. -clusters, the cluster subtended by small lvs.
as if an involucre : lvs. ovate. Mex. B.ai. 4183 (and
probably the C. elegans, B.M. 5659.)

NfiwelU, Hort. (B. Nhoelfi, Veitch). Fls. bright
crimson, larger and more brilliant than those of C. ele-
gans and C. fasciculatum. Gn. 34: 660. — A free-growing
plant, originating from seed by Mr. Newell, Downham
Market, Eng. Evidently an offshoot of one of the pre-
ceding species.

AA. Fls. Orange.

aurantlacum, Lindl. Of half-clirabing habit : lvs.
oval to ovate, more or less undulate : fls. sessile, in a
panicle, orange-yellow. Guatemala. R.H. 1858, p. 238.
AAA. Fls. white, greenish, orcream-yelloiv.

Pirqui, L'Her. Shrub, half-hardy : lvs. lanceolate,
petioled, short, acuminate: fls. long, tubular, with a wide-
spreading limb, in an open panicle, greenish yellow, very
fragrant at night. Chile. B. M. 1770.

diiimum, Linn, i nn.i _i,,u ing evergreen shrub: lvs.
oblong and -hi ^i-h and glabrous, shining

above: fls. whn -rrnted by day, in axillary

long peduncli-il -[.il..-: ir. ,\liiti-. W. Ind.

noctumum, Linn, .Shrub (>-I> ft.: branches brownish,
very slender or flexuose, glabrous or nearly so : lvs.
thinner, ovate or elliptic, prominently acuminate : fls.
creamy yellow, very fragrant by night. Jamaica.

E. J. Canning and L. H. B.

CH^NACTIS (Greek, gaping ray: the marginal
corollas often ray-like). Compdsitm. West American
herbs or under-shrubs, with alternate and mostly dis-
sected lvs., and yellow, white or flesh-colored fls. on
solitary peduncles or in loose cymes. Florets of one
kind, but the marginal ones with a more or less en-
larged limb: involucre campanulate: receptacle flat and
generally naked : painnis uf scales (wanting in 1 spe-
cies). Three .sj ins liavn l),.en introduced as border

plants, but they ar.' Iittir knuwn to gardeners. Of easy

culture. Prop, liy snnds ur division.

A. Pappus of entire or ii.-irh/ .iilln: persistent scales.

tenuifdlia, Nutt. Small, tuftnd annual, white pubes-
cent when young but bi-cuiiiim; marly ur<iuite glabrous:
1 ft. : lvs. once or twice piiiuatulv parted, the lobes linear
or filiform: heads Jain. high, le'mou-yellow. S. Calif.

Dotiglasii, Hook. & Am. Biennial or perennial, 3-15
in. high, usually white-woolly when young: lvs. broad,
pinnately parted into short and crowded, obtuse lobes:
heads K-Min, high, white or whitish. Mont. S. and W.
-Variable.
AA. Pappus of fimbriate and deciduous scales, or even

artemisiaefdlia, Gray. Tufted annual, 1-2 ft., rusty-
pubescent and somewhat sticky : lvs. 2 or 3, pinnately
parted into short-linear or oblong lobes : heads % in.
high, the involucre viscid, the florets white or cream-
color. S. Calif. L. H. B.

CHJENOMfiLES. Cydonia.

CH.SNOSTOMA (gaping mouth, in allusion to the
shape of the corolla). Scrophulari^cete. About 30
African herbs or sub-shrubs, with simple lvs. mostly
opposite, and axillary or terminal-racemose, showy fls. ;
stamens 4, iu 2's, attached to the throat of the corolla,
more or less exserted: style filiform and club-shaped,
and obtuse at the apex : corolla tubular, swollen in the
throat, with a 5-lobed spreading limb.

hispidum, Benth. Small perennial, with opposite, oval
or oblong-toothed lvs., and blush-white, star-like fls.
% in. across, in dense clusters. S. Afr. J.H. III. 33:636.
—An old and deserving greenhouse or pot plant, but
rarely seen at present. It blooms almost continuously,
the fls. sometimes hiding the foliage. Prop, by seeds or
cuttings, either in fall or spring. Begins to bloom when
4-6 in. high. To be recommended for windows, and for
summer vases.

CHAMSBATIA (Greek, dwarf, and bramble, allud-
ing to its bramble-like fls.). MosAcew. Low shrub,
clothed with glandular pubescence: lvs. alternate, stipu-
late, tripinnatifld, persistent : fls. in terminal corymbs,
white, with 5 petals and numerous stamens: fr. a small
akene. One species in Calif. Ornamental shrub of
agreeable aromatic odor, with graceful foliage and
showy white fls. in June and July; hardy only in warmer
temperate regions. It thrives best in sandy, well-
drained soil and sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown
in spring and by greenwood cuttings under glass.

286

CHAM^BATIA

!oliol6sa, Benth. Two to 3 ft.: Ivs. nearly sessile,
oval or ovate-oblong, closely tripinnately dissected,
iy.-2y^ui. long: fls. white, %m. wide, in 4-8-fld.
corymbs. B.M. .WTl. Alfred Rehder.

CHAM.iEBATlAEIA. See Sorbaria.

CHAM.ffiCfiKASUS. See Lonicera.

CHAMa;CtPAEIS (ehamai, dwarf, and kuparissos,
Oypress; referring to its affinity). Conifene. Evergreen
trees, with opposite, scale-like Ivs. in 4 rows, densely
clothing the compressed branchlets : fls. monoecious,
small ; pistillate inconspicuous, globose ; staminate yel-
low or red, oblong, often conspicuous by their abun-
dance : cones small, globular, with 6-8 bracts, each bearing
2 or rarely 5, winged seeds, ripening the first season.
Closely allied to Cupressus, which differs by its larger
cones maturing the second year, the bracts containing
4 or more seeds, nii.1 I'v it< .piMilrriTiL'iilnr ItmivIh-s and
minutely dentii-u I:.'. !•■ ■ IL. -t,,,.,-ii, \ \i.iir.and
Japan, all very \;i' ''am-

tries. Highly oni , iiuidal

habit, of which oil I.. (■..;:/..',",./... i- inilylMi-.l; mirth,
while the Japanese species are hanly in siii-ltered
positions north to New England, and C. Lmrsioni-
ana only from New York south. They grow best in
somewhat moist but well-draim-d. stiiuly loam and in a
partly shaded position, sli. li. r. .1 :i^:iiii^t drv
C.Lawsoniana a.nA C.I'' '• ' i ■ Iry.the
more moist situations, .in ' ■ -' grow

even in swamps. Prop. !-> -> m-, -.> n m spring; in-
creased also by cuttings li\,iii nmiiui- u.mhI in fall, in-
serted in a sandy soil and kept in a coolframe or green-
house during the winter; if in early spring gentle bottom

inds

well

417. Chamaecyparis pisifera.

heat can be given, it will hasten the development of roots
considerably. All the so-called Retinosporas and the
dwarfer forms, and most of the varieties of C. Lawsoni-

CHAM^CYPABIS

(tna, are readily increased in this way, while the typical
forms of U. Nutkaensis, ohtusa and sphmroidea do not
grow well from cuttings; therefore for most varieties
veneer grafting on seedling stock during the winter in

-^.i.«

greenhou
be grown
habit if f,i

plumosa

M 1 1 111 dwarf forms alwavs should
tlit% often lose their dwarf
I 1 Retinosporas of the gar-
dens witliln I l\ are Tuvenile forms which
liar ] t n II I II i^ 1 the seedling statt There
ar II il I I II 111 Ihina For their distinguishing
fti II I I / 'ni^'ipoKt For the numerous garden
tiiiii I 1 n I Handb der J^adelholzk pp b4-99.
i J I rjinn on both sides 0} paler beneath

sphaeroidea, Spach {Ciipr^sius thuyoldei Lmn.).
\\ HiTi ( toAR Tree, to 70 or 80 ft , with erect spreading
l»r<iiRhts. branchlets irregularly arranged, spreading,
not pendulous, very thin and slender, flattened : Ivs.
closely imbricate, glaucous or light green, with a con-
spicuous gland on the back, fragrant: cones small. Jiin.
in diam., bluish piirjile, with glaucous bloom. From
MainetoFI.Mil:,, M -fi-^Ii-sissippi. S.S. 10: 529.-Var.
ericoides, 1 '• i a ll ' i i ('.ericoldes,Ca,rr. Hetinis-

pora erir,./,! ;l • pact shrub, of erect, dense

habit: lv>. i,i.,. 1 1, spreading, with two glau-
cous lint-s hriir.L'.ii, . mIui.ii^' lu wluter usually reddish
brown. Var. Andely^nsis, Carr. (Rethinspom h plurlaila,
Hort.). Intermediate form between tbi- f.iniiir iumI the
type; bluish green, and of erect growth. \\ irli li.,.^. ly op-
pressed, lanceolate Ivs.; often some bniiulilcts with Ivs.
of the type and some with Ivs. of the var. ericoides.
R.H. 1809, p. 32, and 1880, p. .36. Var. glailca, Endl. (var.
h'l-ife'nsix, Hort.). Of compact habit, very glaucous, with
silvery hue. Var. varieg4ta, Hort. Branchlets partially
colored golden yellow.

Nutkafensis, Spach {Cuprissus Nootkatfnsis, Lamb.
Thuydpsis boreAUs,UoTt.). Yellow Cedar. Tree, to
120 ft., with ascending branches, pendulous at the ex-
tremities : branchlets distichously arranged, slightly
flattened or nearly quadrangular, pendulous : Ivs. densely
imbricate, usually dark green, acute, mostly without
glands : cones subglobose, nearly Hiu. in diam., dark
red-brown, with glaucous bloom. From Sitka to Oregon.
S.S. 10: 530. R.H. 1869, p. 48. -Var. glaiica, Hort. With
very glaucous foliage. Var. pfendula, Hort. Distinctly
pendulous. There are some forms with variegated Ivs.

CHAM^CYPARIS

about as hardy as the

AA. Lvs. witli glaucous or whitish marks beneath :
branches with horizontally spreading ramifications *
Lawsoniina, Pail. (Cupr4ssus liawsoni&na, Murr.).
Tree, to 200 ft., with horizontally spreading and usually
pendulous branches : branchlets frond-like arranged,
flattened : Its. closely appressed, obtuse or somewhat

acute, usually bright green, with a gland on the back :
staniinate catkins bright xed ( yellow in all other species ) :
cone globose, about Jain, across, red-brown and often
glaucous. From Oregon to Calif. S.S.in:.',:il. (;\ii:.2:'.V2, .
— This is one of the most beauiilul (■"nitVr. :,,<•] \ . w
variable, about 00 garden form- li. ini.' ciiltivati^i in
European nurseries and colIerTions. 'rii.- iMlhiwin:; ,iri-
some of the best: Var. 41bo-spica,Hort. Tii.s uf biaii.h-
lets creamy white, of slender habit. Var. Alumi, Hurt.
Of columnar habit, foliage very glaucous, with a bluish
metallic hue. The best blue columnar form. Var. ar-
gtotea, Hort. Of slender habit, with very glaucous,
almost silvery foliage. Var. erecta vlridis, Hort. ninsi-,
columnarhabit and bright green loliairr. ( >ue "f tlnMnnst
beautiful varieties, but somewliat t. n.l. r. Vai-. erecta
glatica, Hort. Similarin habit, but witli irlaiin.u- f..liaL'r.
Var. amarmis, Hort. Branches el..n-atr.l, snm. what
pendulous, with few lateral branchlets, ..f I'.w. irlolmhir
habit. Var. glauca, Hort. Foliage of in. talli.- -iaiimus
tint. One of the hardier forms. Var. gracilis. Il.irt.
(vaT.ijracilis peiHlnla.Hort.). VAi-^:jnt li-lif -r.^ii f.irm,
with graceful, pendulous bran.lil. i-. \ ar. intertexta,
Hort. Glaucous form, of vigor.. u, i.-r..\\tli. wiih r.in..t.-,
pendulous branches and distant. thi.kUli l.ran.lil.l^.
Var. Idtea.Hort. Of compact hal.it. v..unL; -r..\vtli d. ar
yellow. G.C.m. 20:721. Var. nana," Hort. '^ Dwarf, glo-
ijose habit ; with some variegated and glaucous forms.
There are also different variegated forms with the habit
of the type.

obtiisa, Sieb. & Zucc. (CKpn'ssiis obfiisa, Koch. IM-
iiidspora obti(sa, Sieb. & Zucc. I . HiNOKI Ctpkess.
Tree, to 120 ft., with horizontal branches : branchlets
frond-like arranged, flattened, pendulous : lvs. bright
green and shining above, with whitish lines beneath,
thickish, obtuse, and very closely appressed, with a gland
on the back: cones globose, nearly J^in. in diam., brown.
Japan. S.Z. 121. G.C. 11.5:236 R H. 1869, p. 97.-

CHAM^DAPHNE 287

Var. 41bo-spica, Hort. Tips of branchlets whitish. Var.
aurea, Hort. Golden yellow. Var. breviriniea, Rehder
iC. brevirdmea. Max. Y&t. filicoldes, Hort.). Of slow
growth, with short and densely frond-like arranged
branchlets. G.C. 11,5:235. Var. grAciUs atirea, Hort.
Graceful form, foliage bright golden yellow when young,
changing later to greenish yellow. Var. lycopodioldes,
Carr. Low form, of somewhat irregular habit, with
spreading, rigid branches and thick, nearly quadrangu-
lar, dark green branchlets. Var. nina, Carr. Low form,
of slow growth, with short, deep green branchlets. Var.
p^ndula, Beissn. (C. pemliiln . Maxim.). Bran.li.s elon-
gated, thick and thread-lik.-. p. ii.inl..us. wiili f.-w .listant
branchlets. Var. pygmaea, ( 'arr. Very ihvarf f.irni, with

horizontal, almo:
branched. Exce
pisifera, Sieb
Retindsporu ;./.•
PRESS. Fig. 4
branches : bran
and somewhat p.
shining above, v
lar. M-K in. in .
-This is, next tn

l.ran.-hcs, densely frond-like

I r. -ting form for rockeries.

I I'liliresstts pisifera, Koch.

.. ,'v Zucc). Saw ABA Cy-

I.. mil ft., with horizontal

- 1,. .!, .l:-i). li..usly arranged

. ..late, pointed,

'■.\: cones globu-

, - ,: I :.:. ix.G. II. 5:237.

'/..... III.- Iiar.jii-stspecies, and

iiltntit.'.l, while the type is

II. .ft. V. 1I..W foliage. Var.

/'/./.-./. II. .rt. C.obtusaflli-

." It. .1 and slender, thread-

h .listant branchlets and

..,(".11.5:237. Var. plu-

.lense, conical habit :

I !. slender branchlets of

tibnhite, pointed and slightly

Intermediate between the

G.C. II. 5:236. Var^plumosa

■. plu-

some varieties ar.- njii. li
less planted. V:ir. aiirea
fiUfera, Hort-. (7,'. /;..-. n,.-;

fera, Hort.). Bi '-. - .

like, gracefully |- '-
lvs. Very de<-..r.- ! i-

mdsa, Hort. 1;
branches alnn.-t . i. . :.
feathery appearain-e : lvs.
spreading, bright green,
type and var. squarrosn.
arg^ntea, Hort. Tips of branchlets whitish
mdsa aiirea, Hort. Young growth of golden yell
A very showy form. Var. squarrdsa, Beissn. & Hochst.
(Setiiiospora s/iiKirrosn, Sieb. & Zucc. S. leptochicla,
Zucc). Fig. 419. Densely branched, bushy tree or
shrub, with spreading, feathery branchlets : lvs. linear,
spreading, glaucous above, silvery below. A very dis-
tinct and beautiful variety. S.Z. 123. R.H. 1869, "p. 95,
and 1880, p. 37. Alfred Rehder.

CHAM^DAPHNE (vhamai, dwarf, and daphne, the
lam-el in ancient Latin, alluding to its dwarf habit and
evergreen lvs.). Syn., Cassandra, ^'ricdceie. Leather
Leaf. Low shrub with evergreen, alternate small lvs.:
fls. nodding in terniitiiil. l.-;ify ract-mes:
corolla urceolatc-.i'
5 Included stamen-

speci

the

northern hemisphere. Low, hardy
ornamental shrub, valuable for th.
earliness of its pretty white fls. I
thrives best in a peaty and sandy
moist soil. Prop, by seeds
S..W11 in sandy peat, only
sliu^htly or not covered, and
k.-pt nioist and shady ; also
l.y layers and suckers and
by cuttings from mature
wood in late summer under

calyculita, Moench {Cas-
sandra calyculdta, Don).
Fig. 420. Shrub with spread-
ing or horizontal branches,
1-3 ft.: lvs short-petioled,
olilontr. obtuse, slightly ser-
riihit.- tind revolute at the
nitirL'iii-. .Inll green above
tin.l i-u-t\--l.-|.i.lote beneath:
Us. sli..rt ]..-iluncled, nod-
ding; corolla white, oblong,
about K in. long. B.M. 1286.
L. B. C. 6: 530; 15: 1464;
16:1582. Em. 423. - Var.
angustiiblla, Gray. Lvs. lin(
crisped at the margin. Var
less high, with horizontal branches. L.B.C. 9:862.

Alfred Rehder.

420. Chamasdaphne

calyculata (X Ja).

ir-lanceolate, undulate and

n4na, Lodd. One foot or

Za8 CHAM^DOEEA

CHAMfflDOEfeA (Greek, divarf and gift). PalmAcem,
tribe Arecew. Spineless, erect, procumbent or rarely
climbing palms, the trunks solitary or cespitose, slen-

der or reed-like. Lvs. s

imple, bifid at the apex or va-

riously equally-pumatis

ect : lobes broad or narrow,

straight or oblique, acu

rain.itc. plicate-nerved, usually

callous at thn hn«o. thf

h:,-,,] ,„ar^-ins fnlrlorl back or

V .' !.-Mriral: .s|„.atli tubular.

obliquc'-M u'r [■'' '' ''''i.

simpk- Mi- |i.H,, ■ i.:.- :

.;,.:r ;,-.!; .|<,tl,rs :; „i- many!

alternutr, hhratkmy, -1-

ii-aUal, split at the apex, mem-

branous or coriacc-i.us, u

sually persistent : pistillate fls.

very small : fr. small, of 1-3 globose or oblong-obtuse
carpels, coriaceous or fleshy. Species about GO. Mex.
to Panama.

Peat or leaf -mold, loam and sand in equal parts, with
a little charcoal added, form the best soil. The species
common in cultivation are quick-growing. They are
well suited for planting out in greenhouse borders.
The sexes are on different plants, therefore several
should be planted in a group if the handsomely colored
fruit is desired. All of the kinds require warm tempera-
ture in winter. Increased from seeds. Of the many
species, only the following appear in the Amer. trade:
A. it's, simple.

61egans, Mart. Stem strict, C ft., closely ringed: lvs.
narrowlv lanceolate, acuminate, straight : fr. globose.
Mex. G.C. 1.33:508.

Emesti-Augusti, Wendl. Stem 3-4 ft., reedy, erect,
radicant at base ; blade obovate, cuneate lat the base,
deeply bifid, coarsely serrate along the margins; petiole
shorter than blade; sheath amplexicaul ; sterile spadlx
8-9 in., the simple branches 6-8 in., attenuate, slender :
fertile spadix simple : fls. red. Venezuela. B.M. 4837.
G.C. 1.33:,508.

AA. Lvs. pinnate.
B. Plant becoming of climbing habit.

desmoncoides, H. Wendl. Lvs. 2-.'? ft. long, with
drooping, narrow Ifts. a foot long, and glaucous
petiole : plant tending to climb after it becomes a few
feet high. Mex.

BB. Plant not climbing.

Ste

■trunk

Sirtorii, Liebm. Stem 8-14 ft.. liii-. ,|, ,-l.iil,rd above
with leaf-sheaths: lvs. 3-:iH ft. l"ii-- : p. iii.lr ti-rete,
sulcate, dilated at the base; sb./aili. p. i i.;lr aiul rachis
white on the back: Iffs. 12 in. Ion;,-. 1',-:; m. wide, alter-
nate, falcate, acuminate, narrowed at tlie base. Mex.

Tepejil6te, IJ.-bm. Stem 4-6 ft. high, closely ringed:
lvs. 4 it. : His. 1-nt.Tvi-il. close, alternate, falcate, acute,
narrowly laiicenlate. Ui-15 in. long, IV^ in. wide: rachis
convex on the back, canaliculate above. Mex. B.M.

glaucifdlia, H. Wendl. Stem 20 ft. : lvs. long, pinnate ;
Ifts. narrowed, long and slender, dark green, glaucous.
Guatemala. Q.F. 8:507.

Arenbergiina, H. Wendl. (C. latifdlia, Hort.). Stem

slender, 5-6 ft., green : lvs. erect-spreading; Ifts. 10-15

pairs, alternate and drooping, very long-pointed, plicate

and many ribbed. Guatemala. B.M. 6838.

CC. Stem or trunk none.

Fringlei, Wats. Acaulescent or nearly so ; lvs. erect,
pinnate, 3 ft. ; Ifts. 12-15 on each side, linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate, 6-8 in. long, K-.H in. wide ; rachis tri-
angular ; spadix simple. 8 in. long. San Louis Potosi,
M<?x Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

CHAMffiPEtCE. Xow referred to Cnicus.

CHAMffiRANTHEMUM (divarf and flower, from the
Greek). Acanthacew. Three or 4 Brazilian small herbs,
allied to Eranthemum, but readily distinguished by the
4 ( instead of 2 ) stamens. Lvs. large and membranaceous,
entire, variously marked. Pis. showy, white or yellow,
in bracteate clusters. Grown chiefly for the beautiful
foliage. C. ignetun, Kegel (Eranthemum ii/neMm, Lind.),
is in the Amer trade. It is a low, spreading, warmhouse
plant (culture of Eranthemum and Justicia), with dark

CHAH.SBOFS (Greek for dwarf hush). Palmdcea,
tribe Corypheui. Low, fan-leaved palms, with cespitose
caudices branched from the base and clothed with the
bases of the leaf-sheaths. Lvs. terminal, rigid, semi
orbicular or cuneate-flabillate, deeply laciniate, the lobes
narrow, bifid, plicate ; no rachis ; ligule very short ;
petiole slender, bi-convex, the margins smooth or
rough; sheath split, reticulate, fibrous; spadices short,
erect compressed : branches short, densely flowered :
spathes 2-4, broad, thickly coriaceous, the lower ones
split, the upper entire; bracts small, subulate; bractlets
none : fls. small, yellow : fr. globose or ovoid, 3-sided
toward the base, brown or yellow. Species 2. Mediter-
ranean region. The common C. hiimilis is widely cult.,
and very variable. Many of the specific-made names of
the genus are forms of this species. Of such cases are
evidently the garden names C. arborescens, argentea,
C'anariensis, elata, elegans, farinosa, gracilis, litto-
ral is, nivea.

Fibrous loam two parts, leaf-mold and sand one part,
with good drainage. Prop, by suckers and by seeds.
These are among the hardiest of all palms, and are well
suited to greenhouses where a high temperature is not
kept up.

hiiinilis, Linn. {Phoenix Rancehna, Hort.). Fig. 421.
Stem 1-1}^ ft. high : lvs. ragged, fibrous; margins of
the petioles armed with stout, straight or hooked spines;
blade suborbicular, truncate or cuneate at the base,
rigid, palmately multifld ; segments acuminate, bifid.
Mediterranean. B.M. 2152. R.H. 1892:84 (showing
habit and a colored plate of the fruit). Beaches 20 ft.

421. ChamEerops humilis.

0. Biroo, Sieb.=Livistona rottmdifolia.— C. Birrho. Hort.=
Livistona rotundifolia.— C excelsa, Thunb.=Trachycarpus es-
neUvLS.— C. FoTtunei, Hook.=Trachycarpus.— C humilisX
Systrix, Hort. Said to be a "choice garden hybrid of Florida
origin,"— O. Bystrix, Fras.=Rhapidophyllum Hystrix.— C.
stauTocantka, Hort.=Aeanthorhlza aeuleata.

Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

CHAMOMILE. Consult Anthemis

CHAPMAN, JONATHAN. See Appleseed, Johnni,.

CHAPTALIA (J. A. C. Chaptal, agricultural chemist).
CompdsilcE. American low perennial herbs, with white
or purplish fls. on naked scapes, blooming in spring and
summer. Heads radiate, the ray-fls. pistillate, and the
disk-fls. perfect, but some or all of them sterile: invo-
lucre campanulate or turbinate, of appressed and imbri-
cated bracts: pappus of soft capillary bristles: akenes
oblong or fusiform, narrowed above, 5-nerved. The only
species in the Amer. trade is C. tomentdsa, Vent.,of N.
Car. and S. Of this the .scapf is 1 ft. or loss high, and
the heads are purple-rayed: lvs. sj.atiilafc or lanceolate,
entire or nearly so, rather Thick, wititi- toinentose be-
neath. Introduced as a bord. r [daut.

CHABD (ch pronounced as in charge). A form of the
plant (Beta vulgaris) which has produced the common
beet. Often known to horticulturists as Beta Cycla.

CHARD

See Beet and Beta. The beet plant has given rise to two
general types of varieties : those varieties with thickened
roots (the beet of America, the beet-root of European
literature) ; and those with large and pulpy or thickened
leaves (but whose roots are small and woody). The lat-

422. Chard, or Sea-Kale

ter type is known under the general name of leaf -beets.
These leaf -beets may be ranged into three sub-groups:
(1) common or normal leaf -beets, or spinach beets, in
which the leaf -blade is large and pulpy, and is used as
spinach is; (2) Chard, in which the petiole and midrib
are very broad and thick (Fig. 422); (3) ornamental
beets, of which the foliage is variously colored.

Chard is of the easiest culture. Seed is sown in
spring, as for common beets. The broad petioles, or
Chards, may be gathered from midsummer until frost.
These broad white stalks or ribs are used as a pot-herli;
and, if desired, the leaf -blades may be cooked with them.
The dish is usually more attractive, however, if only the
Chards are cooked. This vegetable is also known as
Sea-kale Beet and Swiss Chard. L H. B.

CHARLOCK. Consult Bras
CHASTE TREE. See Vitex

CHEAT, or CHESS. Bromus
CHECKERBERRY. GauUhe

CHEESES. Vernacular for Mali:

also Baphanns.

iidifolit

CHEILANTHES ( Greek. ?i>-«OH'er, alluding to the in-
dusium). 7'"////""/(.(. r ,1 . Semi-hardy or hothouse ferns
of small size, ufri-ii iKiiry or woolly, with the sori termi-
nal on the viiiis and i-uvircd with a roundish indusium.
Some (iO or 70 species are known, nearly a third of
which are natives of the west and southwest, one spe-
cies as far east as Connecticut. They are of easy cul-
ture, enjoying a position near the glass, and disliking
strong, close heat and syringing or watering overhead.
A. Lvs. pentagonal-deltoid, the indusium confined to a
single veinlei.

Califdmica, Mett. (Rypdlepis Califdmica, Hook.).
Lvs. densely cespitose from a short creeping rootstock
2-4 in. each way, on stems 4-8 in. long, quadripinnatifid;
ultimate segments lanceolate, incised or serrate. Calif.

CHEILANTHES 289

meifdlia, D. C. Eaton. Lvs. cespitose, with slender
brown stems 5-7 in. long, the lamina 2-3 in. each way,
3-4-pinnatifld, with finely cut segments 1-10 of an in.
wide. Mex.

AA. Lvs. ternatehj divided, tvith dark polished stems.

pedita, A. Br. Lvs. cespitose, on long (9-12 in. ) stems,
about 6 in. either way, the 3 divisions bipinnatifld ;
sori numerous, placed on both sides of the segments.
Jamaica, Cuba.

AAA. Lvs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.

B. Segments flat: indusia extending over the apices of

several veinlets, but not contimwus.

c. Surface of lvs. smooth.

microph^lla, Swz. Lvs. 4-10 in. long, on stems nearly
as long, from a short, creeping rootstock, bi-tripinnate :
stems glossy, rusty-pubescent on the upper side. Fla.
and New Mex. southward.

cc. Surface of lvs. viscid-glandular.

viscida, Davenp. Lvs. 3-5 in. long, on stems of the
same length, tripinnatifld ; segments toothed, every-
where glandular. Calif.

ccc. Surface of lvs. hairy, not woolly.

hirta, Swz. Lvs. densely cespitose, with short, scaly
stems which are brownish, like the rachides; pinnae nu-
merous, rather distant bipinnatifld, the segments with
much incurved margins. The lvs. are usually 6-15 in.
long. Cape of Good Hope. — Var. ElliaiAna is more com-
monly cult.

landsa, Wats. (C.rf«(»a, Swz.). Fig. 423. Cespitose,
with stems 2-4 in. long, slightly hairy, as are the seg-
ments : lvs. tripinnatifld, 4-10 in. long, 1-2% in. wide,
the pinnse lanceolate-deltoid : indusia formed of the
ends of roundish or oblong
lobes. Conn, to Kan. and
Ala. -Hardy.

CodpersB, D.C.Eaton. Lvs.
3-8 in. long, bipinnate, the
stems covered with nearly
white hairs, each tipped with
a gland; pinnules roundish
ovate, crenate and incised. '
Calif, to Mex.

BE. Segments bead-like, mi-
nute : indusium usu-
ally continuous.

D. Lvs. hairy or woolly
beneath, but not scaly.

E. Upper surface of seg-

ments smooth.

graclllima, D. C. Eaton.
Lace Fern. Lvs. cespitose,
1^ in. long, besides the
nearly equal dark brown
stems, bipinnate ; pinnse
with about nine pinnules,
finally smooth above. Idaho
to Calif. -Hardy.

Cldvelandil, D. C. Eaton.
Lvs. 4-8 in. long, tripinnate,
dark brown beneath, with
closely imbricate, ciliate
scales, which grow on both
the segments and the rach-
ides ; segments n^rly
round, the terminal larger.
Calif.

ee. Upper surface of segments pubescent.

tomentdsa, Link. Lvs. 8-15 in. long, on stems 4-6 in.
long, everywhere covered with brownish white hairs,
tripinnate ; terminal segments twice as large as the
lateral. Va. to Ariz.
DD. Lvs. covered beneath with scales, but not woolly.

F^ndleri, Hook. Lvs. 3-6 in. long besides the chaffy
stems, rising from tangled, creeping rootstocks, tripin-
nate : rachides with broadly-ovate white-edged scales,
which overlap the subglobose segments. Tex. and
Colo, to Calif.

"^.r-

290

CHEILANTHES

DDD. -Z/is. covered ieneath •fith both scales and wool.
myriophJUa, Desv. (C. (legans, Desv. ). Lvs. densely
cespitose from short, erect, scaly rootstocks, 3-9 in.
long, beside the chestnut-colored scaly stems ; tri-
quadripinnatifid : ultimate segments minute, innumer-
able. Tex., Ariz, and Trop. Amer.

Another native species worthy of cultivation is C.
teucopdda. Link, from Tex., with broadly deltoid-ovate
leaves. L. M. Underwood.

CHEIBANTHUS (derivation in dispute, but probably
from Greek for Aa«d and rtoicer). Cruciferw. A dozen
or more Old World herbs, with large purple or yellow

fls., entire lvs., and a strict or upright habit. Lateral
sepals sac-like at the base : valves of the pod with a
strong midnerve. Much confounded with Matthiola, and
the genera are not sitfiiciently distinct. In Cheiranthus,
the lvs. are acute, stigma more spreading, pod more
flattened and seeds not thin-edged.

Chelri, Linn. Wallflower. Fig. 424. Perennial,
slightly pubescent, l-2}4 ft. : lvs. lanceolate and entire,
acute : fls. large, mostly in shades of yellow, in long,
terminal racemes. S. Eu.— An old garden favorite,
blooming in spring. Although a woody perennial, it is
best to renew the plants from seed, for they begin to
fail after having bloomed one or two years. Seedlings
should bloom the second year. There are dwarf and

CHENOPODIUM

double-fld. varieties, and innumerable forms in various
shades of yellow, brownish, and even purple. Not
prized so much in Amer. as in Eu. It thrives in any
good garden soil.

C. dnnuxis, Hort.-^Matthiola, but early-blooming forms of
C. Cheiri seem to pass under this name. — C. Menziesii, Benth.
& Hook.=Parrya. l^ jj^ g^

CHELIDdNIUM {Greek for the swallow: the fls.
appear when the swallow comes). Piipaverdcece. Cel-
andine. One or two loose-growing herbs, with fl.-buds
nodding, and small yellow fls. in small umbel-like clus-
ters : sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 16-24 : style very
short, the stigma 2-lobed: pod slender, 2-valved, open-
ing first at the bottom. C. mijus, Linn., is a European
plant, now run wild in waste places, and often seen in
old gardens. It is biennial or perennial, with brittle,
hairy stems and pinnately-parted lvs., the lobes rounded
and toothed (or, in var. lacinidlum again dissected).
The plant has yellow juice. Lvs. light-glaucous under-
neath.

CHELONE (Greek for tortoise or turtle: the corolla
fancied to resenilde a reptile's head). Scrophulariacere.
Turtle Head. Several North American perennial herbs,
some of which are now sold by dealers in native plants.
Allied to Pentsteraon. Corolla more or less 2-lipped or
gaping, white or red: anthers 4, woolly, and a rudiment
of a fifth stamen : seeds winged: lvs. opposite, serrate:
fls. large and showy. Half-slKi<l' .1 plin. - i ir ]. referable
forthese easily cultivated pl:ni- - \ _■ "iiiid should

be avoided, from the fact tl], I ■ in swampy

places. In the ordinary bor.l.i I iH -i ii:ive a very

liberal mulch of old manure in ilit- ir k1"« h'K -season : 4
to 5 in. thick is none too much ; the surface roots will
feed in this compost, and the plants are not so liable to-
suffer from drought when thus protected.

A. Fls. in terminal and axillary close spikes.
B. Ik-s. broad-ovate, long -pet ioled.

L^oni, Pursh. Plant, about 2 ft. high: lvs. often cor-
date at base, thin, evenly serrate: fl.-bracts minutely cili-
ate; fls. rose-purple. Mts., N. Car. and S.

BB. Z/vs. lanceolate or oblong, short-petioled.

obliqua, Linn. Two ft. or less: lvs. 2-5 in. long, broad-
lanceolate or oblong, very veiny, sharp- or deep-serrate:
fl.-bracts ciliate: fls. deep rose. Damp grounds, 111. and
Va., S.

gl&bra, Linn. {C. obliqua, var. dlba, Hort.). Une-2
or more ft. high : lvs. narrower, acuminate, appressed-
serrate, nearly sessile, not very veiny: fl.-bracts not
ciliate : fls. white or rose-tinged. Wet grounds •• com-
mon.

AA. Fls. in a loose thyrse or panicle.

nemorOsa, Dough. Two ft. or less high, of unpleasant
odor : lvs. ovate and acute, sharp-dentate, sessile or
nearlv so: fl.-bracts none; corolla 1 in. long, vio'et-pur-
ple. Calif, and N.

C. barbata of gardens is Pentsttmon barbatus.

J. B. Keller and L. H. B.

CHENOPdDIUM {goose-foot, alluding to the shape of
the lvs.). Ch> H'lpodidceof. Widely dispersed weedy
herbs, with very inconspicuous greenish fls. in glonie-
rules or spikes. Spinach, beet, and orach are allied
plants. Fls. perfect; calyx 4-5-parted ; petals wanting;
stamens usually 5; styles 2 or 3. The calyx sometimes
enlarges and becomes succulent and colored, enclosing
the fr., and the glomerules may then look like berries,
as in the common Strawberry Blite ( C. eapifafum,'Wiits.,
or Blittim capitatum, Linn.). This plant has been in-
troduced to the trade as a pot-herb. It is an annual of
easiest culture, with hastate-ovate toothed lvs. and
fleshy red glomerules. The common pigweeds are
Chenopodiums of several kinds, the commonest being
C. album, Linn. This species and others are used as
pot-herbs or greens in the country. The Good-King-
Henry is C. Bonus-Henricus, Linn. It is a perennial,
often cult, for its succulent spring shoots and lvs., which.

Plate V. Cherries

CHENOPODIUJI

are used as greens. In American gardens it is usually
known as Mercury (the name is sometimes corrupted to
Markery). Lvs. triangular-ovate, with very long, wide-
spreading basal lobes ; margins entire ; plant mealy.
The plant is of the easiest cultuie, 1-2 ft high Other
CKenopodiums of economic interest are the Qumoi (C.
Quhwa, Willd ), of S Amer , of which the Hr^-c m f ds
are used as food (it is an annual with i-.i t t the
common pigweed, O album, seeds s 11 1\ I iii j i ui
dealers. B.M 3641), C ambroiwirh^ 1 itiii M \i m
Tea, affords a medicinal extriit ( iitl luinli iiiii,
Linn., Wormseed, affords a \ iiinlu^ I In Feither

Geranium or Jerusalem Oik I 11 ii I i (' Botiys,
Linn. It is annual, glandul u | il it r 1 iromatic,

1-3 ft. high, with pinnatifld hs ml 1 lu t ither like,
enduring spikes, for whuh it is useil in %ases and
baskets. Prettv L H B

CHERRY

291

^/,<?=^=^

+h

CHERIMOYA, CHEKIMOYER {Anoni, Cherimolia,
Mill.). Pig. 425. Th.. ('li.Tiiii..>:i i- .■..ii-i.U-r.-d by many
to be the finest of tin- siil.i r..|.ir:, i immi^. .in.l that not

only by the natives .■(' fin r :jniws, but

also by Europeans. It i^ v,,fii i i> Sweet Sop

mates that suit them; but the (.'lu-rimoya has a decided
acidity, which is most agreeable and grateful to the taste.
See Anoxa . The fruit is rounded, but irregular in shape,
weighing from 3 to 5 lbs., and even double that under
cultivation. There is a thin, greenish rind, marked off
by somewhat raised lines into pentagonal or hexagonal
spaces. Beneath is a white pulp, embedded in which are
the black seeds, radiating from an internal central stalk.
The white pulp is the edible portion ; it is of the con-
sistence of a corn-flour pudding. If picked when full-
grown, they will ripen gradually, and can be kept 7 or
8 days before eating.

The tree is from 15 to 30 feet in height, with a broad
spreading head and pendent branches. The leaves are
oblong, with velvety down on the under surface. The
flowers have 3 outer petals, which are oblong-linear
in shape, and keeled on the inner side ; the 3 inner
petals are minute, alternate with the outer. It is found
growing spontaneously at certain elevations in Central
America, and western South America, as far south as
Chile, but it is (|uite uncertain where it is truly wild in
all this r.-si-n 1>. ('•■.. r,.].^]f. in his "Origin of Cultivated
Plants, "cnii .'. ! • ■ luMbable that it is indigenous

in Equ:id"r, ; ! i in the neighboring part of

Peru. It ^^,, : into .Tamaica in ITSC, by Jlr.

Hinton Ea.-:...iil S -f -ii.o„t-..i.-..n-. LT..„tl,' in a

limited area at a crri:, . • :i i ..n i hr -.uii h- i n -I 's

of the Blue mount,,: , . , ith

the district in whi. 'Ill I ■ . i: ,. M ,: , , il.c

is cultivated. Tin- ali n ml- n' » h ii i- i.iim.l i- l.e-

tween 2,500 and 5,000 feet. In Jladeira, the C'horimoya
has taken the place of the grape vine on many of the
estates on the warm southern slopes of the island. The

cultivation is systematic. The 2-year-old seedlings
are grafted. The trees are pruned and trained, and
manure is regularly supplied. The result of careful
selection is that there are varieties with scarcely any
seeds, and weighing 12 to IG lbs. Ordinary fruits,
weighing 3 to 8 lbs., are sold in the London market at
$1.50 ; large ones are sold at $2.50, and even $3.

W. Fawcett.

CHERKY. Cultivated tree Cherries have probably
sprung from two European species. Primus Avium,
Linn., and Primus Cenisus, Linn. '
forms of Prunus Avium are charac-
terized by a tall, erect growth (Fig.
426); reddish brown, glossy bark,
which separates in rings ; flowers
generally in clusters on lateral spurs,
appearing with the limp, gradually
taper-pointed leaves ; fruit red, yel-
low, or black, generally sweet, spher-
ical, heart-shaped, or pointed ; flesh
soft or firm. Sour Cherries are low-
headed and spreading (Pig. 427) ;
flowers in clusters from lateral buds,
appearing liefore the hard,stiff,rather
alini|itlv pointed, light or grayish
iiririi l.avi-s. The following is the
latest classification (Bailey, Bull. 98,
Cornell Exp. Sta. ) :

Prtimis Avium has four represent-
atives in the United States :

I. The Mazzards, or inferior seed-
liii(,'s; fniit of various shapes and
(■..i.irs; <Mnini<in along roadsides. In
tlir nii.lill.- Atlantic states, the wild
.Mazzarcl trees often attain great age
and size, particularly in the Dela-
ware-Chesapeake peninsula (Fig.
428).

II. The Hearts, or heart-shaped,
soft, sweet Cherries, light or dark,
represented by Black Tartarian and
Governor Wood.

III. The Bigarreaus, or heart-shaped, flrm-fleshed,
sweet Cherries, like the Napoleon and Windsor.

IV. The Dukes ; light-colored, somewhat acid flesh,
such as May Duke and Reine Hortense.

From Prunus Cerasns two classes have sprung:

I. The Amarelles, or
light - colored sour
Cherries, with color-
less .iuice, represented,
by Early Richmond
and Montmorency.

II. The Morellos, or
dark -colored sour Cher-
ries, with dark-colored
juice, like the English
Morello and Louis
Philippe.

The following spe-
cies also have horticul-
tural value : Prvntis
Mahaleb, an Old World
type, hardier and
smaller, on which other
Cherries are largely
worked; Prmms Penn-

427.

Low-headed £
growth of Sot

nd spreading
r Cherry.

wild

red.pii

, or lii

•d Ch

rry. wh

it as
Pn,
forii
Mou
Tl

e Chen

for tl

n l-l-> .

y is iiu

■ Ph,

I cult

the' Il
vated a

s'lU-

the

whose hardiness may adapt
?s; Prunus Besseyi and
1 or dwarf Cherries, the
nproved Dwarf Rocky

as a leading industry east
ept in western New York,
where the sour varieties are grown for canning. The
sweet Cherry is confined mostly to door-yard and fence-
comer plantings. Sour kinds are found in orchard blocks
in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan,
Indiana, Illinois, Kansas and Nebraska. Sweet Cherry
culture, however, is adapted to the states between the

of the Rocky mounta

292

CHERRY

39th and 44th degrees of latitude and the 68th and 86th
degrees of longftude, and to contiguous areas having
similar climatic conditions. Spontaneous forms of it
attain great size on the Chesapeake peninsula ( Fig. 428 ) .
The sour Cherry may be grown with profit between the
35th and 45th degrees of latitude and the 68th and 100th
■degrees of longitude.

The Mazzard is the best stock for both sweet and sour
Cherries in the east. The Mahaleb is more widely used
for the sour kinds, however, as It is easier to bud, and
it is free from leaf blight in the nursery. The Mazzard
forms a better root system, stronger union, a longer
lived tree, and is sufiBciently hardy. For the Plains
states the hardier Mahaleb stocks should be used.

The Cherry likes an elevated, naturally light, dry,
loamy, retentive soil. The sour kinds need more mois-
ture, and will thrive in heavier land. A soil not natur-
ally dry may be corrected by under-draining, and on
light, dry knolls, the moisture capacity may be increased
by green manures and surface tillage.

The sweet Cherries should be set 28 feet to 30 feet
-apart each way; the sour kinds, from 16 feet to 18 feet.
The trees are generullv set at two years from the bud.

The sweet kinds :ir>- siaitr.l with 3 to 5 main arms,
-with no central ]. ;i.|. r. :,\u.,n :!'., feet high, and the
branches are pram '1 ti. vi,|,. I.ii.ls for a few years to in-
duce a spreadini;. rathii- than a spire-like form. The
top of a sour Cherry is made like that of a peach tree.

Plow the Cherry "orchard lightly in the early spring,
and cultivate it every ten days, or after every rain, till
the middle of June or the first of July. Seed at the last
cultivation with a winter cover-crop. Stimulate the
trees with leguminous cover-crops when needed, but
the sweet Cherry is a gross feeder and a rapid grower,
and undue stimulation must be avoided. Keep the
orchard in sod and pasture it with sheep, along the
southern and western limits of profitable sweet Cherry
culture, and withhold nitrogenous manures.

Nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid are the three
essential fertilizers. Nitrogen may be supplied in legu-
minous crops; potash as muriate, at 150 lbs. to 300 lbs.;
and phosphoric acid in dissolved rock, at 300 lbs. to
500 lbs per acre.

Cherries should be picked by the stems into small
baskets a few days before ripe. Sort out all stemless,
small and imperfect fruits. Face the perfect Cherries
in small, attractive boxes or baskets, and pack these in
small cases or crates. The choicer the fruit, the more
strikingly it should be displayed. Guard against break-
ing the fruit spurs in picking the sweet Cherries. Fruit
for canning is less laboriously packed, but may be as
carefully picked.

The profits depend on the varieties and markets, but

CHERRY

largely on the personality of the grower, and on his skill
as a salesman. The range of profit for the sour Cherry
is from $30 to $100 per acre, and from $50 to $300 or
more for the sweet.

The varieties adapt themselves to a wide range of
territory. An imperative need, however, is the develop-
ment of varieties with striking features for local adapta-
tion. In the prairie states and the extreme north, the
hardier Amarelles and Morellos comprise the profitable
kinds. Foriiiallv tlic dark-colored, more acid Morellos
wir. iii...t -,,:ijlii iiii. I : now the milder Amarelles are
d.ii,:> : : and consumcrs. In the fol-

l.mii: II.- named more for the pur-

pusi- "I ilin-i r.ii :n_- ilh .liii.n-ut types than for recom-

Amongst Amarelles, the Early Richmond and Mont-
morency are the leading types.

Early Richmond {Fig. 429).— Size medium; pit large: light
red; poor quality: \igorous growth. Ripens June 20 in New
York.

Montmorency.— Ijurge, broad, flattened ; pit medium; light
red ; flesh nearly colorless : juice moder.HteIy sour : vigorous
growth : generally productive. Two weeks after Early Rich-
mond. Most valuable Amarelle for the east.

Among the Morellos, Ostheim. Louis Philippe and
English Morello are important types.

Ostheim (Fig. 430).— Dark red: roundish; flesh dark, tender;
juice mild, dark; productive: hardy; growth slender. A week
after Early Richmond, smaller. Too early for the east.

Louis Philippe.— Size ot Montmorenoy, .ind ripens with it:
round: acid: skin and flesh dark. Rather shy bearer in the
east, but valuable in the west.

English Morello.— Two weeks later than Montmorency; more
open, drooping habit: fruit medium, roundish: red-black; very
sour, sligiitly astringent : flesh and juice dark, purplish
crimson.

Among the sweet Cherries, the firm-fleshed red or
black Bigarreaus are the most profitable. The light
Bigarreaus and Hearts are more susceptible to the fruit-
rot, and sell !rs« rindily. Representative types of
Heart and liirli' l'.i-;:i! r. an i berries are the following:

Black Tarti,,^ II ■■■ -i valuable Heart Cherrj-. Produc-
tive; vlgor.Hi-, ii.ii.,,. ..,L,> , laiije; dark red or black; flesh
dark purpli&h . \-.i.\ jua-i, sull-i.

Napoleon (Fig. 431) . — One of the best light Bigarreaus. Fruit
large: flesh hard, brittle, colorless: liglit lemon yellow, with
reddish cheek; heavy bearer; rots if not picked before ripe;
splits iu wet weather. A week before Black Tartarian.

rr.mi iln daik I;iL'arn:nis tin- fi.lli>wing are among the

;.■.'■''- A'.; ;/•'/, r - l;ri:.-lii, dark 1.'. I, with an under mot-
tling: a- lata:'' a^ NapMl, ,,11 il''-li pni 1. 1 sh ; juice nearly color-
I'l a Hudson river valley.

ened at both sides;
heart-like ; juicy :
•.ivy bearer locally.

skiiriark'rJ.l .'

428 Old Sweet Ch

Ripens with Xapoleoii

Windsor. — harge: rm,! ... ., .. _ :lim; juicy: mottled

dark red: flesh pinki-l; lium. set in slight,

broad depression: \v-.i:\ i' . i ' a ■■ i- Tnus. upright. Ripens
two weeks after Xapoieun. \ cry jirulitjible.

Dikeman.—'LATge, heai^-shaped. obtuse, flattened on one side:
black, with e.xtremeb" firm, reddish flesh : subacid, reddish
juice ; stem medium, in a slight, broad depression ; \igorous.
Ripens three weeks or more after Windsor. A variety of great

DisiEASES AND INSECTS. — The brown rot {Monilia

fiuttigena], -which attacks the fruit at the ripening

period and particularly during sultry weather, can be

largely avoided by picking the fruit a few days before

ripe. It may also fatally attack the flowers,

leaves and twigs. In localities where the

' r , Cherry blooms, but does not fruit, the trees

■" -hould be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture be-

t''>re the buds unfold, again when the fruit is

It, and two or three times thereafter, with a

'olorless fungicide.

Black knot {Plowrightia morbosa, Sacc).
See under Plum.
Leaf blight iCylindrosporium Padi, Kurst).

' See under Plum.

Powdery mildew {Podosphara oxycantha.

CHERRY

293

De Bray) is often severe in the sour Cherry, but can
be checked by thorough applications of a fungicide.

The aphis (Myzus cerasi, Linn.) appears in the early
part of the season on the young shoots, the leaves, the
stems, and less frequently on
the body of the fruit of the sweet
Cherries. It excretes honey-dew
abundantly. The leaves curl up-
ward and inward. Spray with
kerosene emulsion, 1 part to G
<.f water; or with fish-oil soap,
1 pound to 6 gallons of water,
before the leaves curl.

The cureulio {Conotrae7ieh(S
nenuphar). See same on P?h»i.

Climatic injuries. — Stin-
M nld and bursting of the bark.
- The sweet Cherry is liable to
I fatal injury from sun-scald in
the south and prairie states.
The trouble occurs in the spring,
when the rays of the sun cause
alternate freezing and thawing
of the growing tissues on the
south and west sides. In these localities, the bark
of the tree frequently bursts open, and large quantities
of gum exude. A rich garden loam, a summer drought
followed by fall rain, excessive wood stimulation, violent
changes of temperature in the winter, or other factors
unfavorable to the maturing of the wood, aggravate the
difficulty. The bursting of the bark is probably caused
by the freezing and thawing of the tissues under these
unfavorable conditions. Both troubles are more injuri-
ous to trees with exposed trunks. A low-headed and
spreading top, soils not too rich, and cultural methods
which favor the early maturity of the wood, lessen the
danger. The trunks "may also be protected by a board,
matting, or screen of some kind on the sunny side dur-
ing the spring montns. G. Harold Powell.

The Cherry in California.— In commercial impor-
tance, the Cherry is least of the fruits of the temperate
zonegrowninCalifomiaonacominrri'ial scale. This is not
because the finestCherrie.s raiiiKii I., ^i.mi,.i :ii i.r,ause
the avenues for the disposiii^Mi !'!; !i t as

)t, t}i(MiL')i td'-n- is j^lfiitA- of ixood land upon which

111 It I I.I s I In- |.r, ,, ,,i t,,(.,i ■,,!' i,;iif ;, niilUon trcos, the

I, I. _ .: - . I .. , :,I. ,: -Ilji'ted. It is ouo of

ill' I , ml I- oiilyprofitablewhen

•riiuii-i nil 111- ill. 11 -i" . iiM. Alii.ut one-half of the
iont acreaicf lirs in valleys opening upon the bay of

Francisco, where deep and moist, but well drained
vial soil fosters strong and sound root-growth, and
ified atnuisjihoric aridity favors leaf and fruiting.
-iiiiilar ill . |i nil iini-i ^liils, however, the tree enters
liiit int. 1 . riTtain limits, chiefly along

ii\.r i.. 1 I I ,..is dry plains. In dry air it

illy r.tii-. . I . .hi,.. ugh if the soil be moist.

ing, and in nii.i.i.i ;, i. . • . ■ . . i .;,(iii(>

feet, on guml -..,,;.,, . .■. . : . , , : -...i . ■, m

with the sni.w ilurin -, ■ u . . ; . . ..... i, . a.-

at proper elevation-. I . . ... ■\-r . .ml

profitabletotheliiiiii- i . . ; I ■ ii~

to havenogeograpliii'iil i . .■ . i . ... . ...iv

ever suitable soil and w ai h. r .-..imIii h.h .ur. it a.... (its

the situation — the I>ukias and iMorellos succeeding under
conditions too trying fur the Hearts and Bigarreaus, but
the latter comprise all the varieties that are of
cial account.

Cherry trees are grown by budding upon Ma;
Mahaleb seedlings— the latter chiefly imported.

431 Napoleon Cherry ( a

150,000 cases of canned
vantage; but until it i.s
demands will increase,
largely extended. Che
packing, and to incur
the chances of a local
market, over supplied
when ever the trees do
their full duty, the
grower does not enjoy.
Cherry drying has
never seenied war-
ranted on a Itn-L't' sralo.
becausi- of tin- lari;i

quired to tlio ponn.i
of product : and the
grower has had no re-
course when the eanner
and local consumer

legree.

tomary to plant out in orchards at the end of the first
year's growth from the bud, though 2-year-old Cherry
trees can be more successfully handled than other 12-
year-olds. The trees are headed at 1 to 2 feet from
the ground, cut back to promote low branching for two
years, and then allowed to make long branches, and
not usually shortened-in, so long as thrifty and healthy.
The tree, in a good environment, is, however, a very
hardv tree, and will endtiro pruning to almost

rieties
about t'
found I

1. Ostheim Cherry i .< IQ.

■y interest, and the early
I rniits its sale during the
lioi-ry trees, is the leading
-. voral occasions early va-
foiH tlie \'acaville district
Ik- usual opening date is
■nn- onward later varieties,
be shipped until July, if

made a very

;,. -I', iioaring 1,000 lbs. of
- which have even
1 I \ I been dwarfed and
loin. 1. ml orchards are, how-
a OS, ai'j)roxiniately of vase
and with branches curving

The Cherry is very rotulily grafted over by the usual
top-grafting methods, and large orchards have been thus
' formed into varieties more acceptable for canning
or shipping. Comparatively few varieties are grown.
Early Purple Guigno, Cuigne Marbre.nnd Knight's Early
Black are grnwn^ iti nai-lv vii.oiiii l- lo,.alitios Black

Tartarian and Low-.i r.. ii nn -n.v i,.i Mark

Cherries. Tin- Na|... ... In .i. . . i i ' a-^

Royal Ann! is tin ni- .: ' ' ; i s^

excludes all otilors, tl...ii;n)i t'... K' ..-l.l.'.l l Inn.iir.ni lias

some standing. Of all the varieties grown, the Black
Tartarian and Napoleon Bigarreau, constitute 70 per
cent of the crop, and probably 90 per cent of the amount
marketed.

California
ner's requir
than % of a
inch. Who:
per ton for

the

less

294 CHERRY

year (1899) canners have paid as high as $160 per ton
for white Cherries. The higher rates can only be ex-
pected during years of short crops.

EdWAKD J. WiCKSON.

CHERVIL. A term applied to two umbelliferous plants
which produce edible parts, neither of which is well
known in America. The name is sometimes applied, also,
to the sweet cicely.

Salad Chervil or Leaf Chervil is Scandix cerefoUum,
Linn., a native of S.Eu. It is annual. The neat and
sley, wh"

iind, with oval cut leaf-
lets ; and there are varieties with much cut and curled
foliage. The cultivation of Salad Chervil presents no
difficulties. Leaves are ready to use in 6 to 10 weeks
from seed sowing, and any good garden soil is congenial.
It thrives best in the cooler and moister part of the year.

Tuberous or Turnip-rooted Chervil is Chwrophyllum
bulbosuniy Linn., of S. Eu. It is biennial or plur-annual,
like the radish and carrot. The roots are like small
carrots in shape (4-5 in. long), but are gray or blackish,
and the flesh is of different flavor. The roots are eaten
as carrots are, either boiled or in stews. The one difB-
culty in the growing of Tuberous Chervil is the fact that
the seeds germinate very tardily, or even not at all, if
kept dry over winter. It is customary, therefore, to .sow

they should be sir

CHESTNUT

and Sweet Chestnut of English writers. It is an inhabi-
tant of tiMHiiif iiiii forests in the temperate regions of
wist, III ,\-i:i. i;iiii.|.e and north Africa. Esteemed for

stitui. .i I i|.i.n:int article of food since an early day.

lutruducLil lo tliL- L iiited States by Ir^n^e Dupont, at Wil-
mington, Del., in 1803, though recorded by Jefferson,
under the designation " French Chestnut," as grafted by
him on native Chestnut near Charlottes ville (Monticello),
Va., in 1773.

American Chestnut (C. Americana). -Fig. 432. Atall,
straight, columnar tree, in forests reaching a height of
100 ft. and a diameter of 3 to 4 ft. ; when grown in the

CHESS, or CHEAT I>,omii

433 Japanese Che!,tn

til I .| I I he

hoURuUui il 1. 1 I I I 111 1 h uu„Lu li iln L three
t>pes lie us t«ll«\\!,

Emopean Chestnut^ —Tree large, with a spreading
but compact head stocky smooth barked twigs and large
glossybuds.it i\<llinus]i l>i mn c ilur k v\es oblong
lanceol It i lui il i n i I ith i nietnnes in

curved i i dly pubes

cent 1)1 11 I I I I 111 sides when

maturi I ' I lnn^ s].ines,

and I till I I \ I nc in

bro\^ n I 1 1 i ' i i I i r

\ \;l|ip\fVf ,

432 Native wild Chestn

sweet The leaves remain on the trees until late m
autumn, but are more susceptible to the attacks of fungi
than the Americin and Japanese species At least one
variegated and one tut leaved T iriety are grown as oma
mentals. This species is variously known as European,
French, Spanish and Italian Chestnut ( Cdstanea sativa ) ,

open, forming a low round topped head of slightly pen
dulous branches Leaves thinner thin m Castanea sat
ma, oblong lanceolate, acute long pointed at the apex,
coarsely serrate except toward the wedge shaped base,
green and glabrous on both surfaces, changing to
bright, ckar m lli.n 1 iti in nutunin Tin stiminate
flowers op* II n T n r T I Mil li \ ittamed

full size 111 I I i,iceable

to many \« i iii| turns of

hay fevei I i t pistil

late flowei 111 Ills

of androt,\ n i ' ' I

scattered < 1 1 1 i I i i

and spini I I h

2 or ! ru ! i I ' i i n 1 ii„

and nun h i iiinini ssi d l,\ ii \\dnip tin u^li s mic
times ne 11 1\ oblong and approaching c\ lindrical They
are of a blight brown color, covered it tht ape\ with
thuk pile tomentum which sometimes i\tiiiilsii( irh
to the base of the nut The nuts an \ i i I i
ible in flavor the best among Cli i

marketed in large quantities from tli i I

Appilichnn retrion eastern iNorth \ii ii M t.

lIlPlllfTI

Mis

a height of 50 ft m
smaller than other ( li
pointed, with a trun i
with shallow II iM 1

([ualit

Mrieties m i „iii 1 iuti ■ 1
in 187b by s B Pirsin^s flu

Aside from these three tvi
and small-fruited Castaneas kni
two native Chinquapins may bt

Lithern areas trum causes
elected forms ha\e been

I I iniurj by
I llim, pa
I II I in- 1 ill. s Nuts
1 iil\ soiiii times 5 or
o the other Chestnuts
cooked, and m a few
h state Many cultural
i.fd tnthet nited States

varf

pumila).-
a tree, at-

• branchlets
and coated

•iug the first
oarsely serrate at

CHESTNUT

Common or Tree Chinqiuipiii (Cii
Fig. 434. A sbrub 4 or 5 fct tall.
taining a height of 50 feci, wiili
marlted with numerous iiiirinir In
with a pale tomentum, whiili disaiipi
winter. Leaves oblong, acute and

apex, bright yellowish green, changing to dull yellow
before failing in autumn. Flowers strong-sraelling, the
catkins of staminate ones appearing with the unfolding
leaves in May or June, the spicate, androgynous aments
later, with pistillate flowers in spiny involucres, produc-
ing solitarj , cj lindrical nuts "4 to 1 inch in length and
% inch in diametei, with sweet seeds This species oc
■ ■ ■ ' ■ " ns^h miatoFloridi

American Chestnut, are e t i

in consideiable quantities \ |
tween this species and the \i 1
of hybrid origin are report t 1 li
in Virginia and Tennessee This
arboiescent proportions in southti
ern Texas The shrub form is s|

regions I lit It

It pionii I I I tl

the trotil I 1 It 1

or stoli
published

I 11 NcdLbLstmits
lis purpose, but has
p numerous suckers
lie Fuller has been
ra the Nut Culture

Fig 4 1 I

bulletin of the U ^ 1 1 I t t \ 1

Bush Chinquai 1 Iiiifoha) -A shrub,

rarely more than ) tt 1 1 It t lining small thickets,
by means of stolons in sin Ij Inircns bouth AtUntic
states, westward to Lousiana and Arkansas Distin
guished from C punnla by liiger ovUlinn late
mosth obtuse leaves, which aie 1 it sli^hth t m iitose
beneath and by its larger nut ■v% 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 1

The cultural range of C 1 t 1 \ t will

defined, but extends from 111 II M i

chusetts and Wisconsin an 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 he

3 species cultivated m Amcii i thii I t u di},
rocky or gravelly ridges or silicious uf 1 mds f uhng on
hea\ J claj s and on limestone soils unless deep, dry
and rich

Propagation of species is by seeds Certain t\pes re
produce their striking characteristics in their seedlings,
but varieties are perpetuated by grafting; occasionally
by budding. Seeds for planting should be free from in-
sect larvffi, and should not be allowed to dry out before
planting. They may be planted in dfills in fall on deep
and well-di-ainiMl Inaiii, or, to avoid damage by rodents,
may be stratilii-<l in ilamp sand until si, ring. Nuts held
in cold storage at 1.",° K. fn.iii (ii-tcil.cr to April have

germinated well at \\'asliiiit

tined for removal t tIkii

nursery at one y

ment of root sy

the species of

notably the Chesimii ii.i , >/ : > I

durablity of graft- 1 : ;

the Chestnut is 11, _.

proved varieties ai-o i|in.ki> -> .un d

and removing the timlicr and graliing

which spring up in abundance about th(

'. Young trees des-
1 be transplanted in
yrametrical develop-
y be done on any of
some of the oaks,

/■. ^.though the

iiiililc. Where

s of im-
ing down
g sprouts
_ . It stumps

(Fig. 435). Recently the Chinquapin has been similarly
used with good success where Chestnut does not occur.
Grafting may be by splice method on 1-year-oId seedling
roots ; by splice or cleft at crown on 2- or 3-year trees in
place ; or by veneer, splice or cleft methods on 1- to
3-year-old sprouts or branches. Top-working of old
trees is uncertain and only practiced in special cases.
Cions should be dormant, and work may be done at any
time after freezing ceases, but in trunk and branch
grafting best results are obtained by most grafters if
work is done alter leaves begin to unfold. Two- or
3-bud cions are preferred. The fitting of cion to cleft
or splice and the waxing should be carefully done.
If strips of waxed muslin are wrapped about the stubs
the danger of loss by summer cracking of wax is
lessened. In cleft-grafting young sprouts or seedlings,
the stub should be cut 2 or 3 inches above the depar-
ture of a branch, to prevent too deep splitting of
cleft. Two or three weeks after growth begins the wax-
ing should be inspected and repaired if cracked. If

CHESTNUT 295

grafts make rank and brittle growth they should be
checked by pinching, and if in exposed situations, tied
to stakes to prevent breaking out of cions. Budding
is sometimes practiced, usually by use of dormant buds
inserted in shoots of previous year, when the bark
"slips " after growth has begun in spring.

The Chestnut is admirably adapted to ornamental
planting, either singly or in groups on suitable soils.
The native species is successfully used as a roadside
tree in many sections outside of its natural range. It re-
quires a space of at least 40 feet for development when
thus used , the European species 30 feet and the
Japanese 20 feet If m orchard, the last mentioned may
be planted as cljse as 20 feet and thinned when the
t> lot \ 1 thus securing several crops of

11 1 1 111 I rwise unoccupied

' ^1 t 1 ''1 1 1 s —Planted orchards are -set few in
Vm, 11 1 11 t I I \t(iisi%( , nimeiti a t ft. rts hav-
ing consist 111 , , h lands
where the \ ( lu such
lands no cul | ud un-
desired spi it I II I I ml cut-
ting m sumiuei 1 1 1 v 1 isturin^ witii shiii Much care

434 Chinquapin Nut md bur u itur d size,
first few years ib probably best in planted orchards,'
though heavy mulching may be toun<l a satisfactory
substitute The Japanese and some of the American
varieties of the European species require thinning of
the burs on young trees to avoid over-bearing, with its
consequent injury to the vitality of the tree.

Leaf diseases are apparently subject to control by
Bordeaux mixture, but for the weevils, which dam-
age the nuts previous to maturity, no satisfactory rem-
edy has yet been discovered.

296

CHESTNUT

The varieties of the three species, though possessing
many points in common, differ sufficiently in important
characteristics to justify separate grouping for cultural
discussion. As Chestnut culture is new in this country,
it seems best to append descriptions of all the varieties

435 Chestnut sprouts two years grafted
The cion was nser ed where I ran h ng I g n

which are in the Amer can trade For fuller d cusslon
of cultivated Chestn t see Nut Culture in the I nited
States (Bull D v of Pomology L "^ Dept of Agr c )
from which F g 4M s ada] ted \ut Cultur t \ S
Fuller 1896 E r jein a 1 J p ne e Ch tuut
Eastern US t Har U Po veil (Bull D 1 Exp St
t on) 1898 N t Cul f r 1 r tit Jn R Pirr IW

Ami-r

ga ed
both s
cross fertU z%
of planted tree

spec es to iii3urv

the njuiy to n

tens ve cult u:e
The following vanet e
Dula eu Bowling t r

Or ginal tree product e
Or ff — Gnffln Ga ^
Batha ay —Little Pri i

CHESTNUT

rons" are reported to succeed in California and Oregon. Among
the more important varieties of the European group in America,
are tne following : ,. . „ . .

Anderson.— Flushing, N.J. Bur medium to smaU j nuts or
medium size, bright reddish brown, pubescent at the tip and
over half of the nut. Tree a strong grower, with medium to
small leathery leaves. Very productive.

Sarfrom.-MiUtown.Pa. Bur medium to small: nutmedium,
thickly pubescent at tip, dark, reddish mahogany color; 3 in a
bur; unusually free from insect attack; quality good, iree
rigorous, spreading, with large leaves; productive.

Chalon (syn., Marron Chalnn Early).- France. Sparingly
grown in California. Nut of medium size, early, productive,

Combale'OiaTTon Combale).— France. A large and handsome,
bright brown striped nut, with but Uttle tomentum at tip; usu-
ally 2 sometimes but 1, in a bur. Somewhat grown m Cali-
fornia, where it was introduced from France about 1870.

CorsoK.-Plymouth Meeting, Pa. Bur large, with thm husk ;
nuts large, usually 3 in a bur ; dark brown, ridged, heavily
pubescent at tip; quality very good. Tree vigorous, spreading,
\ ery productive. _ ,. ^ ,. *

Dager —Camden, Delaw.are. Bur medium ; nut medium to
large, dark brown, thickly tomentose, usually 3 in a bur ;
yuahty good. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; a seedling

DariiMtore.— Wilmington, Del. Bur medium to small: nut
medium to large, usually 3 in a bur ; dark distinctly striped
thickly tomentose at tip: sweet, good. Tree vigorous. Oue of
theearliest to ripen of this aniup , . „«.

Lf/nn (Marron deLyonl —France A large, round nut of fair
,iu ilitv. grown in a sm.ill ^\ :i.\ in < 'jdit'ornia, but less productive

tril Fra
Hi bee
w thout n

\ nbo
con cal
striped t
droopmg r

Parag
pha Pi B rverA
p ump tl klv ton
of surf e lor 1
pread ng gorou
ing a narrow base s
The most widely planted and
of Chestn t yet cult vated
hybrid with C dentata F g

ible

U ) B ir med um
ir bright 1 rown
Tree con pict and

T I u 1 I el Bnr med nm

to large e dark of very good

2 free from bhght

r\ 1 1 i g 1 PI 14 )

-t \ J B ir me bum n t med um si ghtly

a r glos V dark brown si gl tiy

1 r open spread ng very product ve

mpar elv free from atta k of weevd

ncordville Pa Bur med ui nut medium po nted

striped tomento e at t p 1 to 3 n a b r Tree

pngl t with 1 rge dark green leaves free from

f oood qual V
.1 V 1 rge hgl I

trequently having o t<

^ a \ large h gl flavored n t
oblong very dowi > at t p er\
m to large si ghtlj lownj com

pressed vei-y goo

EvROPEAV rKOlP —It s a s gndicant fact that dur ng the
century th t has elapsed s nee the ntrod ct on of this spec es
the mporte 1 nan e 1 vanet e of E rope ha e not found favor
in ea ter \men Seedhng tree ha e le
t ve and proh e a n n^ pom
Delaware anlMarvl
the cult re f 1 e pec
of the Rocky mounta i

however an 1 t e e f rn the 1 a
! ea t of tl e on nen a d ade
several of the cho ce French

genera trij t: ». j

smooth shghtly tomentose t t p g o 1 r p mug just after

B idle —New Jersey F rst fnuted n Maryland Bur me
d um nut large br ght 1 rown broad rather thickly tomen
toe t n a 1 r of med um season and fair qual ty

T ee re<n r ro nd cade 1 vigorous . . ^

B a k yn I PI k - New Tersey First fruited n
M nl nl Br med n to large 3 to 7 n a

bur con equent y rregu ar n shape dark brown shghtly

CHESTNUT

7 early and of good quality. Tree round
close-headed, vigorous, productive.

Coe. — California. A large, very sweet variety, but re
cently disseminated. Tree upright, somewhat spreail

Hale (syn.. Eighteen Months) .—California. A newly
introduced variety, having a large, dark brown nut of
excellent quality. Very precocious.

Kent (syn.. Extra Early).— New Jersey. First fniited
in Delaware. Bur small; nut medium to large, dark,
usually 3 in a bur: very early, of good quality. Tree
round-headed, precocious, productive.

.fferr.— New Jersey. First fruited in Milryland. Bur
small; nut medium to large, dark brown, broad, 3 in
a bur, early, and of f\i . 11. nt .pi.ilit.N Tree vigorous,
symmetrical, rndiid 111 i-i. .1 \ ' f,\ j.fnductlve.

£'iiZe;i.— New Jt-rs, \ I'lt^t liuii.d ill Delaware. Bur

very large; nut vt-ij liii,'!' i i lit^l it brown, slightly

ridged, of evcflk-nt .)ni]it\ niiiU. i^i.u Tree upright,
o].. n spriMiliif . iiiM,l. 1 ,1, h ^ i_ us. productive. The

M unuu'th — \\\aA'- uwxi: I. Mill, imported Japanese
nuts uillM.s iH,t I, st, 1, I, ! ti, iii\ p.irticular variety.

M.uhn Ism, . (-,,1 M.iriiit -\iiv Jersey. First
ti-ulted in .Miirjiand. Bur iart^e; nut large to
very large, hroad, brjght reddi.sh brown, slightly
tomentose, 3 to 5 nuts iu a bur. Midseasou; of
good quality for coosing. Tree vigorous, open,
spreading, producii'-e.

3/cFar?and.— California. Bur very large: nut
large, and of fine quality ; e.arly. Tree spread-
ing, very productive. A newly disseminated
variety of great promise.

Parr^.— Japan. Bur very larK'* . nut very .J

large, 1 to 3 in a bur, broad, ^\-M t| i •- - -■ . f''

times depressed; dark bmwn i , _•, ,i , * i
quality. Tree moderately vig- .i >
ing, with large leJives. Out- ..i ..- ■

CHICORY

297

eral factories have been erected, for which farm-
ers have shown :i williiiL-ti. ss to grow the roots.
It is probable T)i ir w nlnn ihi- next few years our
home market HI 1 1 In tulh s„|,piied from Ameri-
can fields, in villi li ill M li.|inii-iit reliance is placed
in the siilisTiriini'H i,t iiorse-power for manual
labor. iiiiiiri.M .1 |,|,i«s and cultivating implements
for i-riiil.- nil. s. iii.irliine-digging of the roots for
hand-<li.,'i.'iiii;. . ili.i.Tit .slicing machines, and im-
proved t\ .ilHiratmg kilns.

Chicory will probably succeed wherever the
sugar beet is grown in this country, the climatic
requirements being similar. In general, it may
be said to thrive upon all stone-free soils that
will iiroduce paying staple crops, except clays,
lightest sands and mucks. The first are too hard,
the second too_dry, the third too rich in nitrogen

Til.

..f s.,

be

as low land ..i
dry for proti r i
yet be made i . .
but if too wi-i 1
be found unsu
6f the land sin
crops, nitroir. n
phosph,

bur ; early. Tri

erj' large; nut
midseason ; of
cooked. Seedling of

dwarfish s

and pro.liii 1 1 ii i i •

thinning, .^i i .luu^ n,

iShcC(?SS. — New Jersn;

very large, usually 3 ii
rather poor quality ui
Parry. Tree upright, product

Superb (syn., Parry's Superb).— New Jersey.
Bur large; nut large, broad, brown, usually 3 in
a bur, early, and of fair quality. Tree vigorous
and very productive. s^^ j^^ TatLOR.

CHEVALlfiEA, CHEVALIfiRIA,
CHEVALLIfiKA, CHEVALLIERIA. The

species in the American trade are ^ch-

i I I iiti rwiU geuerally

I It. The fertilizing

I I ill- ii-i 1 -ii.innfrlv, potash and
-i<- :i.-id rather freely-lH to IK
times as much of the former and 2K times
the latter as has been removed by the pre-
ceding crop. It is best to apply these
fertilizers to preceding crops that do not
make heavy demands upon them. In rota-
tion,Chicory is classed w^ith root crops, and
should be preceded by a small grain, since
this is harvested in time f..r f,-.ll i.|,.wiii!r.
Clover should not iiiim.ii iti I ii.ii !,-.
since it leaves tn.. inu li In-

soil. The gronnil ill inu \ ■ i -t,

thoroughly preiuii. .1 I. \ ill |i |.l > ii_ h ir-
rowing and searif\iiig with a w.Mcler. the
seed, which must be fresh and clean, is
sown rather thickly but covered thinly, in
drills 18 inches apart.

There are but few well-defined varieties
of this plant used for field culture, and
even the garden sorts are not as stable as
could be desired. Of the former group,
Maardelmrr. Bnin«wi.-k ini.l S.-bl.-sische

CHICK-PEA. See Ci,

CHICOEY. or SUCCOEY ( Ch-horliim In-
tybns, Linn.). Compisihr. Fig. 4H(j. A
native of Europe, naturalized iu America
and familiar to many :is a w.-.d. is a pot-
herb, a salad, an.l tl;, 'l, .nlii ;; inlultiirant of
coffee. It has <-,,i , l\ Ijefore

the public sine.- 1 - ■ nun farm

crop. Prior to tlm; ..1,1,1 1\ ;ition as
an adulterant aii.l sui..,,iuu.. lur coffee
was largely prevented by the prejudice of
the principal consumers, our foreign-bom
population, who insisted that American
was inferior to European root, and also by
the low tariff, which allowed the root to
enter duty free, or with a very small im-
post. During 1898 and 1899 advantage has
be * ■ " . .

been taken of a protective duty, and sev- 436. Flow

Capucii

pro

riety, the difference being brought about
by the method of growing.

Chicory has no specific enemies in this
country and 1 t bled b\ only a few of
the general fee 1 i ^ nsects s ch as cut
worms and w re n s

Fr m 6 t 1 t tl e "enernl crop \ er

acre t 1

cf 1 1

andte 1 tl 1
mg $1 total $1
ton \

A-Vcrage pr ce per

F om a pureh hort c It iril stan ij oint
C cory IS of interest a a root a p t herl

nd a salad plai t Tl e j o ng ten le oots
are occisionall bo le 1 ai 1 serve 1 w th
butter, pepper and salt, like young car-
rots, but they have never become widely
popular in this form. As a pot-herb, the
young leaves are equal to those of dande-
lion. They are cut whefi 6 or 8 inches long,
boiled in two waters to remove the bitter
flavor, and served like spinach. As a
salad. Chicory is famous in three forms:
Common Blanched. Barbe de Capucin and
of Chicory (X K). Witloof. Barbe de Capucin is comprised

298

CHICORY

of small, blanched leaves. Witloof is a more solid
head. The pink, red and curled varieties make a very
pretty appearance, and if well grown and served fresh
are delicious, there being only a slightly bitter flavor.
The method of growing is the same as for endive.

For Barbe and Witloof, well i^r.nvn roots are dug in
October, trimmed of unmr. --ha r, .,,i - umI "f all but an
inch of top. For Barbe. Ill' i i' liM horizontally

in tiers in moist earth, the v i -Wiping heap,

the crowns of the roots jtwi i i; ni_ .i m , , li i-r so. Since

darkness is essential, a uauu i,_.;,J .Ilnr is the

usual place selected to grow thi> \' n' iat>l'-. \\liicli re-
quires 3 or 4 weeks to produce ii^ lim wliitr I. aves.
These are cut when about 6 inches |.iii_', . ,ii. n :(- a -alad,
boiled like kale or .put up like slaw. It iin.li>tuili.il. the
roots will continue to produce for some time. The most
rapid way to produce Witloof is to plunge the roots
(shortened to 5 inches) in spent tan bark, or such ma-
terial, and cover with 2 feet or more of manure, the
space under a greenhouse bench being used. In about
2 weeks, heads resembling cos lettuce may be dug up,
boiled like Brussels sprouts, or served as salad. If the
roots be left in place, protected from the light, but un-
covered, a crop of leaves resembling Barbe may be gath-
ered. Sowing and other cultural management is the same
as for other garden roots, as beets and carrots. It is a
pity that these vegetables are so little known in this
country.

Chicory has run wild along roadsides and in dry fields
in many parts of the country, and is considered "to be a
bad weed. However, the handsome sky-blue flowers
(Fig. 4:)G), which open only in sunshine, are very at-
tractive, jl. Q. Kains.

CHtLDSIA WfiKCKLEI. See IlUla hjo„ .

CHILIANTHUS (a thousand flowers). LoganiAcea.
Four or f^ South African trees or shrubs, very closely
allied to Buddleia, from which it differs in having sta-
mens exserted from the short tube: Ivs. opposite, entire
or dentate: tis.very numerous, in dense, terminal cymes
or panicles. Unknown to the Anier. trade. The plants
known as BuddleUi salicifolia, Jacq., and B. saUgna,
Willd.,are Chiliuntlnis nrboreus. Benth. ( which is prob-
ably identical with C . oteaceus , Burch.) .

CHILOPSIS ((Jreek, Up -like). Bignonicieecr. One
shrub or low tree, C, saligna, Don (known also as C.
Uneiris, DC), growing in dry districts from S. Texas to
Calif., and in Mex. Prom its narrow-lanceolate or linear
Ivs., it is known as Desert Willow; also called Flowering
Willow and Mimbres. It is a continuous-blooming plant,
valuable for our extreme southern districts. It grows
from 10 to 20 ft., bearing slender branches, opposite or
verticillate lower Ivs., and handsome, Bignonia-like fls.
in a short, terminal raceme. The corolla is 1-2 in. long,
5-lobed and crimped, the tube and throat lilac, and two
yellow stripes inside. Anthers 4 ; rudiment of a fifth
stamen. L. h. B.

CHIMAFHILA (Greek, winfei- and friend; green in
winter). Jirie&cea. PipsissEWA. Half shrubby or her-
baceous, with creeping stem: Ivs. evergreen, serrate, in
irregular whorls: fls. nodding, forming a terminal, few-
fld. umbel, on a long, naked peduncle; petals 5, spread-
ing; stamens 10: fr. a dehiscent, 5-celled capsule. Four
species in N. America, Europe, and N. Asia to Japan;
formerly united with Pyrola. Low, evergreen plants,
with pretty white or reddish fls. in summer. They grow
best in a light, sandy soil, mixed with peat or leaf -mold,
and prefer a half-shady position. Prop, by division of the
creeping rootstock. Useful in wild borders.

umbell&ta, Nutt. (<7. cortjmbdsa, Pursh). Pive-8 in.:
Ivs. 3-6 in a whorl, short-petioled, cuneate-lanceolate,
sharply serrate, dark green and shining above, 1-2 in.
long : fls. 4-7, white or reddish, yi-%m. wide. N. Amer. ,
fromCanadatoMexico, Europe, Japan. B.M.778. L.B.C.
5:463. Mn. 7:161.

maculata, Pursh. Fig. 437. Lower and less branched
than the foregoing : Ivs. usually in 3's, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate, variegated with

CHIOCOCCA

white along the nerves, 1-2 in. long: fls. 2-5, white, ^\n.
wide. From Canada to Georgia and Mississippi. B.M.

' Alfred Rehder.

CHIMONANTHUS is Calyeanlhus.

CHINESE LANTERN PLANT. See Physalis.
CHINESE SACRED LILY. Consult Narcissus.

CHIOCOCCA Eubidc
name means m Greek)
tropical Amer and one
lary panicles, the corolla tunnel tyrm and o-parted; sta-
mens 5 inserted on the base of the corolla the filaments
cohering at base st^ le filiform the stigma club-shaped :
ovary 2-3 loculed, liecommg a small globular diiipe.
C. Tacemdsa Liun of the Florida Ke\s and S., is some-
times cult, in hothouses for its panicles of yellowish

CHIOCOCCA

white fls. and the white frs. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate,
thicli and shining, entire : drupes Hin. in diam. Twin-
ing ; glabrous. L. h. B.

CHI66ENES (Greek, snow, offspring; referring to
the snow-white berries). £»-i<v)rvrr. Trailing fTfTin-fen,
with small alternate lvs. and iii.Mn-iiiru.ni.. axill;ir> Hs. ;
corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 1^. im lii.lril : li.riy wlnir, hir-
sute. Two species in the col.t. r nuii.n^ .if N. Aimr. and
Japan. Slender trailini,' (•v.-r^i-..ii~. m :i|.|":ir:riMc mu.-h
like the cranberry, r. I r.h. iii::i, niI. I'Mi -u i"-i iii
moist and peaty >■'' :i i ••; .; i . i , ', . i. . i ing

amongst growing m.. ^ [■■"! i ■. -- ■ .1 - . i. : i-n hi-

by cuttings in Auumi-' niiil.-r ^l;i-~. 11 ir A iipiii /n spe-
cies, C. Mspidula.Torr. ir (iray | ('. serpiillifolui . Salisli.),
has hirsute branches and ovate, H-J'ain.-long ciliate
lvs. and greenish white fls. Alfred Rehder.

CHIONANTHUS

ing to tin- al.niida
Fringe Tui i . shn

r-k for

illud-

buds at the uud uf la>t yuar's branches, whiti- ; turolla
divided nearly to the base in i narrow petals ; stamens
2, short : fr. a 1-seeded oval drupe. Two species in E.
N. Amer. and China. Ornamental shrubs, with large,
dark green foliage, and very showy white fls. in early
summer. The American species is almost hardy north,
but requiring a somewhat sheltered position ; the Chinese
may be more tender, but it thrives in W. New York.
They thrive best in a somewhat moist and sandy loam,
and in a sunny po^itii.ii. rr..]i, ]iy seeds sown in fail
or stratified; inrn • ' ' i ':iy.rs and by grafting
under glass or bml-: n air on ash seedlings

(in Europe J^/Y/jMi I '' referred); sometimes

by cuttings from fur. id (lain.- in early spring.

Virginica, Linn. Fig. 4oS. Large shrub or slender
tree, to 30 ft. : lvs. oval or oblong, acuminate, pubes-
cent beneath when young, mostly glabrous at length,
4-8 in. long : panicles 4-6 in. long, pendulous ; petals
1 in. long : fr. dark blue, oval, 1 in. long. May, June.
Prom Penn. to Fla. and Tex. L.B.C. 13: 1264. Gt. 16:564.
Mn. 2:154. G.F. 7: 325. — Variable in shape and pubes-
cence of the lvs., and several varieties have been dis-
tmguished but none of
them sufftcienth distinct
for horticultural use*

\i n n Rehder

CHIONODOXA ((xreek
iiioii andglon/). Lilnlcia.
A small genus of hardy
bulbous plants. Natives
of Crete and Asia Minor
(Mt. Taurus). Veryclosely
allied to Scilla, but diifers,
among other characters, in
having a short tube to the
corolla. Fls. small and

with blue, shadintr t.,
also occurs with inn.-
pink forms. C. Harih

.■i.,ii.:.i...i,l.> Mr.Maw
.Mill i\ at. .1 under the
«■,• 111 allusion to their
' is the most widely
ti.h in .-..lor, the type
"r less deeply tipped
■ir liases. C.'Liu-iUw
. and in reddish and
Jailer fls. of a deeper

CHIONODOXA 'IM'S

tone of blue and without the white markings of the petals.
There are two varieties of this, one with white and
the other with black stamens. Chionodoxas hybridize

439. Chionodoxa

with Scilla, and the hybrids are sometimes known as
Chionoscillas.

Chionodoxas thrive in any fertile soil, well drained
and not too heavy, and in any exposure, the main requi-
site for growth being that they have light aii.l an a.le-
quate supply of moisture while gro\\itii:: ;iti.! till the
foliage is ripened. The bulbs should I..- i.lafi. .1 al...iit
3 inches deep, and closely, say an inch or two aj.art. Lift
and replant about third year. They need uu winter
covering. They flower well in pots in winter in a cool-
house temperature. Must be forced only gently, and
given abundance of air, light and moisture. They are
increased by offsets and seeds, which they produce
freely. Under favorable conditions, they increase rapidly
by self-sown seeds. Preferably, seeds should be sown
in a frame, and may be expected to genninate the follow-
ing winter.

Luciliae, Boiss. Glory op the Snow. Fig. 439. Bulb
ovoid, brown-coated: lvs. long and narrow, two or three
with each stem: scape 3-6 in. high, bearing a dozen or

less bright bine
fls. A<ia .Aliii..!-

less h:
. i:..M.

:ing.

ered

Hort.. is a late-b'oomiug form, bright blue and white.

SardSnsis, Hort. Fls. smaller, much darker blue, with
no white in the eye. Sardis. Gn. 28: 505.-Probablv a
form of the preceding.

300

CHIONODOXA

CrStica, Boiss. & Held. Slender : fls. smaller and
(ewer (1-2 on a scape) than C. lAicilia, white or rery
pale blue. Crete. -Of little horticultural value.
,Alleni, Hort. {ClnonoscUla
Alleni, Hort.). Perianth seg-
ments cut to the base : habit of
C. ImcilUB, but the white eye
is indistinct. Supposed
ral hybrid of ScUla bifolia ant
Chionodoxa LucUia'. G.C. Ill
21:191.

J. N. Gerard and L,

CHINA ASTEK. See Asier.

CHINKAPIN, CHINQUAPIN. See Cheit
nut and Vastanm.

CHIBlTA (Hindostani name). GesnerAcecp..
Plants much like Gloxinias and Streptocar-
puses; none of them in the Amer. trade. They
are natives of eastern Asia. Fls. in shades
of purple and blue, tubular, i
the tops of short scapes.

CHIVES. See Cive.

CHLIDANTHTJS (delicate flower, from the
Greek) ■imaiijlUdd.cecf Two or three S.
Amer Imlbs, flow "ring m advance of the Ivs. Allied to
Zephyranthes. Pis yellow, in a small umbel, terminat-
ing a solid scape, long-tubed, with
wide-spreading segments : Ivs.
long and strap-shaped. C. frA-
grans. Herb., is the species in
i; cult. It bears fragrant fls. 3-4 in.
I K long, in summer, on scapes 15-18
m high. It is increased by off-
sets or by seeds. The bulbs
should be kept dry and cool dur-
m.; winter and in spring started
in a moderately warm house.
\fter flowering, care must be
taken to have the bulbs make
their annual growth. They may
either be grown in pots plunged
in ashes, or planted out where
they can be watered occasionally
during dry weather. Like other
irailar plants, they will beneiit by a
mulching of spent' hops or rotted ma-
nure G. tfr Outer and L. H. B.

CHLOROGALUM

these usually several together, and digitate at the apex
of the culm. Species about 40, widely distributed through
the warmer countries of the world. Several are culti-
vated for ornament.

*leganB, HRK. (C. a7fc«, Presl). Fig. 440. An erect
pertnnial 2-i ft. high, with slightly inflated sheaths.

'\li

CHLORANTHDS [green flower). Chlo-
xinthiicuc. The type genus of a small
family (25 species) of tropical herbs,
shrubs or trees. Chloranthus has about
8 species. They are perennial herbs or
evergreen shrubs, with jointed stems,
opposite, simple Ivs., and small, incon-
spicuous fls., in slender, terminal spikes.
Perianth represented by a single scale,
in the axil of which is the 1-loculed
ovary, and 3 united stamens (the side
stamens sometimes obsolete). C. brach^-
Btachys, Blume, from lud. and China, is
in the Amer. trade. It is a shrub used
for pot-growing, reaching a height of
1-2 ft., bearing glossy foliage and small,
yellow berries There is a variegated-
leaved form. L. jj. B.

CHLOKIS (Greek for green). Gra-
mtnece. Finger Grass. Usually peren-
nial grasses, with flat Ivs. and attractive inflorescence:
spikelets 1-fld., awned, sessile in two rows along one
side of a continuous rachis, forming unilateral spikes,

and one not easily
the spikes gives it
making it useful as
The cult, form is an
C. polydfictyla, Swar
found in soutlieiii Fhi
spikes.-r. ./,-.,-,7;. |>
another sj i

tractive as m

CHLOROCODON , I

flat blades and 8-12 silky-bearded
spikes, clustered or umbellate at
the apex of the culms. — In cult, as
au ornamental grass. Annual in
the northern states.

truncAta, R. Br. iC. barbAta
iv'r.,, Hurt. 1. I'li.'. ttl. A peren-
nial uith.i"iiitr(l. rirr|.ingculms:

till- :i|HX : iiiri..r.-^ciiice consist-
ing of digitate s]iikes, widely
spreading ; the spikelets 2-r
ered and long-awned. Austral.—
In cult, as an ornamental grass.

verticlllElta. Nutt. Windmili/
FiSGER Grass. A low, spread-
ing perennial with upright culms
6-20 in. high. The dark brown,
awned spikelets are arranged on
slender spikes, which are in
whorls near the summit of the
culm. Both fl. -glumes and empty
glumes awned. — It is a good
turf-former, and is spoken of by
some as a good grazing grass,
Th

Qpled

arrangement <

and pleasing appearance
an ornamental species for gardens,
improvement on the type.
;z. A W. Indian species which has been

Kennedy.

. 1/ aii.l '" U, alluding
I iiii- species from S.
s'.is. G.C. III. 18:243.
I alif. It is a strong,
. .-.irdate-ovate, thick
tl-i. '4-I in. in diam.;
i-Teen ; the segments
. inside, and bearing
I <nt over the capitate
mally in Natal, under
an interesting'green-

ovate and acute, puipl' ■■<' th. 1,:,
long-notched lobes : antln i- .mhh
stigma. The roots an >i>. ,1 ni. .Ik
the name of Mundi. Tin- plant is
house climber, but not handsome.

CHL0K6GALUM (green and milk, from the Greek,
referring to the juice of the plant). LiUAcece. Three
species of California, allied to Camassia ( C. LeicMlinii,
Tisikev — Camassia LeicMllnii). Bulbous: fls. white or
pink, in a panicle terminating a leafy stem; segments of
perianth 3-nerved, at length twisting over the ovary;
style long and deciduous: Ivs.with wavy margins. Plants
of eitsy culture, to be treated like Camassias or Orni-
thogalums. Monogr. by Baker. .Joum Linn. Soe. 13: 291 ;
Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 14; 242.

CHLOBOGALUM

A. Pedicels nearly as long as the fls.: segments
spreading from near the base.
pomeridi&num, Kunth. Soap-plant. Amole. Stem
Baching 3 ft., many-branched, from a very large bulb:
fls. small ( 1 in. or less long)
and star-like, numerous,
white, with purple veins, on
spreading pedicels, opening
in the afternoon. — Bulb used
by Indians and Mexicans
for soap-making.

CHRYSALIDOCARPDS

301

AA. Pedicels very

nts

the bas

Bulb

parviflbrum,

small (1 in. in diam.) : stem
1-3 ft., slender - branched :
Ivs. narrow and grass-like:
fls. pinkish, Kin. long: ovary
broad and acute.

angustifdlium, Kellogg.
Low, about 1 ft. Resembles
the last, but fls. white and
green-lined and somewhat
larger, the ovary acute
above. l. jj. B.

CHLOEOPHtTUM

')lant

Lili

Vei

closely ;illi.-.l to Aiitli.Ti-
cum, but iliir.-niii;' in tin-
(^1^) thickened lilain.nt^ ..f tlie

stamens*ii'l tlit- ;; an^'li-d or
3-winged capsule ; inflorescence often denser ; Ivs.
broader, often oblanceolate and petiolate: seed disk-
like. About 40 species, in Asia, Africa, and S. Amer.
Consult Antheriiam and Panidisea.

elatum,K.Br. {Anth. ,■,.■„„, ,■„ ri..,,)/,,,,,. rill,-il„,„.pic-

fret-lv

lines along the margins, and iitlen I v:n - - also

with a yellow band down the centn und

glabrous, 2-3 ft. high, branched : tN ni,',

with revolute, oblanceolate segnnni-. . K.i, :.;- "W-
scurely3-nervedontheback. S.Afriia. 1'..-^. Jl , JJlu-1.

— A valuable and common plant for vases and pots, and
sometimes used in summer borders. Anthericiim Cali-
fornicum, Hort., is perhaps a form of it. l. h. B.

CHL0E6FSIS BLANCHABDIANA. See Trichloris.

CHOCOLATE. See Theobroma.

CH6ISYA (.J. D. Choisy, Swiss botanist, 1799-1859). drical. smooth, thickened
ButAceu:. One Mexican shrub, C. temata, HBK., grown
in S. Calif, and S. Fla., and sometimes under glass. It
grows 4-8 ft. high, making a compact, free-blooming
bush, with opposite, ternate Ivs., the Ifts. lance-obovate
or oblong, thick and entire, with pellucid dots: fls. in a
terminal, forking cluster, white, fragrant, orange-like
(whence the vernacular name Mexican Orange), 1 in.
across. R.H. 1869: 330. Gn. 50, p. 203. J. H. III. 34: 253.

— A handsome shrub, worthy of greater popularity. It
will endure several degrees of frost, and should succeed
in the open in many of the southern states. Blossoms

CHORtSIA (Greek, separate or distinct). Malvicece.
A very few spiny trees, of tropical America. Lvs. al-
ternate, digitate, of 5-7 leaflets: fls. large, with linear or
oblong petals, the peduncles axillary or racemose: ovary
5-loculed and manv-ovuled. C. speciAsa, St. Hil., of Bra-
zil, the "Floss Silk Tree." is cult, in S. Calif., and is
adapted to warm irbissliimses. It is a medium-sized
tree, allied to Eric "Uii. In III and Bombax. Lfts. lanceolate,
acuminate, dentate : ralyx irregular, shining outside, but
silky inside: petals ubtuse, yellowish and brown-striped
at the base, pubescent on the back. £,_ h. B.

CH0BIZ£MA (fanciful Greek name). Sometimes
spelled Choroaiiui. L.^mniiidsw. Fifteen to 20 Aus-
tralian shrubs. Ill" :, cliiiii-. If lialf-climbing habit, with
thick and sliin; . i ;,'reeu lvs. and pea-like

red or yellow iN us. Handsome plants for

the cool gretiil -> , . ! i iilar in this country than

abroad. When iioi .i;i n- i ' it , ♦lii\- :^-i!1 ^trmd slight

frost at times. (_;n>\vii :, ^ i M. andS.

Pla. They are grown n i aftrr the

manner of Azaleas. I-i, ; •' m sum-
mer. They are excell. -Ill i-i- i r: - i-n iiil.u. and raf-
ters. Prop, easily by cuttings; also liy seeds.

virium, Benth. Lvs. roundish or round-ovate, some-
what cordate, spiny-toothed : fls. orange and red, in
erect racemes. — The commonest species. Runs into
many forms, of which C Chdndleri and C. grandi-
fldntm, Hort., are examples.

ilicifdlium, Labill. Fig. 442. Lvs. ovate or lance-ovate,
deeply repand-spiny-toothed : fls. yellow and red.

macrophyUum, Hort. Dwarf : fls. red. l H. B.

CHOROGI. See Staehys.

CHEYSALIDOCAEPUS Kxieek for golden fmit).
Pahiiacew, tribe Aieme Spineless, stoloniferous
palms, with medium, fasciculate, ringed s
natisect; long-acuminate
segments about 100, bifid
at the apex, the lateral
nerves remote from the
midrib. Species 2, one
of them being a popular
florist's plant. Mada-
gascar.

luttBcens, H. Wendl.
(Hyophdrbe Indica,
Gaertn. H. Commerson-
idna, Ma.rt. Areca li<ti?s-
eens, Bory). Figs. 443,
444. Stem 30 ft. high,
4-6 in. in diam., cvlin-

long, 2'> in. wide, acute,
with 3 prominent pri-
mary nerves, which are
convex below and acutely
2-face(l aliove. B..url.,.n.

tius

Pain

CHOKE CHERRY is Primus demi.

CHONDEORYNCHA

and P. Vii

e and beak). OrchidA-
cea',tril»- I '- ' >. riir- ■ -|...ir,..f S. Amer. epiphytal

orchids, i '' > m ri-ispitm. They are

practically la.le. They are short-

stemmed 111 1 1- ■. ifli.iii ji-i ii'i..liiill.s, .ind oblong, plicate,
petioled lvs,, the simple scape bearing a single large,
odd, yellowish flower. V. Vhistertoni, Reichb. f., C.
fimbriita, Reichb. f., and C. risea, Lindl., are the spe-
cies. Keep cool and moist.

lutebceiis in quantity, it

will be found a good plan

to sow the seeds either

on a bench, in boxes or

seed-pans, so prepared

that the seedlings will

remain in the s

which they germinate

until they have made

two or more leaves.

The first leaf made above the soil is small, and if

plants are potted off at this stage they must be very

443. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens.

302 CHRTSALIDOCARPUS

carefully watered in order not to sour the soil. In the
preparation of the receptacles for the seed, a little gravel
in the bottom will be found good, as the roots work very
freely through it, and when the time comes to separate
the plants previous to potting, it is an easy matter to

CHRYSANTHEMUM

The insect powder knownas"Pyrethnun,"is produced
from the dried flowers of C. cineraritefoliuni and C\
coccineum. The former species grows wild in Dalmatia,
a long, narrow, mountainous tract of the Austrian em-
pire. " Dalmatian Insect Powder " is one of the com-
monest insecticides, especially for household pests. U.
ciii' r<i ri't f't'/iH iti is l;tri:<!y cultivated in France. C.coc-
(■hi.f,„f i^ .lilt. Ill ( 11 1 if., and the product is known as
Huliai h. .^11- l.i.il.niaii. 'I'he Spraying of Plants, and
Ki|.. I". S. ('..in. A-r. 1SM-2.P. 70.

There are over one hundred books about the Chrysan-
themum, and its magazine literature is probably ex-
ceeded in bulk only by that of the rose. It is the flower
of the east, as the rose is the flower of the west. Aside
from oriental literature, there were 83 books mentioned
by C. Harman Payne, in the Catalogue of the National
Chrysanthemum "Society for 189G. Most of these are
chc-ip cultural guides, circulated by the dealers. The
botanv of the two cominim si>i-.ii-s has been monographed
by w: B. Il.iiisl.v 11, III. i.ai.l. 11. rs' Chronicle, series
III., vol. I',. ].|.. ."i_'l. : - ill. I in the Journal of

the Royal II. irtiiiiliii! - 1. 12. part I. The great

repositories ..f iiif..niiai aai i ..a i. lint; the history of the
Chrysanthemum, from tlie gar<li-n point of view, are the
scattered writings of C. Harman Payne, his Short His-
tory of the Chrvsanthemum, London, 1885, and the older
books of F. W. Burhidgf and .Tnhn Salter. For iuforma

tion about varieties, s..
Chrysanthemum s...:.'-
scriptive, and suiipl,
Ghent, Belgium. Tla
is Chrysanthemum t ulii
ton, N. v., 1891. There ai
art works, among which (

! of the National

■' ! I and the Liste De-

1 . Iiy O. Meulenaere,

iitten by an American

i 1 Aiu.'rica, by James Mor-

i nunilier of rather expensive

! of the most delightful is the

chuyler

jtangle the roots without bruising them. Probably
the plan which works best is to wash the soil and gravel
entirely from among the roots. Pot in soil not too dry,
and for the next few days keep the house extra warm
and humid, and the plants shaded from the sun without
any moisture applied to the soil for the first few days
JaredG Smith and (j W OinFR
CHRYSANTHEMUM (Greek ,ol 1 n fl < f. ) Incl 1 1
ing Pyrethrum. Oompdsit e V Urge t,enus of hcrl i
ceous and sub-shrubby plai ts mo tly h ir 1 ai 1 t\ pi
cally with white or yellow smgle fls but th
portant kinds greatly modified in form — '
tham and Hooker make 2' sul "• neri
6 include the garden forms) 1
ner in which the seeds are r 1 1
and the form of the papi i 1
cannot be kept distinct fron 1 1
themums by garden charactei
garden conception of Pjrtthr
a group of hardy herbace us 1 1
with mostly single flow rs a
posed to the florists' or au
santhemums, wiii. h i. a i

called Summ. 1- '
When the gar.l. i i
thrams,"heusiia :
Many of the sp. -
have been call, .i 1 i ■ a
rious times, but ilu .. a
same specific name uude 1 y
Chrysanthemum, except tl e i
important of all garden Pjrethrums.
viz., P. roseum, which is C. coccin-
eum. The Feverfew and Golden
Feather are still sold as Pyrethrums.
and the only other species of impor-
tance is P. uliginosum.

Golden Flower : Chrysanthemum, edited by 1
Mathews, pub. by Prang, Boston, 1890.

TvPES OF THE Common CHRVSANTHEMtiM. — The com-
mon Chrysanthemums of the florists are also called
" large-flowering," and "autumn Chrysanthemums,"
though neither of these popular names is entirely accu-
rate or distinctive. They are the blended product of C.
Indicum and C. mori folium (or C. Sinense ) , tvio species
of plants that grow wild in China and Japan. From 10
to 1,5 dominant tjfpes are recognized by the National
Chrysanthemum Society of England.

The words "types," "races," and "sections," have
always been used by horticulturists to express much
the same thing, but types can always be clearly defined,
while sections cannot, and the word race should be
rt trictt

445. Type of single Chrysanthemum

CHRYSANTHEMUM

CHRYSANTHEMUM

303

^^.

Single forms, they are less popular than the double

kinds and the varieties are, therefore, less numerous

and more subject to the caprices of fashion.

BB. Fls. large, fewer, regular.

■i Tie Large Anemone Type. -Fig. 447. Fls. 4 in. or

more across and fewer

446-449 The anemone-flowered
j types of Chrysanthemums

p. 33.

BBB. F1.1. large, few,

5 riie Japanese
Anemone Type, — Figs.
448, 449. Fls. 4 in. or
more across, and irreg-
ular in outline. H.
Ruler Haggard is an
exrellent example. Gn.
47, p. lUl; 31:601.

AAA Double-fld.forms.-
rays in many se-
ries: disk absent or
nearly so.

Fls

ill:

rays

the whole genus. For
S. catalogues.

A, Single forms : rays in 1 series, or few series : disk

low and flat.

1. 27(6 Small Single Type. -Pig.ii5. Pis. about 2in.
across, star-like, i.e., with the rays arranged in one se-
ries around the yellow disk. "Single," however, is a
relative term, and in Fig. 445 there are really several
series of rays, but they do not destroy the "singleness"
of effect. All fl.s. are either single, semi-double, or
double, but all the intermediate forms between the two
extremes of singleness and doubleness tend to disap-
pear, as people usually do not like them

2. Tlie Large Single Type.-
Like Fig. 445, but the fls. 4 in
or more across, and fewer. The
difference between the large
and small single types is ad
mirably shown in Gn 37 75b
These types are practically
never grown outdoors and
are best suited for pot cul
ture, each specimen bear
ing 20-80 fls.
AA. Anemone-fid. forms

rays as above, disk
high and rounded

B. Fls. small, numerous

regular.

3. The Small Anemone
Type.— Commonly called
"Pompon Anemone.' Fig
446. Fls. 2 or 3 inches
across, and usually more
numerous than in the
anemone type. All the
forms are essentially single, but
the raised disk, with its elon
gated, tubular fls., usually yel
low but often of other colors,
gives them a distinct artistic
effect, and they are, therefore,
treated as intermediates m
character between the single
and double forms. Like the

6 Tlie Pompon Type.
-Pig. 450. Fls. 1-2 in.
across. The outdoor
kinds are likely to be
small, flat and button-
like, while those cult,
indoors are usually
larger and nearly globular. Fig.
450 shows the former condition.
It is from one of the old hardy
kinds long cultivated in the gar-
dens as "Chinese" or "small-flowered" Chrysanthemums,
and generally supposed to be the product of C. In-
dicum, as opposed to the "Japanese" or "large-flow-
ered" kinds introduced in 18G2, which marked a new
era by being less formal and more fanciful than any of
the preceding kinds. Pompons are little cult, under
glass in Amer. The Pompon section of the N.C. S. Cat.
1896 refers to indoor types, and a separate section was
made for the outdoor types under the name of "Earlies,"
with two subgroups, "Pompons" and "Japanese," refer-
ring to the old small-flowered, hardy race, and the new
large-flowered Japanese kinds, which are grown to per-
fection only under glass, but are sometimes grown out-
doors, though they are usually less hardy

304

CHRVSANTHEMUM

BB. Fls. large.
0. Blossoms hairi/.

7. The Hairy Type. -A\so called "Ostrich Plume"
and "Japanese Hairy." The famous prototype is the
variety Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, pictured in Gn. 35, p. 307.
which was sold for $1,500 in 1888, and started the
American craze. White fls. with long hairs are very deli-
cate and pretty, but the hairs are often minute, and on
many of the colored fls. they are considered more cu-
rious and interesting than beautiful. So far, nearly all
hairy Chrysanthemums are of the Japanese Incurved
type".

cc. Blos.ioms not hairy.
I). Ifays reflexed.

8. Th, h'.ll.r,,! Tfipe.—Also called "Recurved.'
Fig. 4.'il. I'hi r. il. \.'l forms can be easily broken up
into thr.M t\|H-, i.(i tlie small and regular, (6) the
large and r.-iilar. and i.i the large and irregular types.
Lately the irregular kinds have been removed by the
N. C. S. from a section called "Japanese Reflexed '
into the "Japanese " section, which section, as explained
under No. 11, means little more than "miscellaneous."

DD. Says incuri'ed.
E. Form absolutely regular.

9. T7ie/ij('Hrrerfriypp. — Fig.452 shows the general icU-ii.
but such a flower would hardly win a prize at an Eng-
lish show, where anything short of absolute regularity
is relegated to the "Japanese Incurved" section (No.
10). This type is by far the most clear-cut ideal of any
of these types, and for many years this ideal of the
florists has so completely dominated the English Chry-
santhemum shows that the incurved section has come to
be known there as the "exhibition" or "show type." In
Amer. the Japanese types, which are less formal and
fanciful, prevail, but in England this is the most im-
portant section of all. The N.C.S. Cat. for 1896 says:
"The distinguishing characteristics of the incurved va-
rieties are the globular form and regular outline of the

CHRYSANTHEMUM

round at the tip, and of sufficient length to form a
graceful curve. They ought to be regularly arranged,
1,-1 ]^p ^ hollow

Type of Pompon
Chrysanthemum.

outdoors, with i

<i should be as nearly a
5 an important point in <

vumm

451 The reflexed types

of Chrysanthemum |

Small '»nd regulir large ind regular large irregular

promment eve is a serious defect, as also are a rough
nes^ in tin 1>1 > iiu^ or un(.\eniiess m outline and a
» I I 111 li II t' II I il i.ts A perfect pic

t I lie seen in Ltn 9 p

I II ssed with tweezers

II I V i; I II I ilier m perfect order

L I h il \ 1 1^ li «u ^i-i 11 it.rU iwthout foliage, while
the prevailing AmeriLdu idea in exhibition is a mass
effect with a vase of 12 or more long stemmed fls , usu
ally of the same varietv

EE J'oim mote or les^ ittegulat

10 The Japanese liuuiied Type —Fig 452 would
be referred to this t\pe b\ the English florists, together
with all of the man\ other forms that are not globular
and entirely regular This sh. ti. n ind the next art the
most important in Americ 1 III i ir ni iij\ i anations
of this type It often hayi-i i n tli it tlj iit. i 4 or 'j se
ries of rays gradually bei in i tl \i 1 ! ut if most of
the ra\ s are incurved, the Tnnt\ lu i\ In ixhibited m
this section

DDD Bays of tanous shapes forms tarwiis

11 The Japanese Typet -Plate VI The word 'Japa
nese was origmalh used tn des,<.„atp the Hrffp fld

Jipui 111 1 I- It li , n \ 1 I n 1 tn t i t \ II ties

s"pcilmf!s, u .d'.n'tl'n «? 't''iii'« I'l'l V t M 'l i!'^il
florists fls in England were relatively fnrmil and
small The informal, loose, fantastic Japanese Chry
santhemums, introduced by Fortune in 18b2, broke up
the formal t i i iml tin crize for large specimen blooms

which I
reached
the Natl
more tli

the

(orld
of

blooms. The incurved blc
globe as possible, as ' depth
tfanating its value; the florets should be broad, smooth, now included

teh dehned but the
undefaned to include
and quilled sorts are
though formerly kept distinct.

•The first step

CHRYSANTHEMUM

Marked forms are Laciniatum, Lillian B. Bird, Mill-
brook, Mrs. W. H. Rand, A. H. Wood, Shavings, North-
em Lights.

Relative Importance and Uses of the Types. — In
general, the large-fld. forms are more popular than the
small-fld. forms, especially at exhibitions, where great
size is often the greatest factor in prize-winning.
Types 9, 10 and 11 are the most important in America,
especially the Japanese section. The fls. of types 9 and
10 are likely to be more compact and globular, and hence
better for long shipments than the looser and more fan-
ciful types. Types 9, 10 and 11 are the ones to which
most care is given, especially in disbudding and train-
ing. They are the ones most commonly grown by the
florists for cut-fls. and whenever one large fl. on a long
stem is desired. The anemone-flowered forms are all
usually considered as curiosities, especially the Japa-
nese Anemones, which are often exhibited as freaks
and oddities. The single and anemone-flowered forms
are used chiefly for specimens in pots with many small
fls., but all the other types are used for the same pur-
pose. For outdoor culture, the hardy Pompons, with
their numerous small fls., are usually better than the
large-flowering or Japanese kinds. In America, the
Chrysanthemum ranks fourth in economic importance,
although its season is practically only six weeks, while
the season of the florists' roses, carnations and violets
is from six to nine months. If one were to put a guess
in the form of figures, it might be said that possibly
60 per cent of all American Chrysanthemums are raised
for cut-fls., aO per cent for potted plants, while 10 per
cent are hardy old-fashioned Pompons cultivated out-
doors, -nr jj

SECTION I.- CULTURE OP THE LARGE-FLOWERED
CHRYSANTHEMUMS GRQ-Vra UNDER GL.4.SS (C.
Indicum x Tiionfohum)

Introduction and Genetal Pnnciphs -
towards success is good health} cut
tings and as thej become established
plant's the> should leceive generous cul
ture throughout their entiie growing
season This requues close ittention to
watering airm^ i*'i ttmi, iiid i lihnr il
supply ot imtiini lit

Chr\siiitli iniiiii 11 I 1 I 1 1
four WW I \ uttiii. In i

and grattiiu 1 \ t ii th iii t ii [ ii
is the tiist because it is the most i ipul
It is the method of the floiists In locali
ties where the plants can remain out
doors over winter without iniur> tlit \
may be increased by division This
tem is practiced more by amateui I
florists, being the easiest method t i
home garden but not rapid enou^l
the florist. Propagation by seeds i it,
sorted to only to produce new rarieticb,
and is discussed at length under subsec
tion IV. Grafting is very rare Skilful
gardeners sometimes graft a dozen or
more varieties on a large plant and
the sight of many different colored fls
on the same plant is always mterestm^
at exhibitions.

Subsection I. — Culture of Chrysan
themums for cut-flouen,

This is the method chiefly emplojed
by florists, the plants being grown in
benches.

1. Propuyuiion by Cuttinqi -Plints
of the preceding year afford stock from
which to propagate the following season
They produce quantities of stools or
suckers, which form excellent material
for the cuttings. These are generelly
taken from l-2^< in. in length, the lowei
Ivs. removed, also the tips of the broid
Ivs., then placed in propagating beds close together,
where they are kept continuallj wet until rooted. To in
sure a large percentage, the condition of the cuttings

CHRYSANTHEMUM

305

should be moderately soft. If the stock plants are al-
lowed to become excessively dry, the cuttings are likely
to harden, and thus be very slow in producing roots.
Single-eye cuttings may be used of new and scarce va-
rieties when necessary. These are fastened to a tooth-
pick with fine stemming-wire, allowing half of the tooth-
pick to extend below the end of the cutting, and when
inserted in the cutting-bed the end of the cutting should
rest upon the sand. It requires more time to produce
good plants by this system than where fair-sized cut-
tings can be taken, but it is often of service where stock
is limited. The propagating house should be well
aired, and it is advisable to change the sand after the
second or third batch of cuttings has been removed, to
avoid what is termed cutting-bench fungus. The cuttings
should never be allowed to wilt, and this is avoided by
giving abundance of air, and when the temperature
reaches over 70° from sun heat, by shading with some
material, either cloth or paper.

2. P;a»s(j»ig. — Cuttings should not be allowed to re-
main in the cutting-bench after the roots are i4 in. in
length, or they will become hardened, which will check
the growth. As soon as rooted, they should be potted
pots, using good, mellow soil with a

into :

g good,
slight admixture of decomposed manure. Most of the
large fls. are produced under glass, and the bench sys-
tem is generally employed, which consists of 4 or 5 in.
of soil placed upon benches. In these benches the
small plants are jilanted 8-12 in. apart each way, from
the latter jiart of May to the middle of July. Those
planted at the first date generally give the best results.
The soil should be pounded rather firm either before
planting or after the plants have become established.

3. Soil. — There are many ideas as to what soil is best
suited for the Chrysanthemum, but good blooms may be
grown on clay or light, sandy loam, provided the culti-
vator is a (.lose observer and considers the condition of
the soil m which they are growing Clay soil, being

1 retentive of moisture will require less

and

Type ot Jacanese Incurved Chrjb.ij ...u:...

feeding than soil of a more porous nature. The Chry-
.santhemum is a gross feeder, and, therefore, the fertility
of the soil is very important in the production of fine

306 CHRYSANTHEMUM

blooms. Each expert has a way of his own in preparing
the soil, but as equally good results have been obtained
under varied conditions, it is safe to conclude that the
method of preparing the soil has little to do with the
results, provided there is sufficient food within their
reach. All concede that fresh cut sod,

decomposed manure, forms an excellent
compost. Many use 1 or 2 in. of manure
as a mulch after the plants have become
established. Others place an inch of
half-decomposed manure in the bottom
of the bench. This the roots find as soon
as they require it. Good blooms have
been grown by planting on decomposed
sod and relying on liquid applications of
chemicals.

4. Feeding.— No definite rule can be
given for this work, as so much de-
pends on the amount of food incorporated
in the soil. If the soil be very rich, the
liquid applications should be only occa-
„. ,. sional and very dilute. There is more

Chrysanthemum j^nger of overfeeding by the

cutting

of
liquids than by using excessively rich
soil. Each grower must depend on his own judgment as
to the requirements, being guided by the appearance of
the plants. When the Ivs. become dark colored and very
brittle, it is safe to consider that the limit in feeding has
been reached. Some varieties refuse to bud when overfed,
making a mass of Ivs. instead. Others show very con-
torted petals, giving a rough, unfinished bloom. Still
others, particularly the red varieties, are likely to be
ruined by decomposition of the petals, called burning,
especially if the atmosphere is allowed to become hot
and stuffy. The same result will follow in dark weather,
or when the nights become cool, if the moisture of the
house is allowed to fall upon the blooms. Under such
conditions, the ventilation should remain on every night,
or heat be turned in accordingto the outside temperature.

.i^vr\1^

CHRYSANTHEMUM

ger of overwatering as long as the foliage is bright
green. A little shading at planting time is not objec-
tionable, but it should be removed as soon as the plants
are established. It is often necessary to shade the pink

455. Crown bud of Chrysanthemum at a later staee.

Showing how its strength is sapped by the shoots beneath,
which are just showing clusters of terminal buds.

and red flowers if the weather continues bright for some
time, to prevent their fading.

6. Training.— When the plants are 8 in. high, they
should be tied either to stakes or to jute twine. In the
former system, use one horizontal wire over each row,
tying the stake to this after the bottom has been in-
serted into the ground. Two wires will be necessary
where twine is used, one above the plants and the other
a few inches above the soil. From the first of Axigust
until the flowers are in color all lateral growths should
be removed as soon as they appear, allowing only the
shoots intended for flowers to remain. The above re-
marks refer to the training of benched Chrysanthemums
as grown by florists for cut-flowers. Other kinds of
training are described under SuLiection II.

7. Disbudding.— No special date can be given for this
work, as much depends on the season and the earliness
or lateness of the variety to be treated. Buds usxially
begin to form on the early sorts about Aug. 15, or soon
after, and some of the late varieties are not in condition
before Oct. 10. The object of removing the weak and
small buds and retaining the best is to concentrate the
whole energy of the plant and thereby increase the size
of the flower. There are two forms of buds, crowns and
terminals. A crown bud is formed first, never ernes
witli ether flower-buds, and is provi-li-.l witli iMicral
•.-rewths which, if allowed to remain, will .MiiiniiH iheir
^T'tw-th and produce terminal buds later. Ti Tiiiiii;il IhkIs
come later, always in clusters, are nevir ass.i.iateil with
lateral growths, and terminate the plant's growth for
that season. If the crown bud is to be saved, remove
the lateral growths as shown by the dotted lines in Fig.
45i, and the operation is complete. If the terminal bud
is desired, remove the crown and all"\^ 1 , '_ "r :: ;i' > i-rd-
ing to the vigor of the plant) of th.- ^ ' :iill.
In a few weeks these will show a cbi - i . i i , :,r,.l,
when well advanced, it will be notir. .1 i ; •,. I,,i-.>t

5. Waterlng. — het the foliage be the index to water-
ing. If it appears yellow and sickly, use less water, and
see that the drainage is perfect. There is but little dan-

and retain the next best. In removinc the buds, begin at
the top and work down. By so doing there are buds
in reserve, in case the best one should accidentally be
broken, while If the reverse course were taken, and the
best bud broken at the completion of the work, all the
labor would be lost. A few hours' disbudding will teach
the operator how far the buds should be advanced to
disbud easily. Early and late in the day, when the

CHRYSANTHEMUM

growths are brittle, are the best times for the work.
Some growers speak of first, second and third buds.
The first is a crown, and generally appears on early
propagated plants from July 15 to August 15. If re-

CHRYSANTHEMUM

307

othe

early, the next liu'
which is termed t
third bud will lie
May and June gei
not forming the
and planted late
best blooms an- fi

ill growths push forward, forming an-
II V cases where the crowns are removed
id' is not a terminal, but a second crown,
the sccoiid bud. Remove this, and the

Pink,

lighter in dl".- tl^in tli..-,> rn.iii hit.-i- l.u.ls. They are

be decidedly ii'iferior. This i,- doubtless due to the large
amount of food utilized in their construction, owing to
the long time consumed in development. The hot
weather of September and October must have a detri-
mental etfect upon the color. Consult Figs. 454—457.

><. i'liCHii' (■.<;. — Green and black aphis are the most
destructive insects. Through the summer months to-
bacco dust broadcasted over the plants is an effective
remedy. At the approach of cool weather it is best to
resort to light fumigations of toliacco. Grasshoppers are
sometimes very destructive. Handpicking is conceded
to be the best method, although if there are quantities
of small ones a weaik solution of Paris green may be re-

itubsectwn II
The same principle!
when planted upon tl
the pi lilts ire genu ,11
The most p,.,mlu t>,

Cultme of Clnysanthemums m poti
employed m pot culture as
» h with till e\i eption that

foreihibin i -,t n . , ,, i ,, I I i i

mens "and th. tin.. U i.lui^ t..iiiis iii tht bush the
standard and the pyramid

1. Ma>k(.t Playits. — D-Ksrt plants of symmetrical
form, with foliage down to the pots, are the most salable,
and, when thus grown, require constant attention as

to watering and stopping, allowing each plant plenty of
room to keep the lower leaves in a healthy condition.
Cuttings taken June 1 and grown in pots, planted on
old carnation benches or in spent hotbeds (light soil
preferable), and lifted by August ,15, will make very
nice plants 1-lK ft. high. The reason for lifting early
is to have them well established in their flowering pots
before the buds are formed.

2. Single-stem Plniits.-S&me culture as market
plants, except that they are restricted to one stem and
flower. Those from 1-2 ft. iu height are more effective
and useful than tall ones. For this reason many prefer
plunging the pots out of doors where they have the full
benefit of the sun and air, making them more dwarf
than when grown under glass.

3. Pot Plants for Ciit-f lowers. -CultuTe same as for
specimen plants, except that the nipping should be dis-
continued July 1 to give sufBcient length to the
stems. If large flowers are desired, restrict the plants
to 8 or 10 growths. Such plants can be accommodated
in less space than specimens, where the chief object is
symmetry.

4. BiisJi Plants. — For large bush plants, the cuttings
should be struck early in February, and grown along in
a cool, airy house, giving attention to repotting as often
as necessary. The final potting into 10- or 12-inch pots
generally takes place in June. They are potted moder-
ately firm, and watered sparingly until well rooted. As
soon as the plants are 5 or 6 in. high the tips should be
pinched out, to induce several growths to start. As the
season advances and the plants make rapid growth,
pinching must be attended to every day up to the latter
part of July, to give as many breaks as possible and
keep them in symmetrical form. By the middle of Au-
gust (if not previously attended to), staking and getting
the plants in shape will be a very important detail. If
stakes are used, they must be continually tied-out, as
the stems soon begin to harden, and this work can be
best accomplished by looking them over daily. Light

457. Terminal buds at a later stage.
The top one is usually the strongest, and being re-
tained, is called "the terminal bud." The others
should have been removed long before they were
as large as here shown.

stakes of any material may be used. Many other meth-
ods are in use, such as wire hoops and wire frame-work,
to which the growths are securely tied.

308

CHRYSANTHEMUM
bush plants

CHRYSANTHEMUM

5. Standards differ fr
stout, self-supporting stem, msti
They require the same culture as
exception that they are not Bt"i
make one continuous growth until
are then treated the same as 1
require the same attention as i
secure symmetrical heads. , . , , *

6 Pyramids are only another form of bush plants,
and it is optional with the grower which form he prefers.

Subsection III. -Culture of Chrysanthemums for the
production i

iilv. with the
allowed to
' :! ( ..!• r. It. hifib, and
sb'ijUii.t^. They will
stopping and tying to

for several years ; such as
and Minnie Wanamaker,
; JIis. .1, -runic Jones, Col.
:.! Maix'ar.t .L-ffords, Jos.
ri-'v M.iiw.ivli, ■■,12; Niveus,
li-ii W.-dclint.'. H. L. Sunder-

^ , __ W. R. Smith. '9:!. There

aremany "other varieties that have stood the test for 4

ties that have stood the
Ivory, 1889; W. H. U
'90; Mrs. J. G.WhilMi
W. B. Smith, Mrs. A.-l
H. White, Geo. W. rhil
Maud Dean, The Qu.. i:
bruch. Good Gracious, Pres

The object of f

cd-sa

1' varieties.
is the improvement of exist-

or bronze, as n;
certain of imin.
ness or dwarfu^

lings will be hi'! • ■■■ n i, , ts'

as the greater I" ■ :■,..■■ :'.'ii ' ^" '.'''/',' i'',i'iun tV>

Only those wh" ^1 - ' i' t >m!' 1 1. ,■!:'' "

cross-fertilization ^n ilH.hu i.l nuik^'L -n.-r. -''•'".
hybridized seeds possess value oyer thos,- lKipnaz,m ly
fertilized by wind and insects only accordmg to the de-
gree of intelligence employed in the selection of parents.
What the result will be when a white flower is fertilized
with a yellow one, the operator cannot diHrinin.; :.< u<>-
outset. It may be either white, yellow, iiii'i iii.Mk.i.. .h
partake of some antecedent, and thus >>•■ .Ii-him t r..i,i
either. Improvenu-nts in color can be ol.tani. .1 oi,i> hv
the union of .-..l. r-, L. :m in- in nimd the la«> ot nutuii/
n uniting two 1 , . ■ - ■l,ird. Bed upou yellow, or
v^ce-versa ii.as I " - i-l or yellow -give orange

' . inav -. . 111. The operator is more

1^' aloiiM, oilier lines, such as sturdi-
of growth, earliness or lateness of
bloom, or doubleness of flowers. The selection of those
most perfect in these particulars is very sure to give
Sraila? or improved results. Always keep a record of
this work showing the parents of a seedling. The satis-
faction of knowing how a meritorious variety was pro-
duced more than pays for the trouble, and may lead to
further improvements iu certain lines. The operation
begins when th- flow, r i. half open, cuttmg the petals
nff close to th. ir ha- « i'li •' pair of scissors, until the

stvle is expo- . > ,M tl„ iliwer showsignsof having

d^sk or stami u tr lionts, ,o ve these with the points of

the scLso^rs and thus avoid self-tertilizatinn. When the
styles are fully grown and developed, th.- uj.ihi mii-
fftce or stigma is in condition to receive tin poll, i, l.y
pushing aside (with the thumb) the ray iloiw- oi uv
flower desired for pollen, the disk flon-t> whi.li |ir."UMo
the pollen will become visible. The pollen may be cui^
lected on a camel's-hair pencil or tootlipick and applied
to the stigma of the flower previously prepared
toothpick be used, nev, =' ' " »••"

It is not the purpose of this article to recommend varie-
ties of Chrysanthemums, but the following list includes
the best varieties now knovm. The list will be valuable
as showing a serviceable classification:

Seteeti,.,, of ,;,r!.t!,s hnsed ,ipnn tho main types -
(1) /,„■„,... ; l-,.-!1. I'oit.vinr-, (■on.-o Tn-,!,., I.thIpi,

Mrs.T. I>. M ••■ •' '-I ■ '■■'• '■'■ ^';- '"'■''' ';'"-•

Wrs.L.r.M : :. ,,.,,M,. - l;,.-o,,-i,,. .| ■' • ■ • - o ..

(21 .7-/ . '■ '"■' ^'.'' . ■■\-' ■ ',, ' 1

den W.a.lH,.;. .M..>ll''A'^.-. Mo,h-.o, V^;"''',"v 1 , ;^
Friend, Black Uawk, Niv.-us, \ iviand Morel 1 anonia.
(3) Japanese Incurved: Nyanza, Mrs. W. C. Egan, Eu-
gene Dailledouze, Georgiana Pitcher Good t-^a"""^ '
Jennie Falconer, Mrs. Geo. West, Philadelphia, The
Oueen, Mrs. Jerome Jones, Western King. ii)Ba^iry :
- •■ " ir, Louis Boehmer, Mrs. A. Hardy, R. M. Grey,
m. Queen of Plumes. (5) Beflexed : CuUing-
othv.Tohr. Gold Standard, Miss Elma O Far-
,;,, ■ p,,, •)., iii:,, (6) Large Anemone: Ada
|V , r:ilcon, Junon, Marcia Jones,

,; ,. I, wmowe.- Condor, Enterprise,

.,,,„ ii, . i> I --an Joaouin, Surprise, Satisfac-
,. i;,;„.|; n.mtrlass. Golden Mile. Mar-
op, Wm. Ken-
■.iiiily Bowbot-
Sintir, Queen
I'^'iis : Bronze
Jolivart, Mr.

of poll

in an open-n,'

using, it m:i\ i

riety without t. ir oi mop

affecting the present. t_ ui

and grown to single blooi

convenient for seedi

for more than one kind
lel's-hair pencil to stand
.hoi a few moments after
en dry, upon another ra-
, of the former operation
; struck in June and July
4-inch pots are the most
Such flowers, if not given too

much feed, are more natural and furnish abundance of

pollen, as well as being easier u.
blooms produced for the exhibit loi
should be done on bright, sunii\ -
<lay as possible. As soon as tin -
they should be placed by thiin-,
tion by insects, and should there
are ripe. Keep the plants rather

rly in tho
t rimmed,
fertiliza-
the seeds
the dry side, and

give abundance of air. Seeds, which ripen
weeks, should be saved without delay, and carefully la-
belled In sowing seeds, they should be covered very
Hghtfy and keTt in a temp'eratu're of 60°. When the seed-
liSgs are large enough to handle easily, remove to small
pots, or transplant further apart in shallowboxes. Chry-
santhemums flower the first season from seed.
Sulsection IT. -Varieties.
Of the long list of new varieties sent out each year,
but few are retained after the second year's trial. This
is probably due to the fact that most American growers
are more interested in the commercial value of the flower
than the curious forms or striking colors they present
Exhibitions have n
here as iu England

ioldeuH
White f
fordii, 1
rell, Ti
Strickh
Thorpe
Mrs. F.

tion. IS) V /••'". Ui.irk I

the. Mile. Marthe, Mrs. H^it,

nedy. (9) Pompon Anem

torn", Marie Stuart, Mme. ( I
of Anemones. (10) Earhi
Bride, Flora, Frederick Ma

Selley, Miss Davis, Mrs. Cullingford, Mile. Elise Dor-
dan, Illustration, St. Mary. (11) Single : Mizpah, Fram-
field Beauty. itri •..,

Selection of varieties based upon color.- White -
Ivory, Mrs. M. A. Ryerson, Mrs. H. Weeks Mrs. Henry
Robinson, Mutual Friend, Niveus. Pm*-Merula, Mme.
F Perrin, Helen Bloodgood, Harry Balsley , lora. Autumn
Glorv \wrn;rnth. Purplish Crimson. Magenta, and the
HI; '-'i';.r., Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Mrs. Geo. West, Elma
, 1 [• ,, r. 11 ( ■rhnson - Shilowa, Black Hawk, Geo. W.
I hilil- .1 oh „ SInimpton. Fisher's Torch, Defender. Sed

and r:il:.r.j;r„n„.fWf- '' -—---""-

Edwin A. Kiml.iill, r.nil i.l-
I-c/?oic-Modesto, I , .
Thomden, Major I i

Selection of r./, • ' ' ', " - .J' ';?/"?; ~ vfi
Plants: White - Mutual FneiKl. .los H. \\liit_e ; ^e -
low- W. H. Lincoln, C. Chalfant ; Pink- V iviand Morel,
lora ; Bronze-Col. W. B. Smith, Hicks Arnold ; Crim-
son - Geo. W. Childs, J. Shrimpton. Single Stem Pot
— - Mnson, Merza ; Yellow—
rl.iuch; Pink -Mme. F.
1.- d'Or, Rinaldo ; Crim-
_ Shrimpton. Exhibition

B/'^oms .^White-Frunk Ilar.ly, Fee du C^ampsaur, Mme.
Carnot, Western King ; Pink - Viviand Morel, lora. Good
Gracious ; YeUow- Modesto, Golden Wedding, Eugene
Dailledouze, G. J.Warren; Bronze--Chas Davis, Rus-
tique, Nvanza; Crimson-Geo.W. Childs Shilowa, Black
Hawk ; 'Miscellaneous - Chito, yellowish bronze ; Lady
Hanham, golden cerise ; Mrs. Geo. West, rosy purple.
Commercial Blooms ( based upon quality, and ease ot cul-
ture • White-Ivory, Mrs. Henry Robinson, Mrs. Jerome
Jones • Pink-Mrs.'S. T. Murdock, Mme. F. Pemn, Glory
of Pacific; Yellow-Marion Henderson.MajorBonnaffon,
Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones ; Crimson - Geo. W. Childs,

, Chas. Davis,

cks Arnold,
•n Wedding,

ts: White -Mr
Major Bonnailon.
Perrin, Merula ; 1

reached the hearts of the people
id France. There are a few varie-

, Black Ha

Kalli: r ' '

Playfai! \
Marion II- ii.:- -

Christmas; Pini
S. T. Murdock. >i
W. Rieman, Libti

Odd Varieties : Lillian B. Bird,
ns Plume, Pitcher&Manda. Best

• I loroiiiann. Ivory, Midge, Geo. S.

1 ' M 111--, I'ink Ivory, Merula, Lady

- t , ilnrrcU, H. L. Sunderbruch,

, Tr.-iihv. Best Late: White-

Wiii. H. Chadwick, Merry

, II ;,ves, Harry Balsley. Mrs.

s , ii„w-W. H. Lincoln, H.

iljow .Mrs. Jerome Jones.

the exhibit!.

CHRYSANTHEMUM

Many of the midseason varieties are good for Thanlss-
giving and after if planted late. Elmer D. Smith.

Subsection V.- Culture of Chnjsanthemums for
Exhibition.

This branch of cultivation naturally requires more
care than any other, and the cultural side counts for
very little compared with the personal qualities of the
exhibitor after the fls. are delivered
hall. Prize-winiiinu- i- i.h.n- lik-l.iiMt
ture. and i-. tl^'yi-'V. l.u-rlv •, nuitt

It is h:.r.l ti. rMn,-al.. ■.,u^■ inN>l:Mi|.i;I

Chrysanthemum .show. Th.- i : - i ■-• ■ i

more specialized than with ill I ' \

the schedule of prizes is j, i :-; •'■• ■ ii-
should pick out the classes li. mii im - t.. n in. i In
importance of strong stock can hardly be overstated.
Novelties or highly forced plants are more likely to
give poor results than selected stock carefully grown by
the competitor himself. Next to a general comprehen-
sion of Chrysanthemum culture, perhaps the two most
important factors in success are the quality of stock and
the choice of variety. In the biggest exhibitions, novel-
ties are classed by themselves. One of the >
mistakes that beginners make is to depend fc;
upon novelties for general prizes. It is .Ir^irali
change visits with other growers, to fak' tlii' I
tural periodicals, to master the art of -liiiijiniL:
study the analysis of successful varieti.-. I',, m
sired" date. rrri\> n i-n.l^ -■.■m lir u-nl tolia^tm lai.' \

CHRYSANTHEMUM

309

are: Wtiit.-

Queen. Mrs.

BonnafFon,_

orgiana

111, UoKU-u We.hliii-. Mi

-Morel. Mrs. Perrin. JI.-ii

W. M.

SECTION n.-CULTURE OF MARGUERITES IXDOORS.
There are two types of Marcrni rirr-:. rlip r-.MiniinTi .ne,
or Paris Daisy, with coar-;. r : -. • ^- _■■ ■ ' tin-

glaucous Marguerites, with in , _ .-.■.

The former, C. frutescens. i- ■; .is.

The latter, C. nnethifolium. i- pr.kai.i:, Im i;,i Lr lai-e
specimens. Marguerites are staiidani plants with tlo-
rists and in the conservatories of amateurs, being of
easy culture and remarkably free from enemies. They
are cultivated for two distinct j'lirposes, — for tut -flow-
ers and for speciim n li.iii-.. . iiiil.- plants being used
for the former pui ] k r ones for the lat-

ter. For cut-flower^, ■ , .in> rooted in spring,

and the florists usiiaii. i.-'Iiim ii, nits in pots all sum-
mer outdoors, though ilus js not necessary for amateurs,
and fls. are produced during the following winter. It is
sometimes said that Marguerites do not lift well in the
fall after being planted out all summer in the garden,
and that unrestricted root-room makes the plants too
large for the best production of cut-flowers. The prin-
ciples underlying the matter are as follows : in turning
plants out of pots into the open ground in
spring, a plant that has filled its pot well
with roots tends to make a much more '=' ■ '-

compact root-system in the garden than the
plant that had but a few roots in its pot
and the former plant is easily lifted in the
fall and with less damatre to the roots As
a matter of fact, JIarguerites do not belong
to the class of plants that are difficult to lift
in the fall, and it is only a matter of start
ing the cuttings early enough in spring to '
get the plant moderately pot-bound before
it is planted out into the open ground y
Specimen plants are most attractive in the 'V,
second winter following the spring in which
cuttings were struck. After that they aie
likely to become too large and straggling
While "in the garden the fls. should not be
allowed to form, if the main object is high
grade cut-flowers in quantitv for the wintei
Old plants that are unfit for further U'-e in

lemand it could
V month of the
tis without any
■1 with some fo-
lic forethought,
they will look
very few con-

rather small. If there w.rr ■oilli.-imt

be easily managed to h,i ■ :'.- >■

year. It is a great pity i - ^1 _

foliage. Theruleistliat
liage, especially their iiw II, Wnh a li
just as many fls. can be secured, am
much prettier and last longer. There !
servatories without some Marguerites. An excellent
plan is to have a number of plants in 6-inch pots from
cuttings struck the previous spring. A plant looks
bad at first when the fls. have been removed on sprays
a foot long, but in a short time they are ready for cut-
ting again. With a little management a succession of
H--, can h<- maintained wittionT making all the plants

I n,,-:_nTlv, Siirli , , , fa V < wiU last a WBck or two

II I i iIm Mjniiinu ■■! iln- larger buds is an addi-

. ' .' : :■< III Inaiiity wlial, is lost if Hs. are cut with
-iKiii -I. Ill- and without luiiau'e. Robert SHORE.

The oldest of the outdoor types are the Pompons
(Fig. 45U), which produce from 40-100 buttons an inch
or two across, with short and regular rays. Such plants
can be left outdoors all winter. A selection of these old-
fashioned kinds is given on page 307, under head of "(8)
Pompon." Since the large-flowering or Japanese types
have come in, numberless attempts have been made to
grow them outdoors, but with poor results. The green-
house varieties are not so hardy. In the north they are
likely to be killed by the winter. Their fls. usually lack
in size, depth and symmetry, largely because there are
more of them on a plant than a florist allows for his best
blooms, but chiefly because they do not get as much care
in general as is given to plants under glass, where
space is precious. For the very best results. Chrysan-
themums must be flowered under glass, and they need
the greatest care and forethought practically all the
year round. Half-way measures are unsatisfactory.
Thus it happens that the .Japanese varieties are usually
unsatisfactory out of doors, and the Pompons are chosen
by those who can give very little care to plants and
would rather have many small fls. than a few large ones.
This also partly explains why no two dealers recommend
anything like the same list of Japanese varieties for
outdoor culture. Nevertheless, it is possible to grow ex-
cellent fls. 4 and 5 or even 6 in. across outdoors, but it
requires staking, disbudding, and some kind of tem-
porary protection, as of a tent or glass, during frosty
weather. Pig. 458 shows a cheap and simple structvire
of coldframe sashes resting on a temporary framework.
In severe weather a canvas curtain can be dropped in
front, and the window of a warm cellar in the rear
opened to temper the air. Fig. 458 is taken from Gar-
den and Forest 1:.';23, where J. N. Gerard has left a de-
tailed and delightful account of his success, which is
sure to rouse the enthusiasm of expert amateurs. For
general outdoor culture, however, where no special care

the ■

ned (

protecting Chrysanthemums that are to bloom outdoors

310

CHRYSANTHEMUM

is given to the plants, the Japanese kinds are usually
less satisfactory than the Pompons. These Pompons are
a much neglected class since the rise of the large-flow-
ered Japanese kinds, but they are unlike anything else
in our garden flora. Their vivid and sometimes too
artificial colors harmonize with nothing else at Thanks-
giving time, and they are so strong and commanding
that they should have a place by themselves. It is not
uncommon for the fls. to be in good condition even after
se%-eral light falls of snow, and they may be considered
the nii>-t IV -i f:iT^t t.. f.-, i-t ,,f any garden herbs. In

fact, tli'H !" ,! II 1 M lining after the landscape

is coiuji. . . I issive frosts. The fls.

are imi i i ; , tals are wet and then

frozen ^iiil I'ln \ n. i Luually for mass effects of
color, and great size is not to be expected. Masses of
brown and masses of yellow, side by side, make rich
combinations. The whole tribe of crimsons, amaranths,
pinks, and the like, should be kept by themselves, be-
cause their colors are variable and because they make a
violent contrast with yellow, which few persons' can ren-
<ier agreeable.

The preceding remarks have applied wholly to varie-
ties of C. Indicum and C. morifnUiiw. Tin 'niltiii. of
all the other outdoor' species is too i n^v to mi .1 iiii\ tUr
ther remarks, except in the case of (.....,;.//„', inii.i
known as Pyrethrum roseum. In lli. .iilii-iainn i.i m
namental plants in general, and of lianij , hLiljan uus
plants in particular, few cases are so striking as the
great popularity of Pyrethrum roseum in the Old World,
and the feeble and uncertain hold that it has in America.

W. M.

SECTION rV".-CULTUEE OP PYKl

s possibly
England,

CHRYSANTHEMUM

dozen of the best would be : Ascot, peach-pink ; Apol-
lyou, bright pink; James Kelway, brilliant red ; Oliver
Twist, cream ; Mary Anderson, flesh -pink ; Princess
Marie, pure white; Ruth, rose, tipped with white; Stan-
ley, deep carmine-rose; Merry Hampton, dazzling crim-
son ; lanthe, rose ; Ochroleuca, sulphur, and Devon-
shire Cream, cream color. a. Herrington.

Pyrethrum roseum in its numerous varieties
may never become as popular in Amer
owing to the fact that it is not hardy under all soil and
exposure conditions in the climate of northern United
States. With the proper soil conditions and such atten-
tion as may be necessary,
it is possible to raise Pyre-
thrums to the best advant-
age and with splendid flow-
ering results. The ideal
soil for Pyrethrums is a
rich, sandy loam that is
sufBciently porous to pre-
vent stagnant moisture
accumulating about the
crowns of the plants. This
i^ till- lirst and principal
i-^i iitial in the culture of
l'\.itlinmis. While they
lia\i- h'-.-n grown to com-
jiaratLvely good advantage
in soils of a clayey nature,
yet unless extreme care is
taken to prevent this ac-
cumulation of moisture
about the crowns, sad
havoc is frequently made
during severe winters,

^^

hardy cii.inL'li in "■
sented to-day in tij
should command utti

easy to grow. An>
them, but they ar*
ground should 1" i

to their flowerin,
(and byconse(|iii I -
they are material 1\
anything that tnnK
is best perform. .1 I
may be lifti-.l. .lii il

sible

conditionsof a retentive clayey soil, yet in n. 1i in -tan. is,

coldframe culture is preferable to iir| i _ n| . n the

plant to take care of itself under .ml;: ■ i,-.

Aside from the danger of winter-kil, J . ; , ilie

danger of crown rot during extremely \i l t ju i luU- m Lot
weather. In many instances, valuable collections have
been quite lost owing to this trouble and the lack of ap-
preciation of the fact that this trouble could be easily
remedied by cutting away the rotting foliage nearly to
the ground, so as to admit light and air to the center of
the crowns to induce fresh and healthy growth. In late
autumn, however, this would not be a successful treat-
ment, except in a modifii-.l dcgnc. Fn.ni a commercial

point of view, Pyi-.tlu am- ai. : I- till ni.i>t difficult

of plants to hanlll. :' , ' ■■' ■ ■ ■■( .r.iwn rot,

which is the most i m shipping

plants. They an ai ..It plants to

Sii.

from 1

'in:,U

■',"'.

To sel

1"'"'-

easy, x
name.l
andd.

dayis .a .am 1
A few, howf\a
«armine-red ;
white ; Alfred
way, clear ro>
petals of pale
large; Melton,

1' : 1

t tuu: L,.r.l Koseberry,
i'Il.)w; Aphrodite, pure
1 1 purple ; Leonard Kel-
■ii-'bt yellow, with gxiard
s Ultra, white, and very
Solfaterre, cream; Prin-

Pyrethrums once established in this country is easily
shipped by means of our quick express transportation,
if a little care is given to ventilation as well as to pack-
ing the plants us dry as possible. The confusion in the

to 100 vai-a :> ■, • ■: . ■ . '■■ III -tnl :;r,at,a- nnnilinr.
At the pr. -■ ■. '.,,..■ ai- i.an in - . t 1 M'. iliiiiiiis
arecatal.i.i.'ia .', ■ a inu^tna. - il,.. _-m at inter-

est taken in till- i-iii ta niar plant in iaif. .p., is r\ i.i. nee
that many varieti<-s must be very similar where the range
of color extends only from pure white through shades of
scarlet to purple, and with only a few varieties that are
in any way a satisfactory yellow shade. The yellow-
flowered forms at best are hardly deeper than a rich
buff or light lemon, and while these shades are distinctly
yellow in their effect, still there is no clear golden yellow
yet offered in the trade. j. Woodward Manncjg.

CHRYSANTHEMUM

Alphabetical list of species of Chrysanthemums de-
scribed below (many of these names are more familiar
as Pyrethrums): C. achilleaefolium, 1; anethifolium, 9;
atrosaiiguineum, 10 ; atiremn, i ; Balsamita, 12 ; Bur-
ridgeanum, 5 ; carinatum, 5 ; cinerariaefolium, 11; coc-
cineum, 10; coronarium, 7 ; corymbosum, 2; Dttnnetli,5;
fCBnicHtaceunijQ; frutescens, 8; hybrid urn, 10; Indicum,
19; Japoniciim , 19 ; lacustre, 15 ; latifolitim, 15 ; Leu-
canthemum, 18; maximum, 16; morifolium, 20; multi-
caule, 14; parthenifolium, 4 ; Parthenium, 3 ; prfealtum,
4; P.roseum, 10; C. segetum, 13; Sinense, 20; tri-
color, 5 ; Tchihatohewli, fi; uliginosum, 17; venustum, 5.

A. Zrvs. cut to the midrib or nearly so,

B. Fls.borne in corymbs, i.e., flat-topped, dense clusters.

c. Says yellow.

1. aohilleaeJolium, DC. {Ae'liillea aitrea. Lam.). Per-
ennial, 2 ft. high : stem usually unbranched, except along
the creeping and rooting base : stems and Ivs. covered
with fine, soft, grayish white hairs, oblong in outline,
about 1 in. long, iiin. wide, finely cut: rays 7-8, short, a
little longer than the involucre. Siberia, Caucusus.—
Rare in cult. Less popular than the Achilleas with larger
flower clusters.

cc. Itays white.
D. stems grooved, striate, or angled.

2. corymbdsum, Linn. Robust perennial, 1-1 ft. high:
stem branched :it tin- ajNX : l\ s. sometimes 6 in. long,
3 in. wide, widt>t ^ii iniM.ll. ;iii.l t;ipering both ways, cut
to the very midnli. iIm >ri;iii. nts alternating along the
midrib. Eu., N. Afn.a. ( au.asus. G. C. 11. 20: 201.-
Rare in cult. Si:'gnicnts may be coarsely or finely cut,
and Its. glabrous or villous beneath.

3. Parthenium, Bernh. Fevekfew. Glabrous per
ennial, 1-3 ft. high : stem usually branched, especially
toward the top: flower chi-^t.r x.ini.tiiius very open and
loose, especially in cultivati.. II : tN. Sin. across, whitish:
rays twice as long as the invcjlui-r. : jiappus a minute
crown. Naturalized from Ku. an.l .-..aiici from old gar-
dens in Atlantic states.— The single fi.nn cult, in old
physic gardens, and the full double white form com-
monly cult, for ornament. Foliage has a strong, bitter
odor. The foliage plants commonly advertised under
this specific name belong to No. 4.

DD. Stems not grooved or striated,
i. prae41tum, Vent. (P. parthenifdlium, WiUd.). Per-
ennial, 6 in. high or more : pubescent, or becoming

CF.RYSANTHEMUM

311

nearly smooth: rays thrice as long as the involucre. Asia
Minor, Persia. Var. aikreum, Hort. {P.aiireum, Hort. ), is
the Golden Feather commonly used for
carpet 1 edd n It ha j ellow fol age

aureum crispum,

ti I I u 1 d like parsley.

lac malum Ho t., are distinct

glaucum Ho t., has dusty

1 er unt 1 the second year.

All the ■ -

n lered not di;

0 cannitum h (

/

\. 1.). Fig. 460.

C labro s annu 1 t h h

t nmu

1 1 ranched: Ivs.

rather fle hy fl about n a

th tvpicallv white

ra nd Ho r n at th 1

se Summ f. These two

colo t h w th he la k

P pl

d k gave rise to

the n m 1 Th i

1 t

11 ntroduced into

E 1 n 1 f n Al 1

t d in B.M. 508

(1 yt) B 1 t 1

1 t 1

ppeared (F.S.

11 1099) In It, S I 1 t

1 1

s appeared in

a t a n mt odu 11 II

I 1

f (',.lrlu..tcr,

Eng and known /

II rt. !-rc I-;.M.

50 wh h how 1

1

1 ra\ V. aiiilin^'

a f u h lo t 1 1

1 1

11 1 n'.ii! Mirir.l

is h n m t h r 1 g u. Thire are

full d ul 1 t m n yellow marg ned red, and white,

ma g n d r 1 the fl 3 m across (see R H. 1874: 410).

Se 1 o Cn 0 p 440 10 p 213 and'l 319. R.H. 1874,

p 41 S H 4 —The commonest and gaudiest of

annual Chr santhemum ea Iv d t ngu shed by the

k 1 d o r dged s ales of mvol ere and the dark purple

disk. " Carinatum" means "keeled."

cc. Disk yelloxv.

D. Height less iJian 1 ft.

6. Tchih^tchewii, Hort. Turfing Daisy. Densely

tufted plant for carpeting dry, waste places. Height 2-9

312

CHRYSANTHEMUM

in.: stems numerous, rooting at the base: foliage dark
green, finely cut: fls. borne profusely for several weeks
in midsummer : rays white. Siberia or Asia Minor ?
R.H. 18U9. p. 380 and 1897, p. 470. Gn. 26. p. 443. -Prop,
by division of roots or simply by cutting the rooted
st«ms, but chiefly by seeds. This has never been fully
described, and it is possible that the Ivs. may not be cut

the midr

rit.

DD. Height more than 1 ft.
E. Plants annual.

7. coronJtTium, Linn. (Anthemis corondria, Hort.).
Height 3-4 ft.: Ivs. bipinnately parted, somewhat clasp-
ing or eared at the base, glabrous, the segments closer
together than in O. carinatum: involucral scales broad,
scarious : rays lemon colored or nearly white. July-
Sept. Mediterranean. Gn. 26:467. G.C. II. 19: 541.-
The full double forms, with rays reflexed and imbricated,
are more popular than the single forms. This and C.
carinatum are the common " summer Chrysanthemums."
This is common in old gardens, and is also slightly used
for bedding and for pot culture.

EE. Plants perennial.

F. Greenhouse plants, shrubby at the base: stems

branched at the top : rays white or lemon.

Q. Foliage not glaucous.

8. frut6BoenB, Linn. Marguerite. Paris Daisy.
Pig. 461. Usually glabrous, 3 ft. high : Ivs. fleshy,
green : fls. numerous, always single : rays typically
■,vhite, with a lemon-colored (never pure yellow or
golden) form. Canaries. G.C. II. 13:561. Gn. 12. p.
255; 17, p. 5, and 26, p. 445. -Int. into Eng. 1699. This
is the popular florists' Marguerite, which can be had in
flower the year round, but is especially grown for
winter bloom. Var. grandifldrum, Hort., is the large-fld.
prevailing form. The lemon-colored form seems to have
originated about 1880. Under this name an entirely dis-
tinct species has also been passing for about a century,
yet it has never been advertised separately in the Amer.
trade. See No. 9.

(JG. Foliage glaucous.

9. anethifdlium, Brouss. (<7. faeniculAceum, Steud.
P. fa-niciildceum.vnT. bipinnatlfidnm, BC). Glaucous
Marguerite. Fig. 462. Rarer in cult, than No. 8 (which
see), but distinguished by its glaucous hue and by the
way in which the Ivs. are cut. The segments of No. 9
are narrower, more deeply cut, and more distant. The
Ivs. are shorter petioled. Canaries.— The dried speci-
men in the Garden Herbarium of Cornell University

462. Leaves of common and glaucous Mareuerites (.Chry-
santhemum frutescens and anethifolium).
Showing the difference. Glaucous kind on the right.

Experiment Station from a plant long cultivated in
Sage conservatories was identified by L. H. B. with the
picture in Andrews' Botanical Register 272, published

CHRYSANTHEMUM

early in the century, since when the plant has almost
never been mentioned in garden literature. This spe-
cies is doubtless cult, in Amer. greenhouses as C. fru-
tescens. A lemon-fid. form
is shown in R.H. 1845:61
but erroneously called C.
frutescens.

FF. Hardy herbs : stem»

usually unbranched :

rays white or red,

yelloiv.

a. Foliage not glaucous:

fls. sometimes double.

10. coccineum, Willd.

(Pijrethrum rdseum, Bieb.

Mint

Geranium— Chrysanthe-

Batsamita. var.

P. hi/brirlum. Hort.). Fig. 463. Glabrous, 1-2 ft. high:
stem iHurillv iiTihrrmched, rarely branched at the top :
Ivs. fill' 'i<>l L'l, ,n, or in dried specimens dark brown:
involii. ,: . . ^ fill a brown margin: rays white or
red ill ' ii I I— a^ pink, carmine, rose, lilac, and
iiifs tipped yellow, but never wholly
Persia. F.S. 9:917. Gn. 26, pp. 440,
5:309. R.H. 1897, p. 521. Not B.M.
opifolium. The first picture of (

criin^.m. iiii'l -liiii.t
j'ellow. Caucasus,
443. Gng. 2:7 and
1080, which is C. co
full double fonu u
most :import;iiii u
ceous kinds. I
cultural varirt i-
a high disk. I li.
Prance for iuseci )
said to be a good

s R.H. 18C.4:71.-This species is the

m1 \;iriil.].' if :i"] fhe hardy herba-

' . . ■ I, ; : - I'liin named horti-

I . ' < ~ 11 : "iir-fld. form with

-in I. - i~ ,11 .. I ult. in Calif, and

.jwiiri. c . atnf.,.iii,ji(ineum, Hort., is

horticultural variety with dark crim-

GO. Foliage glaucous : fls. never double.
11. cinerariaefolium. Vis. Glaucous, slender, 12-15 in.
high : siiiHs uiit.r:inched, with a few short, scattered
hairs b.ldw the tl.: Ivs. long-petioled, silky beneath,
with (li^t:iiit s.giiiiiits : involucral scales scarious and
whitish at the apex. Dalmatia. B.M. 6781. — The chief
source of Dalmatian insect powder. Rarely cult, as a
border plant. Common in botanic gardens.

CHRYSANTHEMUM

AA. Lvs. not cut I

B. Fls. borne in flat-topped clusters.

12. Balsdmita.Willd. (ranacedoM Balsdmifa,Ijinn.).

Tall and stout : lvs. sweet-scented, oval or oblong, ob-

CHBTSANTHEMUM

313

long as broad, while in C. )
as long as broad. H. Cann
C. lacustre is 2 ft. high an
maximum. With WouiNoii
ft. high. The rays in li-.
usual.

16. miximtiin, Ramond.
narrower lvs. than No. 15, J
base. Height 1 ft.

465. Chrysanthc

tuse, margined with blunt or sharp teeth, lower ones
petioled, upper ones almost sessile, the largest lvs. 5-11
in. long, 13^-2 in. wide. W. Asia. -Typically with short
white rays, but when they are absent the plant is var.
tanacetoidea, Boiss. Costmary. Mint Geranium. Pig.
464. Also erroneously known as lavender. This has es-
caped in a few places from old gardens.

BB. Pis. borne singly on the branches or stems.
c. Plants annual : foliage glaucous : rays golden

yellow.
1.3. segitum, Linn. Corn Marigold. Annual, 1-lKft.
high : lvs. sparse, clasping, very variable, incisions
coarse or fine, deep or shallow, but usually only coarsely
serrate, with few and distant teeth. .June-Aug. Eu.,
N. Afr., W. Asia. Gn. 18. ].. l:'.". K.TI. 1S95, pp. 448,
449.-Var. grandiildrum, H"i K, i^ a laiLvr-tl.l. form of
this weed, which is common iri ilir llnLli-^h i^rain iields.
The var. Cloth of Gold, J.H. 1 1 1. !_■ : ( t... .s probably the
best. This species is much less popular than P. carina -
turn and coronarium. It is also forced to a slight extent
forwinter bloom. " Segetum" means " of the corn fields."

14. multioavlle, Desf. Glabrous and glaucous annual,
6-12 in. high : stems numerous, simple or branched,
stout, terete : lvs. fleshy, variable, usually linear-
spatulate, 1-3 in. long and yi-% in. broad , very coarsely
toothed or lobed, sometimes shorter, with few narrow-
linear, acute, entire segments about 1 line broad : rays
much shorter and rounder than in No. 13, Algeria.
B.M. 6930.-Rarer in cult, than No. 13. Said to be use-
less as a cut-flower.

CC. Plants perennial fol age i ot qla ico is ( rcept

wi'd forms of Vo 20)

D. Nays II lira ys white fls never do ible j t II j

never cult under glass

15. lacustre, Brot (CI ^
This is endlessly conf 1

dens, and the two spe

to distinguish. The fl I st e

Is a taller and mu h u I me

times it is branched at I 1 1 (

maximum is always 1 fl i I 1 I

branched : lvs. partly 1 th

coarse, hard teeth : fls i \ 1

rays about 1 in. long \%\\ 1 r v ared

Portugal, along rivers swamps and lake R H lbo7
p. 4.56. — According to R Irwin LyncI m Cn '6 p 441
C. lacustre has coriaceous, oval lvs, about 3 times as

. the lvs. are 5 times
iley, Eng., says that
."! weeks before C.
. X. .J., it grows 4-5
rather shorter than

Fig. 46G. This species has
,nd they are narrowed at the
nore angled than the above,
iimple or branched at the very base, always 1-fld. and
leafless for 3-4 in. below the fl. : lower lvs. petioled,
wedge-shaped at the base, lanceolate, dentate from the
middle to the apex; stem-lvs. sessile, wide- or narrow-
lanceolate, typically sernate throughout their whole
length, but variable, as in Fig. 466 : pappus none : in-
volucral scales narrower and longer, whitish-transpa-
rent at the margin, while those of C. Uicustre are
broader, more rounded at the apex, and with a light
brown, scarious margin. Pyrenees. — For other pictures
of these two species, see J.H. III. 5:25, and Gn. 26, p. 437.
Var. filifbrmis.'Hort., "with long, narrow, thread-like
petals." Int. 1899. Var. Triumph has "fls. 4 in. across,
with broad, overlapping petals."

17. uliginosum, W-r^^.i P. lilnjiiitisii m ,Wn\:U\.). Giant
Daisy. Stout, i-n-i't Imsli. 4-.'i ft. Iii^'li. with liaht green
foliai;>-: stem nearly frlabvoiis. striatr, branching above,
rather detplr scrr'ati-, roui;liisli : Ms. 2-:( in. across.
Hungarv. B."M.270(;. A.F. 4: .52:iand 8: 813. Gng.2:375
and 5: 183. A. G. 19:403. R.H. 1894, p. 82. Gt. 46, p. 103.
G. C. II. 10: 493. Gn. 26, p. 442 and 38, p. 523. -Next to C.
coccineiim,, this is the most popular of the hardy herba-
ceous kinds. In A. F. 4: 465 Wm. Falconer shows a 2-
year-old plant 6 ft. high, 17 ft. in circumference at a
point 4 ft. from the ground, and carrying thousands of
flowers. It blooms the first year from seed or division,
and has been forced for Easter somewhat as Hydrangea
pnnic«;a/a can be treated. Excellent for cut-fls. The

Fg 46o

n gar

1 I flicult

466. Chrysanthe:

blossoms should be cut soon after opening, as the disks
darken with age. The plant needs a rich, moist soil,
and deserves a greater popularity. " Uliginosum " means
"inhabiting swampy places."

314

CHRYSANTHEMUM

18. Leuc&nthemuin, Linn. Ox-eye Daisy. White-
weed. Fig. 467- Glabrous weed, 1-2 ft. high : root-lvs.
long-petloled, with a large, oval blade and coarse,
rounded notches; stem-
Ivs. lanceolate, becom-
ing narrower toward
the top, serrate, with
few distant and sharp-
er teeth. June, July.
Eu., N. Asia. -One of
the commonest weeds
in the eastern states,
being the characteristic
plantof New England's
wornout meadows.

The daisies are never
cultivated, but they
are often gathered for
decoration, and make
excellent cut-flowers.
See. also, Daisy.

DD. Mays many-cvl-
ored : fls. often
double • the com-
mon "Chrysantlie
mums " of the flo

19 tndicum, Linn
{(' Japdniium
Thunb I The wild
plints nitive to China
and Jipui ire dwirfer

thi

ifoli

vith :

thr

Neithtr tln^ sp, ( i. ^ nor th n
and the nun, t,n,ii \,s Lmu
This sp, „s li„ \ ,11. I _n itl
pro.,'tm his h,,n h\l.n.lu .l«it
Neither species in it-, jniu f >ri
fortunateI\ it is not jxissilile
origin of my of the ni im horti
sections See historaal skttdi
often used in (Terman\ in a w

idc

CHRYSOGONUM

rather moist soil. Strong clumps, 4-6 years old, are
then at their best and are very excellent plants. After
that tlicv shiiulil be divided. Prop, by division or seed.
Blooms in Juih- :md July. j. b. Keller and L. H. B.

CHKYSOBALANUS {golden acorn, from the Greek,
referring to the fruit). Bosicece. Two species in the
warm parts of Amer. and Afr. The Cocoa Plum, C.
Ic&co, Linn., grows on coasts and along streams in S.
Fla., in south to S. Amer., and also in Afr. It is some-
times planted in the extreme south (and in the tropics)
as an ornamental shrub and for its sweetish but Insipid
and dry plum-shaped fruits. The Cocoa Plum is a mere
bush on the northern limits of its distribution, but in
extreme S. Fla. it reaches a height of 25-30 ft. It has
glossy, thick obovate (sometimes obcordate) Ivs.: fls.
small and white, in axillary, erect racemes or cymes ;
calyx 5-cleft, pubescent ; petals 5 ; stamens about 20 :
fr. 1-seeded, often 1 in. in diam., varying from nearly
white to almost black. It is best propagated by seeds,
but may also be had from cuttings of half -ripened wood.

2(1 monfdlium, Ramatuelle ( (7 Sinense Sabine) The
wild plants in Japm iiid fhini lu moi, lubust thin C
Induum 2-4 ft In 1 m i i 1 t t tt ,th

very variable 1\ s > ' i ii

smuateh cut nn.l I i 1 1

oled and glaueou i ili

scarious margins . h ui i i nt nth li 1 I In p
cies was founded u] ii i iilii\ ir 1 m i I ill t nii ind
there have been dill i iif pin n i t tli ipiiiil
wild progenitor Tin il >m 1 tiiiiti ii i minlji^ mint
of Hemsley's, m G C III 6 o22 B M (27 lerr npi.usly
named V Indicum.) Fig 468 is the origin vl double
purple flowered, partly quilled variety, on whu h R ima
tut lie, in 1792 founded the species C moiifoliiim
C inodorum Linn =Matricaria modora W M

CHBTSOBACTKON (qolden uand from the Greek)
Lili(ite(p Two New Zealand bulbs bearing many small
yellow fls m a long raceme on the top of an elongated
scape Plant often dicecious \ ery closely ilhed to
Anthericum, with which Baker unites it whereas
Bentham & Hooker refer it to Bulbinella. C. Hodkeri,
Colenso, is in cult, in this countrv. It is a hardy plant
2-3 ft. high, with sword-like foliage. B.M. 4602. -Cult.
in the ordinary border, and treated like the Asphodel,
they do well, but are vastly improved in rich, deep and

.f^%f\

/%!

468 The famous old purpi
Chrysanthemum
One of the epoch mikiii„ 1
flowering forms of f m iif I
From the original picture in
Botanicd Magazine tor Feb
1796 plate 327

CHEYSdDIUM See Acrostichum

CHEYSOGONUM (Greek-made name, ffoMen knee or
joint). Composite. C. Virgriniinum, Linn., is a peren-
nial yellow-fld. plant of S. Penn. and south, which is
sometimes cult, as a border plant. It blooms in spring
or early summer on stems which become 1 ft. high, the

^

CHRYSOGONUM

heads being solitary and peduncled in the axils. Lvs.
ovate and mostly obtuse, crenate. Prop, by creeping
rootstocks and runners. Of little merit horticulturally.

CHEYSOPHfLLUM (Greek, fifo/dew hiif, in reference
to the color of the under surface of the handsome leaves ) .
Sapoiacea. Many species of trees, with milky juice,
widely distributed in the tropics. Fls. small, solitary at
the nodes or in fascicles ; calyx mostly 5-parted ; corolla
tubular-campanulate, usually 5-lobed or -parted ; sta-
mens 5, standing on the corolla tube: fr. usually fleshy,
sometimes edible. C. Cainlto, Linn., is the Star Apple,
Fig. 469. The fruit is the size of an apple, symmetrically

315

CHBYS6PSIS (golden appearance,' from the heads).
Compdsitce. Allied to Solidago and Erigeron; N. Ameri-
can. Heads of medium size and many-fld., usually with
numerous yellow rays ; involucre bell-shaped or hemi-
spherical, of imbricated bracts : akenes compressed,
bearing a pappus of numerous hair-like bristles. C. vil-
Idsa, Nutt., is the only species in the trade. It is widely
distributed from 111. W., N. and S. : 1-2 ft., gravish
pubescent : lvs. oblong to lanceolate, entire or few-
toothed : heads usually at the ends of leafy branches,
aster-like in shape. Extremely variable, and has several
named forms. Mn. 7:101. Var. Biitteri, Rothr., is larger
and later. Of value as a border plant. Cult, the same
as Aster. Perennials, but bloom the first year from
seed, if sown early. L H B

CHRYSOSPLfiNIUM AMERICANDM, Schw. (name
from ;/i-/(/i /( :uid sphvit, referring to some old medicinal
tradition). ,S'(ij//"cn(/(icffp. A native plant creeping
in mud, which is sold for bog-planting. Stems fork-
ing, bearing roundish or cordate small mostly opposite
lvs., with very small, nearly sessile, greenish, incon-
spicuous fls. Scarcely known in cult.

CHRYStEUS CYNOSUEOlDES. See Lamarckia.

CHUFA. The i

ubterranean tubers of Cyperus
HI, )i!iiii, ijiiiii.. niucu prized in the S. They are eaten
V nr l.;(k<(l. "I- u>>mI for the making of coffee. The plant
-Miii.tiiiM^ lult. in the N.. but it will not withstand the
iiti-r. Tin- tul.i-rs are oblong, ^/i-% in. long, cylindri-
, hard. The plant is grass-like, and in the N. does
t flower. Nuts are planted in the spring, and the new
ready for digging in the fall.

globular and smooth. A cross-section shows the star-
shaped core, whence the common name. It varies from
white to purple in color of skin and also of flesh. The
pulp is drliri,.us iii^,..l uiii-,H,kril) if till- fniit is allowed
to remain .m tlir tivr miiil i-i|.r. It 1,:,- l.n-v. puuipkin-

like seed-. 'I'lir tirr ,-, arllrs a l|,i-|,I , , f L'."". to. -Ill ft. JtlS

I.H. 32;0li7. A.U.ll:40.j. C. oliviSorme, Lam., is also in
the Amer. trade, but as au ornamental plant. It is a
smaller West Indian tree, native also in extreme S. Pla.
Lvs. like those of the last: stigma 5-crenate (in G. Cai-
nito 8-10-crenate) : fr. ovoid-oblong and small, 1-seeded,
blackish, insipid. These plants are allied to the Sapodillo.

The various species of Chrysophyllum have beautiful
broad green leaves, ^ith under surfaces of a silky texture,
varying in color from a silvery white, through golden, to

a russet brown, and are well worth a |ilarr in il ou-

servatory as ornamental trees. Byi:i\iim ilnni -uiVnitiit
room, they will bear fruit in the "(■■mr-. .it ;i i, ,v \rar-,
under .glass, which in the case of t'. i'n^m'". ijjc Star
Apple of the West Indies, is edible, and well lik.-.l iven
by people of a temperate clime. All species are strictly
tropical, and cannot be grown where frosts occur unless
properly protected. Propagation is ordinarily effected
by seeds, which readily germinate if planted when fresh,
and it is stated that all species may be grown from cut-
tings of well-ripened shoots placed in strong, moist heat.
The soil most suited for their growth is of a sandy char-
acter, and if not of a good quality should be well manured,
using a considerable proportion of potash in the fertilizer
for fruiting specimens. They seem to do well on a
great variety of soils, however, that are sufficiently well
drained, wet land not agreeing with them.

E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B.

CHEYSOPOGON {golden beard}, (iramlnem. Very
like Andropogon, with which some authors unite it :
differs in having spikelets in pairs (or sometimes in 3's),
the lateral ones stalked and stirile or cd'tiii rrdufcd to
mere pedicels, oidy tin- middlo or t.Tiiiinai on.- I'.-rtile.
Cnitans, Benth. ( ,1 n. //■../. .../..// .ir, loi, , ;(.<-. Mi.dix. i, is in
the trade. It is native on dry sod.- in tin- t ast.in U. S.,
growing 2-5 ft. high : perennial : culm unbranched,
terete: lvs. glaucous and narrow, short: panicle narrow,
with nodding, shining yellowish spikelets. Useful for
the wild border.

crop

CHtSIS (<
masses). Or-
chids found
Pseudobulbs
the base, leafy uii

for iiiilting, alluding to the pollen

'■'t. tribe I'dndetB. A genus of or-

roj). Ani.'r., pendulous from trees.

ly -piudle-shaped, attenuate toward

ard- : lvs. broadly-lanceolate, plicate,

conspicuously nerved, bases sheathing: fls. fleshy, few

to many, in lateral racemes from the young growths ;

lateral sepals adnate to base of column ; labellum 3-

lobed, with 5 whitish callosities near the base. The

species bloom in spring and early summer. Handsome

orchids, requiring tropical treatment ; not largely

grown in American collections. Remove to a lower or

intermediate temperature when resting. Grown in pots

or baskets, in peat and moss.

adrea, Lindl. About 1 ft. high : lvs. about 5, lU-15 in.
long: fls. 2 in. in diam. ; petals and sepals oval-oblong,
reddish yellow, pale yellow at the base: lateral lobes of
Inlielluni incurved, midlobe roundish, .spotted with red
and y.llow. S. Amer. B.M. 3617. -There is a var.
maculata.

bractescens, Lindl. Sepals and petals cuneate-oblong,
.(.nravo: lal.cllnni white outside, yellow, streaked and
stain, d with n-d inside: fls. 3 in. in diam. From Mex.,
foun.l at an aliiiudo of 1,500 ft. B.M. 5186. R.H. 1859,
pp. L".il.J',i.'i. 1.11.27:398. J.H. III. 28:263.-One of the
most sh.nvy oivhnls.

laevis, Lindl. More robust than the preceding: lvs.
shorter than the pseudobulbs : racemes 9-10-fld., from
among sheathing scales of new growth ; fls. 2)4 in. in
diam. ; sepals bright yellow, upper one linear-oblong,
lateral ones acuminate, about 1 in. long; petals yellow,
falcate ; labellum yellow with streaks and dots of
orange. Mex., 1840.

Limminghei, Lind. & Reichb. f. Stems short : ra-
cemes about ."> lid. ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate,
blush-white tippod \\iili msy mauve; lateral lobes of
labellum obtn-i . m l|o» -iriaked with crimson, mid-
lobe large, pink lilar stii|"-d with rose-mauve. From
Mex., near the sea-coast. B.M. 5265.

Ch^lsonl, Hort. {O. bractescens xC. lavis). Pseudo-
bulbs narrow : raceme 6 in. long and curved, with 5-6
yellow and purple-blotched fls.

Sedeni, Hort. ( C. Limmingliei x C. bractescens). Fls.
much like those of C. bractescens but smaller, white,
petals with mauve streaks ; lip more like that of O .
L. H. B. Limminghei, yellow or whitish. Oakes Amks.

316

CIBOTIUM

CIBdTlUM (Greek a little seed lessel} Cyathedcem.

470. The Scythian Lamb. ."<

blood, and a root attached to the navel. The plant was
said to resemble a lamb in every respect, but grew on a
stalk about a yard high, and turning about and bending
to the herbage, consumed the foliage within r«-Mc1i. an*!

then pined away with the failurt- ••( iIm 1 1 imfil it

died. Wolves sought it and ate it n- n ii \v . r. :i inn-
lamb. In 1725 Breyne, of DantziL', .h i l;irw| ili:,r tin-
Barometz was only the root of a hiiL'. (■ in, r,,\ , ,, ,| wiih
its natural yellow down aii'i aiiMiiii'iirn. <i |,\ -r. njv,
which had been placed in niuscuiii- in :ni ih\.ii,(l posi-
tion, the better to represeni Tlir ;(|.n, I tiin- . i>l III! I.MT ;
and horns of a quadruped. A.i ;. 1.' : J,.--.

A. Outer valve of the imhisiiim Innji-r, or the viilves
stibequal.

glailcum, Hook. & Am. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, tripin-
nate; pinnules about 6 in. long, taper-pointed; segments
close: outer valve of indusium larger, broader than the
inner: veins once- or twice-forked. Hawaiian Islands.

Btlrometz, J. Sm. Scythian Lamb. Trunkless : lvs.
scented, tripinnate, the lower pinnse ovate-lanceolate ;
pinnules short-stalked, 4-6 in. long, with falcate seg-
ments : valves of the indusium nearly equal : veins
prominent, rarely forked. China.

AA. Outer valve of the indusium smaller than
the inner.

Schi^dei, Hook. Caudex 10-15 ft. high : lvs. oblong-
deltoid, tripinnate, with pinnffi 1-2 ft. long ; segments
falcate, sharp-pointed: sori sparse: veins forked, on the
lowest pinnate. Mexico.

regkle. Linden. Caudex 10-12 ft. high : lvs. oblong-
deltoid, tripinnate, with pmnse 18-24 in. long ; pinnules
sessile, with close, falcate, deeply incised segments :
veins pinnate in the lobes. Mex. L. M. Underwood.

CIBOULE. Consult Onion.

CtCCA. Now combined with Phyllanthus.

CtCER (old Latin name for the Vetch). Lequmindsw.
Pea-like plants, with r.-i.Mrt.-.t .■nb-^, oi,],.,.- tnrgid

and toothed leaflets. 'Sniiil! - '1 n..an-

Asian range. C. arietlnum, 1. • !' -..iiie-

times cult, in vegetable ganh n- !-r iIm . .liM. ny. s,.,.(is.
It is an annual and is cult, tin- same as iaish beans.
Withstands dry weather well. It grows 2 ft. high, making
a bushy, hairy plant. Lvs. with small, roundish leaflets :
fls. white or reddish, small, axUlary. Seed roundish, but
flattened on the sides, with a projection on one side.
Little known in Amer., but much cult, in S. Eu. and Asia.
L. H. B.

CINCHONA

CICHOEIUM (Arabic name). Compiisitw. A very few
Old World herbs, with ligulate corollas, double-rowed
scales tn tlif invohicre, angled akenes, bristly or chaffy
papimv, :,„.] liinn tls. Two species are of interest to the
horti.ultuiisf, ('. /»///6»(s,Linn. (Pig. 436), the Chicory,
and r. /;„./,, ,.;, l,iim.,the Endive. See those entries for
fuller mformatiou.

CIENK6WSK1A. See K,t,npferia.

CIMIClFUGA, Linn, {eimex, a bug ; fuijere. to drive
away). Jimni iir ulin-ew. BuGBANE. Allied to Actiea.
Tall, liarily. In rl.ai'i-ous perennials, ornamental, but bad-
siiielliii^', suiticl tor the back of borders or for partially
shaded pluces in the wild garden. About 10 species, na-
tives of the north temperate zone. Lvs. large, decom-
pound: fls. white, in racemes ; sepals 2-5, petaloid, de-
ciduous; petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed or none : fol-
licles 1-8, many-seeded, sessile or stalked ; stigma
broad or minute. Half shady or open places ; any good
garden soil. Prop, bv seeds and division of roots in fall
or early spring.

Americ&na, Michx. (.4e(«(iprodoca'»-/)a, DC). Slender,
2^ ft. high: lvs. pale beneath: fls. in elongated raceme;
petals 2-homed; pedicels nearly as long as the fl. : fol-
licles 3 or 5, stalked : seeds in 1 row, chaffy : stamens
and pistils usually in same fl. Aug.-Sept. Sloist woods
of Alleghanies.

foetida, Linn. Lvs. bipinnate, terminal 1ft. 3-lobed :
petals of the white fls. often tipped with anthers ; no
staniinodia : follicles 3-5 ; seeds very chaffy. Summer.
Silnria.— Following var. only is cult.

\ar. simplex, Reg. (C. simplex, Wormsk.). Tall and
lianils..ii,i- : fls. short-pedicelled, forming a fine, dense
rai-.iric. and at first pube.scent : follicles short-stalked.
Kaliit-iiatka.

racemdsa, Nutt. (C. serpent&ria, Pursh). Fig. 471.
St. ni :;-,s ft. high : lvs. 2-3 times 3-4-parted ; Ifts.
mostly ovate, firm texture: racemes few, rigidly erect,
often becoming 2 ft. long • follicles rather shorter than
the pedicel, nearly H in. long, short style abruptly re-
curved. Very pretty in fr.,with its two rows of oval fol-
licles always extending upward from the lateral
branches. July-Aug. Georgia to Canada and westward.
Int. 18UI. Gt. 13:443. Gn. 46, p. 269. G.C. II. 10: 557.
D. 79. — The commonest in gardens.

Var. diBs6cta, Gray {C. spicita, Hort.). Lvs. more
compound than the type: small white fls. closely packed
on lateral and terminal branches. Lasting until Sept.
Del. and S. Penn. J.H. III. 33:381.'

CcoTditblia. Pursh. Lvs. very broadly ovatp or nrlii^tilar.
B.M. 2069.— C. elata. Nutt. (C. foetida. Pnr«)' -V.fn^a i 'imi.-if-
uga.Linn.). Used in medicine. Reg.Vei:M' ! i ' la-

pdnico, Spreng. Three ft. high: lvs. very l;n_ is

Pithyrosperma 'acerinum).- O. poimdfM, 'I I ■ t-

teria Carolinensis, Vail. j., < , iiwi-.

CINCHONA (from Countess Chinchon). Jiubiai-ece.
This genus of plants contains, according to Index
Kewensis, 67 species, some of which yield bark con-
taining quinine. The species grow isolated in various
districts of the Andes, at elevations ranging from 2,300
to 9,000 ft., and between 22° S. and 10° N. latitude.
Some of the species are lofty trees, others are mere
shrubs. The lvs. are opposite, with deciduous stip-
ules. The fls. are fragrant, much frequented by hum-
ming birds, white and pink in color, growing in ter-
minal panicles. The calj-x is small, 5-toothed, and
persistent. The corolla has a long tube with 5 short,
spreading, valvate lobes, hairy at the margins. The sta-
mens are 5, included in the corolla. The ovary is 2-
celled, with very numerous ovules inserted on linear
axile placentse. The capsule opens septicidally from
the base upwards. The seeds are small, numerous,
flat and surrounded with a wing.

Commercial Cinchona bark is known under the fol-
lowing names: " Crown," "Loxa," or "Pale bark," yielded
by Cinchona officinalis and its varieties Condaminea,
Uritusinga, crispa; "Red bark," from C. succirubra ;
"Hybrid bark," from hybrids of C. officinalis and C.
succirubra; "Royal," or "Yellow bark," from U. Calisaya

CINCHONA

and its varieties Ledgerinna and verde ; "Carthagena
bark," from C.luncifolia; "Columbian bark," from C.
cordifolia and C. lancifolia ; "Gray bark," from C.
micrantha, C. nilida and C. Peruviana.

Certain alkaloids, namely, quinine, quinidine, cincho-
nine and cinchonidine, occur in these barks in varying
quantities in different species. Tiie^e alkaloi.is possess
powerful antiperiodic, tonic and aiifi-^.i'fi'- v'""!"'''''^
In the barks there are also quim.vi.' ainl ..th. r ari.N.
and other substances possessiu;; :t~Ti-iiii:'iir pfi-p. iilr^
which render them useful in ivrtaiii ca^.s. where the
alkaloids have failed to ^'i\ <• i-elii i.

The bark was introdue.'.l ihm i;iirMpe iu 1640, by the
Countess of Chinchon. wile ..f tie \ i.eroy of Peru;
hence it was called Couiitesv- puwiler aud Peruvian
bark, and also Jesuits' bark, from the knowledge of it
spread by that religious order. The word quinine is de-
rived from the name by which it was known in Peru,
quinaquina, or "bark of barks."

Dr. Ainslie, at the end of tlie eicrl-.tpeiith century, and
Dr. Forbes Rovie, in his w.nk e,, lliinalayan botany in
1839, advocated the intro.lu.th.n ei the trees into India.
At length, in 1859, Clement- Markhain was entrusted by
the government of India witli tiie task of collecting
plants and seeds on the Andes, and establishing them
in India. In his book "Peruvian Bark : a popular ac-
count of the introduction of Cinchona cultivation into
British India," Markham recounts the difficulties in S.

CINCHONA

317

and is now extending its own cultivation with seed
procured from Jamaica. In Ceylon the cultivation was
altuLTetlier ill private hands, and has been abandoned for
tea. In .la\a. the Dutch have been most successful, as
tlie vaiietv /,. r/,,, ,i((,ia, which is very rich in quinine,
is pariieuhirly well suited to the climate. In Jamaica,
the i.'.iveniiiieiit jihitifatiniis haH realise,] )n- sales from
Issii ti. iss7. !, I , :ii,.iiit ss-,,eii,i , , ;ie,i t],,-!! the pHce

.Ap'iri.al. I'.,,;.',,,,-.."-, h:i. I . .1 ,. : ;'i ••'1-hly natur-

tive home.

Culture. — The seedlings maybe raised either in boxes
or in beds. The boxes should not be more than 3 or 4
in. deep. Three-quarter-inch drainage holes should bo
made in the bottom, about 6 in. apart. Whitewash the
boxes or dust them inside with lime. Put pieces of
broken iiower-pots over the drainage holes, and cover
the bottom with gravel to a depth of 1 in. The soil
should be made up of one-third leaf-mold, one-third
good soil and one-third fine river gravel. These should
be thoroughly mixed and passed through a quarter-
inch sieve. Fill the boxes to within one-quarter of
an inch of the top, and slightly water. Sow the seed
evenly, and sprinkleover it some of the sifted soil, only
just covering it. The boxes should be under shade;
sheltered from rain, and watered every day with a verj
fine spray from a watering can. The seedlings will ap-
pear above the ground in 3 or 4 weeks. If the seeds are
sown in beds, they require the protection of a roof slop-
ing south, and supported by posts 4 ft. 6 in. high on the
north, and 3 ft. 3 in. on the south side. The sides may
also have to be covered in. The breadth of the beds is
3 ft., and these should be made up of soil as for the
boxes. The roof projects beyond the south posts suffi-
ciently to keep off direct sunlight, and in the summer
time, at any rate, a narrow north roof must be added at
right angles. If the sheds are built under the shade of
tall trees that keep off direct sunlight, the roof

needed for shelter frc
solely for that purpose,
convenient eist and i>e
-J ^2-3 ft on either side
When the seedlmg', ari

and can be constructed
The shed may run as tar as
It, and others may be added

for s,

In

poi

\ s, ,.llll

idli biou

Jit fre

nth th.

^.^

thi luht hiu.l I 1, , 1 I . t 11

ive the routs without beudin„ oi ciushm^ thtiu Iht

oil is tlieu pressed clo-eh OMi the rootlets with the

)eg Two inches between eai h plant is tnough

ooni At tirst the plants should be shaded, but when

hey are twice orthriceas high as when transplanted,

'° the shading may be gradually removed to harden

/ them for putting out in their permanent positions

The sell and subsoil should be free and open to
1 1 1 11 wh .1, II, d f .i.stliiid. na

Amer. and his final success. The object of the go% em
ment was to put it within the power of the poorest na
tive to purchase a dose, and this aim has been accom-
plished. At any post office in India, a 5-grain dose may
be bought for three pice (IH farthings). The gov
emment not only uses bark from its own plantations,
but buys bark from Cinchona planters at a good price.

, and "w ith a total annual rainfall of

111 n planted out m then permanent

I \ ^, and as soon as they begin to in-
ther's growth, they should be thinned

I I \ at first to prevent this. The bark of

i\ be worth stripping if the price of

In t ikiii-' thi liaik from the trees, there are several
methciils thit ba-se been used. In S. Amer. the tree is
uprooted and the whole of the bark may be taken from
both roc t and strm V second plan is used if shoots
spring Ire in f' i t f'le trmik is PMt throiieh above

the grOlIIl i I ' !-a,,.J i.tkI Tie- -lUlliji hft tO

coppice 1 ~ .,,,,, ,i t,i -row.

The third i ,^ , ; , -. . ;,iel,l l.ark

in succi ssn r, r ihi- [airp-.-.' h.ni;itnilinal

layers of the 1. u k m i, moved from the trunk, and the
exposed surface is sometimes covered with moss; the
bark renews itself, and the "renewed bark" is as rich or

318 CINCHONA

richer in alkaloids than the original. In this way, by
taking successive strips of bark in different years, the
tree yields a continuous supply of bark.

Wm. Pawcett.
Cinchonas are sometime.s seen in collections of eco-
nomic plants, but only one of them seems to be regu-
larly in the trade at this time. This is C. officinalis,
var. Cmidaminea, which Franceschi says is "probably
the least delicate and most easily grown of all Cinchonas."
L. H. B.

CINEEABIA (ash-volored, from the Latin, referring
to the gray foliage). Compisit(r. Herbs or under-shrubs,
closely allied to Senecio, from which they are separated
chiefly by technical characters of the akene. The genus
is variously understood by different authors. As limited
by Bentham & Hooker, it comprises about 25 South
African species, and the common garden Cineraria be-
comes a Senecio. The Cineraria of the florists (Fig.
472) is now much modifled by cultivation. There are
two views of its origin, one holding that it is a direct
development of C. cruenfa, Mass., the other that it is a
hybrid, into which C. cruenfa, C. Ecritieri, C. popiili-
folia, and perhaps others, have probably blended. These
are all natives of the Canary Islands. The writer is in-
clined to believe that it is a direct evolution from C.
cruenta. This species is figured in B. M. 406. For the
more important literature of the recent discu==^o" re-
specting the origin of the garden Cineraria, ste Nature,
51:461, 605; 52:3,29, 5-1,78, 103,128; 55:341 G( III
3:654 and 657; 17:588,655,742; 18:89,186.

See Senecio for Cineraria acanthi folia, C ((i>i<U<hs
sima, and C. maritima. To the garden or florist s t int
raria {C. cruenta) belong the horticultural nanus <
hybrida, C.grandi flora, V. Kewensis, C. nana, and thi
like. There are full-double forms (see R.H. 1874, p 1"
1886,p.41. F.S. 22: 2347-8. I.H.32:556). l H 1

The single hybrid Cinerarias are among the

required, together with their free-blooming <iualities,
brilliant and various-colored flowers, which last for i
considerable time in blossom, make them popular with
most people possessing even only a small
greenhouse. Though they are herbaceous in
character and may be propagated by cuttings
or division of the roots, the single varieties
are best treated as annuals, raising
them from seed each year and
throwing away the plants after flow-
ering. Though anyone may save
one's own s,iil. the Cineraria, like

CINERARIA

least pot-bound, or suffer in anv wav iliirinff the season
of gro%vth. The soil slioul.l r,,!, i-i ,,f l,;,|f I.af-mold
and half fine fibrous Iciaiii. \\iili I 1 Imi; of sil-

ver sand, until the Hn.il -li:ii ' riTis; pots,

when the soil .should Im ilic^ i ,,, ; loam and

one part well-decayed ."W-niaiuiii ..i |.iil\ Liized sheep-
manure. About tile fir.st of October the plants should
all be removed to the greenhouse, where the atmosphere
should be kept cool and moist, but not stagnant. If a
rainy spell should set in, a little artificial heat should
be given to cause a circulation of the atmosphere, and
as the fall advances the temperature should be kept
about 45° at night, with a rise of ten degrees by day.

Liquid stimulants should not b.- ^iv

cu until the flower

buds begin to appear, when till \ .n. j

1. .11- iMn.-fltedby

an occasional watering of ,1 , !

or sheep'

manure water. Cinerarias :ii

.'.;ii't to the

attacks of green-flv. TokfT|,'i.

. tlie house

in which thpv „r..Vr.,-.„ .1

I'd with to-

bacco about i., i, m j -

-ins placed

among th.- ]il:i! ■ i : ,■ i •

. .•■ ..:,:il.|o.

Double -1

the single
or by cut-
tings, the latter being the best method, as a large per-
centage of seedlings are sure to turn out single, which
will be inferior in size of flower as compared with the
best single varieties. Double-flowering varieties must
be propagated each vear to obtain thf best rt suits As
soon as the plants ha^e finished blossoming the flo\\or
stalks should he cut ^w^^ to induce the plants to m ike

in size :ii i . ' ..r ili,- don
after on. i ,iious i

less tht-y in. ;: . i, -d: therefore, u
one care.s to k, ..ndi,,.- his own plants,
best to purchase fresh seed from
liable firm who obtain their stock from
bridists. For florists' use, or where a s
cession of these flowers is required,
sowings of seed should l.c made ; the first ibout lh<
middle of August, and th.- s.-.-oud a month later Tin
seed should be sown in |.ans or sliallow boxt s one foot
square ; these should be wi 11 drained, and the soil
should consist of one part fine loam, one part leaf
mold, and one part clean, sharp silver sand The sur
face should be made very fine and pressed down e\ enh
The seed should then be sown evenly and rathir thinh ,
and covered with sand about the eighth part of an
inch. This will in a great measure prevent the seedlings
from what gardeners term "damping-off," which the \ ire
very apt to do if the atmospheric conditions bee
all stagnant. The seed-pans or boxes should be i
fully watered with a fine rose and then placed in some
cool, shaded place, such as a frame placed on sifted coal
ashes on the north side of a wall or building, where they
will germinate in about a week or ten days. As soon as
large enough to conveniently handle, the seedlings
should be potted into thumb-pots and grown on as
rapidly as possible, shifting on into larger size pots as
required, never allowing them to become the

often

472. The fl(

fresh growth, which, as soon as large enough for cut-
tings, should be taken off and inserted in an ordinary
propagating bed, where they will soon root, after which
they should be potted and shifted on as often as re-
quired, growing them during the hottest months in as

CINERARIA

cool and shaded a position as can be provided. Of the
different species of Cineraria from S. Europe, C mari-
lima is perhaps the best. It is of dwarf habit, with
tomentose, silvery, pinnatifid leaves, and is a most use-
ful subject for edging flower beds. It is not hardy in
this climate, consequently must be treated as an annual,
sowing the seeds early in March in the greenliousn.
afterwards treating them as ordinary summer brddini^
plants. The other species from south and t-astirii
Europe do not prove hardy here, and if grown should
be treated as tender annuals, planting them in the her-
baceous borders for the summer. The species from the
Cape of Good Hope require greenhouse treatment, the
culture being the same as for the common Cineraria,
though, from an ornamental point of view, they would
hardly pay for the room they would occupy.

Edwakd J. Canning.
CiNNA (old Greek substantive). Gramlneie. Peren-
nial woods grasses allied to Agrostis and Calamagrostis,
with 1-fld., much-flattened spikelets, 1-nerved palet, 1
stamen, and a loose open panicle. The two northern
species are offered by collectors; C. arundinjlcea, Linn.,
with the branches of the panicle ascending or erect ;
C. pfindula, Trin., with the branches very slender and
drooping. These grasses (growing 3-7 ft.) are useful in
wild borders.

CINNAMdMUM (the ancient Greek name). Laxirci-
ce(B. Fifty or more trees and shrubs of Asia, mostly
tropical, of which 2 or 3 are cult, in the extreme south-
ern U.S. The Ivs. are thick and ribbed, mostly opposite:
fls. usually perfect, with 9 perfect stamens in 3 rows and
a row of imperfect ones : fr. a small, 1-seeded berry, in
a cup-like calyx : buds not scaly. The Cinnamon of
commerce is mostly the bark of C. Zeyldnicum, Nees ;
and this is sparingly cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif. It is
cult, in Ceylon and other oriental countries. It is a
small tree, with ovate-oblong, shining, 3-.5-nerved Ivs.,
and small, yellow-white fls., in terminal, loose clusters.
It is native to E. Ind. and Malaya. C. Camphdra, T.
Nees and Eberm., is the Camphor tree. By some it is
retained in the genus Camphora, and it will be found
there in this book. C. C&ssia, Blume, of Burma and
China, furnishes Cassia bark or "Cassia lignea" of com-
merce. It is hardier than the C. Zviihiiiicinn. It is a
handsome tree, with stiff, loiii^'-dhlnnir, anitisli, 3-ribbed
shining Ivs., and small IN. in ti.iumt.iv,. ii-nninal or
axillary panicles. Tin- h.-it-k iv thick, r ami (Miarser than
that of C. Zeylciiiiciii,,. and is used t.. adulterate Cin-
namon. The unexpandc-d. clove-like flower-buds are
often sold as Cassia bu<ls. C. Lourtirii, Nees. A mid-
dle-sized tree of Cochin China, is rarely sold as a glass-
house plant. It has an aromatic odor. Lvs. opposite or
alternate, riprid. idliiitic .h-.iIiImh;;. pptiolo ';,'->?; in. lonjj.
There is a t'Mrm with v:iiir-:iTi d lvs. C. pedunculatum,
Fresl, from .lapan, is als., s.,|,l as a L'lassln.nsr snhi.'cf.
It is a gUll.rnns tivr. with thirk, prli,,l,.,l. .,bl,.n;;-lan.-f,,-

CISSAMPELOS

319

%-% in. long.

The genus embraces tropical and semi-tropical shrubs
and trees, which are mostly of economic value, and in
one or more cases are valuable shade trees for lawn
and street planting. The lvs. are evermnn. usually of
a rich, shining green, and in C. r-//,;,,;. .; ./ lun'i a
silvery blue color on the under surf a.-. s. c, (,,,„,,;,,,,■,,,
the Camphor tree, is hardy in the hiwrr i .uli stairs, ami
is now being extensively planted, liutli lur sliade aud
extraction of gum (see Camphora). (' Cassia is not
quite so hardy, but withstands a temperature of 20° Fahr.
without injury, and has been planted in Florida for
manufacture of its various products, — oil, i;nm, buds and
cinnamon bark. The true Cinnamon "f .•muuihuc'c- is
prepared from the bark of C. Zei/ln Hi.iiuf . a tiM|u,;,l
species, likely to be extensively grown in .Mi xii.i an. I
the West Indies. The various species arr usnall\ piMpa
gated by seeds, which are sown as soon as ripe in a shaded
bed, the seedlings being transplanted when very small
into pots and kept tlms growing until permanent plant-
ing out. The species, without exception, are very difft-
cult to transplant from the open ground, and hence pot-
grown plants are almost a necessity. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood; of some species may be rooted in the
spring in moderate heat, following the usual method of

preparation, and planting in coarse sand. The soil best
suited to Cinnamomums in general, and C. Camphora
in particular, is sandy loam, although a heavy loam,
where well prepared, answers fairly well. The sandy
soil of Florida, when moderately manured, suits all spe-
cies so far tried admirably.

E. N. Reasonek and L. H. B.

CINNAMON VINE. A name for species of Dioscorea.

ClNQUEFOIL. A species of PotentiUa.

CIRCfflA( Circe, the enchantress). Onagr&cem. A few
species of low woods herbs in N. Amer. and En., two
of which are in the trade for growing in shady places and
about garden bogs. They are interesting little plants,
but not showy. Of easy culture in shady, damp spots.
Lvs. opposite and stalked; fls. perfect, small, and white,
in terminal and lateral racemes ; calyx tube hairy ; fr. a
small, bristly bur.

Lutetiilna, Linn. Erect and branching, 1-2 ft., the stem
swollen at the nodes; lvs. ovate-acuminate, more or less
rounded at the base: pedicels slender, reflexed in fruit:
fr. 2-celled. Woods, E.

Facifica, Asch. & Mag. From 6-12 in. : smaller than
the above, lvs. less acuminate, fls. smaller, fr. 1-celled
and less bristly. Col., N. and W. T. TT R

CIERHOPETALUM {i
row lati-ral s. .pals I. •
Nearly .">il old \V..rhl ti-.
in the AmiTican trad.-.
the fls. an odd appear.

Alii.

idingtothenar-
«■ Epidindrea.
ne of which are
i-ral sepals give
Bulhuphvllum.

They are epiphytes, and are grown in baskets ,u'..ii lihi.ks
in a warmhouse. Leading species are: ( '. Cnun ii,i,i .
Lindl. (B.M.4996); C. Medasa-, LimlUH.M. i'Ml. l.K.
39;l.i4. G.C. 111.21:25); C. picturatum. L...ld. (li. M.
6802); ('. ,.h/./,,h/.i. N. E. Brown (I. H. 3:i:(;08. A. F.
ti-.tiO'.t): ('. 7Vi.,».-in;;, Lindl. (B.M. 4237). C. Sii,e„se

access of air to the roots, which is equally essential.
Liberal allowance must be made for drainage, which
should consist of either broken potsherds or charcoal,
the latter being preferable, as it is light, durable and con-
tains nothing detrimental. Two-thirds osmunda, or other
clean fiber, and one-third chopped live sphagnum moss,
well mixed together, afford a good compost ; and after
this has been carefully tucked in about the roots and
interstices, the plant should be held firm with brass or
copper wire until reestablished. The compost should be
used rather sparingly to prevent over-watering. Many
of the smaller-growing species do very well on orchid
blocks, firmly attached, with a small quantity of compost
beneath them. During tin- winter inunths, little or no
shade is required. Tin- i. mpi i iiui . may range from
58° to 65° F. by night, w - : i rise through the

day, or even a little mnic, ii .will do no injury.

No artificial heat is nn-i- ;. I \ im -miiiufr, except in ex-
treme cold or wet weatiin . hut ,i sluul<-d, moist location
should be selected, such as is afforded in the cattleya
or palm department. When the plants are dormant,
light syringing overhead will keep the compost moist
and the plants in healthy condition, but as tin- irrowing

ll'-.'-at.'-.l'aV ',T^"-s'tal,li'sh,-d plallt. Ai.tlh-rxtn, heat and

im.istiu-B at this period will prove lieue(i.-ial with the
weak plants. All are of moderately easy culture.

ROBT. M. Gkey.
ClESIUM. Refer to Cniciis.

CISSAMPELOS (Greek for ivy and vine). Menisper-
mAcew. Vines : fis. in axillary racemes or clusters, the
plant dioecious ; sterile fls. with 4 or 2 sepals and as many

320

CISSAMPELOS

petals united, the anthers 2-t, on a staminal column ;
fertile fls. with 2 united iieshy sepals, subtended by a.
sepal-like bract, and solitary ov:iry, witli :i stylis : fr. ;i
subglobose drupe, with a tlatteni-il ami tul.i irulat,' ^i,.iir.
Many species or distinct forms in tn.|iiral i.L'i'.ii-. Imt
many of them are evidently fornix d tin- xvi.blv dis-
tributed C. Parelra, Linn. This plant, as V. helernphuH" ,
DC, and under other names is cult, in S. Fla. and the
tropics. It is known as Velvet-leap and Pareiba
Brava. It is an exceedingly variable vine, with downy,
round-cordate or peltate Ivs., the sterils fls. in stalked
corymbs and the fertile in large-bracted racemes, and a
hairy, nearly globular, red fruit. It occurs in all tropical
countries. L. H. B.

CiSSUS (Greek name of ivy). VitAcem. Very like
Vitis, but differing in having the parts of the flower in
4's, the corolla not falling oflf as a cap, and the disk
about the ovary ring-like or cup-like. Ampelopsis is
distinguished by.5-merous fls. and the absence of a disk.

However, certain 5-merous, disk-bear-
ing species are referred in this book to
Ampelopsis (C. Ainpelopsis=X. eor-
data, C. stans=A. arborea). Cissus
has a wide range and many species
in warm countries. The latest mono-
grapher (Planehon, DC. Monogr.
Phaner. 5) recognizes 212 species. Foli-
age often fleshy, but in most of the cult,
species usually thin and handsomely
colored or variegated. The species of
Cissus are handsome, tall-climbing,
tendril-bearing vines, of easy cultiva-
tion.

A. Lrs. fleshy, 3-lobed or 3-foliolate.
acida, Linn. Low climber, with slender and striate
somewhat fleshy glabrous liraiuOu-s : Ifts. or leaf-divi-
sions rather small, broa.I ,iih ai. ami >liarply toothed
near the apex : fls. small i '' iK.- or umbel-like

clusters: fr. an ovoid an : : a rk purple berry,

with 1 or 2 large seeil-. in. i , .- ma recurved at

maturity. Key West an.l .S. ; al...... iu Ariz, and S.-

Sometimes planted.

inclsa, Desm. (C. BocheAna, Planehon). Climbing
20-.'?0 ft., the stems very fleshy and the tendrils root-

CISTUS

like : Ivs. pale green, very fleshy ; Ifts. or dlTisions
wedge-ovate, notched on both sides and top, the middle

sciiietimes again lobed : inflorescence umbel-like:

Ir, an uiiovoid blackish berry, with 1 or 2 seeds, the
|i..li.,l being strongly recurved. Fla., to Ark. and Tex.
IMl. I, SK4, pp. 272-3. — Often planted in the extremes.
Sometimes called "Marine Ivy."

AA. Jyvs. not fleshy, not lobed.

diBcolor, Blume. Pig. 473. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acumi-
nate, cordate at base, bristly serrate, reddish beneath,
velvety green and mottled with silvery white above:
both lvs. and stems glabrous, the latter red and more or
less angled: fls. small and yellowish, in dense and very
short, axillary clusters. Java. B.M. 4763. L. 13. F. S.
8:804-5. — One of the best of all warmhouse foliage
plants. Easily grown. Prop, by cuttings. Must have a
season of rest, usually iu spring or early summer. If
wanted for winter growth, temperature must be about
73°. Known to some as "Trailing Begonia."

Antdrctica, Vent (C iJrt»(7i«jd«a, Brouss ) Kavga
Koo Vi\E Lvs rather thick glossy, ovate to oblong,
very short acuminate rounded at base mostly strongly
toothed or notched green fls green, m few fld axillary
clusters fr a globular berry Austral B M 2488 —
Valuable for cool greenhouses, but does not withstand
frost Grows well on walls m darkish and neglected

Amazdmca, Lmdcn Lvs glabrou" and glaucous oval
1 uiniiiitL and narrower reddish beneath and silvery
Mill I iliove Brazil —Warmhouse climber

albo-nitens, Hort Lvs oblong acuminate, more or
less ( ordate at base silvery white and shining over the
upper surface Brazil —Warmhouse clmiber

Bicyoldes,

Branches terete or compressed tu
)th stiiate lvs ovate or oblong, often
1 1 niirgin more or less serrate or even
li .1 in inflorescence corymb like, opposite
1 il small, and varying fiom greenish to
luilhsh fr an obovoid, 1 seeded berry
\ distributed in trop Amer , and exceedingly
)ne form (var Floriddna, Planch ), 0( mrs in
: IS not in the trade The C arghitea of hor
IS \ Li ovata. Planch , -nhich has glabrous
In I iiiotely serrate and somewhat
- ison Vme ' in tropics

1 fwbiehsee) — O X£Hf?fH( \udr6

ns greenish cyiii i ' ' i i

spedes hardy n ilii I i i i

(which see) — f s^ i I I 1 1 I II

rens Hort) Low shniM ^ \,-rLri i n \ ni l%s sm iil t
lite with cuneate oblout; Uts stu ite abu\e the midtlU
\ellowish in many fld evmes Chile S Braz Uraeetul si
I hmher for the cool greenhouse — C Tfttchu Hort =An
lopsis tneuspidata. L, jj. E

ClSTUS ( ancient Greek name ) . Cistdeece. Rock Rose.
Shrubs, usually with villous and glandular tomentum,
aromatic : lvs. opposite, mostly persistent, entire, the op-
posite petioles connate at the base : fls. large, in terminal
and axillary cymes at the end of the branches, rarely
solitary, white to purple ; petals 5 ; stamens numerous ;
capsule many-seeded, splitting into 5 valves. About 30
species in the Mediterranean region. Ornamental, free-
flowering shrubs, usually only a few feet high, with very
showy purple or white fls. , similar to a small single rose,
appearing in early summer. They are only hardy in
warmer temperate regions, but many of them will stand
10° of frost without injury, and C. lauritoUus even more.
They thrive best in a well drained, light soil, mostly
preferring limestone soil, and in a sunny position ; the
dwarf er species are well adapted for rockeries with south-
em aspect. The Cistuses do not bear transplanting well,
and should be grown in pots until planted out. Some
species yield ladanum, a resin, used in perfumery. Prop,
by seeds sown in spring in pans or boxes and the young
seedlings shaded; increased also by layers and cuttings
in spring or late summer, inserted in sandy peat under
glass. Illustrated monograph : R. Sweet, Cistineie (S.C.
of the following pages). In the Old World, the Cistuses

CISTUS

are important garden plants, but they are little known
in America.

A. Fls. purple or red.
B. Fls. 1%-S in. wide; petals imhrieute.

villdsus, Linn. (C. incAnus, Linn.). Erect shrub, 3-4
ft., villous or tomentose : Ivs. penninerved, roundish-
ovate or oblong, narrowed into a very short petiole,
rugose above and grayish green, tomentose or villous
beneath, 1-2 in. long : fls. 1-3, long-peduncled, reddish
purple, 2 in. wide ; petals light pink or yellowish at the
base. May, June. Mediterr. region. B.M.43. S.C. 35.
—A very variable species. Var. Grdticus, Boiss. Lvs.
smaller, more spatulate at the base : Hs. purple. Fl.
Gr89ca5:495. S.C. 112. Var. canSscens, Nichols. Lvs.
elliptio-oblong or narrow-oblong, obtuse : fls. dark purple.
S.C. 45. Var. rotundifolius. Loud. Dwarfer, with more
roundish lvs. S.C. 75. Var. undulatu8,Willk. Lvs. linear-
oblong, acute, undulate: fls. solitary. S.C. 63.

crispus, Linn. Compact shrub, to 2 ft., villous : lvs.
sessile, 3-nerved, linear-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, un-
dulate, rugose above, villous beneath : fls. 3-4, nearly
sessile, lH-2 in. wide, deep rose-colored. June-August.
S.W.Europe. S.C. 22.

heterophyllus, Desf. Erect, to 2 ft. : lvs. short-peti-

oled, elliptic- or oval-lanceolate, green on both sides and

slightly hairy, K-1 in. long : fls. 1-3, 2 in. wide ; petals

red, yellow at the base. N. Africa. S.C. 6. —More tender.

BB. Fls. 1 in. tciile, petals not imbricate.

parviil6rus, Lam. Much branched shrub, 1-2 ft. ; to-
mentose: lvs. 3-nerved, elliptic-ovate, undulate rugose
above, reticulate beneath, twisted, 1 in. long : fls. 3-5 ;
petals pale rose, yellow at the base. June. Greece,
Crete. S.C. 14.

AA. Fls. white: lvs. 3-nerved.

Cyprius, Lam. Erect .shrub, to 6 ft., glutinous : lvs.
oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above, villous-tomentose be-
neath: fls. 5-7, nearly 3 in. wide; petals blotched purple
at the base. June. Cyprus. S.C. 39.

ladaniferus, Linn. Shrub, to4ft., glutinous: Ivs.short-
petioled, lanceolate, glabrous and viscid above, whitish
tomentose beneath, H-i-A in. long : fls. usually solitary,
long-peduncled, 3-3Hin. wide ; petals yellow at the base.
June. S. W. Europe. S. C. 84. — Var. maculatUB, Sweet.
Petals with a dark brownish crimson spot above the base.
B.M. 112. Gn. 30:552. S.C.I. Probably the most beauti-
ful of all Cistus.

launidlius L nn Shrub off 1 pe oled ovate
or ovate anceo Hte g abrou a ve w h h or brown h

CITRON

321

tomen o e benea I
peta s w h el ow
Cn 53 p 131 S

<^ -n F

CITBON

21

Can y and b B K F b 1 51

Alfred Rehdek
A form of Watermelon

CITEON {Citrus Mi^diea.vur. geninna). See Citrus.
Fig. 474. —A large, thick-rinded, lemon-like fr., some-
what cult, in Flor. and Calif. The rind is used in the
making of preserves and confections.

The Citron is propagated by cuttings, layers, budding,
and grafting. The usual method of propagating is by
budding on a vigorous stock, in P^lorida preferably the

474. Citrus Medica. the Citron (X J4)

dom attempti il. i u
both in the i.|i. u m
For open ground. s(
cember, and cut in I
off all but the top lea
soil, leaving the top
nu t I e tb hi

t me of year w

The young roo ed p n
n the nur ery un 1 wa
a e ro ed by p

cha d plan ng he tree she
fee pa t (a hough th s no
roo n shou d be a w f
z r an 1 f u t an
unddu e of un h

■mperature, that it is sel-
ripe wood root readily,
the propagating house.

n a
t any
r ferable.

e g o n nto large s ze
r har e ng Layers
wn ow bran he of he
They do no make uch
n from cu t n^ or by

ri hud e on -nell-
r o h r e of he best
3 for he 1 on In or-
al I e set d o t 15x24
arb rary) a sufli ent
n hau UK ferti-

n keep n own

touch he I
and fru t |
the same a

An

o a ona y,
g cu V on
e n aly
ow p ow ng
2 r fo lowed
week ntil
)p so loose,
n weed and
a ns set in

322

CITRON

during the summer all cultivation is stopped, and grass,
beggar- weed, or field-peas allowed to cover the ground,
preventing sunburning and providing a source of
humus so necessary in keeping up proper fert'lity and
texture of the sandv soil of Florida.

E. N. Eeasoner.
CITKCLLUS (from Citrus). CucurbitAcece. The ge-
nus which includes the Watermelon. Cogniaux the
latest monographer (DC. Monogr. Phaner 3) recog
nizes thrcf species, till of the Old World, with the larg
est dispirsion in At'rM-;i. Plant monoecious the two
kinds <>( tls. s.ilitary in the axils of the Ivs. fls with a
short, Ijell-likc cuiyx tube and a deeply 5 cleft vel
low corolla. C, vulgaris, Schrad,, is the Watermelon
(which see), native to tropical and south Africa C
Coloc^nthis, Schrad., is the Colocynth, extract from the
fruit of which furnishes a well-known purgative drug
It is native to the Mediterranean region and tropic d
Mrica. The fruit is small and globular, gourd like
emooth and partly colored, the flesh very bitter \\ s
deeply divided. L H B

CITKUS (ancient name for Citron). Butdccw Oranc i
Lemon, Citron, etc. Aromatic, glandular shrubs i
small trees, mostly thorny: Ivs, alternate, with more < r
less winged petioles, compound, mainly unifoliolati
(appearing as a simple leaf but really compound as
shown by the joint between the petiole and lamina.
Fig, 475 ) , in one species trifoliolate : fls, hermaphrodite ;
calyx cupulate, 3-5-toothed ; petals 4-8, linear-oblong,
thick, glandular, imbricated in the bud ; stamens nu-
merous, 20-60, occasionally only 5 ; filaments more or
less united ; disk cushion-shaped ; ovary compound,
composed of 5 to many united carpels, with a single
style and stigma, and central axial placenta; ovules 4-8
in each carpel, arranged in two row- : Ir. u n.uri<i, ob-
long or pear-shaped berry with leuTli' ly r iimI. '''iitaining
numerous oil glands and juicy, ai'itiiiii- pul|i : st-eds
white, exalbuminous, with leathery .uats, tr.i|ucntly
containing 2 or more embryos, Nativo of Iropu-al and
subtropical Asia, Several species are extensively culti-
vated and have given rise to numerous cultivated forms.
The so-called navel oranges have a second series of
cells developing in the center of the fr,, this being an
incidental variation (Cf, Fig, 476), See Citron, Lemon,
Lime, Orange, Pomelo.

A, ¥ssTTDO-Mais:.—Lvs. trifoliolate, deciduous, with
elliptical, dentate or crenate Ifts.: fls. white, 1-2 in
the axil of each leaf, opening before the Ivs. appear
in spring; petals spatulate; ovary and disk
hairy.
trifoUita, Linn. {C. tripfera. D. f F 'h -.pidria,
DC). Trifoliate ORiNOE. Fi_' i i - i 'i A
small tree armed with very stroii -' I 1 • .. in.

long: fr, golden yellow, about th' - ■ cov-

ered with short hairs ; pulp rathi r ill , in n I l.itter,
Jap,, and cult, widely in the United states. R H. 1869,
p, 15; 1877, p, 73; 1885:516; 1886, p, S.SS, Gn. 46:980
and p. 273. Mn, 3 : 101, - The fr, of the Trifoliate Orange

i^eai of Orange,

is worthless as a whole, but is sometimes used for pre-
serves. The plant is largely used for hedges, for which
it is well adapted, forming' a eldse, compact growth that
nothiuir ■ in pt le ti it. li i- iN.i used as a hardy stock
on Willi li X'> liii i i.irnii MI in„^i s and lemons, particu-
larly tin --It HUM iiellMneiuit It is said to have the
effect ol suini wh.a d\\artiii„' the more robust orange va-

CITRUS

rieties budded on it, and of making them more hardy by
rendering them dormant earlier in the fall, and retard-
ing them from starting early in the spring. The Tri-
foliate Orange is hardy as far north as Philadelphia and
New York, It is propagated by seeds, which are very
numerous. Hybrids have been made between this and
the common orange. The Trifoliate Orange is frequently-
listed in trade catalogues under the names Limonia tri-
foliata and Tnpha^ia aiirantiola. These are tender,

confused with the

AA. EuciTRXJS. — Lvs. unifoliolate,ei'ergreen : petals
oblong: ovary and disk glabrous.

Aurinttum, Linn. (C. vxtlgdiris, Risso). Orange.
Figs, 476, 480, A sn>?il tree or shrub : young shoots light
green, glabrous : Ivs. elliptical or ovate, acute, obtuse,
or acuminate; petiole narrowly or broadly winged : fls.
hermaphrodite, pure white: fr. oblate-spherical or ellip-
tical, not mamillate.

Var. amira, Linn. (C. BigarMia, Duham.). Sour,
Bitter, or Seville Orange. Lvs, deep green, ovate,
pointed, very aromatic ; petiole broadly wing-mar-
gined: fls, white, sweet-scented: fr, round, dark orange,
frequently with tinge of red, very aromatic; rind some-
what rough; pulp sour and bitter. Southeastern Asia,
and cult, in tropical and subtropical regions throughout
the world.— There are very few cultivated sorts oi this
variety or subspecies grown in the United States, and
of these only the two following are well known : Sour
("sour orange") : Fr. deep orange or orange-red ; pulp
very sour. This is grown very extensively as a stock on
which to bud varieties of the sweet orange, lemon,
pomelo, etc. Very valuable as a stock because resistant
to the serious disease mal-di-gomma or foot-rot, — Bitter
Sweet : Fr, of same external appearance as the Sour
Orange but mildly acid and pleasant to the taste. Culti-
vated mainly for home use. The Sour Orange was evi-
dently introduced into Florida verj- early by the Span-
iards, and escaped from cultivatinn. lM-e..ming es;:ab-
lished as a wild species here an^l tli. r.- tlir..ughout the
peninsular portion of the statf. In this wjM state it was
limited to moist lands near str.anis and lakes, in the so-
called hammocks ; and in some instances grew abun-
dantly among the larger forest trees, over areas of lUO
acres or more. The fls. of this var. Amara are slightly
bitter, and are the ofiicinal Folia aurantii otFoUij citri
vulgaris. An ethereal oil is manufactured from the fls.,
young sprouts and unripe fr. The pleasant-smelling,
bitter Bigaradia oil is taken from the rind of the ripe f r.
Large quantities of oil for perfume are manufactured
from the fls. in southern France, The fr, is used for
marmalade, and makes a very refreshing drink known in
Florida as "orangeade,"

Var. Bergimia, Wight. & Am. Berg amot Orange,
A bush or small tree ; lvs, oblong ; petiole wing-mar-

CITRUS

gined, of medium width : fls. small, white, sweet-smell-
Ing: fr. medium size, pear-shaped, smooth, light yellow,
pulp subacid, greenish yellow. Cult, in Eu. since the
seventeenth century. Only rarely cult, in the United
States. B.M. 7194. — Bergamot oil is manufactured from
the rind of this subspecies.

Var. Sinensis, Engler. (C. Aura iiti urn, var. dtUcis,
Linn. C. Tahite'nsis, Mort.). Common Sweet Orange,
including the Malta or PoETrr,Ai, Orange. Tree, 20-35

tt. : yomii;
oblong-cx
large, win

iinrrular, glabrous: Ivs.
narrowly winged : fls.
' asioually elliptical or
ipe sweet or

slightly a<;lii. i!i4i;<. i. .iluv jIl ' i LXtensively
cal and subtropicul rt-gions of the world."— The Sweet
Orange is valued mainly for its sweet, delicious fruit,
which is eaten raw or made into marmalades, wine, etc.
The rind is sweet and aromatic, and is used for culinary
purposes. The extensive cultivation of the orange has
led to the development of numerous variations, some
70 varieties being cultivated in the United States.
Some of these forms are propagated fairly true to seed,
but the majority are not, and must be propagated by
budding or grafting. The following is a list of some of
the most highly prized of the cultural forms : Bahia
(also known as Washington Navel and Riverside Navel) :
Fig. 476. Pr. large, solid and heavy, seedless, with
prominent navel mark at apex; pulp juicy and of fine
texture. Introduced from Brazil. The most popular
variety cultivated in California, where it bears heavily.
In Florida it is a shy bearer. — Boone (Boone Early):
Fr. round, medium size, fair quality; very early Florida.
— Centennial Fr round, medium size, earl\ medium,
quality excellent Florida — Du Roi Fr round, small
or medium size, late medium, seeds ribbed thorns few.
An excellent fruit in Florida but has not given satis-
faction m Cal Foreign — Hart Lite ( Tirdive, Excel-

r^v

.^^SiJ

pulp reddish or streaked with red. Foreign.— St.
Michael : Fr. round, medium size, quality fair, midsea-
son. Foreign. -St. Michael Blood: Fr. rou "

Jaffa Blood

sior) Fr oval, medium

size, solid, pale yello\\

One of the best late sorts

holdmg on tree in Florid i

until May Foreign —Ho

mosassa Fr round, of

good quality, midseason

Florida -Jaffa Fr

round, heavy, juicy and

of very best qu,ilit\ , mid

season , skin thin tree

nearly thomless Foreign

small, of excellent tiuiht\ Florida —Limb bummer :

Fr oval, medium sizi ot t,o()d quilitv vcrv late, one of

the best late sorts, i inkin„' with the H irt Lite Florida. —

Majorca Fr round nu diuni si7, hHiv\ md very juicy;

skm smooth and tlnu |ii lit x n nt I- reign One

of the very best 1 it mi 1 i M It se Blood :

I t ver> best
I midseason.
i I I \ il, of good

quality, late Forei.fn — Piisc n ( Pirsi n Brown) Fr.

rotmd,mediumsize, of fair quality, very early Florida.

Very extensively planted as an early variety m Florida.

—Ruby: Pr. medium size, round, of excellent quality;

oval, '
qualitv, pulp red i
Foreign. Mediteii

size, quality the very best ; pulp reddish or streaked
with red. Foreign. This Orange seems to the writer
superior in flavor to any he has ever tested, though
there is but little noticeable difference between any of
the best sorts, much, doubtless, depending on the con-
ditions under which the fruit is grown.— Valencia
(Valencia Late) : Fr. large, oval, light orange, of good
quality, very late. Foreign. One of the most highly
prized varieties in California.

The so-called Otaheite Orange (<7. 4«ra«((Hm, var.
Olaitense, Risso & Poit. ) is probably to be considered a
variety of C. Aurantium, var. Sinensis. Reasoner
thinks it is Gallesio's "C. ^h/v/h^;,,,/, ,s/«. „.■<,■ /,„,i,iliim
fructu diilei." The foliage r.-srml.lis tlmt ..f a I.1.1..11.
and the flowers are pinkish. Th.- fniit N sinail. sji-litly
flattened, rough, and reddish (■raiit;c in i-..|(.r : ]nilji
mainly sweetish, sometimes sour. It may lie a hybrid of
orange and lemon. It is used extensively as a dwarf
pot plant, for which it is well suited.

ndbilis, Lour. Mandarin, or Kid-glove Orange.
Shrubs or very small trees, with dense foliage : Ivs.
small, lanceolate.weakly crenate; petioles short, scarcely
ged : fls. small, white, fascicled ; fllaments only
• compressed,, spherical, or somewha't
in iliriiiii trr ; rind orange-yellow or
, 1 M I , I ^ i I y removed ; segments 9-10,
■ I ; seeds ovate or oblong,
1 I i i\i*s, twigs, fruit, etc., very
ii \:iii.ihs and easily recognizable.
Chiiiii. Cultivated extensively in
tropical and subtropical regions free from hot winds, to
which it is said to be very sensitive.— The principal
horticultural varieties grown in the United States are
the following : China ("Mandarin," "Willow-leaved
Mandarin," etc. ) : Pr. small, light orange, early medium,
excellent quality: Ivs. small, myi-tle-like. Foreign. -
Dancy Tangerine : Lvs. larger, nearly the size of those
of the common orange : f r. dark orange or reddish, early
medium, quality excellent. Florida. The most prized
of any of the Mandarin Oranges cultivated in the United
States. — King : Fr. large and rough, dark orange, late:
young twigs blackish. A good late sort. Foreign.-
Satsuma (Oonshiu): Fr. medium size, flattened at the
ends, orange, early, quality fair. Foreign. A much
valued early ripening sort, which is somewhat more
hardy than the common sweet orange, particularly when

324

small, 25-30 f.rt ! 1 ts slightly pubescent,

finally becomitiL i . iai-ge, ovate or ovate-

oblong, obtuse, li. .Ill I i!_ • ;ii fi ;:iiiate ; petiole broadly
winged: fls. large, white: st:iniens 16-24: fr. pale lemon-
yellow, or in some cases reddish or flesh colored, globose
or pyriform, very large, in hort. vars. reaching 6-7 in. in
diameter and weighing 8-12 lbs.; rind smooth, thick,
very bitter; pulp pale yellow, in some reddish, sweet or
acid. Malayan and Polynesian Islands. Extensively
cultivated in India, Florida and California, and in most
tropical and subtropical countries. A.G.ll :717. Mn.9 : 47.
— The fomelo is an excellent dessert fruit, and is being
very extensively planted, particularly in Florida. The
majority of the horticultural varieties cultivated in
America have originated in Florida, though some valu-
able sorts have been introduced. The round-fruited
sorts, commonly called Pomelos or Grape-fruits, are the
most valuable commercially. The pear-shaped sorts, or
Shaddocks, are cultivated more as curiosities, and are
seldom found in the markets. Bo%iHd varieties— Pomelos:

CITRUS

Aurautium : Fr. late medium, size medium. Florida.—
Josselyn: Fr. large, late medium, quality good; prolific.
Florida. — Hart : Fr. late medium, large, of very good
qualit) Florida —Marsh (Marsh's Seedless): Fr. with
very few seeds, said to be of good quality and prolific,
ot recent origm Florida. — Pernambuco : Prolific: fr.
Hte large thorns short. South America. — Royal: Fr.
f.nnll earlv medium, only slightly bitter; prolific.
Pulp rose-colored, said to be of ex-
cellent quaht-i Bahama Islands. — Triumph: Fr. small,

e<lunn cjuality very good. Florida. -Walter: Fr.

edmm Urge, of recent origin. Florida. Pear-
lit}/ III ^ — Shaddorks : Blood: Fr. large ; pulp

1 or flesh ( olored, of fair quality. — Mammoth : Fr.

large but practically worthless. — "Forbidden

Fr small, orange-colored, of fair quality. The

so called ' Bell Grape-fruit " is probably identical with

Jap6mca, Thunb. Kimijlat, Kin-Kan, Kin-Kits, etc.
bush, with smooth, angular branches:
•-lanceolate, slightly serrate, pointed or
blunt, wedge-shaped at the base ;
petioles narrowly wing-margined:
lis. small, solitary or in clusters, in
ihe axils of the Ivs.; petals 5; sta-
uiins alxiut 20, filaments united: fr.
small, often only ?4 of an in. in diam.,
ovate, oblong or spherical, orange-
colored, 5-6-celled ; pulp sour; rind
sweet. Cochin China or China. Cul-
tivated extensively in Japan, Florida
and California. R.H. 1875, p. 209.
The following are the two cultivated
varieties commonly grown in the
United States: Marumi (Round Kura-
quat): Fr. round, small, 5<-lH in.
in diara.: tree slightly thorny.— Na-
garal (oval or oblong Kumquat) : Fr.
ovate or oblong, %-l in. in diam. and
154-2 in. long : tree thornless.- The
fruit of the Kumquat, as it is most
commonly called in America, is com-
ing to be much prized for preserving,
and IS also used fresh to considerable extent, the
sweet rind, as well as the pulp, being eaten. Both
the round and the oval sorts have beautiful
dense dark green foliage, and form excellent
orange trees of dwarf habit for pot culture. They
only budded or grafted on trifoliata or
sweet orange stocks.
M^dica, Linn (named for the country Media). Fig.
474 Citron in the broadest sense, including citron,
lemon and lime. Bush or small tree : young shoots
glabrous, mostly reddish or purplish, in some yellowish
"vs. smooth, oblong, acute : fls. hermaphrodite
or frequently unisexual,
tly reddish or tinged
with red without : fr.
spherical, ovate or oblong,
often mamlllate at apex.
India. — A very variable
species, much modified by
cultivation and apparently
mixed by hybridization, so
that it is almost impossi-
ble to determine the rela- '
tionship of the difi'erent
forms.

Var. genuina, Engler.
Citron proper. Lvs. ob-
long, serrate or crenate ;
petiole short, wingless :
fr. large, frequently 3-4 in.
in diam. and 6-7 in. long,
mostly ovate-oblong, mam-
illate ; rind very thick,
tender, aromatic, more or

less rough and warted (rugose); pulp but slightly
developed, dry (lacking in juice), acid or sub-acid.—
The Citron is cultivated to some extent in Florida and
California, but not so extensively as in Italy and the
Mediterranean region. All varieties are very tender,

480. Oranee
flowers.

(XK.)

CITRUS

probably being the most easily injured by cold of any
of the citrous fruits. It is prop, by seeds, cuttings, lay-
ering, etc. The cultivated varieties do not propagate
true to seed, and must be budded or grafted. The fr. is
prized for the thick, tender, aromatic riml, which is pre-
served or candied, and used extensively for culinary
and confectionary purposes. Many forms and horticul-
tural varieties are grown in Florida and California, but
none have thus far proved of noteworthy commercial
value. The Corsican, a variety recently introduced by
the U. S. Department of Agriculture from Corsica, has
given evidence of being a desirable commercial sort for
cultivation in this (

Var. Llmon, Linn. Lemon. Small, spreading trees
or shrubs : young branches smooth, yellowish green:
Ivs. ovate-oblong, crenate or serrate; petiole short, mar-
ginless or slightly winged : fr. medium sized, yellow,
round, ovate or elliptical, mostly mamillate ; rind thin,
aromatic ; I'lilj' ;iltun<l;iiit. very juicy and acid. India.
Cultivate. 1 cM. ii^ixi ly ill all tropical and subtropical
regions i.t tin- w.ii 1.1. -The Lemon is one of our most

in Calif.'.'rni 'i "'i'''l' l-'l!'.n.l;! '"l.:'..''J." .pmui'i'i'"" ,'.r" t'lM^frui^
are also ini|H,rt,..l. mainlv i . I ' Tin- l„i,i..ii is

not so e:isily injur.-. 1 liy .-I- ■ ■ ■ , iiiil is in.ir.-

tender than tli.- ..i-,in-.' r i : : ! ■ mtir.- iT'iiit,

fectionarx- |>: ■■■"■- - .-.' -I ■ i ,,- ,■,! , ,. ;,,.i.l

and for l.'i ^ .:.,!' , , ,|s,

but ma\- al ■■ ■ I . .ail-

tivated vari. t h- iiiii-i i..' ].r.'[>, l.\ Ihi- [- ! i !i_' .a- - ra I i i iilt,
or by cuttings, as they do n.it c.'imi- tr-.ii- t.i sc-d. The
following are the most important horticultural varie-
ties : Belair : Fr. lemon-shaped, blunt. Foreign. — Eu-
reka: Fr. early, few-seeded: tree thoruless. Foreign.—
Genoa- Fr medium size c-irlv .ivd ne-irlv seedless:
tree everbearing th inles 1 i i n — I i 1 ii : Fr. me-
dium size fine grame 1 sti n h i il t w seeds: tree
thorny Foreign —\iUd 1 1 am i hi luLdium size,qual-

-^

are separated above, is an interesting and striking mon-
strosity. ( See Fig. 482, which is taken from a Japanese
fruit known locally as the Bushiukan. ) The Florida
Rough Lemon, or simply "Rough Lemon," as it is called.

ngered Citron

is a fruit of doubtful relitionship Its appearance sug-
gests that It miy be a hybrid between the Citron and
Lemon. It is i strong Mgoious growei and forms an
excellent stock m warm localities for the various
orange varieties It is the best sto( k for the Bahia
navel orange usualh im rt ising its fiuitfulness

Var acida, Hook (( ]l h i \ „ / ,„ // , ,,f trade
catalogues etc) Limi \ I n h i millii 10-20 ft.
high Ivb oval or tlli| Il il n II i n ii i serrate;
petiole wmg max gini.l 1 ut n t , li , ih is m the
sour orange and pomelo Hs sm ill whitt or with a
slight pmkish tinge without , petals normally o but
often 4 fr small spherical o\ate or elliptical nnd
thin light lemon yellow bitter pulp ver's sour nnd
somewhat bitter juicv Indi i F\t nsivel\ ciiltnited
M tlie West Indies an 1 1 I ti I i «h i it 1, , ,],e,l

II cultivation and ^t w ) un I nii\ will ti |u nrly
I iiung dense thicki t I Al i i I h h m ulmral
unties commonh iilln I i in 11 I mi 1 <t ites
tri MexK m ( \\ i t lull ml li m II , blong.

Lscaped from n\u\ iti n m ^ nth 11 ii 1 , ml thi West
Indies Su]ii It li u ) n mti In lli in Mex.—
Persian It 1 u ^i i tlun m tli. pi Im^ ml to be of
excellent quality Intro.lm i d trom 1 eisn -Raugpur
(Mandarin Lime) Fr resembling a mandarin orange
in havmg easily removable nnd and separable segments
or carpels said to be of excellent qu llIt^ Introduced

/

481. Kumquat - Citrus Japonica (X H).

ity excellent; rind smn.ith. thin ; seeds few or none.
One of the finest Lemons gr.iwii. -The so-called Fingered
Citron or Lemon, var. digttata, Risso (or var. cltiro-
carpa), in which the individual carpels of the fruit

citrio acid Recently limeade has be cime very popular
at the soda fountains throughout the countrj and this
use is so rapidh extending that in t tew years it wUl
doubtless make Lime growing an important industry.
H J Webber.
CIVE (written also Chi-
Linn., a perennial pi mt n

ern borders of the I '^ _

The leaves of Cive ai isoning in soi

salads and stews but I i lies of this cl

it is little kno-wn in \ i i w s 6 to 8 in<

high, making dense m a n m » buUow leaves

326 GIVE

blooming freely in violet-colored heads, which scarcely
overtop the foliage. The plant makes an excellent per-
manent edging, and is worth growing for this purpose
alone. It is easily propagated by dividing the clumps;
but, like other tufted plants, it profits by having the
stools broken up and replanted every few years. It rarely
seeds. It thrives in any garden soil. The leaves may be
cut freely, for they quickly grow again. l H. B.

CLADANTHTJS (Greek, Iclados, branch, and anthos,
flower ; alluding to the branching, which distinguishes
this monotypic genus from Anthemis). Comp6sitie. An
annual, yellow-rayed herb, branched from the base in a
forking manner. A flower terminates each branch, where-
upon two new branches start from directly beneath the
flower. Each of these is temporarily stopped by a flower,
and so on. A free-flowering, hardy annual, requiring no
special care.

prolllerus, DC. [Antliemis Ardbica, Linn.). Annual:
glabrous, 2-3 >^ ft. high ; Ivs. alternate, pinnately parted ;
lobes linear, trifid: fls. solitary, bracted. N. Africa, not
Arabia. ■^_ jj,

CLADOTHAMNUS (klados, branch, and thamnn.i,
bush, from the Greek). Uric&ceir. Erect shrubs, with
many virgate branches : Ivs. deciduous, alternate, entire ;
fls. pink, terminal, 1-3, nodding ; corolla divided to the
base or nearly so into 5 oblong petals; stamens 10; cap-
sule 5-6-celled. Two species in Pacific N. America, from
Alaska to Washington. Hardy deciduous shrubs, with
handsome, rather large, pink fls. in summer; rarely cul-
tivated. They will probably grow best in peaty and sandy
soil, in a half-shady position ; prop, by seeds or by
cuttings of soft wood under glass, and by layers.

O.pyrolcefldrus, Bong, Shrub, 4-10 ft. : Ivs. nearly sessile, obo-
vate-laneeolate, mncronulate, glabrous, pale green, 1^-23^ in.
long: fls. solitary, with 5 separate petals. 1 in. across, Alaska.
G.F. 10: 215.— C. campanulatus^ Greene. Lvs. smaller : fls. 1-3,
with the petals united into a short tube. Washington.

Alfred Rehdek.

CLADEASTIS (Greek, brittJe branch). Virgilia of
gardens. Legumindme. Deciduous trees: lvs. alternate,
odd-pinnate, with few, rather large, entire, short-stalked
leaflets: fls. in long, often panicled racemes, white, papil-
ionaceous ; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; stamens 10,
free or connate only at the base : pod linear, compressed,
with 3-6 seeds. Two species in N. Amer. and E. Asia.
Hardy ornamental trees of medium size, with showy fls.
and handsome foliage, turning bright yellow in fall. They
thrive in almost any soil. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring,
or by root cuttings, dug up in fall and kept in sand or
moss, moderately moist and cool, until spring.

tinotdria, Raf. ((7. Ihtea, Koch. Virgilia littea, Mlchx.).
Tree,with yellow wood and smooth bark, sometimes 50 ft. :
leaflets 7-9, oval or ovate, glabrous, bright green, 3-4 in.
long: panicles loose, drooping, 10-20 in. long: fls. white,
fragrant, over 1 in. long. June. Kentucky, Tennessee
and N. Carolina. S.S. 3:119-20. Mich. Hist. Arb. HI. 266.
Gng. 2:401; 5:98. F.E.8:427. G.F. 1: 92. -One of the
most beautiful flowering native trees, with wide, graceful
head and a short trunk, well adapted as single tree on
the lawn. Hardy north to New Eng. and Ont. The wood
yields a clear yellow dye. Known as Yellow-wood.

Ainur6nsis, Koch {Madckia Amiirhisis, Rupr.). Tree,
to 40 ft. : leaflets 7-11, elliptic- or oblong-ovate, rounded
at the base, glabrous, 2-3 in. long: racemes erect, dense-
fld., often panicled at the base, 4-8 in. long: fls. whitish,
about ^in. long. July, Aug. Manchuria. B.M. 6551.—
Var. Bu6rgeri, Maxim., from Japan, has the lvs. pubes-
cent beneath. Axfred Rehder.

CLAEKIA (Captain Wm. Clark, companion of Lewis,
dceip. Herbs
ly entire lvs.
inal racemes.
4, narrow at
ng ; stamens
rge : pod ob-
hardy annuals of

xplorer of the Ko
of western N. Amf

Fls. regular. iIm

8, the altirmitf ...m

CLARKIA

A. Petals entire, or at least not lobed.

61egaaB,Dougl. iC. tieriifdlia, Sort.). Fig. 483. From
1-3 ft. high in cult., glabrous or nearly so, the stems
reddish and glaucous, simple or sparingly branched :
lvs. broad-ovate to linear, remote-dentate; fls. purple or
rose-colored, running into white vars. ; double forms
in cult. : claw of the petal about as long as its rhom-
boidal limb: capsule sessile. B.M. 3592. R.H. 1845:385.
Mn. 1:22. — One of the commonest annual fls.

rhomboidea, Dougl. Not so tall and more slender :
lvs. ithin, lance-oblong or ovate-oblong, entire : claw
often toothed, shorter than the rhomboidal limb: capsule
stalked. R.H. 1864:151 {-Perhaps not in cult.

AA. Petals deeply 3-lobed.

pulcMlla, Pursh. Fig. 484. One ft. to 18 in. high,

branchy, often tufted and dwarf, the stems mostly pu-

berulent : lvs. narrowly lance-oblong to linear, narrowed

long or linear, 4-sided. Clarkias

easy cult. They thrive in a warm, light soil", either fully
exposed to the sun or in partial shade. Useful for low
masses or for edgings ; also for vases and baskets.
They have been much improved by domestication.

into a petiole, entire: fls. lilac, running into white vars,

capsule stalked. B. M. 2918. R. H. 1845:.385 ; 1886, ]

557.— Common in cult. There are semi-double forms.

L. H. B.

327

CLAEY. The dried Ivs. of Salvia Sclarea, which are
used for seasoning. Other species of Salvia have been
used fo" the same purpose. See Salvia.

484. Clarkia pulchella. Natural size.

CLAYTdNIA (after John Clayton, of Virginia, one of
the earliest American botanists. From his collections
Gronovius edited the Flora Virginica). PorfittacAcece.
Spring Beauty. Small, hardy, glabrous, succulent,
perennial herbs, '•with slender, 2-leaved stems from a
deep, globular comi, and loose racemes of white or rose-
colored fls. with deeper veins, appearing among the first
wild fls. and lasting only a few days. The genus has
about 25 species, mostly N. Amer., and is characterized
by its oval, persistent sepals and 5 stamens. Plants can
be obtained from dealers in native plants. They can be
naturalized in moist places, and do well in half-shady
spots at the bottom of a rockery. For C.parvifolia,
parviflora and perfoliata, see Montia.

Virginica, Linn. Plant 4-8 in. long, often forcing an
irregular way through the leaf-mold of damp, rich
woods : Ivs. linear-lanceolate or linear, 2-6 in. long, in-
cluding the gradually tapering base : fls. larger and
more numerous than in C. CaroJiniana. Colo, to At-
lantic and S. to Gulf . B.M. 941. L.B.C. 7:643. D. 33.

Carolini&na, Michx. Lower and fewer-fld. : Ivs. 1-2 in.
long, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or somewhat spatulate,
with a blade 1-2 in. long, abruptly contracted into a
marginal petiole. Minn, to Atlantic and S. to Mts. of
North Carolina.

lanceoUta, Pursh. About 4 in. high : Ivs. oblong or
lanceolate, 3^-lK in. long, sessile, the base broad or
narrow: raceme short-peduncled : petals emarginate or
almost obcordate. Utah and Calif. ■^_ jj

CLEISOSTOMA (Greek, dosed mouth, referring to the
structure of the spur). OrcJiiddcece, tribe Vdndea.
Epiphj'tes ; stems leafy : Ivs. coriaceous, flat or nearly
terete: sepals and petals adnate to the column, spread-
ing: labellum with a large saccate spur; column short,
thick ; pollinia 2. From eastern Asia and Austral. A
genus comprising in this neighborhood 40 species,
which suggest Saccolabium. The plants are little
known in Amer. The leading species are C. erassifo-
lium, Lindl., and C. ringens, ReicUb, f. C. Dawsonia-

Oake.s Ames.

CLfiMATIS (Greek name of a climbing plant). JRa-
nitnciil(ice<v. Climbing vines, or erect or ascending per-
ennial herbs, more or less woody : Ivs. opposite, slen-
der petioled, pinnately compound, lobed, or in some
species entire: sejialy usually 4 or 5, sometimes more,
valvate in the bud, petaloid ; petals none (or small In
Atragene section) ; stamens many; pistils many; akenes
in a head, 1-seeded ; style persistent, long, plumose,
silky or naked. Fig. 492. About 150 species of very
wide geographical distribution, most abundant in tem-
perate regions. About 20 species found native in
North America. — Les Clematites, Alphonse Lavall^e,
Paris, 1884 ; referred to below by "Lav."-The Clema-
tis as a Garden Flower, Thomas Moore and George
Jackman, Loudon, 1872 ; referred to below by "M. & J."
— Clematises, Dr. Jules le Bele, in Bull, de la Societe
d'Hort. de la Sarthe ; republished in The Garden (vol.
53), June-Oct. 1898. — O. Kuntze, Monogr. der Gattung
Clematis in Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885). -A.
Gray, Fl.N. Am. 1: 4-9, 1895.

A rich soil of a light, loamy character is the best for
Clematises, and a little mixture of lime will make it
better. The soil must be well drained, and must be kept
rich by at least annual applications of horse- or cow-ma-
nure. On dry, hot soils cow-manure is best, while on
heavy soils a thorough dressing of rich leaf-mold
would best serve the purpose. Mulching with half-rot-
ted manure on the approach of winter tends to increase
the strength of the plants and the size of the flowers.
In dry seasons, spraying is always helpful during the
growing season.

Clematises belonging to the Montana, Caerulea, Florida,
and Lanuginosa types should be pruned in February or
March, by cutting away all weak, straggling and over-
crowded branches. The first three mentioned flower
from the ripened wood ; it is essential, therefore, that
in order*to secure blossoms, enough of the strong one-
year-old wood should be retained. Viticella, Jack-
mani and Lanuginosa should be vigorously cut back,
say in November ; they blossom from the new shoots.
Those of the Caerulea type should be pruned very little,
soon after the flowers have disappeared, by simply trim-
ming off useless branches and seed-beariug peduncles.

Clematises of the vigorous climbing varieties are used
in many places to cover walls, root fences, mounds,
arbors, balconies, trr-lli-'-, ■ninll Imililings, and, in fact,

many other places til. ■ - -ir.l.Mier will think of.

For pot culture iu 1 1 M : I lii.l for conservatory

walls, the less vigc, I,. : ; i.-st suited. All the

many varieties and Ir.li:.]- "i i In (_'a>rulea and Lanu-
ginosa types, including Heuryi and the forms of Jack-
mani, are well adapted to this use, as well as for out-
door purposes. The dwarfer and more bushy species
are used in greenhouses to some extent, but are found
principally in borders or on large rockeries. Of the
latter J. B. Keller says : "Their flowers are not so
large as we see them in most of the climbers, yet they
are indispensable in the flower garden, being prolific
bloomers and free growers in ordinarily rich, deep gar-
den soil. There is room for improvement in this class,
however, and specialists who hitherto have done so
much for the climbers, ought to direct their efforts now
to the long-neglectcd Imsli Cli-nKitises. A nolde beerin-

C. integrifoUa, var. /'",„,../. ,"l.iit wr .xj.."', ,,i,,rr of
them in the future." S.t v,„.,.i,il in.trs mti .■nltiir,- and
hybrid-forming qualitirs afirr tin- .li-srrii.ti..iis ,,t M.me
of the species and varieties.

The most common method of propagation is by graft-
ing. Roots of C. Flam mil la or C. Viticella are used ;
the cions are taken from plants that have been grown
under glass, and are used before the wood is entirely
ripe. Cions taken from plants grown in the garden in
summer are rarely successful. The grafts, in pots or
trays, are grown in a moist coolhouse, over gentle bot-
tom heat. Another method of propagation, involving
less labor but usually successful, is to take cuttings of
nearly ripe wood, grown under glass, and treat them as
the cions first above mentioned, without the roots. The
latter method is practiced preferably in summer in

gentle hotbeds; shading, spraying, and later on airing,
must be strictly attended to. Layering is practiced
where large old stools are at hand. The knife is not used
in the operation, but a twist of the stem will split the
inner bark lengthwise. Every other joint is thus treated,
pegged down, and covered with soil. It is best to leave
the layers undisturbed until the following spring. Many
of the species are often propagated by seed, and many
new varieties have thus been formed. The number of
hybrids is almost countless ; in this account are care-
fully recorded all those in the American trade which are
traceable to their origin.

The Clematis is subject to a very serious disease, due
to the depredations of a nematode worm in the roots.
This trouble is most serious under glass and alongside
buildings where the ground does not freeze deep. The
parasite is probably distributed in the soil a<lhering to
pot-grown plants. It is probable that hard freezing kills
the parasite. There is no remedy, so far as known, for
affected plants. Using only soil which has been frozen is
to be recommended to the propagator. jf . C. Davis.

The hybrid varieties of Clematis, commonly known as
the large-flowering sorts, are, when successfully grown,
among the most beautiful of hardy climbing plants. The
commercial propagation and growing of most of the
large-flowering varieties, however, is attended with so
many difficulties and disrippnintmnnts that it has never
been very generally attmipf,,! ),y nursiryinen or florists
in this country. .\t t],:- ),r.s, m uuu- tlicrc are scarcely
half a dozen limi-,^ .m tliiv .ontiii. nt who attempt the
propagation of Cl'iiuiti- tu :iny L-uiisidtrable extent, and
it is only within the past fifteen years that Clematises
have been commercially grown even by this limited
number. Prior to that, practically all of the large-flower-
ing Clematis planted in this country were imported from
Europe, the in.ijcr ].art being supplied by Holland,
whose nioiNt ;ilin..s|,l,, ic and black soil produces large,
vigorous |il,nit-. I,ut wliiise climatic conditions are so
entirely dill. r. nt fn.iii those usually found in this
country that the plants often failed to adapt themselves
to their new surroundings, and did not thrive to the ex-
tent that their good size and vigorous condition seemed
to give promise.

The propagation of Clematis throughout Europe is
ustially effected by grafting pieces of well-ripened, year-
old wood upon roots of almost any of the more vigorous
growing species, Clematis Flamniula being most com-
monly used. In this country, on the contrary, the method
commonly pursued is by means of cuttings from young
wood, struck in sand, with gentle bottom heat, usually
during May or June. So far as concerns the comparative
vigor and desirability of

plants produced by these two . __ . __

methods, there is small choice ^?'^'
between them. It has been ^y
our experience that propaga- ,■;;■

CLEM.\TIS

sential characteristics, — vigorous habit of growth and
abundance of bloom. Olfin'ilis Jurkma tii, purple,
originated in 1862, by Mr. (i.-cir-. .la.knian. was one of
the first hybrid Clematises iiitn.ilur, a, ^nnl .-till stands
as the most popular, and, of its .-.ilor. tin- most valuable
variety yet known. The new variety, Madame Edouard
Andr^, a deep, rich crimson, is distinct and novel, being
at this time the only large-flowering sort of a truly
crimson shade. It is of fully as vigorous habit as the
Jackmani, and its flowers are similarly massed, though
not produced in quite such profusion. Clematis Madame
Baron Veillard is another new and distinct variety that
promises to prove a valuable acquisition. It is of ex-
ceedingly vigorous habit, and the flowers are quite
freely produced, though, being more dispersed over the
plant, they do not make so much of a show as do varie-
ties whose flowers are closely massed. The flowers are
of very large size and of a light rose color, shaded with
lilac. Of white varieties, Henryl, Mrs. George Jack-
man and Lanuginosa Candida, all of them introduced
long ago, still remain about the most desirable ones
known. Bamona, deep sky-blue, is a variety which
originated on our grounds some ten years ago. " It is of
extra large size, often 9 to 10 inches across, of very
vigorous habit and free-flowering.

Of double-flowered varieties, Duchess of Edinburgh,
white, is the best known in this country, :iii<! MlH.nt thf
most desirable, though a new double win 1. > nn i . , ,i|,.,l
" Snowdrift," originated by the f amon - 1 , , . I , ■- 1 k .

and now being propagated by us, pi : it

in both floriferousness and vigor of gmw :K i. im i .. nl.l
Veitch is a double sort with flowers of lavendir-blue,
but, with us at least, has seemed a shy bloomer and of
weak habit. Mme. Grange (purplish violet). Star of
India (purple), Velutine Purpurea (purple), and V'iti-
cella Venosa ( reddish purple ) , are all desirable varieties.

Although they are in reality slightly less hardy than
the Florida and Patens types, we would recommend for
northern localities varieties of the Lanuginosa, Viticella
and Jackmani types, which produce their flowers from
young growing wood. Plants of these tjTies, even if
frozen back to the ground, will still produce a good show
of flowers, since, as stated, they bloom from the young
growing wood. Indeed, they need to be pruned back
considerably anyway to induce a free growth of young
wood. With plants of the Patens and Florida types,
which blossom from year-old wood, a severe freezing
back of the plants would destroy the crop of flowers for
the year.

Of the small-flowering varieties, Clematis panieulata
( white) , introduced from Japan, has proved a wonderfully

It Ml-— 1 Ih- possibility,
-I'lii' iini- - r. ali/.ed in grafted
plants, of sprouts being
thrown up from the roots,
and, if in the hands of an un-
informed amateur, entirely
"running out" the vinety
grafted m

Clematises hybridize so
readilv that thi numl.d of
varieties i-snltmt ti in \a

hUf

md

list

It ll _U. s of

et the \ irieties
of large flowering C lematis
that have proved so valuable
I perm inniit places

for til.
demaii 1
Then
shades
populaii

. ounted upon one s fingers.
t s possessing most beautiful
t coloring that fail to attain
count of deficiency m two es-

valuable acquisition in this country, and has already
become exceedingly popular. It is of remarkably
vigorous habit, often making a growth of 20 to 25 feet
in a season. It seems thus far to be entirely free from

CLEMATIS

329

disease, is dplightfully fragrant, and so floriferous that
the blossoms form a dense sheet of bloom, remaining in
full beauty for several weeks. The foliage is very thick
anil heavy, thus making it very desirable for covering

pol

Is, wh

Crispa (blue) and Coceinea (red) are varieties with
very pretty, bell-shaped flowers. They are easily grown
and do well in almost all situations.

The perennial, non-climbing varieties of Clematis are
most pleasing border plants, succeeding well in all ordi-
nary soils and making a rich show of bloom at their
flowering season. Davidiana (blue) and Recta (white)
are about the best known and most desirable varieties
of this class.

To grow Clematis most successfully, they should be
given a good depth of loamy soil, with a fair supply of
well rotted manure spaded in and thoroughly distrib-
uted through the soil. In hot, dry weather, the plants
sTiould be regularly watered in order to obtain the
greatest number of "fls. possible, for the plants are very
susceptible to injury by drought. A point of great im-
portance, especially iu caring for newly set
plants, is to provide a firm s\ii.ii.irt f
climb upon. A solid woodou i.r no t
preferable, for the reason tli:it it in-
plants from being whipped al.oiit liy
often results either in breaking the st;i
ground or else in cracking the outer bark of the stalk
and rendering them more liable to the attacks of
sects and fungous diseases. Training the Vines upon
strings, or a pliable support of any kind, is not to be
advised for this reason. Propagation of the hybrid
varieties is effected both by cuttings and by grafts.
All of the type varieties grow readily from seed.

Jackson & Pekkins Co.

Index; alpina, 32; aristata, 9; aromatica, 29; azurea,
14. bicolor, 21) ; brevicaudata, 6 ; caerulea, 14 ; Calif or-
nica, 8 ; carapaniflora, 19 ; Candida, 12 ; Catesbyana, 7 ;
cirrhosa, 15; coceinea, 21; Columbiana, 31 ; crassifolia,
9,- crispa, 22; Davidiana, 25 ; Douglasi, 26; Drummondi,
3; erecfa, 1 ; eriosteraon, 18 ; excelsior, 12 ; Flammtila,
2 ; floribunda, 19 ; florida, 20 ; Portunei, 20 ; Fremonti,
27; fulgens, 18; grandiflora, 14. 15; grareolens, 11;
Henderson!, 18; Henryi, 12; heraclejefolia, 25; Hookeri,
25 ; indivisa, 17 ; integrifolia, 28 : Jackmani, 12 : Ker-
mesinus, 18 ; lanuginosa, 12 ; ligusticifolia, 8 ; lilicina-
floribunda, 18; marmorata, 18; Meyeriana, 10; modesta,
18; montana, 15; nivea, 12; occidentalis, 32; ochroleuca,
30 ; odorata, 15 ; orientalis, 11 ; paniculata, 5 : pi'tens,
14 ; Pieroti, IC ; Pitcheri, 24 • purpurea-hvbrida, 18 ;
rect:i, 1 ; reticulata 23 ; rubella, 2 : Sargenti, 24 ; Si-
birira, 32 ; Sieboldi, 20 ; Standishii, 14 ; Stanley!. 13 ;
stans, 25; tubnlosa, 25; Tunbridgensis, 12; verticillaris,
31; Viorna, 21; Virginiana, 7; Vitalba, 4; Viticella, 18.
A. Trtte petals none; sepals petaloid. Clematis proper.

B Styles of fruit lery long and plumose {Ftg 49S}
c Fls on the new growth, numerous, small, appeal
ing in the last half of the season, often tn pani
eles Flammula section

D Serhaceout, nearly erect

1 ricta, Lmn (C erfota, Linn ) Herbaceous some

what tufted, 2-3 ft long

^'^^4/; U_- I.mnnt. U.s st.lked.

C¥^y''

iir, - Lu

p o47 -\i

plfina, Lemome FuUv dou
bled, button like blossoms
DD Woody or half u oody,
climbing
I Fit usually perfect,
nearly uhite
Natural size 2 FWrnmula Lmn ( C

Palla^i J F Gmel ) A
slender but vigorous climber reaching 10-15 ft dark
green Ivs., remaining fresh till midwinter; Ifts. vari-
able but usually bipinnate, small, ovate, oblong or

linear ; fls. small, numerous in axillary and terminal
panicles; sepals 4, linear-oblong white; stamens white;
fr. bearing white plumes. Aug.-Oct. Mediterranean
region. Gn. 52, p. 499. — Must have a sunny exposure;

very beautiful.
Var. rubella,

Bele (C. rubella,

Pers., not Hort ).

Differs from the

C. Flam f \( I . ' /
I Ivs. ash^ » \^ ^ ^ /^

3. Dnimmondi

Gray. Allied

mula ; stem and Ivs. ashj

pubescent ; Ivs. finely pm

nate : fls. white, much less

abundant ; styles becoming

2-3 in. long. Sept. Dry ground, Tex. to Aiiz.

4. Vit41ba, Linn. In Europe called Traveller's Joy.
The most vigorous climber of the genus, ascending 20-
30 ft. : Ivs. pinnate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
cordate at the base, partly cut: fls. numerous, in axillary
panicles, dull white, % in. across, with a faint odor of
almonds: styles of fr. long and feathery, from which it
is given the name Old Man's Beard. July-Sept. Eu.,
N. Afr., Caucasus region. Gn. 53. p. 546. S.H. 2:540.

5. paniculata, Ttmnl.. FIl--- C^' (Sfi, A vigorous
climber: Ifts.:: ', ,...! : i. ■! ■ - " "iiate, 1-4 in. long,
g'.abrous : fls. i . i — , in axillary and
terminal panirl^ ,■ i. I :il :iiii-. Sept. Japan.
G.F.3:621; 5:'Jl; 'i:7.Vi!i.l \.<i. i . 1;. :i: .-)81. Mn.7:113;
Gng. 1:101 and li;.'. ; 0:291; 4 : Jl':!. A.F. ]:;: 1314.-
Prop. by seed. By fai the mo
blooming species in American g
sunny situations —Will stand st

6 brevicaudata DC (C b,,,
mg vigoroush h s pmn

ovate lanceolate v ummate <
brous fls in axillar-* panicles
G F 5 139 -Ver\ little used

the fall-
s best in
1 winter
Llimb
_ments
nlvgla
( hina

EE Fls

dicecioub

f,^ Ivs

7 VirgimElna, Lmn Fi^ 4S7 fhrabmg 12 to Ij ft
temate, Ut^ ^1 il i n m i i 1 buses often cor

date fla whit m 1 u monoecious or

dioecious all >ut 1 m i mded plumose

styles 1 in oi none m I n m i - |t Nova Scotia

toGa,westnaid t.Ku,- u V 1 VI. D 103

\ ir Catesbyana Britton (C tateibydna Pursh)
Lvs somewhat pubescent often biternate S E states
Fl 730 {lbl4) Int 1883

8 h^stlclfdUa, Nutt \lli 1 i < T nia but
having D-7 Ifts ot tiim i t i i ] ubes
cent variable m form m 1 to i i 1 bed or

coarsely toothed tts^hit ,.ii mtland

axillary panicles , st^ les ilea eh ilk\ ( ul ^ tut, with
long straight hairs Aug Missouu to ^ "\Iexico and
Brit Columbia Int 1881 Vir Califdmica, Wats has
no marked difference : lvs. usually smaller and perhaps
more tomentose.

330

CLEMATIS

9. crasBifdlia, Benth. Climbing : Its. coriaceous,
3-parted; segments nearly entire, ovate-acuminate, with
bases cuneate: fls. in small, axillary panicles; sepals 4,
spreading, dull or white ; anthers shorter than the fila-
ments. Late summer. China. — Suitable for greenhouse
use, but not yet well introduced. C. aristata, of B. R.
3:238. is a fair representation of this plant.

488. Clematis Henryi. One-fourt

10. Meyeni^na, Walp. Climbing rapidly, more hardy
than C. crassifotia: Ivs. much the same, but with the
segments obtuse or cordate at the base ; fls. much as in
that species, but with the anthers longer than the fila-
ments. Late summer. China.

EEE. Fls. perfect, yellow, and more spreading than
the preceding.

11. orientillis, Linn. (C. graveolens, Lindl.). A rapid
climber, reaching 12-15 ft. : Ivs. thin, glaucous and shiny,
twice or thrice temate ; Ifts. 3-parted or -lobed, with
small, ovate, entire or cut-toothed divisions : fls. solitary,
becoming erect or nearly so, VA in. across; sepals 4, yel-
low, tinted with green, somewhat reflexed ; styles plu-
mose. Aug.- Sept. Himalaya region. Lav. 21. Figured
as CgrareoJens in the following: B.M.4495. Gn. 45:954,
p.240. P.S.4:374b; 6:548.

cc. Fls. on the new growth, appearing successively

throughout the summer.

D. Climbing plants.

12. lanugindsa, Lindl. (including var. pallida, Hort. | .
Climbing only 5 or 6 ft. : Ivs. simple or of 3 Ifts., cordate-
acuminate, woolly beneath: fls. erect, woolly in the bud,
the largest of the wild species, being 6 in. across; sepals
5 or 6, broadly ovate, leathery, rather flat, overlapping,
lavender or bluish gray; center of stamens pale reddish
brown; styles plumose. Summer. Native near Ningpo,

CLEMATIS

China. F.S. 8:811. I.H. 1:14. Lav. 1. M. &J.4.-Iti3
to this sj.i-i'i.s, 111. ire than to any other, that the beauty
ami ]i.ii,ulanty of the garden varieties and hybrids are
(Uir. The tiiiivt liybrids, including (7. iTacfcmoni audits
seitinii, unci ( '. //.iiri/i, contain more or less of the blood
of C. laiinginosii.

Var otadlda, Lemoine (C Candida Hort.). Like the
t)pe except that the bimple l\s and Ifts of the compound
Ivs are much larger and the fls are larger, being 7-8 in.
acro-ss —Perhaps a hybrid of C ccetulea

Var nivea, Lemome (C nuea, Hort ) Sepals 6-8,
uarrowish pure white anthers pale brown —Thought to
In of the simi (irigin as the above var

I III I I h ( proline Xevill, Hort.). Fls.

II I n II h whit** with mauve-colored

1 M I 1 1 I 11 4b p 33 —One of the finest

I Lifelivre Hort ) Resembles the
• pointed and darker in shade.

like the type, but with

Late-

&s

MrIdalnl^\^ an H iitte W M id ime \ in Houtte.Hort.
blooming sepals, pale^blue becoming white

Madame Thibaut (C Madame Thihuit Hort.). F
abundant -Thought to be a hybrid with C ViticeUa.

The Prendent (C The President Hort ) A rich violet -blue
flower.

.ffjceistor'(0. Excelsior, Hort.). Fls. double; sepals grayish
purple, with a reddish bar down the center of each. F.S.
20:1995.

Of the more certain hybrids of this group, some of which are
so closely allied to C. lanugitiosa as to be considered varieties of

the following are the best in the Aniericau trade :

E. Fls.

ish.

ii'.ii. i/. .S7.J«;iVn, Carre. (X C. cierulea. var. plena). Plant,
. I lanuginosa, but with larger fls. : sepals 6-8. white
; i „!:iy .at first; stamens yellow.

;/ „::;., Anderson-Henry (XC.florida.var.Fortunei). Fig. 488.
Kohusi i,l;int: free bloomer; fls. creamy white, becoming fully
expanded when grown in the open sun or under glass. Aug.-Nov.
— It resembles more the Lanuginosa parent.

Otto Froebel. Lemoine (X C. cienilea). Lvs. leathery, simple
or 3-p.arted: fls. of fleshy texture, grayish white, sometimes be-
coming bluish; sepals 8. blunt, broad; anthers brownish.

Imperatrice Eugenie, Carre. {C. I. var. pallidaX C. eserulea).
Lvs. simple or 3-parted; Ifts. broad and woolly; fls.i8-9 in.
across, with 8 broad, white sepals.

Jeanne d'A re, Dauvesse. Same cross as last and much like it,
but the sepals are grayish white, with 3 blua bars down the
center of each.

EE. Fls. some shade of blue, lavender, purple, etc.,
except in some vars. of C. Jackmani.

Lawsonidna, Anderson-Henry (X C. florida. var. Fortune!).
Fls. very! large ; sepals 6-8, broad, rose-purple, marked with
darker veins. Aug.-Nov.

rubro-violdcea, Jackman (X C. ViticeUa, var. atronibens).
Lvs. pinnate, with ovate-acuminate or sometimes ovtat^-lanceo-
l;ite Ifts.: sepals 4-6, maroon-purple ; stamens greenish. F.S.
18:1630. F.M. 1876;217. Var. Princp of TToies, Hort., has fls. of
lighter tint.

La France. Hort. 'V (' .T.-
woolly: sepals deep 1-.. I. :iii i: i

BdHcdcsWracv. F..:^
lilue, with broad, reriir ;

DeconiVnsi,!, Hort. i^;niM i.
delicate lavender-blue. tin. ;i. p. .ju:i ( note; .

Symesidna, Anderson-Henry (X C. florida, var. Fortunei).
Fls. 7 in. across; sepals 6-8, pale mauve; a profuse bloomer.

Gem, Baker (XC.'Stan.lisbi I, Lvs, 3-p.arted or simple; fls.
like C. lanuginosa in fnni L-ivr. -h 1 In.-

Jdckmani. Jaekni;iii r I' ,,,,i. 1858-60). Habitand

lvs. of C. lanuginosa •■ 1 1 mad ; sepals 4-6, very

broad, velvety purpli , V. i . .Inwn theoenter; broad,

central tuft of pale Ki"" ■■ " • ^ .V . I. 5, 6, 9, 10. 11, 12, 14.

I.H.11;414. F.S. 16:1621). lin.J-ilW: .-.3. p.262. A.6.19;269. A.F.
10:1329. R.H. 1868:390. Var. (/(da, Hort. Fls. nearly pure white.
Gn 25: 427. Var. superba, Hort. Fls. violet-purple, resembling
C. Madame Grange. See Fig. 489.

Other hybrids or varieties of C. Jackmani are : Var, Gipsy

Lvs. smooth ; buds
, with wavy edges.
:.s the last). Fls. large,

s-'.i in. across ; sepals'8.

Queen, Cripps K , iTip,sy yueei

of India'. Vriinif^ icVstiirnf I
barred with red. \ ar. Tnnhriu
Hort.), reddish purple, barred

331

I I 1 1 1 M i.>re Hort ).

ih vl It II \ ir iladame

I s ■ \1 I I uii 1 11 H \ Hill ird, Hort ),

,. \ I Ui , L I, Lir..u\iil a M idame Andre,
Hort 1 I iriinn» M.ilet R H ls<)i Isii V»r iilutma purpurea,
Jackman(C ^ elutma pvirpurea. Hort ),fls 4-6 m across, usu-
ally 4, sometimes 5 or 6 sepals, blackish purple
DD. Seibaceous, eiect.

13. Stinleyi, Hook. (C. StanUudna, Hort.). Erect,
robust herbs, 3 ft. high : Ivs. biternate ; Ifts. sessile or
petioled, variable in size, cuneate, silky : fls. 1-3 in.
across, white to pink -purple; sepals becoming widely ex-
panded; stamens yellow; styles becoming very plumose,
white. Julv-Oct. Transvaal. Int. 1893. B.M.7166. Gn.
39:789. G". F. 3:513. G.C. HI. 8 : 327. - Suitable for
greenhouse culture ; in the northern states it is apt to
winter-kill if left unprotected.

ccr. Fls. 0)1 the year-nhl ripenert iroorl, nppearinc! in
late winter, spring, or early sumoier.
D. Sepals more than 4, usually 6-9.

14. caerUea, Lindl. (C.pAtens, Morr. & Decne. C. azii-
rea, Hort., ex. Turcz.). Taller and more slender, and
Ifts. smaller and narrower than C. lanuginosa : fls.
spreading; sepals about 8. rather narrow, delicate lilac;
stamens purple. Spring. Islt- ,.f Nij'iMni. .rupan. M.& J.
3. Lav. 2 and 3. B.R. 23:l:i.".:.. I'.M. 4 : 1'.':;. B. 3:126.-
Should be grown on a northcin .viKi^un i.. ]. reserve the
color of the flowers. Itisalnin^r :is jtmlitir as C. lanugi-
nosa in producing garden varieties and hybrids, and it
is the most likely of all to produce double-flowered forms.

Var. grandifldra. Hook. (C. asi'irea, var. qrantliflbra,
Hort.). Fls. larger than the type. B.M.3983.

Var. Stindishi, Moore {C. Stdnrlishi, Hort.). Fls.
about 5 in. across ; sepals light purple, of metallic
luster. — A line variety from Japanese gardens.

The following other garden varieties :

Mrs. Jum.s ll.ik.r >r, Mrs. James Baker, Hort.). Sepals
nearly whitf, nhl.-.l witli .lark carmine,

Miss B,it,„,,in. XmI.Ii. ir, Jiiss Bateman, Hort.). Fls. more
compact than t lu' tyvn, ti in. a'-ross: sepals ovate, shortly acumi-
nate, pure white, with cream-colored bars ; anthers browu-
Probahly of hybrid origin ; allied to var. Standishi.

Stella. Jackman (C. Stella, Hort.). Fls. not so large as the
last ; sepals deep mauve, with a red bar down the center of each.
F.S.22:2341.

Ama^id, Siebold (C.Amalia.Hort.). Sepals 6 or more, oblong-
lanceolate, light lilac. From .Japanese'gardens.j.F.S. 10: lo:il.

Lord Lanesborough, Noble (C. Lord Lanesborough, Hort.).
Sepals bluish lihae, each with a metallic purple bar. — A good va-
riety to graduallj- force to blossom in the greenhouse by March.

Lafly Lanesborough. Xoble (C. Lady Lanesborough, Hort.).
Sepals silver-gray, the bar being lighter colored.— It will blos-
som in March in the greenhouse.

Marie. Simon-Louis (C. Marie, Hort.). Fls. darker than

The Ouecn, Jackman (C. The Queen, Hort.). Fls. rather com-
pact, the sepals being broader than the type.

John Murray, Jackman (C. John Murray, Hort.). Habit and
foliage bolder than the type: fls. somewhat later. Gn. 46: 970.

Fair ifosomond, Jackman (C. Fair Rosamond, Hort.), Sepals
apicuLite, broader than the type, and of the same color. F.S.
22:2342.

Countess of Lovelace. Jackman (C. Countess of Lovelace,
Hort.). Fls. double, blue-violet : sepals much imbricated. In
the second crop of blooms the fls. are single, as is often the case
in other double varieties.

Albert TiXor, Noble (C. Albert Victor, Hort.). Fls. much like
the type, but large and more compact.— Suitable for forcing
under glass.

Duchess of Edinburgh. Jackman (C. Duchess of Edinburgh,
Hort.). Fls. double, white, strongly imbricated.

Louis van Houtte, Hort. (C. Louis van Houtte, Hort.). Semi-
double, rosy white.

Vesta. Endlicher (C.Vesta, Hort.). Sepals gr.ay; anthers red.
Gt. 39:1333. Gn.9;lS.

Van Houtte (C monstrosa, Hort.). Fls. semi-
double, pure white F S 9 960.

Sophia. Siebold (C Sophia, Hort.). Sepals deep lUac-purple
on the edges, with hght green bars. F.S. 8: 852. l.H. 1:21.
BH. 97

DD. Sepals 4.

15 montina, Buch.-Ham (C odordta, Hort., not
Wall I A vigorous climber, often reaching a height of
15-20 tt . h s ternate,with oblong-acuminate cut-toothed
Ifts.: fls. several m each axil, following each other in
succession of time, resembling white anemone blossoms,
sweet-scented ; sepals i, elliptic-oblong, 1 in. long,
spreading, becoming pink ; stamens conspicuous, yel-
low. IVIay. Himalaya region. B.R. 26:53. M. & J. 8.
Gn. 49, p. 39, 51, p 349. A. G. 19:391. R. H. 1856:161.-
The species prefers a mild climate. The section of
Clematises to which it belongs includes the evergreen
forms, such as C. cirrhdsa, Linn., of the Mediterranean
region.

Var. grandUWra, Hort. Fls. 3-4 in. across. B.M. 4061.

16. Pierdti, Miq. Closely allied to the last: Ivs. and
Ifts. shaggy -hairy, much toothed, veins prominent : fls.
small. Early summer. Japan.

489 Clematis Jackmanl

17 indivisa.Willd Much like C monfano fls white;
requires cool grf cnhousi culture and is then very beau-
tiful Ivs evpi-i en III lb7 A F H 879 Gn.
53, p 546 -/) ' \ I I 1 ita Hook , differs very

little from \hvU\ B M 4jJS R H 1853 241 Gn 53
p. 547 P S 4 4U2

332

CLEMATIS

BE. Styles of fi: usKully rather short, often becoming
phtmose, but not so much as in B.— Vitivella
Section.

c. Climbing plants.
D. Fls. large, expanded when mature.

18. ViticfiUa, Linn. Climbing 8-12 ft.: Ivs. some
times entire, but usually divided into 3 nearly entire
Ifts.: fls. lK-2 in. in diam., growing singly on pedim
cles; sepals 4, blue, purple or rosy purple, obovate
pointed, reflexed; stamens yellow: fr. with rather short
tails, devoid of plumes. June-Aug. S. Eu. to Persia
R.H. 1860,p. 183; 1876:110; 1879:350 (vars.). B.M. 505
Lav. 7. — This is the type of one of the leading groups
of garden Clematises, and is one of the parents of the
Jackmani type of hybrids.

The four following are garden varieties :

Eermesinus. Hort. (C. Kermesinus, Hort.). Fls. of bright
wine-red color, purple being absent. Gn. 39:787.

Liliclnatloribunda. Hort. (C. liUcina-floribunda, Hort. C.
floribunda. Hort.). Fls. pale gray-Ulac, conspicuously veined.
Gn. 18, p. 389 (note).— An abundant bloomer. Produced in an
English garden in 1880.

Lady Bovill, Jaekman (C. Lady Bovill, Hort.). Fls. cup-
formed, sepals being concave and little or not at all recurved
at the ends, fls. 4 in. across; sepals 4-6, grayish blue,- stamens
light brown. M.& J.15.

Marmordta, Jaekman (C. mamiorata. Hort.). Fls. rather
smaU, with 4 broad sepals, grayish bhie. 3 longitudinal bars.
M. & J. 1, f . 2 ; same plate in F. S . 20 : 2008 ( opp. p. 17, )

Hybrids of C. Viticella which are closely allied to that tj-pe:

Eendersi'iii, Hendersnn (C. eri6stemon, Dene. =C.V.XC.
iutegrifnlKi ' St. m ;ni.I h.'diit of C.ViticeUa: Ifts. and lis. much

I I ing 8-10 ft.: 4 blue sepals, spreading,

1 I.N ls.-.2:341. F.S.13:1364(asvar.venosa),

of

reflex..

riut'in,ii iiiibrida, Modeste-
Gueriu i. - iW'.X C Jackmani).
Fls. 4-6 in. across, deep purple
violet, with red veins, but not
barred.

Boskoop, Uort. (C. Boskoop Seedling, Hort. =C.V.XC.ln-
tegrifolia). A new race in 1892: growing 3-5 ft. : fls. blue, lav-
ender, rose or reddish rose.

19 oampanifldra, Brot Climbmg 10-15 ft fls re
fle\ed and bell shaped as in the above tjpe or more so,
purple oi whitish June July Native of Portugal
L B C 10 987 Lav 8 -This has been called C \ iti
cetla because of its close resemblance m flower fruit
and leaf but the Ivs are often twice ternate, and the
plant IS inuth more slender in habit

20 fldrida Thunb A sh n , n / .

491. Clematis Viorna.

\ ai bicolor s,j ,, ] , ,
Siebuld, II II II I 1, -I 111
Like the t\| lilt »iil, th
purple St mil n m wli it

petal like ml t imm^ u
dense purple hi ad in the
center F S 5 487 Lav
5 M <tJ 16 B R 24 25
P M 4 147 Ixn 22 349 R
H. I806.4OI.

Var. Fbrtunei, Moore (C.
FiirtiDiei, HoTt.). Fls. large, very much doubled; se-
pals creamy white, becoming pink. F. S. 15 : 1553.
G. C. 1803: 676. I. H. 10, p. 86. M. & J. 13.

Belle of TroA-i?iff(C.Belleof Woking, Hort.), A hybrid form:
fls. very full and double ; sepals purple.

John Gnuld Veitch (C. John Gould Veitch, Hort. C. Veitchii,
Hoit.). Fls. velvet, double, resembling var. Fortune!, except in
the color of the sepals. From Japanese gardens. F. 8.18:1875-6.

DD. Fls. smaller, pitcher-shaped or tubular.
21. Vibrna, Linn. Fig. 491. Climbing 8-10 ft. : Ivs.
not glaucous nor coriaceous ; Ifts. subcordate-ovate to
ov:iti-.l;iiiceolate, slightly reticulated : fls. solitary, on
liiML' iiediincles, pitcher-shaped ; sepals 4, 1 in. long,
vMiKilil.. in color, often dull purple, thick and leathery,

.iii' . ', I I-. ..L. 1.1 Aliil.iiiiiii nil. I westward. Lav. 17.

\ i . . ... una, .\. iir:i> I ('. /"»<■«, Eng«lm. ). Lvs.

;;! ii , 111. ...rill us; Ifts. I.n.:uler than the type,

(.11. 11 .'l.tiise or refuse : sepals carmine or scarlet.
Ti-xiis. I,!iy.l9 {as a. Texensis). B.M. 6594. Gn. 19:275.
(It. :!2: .si;. R.H. 1878:10; 1888: 348. — Much superior to
th.- ty|ii., because of its beautiful flowers. Some of the
L'lii.l. II f(.rms of this variety, which have probably been
|.i...lii. . .1 by crossing it with hardier Clematises,' are
t. .1111.1 under the names: Countess of Onslow, Aeej) scslT-
l.t, I .I'. III. 10:9; Countess of York, -Khite. tinted -with
|.iiik ; Ihirhcss of AVmv;i, clear pink, Gn. 52:1140.

■11. crispa, Linn. A ~1. iider climber, reaching 3-4 ft.:
hs. 1 . r\ Tliiii; Ifts. .;-.". ..r more, variable in outline and
si.iiii-tiiiii.s iiu.lix i.l.-.l. ..Iti-n 3-o-lobed: fls. purple, vary-
ing to whitish, cylindrical or bell-shaped, 1-2 in. long;
points of sepals recurved: styles of fr. hairy but not
plumose. June-Sept. Virginia to Texas. B. R. 32 : 60.
Lav. 14. — This and the allied species are fragrant.

23. reticulata, Walt. A slender climber, allied to the
last : lvs. much reticulated and very coriaceous : fls.
solitary in the axUs of the lvs., nodding, bell-shaped;
sepals recurved, crispy at the mar-gin: mature fr. with
plumose tails. June, Julv. S. Car. to Ala. and Fla.
B.M. 6574; 1892 (as C. crispa); 1816 {a.s C. cordata).
L.av. 10.

24. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Lvs. of 3-4 pairs of Ifts.
and a terminal 1ft. reduced almost to a midrib; Ifts.
coarsely reticulated : fls. 1 in. long and %va. in diam.,
with swollen base ; sepals dull purple, recurved at the
tips : akenes pubescent, styles not plumose.
S. Ind. to Mo., southward to Mex. Lav. 15.

-Aug.

CLEMATIS

CLERODENDRON

333

C(-. Herbaceous, erect, i

C.

D. Sepals

25. heracleaefdlia, DO

erect, woody only at the

green ; Ifts. mucronatc

corymbs, either axillarj

with 4 light blue sepals

and pedicels downy ;

Aug.-Sept. China. M.

v&r.Bodkeri). P.M. 14

ir somewhat climbing incase of
aromatica.
iome shade of blue.
(C. tubulbsa. Hook.). Stout,
base: Ivs. ternate, large, bright
^ly toothed : fls. numerous in
■ or terminal, tubular in form,
, becoming reflexed ; peduncles
recurved stigmas club-shaped.
& J. 17. B.M.4269; 6801 (as
:.■)!. P.S. 3:195.-Prop. by root

Var. Davidl^na, Bean (C. Davididna, Decne.). About
4 ft. high, hardly strong enough to stand without sup-
port: Ivs. larger than any other cultivated Clematis :
fls. in clustered heads, 6-15 together, and also singly
or clustered in the leaf axils. R.H. 1867, p. 90. Gn. 49,
p. 99.

Var. Btans, Hocik. (('. stilus. Sieb. & Zucc). Herba-

less dens.- i1i:mi ilir -.An.vi- variity. ill i.'1-iiiinal panicles
and in clos,. rhi^ins in the l.':ir-a\il~. tnl.iil:ir in form;
the blue scjial-i nv.iiut.- fnnii m-.iv liir im.ldle. Sept.-
Oct. Jap. B.M. (JSKI.-Usfd cliielly because of the
striking foliage and its late-bloomiiig qualities.

26. Doiiglasi, Hook. Has habit of U. integrifolia,
about 2 ft. high: stem and petioles angled and ribbed:
Ivs. twice pinnately ortematc'ly coiiiiMiniid ; Ifts. narrow-
linear or lanceolate: fls. tulMilar or lirll sliaped, 1 in.
long; sepals recurved, defj' [iin-jiir witliin. ]taler with-
out. June. In Mts., Montana I.I N. Mrx, -Int. IKM.

27. Fr^monti, Watson. (']<-''■■ uihr.! •■-' ■ n,i,rni,i,eii,
but with Ivs. 3^ in. long. iH 1 1 - !■ i h. i- .ntin- or
with a few coarse teeth: il . i h .inm ; sepals
thick, purple, nearly glal.i : , ; i loin. iituso
edges; styles when young iImah, nnli.i ili.ni f.:iiliL'ry.
July-Aug. Mo. to Colo. G. F. :;::!K1.

28. integrifdlia, Linn. Herbaceous, erect, becoming
2 ft. high: Ivs. rather broad, entire, ovate-lanceolate:
fls. solitary, noddiiisr: si|ial.s t, ratlicr narrow, blue, cori-

Var. diversifolia. li I iivided. Var.

Dur4ndi, Hurt. I r, . i.Tallerand

fls. largerthan in tin i i- ; --lo!- i. . mx. .1. Gn. 49:1052.
Gng. 5:276.-Very iH-autitul.

29. aromatica, Lenm' A: ('. Km-li [U. cmrulea, var.
odor&ta, Hort. ). Slrndir, licrliaceous or somewhat
climbing, reaching (1 ft. Iiii-'li if >ii|iportod : Ivs. of 3-7
ovate, nearly entire Ifts.; il- - iii:irv, l. riiiinal. v.ry

S. i'l-ani-. It ), thought by
S'liiif to III- all old garden hy-
brid of ilir \'iii.-i-lla type, or
('. iut,,,rif.,li„ . ('. recta, otC.
Flammula x integrifolia. R.
H. 1877, p. 15.

DD. Sepals yellow.
30. oohroletica, Ait. Herba-
ceous, 1-2 ft. high, silky-pu-
bescent, becoming glabrate :
Ivs. ovate, entire : fls. erect,
solitary, terminal; sepals yel-
low outside, cream-colored
within: styles becoming some-
what plumose. July-Aug.
Drv grounds, N. Y. to Ga.
L.B.C. 7:661. -Int. 1883.
AA. True petals small, spatulate ; sepals petaloid ;
involucre none. Atragene section.
31. vertioillaris, DC. Fig. 492. Trailing or sometimes
climbing, 8-10 ft.: usually 4 trifoliate Ivs. from each
node ; Ifts. thin, ovate, ajute, toothed or entire, some-
what cordate ; fls. solitary, blue or purple, nodding at

first. 2-4 in. broad when expanded ; 4 thin sepals, silky
along the margins and veins ; petals %-% in. long.
May-June. Woodlands, Va. to Hudson Bay, west to
Minn. B.M. 887 (as Atragene Americana). -Int. 1881.

Var. Columbiana, Gray. Sepals narrower and more
pointed than in the type. Rocky Mts.

32. alplna. Mill, (^rjasreiie aVpinn, Linn.). Stems 3-5
ft., slender, with prominent joints becoming swollen
with age : Ivs. once or twice ternate. with ovate or ovate-
lanceolate Ifts., serrato or imi-. .1 : iii,iii\ |i. lal like sta-
mens, which are devoid of am K- i ! I- I, iiiL:htblue.
Spring. Northwestern N. Am. i , -.i., . .. i., ,.ii(h and
central Eu. B.M. 530 las xar. A n. ',■,.,. ,, ., i ,,,. jii:!)82.-
A very hardy climber, pri-tVrring a noiihc rn exposure.

Var. 41ba, Hort. lAtrat/eiie Sihirica, Linn.). Fls.
white or nearly so. B.M. 1951.

Var. occidentJUis, Gray. Petal-like stanuiis very few,
and often bearing rudimentary ami., is. T^.<■U\- ;\Its.

The following are well worthy oi .. r.. not at

present found in the American li,. . Hritton.

More bushy and less spreading: till, h I m I' ',l::j25.—

C cethuscefdlia.Tnri-7.. Bushv. lis. mi. .1;. . , .- l.:o . Hu. 45:241.
R,H.1869.p.l(i l; M liMJ -. ,. laiis,.fta,Hook,l.-r.aMlfe;ia.
DC. AlUedtoC \ . ^ mailer and narrower, coarsely

incisely-serrat. . ..i.. . i i . ..r serrate, pubescent beneath.
Japan. Gracifal i ; I. -r. barhelMta. E^^gew. Differs

from C. moiitaii: ma the involucre. Himalaya

region. R.H. js'.s |. t..7 I; \I l.il. I' s \i \>:^Ci - ('_ rirrhbsa,

Linn. Allied t.. c ni.-.n;, .m lis m,,n,s|i..l vrllow, or

red, beU-shape.l i... r. j. Ji.. I, I: i m i-,.., . y-jn (as C.
calycina). B..M. li'Ti. :i,'.:i .... ( ...l.x.ii,,. n ■■ 1,.^,=

CLEOME (meaning unknown). Capparidcicew. A
large and mostly tropical genus of sub-shrubs or annual
herbs, simple or branched, glabrous or glandular, with
simple Ivs. or 3-7 Ifts., and white, yellow or purplish
Hs. borne singly or in racemes. The genus is dis-
tinguished from Gynandropsis by its short torus, which
often bears an appendage, and l.y tho l-i., rarely 10,
stamens. The garden Cleonus ar.- .liii ll\ intrre'sting
for their long, purple, spidery stani. us ami showy rose-
colored petals. They succeed in s.m.ly s.iiis ainl'sunny
situations, and can be used like lasior ..il j. hints to fill
up large gaps in a border. ('. .s/.,)i..,v,, is th.- Iiest, and
has lately been planted cons
amongst shrubbery. Prop, by;
freely in long, sh-n.h-r jiods b

ill pulilic parks
lich are produced
long stalks. For

spinosa, Ja.ii. I r. /..i/,./. lis, Willd.). Giant Spider
Plant. Clamniy, str.lIl^ sn-uted, 3-4 ft. high : Ifts.
usually 5, sometimes 7, oblong-lanceolate, with a pair of
short, stipular spines under the petioles of most of the
Ivs., and in the tropics some little prickles on the petioles
also: tis. rose-purple, varying to white ; petals 4, obo-
vate, clawed, }^ in. long; stamens 2-3 in. long, blue or
purple. N. C. to La. (nat. from Trop. Amer.) and es-
caped from gardens. B.M. 1640. -A tender biennial
north, but annual in the tropics.

integrifdUa, Torr. & Gray. Rocky Mountain Bee-
plant. Glabrous, 2-3 or even 6-ft. high: Ifts. 3, lanceo-
late to obovate-oblong, entire, or rarely with a few mi-
nute teeth: bracts much narrower than in V. spinosa;
petals rose, rarely white, 3-toothed: receptacle with a
flat, conspicuous appendage. Along streams in saline
soils of prairies. — In cult, about 20 years as a bee plant.

speciosissima, Deppe. Annual or half-shrubby, some-
times 5 ft. high: stems strongly hairy: Ifts. 5-7, lanceo-
late, dentate, narrowed at the base, conspicuously hairy
on both sides: fls. light purple or purplish rose. July
to fall. -Said to be the showiest of Cleomes. Under
this name a very diiferent plant is passing, the Ifts. of
which have only minute hairs but rather numerous
spines. yf jji_

CLEEODfiNDBON (Greek, chance and tree: of no sig-
nificance). Includes Siphonanthu and I'olkameria.
\'erben<)ce(e. Many species in the tropics, and also in
China and Jap. Some of them are greeulmnse climbers;
others are hardy shrubs ; others are almost herbaceous.

334

CLERODENDRON

Calyx campanulate or rarely tubular, 5-toothed or 5-
lobed: corolla tube usually slender and cylindrical, the
limb o-parted and spreading : stamens 4, affixed on the
corolla-tube, long-exserted and curved : style exserted,
2-cleft at the end : ovary 4-loculed : fr. a drupe enclosed
in the calyx. Lvs. opposite or in 3's, usually entire,
never compound.

A. Climbing shrnbs.
Th6mpson8e, Balfmir (C. B'iUvuri. Hort.). Fig. 493
Tall, twining, ghil.r.iii- < v- i.
ovate and acuiiiin.i ■
nerved: fls. in axill: i m! - mul fork-
ing panicles ; c:iiy\ .ir-ii.i, :iiii;lr.l, nar-
rowed at the ape.v. «uUf; idculla-limb
red and spreading. \V. Afr. B.M. 5313.
R. H. 1867:310. — A warmhouse plant of
great merit, and the most popular of the
tender species. Blooms profusely on the
young wood. Var. delictum, Hort. {C.
delictum and C. delicdtum, Hort.). Pani-
cles very large: calj'x pure white or green-
tinged : corolla large, rose magenta.

AA. Erect shrubs or suh-sliruhs .

B. Corolla-tube little if any longer than the large calyx :

fls. white or light blush.

fiigrans. Vent. {C. corondria, Sort. 1). Pubescent,
half shrubby, with angled branches, 3-5 ft. : lvs. broadly
ovate, with truncate or cordate base, acuminate, coarsely
toothed : fls. white or blush, in terminal, compact, hy-
drangea-like corymbs, usually double. China, Japan.
B. M. 1834. — Very desirable and fragrant plant for the
coolhouse. Hardy In Fla. Lvs. ill-scented.

viscdsuin,Vent. Height 5-7 ft. , pubescent, with square
branches : lvs. opposite and stalked, cordate
toothed: fls. in a loose terminal panicle, white, with a
flesh-colored center, flaring, the tube projecting beyond
the loose, hairy, large, 5-angled calyx. E. Ind. B. M.
1805.— Fls. sweet-scented. Greenhouse. C. infortu-
n&tmn, Gsertn., is said to be the same species (and the
name is older), but it has scarlet fls.— perhaps a result
of domestication. Even if the same species, it is better
to keep the forms separate for horticultural purposes.

trich6tomum, Thunb. (C. serdtinum, Carr. Volha-
miria Japdnica, Hon., natThunh.). Pig. 494. Slender
but erect, graceful, pubescent sub-shrub, 4-10 ft. high or
even higher : lvs. mostly opposite, soft and flaccid,
ovate-acuminate, narrowed at the base, very closely ser-
rate or entire, hairy: fls. white, mth a reddish brown
calyx, on forking, slenSer, reddish peduncles, the corolla-
tube sometimes twice as long as the calyx. Japan. B.M.
6561. Gn.43:914; 51, p. 320. JK. H. 1807, p. 351. -A very
handsome, hardy shrub. In the N. it> kills to the ground,
but sprouts up if the crown is protected.

BB. CoroUn-tuhe fltricv or more longer than the

small calyx.

C. Fls. white.

tomentdsum, R Br. Shrubby and erect, pubescent,

.S-> ft .md more, often purplish \\ s. opposite and ])eti

oled, ovate oblong, entire or sparingly toothed, pubes

ocnt on both sides, but thickly so on the under side •

493. Clerodendron ThomsonEE (X ^i).

CLERODENDRON

fls. in few-fld. opposite, forking cymes, the calvx not en-
larged, the slim corolla-tube long-exserted (3-4 times

length of calvx) and the clear white corolla lobes re-,
flexed curled anthers \ellow Austral B M lol8.—
Cult ill !? Calif

macroslphon, Hook f Elegant erect shrub finely

pubescent lvs opposite oblanceolate oblong acumi-

nitp notched fls in a nearly sessile terminal cyme,

piir \\hit ih-x green ^er\ small corolla tube

I I nr ^^ 4-i m long hairy, the limb 1 sided.

/ I / 1 1 I Al ( 1)95 —Warmhouse plant of merit.

Siphonanthus R Br ( Siphonanthu^ Indica Linn.).
I 1 1 I 1 I \N Minih 2-6 ft high fls long-

I I I I It 11 i\ large terminal racemes,
1 I I I I I 1 I \ fr a very showy red and

II 111 \ 1 I 1 I 1 ists a long time and for
li h th 1.1 lilt 1 hi ti\ grown E Ind -Hardy

.n Fl 1
■M cc Fh ted or distinctly lilac

Bquamatum, Vahl (C Kmmpferi Sieb ) Grows
10 ft high pubescent lvs opposite round cordate,
entire abruptly pointed inflores-
cence and fls brilliant scarlet fls.
with small red calyx and reflexed,
spreading, unequal corolla - lobes.

CLEEODENDRON

China. R.B. 22:253. Gn. 42:
warm greenhouses or in the c

foetidum, Bunge (C. Bungei, Steud.). Grows 3-6 ft.,
making a bush; pubescent, spiny: Ivs. opposite, broad-
ovate and acuminate, stallted, coarsely toothed : fls.
lilac-purple, tube 3-4 times as long as calyx, in a dense
capitate corymb 4-8 in. across. China. B.M. 4880. Gn.
5: 25. -Cool greenhouse. Hardy in middle and southern
states. Killed to the ground in the latitude of Philadel-
phia, but sprouts up and blooms. Blooms in August.
Fls. not foetid, but name given because of the odor of
the bruised Ivs. Spreads by the root.

Yolkamiria odorAla. offered in the Amer. tr.ide. is a climb-
ing Clerodenilron. r. odnrntit of tlic botanists is n hnshy Car}--
opteris (C. WiiUii-liiiina ', T. .../..niM ..f Si,-lir...lit \- \\ adlcy

ross. indigenous to several of th
.ilarly to Dominica, Martiniqu
DOW in the American trade.

ft. high, with soft, hair
acute point and gljuiroi
ters of white fls., shad:
the clusters lJ^-3 in. ac
Indian islands, pjirtic
Guadaloupe." It is not

CLfiTHKA (ancient Greek name of the Aider, trans-
ferred to this genus on account of the resemblance of
the Ivs.). EricHeeif. White Aldek. Shrub or small
trees: Ivs. alternate, usually serrate, deciduous or per-
sistent: fls. white, in terminal, often paniclod racemes;
petals 5, erect; stamens 10; capsuli- v|,|itfiiii_' into 3
valves, many-seeded. About 25 specii--^ in Am.ri.a, E.
Asia, Madeira. Only a few hardy, deciiluouv ~|„ n. > are
generally cultivated; valuable for their ^how\ .sidkus of
white, fragrant fls., appearing late in summer. They
grow best in a moist, peaty or sandy soil. Prop, by
seeds, sown in spring in pans in sandy and peaty soil,
and by greenwood cuttings under glass, growing best if
taken from forced plants in early spring and placed in
slight bottom heat ; also, increased by layers and by
division of large plants. Handsome when forced under
glass,

A. Lvs.thrhl ,., ■• fn < iixfxsn-ted.

alnildlia, Linn. S^^ ; i i : -n. Shrub, 3-10 ft. :
Ivs. short-petioled. . ,: ■ ■ - or oblong, sharply

serrate, mostly glalir -u- "i n :iriN so, 2-t in. long: fls.
fragrant, in erect, usualiv iiaiiiclfii racemes. July-Sept.
Maine-Florida. M.U.G. l«95;i;o. J.H. IH. 31:375.
G.W.F.A.22. Eiu. 421). -Very variable. The following
forms are often descril)ed as species : Var. panicul&ta,
Arb. Kew. ( C. pa n icuUitu , Ait . 1 . Ia-s. cuiieate-lanceolate,
less toothed, green and ijlalinius ..n liotli sides: racemes
panicled. Var. BCabra, Arl., I\. w. i ( '. .v, ,W,,.(, Ait.). Lvs.
scabrous above, putn-sctuT Im iiMitth: iianji-l<s with fewer
racemes. Var. tomentdsa, :\li(lix, ('". ^.«/, ii/iVsu. Lam.).
Lvs. canescent beneath : racemes solitary or few, larger,
and appearing later than the foregoing. B.M. 3743.
G.F. 4:65.

acuminata, Michx. Tall shrub or small tree, to 15 ft. :
lvs. petioled, oval or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate,
almost glabrous, 3-7 in. long: racemes usually solitary,
nodding. July-Sept. Alleghany Mts. Virginia to Georgia.
L.B.C. 15:1427,

can68cens, Reinw. (C. biirh:„r
Shrub or tree, to 30 ft.: lvs. ,
or elliptic, acuminate, sharpl> :
beneath, 3-6 in. long : raceim - [.
pedicels about as long as the il^.
Philippine Isl., Java. Gt. 19: 054.

AA. IAjs. evergreen : stamens included.

arbdrea. Ait. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs.
cuneate, narrow-elliptic, acuminate, serrate, almost gla-
brous, shining above. 3-4 in. long: racemes panicled;
fls. fragrant. Aug.-Oct. M.adeira. B.M. 1057. -It stands
only a few degrees of frost.

C. tiuercifdlia. Sehlecht. .Shrub: lvs. obovate-ohloug, tomen-
tose Iieneath: racemes panicled. Mexico, 'B.R,'2S:'23. — C. tini-
folia. .Swartz. Shrub: lvs. oblong, entire, tomentose lieneath:
racemes panicled. Jamaica. These two only hardy in sulitropi-
cal regions. ALFRED Rehder.

v: Zucc).
■. obovate
'ubescent
fragrant ;
E.Asia,

CLIDEMIA 335

In the south it is cult, outdoors. It has glossy foliage,
numerous creamy white, fragrant fls., borne in June,
and red berries, which last all winter. The genus has
about nine species, and is distinguished by its petals
free or scarcely coalesced, its pilose anthers, numerous
ovules, and scarcely bracted flowers. Sepals 5, with 2
bractlets: petals 5: stigmas 2-3: berries 2-3-celled.

0Chn4cea, DC. [C.Japdmca, Sieb & Zucc). Height
about G ft.: lvs. oval-oblong, acute at tioth ends, veined
above, entire. Himalayas. — C JapAnici " i^ •listin
guished by DeCandolle by its i i i i l\s ,

which are veinless, and minutel\ \ .u

tricolor, Hort., has dark green l\ m iilv

ings, and a margin of white an I ' i i ii .'ition

lieins more brilliant in younger 1\ s ^_ jj_

CLIANTHUS

(Greek

, glory -flower). GjLOKY Pea.

Glory Vine. Pa

rrot's

Bill. Le/niminbsa.

About five

species of tender

,half-tr

■ailing' shi-nl.s.Tvith I

ar^p. showy

flowers of unique

is an allied gem

IS. I.nl

il^ vni r:il al.pijra

nrc is very

different. Intpn-

^tiiii.' |.l

lant-,w.th innnat,' I

lfts,,an,l tis. in .

■iw.ini-

., Fls, s,;arc,,.ly pap

ilionaceous.

Podsfalkr,!. ,„:,,,

. ■. .■(!,

Ml. Prop, by seeds a,

nd cuttings.

<??/". /'

. , , ,■(■

is anything but ea

sy to grow

in the 1 .

igton. Red spider is

its greatest

enemv. I.nt }.... ,

nn.h ni

oisture in the soil, :

followed by

CLEYfiKA (after Andrew Cleyer, Dutch physician ol
the seventeenth century). Ternstroinidceie. <\ oclinacea
rarely cult, in northern greenhouses.

is a tender s

hot sun. proves equally fatal to it. In a sandy soil,
when the seeds are sown early in spring, the plants,
during ordinary summers, make a very fine display.
The plants will not bear transplanting. Even when they
are grown in pots, it is a risky piece of work to shift
from small pots into larger ones. C. piiniceiis is an old-
fashioned greenhouse plant, grown sometimes to cover
rafters or trellis work, but more frequently trained
around sticks placed around the edge of the pot. The
flowers, not very unlike those of the common Erythrina,
are freely produced in hanging clusters. Cuttings
rooted in early spring may be grown into good-sized
plants during the summer. Water should be given spar-
ingly during the dull months. Pruning, repotting and
tying the shoots should be done .iust before the growth
begins. A sharp lookout should be kept for the red
spider, frequent syringtngs being the only remedy for
this pest.

Oampigri, A. Cunn. Glory Pea. Fig. 495. Height
2-4 ft.: plant glaucous and hoary, with long, whitish,
silky hairs : stems slightly
tinged with red : peti-
oles longer than in C.
puniceus: Ifts. about 15.
nearly opposite, sessile,
usually acute : stipule.s
largerthaninCpiuiiVcHS.-
fls. 4-G in a raceme, large,
drooping, about 3 in. long,
rich crimson or scarlet,
with a handsome velvety,
purple-black area on the
raised center. Austral.
B.M. 5051. R.H. 1868:230.
Gt. 48. p. 272. Gn. 20:294.
— Var. Germinicus, Hort.,
is also sold, and is pnd.a-
bly var. margin4tus,Hort. .
which has one petal white,
margined scarlet. See Gn.
37:746 and p. 299 for an ac-
count of grafting this spe-
cies on stocks of C. pu-
niceus.

puniceus, Banks & Soland. Parrot's Bill. Height
about 3 ft.: plant glabrous : Ifts. 19-21, each with a very
short petiole, alternate (at least towards the end of the
leaf), blunt or slightly notched: fls. 8 or more in a ra-
ceme, crimson, fading with age. New Zealand. B.M.
3584. — Cult, in eastern greenhouses, and a favorite Cali-
fornian outdoor shrub. Blooms all winter in Golden
Gate Park, San Francisco, o. ^x. Oliver and W. M.

CLIDfiMIA (old Greek name). Melastomdceo'. An
unimportant group in a family famous for its foliage
plants. C, vittata, Linden and Andr6, once offered by

John Saul, has large, oval, pointed Its. with 5 strong
nerves, and a narrow band of white down each side of
the midrib. I. H. 22:219. R.H. 1876, p. 233.

CLIFF BEAKE. See PeUtpa.

CLIMBERS aiv ,| -■ ,ii-:.;-m-I fnuii rwiiin-s l,y iKiving
some means of :i 1 1 ■ . n.liiN .n- .iilji-r >|M-cial

devices, while tw II.' I '■ ' i^imi.' thrir vii-m- r.jund

their support. In i « i.l^ f -. n-i tin- wurii is ,.frrii used
synonymously with "vines.' By "trailers." nurserymen
commonly mean low-growins vines, and by "climbers,"
taller-growing vines. See Vines.

CLIMBING FERN. See L,ir,o,ll,tm. CUmbing Fumi-
tory is Aillnmia eirrhnsn. Climbing Hempweed, Mikii-
niu sen nil f IIS. Climbing Lily, ahirin.^n .■mperba.

curved at the base ; ruchis .sf;ily, convex on the bacli,
obtusely keeled above : spadix long : fertile branches
long, thick, the floral areas distant: spathes 2-3: fr.
globose or subglobose, small, red at maturity. Species
3. Australasia and Samoa.

This graceful and recent palm resembles Howea For-
steriana somewhat in habit of growth, but its arching
Ivs. spread wider, and its stems are dark purplish, and
its pinnae tough and leathery. The palm is free and
clean in growth.

Mooreinum, F. Muell. (Kintia Moomlna, F. Muell.).
Dwarf palm, 3-4 ft. high : Ivs. .3-4 ft. long ; segments
about 1 ft. long, longitudinally plicate when young.
New South Wales.

Jared G. Smith and H. A. Siebkecht.

CLINTdNIA (after DeWitt Clinton, the famous Gov-
ernor of New York and promoter of the Erie canal).
I/ili(lcece. A small genus of low-growing, hardy, herba-
ceous plants with a few, tufted, dark green, broad, shin-
ing Ivs., and usually umbels of fls. They grow in cool,
moist woods, and fanciers can obtain them from some
dealers in native plants. It is difficult to tell the species
apart by the Ivs. S. Watson, in Proc. Am. Acad. 14:271
(1879).' For C. pulchella and other species of the aban
doned genus Clintonia of Douglass, see Downingia

Scape hearing an

Fls.

green

nhel of fls.
ellow.

boreillis, Raf . Height 1-2 ft. : fls. 3-6, nodding, green,
margined yellow. Labrador to Winnipeg and south to
N. C. D. 123. B.M.li03 &s Smilacina borealis. -This
is one of the choicer plants of cool, moist woods, known
to plant lovers chiefly by its handsome umbels of blue
berries found in autumn, which are borne above the
large, dark green, shining Ivs. The commonest species.
BB. Fls. white, with green spots.

umbtUita, Torr. Fls. 10-20 or more, smaller than in
C. h'n-KiUs. I rect or nearly so, white with a green or
piiri.li-li s]i.it at the tip of each segment. Allegheny
Mts. fr.ini X. Y. to Ga. B.M. 1155. -This species has
the siiiuUest rts. of the group, and is the only one that
has but a single pair of ovules in each cell of the ovary.
BBB. Fls. deep rose.

Andrewsiina, Torr. Pis. 20 or more, nearly erect.
California, in (iet]i, lool woods, in clayey soil rich in
mold. B.."H. Til'.tJ. -Til- showiest of the'group. Cult, by
C. Purdy, Uki^ih. Calif.

AA. Scapi: bearing 1 white flower.

unifldra, Kunth. The only species in which the scape
is shorter than the Ivs. : fl. nearly erect. Rarely there
are 2 fls. Calif, to Brit. Columb. ^ jj

CLITORIA (derivation recondite). Leguminbsw.
BcTTKKFLV I'F.A. A \vidi_--spre:id .tiul variable genus al-
lied to Ciiitr"-.iina. and i-liaractt-rizHii liy the calyx tube
being cylindrical and longer than the lobes : standard

CLIVIA

narrowed at the base, not appendaged on the back :
style often bearded. The most important "-arden plant
is C. Ternatea, a warrahoiis.- aiiiiu:il iwimr. reaching
15 ft., and requiring no spiri:,i niltur. . It lias very
showy blue fls., and lately int.i , ~t in ii ha- nvived.
A. Leaflets S.

TematSa, Linn. (C. cwrulea, Hort. ). Annual warm-
house climber : Ifts. 5, oblong, obtuse, short-petioled :
fls. 1 in. or more long, rich blue, with beautiful and va-
riable markings, especially on the standard. B.M. 1542.
Gn. 38:765. P.M. 7:147 and 13:79. -Name fromTemate,
one of the Molucca Islands, and not from temaite, mean-
ing 3-leafleted. Prop, by seeds. C. alba, Hort., is a
white form. More or less double forms have been known
for over a century.

AA. Leaflets S.

Mariftna, Linn. Hardy, perennial, smooth, erect, or-
sliL'litlv twining, 1-3 ft. high: Ifts. 3, obovate or ovate-

I .1.1..: tis. light blue, 2 in. long, on short peduncles:

I - ■ 'iL,'lit, few-seeded. Summer. Dry banks, N. Y.
1 I . ,.imI west to Mo. Also India and Burma. -Rarely
-ihl liv dealers in native plants. yf^ jj.

CLtVIA (after a Duchess of Northumberland and
member of the Clive family). Syn., ImaniophyUum.
Amaryllidicece. A genus of 3 species of tender,
bulbous plants from South Africa, with handsome ever-
green foliage and showy, bright red fls. in large umbels.
C. miniata is the best species, and perhaps a dozen
varieties and hybrids of it have been offered at various
times. The genus is distinguished by its fruit being a
berry, its several ovules, and imperfect bulb. J. G.
Baker, Amaryllidete, p. 61. Clivias make excellent
house plants, but, like Amaryllis, they are too costly to
be very popular. They have the advantage over
Amaryllis of having attractive foliage all the year
round, and are more certain to bloom well. They have
thick, fleshy roots, like an Agapanthus.

6. Clivia I

All of the species are well worth growing, because of
their handsome umbels of flowers, produced during the
spring and early summer months. They are evirgreen
plants of the Amaryllis family, with thick, leathery,
strap-shaped leaves. Clivia miniata is the species most
commonly grown, There are several distinct forms of

CLIVIA

this, with larger and deeper colored flowers. Established
plants may be grown in the same pots for several years,
if the plants are fea during the growing period with
weak liquid manure. In potting, the soil given should
be of a lasting nature, not easily
soured, nor apt to become sodden. In
arranging the drainage, place one
large piece, concave side down, over
>the hole, and around this arrange
several smaller pieces. Over these
place one or two handfuls of pieces
small enough to go through a No. 2
sieve. The best time to pot is after
the flowers have been produced.
The plants should then be kept for
some time in a humid atmosphere
to encourage growth, receiving an
abundance of wntrr after they are

ture (ii"i II •'' ■■ !" . 'I ''■]'! ! -'liiT

select olil plants wliicli havi- )>i-c(inie
crowded in their pots, so that the
entire plant can be pulled to pieces.
After trimming the roots, put the
growths in siiiall pots ami k,'<|i in
heat, t.i i-iirouia-.' ]-.."1 ni'iioii. Cliv-

manently in tin' trout |.ai-i ..f ^rc<-n-
house borders. Tin- soil foT-i!ii~ j.ur-
pose should be ri.li an. I h.II liinu-d
about the roots. AN'itlili.ild wairr as
much as possibli- ilniini; tin- v. sting
period, or the i)Innts will pro(luce
leaves at the expense of the flowers.
Trifolium pratense. A. Fls. erect ; perianth broadly

Root-system. funnel-shaped.

mini4ta, Kegel {Imantopht'iUiim
miniitum. Hook.). Fig. 496. Lvs. 1&-20, in a tuft,
sword-shaped, tapering to a point, l^^ft. long, lS-2 in.
broad : fls. 12-20, in an umbel ; perianth erect, bright
scarlet, with a yellow throat ; tube broadly funnel-
shaped, longer than C. nobilis ; segments about 2 in.
long, the inner ones broader than the outer ; stamens
shorter than the segments ; style not exserted : berries
ovoid, bright red, 1 in. long. "Natal. B.M. 4783. R.H.
in."):!. |.|.. ]-2i;, rJ7. F.S. '.i:'.iHi: 2:i:2:!7.S. I. H. 26:343;
:fli:sii; :;7:lnJ: tn:177. K.Il. lsi;:i : ■_>.-,ll, and lSfl4. p. .•i72.-
/. .o,,/.,„/;,/(7o,-„»/, \-an lloutio (F.S. 18:1877), is a
hvl.riil iM-tw.-.-n this s|..-.-i.-s au,l the next.

AA. Fl.1. pendulous ; perianth narrowly funnel-shaped.
ndbilis, Lindl. {Imantophyllum Aitoni, Hook.). Lvs.
about 12, straji-shaped, very obtuse, with a roughish
edge: (is. 40-60, in an umbel; perianth curved and droop-
ing ; tube narrowly funnel-shaped, shorter than in C.
miniata ; segments tipped with green, about 1 in. long;
stamens as long as the segments; style exserted. Cape
Colony. B.M. 2856. L.B.C. 20:1906. Int. to cult. 1828.
I.eyrtantMnbrum,Ya,n Houtte (F.S. 18:1877), said to
be a hybrid between this and the above, shows little if
any influence of C. miniata. It has the narrow-tubed,
pendulous fls. and the greenish tinge of C. nohilis.
K.H. 1894, p. 573.

CLOVES

337

, Oliver and W. M.

CLOUDBEBEY. See iJ«

The Carnation, Dianthus Caryo-

CLOVEB, Species of Trifdlium (LegiiminosiE), par-
ticularly those which are useful in agriculture. The
word is also applied to species of related genera, as
Medicago. The Sweet Clover is Melilotus. Bush and
Japan Clover are Lespedezas. Prairie Clover is a
Petalostemon.

Of Trifolium there have been described about 300
species. These are widely dispersed in temperate cli-
mates. The fl&. are papilionaceous but small, and are
disposed in dense heads or spikes. Lvs. are digitately

or palmately 3-foliolate. The
pratense, Linn., now thoro
America, but supposed not to be native here. It is Eu-
ropean. It is valuable both for stock feed (as pastur-
age and hay), and also as a green manure. As a manure
crop, it is i>arti'-nlMrlv -v-nbnit'lp because of its deep root-
system anil its I ,. , r III . onmn.n with other leguminous
plants) of liMi : i! I I >-rn of the air by means
1-. 497 illustrates the root-
- ilh root of a 15-months' old
I'l il.i>' soil. It is 22 in<'hes long.

of

Fi-.

system,
plant whi.

and some ot tlji- root was hit m thr ^'f..ninl. The Mam-
moth Red Clovor ( r. ,„:<i;„„i. Linn.). i<iM-ol.ahlvan off-
shoot of T. pni/, IIS,'. It is i.snally a la]s;ir plant, with
zigzag stem, entire and spotted Itts. ami longer-stalked
head. White Clover, or Shamrock, is T. repens, Linn.,
intr. from Europe, and supposed to be native to N.
America as well. Alsike Clover, T. hybriditm, Linn., is
of E\iropean nativity. The Crimson or Scarlet Clover
al from S. Eu., is now much grown
as a catch- or cover-crop in or-
chards. See Cover-crops. It is
also highly ornamental, and is
worthy the attention of the florist.
L. H. B.

CLOVES are the dried flower-buds (Pig. 500) of a hand-
some tree of the myrtle family, Eugenia caryophyllata,
better known as Caryophyllus aromaticus, a native of
the Spice Islands, but now cultivated in the West Indies
and elsewhere. Caryophyllus, the ancient name of the
Clove, means nut-leaf. The carnation, or "clove pink,"
was named Dianthus Caryophyllus because of its clove-

like odor, and it has become the type of the great order
Caryophyllacese, which, however, is far removed botani-
cally from the Myrtacese. The word " gillitiower " is' a
corruption of caryophyllus, and. nntil Shalsespeare'stime

the expanded flower (2).

and after, was applied to the carnation, but now-a-days
it usually refers to several cruciferous plants of the
genus Cheiranthus and Matthiola.

CLUB MOSS. See Lijcopodium.

CNlCUS (Greek, knizein, to injure). Comp6sitce.
Thistle. A genus of perhaps 200 species, containing
many much-hated weeds, especially the common Thistle,
C. lanceolatus, and the Canada Thistle, C.arvensis, Fig.
501. About a dozen species have been slightly culti-
vated in rockeries and wild gardens. The genus Chamee-
peuce, now referred to Cnicus, contains 3 plants slightly
used abrond in ^iihtr.ipifal and carpet bedding: C.Afer,
C. CfiS"'-)"'. :iihI '•. />/ncaH^7i«, which are cult, for
their ru>itt. ^ ,,| inn kly Ivs. The fls. appear the second
year. I'. I- h< <lirt,i.< is an old name of the Blessed Th'
tie, for which su^- Carhenia.

COBBETT

was a pamphlet entited," Observations on Dr. Priestlys
Emigration," a bitter attack on the French Revolution.
He took the loyalist side in American politics, and is re-
garded as the founder of the American party press.
His attack on Benjamin Rush, the leadinf; pliysiciun of
Philadelphia, for his advocacy of unlimii' .!' 1.1^ ^ dinji
for yellow-fever, resulted in a libi-1 -i, _-,-i

of $5,000, which nearly ruined Cobb. 1 1 , ^ ,, t,,

England in June. 1800. In 1802 li. i _ : , it's

Weekly Political Rp!ri"tf-r,"wbifh li.. ,.ii:..; i.,i .„; , , ars,
and until his deatli, .>., .,t ,Im,,i,_. i.ival of im-
prisonment and a -< .1 t.. Xm.rica. His
real work was doiiii - : 1 1 . ■ n.ulation and
influence of his j..ini,,il i.r. )i,:,„.nv,. In 1801-2 he
reprinted his American writinifs in 12 volumes, entitled,
"Porcupine's Works." After 1804 he usually lived on
his farm at Botley, in Hampshire, where he conducted
many experiments. In 1817 he was again compelled to
leave England, and for the next two years he lived in
America. His life was one incessant conflict. He lived
to see the reform of 18.S2, and his work was fittingly re-
warded bv a place in Parliament, but he was then too

old to dr
thereafti

limity. Id - ■ . _ , , , , • ,a-

Gramraar" i London, K^isi. written from Long Islanil in
the form of letters to his 15-year-old son, was said by
Bulwer Lytton to be the only amusing grammar in the
world, flazlitt declared that it is as interesting as a
story-book, and Alfred Ayers, in his admirable edition
( New York, 18831, declares that it is probably the most
nadat.li- grammar ever written, and that for purposes of
s.lf . cincatinn it is unrivalled. (For a list of Cobbett's

ings

•ThfW,

ter.' " These 100 volumes, of course, do not take into
account his non-political writings, nor his editorial work
in the 36 volumes of "Cobbett's Parliamentarv History
of England from the Norman Conquest, in 1066, to the
year 1803" (continued as Hansard's Parliamentary De-
bates), nor Cobbett's Complete Collection of State
Trials (afterwards known as Howell's), nor many other
works which he either edited, translated, or published.
The anti-Cobbett literature is exceedingly voluminous,
and almost every charge has been made against the
man. except that of being ujiinteresting. According
to Henry Cabot Lodge (whose masterly appreciation in
"Studies in History" I Boston, 1885), should be consulted
by the student immediately after direct contact with
Cobbett's writings), Cobbett's true value is understood
by his thoroughly representative character as a type
of his tinii- and jir. .],!.■. As historical documents, his
works are in'li-p<ii-;iMf.

Cobbett's liiiit; ■iiliiiiMl wiitiiiL- of chief interest to us
are "Cottaj:.- Kronomv, A V. ar's Residence in the
United States of Aiin-ru-a. and, most of all "The Ameri-
can Gardener" (1821), wliich was reproduced with con-
siderable modifications as "The English Gardener," in

COBBETT, ■WILLIAM (1762-1835). The once
famous English author had two periods of en-
forced residence in America, and wrote "The
American Gardener," which is one of the spiciest
books in the whole history of American horti-
culture. Plate II. He was of thorough Saxon
ancestry, and while a gardener's lad and during
eight years of militarj' service, made strenuous efforts at
self-education. In 1792 his personal liberty was endan-
gered by the publication of "The Soldier's Friend" (an
appeal for an increase of pay), and he came to Phila-
delphia in the autumn of that year. His first success

501. Leaf of Canada Thistle (X S)-

London, 1827. The American edition of Wm. Forsyth's
excellent "Treatise on the Culture and Management of
Fruit Trees." was published at New York and Phila-
delphia in 1802. and in Albany in 1803, and was one of
the most influential books on fruit growing in the

(.•OBBETT

p.'rio.l l.ff.iri- iiri'hariiing over large areas gave rise to
is>riitiallv Aimrican horticultural writings. Unfortu-
tiir :ii. h t< r iMirti.-ulturists of the present day, Cobbett's
tltiiiMlrr -rrni- forBVer silenced. He has the fatal
faults 111' li.iiii.' nld and amusing. Yet, to the discrimi-
nating mind, Cobbett's horticultural writings, especially

'" The American Gardener "( wh

in second-hand book stores), a

and refreshment. W. U

COBffiA (after Father Cobi
seventeenth century, naturalis
for many years ) . Polemonicit
American climbers, of which
ennial plant, is amongst tin
commonly treated as annuals
climbers in the order. Pmi.
placed in moist earth, edse d

COCCOLOBA

339

COCCtNEA (Latin, svrirlel ; referring to the orna-
mental gourds). CucurbitAceie. Thirteen species of
tender perennial vines, from the tropics of Asia and

tender peren^^.^^ .
Africa, usually wi

Lvs. angled

i

glandular : fls. white or yellowish,
a small, scarlet gourd, sometimes marbled,
with an insipid pulp. A. Coigneaux in DC, Mon. Phan.
3: .528. C. cordifotia is treated as a tender annual, re-
quiring an early start and no special culture.

A. TrriilriJs simple : male fls. solitary : lvs. small.

cordiSolia, Cogn. (C. Indica, Wight & Am.). Height
about 10 ft.: lvs. small, 1-2 in. long, glossy, ivy-like,
short-petioled, obtusely 5-angled : fls.white, bell-shaped:
fr. roundish at both ends, about 2 in. long, 1 in. thick.
India.
AA. Tendrils bifid: male fls. in racemes; lvs. targe.

palmita, Cogn. (Cephaldndra palmdta, honA.). At-
tiiiniug 30 ft.: lvs. large, 3-4 in. long and wide, long-
petioled, palmately 5-Iobed : fls. yellowish : fr. ovate,
acute. Natal. Int. by P. Henderson «S; Co.. 1890. -A rare
greenhouse plant. -^ jj_

C0CC6L0BA (Greek, Ubed berry ; referring to the
iiids of tlif pear-shaped fr.). PolygonAcece. Thisgenus,

wliicli r,,iiiaii]s till- 2 interesting fruits described below,
. .ii-i-i- 1 all. Hit sfl tropical trees and shrubs, some-
■ 111- ' iM ImiiIh Is, with alternate, usually leathery, en-
iin i\-,. ulmh an- sometimes very large, sometimes

fls.

For C.

502. Coboea scande

M.

v. Pigs. 502, 503, 504. Height 10-20 ft. :
Ifts. in 2 or 3 pairs, the lowest close to the stem, and
more or less eared : fls. bell-shaped, 1-lK in. across,
light violet or greenish purple, with protruding style
and stamens: tendrils branched. Mex. B.M.851. There
is a white-fld. form ( C. alba, Hort. ). and one with varie-
gated lvs., var. variegita, Hort. -The terminal Ift. is
represented by a tendril (Fig. 502). Sometimes there
are indications of tendrils on other Ifts. (Fig. .504), mak-
ing the plant an interesting one for students of mor-
phology.

macrostfimma, Pav. Taller, la
and foliage not purple-tinged :
exserted stamens. Guatemala.

lowering, the stems
yellow-green, with
W. M.

COBNUT. Consult Corylus.

COBTJRGIA. See Sletiomesson.

COCA. The lvs. of Erythroxylon Coca, used in
medicine. Sold chiefly as a fluid extract. Cocaine is the
famous local anaesthetic.

504. Monsti

Coccoloba is a genus
trees, mostly of an on
the Sea-grape or Shorr
an edible fruit, and li
This species is the mo;

340

COCCOLOBA

■worth) of a place among ornamental plants under glass.
As it will withstand but slight frost its cultiration out-
doors m the United States is limited to warmer parts of
Florida and California but it may be bedded outdoors
during the sumnifi in temperate latitudes, forming a

505, Coccoloba uvifcr;

fine addition to the list of plants more commonly em-
ployed. All species are easily propagated by seeds,
which germinate freely when not too old. Some species
may be quickly increased by cuttings of ripe wood,
which root readily in sand under usual conditions, in a
frame or propagating house. Layering may also be em-
ployed to increase a stuck. The various species grow
naturaUy in both ,Iay. v iunl saiiJy >..ils, r.v. Uing in
moist, rich earth an.l a lii^jli iriii|.riaiini'. ''. m-ifera
frequents the ki-m^Imiv.-. ;iinl i- r.nMi.l -]-.n\iir_' in sand
and broken sht-lN, ai'i-amiils la^-kiii;; ait":,'.tluT in
plant-food. Rich, sandy suil of a light charuclLr seems
to be the best for all species so far known. Plants are
readily transplanted from open ground, but pot-grown
plants are to be preferred. f;uit_ tj- g. n. Reasonee.
uvifera, Linn. Sea-grape. Shore-grape. Fig. 50.').
Tree, reaching 20 ft. or more, with many flexuous
branches : 1%-s. large, often 5 in. long by 7 in. wide,
broadly heart-shaped, wavy margined, glossy, leathery,
midrib red at the base ; petioles short, with sheathing

COCHLEARIA

stipules at the base : racemes G in. long, erect, in fl.
nodding in fr. : fls. IK in. across, white, fragrant ; pet-
als 5; stamens 8; styles 3: berries 9 or more in a ra-
ceme, small, about Kin. long, pear-shaped, reddish pur-
ple, dotted green, sweetish acid: nut roundish, with a
short, sharp point on top, and vertical wrinkles.
Sandy seashores of Trop. Amer., especially S.
I West Indies. B.M. 3130. — The wood
m cabinet work, and, when boiled,
red color..

Floridima, Meissn. Pigeon Pum.
Tree, 2&-30 ft.: Ivs. lK-3 in. long,
1-2 in. wide, ovate or elliptical, nar-
rowed at both ends, obtuse, margin
slightly recurved : berries small, Kin.
long, pear-shaped, edible, but not
marketable. S. Fla.-This has lately
been considered a synonym of C.
Ifturi folia, but the two species are
well distinguished in DC. Prod.
14:165. w.M.

CdCCULUS (diminutive of kokkos,
berry; the fr. being berry -like).
(C'ebatha.) Menisperm&cea:. Twin-
ing or erect shrubs: Ivs. alternate,
petioled, entire or lobed, with entire
margin, deciduous or persistent,
palminerved: fls. inconspicuous, dio?-
cious, in axillary panicles or racemes,
sometimes terminal ; sepals, petals
ind stamens 6: carpels 3-G, distinct, developing into
berry like, 1 seeded drupes ; seed reniform. About
25 species in America, Asia, Africa and Australia,
chiefly m trop and subtrop. regions. Only a few spe-
c iLs are cvdtivated, thriving in almost any somewhat
moist soil , the evergreen kinds are sometimes grown
in pots, m a sandy compost of peat and loam. Prop,
bj seeds or by cuttings of half -ripened wood in summer,
under glass, with bottom heat.

"Cocculus Indicus'Ms the trade name of the berries
used by the Chinese in catching fish. The berries con-
tain an acrid poison, which intoxicates or stuns the flsh
until they can be caught. The berries are imported
from the East Indies to adulterate porter, and "Cocculus
Indicus" is a trade name with druggists, not a botanical
one, just as "Cassia lignea"is a trade name of a kind of
Cinnamon bark, derived, not from a Cassia, but from a
species of Cinnamomum. The name "Cocculus Indicus "
given by Bauhin, but binomial nomenclature began
later, with Linnffius, in 1753. The plant which produces
the berries is Anamirta Cocculus.

CaroUnuB, DC. A rapid-growing, twining shrub, at-
taining 12 ft., with pubescent branches: Ivs. long-peti-
oled, usually ovate, sometimes cordate, obtuse, entire or
pubescent, glabrous above at length,
lK-3 in. long : fr. red, Viin. in diam. Along streams,
from Va. and 111. to Fla. and Tex. -Decorative in fall,
with its bright red fr. Not hardy N. of New York.

C. Japfinicus, DC.=Stephama hemandifolia.— C laurifdUus,
DC. Erect shrub, to 15 ft., glabrous: Ivs. evergreen, oblong,
at both ends. Himal. Decorative, with its bright green,
- C. ThUn-

dier. Japan.

abtropical i
• fr. I

Alfred Rehder.

COCHLEARIA (Latin, cochlear, a spoon; referring to
the Ivs. 1. rriniferce. This genus, which includes the
Ilorsi- Kailish and Scurvy Grass, is composed of glabrous
herbs, mnstly i>i-rennial, of various habit, with Ivs. alter-
nate or in rosettes : fls. mostly white, racemose, bractless :
pods various, but never winged. The word cochlear is
a technical term used in describing alstivation, and refers
to one piece which is larger than the others, hollow like
a bowl or helmet, and including the rest, as in Aconitum.

AimOT&cia, Linn. (Nasturtium Armor&cia, Pries).
Horse Radish. Hardy perennial, 2 ft. high: roots large
and fleshy, furnishing the familiar condiment: root-lvs.
very large, more or less cordate or oblong ; stem-lvs.
lanceolate, uppermost linear, entire : fls. white. May.
Naturalized from Eu. and escaped. -It flowers fre-
quently, and very rarely perfects any seeds. For cul-
ture, see Horse Madish.

COCHLEARIA

Of(icin&lis, Linn. Scurvy Grass. Hardy biennial,
2-12 in. high, but cult, as an annual : root-lvs. petioled,
cordate; stera-lvs. sessile, oblong, more or less toothed:
fls. early spring; calyx lobes erect. Arctic regions. Vil-
morin, Veg. Gard. 515.— Prop, by seed, which is small,
oval, slightly angular, rough-skinned, rt-ddish brown.
The germinating power lasts 4 yea r^. I li- li. .n parts
of the plant are strongly acrid, and 1, i\ nr.

The seed is sown in a cool, shady ]> ~ : n, i ' i the
plants are to stand. The Ivs. are r:ir. Ix rii.n :i~ -alnd,
but the plant is mostly grown for its luiti-soorbutic
properties. W. M.

COCHLIODA (Greek for spiral, in reference to the
structure of the lip). OrchidAcece, tribe Vdiidete. A
small genus of orchids found at high elevations in South
America. Pseudobulbous. Flowers bright rose-color or
scarlet. Some of the species are retained by various
authors in Odontoglossum and Mesopinidiura. Culture
of Odontoglossums.

Noetzliina, Rolfe. Pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, com-
pressed, about 2 in. long, monodiphyllous : Ivs. linear,
peduncles arcuate : fls. numerous, in graceful racemes,
orange-scarlet, about 1 in. across; sepals oblong; petals
rather ovate ; labellum 3-lobed, disk yellow, otherwise
similar In color to the petals. Andes. B.M. 7474. Gt.
43:1403. G.C. III. 1G:71.

r6sea, Hort. Plants similar to C. Noetzliana : fls. rose
color. Peru. B.M. (;nK4. l.H. 18:G6.

TulcAnica, Hinth. ^- Hook. Peduncles more or less
erect: fls. hirtrcr than in the preceding, bright rose-color;
labellum 3-luljed, provided with 4 ridges. Peru. B.M.GOOl.
Oakes Ames.

COCHLIOSTfiMA (Greek, spiral stamens). C'ommeli-
nAcew. A genus of 2 species, which are among the
most curious and e:or;.'i-ous ])hints cultivated under irlass.
They are f|ii|.li\ tr-, « n 1, i!,,. Ii:„,,i ,,i' IPIIinrjia and
great axillarv jmim i rur-

dor, with lari:r, mMcii- Ial|.'> <.[:ili' U-... -Iiralliili- at t lie

base, and fls. which iudividu:illy last „nly a short time,
although a succession is kept up for several weeks;
sepals 3, oblong, obtuse, concave; petals 3, nearly equal,
wider than the sepals, margined with long hairs; stami-
nodes 3, villous, 2 rrn-t. linear, the third short, plumose;
staminal cnluinii lun-diai, with incurved margins, enclos-
ing 3 spirally iwi^tiil anther.s ; style slender, curved.
For an intm-Ntinu' iln i.rv of the peculiar staminodes,
seeG.C. lti(..s:;;J3,L'r,i.

Cochliostemas are handsome stove-flowering perennial
plants, closely related to the Commelinas, and are of
comparatively easy culture, thriving well in ordinary
stove temperature iit a mixture of 2 parts loam and 1
partflbrous peat, Willi a liii 1. \m 1 1 -decayed cow- or sheep-
manure added wlan |. 'i. _ I ire plants. They like a

copious supply (if ■ i is during the summer

mouths, and at nil -.a ill m ii tin y he allowed to become
dry. Propagation i>. eilta-tfd li\ division of the plants in
early spring, or by seeds, to ulitain which the flowers
must be artificially fertilized. The seeds should be sown
as soon as ripe in shallow pans of light, peaty soil, and
placed in a warm, close atmosphere until germinated.
As soon as the seedlings are large enough, they should
be potted singly into thumb-pots, and shifted on as
often as they require it, when they will flower in about 12
months. The chief reason why Cochliostemas are grown
in America so little is, probably, that we have to keep a
much more humid atmosphere in stove-houses here than
in England, and that is very much against all stove-
flowering plants, causing the season of blossoming to be
very short.
A. 7/c.s. red beneath: panicle hairy : fls. very fragrant.

odoratissimum, Lemaire. Lvs. lighter green above than
in C.Jacobianum, and deep purplish red beneath, nar-
rower, and with a similar margin : fls. very numerous;
sepals more leaf-like, hairy, green, with a reddish tip.
l.H. 6 : 217. R.H. 1869, p. 170. -Not advertised at present,
but fully as interesting as the next.

AA. Lvs. green beneath : panicle not hairy; fls. less

Jacobi&num, C. Koch and Linden. Height 1-3 ft. : lvs.
in a rosette, spreading or recurved, dilated and sheatb-

COCOS

341

ing at the base, margined brown or purplish, 3^ ft. long,
() in. broad at the base, 4 in. broad at the middle : pe-
duncles stout, white, tinged purple, 1 ft. long : bracts
large, opposite and whorled, 3^ in. long, acuminate,
concave: panicle branches 4-6 in. long: fls. 2-2K in.
across ; sepals purplish ; petals violet-blue. Autumn.
B.M. 5705. R.H. 1868:71.

Edward J. CAirarNG and W. M.
Cochliostema odoratissimum is much like C. Jacoii-
nniim. Is a very interesting plant of rapid growth and
easy culture. It is raised from seed. It seeds freely
when fertilized at the proper time. Only a few of the
stronger or larger flowers should be allowed to bear seed.
Sometimes a simple shaking of the flower stalk will ac-
complish the necessary work of fertilizing, but it is
safer to employ the regular method to insure thorough
impregnation. The seeds ripen within 6 weeks' time, and
they can be sown soon thereafter. In 5 or 6 months from
seed the plants will bloom. The flowers, while not very
showy, are fragrant and interesting. The plant itself is
ornamental by reason of its curiously marked, striped
and veined leaves. The plant thrives best in rich, light,
loamy soil. First sow in boxes or seed pans in light,
sandy soil ; then traiis|ilant ini" ^in.ill pots; keep the
voung plants in a warm, iimi^t |.lai a- and repot before
the pot is filled with n.uts. i„ vi i- alli.wing the plant to
get "hard," as it is called, but ke<-|) it growing continu-
ously, and when in 6- or 7-inch pots, allow the plant to
get somewhat pot-bound and give more air, and it will
soon set flower buds. Then place a mulch of old cow- or
sheep-manure on the top of the pot, or use liquid manure
once or twice a week, keeping the plant in a cool posi-
tion. The above treatment will secure numerous flowers
over a long period. Fall and winter, h. A. Siebrecht.

COCKSCOMB. See Celosia.

COCKSFOOT GRASS. Same as Barnyard Grass, Paiij-

COCOA. Seeds of Theobrom
COCOA PLUM. Chrysobala

COCOS (Portuguese, monkey, from the nut, which sug-
gests a monkey's face). PalmAcece, tribe Cocolnece.
This genus includes the Cocoanut tree, C. nucifera, and
a few palms that are cultivated for ornament in the
north under glass, and in S. Fla. and S. Calif, as ave-
nue and ornamental trees. Of the species cult, for or-
nament, C. Weddelliana is by far the most important.
It is sold in great quantities from 3- and 4-inch pots
when the plants are 12-15 in. high. They are favorite
house-plants, as their culture is easy, and they grow
slowly and retain their beauty a long while. They are
much used in fern dishes. As a house-plant, C. Wed-
delliana is probably the most popular species of all the
smaller palms. It is especially snitalile for table deco-
ration. The geiui^ i^ alhiil tn 'M axiniiliana and Attalea,
and distini;ui^lii il liv ii- mili i1-. having lanceolate
petals, 6 iuelu.le.l -taim n-. ami a I needed fruit.

Low or tall siiinel.--, |,aiiii-. «iili slender or robust
ringed trunks, ot'ti-n iIi.iIhiI «ii1i the bases of the lvs.
Lvs. terminal, pinnatiM . t : m-iihiik ensiform or lanceo-
late, equidistant or in u'li.uiis. I i,i many-nerved, entire
at the apex, or with 1 lateral tooth, or more or less
deeply lobed, — the margins smooth, recurved at the
base: rachis 3-sided, acute above, convex on the back:
petiole concave above, smooth or spiny on the margins:
sheath short, open, fibrous ; spadices erect, at length
drooping, the branches erect or drooping; spathes 2, the
lower one the shorter, split at the apex, the upper one
fusiform or clavate, woody, furrowed on the back ;
bracts variable ; fls, white or yellow : fr, large or me-
dium, ovoid or ellipsoidal, terete or obtusely 3-angled.
Species about 30. Tropical and sub-tropical S. Amer.,
1 in the tropics around the world.

J. G. Smith and W. M.

The Cocoanut Palm naturally grows on the seashore,
or in its inmiediate vicinity, and does not bear well
when at a great distance from salt water, although its
growth may be strong. In cultivation, this fact is kept

342

cocos

in mind and plantations are laid out on sandy or siielly
tracts of land bordering the sea, where it is almost im-
possible to raise anything else of value. This soil con-
sists of coarse sand, broken shells and litter of the sea,
and is apparently very poor in quality, yet the Cocoanut
thrives on it and' liciirs alimichiiifly. Propagation is by
seeds only. Tins, hk .. i,.i,(I from the most desired
strains, as the nu! ii - ilv in size, shape, and

quantity and qiui It i !■ m :ii. They must be per-
fectly ripe before phiiit in-, \\lnrli is usually done with-
out removing the outi-r husk. A shallow trench is
scooped out of the sand, the nuts are laid in thickly on
their sides and then the sand is thrown back over them
to a depth of from 4-10 in., according to the moisture of
the soil. After some months, when they have germi-
nated and the seed leaf is well developcil. tliey are usu-
ally dug and planted out permanently alxmt L'li ft. ajiart.
The young palms are kept free from weeds and en-
croaching beach creepers for 3 or 4 years, until .they
reach a considerable size, after which they seldom get
any cultivation. A mulching of seaweed and other veg-
etable matter proves of much benefit, but as the profit
is so small in Cocoanut culture, thorough manuring is
not attempted. Cocoanut Palms are of tropical growth,
yet may be grown outside the tropics to a slight extent,
as in southern Florida, where occasional light frosts
occur. E. N. Reasoner.

given an abundance of water, a rich, loamy soil, and a
night temperature of 70°, it is not especially difficult to
manage, and while the young plants do not give a proper
idea of the mature Cocoanut Palm, their development
is interesting to watch.

The most valuable Cocos to the florist is the Dwarf
Cocoanut, C. Weddelliana, the seeds of which are sent
from Brazil to the large American and European palm
growers by the million each season. These seeds are
about half an inch thick. They usually arrive in the
spring, and should be sown at once in a warm green-
house and kept continually moist, and if they are in
good condition and kept at a temperature of about 75°,
they frequently begin to germinate in 6 to 8 weeks.

A light and rather open soil is preferable for Cocos
seeds, some growers using pure peat for this purpose
with good results. When the seedlings are making their
second leaf they may be potted off, and this is one of
the critical periods in the culture of C. Weditelliana,
the young roots being so stiff and brittle that much care
is needed to get them into a 2- or 2H-inch pot, and if
the main root is broken the seedling seldom recovers.

Deep pots are, therefore, best for this purpose. The
seedlings should be kept rather close during the day for
the first few weeks after potting, and then may be aired
■quite liberally, and also syringed freely. A night tem-
perature of 65-70° will answer very well for the young
plants, and they should never be allowed to become
very dry, or a yellow and unhealthy runiiiiidn i- liable
to follow. Through the summer tlj. jiliini- m:,, I,.- re-
potted as they may need it, but it i- IM'I ^^ 1-1 I ■ 'ii~turb
the roots after the middle of Octoln-r. th. n.ut ani.in of

Soil should be well-drained, rather sandy in texture,
and may be enriched with some dry cow-dung, or a
moderate quantity of bone dust.

Cult, by W. H. Taplin.

The Cocoanut is the example most commonly cited of
dispersal of seeds by water. Its buoyant, impervious
iusk is said to enable it to cross an ocean without
losing its germinating power. Its structure is interest-
ing and at first puzzling. Although it is a dry, indehis-
eent, 1 -seeded fruit, it seems very unlike an akene, as

fori
like

the

the

COCOS

The eyes of the Cocoanut (Fig. 50G) mark the positions
of (the micropyles, and germination takes place only
through the larger one. Palm pistils are 3-carpelled and
each carpel in Cocos has 1 ovule. The marks of the 3
carpels are seen in Fig. 500, but only 1 ovule develops

nut is unsoliditted endosperm. In the cereal grains it is
the endosperm which affords most of the material used
for human food. Only a part of the liquid matter of the
Cocoanut solidifies, and the milk is left in the center.

into a seed. Fig. 507 tells the story of the growth of a
Cocoanut. In «, the young nut is enveloped by 3 petals
and 3 sepals. At 6. the pericarp has far outgrown the
sepals and petals. The floral envelopes remain upon the
tree when the nut is picked. Cocoanuts, like many other
fruits, often grow to a considerable size without pollina-
tion, and then perish.

In distinguishing tropical from subtropical regions,
the Cocoanut is an excellent guide. It flourishes best
where frost is never known. The oil extracted from the
nuts is an important article of commerce. The fiber re-
fuse is much used by florists and gardeners. Being
open, spongy, very retentive of moisture, clean and
easily handled, it is a favorite material in which to root
bedding plants and to start very small seeds ; but it is
not used for permanent potting. l_ jj_ b_

A. Filaments present on the rachis.

eriosp&tha. Mart. Stem 9-15 ft. high, 10-14 in. thick,
capitately thickened with the persistent bases of the
petioles; Ivs. ample, glaucous, finely pectinate: margins
of the rachis with excurrent filaments; segments about
1 in. apart, the lower elongated, linear, 20-24 in. long,
very long-acuminate, the upper narrowly linear, short,
attenuate, 1 ft. long, 2 lines wide, all rigid, faintly ner-
vose-striate. S. Braz.— "The hardiest of the genus and
one of the hardiest palms in southern Calif. Fronds
bluish: fr. pulp tastes like apricots."— F. Franeesehi,
Santa Barbara. Rather coarse for cultivation under
glass.

AA. Flaments absent.

B. Radii

flexudsa, Mart. Stem 9-12 ft. high, 2-3H in. in diam.,
arcuate-ascending, naked just above the base, thence
densely clothed with dead petiole bases; Ivs. lax, 3-(i ft.
long: petiole flat above, arcuate, at first tomentose, later
smooth : rachis abruptly narrowed above the insertion
of the lowest leaf -segment, thence linear-filiform at the
apex, excurrent ; segments 70-90 on each side, rigid in
opposite groups, the middle 10-14 in. long, % in. wide,
the upper 4 in. long, l-12in. wide. Braz. — Cult, in north-
em greenhouses. An avenue tree in S. Fla. and S.
Calif. "Similar in habit to S. ;;;»»! o«a, but with more
finely cut Ivs., and in S. Eu. considered to stand more
frost."— FrancescJii.

cocos

BB. Bachis not abitipthj contracted.

C. Leaflets flaccid.

D. Form of Ifts. linear.

E. Arrangement of Ifts. eqnidistatil.

Weddelli&na, H. Wendl. Fig. 508. Stem 4-7 ft. high,
IH in. in diam. , densely covered with persistent sheaths :
Ivs. equally pectinate-pinnatisect, 3-3M ft. long: petiole
8-20 in. : sheath coriaceous-fibrous, glabrous or tomen-
tose, with slender brown hairs, at length evanescent :
blade 2-3 ft. : segments about 50 on each side, widely
spreading, the middle 5 in. long, 2 lines wide, subequi-
distant, glaucous beneath : rachis filiform at the apex,
brown-scaly. Trop. Braz. R. H. 1879, p. 434. I.H.
22:220. A.G. 16:345.-The most important of small or-
namental palms for the north.

EE. Arrangement of Ifts. in groups of S—f.

plumbsa, Hook. Stem 30-36 ft. high, 10-12 in. thick,
ringed at intervals of n foot, clotlied near the apex with
remnants of the dr.i.l [.. t i,,i, ~ ; l\ ^. .■Mrr-si.rr;iiiiiit,'-. 12-
15 ft. long, recui V _ ' . r.- |..iil' ;.- the

blade: segments h. ! ;. . i i ii. , -|.:m'-.-. -mIilhv or
mostly in groups ..i l'-i.i'.ii. Iluj.', .Ii>Hi>x.>cI ihmi- the
apex. Cent. Braz. H.M. rilsu.-'i'lie chief avenue palm
of the genus. A quick-grower, ultimately 50 ft. high in
S. Pla. and Calif.

cc. Leaflets rigid.

butyricea, Linn. Stems very tall, naked : Ivs. pin-'
nate ; Ifts. simple ; spathe cylindrical-oblong, 4-6 ft.
Venezuela. — Rare and perhaps confused with Scheelea
butijracea. Little known.

D. Form of Ifts. sword-shaped.

EomanzoHi4na, Cham. Stems 30^0 ft. high, some-
what fusiform above: Ivs. about half as long as the cau-
dex, the withered ones deflexed, pendent, the upper
spreading, incurved, segments conduplicate at the base,
ensiform. S. Braz., near the sea.
DD. Form of Ifts. linear: apex obtuse: petiole glaucous.

austrWs, Mart. Pisdo Palm. Height 8 ft.: stem
erect, columnar, equal, strongly annular above ; petiole
naked ; segments linear, glaucous, rather rigid : fr. as
large as a pigeon's egg, outer pulp sweet, edible, seed
oily. Paraguay. G.C. III. 18:739. A. F. 5, 515, and 7:805.
K.H. 1876, p. 155.— A slow grower. Cult, under glass
and outdoors in Fla. and Calif.

nuciJera, Linn. Csco Palm. Cocoanut Tree. Figs.
507, 508. Caudex 40-100 ft. high, flexuous, thickened at
the base Ivs 12-18 ft lon„' , Ifts linear lanceolate, 2-3
ft coriaceous flaccid petiole 3-5 ft stout Seashores
withm the tropic s Indigenous to Cocos or Keeling
Islands of the Indian
ocean R H lh')=;

G P 7 15 -ProdiK ( '
the cocoanuts of com
merce Rarely cult
m northern green

the mouth ; petiole W^ ft. long, spinose-serrate ; seg-
ments 50-60 on a side, crowded below, then equidistant,
linear-lanceolate, the uppermost long-setaceous filiform.

507. Staees in the growth of

DDD. Form of Ifts. narrowly lanceolate.

E, Lvs. long, 6-15 ft. in mature specimens.

F. Petiole spinose-serrate: segments of leaf less

mm^'

Yat4y, Mart. Stem 12-15 ft. high, over 1 ft. in diam.,
naked below, covered with dead sheaths above: lvs. re-
curved, spreading 6-9 ft. ; sheath 1 ft. long, fibrous at

508 Cocos Weddelhana

the middle ones 2% ft. long, 2-5 in. wide, the upper 20
in. long, J^in. wide, all rigid, glaucous beneath. Brazil,
Argentina.

FF Petiole not spinose seitate segments of leaf
lerij nil Met mis

D^tll, Drude & Griseb Stem 30 ft high, 8-12 in. diam. :
Its 12-n ft Imi^ sheath about lb in. long; petiole IK
ft 1 I 1 11 1 1 in thick, segments linear-acumi-
II if 11 h crowded in groups of 3 or 4,

I II I I the lowest 2 ft., middle 2% ft. and

HI 11 1 1 I I imost filiform all narrow, stiff and
ripi I il liie 1 l\ glaucous green or whitish. Argen-
tma islands mil mer banks The fruits are edible,
resembling those of the date palm Hardier in S. Calif,
than C plumosa,flexuosa, and Homamoffiana.

coronita, Mart Trunk at length 18-30 ft. high, 8 in.
in diam , erect deeply ringed lvs erect-spreading, 6-9
It long short petioled, arranged m a close, 5-ranked
spiral, the long persistent bases of the petioles forming
I spiral twisted column below the crown; leaf -segments
in groups of 2 01 H folded together from the base (con-
duplicate) linear lanceolate acute coriaceous, densely
crowded about 100 on each side, midrib 4-sided below,
3 sided ibove Brazil

EE Lis shoitet 3^% ft m mature specimens.
F Apex of Ifts obtuse.

camp^stns, Mart. Stem 8-10 ft. high, thickened, scaly:
lvs. spreading-recurved, rigid, 3-^>2 ft. long: rachis ele-
vated, triangular above, convex below : segments nar-
rowly lanceolate, 30-40 on each side, obtuse at the apex
and shortly cordate-acuminate. Brazil. — Hardier than

FP. Apex of Ifts. acuminate.

insignis, Mart. (Glazibva inslgnis.'RoTt.). Stem 3-6 ft.

high, IK in. in diam.: lvs.4K-6 ft. long; sheath densely

344

cocos

brown - lanate ; petiole shorter than or equaling the
sheath, a fourth or fifth as long as the rachis; segments
equidistant, 50 on each side, narrowly lanceolate, obliquely
acuminate and caudate, silvery glaucous beneath, Braz.
The following are obscure trade names of rare plants not
sufficiently described : C. Alphonsei, 0. Bdnneti, O. Gaertneri,
C. Maximilidna and O. Turumagnas.

Jared G. Smith and W. M.

CODI^TJM (Malayan name). Eiiphorbi&cece. Croton
of florists. Four or 5 Malayan species of shrubs or
trees. Plants moncecious : racemes axillary, long and
slender: pistillate fls. with small 5-lobed calyx and no
petals, the ovary 3-loculed : stamens 15-30, surrounded
by calyx and 5-6 small petals: Ivs. alternate and petio-
late, normally entire, thick, more or less Aucuba-like.
Differs from Croton in the absence of petals from the
pistillate fls., and in technical characters of stamens.

The CoditBums of gardens are of many widely differ-
ent kinds, and many of these forms have Latin-made
names. They are all derived, however, from one poly-
morphous natural group, which J. MUUer, the latest
monographer (DC. Prodr. 15: pt. 2, 1119), considers to be
one species [C.variegahim). This plant is widely dis-
tributed in the Malayan region, and is commonly
planted in the Moluccas and other parts. The Crotons
or Codiseums of horticulturists fall into three groups,—
those with ovate, short-stalked Ivs., those with narrower
and spatulate Ivs., and those with very narrow and often
twisted Ivs. These correspond with Miiller's three nat-
ural divisions :

variegjltain, Linn., var. pictum, Miiller (C plctum.
Hook.). Fig. 509. Lvs. short-petioled, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, more or less cordate at the base, lJ^-3 times
longer than wide, beautifully and variously marked with
red, yellow and green. L.B.C. 9:870. B.M. 3051.

Var. Moluccjknuin, Muller. Fig. 510. Lvs. long- or
short-petioled, widely or narrowly spatulate, acute at
base, and short-acuminate.

I:iced in
ay after
t<i have
-t sized

coni^UM

modified almost endlessly by domestication. Some of
the modification is the result of crossing. The Codiseums
are prized both as indoor foliage plants and as subjects
for massing in the open. In the open air they develop
most brilliant colors in our bright, hot summers. The
plants will not stand frost. 8])*
coming too large for the gre»-iil
the center of the bed for suniin'
frost. With Crotons it is esji-
the ball of roots well develi'i" ■
plants, which naturally form tli.-

mer bed, may be plunged in their pots luw tue soil, ana
are easily removed in the fall to the greenhouse. Such
plants, when taken up in the fall and brought indoors,
should be cut back at the time of potting. They do not
make the best subjects for winter decoration, although
good results may be got from them by the exercise of
care. L. H. B.

Codiseums (or Crotons, as they are popularly known
in America) are beautiful plants, with many forms of
handsome and odd foliage of the most brilliant coloring.
The colors range from almost pure white to light and
deep yellow, orange, pink, red and crimson, in the most
charming combinations. In some cases one color pre-
dominates, as in Carrierei (yellow). Czar Alexander
III. (crimson), Hawkerii (light yellow). These varie-
ties of distinct coloring make beautiful specimen plants
for jardinieres; and their beauty is enhanced when used
in jardinieres of appropriate color. As exhibition plants
they are very effective, and may be grown to specimens
5 or 6 feet high, or even larger. In smaller sizes,
Codiseums are much used as table plants, for which
purpose well colored tops are rooted and grown on until
they are from 12 to 15 inches liigh. The narrow-leaved
varieties are most used for this purpose. Codiaeums
are also very attractive in vases and window boxes
and for mantel and table decorations. They are also
very valuable as bedding plants. Planted in clumps or
masses, the effect of the combination of rich colors is
charming. They should be planted in only good, rich,
not too heavy soil, and regularly syringed to keep down
red spider. They color best when fully exposed to the
sun, and should not be planted out until about the 10th
of June in the neighborhood of New York and Phila-
delphia. If something is needed t.. juakc thf beds look

attractive early in the season, ii i- ,i _ 1 plan to plant

pansies in April, to remain um ii ' i ! i,' ■. jilantthe
Codiseums. Soraeof thetendii- • . i, :(^ Keedii,

Albicans, and a few others, ai-f mi IdmI im Kurn in the
extremely hot weather, but nearly all tin- sorts do well
bedded out. Among the very best for this purpose are
Queen Victoria, Dayspring, Baron Rothschild, An-
dreanum. Lady Zetland, Carriferei, Barryi, Hawkerii,
Fasciatum, Anietumense.

The house culture of Codiseums is very simple. It is
necessary that a night temperature be maintained of 70°
to 75°, and that the air be kept moist by frequent
-vringings. Cuttings of half-ripened wood may be
I -ily rooted at any time from October until June, a
itom heat of 80° being just what they need. When
I y fine specimens are desired, root strong and shapely
I's by making an incision in the stem and tying
moss around the wounded part; it will be rooted ready
to pot in about three weeks. By this method all the foli-
age mav be retained, and a perfect plant be the result.

The ■ ■ ■

color

U'ht the plant gets, the better will be the

Var. genulnum, MUUer {Crdton variegdtus, Linn.).
Figs. 511, 512. Lvs. broad- or narrow-lanceolate, equally
narrowed at both ends, acutish or obtuse, never cordate
at base.

The Codiseums of gardens are prized chiefly for the
varied and brilliant markings of the lvs. The colors are
in shades of ^d, yellow, orange and purple, and the
markings often run into white. The plants have been

with tobacco w£
Little's Antipcs
insecticide for C
result of

o kill mealy bug and red spider,
any emulsion of coal-oil, is a good
ims. New varieties from seed (the
isting sorts ) are continually being

raised. Seed ripens freely under glass in North
America, and there is no doubt that the list of about
eighty choice varieties now in cultivation will be largely
extended in the near future.
The following horticultural varieties are in the American

345

510. Codi£eum Disraeli (var Moluccanum)

Angustissimum (angustifolium). Lvs. 1-lK ft, long, linear,
drooping, yellow-margined and -ribbed.

Anietumense.

Aucub(sfolium. Lvs. short and broad, green, blotched with
yellow and crimson.

Aureo-maculatum. Lvs. long and narrow, yellow-spotted.

Aureum. Lvs. beautifully and symmetrically marked with
rich yellow.

Baron Adolph SeilUere. Strong and robust growth. Large,
brilliant green lvs., with pale yellow nerves, which soon become
ivory-white, the contrast of color producing a striking effect.

Baronne de Rothschild (Fig. 509). Lvs. broad, olive-green
and yellow, changing to crimson.

Beaut}/. Lvs. lanceolate, profusely and strikingly variegated
witli t,'"|ilt'n y.'llow on a rich green ground : as they attain age
til'- ^ri.n ^ii.iin.l color gradually becomes a deep bronze, while
th<- >'llnw \ ari. nation develops into a rich, rosy crimson.

]!• nii'iuni. Lvs. short, broad-oblong,cream-yellow, with green

Brilliantissimum.

Burtonii. Lvs. lanceolate, 16 in. or less, shining green, mar-
bled with golden yellow.

Carrilrei.

Challenger (Imperator). Long lvs.; midribs at first creamy
white, suffused with red, deepening to bright carmine. One of
the best.

Chelsonii. Lvs. narrow and drooping, more or less twisted,
salmon-tinted and -blotched.

Chrysophyllum. Lvs. small, yellow-tinted.

Compte de Germiny.

Cooperii. Lvs. yellow-veined'and -blotched, changing to red.

Cornutum. Lvs. oblong and obtuse, lobed, rounded at the
base, wavy-margined, dark, shining green and mottled with yel-
low, the midrib projecting at the tip.

Cronstadtii. Lvs. lanceolate, twasted and crisped, tapering to
a shai-p point, glossy green, variegated with light golden yellow.

Crown Prince. Lvs. lanceolate and aciuninate. 18 in. or less
long, shining green, with golden veins.

Czar Alexander III.

Dayspring. Orange-yellow, edged green and tinged red.

Delight. Lvs. oblong acute, bright yellow, margined with
green, the veins cream-color, the bright central variegation
changing to clear ivory-white, with here and there a few dots of
the same color scattered through the margin of the leaf.

Disraeti { Fig. 510). Lvs. rather narrow, variouslj^ lobed, dark
green, with yellow veins, changing to crimson.

Dod'jsoiKP. Lvs. lance-linear, 1 ft. or less long, sometimes
twisted, green, with golden rib and margins.

EnrJscmirt.

I I s narrow,ofconsiderablelength; variega-

iH'iiMt 111 I I 1 1^1 t _'i>lden color, which contrasts strongly with
ilie l.ritriit rH(i tint ot the petioles, producing a very pretty effect.

Eransifinum. Lvs. 3-Iobed, veined with yellow and mottled
with yellow, bronze and orange.

Excelsior.

Fasciatum. Deep green, with yellow veins.

Flambeau.

Fl,ainingo.

Gloriosum (Prince of Wales). Lvs. long, narrow and droop-
ing, variously spotted with creamy yellow.

Golden Hing.

Goldiei. Lvs. spatulate, 3-lobed, 12 in. or less long, olive-green,
ivith golden veins.

Grande. Dark green, with yellow spots.

Haiiburyantim. Lvs. oblong, 18 in. or less, olive-green, with
golden and rose markings.

Harivoodianiim (Triumphans Harwoodianum). Lvs. oblong,
ribbed with gold and crimson.

Haiekerii. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, Kft. long, light yellow, with
green, margins.

Henryaniun. Lvs. ovate-oblong and pointed, 10 in., mottled
or overspread with golden yellow.

Hillean u m. Lvs. broad-oblong or spatulate. 9 in. or less, wavy-
margined, purplish green, marked with crimson.

Hookeriamnn. Lvs. lance-ovate, dark, shining green, with
golden blotches.

niustris. Lvs. with 3
variegated.

Imperator. See Challenger.

un (Fig. 511). Lvs. very

blong lobes, golden barred and

twisted, with i
Irregulare. Lvs. oblong and tapering s
at apex, shining grt

i middle,
and ribs.

Jamesii. Lvs. ovate, 10 in. c
blotched with whitish and yello

Johannis. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, chan-
nelled above, ribbed and margined yellow. A. F. 13:1070.

less, dark green, irregularly

Eatonl. Lvs. lanceolate, bright green, with circular yellow

Lady Zetland. Graceful habit.
Lord Derby.

Macfarlanei. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, drooping, 1 ft. long, green
and yellow blotched, but becoming bright crimson.
Magnolifolium.

CCELOGYNE

Marquis de Castellane.

Mortfortiense.

Mortii.

Mrs. Okas. Heine.

Mrs. Dorman. Lvs. linear-lanceolate. 1 ft., with scarlet rib
and green margins.

Mrs. H.F.Watson. Large-lvd.: green, but as they mature the
green deepens and changes to a bright, bronzy crimson, striped,
spotted and blotched with rich golden yellow and edged with
salmon, the midribs and veins bright red.

Mrs, Swan. Lvs. broad-lanceolate and acuminate, golden yel-
low in the center and on the margins and petiole.

Multicolor. Lvs. like Irregulare, but blotched and veined with
yellow, changing to orange and crimson.

Mitsaicinn. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, wavy, acuminate, green,
crimson and cream-color. R.H. 1882: 240.

Nobile.

Oniilla.

Ovalifolium.

Pictum, Lvs. broad-oblong and acuminate, less than 10 in.
long, crimson, with irregular blotches of green and blackish.
Old but good. B.M.3051.

Picturatum. Lvs. similar to Interruptum, highly colored.

Pilgrimii. Lvs. ovate and pointed. 10 in., green, overspread
with pink, golden-blotched.

Prince of Wales. See Gloriosum.

Princeps. Lvs. broad-linear, with yellow rib and margins, the
green becoming bronze and the yellow becoming crimson.

Princess Matilda.

Punctatum.

Queen Victoria. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 12 in. or less, golden
yellow blotched and magenta ribs.

Pecurvifolium. Lvs. broad and heavy, reetirved, Veined with
crimson and yellow, and handsomely blotched.

Reedii.

Jioseo-pictum.

Ruberrimum. Lvs. crimson, narrow, drooping, marked' with
creamy white.

Rubro-lineatum

Bubro-striatum.

Senitzianum.

Spirale (Fig. 512), Lvs. long, narrow-oblong, twisted, striped
and marked with yellow, changing to crimson.

Stewartii. Lvs. obovate, blunt at base, olive green, with red-
dish rib and petiole and orange bands and margin.

Sunbeam. Dark, bronzy lvs., from 9 to 10 in. long and about
2 in. wide, in the young state freely blotched with yeUow, gradu-
ally changing into rosy crimson, which in ttim, as the leaf ar-
rives at maturity, becomes of a rich blood-red.

Sunshine.

Superbissim um.

Thompsonii.

Tricolor. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, very acute, gradually tapering
from the upper third to the base : margin sinuous : upper sur-
face dark, shining green, central part and midrib golden yellow,
lower surface dull, reddish green.

Tnuini)lians. Lvs. oblong, deep green and crimson, changing
to greenish bronze and rosy crimson.

Lvs. broad and long, undulated or crimped, with
claret, crimson and purplish veins.

Victory. Lvs. of deep orange-yellow, blotched with crim-
son, changing with age to deep olive-green, with crimson veins
.and a blotching of red.

Veitchii. Lvs. lance-oblong, rounded at base, bright green,
mottled yellow and crimson. R.H. 1867, p. 190.

Volut\im. Lvs. broad, rolled at tip, golden veined.

Warrenii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-3 ft. long, twisted, droop-
ing, overspread and mottled with orange and crimson, changing

CODLIN, or CODLING. Used in England to mean a
small, green, half -wild, inferior apple. It is used in dis-
tinction from grafted or dessert fr. It is about equiva-
lent to our use of the word "crab.'*

C(£LIA (Greek, koilos, hollow: referring to the pol-
len masses). Orchiddceie, tribe ydndece. Six species of
central and South American epiphytic orchids, divided
into 2 strongly marked groups with widely different
kinds of inflorescence. C. inacrostachya is a type of
the first section, with long racemes of numerous small,
horizontal fls., which are much exceeded by the long
spreading bracts, and the base of the column short.
C. bella is typical of the second section, with the fls.
few, larger, erect, in groups of about 3, longer than their
bracts, and the base of the column produced to twice its
own length, which gives the fls. a tubular appearance.
Coelias are of minor importance. They grow best in
pots of peat and sphagnum, with a little charcoal.
A. Fls. riisi; red. inimeroiis, small, in a long raceme.

macrostilcliya, Lindl. Pseudobulbs 2% in. long, almost
round, with brown scales at the base: lvs. about 3, from
the top of the pseudobulb, 1 ft. or more long, lanceolate,
arching, broader than in C. bella, and not channeled:
sepals red; petals white. Mexico. R.H. 1878: 210. B.M.
4712 shows a dense raceme 8 in. long, with more than

AA. Fls. u-hite, tipped purple, feu-, large.
b6Ila, Keichb. f. Pseudobulbs smaller and more con-
stricted at the top ; lvs. 6-10 in. long, narrower, chan-
neled above, arching ; fls. 2 in. long, erect, 3 or 4 in
number, with the midlobe of the lip orange-colored.
Guatemala. B.M. 6028.

C(EL0GYNE (hollow pistil). Orchiddcea, tribe Epi-
dhidrew. A genus of useful plants, all pseudobulbous,
found in tropical Asia growing on trees and on rocks.
Sepals and petals membranaceous, labellum large, cucul-
late with 2, 3 or more longitudinal ridges; column erect,
winged, membranaceously margined at and toward the
apex; poUinia 4. The hotanicsd det&ilsot C<elogyne spe-
ciosa are shown in Fig. 513. At the top is a general

CCELOGYNE

view of the flower. Below, on the left, is the column,
front and side view. In the center is the lip, with the
eoluran lying along its top. Below the lip, on the left,
is the stigma. To the right, on the bottom row, are the
poUinia, front and back view; and at the right center
are separate pollen masses.

Ccelogynes may be grown in pots, pans or baskets,
but it is "hardly advisal)le to undertake growing them on

513. Details of CcElogyne speciosa.

blocks, as they are a thirsty class of plants when grow-
ing, and, in fact, when at rest should not be .allowed to
become very dry. Ccelogynes, as a rule, do not care to
be disturbed; therefore, it is a good plan not to repot
until the plants have outgro%vn the pots or baskets, or
the old compost has become exhausted. They should be
potted then in a compost consisting of equal parts fresh
sphagnum moss and fibrous peat, to which maybe added
a little broken charcoal. The pot^s or baskets to be used
should have a good supply of crocks, so that the -water
may pass away freely, otherwise the compost would soon
become sour. A good time to repot or top-dress is just
after the flowering season. When repotted, the plants
should be kept in a rather moist, shady place until the
new roots commence to take hold of the fresh compost.
They may then be put in their growing quarters and
given a good supply of water all through tlie growing
season; but after the growth is completed they will re-
quire only enough water to keep the bulbs in" a plump
condition. Manure water applied once a week Avhen
growing will be found beneficial, but should be given in
a weak form to begin with.

There are about 50 kinds of Ccelogynes, a number of
which are well worth a place in the most select coUec-
•dons. One of the most beautiful species is C. cristata,
with its varieties liololetica, Cliatsworthii, Lemoniana
and maxima. To insure a good crop of fls., the above
should all have a good supply of light and air when
growing, only a verv light shading being necessary.
They also may be svi-iuirpd ovi-rlu-nd once or twice a day
in bright weatlnr i > 1 , . i. il. n i . ^1 -piii-r and other in-
sect pests. In til. ' I'i 1 i ~tr(l in anycool
greenhouse in wli; : . ■ i , i mi u i .■ .l.n s not fall be-
low 40°. C. corn,. ■■ r ,,.,;.,, (■.,„; Ilafa and C.
Massangeana v^iW :ill o.> ni ■< 1\ m :iu intermediate house,
while C.Dayaiiii an.l ( . s,t,i<i. rimin should be grown in
a warmhouse wh*'r«. ilir niu^lit Tt-iuperature in winter is
not below 60°. t'ni.i-yius may he propagated by divid-
ing the plants, always being careful to get one or more
leading growths with each piece.

Cult, by Albert J. Newell.
A. Bacemes pendulous or drooping.
B. J^ls. green or yellow.

pandurtlta, Lindl. Fls. large: sepals and petals green.
labellum fiddle-shaped, with black veins and stains on a

CCELOGYNE J4/

yellowish green ground; central disk 3-ribbed; pseudo-
bulbs oval oblong, i in. long ; Ivs. rather oblong, 15 or
more in. in length: racemes many-fld. Borneo. B.M.
5081. F.S. 20:2139. J.H. III. 30:377. A.F. 6:633.

Dayina, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs pyriform, cylindric,
about 6 in. long: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. numerous;
sepals and petals pale yellow, margins reflexed; petals
much narrower than sepals ; labellum with 6 erect
ridges fringed with l>rown: racemes 2 ft. or more long.
Borneo. G.C. III. 15:095.

Ma3sange4na, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs pyriform, about
3K-4 in. long, ivs. elliptical, large, tapering toward the
base ; the long racemes many-fld. ; sepals and petals
equal, pale yellow, lateral lobes of labellum brownish
within, lined or streaked with yellow ; mid-lobe with a
verrucose brown and yellow disk : raceme sometimes 2
ft. long. Assam. B.M. 6979.

BB. Fl.'i. white or cream-colored.

cristita, Lindl. A free - flowering species, with
large white flowers : sepals and petals lanceolate-ob-
long, undulate ; lateral lobes of labellum slightly in-
curved ; mid-lobe provided at tlie center with 5 bright
yellow fringes and 3 ridges. Nepal. J.H. III. 31:.349.
P. G. 1:55. A. G. 14:331 ; 15:513. A.F. 4:497 ; 6:87;
9:1111; 13:1133. F.E. 9:331. Gng. 2:393 ; 4:225. -Var.
hololeilca, Hort. (var. alba), has white fls., labellum
without yellow. Var. Lemoniana, Il.nf., lias citnin-vcl-
low fringes. Var. ChAtsworthi, II. .it.. lia> lar-.- ).s,.||,i,,.

bulbs and large fls. of :; 1 sulistan.a . \'ar. maxima,

Hort., has very large Hs. <:, l,„i,i„, iri.stut.i is of

the best and most popular of orchids. It is one of the
easiest to grow. Can be grown with Cattleyas.

n&ccida, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate, angulate, 2-3
in. long Ivs. lanceolate, about 8 in. long: raceme 7-10-
fld., often more : fls. IK in. across : sepals and petals
whitish: labellum with 3 ridges, bright yellow blotch on
the disk. Nepal. B.JL 3318.

Gardneriina, Lindl. Psendobulbs long and tapering,
flask-shaped: Ivs. 2, thin, IS in. or less long: raceme
many-fld. : fls. large, l..ii;.'-|ntal. ,1, j.uro white except the
lemon-yellow lip, not .i]i.iiiii^- wi.lr. Iml. P.M. 0:73.

asperita, Lindl. (('. /..hrii, l>a.\t.). Large species
(18-24 in. high): ps.ii.l..l.iill.s large and oblong, each
bearing a pair of broad, dull green Ivs.: raceme 1 ft.
long, many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, cream-colored, but the
lip with an orange crest and radiating brown and yellow
.streaks. Borneo. P.M. 16:227.

Sanderiina, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs ovate and
wrinkled or costate, 2 in. long, each bearing a pair of
Ivs. a foot long : fls. about 6 in a raceme, 3 in. across,
snow-white; sepals narrow and pointed, keeled; petals
broader; lip 3-lobed, the side lobes striped with brown
and the middle lobe Idotched with yellow. E. Ind.—
Distinct and handsome. C. Sanderae, Kriinzlin (G.C.
111.13:361. J.H. III. 35:451), is probably the same. It
is described as having the "disk of the lip deep orange
in front, much paler behind, and with three parallel
keels, covered with long dark haii-s" (G.C. III. 13,
p. 392).

AA. Bacemes erect.

barb£kta, Griffith. Pseudobulbs about2 in. l..nu-. nv.it.-:
Ivs. broadly lanceolate, about 1 ft. long: il^. Ln-i . ]., tals
linear, whitish; sepals ovate-oblong, wliitr; mnl 1,.1„- ^^t
labellum brownish inside, curiously fringrd with lirown;
crests 3. Khasia hills.

ocellita, Lindl. Pseudobulbs pyriform or nearly so:
Ivs. about 1 ft. long, narrowly lanceolate; racemes 6 in.
long : fls. large, white, with two bright orange-yellow
spots on eaoli ..f tli.- lat. ral lobes of the labellum, and
two smaller sp.is at ih.- l.ase of the midlobe ; also
brown lateral sir. ak, : . ..liinin bordered with yellow.
E. Ind. Fouiul at an . I.; ati..n of 7,000 feet. B.M. 3767.

specidsa, l.in.ll. I'-.u.l..l.iill.-; ..v.i.l. .li-tin.-tly angled,

3, on short ]....lini.l..s. ^^ lii.li mi. ■!■-.■ IV.. in iiiiliric'ated

translucent, dull salmon-pink; petals linear reflexed;
lateral lobes of labellum erect, slightly incurved, reticu-
lated, with dull copper-brown on a blush-salmon ground,
midlobe roundish, partly broad-margined with white ;

348

CCELOGYNE

disk with two fringed ridges and umber-brown marl5-
ings. Inner surface of column brownish. Java. B.M.
4889. Gn. 49, p. 62.

oorrugita, Wight. Pseudobulbs ovate -pointed, in
tufts, with Ivs. 3 in. long: racemes 3-6-fld. : fls. white ;
sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong and acute; lip 3-
lobed, the lateral lobes smaller and blunter than the
central one. E. Ind. B.M. 5601.

PArishii, Hook. f. Like C. pandttrata, but racemes
not drooping, the pseudobulb 4-angled and narrow,
bearing a pair of stout broad Ivs., the fls. about 6, and
smaller. A small species. Burma. B.M. 5323.

Foerstermanni, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs cylindrical or
fusiform, producing 1- or 2-sheathed peduncles from the
side: fls. large, snow-white; sepals and petals lanceo-
late, the former keeled outside; lip 3-lobed, the middle
lobe rounded and minute-pointed, the side lobes rounded,
the disk marked with yellowish brown : Ivs 3-4 in.
wide and 18 in. long, very short-stalked. E. Ind.

Oakes Aires.

COFFfiA (from the Arabian name for the drink, itself
conjecturally derived from Caffa, a district in southern
Abyssinia). Bubiilcect!. A genus of about 20 Old World
species, mostly natives of tropical Africa. Shrubs or
small trees, usually [glabrous, with slender branches :
Ivs. ellii'iii il. 1 ••'>. i.'l"ssy, coriaceous, mostly oppo-
site, rani li ' r :;: fls. creamy white, tuberose-
like, dill ,.! Ill ii, subsessile, clustered in the
axils of iIm ! ~, IIk Liiius is technically distinguished
by the short calyx limb : corolla throat villous or gla-
brous: style branches 2, linear. The fr. is a berry con-
taining 2 horny seeds, which afford the Coffee of com-
merce. For Coffee production, two species, C. Arabica
and C. Liherica, are now extensively cultivated through-
out the tropics, and are occasionally to be found in con-
servatories; also in gardens in Florida and California.

The Coffee of commerce consists of the seeds of these
two species of Coffea, C. Arabica and C. Liberica, the
cultivation of which is one of the most important agri-
cultural industries of the tropics, the annual production
reaching 1,500,000,000 pounds, valued at $150,000,000.
Of this amount, Brazil furnishes over 70 per cent. A
new Coffee from the Congo is receiving much attention
in Europe,— C Maragogipe. It is very vigorous grow-
ing- W. M.

Climate and .soi;.- Although C. .I..^, < ., ;ii , „,hire
alow temperature, and has, with 5.1i_ ' - : • : . sur-

vived the winter in Germany, sur i i ,i i.'ial

culture requires a rainfall of froiu l i- l imlan

equable temperatui-e, having an ;iVLia;;r luii.iuiuui of
not less than 00°. The Liberian species is ut home un-
der thoroughly tropical conditions, and endures expo-
sure to the sun at low elevations, where for C. Arabica
shade trees are commonly supplied. Coffee thrives in a
great variety of soils, but those containing a large
amount of humus are prefi-rahlc and volcanic deposits
are also excellent. The use of fertilizers is increasing,
but the requirements of particular localities must be
carefully considered.

Cultivation. — The seed germinates in from 4 to 6
weeks after ripening, and will endure only partial dry-
ing. Seedlings are raised in shaded seed-beds or flower-
pots, whence they are transplanted at the beginning of
the rainy season, preferably when 2 years old. to their
permanent places. The distance between trees is deter-
mined by the soil and climatic conditions, varying from
6 ft. for C. Arabica, under circumstances unfavorable
to the growth of wood, to 15 ft. or more for C. Liberica
in fertile ground. For the reception of the seedlings,
large holes are dug in order to insure loose soil and avoid
injuring or bending the long tap-root. Subsequent cul-
ture consists largely in the frequent removal of all
weeds, by means of hoes or other implements, which
also stir the surface soil. Trees are headed or pruned
to a height of from 3-6 ft. in order to keep the berries
within easy reach, and after each harvest the old twigs
are removed, also the epiphytes and parasites. Spray-
ing with fungicides and insecticides is also practiced
when necessary.

.ffan'esf. — Production begins, under favorable circum-

COFFEA

s, the second or third year from transplantingr
but a paying crop can scarcely be expected before the
fifth or sixth year. The berries ripen unevenly, requir-
ing two or more visits to each tree. The yield is esti-
mated in general at 1 pound of dry Coffee per tree, but
careful methods increase this to 3 or 4 pounds, while in
exceptional cases from 6 to 12 and even 25 pounds have
been reported. The life of the Coffee tree has been
stated at 20 or .30 years, but with good care production
may be maintained for 50 years or more. The berries
may be dried as picked and the seeds afterward ex-
tracted by machines called "hullers;" or, by means of a
"pulper," the outer fleshy material is removed before
drying. For the latter process, rimning water, cisterns,
buildings and machinery are necessary. After being
"pulped, "the Coffee is fermented in orderto further dis-
integrate the saccharine matter of the external coat ;
it is then dried in the sun or by artificial heat, after
which the tough inner integument, the so-called "parch-
ment," is removed by other machines and the "beans"
are polished, graded and sent to the market.

In all of the reoentiv acquired tropical territories of
the United States, Coffee culture may become an im-
portant industry, the excellence of the Porto Kican prod-
tict being already well known. From the agricultural
standpoint, little has been attempted in the selection of
superior seed or the application of scientific methods of
propagation. Grafting has recently been accomplished

.Boofcs. — Coffee, Its Culture and Commerce, edited
by C. G. Warnford Loch, 264 pages, 1888, contains a,
compilation of nearly all the literature then existing,
but the article in German in Semler's Tropische Agri-
kultur contains more recent and original matter. A
French work, Culture du Caf^ier, by C. Raoul, Paris,
1897, is the latest important contribution to the subject.
O. P. Cook.
A. Corolla S-parted, sometimes 4-parted.
B. Segments of corolla narrow: Ivs, oblong, 4— ') in. long.

lyi

Ar&bica, Linn. Common or Arabian Coffee. Fig.
514. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, rather thin, oblong, nearly three
times as long as broad, more or less abruptly contracted
near the apex to a point about H in. long : fls. in axillary
clusters of 3-5; segments of corolla four times as long
as wide; fr. a2-seeded, deep crimson berry, but the "ber-
ries "or beans of commerce are the seeds. The commer-
cial varieties of Coffee are based largely on the size,
shape, color and flavor of the seeds, and hence the fr. is
very variable, but the typical fr. may be considered to
be oval and half an inch long. Indigenous in Abyssinia,
Mozambique and Angola; supposed
to have been introduced in early
Mohammedan times from Abys-
sinia to Arabia, whence it became

known to Europeans in the sixteenth century. This
species furnished until recentlv the entire commercial
product. B.M. 1303. Gng. 6:55'.-As it grows wild in
Afr. it is a small tree 10-15 ft. high, with the trunk 9-12
in. thick at the base, and with horizontal or even nod-
ding branches, which in old age become one-sided.
Often cult, under glass in the north for its economic
interest, and in S. Calif, it is a good outdoor orna-
mental shrub, esteemed for its shining lvs., fragrant
white fls., and red berries.

COFFEA

BB. Segments of cotulhi wide : Ivs. ovale.
BeiigaWnsis, Roxb. Bengal Coffee. Lvs. ovate,
barely twice as long as broiid, acute, but not having a
long, abrupt point : fls. in 2's or 3's ; segments of co-
rolla barely twice as long as wiile. E. Ind., Malaya.
B.M. 4917. -This has much showier fls. than C. Arabica.
A small shrub with glabrous, dichotomuus branches. A
native of the mountains of northeastern India, whence
it was brought to Calcutta and much cult, there for a
time. It is now neglected, the berries being of inferior
quality and the plants not productive enough.
AA. Corolla 0-, 7-, or 8-parted.

B. Fls. in dense clusters or glomes : lvs. short-poiiitetl,

6-12 in. long.
Lib^rica, Hiern. Liberian Coffee. Lvs. longer than
in C. Arabiea. and wider above the middle, with a pro-
portionately shorter aud less abruptly contracted point:
fls. 15 or more in a denst. .In^tir; corolla segments usu-
ally 7. Trop. Afr. Tian^. I, inn. Soc. II. 1:171(1876).
G.C. II. 6:105. R.Il. l.^'.Hi. yy. Int. lO.'i.-Said to be more
robust and productive than i'. Arahica, with berries
larger and of finer flavor. It is a more tropical plant
than the common Coffee, and can be grown at much
lower levels. "It is a small tree, similar in general to

C. Arabica, but of more vigorous and upright habit, and
larger in all its parts. Lvs. 6-12 in. long: corolla 6-8-
parted: berries dull crimson, larger, more numerous,
and more nearly spherical than those of most forms of
C. Arabica. In its native forests in W. Afr. it attains
a height of 30 ft. or more, and flourishes near sea level.
Owing to its greater size, vigor and productiveness, it
is now being extensively planted in coft'ee-growing re-
gions, particularly in the E. Ind., where it has been
found resistant to a rust fungus, Hemileia vastatrix,
which had destroyed the plantations of C. Arabica. In
cultivation, both species are pruned low to facilitate
the picking of the berries."- O. F. Cook.

BB. Fls. solitari/ or in S's : lvs. long-pointed, syiS in-
long.
stenophylla, G. Don. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, 1-1% in. broad,
narrower than in C. Arabica, with a relatively longer
and more tapering point : corolla segments usually 9.
W. Afr. B.M. 7475. -This is said to yield berries of
even finer flavor than the Liberian Coffee, and quite as
freely, but the bush is longer in coming into bearing.
This is a promising rival to the C. Arabica of com-
merce. Seeds have been distributed by British botani-
cal gardens, but are not known to be for sale at present
in America. ^r jj

COFFEE. See Coffea.

COFFEE BEERY. A name of Glycine hispida, which
should be abandoned in favor of Soy Bean.

. See Acttta. The Blue Cohosh is a Caulo-
phyllum.

COIX (old Greek name). Gramlnea. A genus some-
what closely related to Indian Corn, and similar to it in
leaf structure. A hardy annual, 2-3 ft^ high, with broad
lvs. and a curious nodding inflorescence. The female
fls. are inclosed in a nearly globular, capsule-like cover-
ing, which is very hard. This capsule (or involucre) is
at first green, then a jet black, becoming nearly white
with age. Southern Asia.

Ldcryma-Jdbi, Linn. Job's Teaks. Teak-grass.
CoKN-BEADS. Fig. 515. So Called from the resemblance of
the inflorescence to a tear-drop. In cult, as an ornament
or as a curiosity. In India it is cultivated for food by some
of the hill tribes of that country. Var. ailrea zebrlna,
Hort., has yellow-striped lvs. p g_ Kennedy.

COLA (native name). Sterculidceir. Cola. Also
called Kola, Korra, Gorra. This genus of perhaps
14 species of tropical African trees is chiefly interesting
for the Cola nuts, which are said to sustain the natives
in great feats of endurance. The tree grows on the east

349

the

tropics the trade in this nut is said to be immense. It
has lately become famous in the U. S. through many
preparations for medicinal purposes and summer drinks.
The seeds are about the size and appearance of a horse
chestnut, and have a bitter taste. Although repeatedly
introduced to Kew, England, the plant never flowered
there until 1868. Consult Stewart's Monograph on Kola.
Colas are tropical African trees, requiring a rich, well-
drained soil. Those introduced into West Indies and
other parts of America, especially C. acuminata, thrive
best on a sandy loam. The trees are grown from seeds,
which are large and fleshy, keeping well for some weeks
after ripening. As the tree is difficult to transplant, the
seeds may be planted singly in small pots, and the young

trees kept growing thus until wanted for permanent
planting. Propagation may also be effected by cuttings
of ripe wood, which should be placed in bottom heat, and
treated in the usual way.

acumiuita, Schott and Endl. About 40 ft. high in
Africa, resembling an apple tree: lvs. alternate; petiole
K-6 in. long; blade 4-6 in. long, leathery, with promi-
nent ribs below ; older lvs. entire, obovate, acute ;
younger lvs. often once or twice cut near the base about
half way to the midrib: fls. yellow, 15 or more in a clus-
ter, about 1 in. across, with a slender green tube and a
showy yellow. 6- or 5-cut limb, which is a part of the
calyx, as the petals are absent in the tribe Sterculite.
B.M. 5699. E.N. REASONERand W. M.

COLAX, Now referred to Lycaste.

350

COLCHICUM

COLCHICUM

C6LCHICUM (from Colchis, a country in Asia Minor).
Lili&cea;. Meadow Saffron. Autumn Crocus. A
tribe of fall- (rarely spring-) blooming bulbous plants.
Perianth crocus-like but much larger, long and tubular,
varying from rosy purple to white, with one yellow-
flowered species: Ivs. long and broad, appearing in
early spring and dying down in June: stamens six;
styles three and very long ; ovary a round, 3-celled
pod : corm long, solid, with a brittle skin. "Colchicum
root "and seed ai-e employed in gout and rheumatism.
They are narcotic poisons. Colchicuras are natives of
Europe and the Mediterranean region. They are most
charming and interesting plants of easy culture. The
bloom comes in August and September, at a season
when the herbaceous beds begin to lose their freshness,
and, although individual flowers are fugacious, others
follow in quick succession, thus prolonging the time of
flowering. Opening, as they do, without foliage, some
help is required from the greenery of other plants; for
this purpose any low-growing, not too dense kind, can
be used, such as the dwarf Artemesias, Sedums, Phlox
subulala, etc. Colchicuras are most effective in masses,
which can be established by thick planting, or as the re-
sult of many years' growth. They can be grown in rock-
work, in beds, or in grass which is not too thick nor too
often mown; they will thrive in partial shade, but suc-
ceed best in an open, sunny border. They should be
planted in August or early September, in deep, well-en-
riched soil, a light, sandy loam, with the tip of the long
bulbs 2 to 3 inches below the surface ; some protection
should be given in winter. They remain in good condition
for many years, and should not be disturbed unless they
show signs of deterioration, fewer flowers and poor
foliage. Then they should be lifted and separated, just
after the leaves die, end of June or early July. This
is the usual method of propagation, but they can
also be increased from seeds, sown just after ripening,
June-July ; the seedlings may not appear until the
following spring. Seedlings bloom when 3 to 5 years
old. The bulbs are obtainable from the Dutch growers
at moderate prices, and they must be imported early;
otherwise they are apt to bloom in the cases. C. aulum-
nale, with rosy purple flowers, is a well-known and the
most commonly cultivated species. There are numerous
varieties, of which the best are the white, the double
white and the double purple. Belonging to this same
group and not differing much except in size and shad-
ing of the flower, are C. Byzantinum, C. montnnum,
and C. nmhrosum. C. speciosum, a native of the Cau-
casus, is the flnest in everyway ••( iIm- i:. ini-. The
flowers are much larger and of lnii. r -li:i|.. , mid the
color, a rosy pink, is much more d. I irati; iIh> li:il.it of
growth is robust, and the plant is iii"-r i ,, - i! [[I'MlIt-d.

C. Piirkliisovi (a form of C. r-,, i^ .' .liiiot

from the above varieties inasiiiu'ii ' ' t^ are

tessellated, purple and white, giviTi.- > 1,1, - rkt-r-
board appearance which is uniqiu-; tin : .... ,11. much
smaller and are wavy. C. Ayiirij,,„iiiH, C. Ji,vi,iiir,
C. Cilicicum and C. Sibthorpi, are other species having
checkered flowers more or less similar to Parkinsoni.
C. Bulbocodmm^Bulbocodium vertmm. Monograph by
J. G. Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc, vol. 17 (1880).

B. M. Watson.

Alphabetical list of species described below : Aggripi-
num, 5 ; alpinum, 13 ; autumnale, 10 ; Bertolonii, 1 ;
BivoniE, 6 ; Byzantinum, 9 ; Cilicicum, 9 : luteum. 3 ;
montanum,!; Parkinsoni,i; Sibthorpi, 7; speeiosum. f;

cc. Anthe

, yello

Steveni,

Troodi, 11; umbrosum, 12; variegatur

. appearing with the fls.

A. Blooming in spring ;

B. Color rosy lilac : size of anthers small.
c. Anthers oblong, purple.
1. montanum, Linn. (C. Bertoltmii, Stev.). An im-
portant and variable species, with many synonyms and
variations. Baker makes 7 forms. Corm ovoid, 1-J^ in.
thick, the tunics brown, membranaceous, the inner
ones produced to a point 2-4 in. above the neck : Ivs. 2-3,
rarely 4-6, linear or lanceolate, about 2-3 in. long at the
time of flowering, finally 6-9 in. long: fls. 1-4, in spring
and autumn. Oct.-June. Mediterranean region, from
Spain to Persia. B.M. 6443. — It appears in early spring
■with the snowdrops and crocuses.

2. StiTeni, Kunth. Corm narrower than in No. 1,
about yi-%in. thick : Ivs. at length 4-5 in. long : fls.
Oct.-Jan. Syria, Arabia, Persia. — Less popular than
No. 1.

BB. Color yellow : sise of anthers large.

3. Ititeum, Baker. This is the only yellow-flowered
form in the genus, all the others ranging from purple
to white. Although it belongs to the Mediterranean
group, with Ivs. and fls. produced at the same time and
in spring, it is a native of western India at an elevation
of 7,000-8,000 ft. Corm tunics dark brown, sometimes
almost black: Ivs. 3 or 4, wider and less tapering than
in No. 1, at the time of flowering 3-4 in. long, finally 6-7
in. long. B. M. 6153.— Notadvertised in American trade,
but very desirable.

AA. Blooming in autumn : Ivs. appearing after the fls.

B. Perianth tessellated or checkered

c. Tessellation distinct.

D. Bvs. spreading or prostrate.

4. variegitum, Linn. Lvs. 2-3, lanceolate, about 6 in.
long, 12-15 lines wide, lying flat on the ground; margins
wavy : fls. 2-3 from each spathe, 4 in. across, with a
white tube. Islands of the Levant and Asia Minor.
B. M. 1028.

C. PArkinsoni, Hook. f. (B. M. 6090), is the best of all
the tessellated forms, the tessellation being more sharply
defined and more delicate than the type. It is a smaller
plant, and has shorter and more strongly undulated lvs.,
which lie closer to the ground. Of this plant Parkinson
said in his Paradisus Terrestris, 1629: "This most
beautiful saffron flower riseth up with his flowers in
the Autumn, as the others before specified do, although
not of so larg:e a size, yet far more pleasant and delight-
ful in the thick, deep blew or purple-colored beautiful
spots therein, which make it excel all others whatsoever.
The leaves rise up in the Spring, being smaller than the
former, for the most part 3 in number, and of a paler
or fresher green colour, lying close upon the ground,
broad at the bottom, a little pointed at the end, and
twining and folding themselves in and out at the edges
as if they were indented. I have not seen any seed it
hath borne. The root is like unto the others of th is kinde,
but small and long, and not so great ; it flowreth later
for the most part than any of the other, even not until
November, and is very hard to be preserved with us, in
that for the most part the root waxeth lesse and lesse
every year, our cold country being so contrary unto his
natural that it will scarce shew his flower; yet when it
flowereth anything earlie, that it may have any comfort
of a warm Sun, it is the glory of all these kindes."

DD. la-s. ascending.
E. Jfargin of lvs. wavy.
3. Aggriplnum, Baker (C.?e«sc?!(ihim, Hort.). Corms
a trifle thicker than in No. 4: Ivs. 3-4, 6-9 in. long, 12-15
lines wide, margin wavy: fls. 2-t from each spathe.
F.S. 11:1153. -This is a marked form of C. variegatum,
of garden origin, which has similar fls., but a more ro-
bust habit and more nearly erect Ivs.

EE. Margin of lvs. flat, not tvavy.

6. Bivdnae, Guss. Lvs. G-9. nearly 1 ft. long, 9-15
lines wide, rather hooded at the apex, margin flat, not
wavy: fls. 1-6 from each spathe. Sicily.

cc. Tessellation less distinct.

7. Sibthorpi, Baker. Easily distinguished from Nos.
4, 5, and 6 by the much broader segments of the peri-
anth, and by the Ivs., which are nearly erect, obtuse,
and not at all wavy: Ivs. 5-6, dull green finally 1 ft. or
more long, 1K-2K wide, narrowed gradually to the base:
spathe striped with green, and tinged with lilac at the
tip : fls. 1-5 from each spathe ; perianth tube often
6 in. long. Mts. of Greece. B. M. 7181. — A large, cup-
shaped flower, showing no open spaces between the
broad, overlapping segments. Very handsome.

COLCHICUM

BB. Perianth not tessellated.

C. Size of fls. large, 3 in. or more across.

D. Lvs. broad, 3-i in. wide.

E. 2Vo. of fls. 1^.

8. specidsum, Steven. Corm 2 in. thick, the largest o£
the genus: stem 1 ft. high: lvs. 4-5, 12-15 in. long, 3^
in. wide, narrowed from the middle to the base, shining
green: Hs. 1—4 from each spathe, violet, with a white
eye, but varving almost to pure pink, often 6 in. across.
Caucasus. B. M. B078. F. 8.23:2385. P. M. 1876: 235.
Gn. 11:80. — Generally considered the finest species of
the genus.

EE. No. Of fls. 12-20.

9. Byzantlnum, Ker-Gawl. Closely allied to the above,
but with wider lvs., smaller and paler tls., and broad,
short anthers : stem 6 in. high : lvs. 5-6, oblong, dark
green, striate, 9-12 in. long, 3-4 in. wide: fls. smaller
than in No. 8, usually 3-4 in. across, lilac-purple, and
often 12-20 from each spathe. Transylvania and Con-
stantinople. B.M. 1122. C. Cilicicum, Hort., has rosy
fls., somewhat tessellated. G.C. III. 23 : 35.

DD. ii'S.

ule.

10. autumn&le, Linn. Pig. 516. Stem 3-4 in. high :
lvs. 3-4, rarely 5-6, 9-12 m. long, lK-2 in wide: fls. 1^,
rarely 5-6, from each spathe, purple, with a white va-

516. Colchicum autumnale (.X%).

riety, about 4 in. across: perianth veined. Europe and
N. Africa. B.iM. 2673, as 0. crociflorum. -Possibly the
commonest in the American trade. It has beautiful
double forms in purple and pure white. F.S. 19: 1936.

CO. Size of fls. small, about 2 in. across.

D. iVb. of fls. from each spathe more than 1 or 2.

E. Perianth segments acute.

H. Troddi, Kotschy. Corm medium-sized: lvs. 3-4,

6-12 in. long, 9-12 lines wide, dark green above: fls.

4-5 or even 12, lilac-purple, about 2 in. across; perianth

segments lanceolate-acute. Cyprus. B.M. 6901 shows a

pure white variety.

EE. Perianth segments obtuse.

12. umbrdsum, Steven. Corm small : lvs. 4-5, 6-9 in.
long, 9-12 lines wide : fls. 1-5 from each spathe, lilac,
about 2 in. across; perianth segments oblanceolate, ob-
tuse, with 8-12 veins. Caucasus.

DD. No. of fls. from each spathe 1 or 2.

13. alpinum, DC. Lvs. 2, rarely 3, nearly erect or
preading, 4-8 in. long, 3-6 lines wide, obtuse, chan-

COLEUS 351

neled, shining green, narrowed from the middle to the
base: 8s. 1 or 2 from each spathe, about 2 in. across,
lilac ; segments oblanceolate, obtuse, 3—1 lines wide, with
10-15 veins. Mts. of France and Switzerland. W. M.

C6LEUS (Greek for s7if«(7i, referring to the mona-
delphous stamens). Labidtw. Nearly 50 species in
Trop. Afr. and Asia, some of which are cult, for the
very showy colored foli-
age. The cultivated
kinds are herbs, but
some of the wild species
are shrubs. Lvs. oppo-
site, dentate or serrate:
stem 4-angIed : fls. in a
terminal spike-like ra-
ceme, small and usually
bluish, the 5 -toothed
calyx deflexed in fr. ; co-
rolla bilabiate, the lower
lobes longer and con-
cave, and inclosing the
essential organs.

Coleuses are of most easy culture. They root readily
from short cuttings, cut either to a joint or in the middle
of an internode (Pig. 517). No plant is more easy to
root than this. They may be rooted at any time of the
year when new wood is to be obtained. Formerly
Coleuses were much used for bedding, but the introduc-
tion of better plants for this purpose has lessened their
popularity. They require a long season ; they are apt
to burn in the hot summers of the interior country;
they have a weedy habit. However, they withstand

Golden Bedder, whose golden yellow foliage is used as

fllling for fancy designs. Coleus

plants make excellent speci-
mens for the window-garden
and conservatory. Best results
are obtained when new plants
are started from cuttings each
spring. The old plants become
leggy, lose their lvs., and lack
brightness of color. They are
very subject to mealy-bug.
They are also liable to root-
gall (the work of a nematode
worm), as shown in Fig. 518.
When plants are thus affected,
take cuttings and burn the old
plants, and either bake or
freeze the soil in which they
grew.

The garden varieties of (.'"■
lens are legion. These
are the issue of C.
Bliimei, Benth.,of Java
(B.M. 4754. l.H. 27:377;
35:46; 39:164. F.S.
22: 2287-8). This is a
soft perennial herb
growing 2-3 ft. high,
branched: lvs. ovate,
or broad at base a
acuminate, sharply a:
regularly toothed,
colored with yellow, dull red
and purplish. An extreme form
of this is var. VerschaH^ltii,
Lem. tC Verschaffeltii , Lem.),
Fig. 519, which is more robust
and branchy, the
brilliantly colored,
not acuminate, trunc
cordate at base, and irregularly
cut-dentate,with rounded teeth,
giving the margin a crispy ef-
fect (I. H. 8:293). In some 5'8- A Coleus attacked
forms, the lvs. are laciniate. by root-galls.

C. thyrsoideus. Hook. , is a recent novelty, but is not yet in the
Amer. trade. Unlike the other well known species, its foliage Is
not brilliantly colored and its flowers are conspicuous. Tender

shrub. 2-3 ft. high: stems pubescent: Ivs. cordate, coarsely cre-
nate, lower ones 7 in. long: fls. blue, in racemes which contain as
many as 18 forking cymes with about 10 fls. in each. B.M.7672.
L H B

^"

Z^

^"

519. Coleus Blumei,
COLIC-EOOT. Aletris far

. Verschaffeltii

COLLAEDS. A kind of kale. In the south, a form of
the plant known as Georgia Collards is much grown for
domestic use and the southern market. The plant grows
to 2-3 ft. high and forms no head, but the central Ivs.
often form a kind of loose rosette. These tender Ivs.
are eaten as a pot-herb, as all other kales are. Fig. 295,
page 199, shows a Georgia Collard, although the rosette
is not well marked. The seeds may be started in a
frame under glass, or in a seed-bed in the open. As far
south as the orange-belt, they are usually started in
February and March, in order that the plants may ma-
ture before the dry, hot weather. Farther north they are
started in July or August, and the plants are ready for
use before cold weather. Transplant to rows 33^-4 ft.
apart, and 3 ft. apart in the row. Till as for cabbage.

Young cabbage plants are sometimes eaten as " greens "
under the name of Collards; and cabbage seeds are sown
for this specific purpose. In the north, where heading
cabbages can be raised, Collards of whatever kind are
not greatly prized. L H B

COLLlNSIA (after Zaccheus Collins, American phi-
lanthropist and promoter of science, Philadelphia, 171)4-
1831). ScrophulariAcecc. About 18 species of hardy an-
nuals from California and western North America, not
far removed botanically from Pentstemon and Chelone.
They are free-flowering and of the easiest culture.
They may be sown outdoors in the fall in well-drained
soil, and will bloom earlier than if sown in spring.
Their fls., borne in midsummer, range in color from
white through lilac and rose to violet, with clear, bright
blue also, at least on one lip of the fl. There is no yel-
low. All those described below have fls. in whorls.
Lvs. opposite, rarely in whorls of 3, entire, or toothed,
the lower lvs. rarely 3-cut.

A. Fl. -stalks very short, giving the clusters a dense

appearance.

B. Corolla strongly declined; throat as wide as long.

bicolor, Benth. Fig. 520. Height 1ft., hairy, glabrous,
or sticky : stems weak and bending : lvs. more or less
toothed, and oblong or lanceolate, sessile, opposite or in
3's : fls. typically purple and white, with 5 or 6 well
marked color varieties. Var. 4Iba, Hort. (Fig. 521), has
pure white fls., or the lower lip greenish or yellowish.
Var. multicolor, Voss. (C. »i»«ico?(»-, Lindl. & Past.),
has variegated fls., the same fl. being white, lilac, rose
or violet on either lip or both. Var. multicolor marmo-
rftta, Hort., has the lower lip white, suffused lilac, and
upper lip light lilac, spotted and striped carmine.
Calif. B.M. 3488. P.M. 3:195.-This is the most widely
distributed and variable species, and the one on which
the genus was founded. California, mostly in moist
ground.

bartsiaefdlia, Benth. Height l!^ft.: sticky and some-
what glandular, rarely hairy: lvs. from ovate-oblong to
iaear : fls. purplish or whitish : seeds not wrinkled.

Calif.
AA. FL-

ilks K in. long or more, giving the clusters
a looser look.

v6ma, Nutt. Height about 6 in. : lvs. ovate or oblong,
or the lowest rounded and slender-stalked, and the up-
per ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping: whorls about
6-fld.: fl. -stalks longer than the fls.: throat of the co-
rolla as long as the calyx lobes ; lower lip bright blue;

Penua. to Wis. and Ky. B.M. 492

grandifl6ra, Dougl. Height 4-12 in. : lvs. thickish.the
lowest roundish and stalked; whorls 3-9-fld.: fl. -stalks
about as long as the fls.: lower lip deep blue or violet;
upper lip white or purple: throat of the corolla sac-like,
as broad as long, or as long as the upper lip : seeds
roundish, smooth. Shady hills of Calif. ^_ jj_

C0LLINS6NIA (after Peter Collinson, the friend of
Linnaeus and John Bartram, a most interesting man).
LabiAtw. Horse-balm. Horse-weed. Stone-root.
A genus of 4 species confined to Atlantic N. Amer.
Hardy perennial herbs with large, odorous, ovate, ser-
rate, mostly long-stalked lvs., thick roots, and simple or
panicled, naked, terminal racemes of yellow or whitish
fls. The following is of the easiest culture and may be
obtained from dealers
in native pla

Canadensis, Linn.
Height 2-4 ft.: lvs. 4-9
in. long, broadly c

pani-
cled : calyx in fl. 1 line,
5 lines long:
•yellow,
lemon - scented, % in.
long. Rich woods, Can-
ada to Wis., and south to
Florida.

COLLOMIA. This genus is included by Gray in Gilia,
which see. CoUomia is derived from kolla, glue, from
the large quantity of mucus in the outer covering of
the seed. When these seeds are placed in water, the
mucous matter dissolves and forms a cloud about them.
This cloud, according to Lindley, "depends upon the
presence of an infinite multitude of exceedingly delicate
and minute spiral vessels lying coiled up, spire within
spire, on the outside of the testa, and the instant water

COLLOMIA

is applied tliey dart forward at right angles with the
testa, each carrying with it a sheath of mucus, in which
it for a long time remains enveloped in a membranous

COLOCASIA (old Greek substantive name). Ardidece.
Perennial herbs with cordate-peltate Ivs., which are
often handsomely colored in cultivation. Differs from
Alocasia and Caladium in floral characters: spadix ter-
minating in a club-shaped or subulate appendage desti-
tute of stamens. Species 5. Tropics. Monogr. by Engler,
0C. Phaner. Monogr. 2: 490.

Colocasia includes the plants known as Galailiinn es-
ciilentum, which are much grown for subtropical bed-
ding. C odorafa (which is an Alocasia) has very large,
thick stems, which may be wintered over safely without
Ivs., or at most with 1 or 2, the stems, to save space,
being placed close together in boxes. C. eseulenta rests
during the winter and is kept under a greenhouse bench
or anywhere out of the reach of frost or damp. Rich,
damp ground suits both kinds. Of easy culture. Con-
sult Caladium for treatment.

Colocasias furnish the much-cultivated Tare of the
Pacific tropics, this edible product being the large,
starchy roots. From it is made the Poi of Hawaii. In
Japan and other countries the tubers of Colocasias are
much cultivated, and are handled and eaten much as we
use potatoes (seeGeorgeson, A.G. 1892:81). The young
Ivs. of some kinds are boiled and eaten.

antiqudrum, Schott. Lvs. peltate-ovate : basal lobes
half as long as the apical one, connate %-% their length,
separated by a broad, triangular, obtusish sinus. India.
B.M. 7364.

Var. euchldra, Schott (C. eiichldra, C. Koch). Petioles
violet ; blade black-green, with violet margins.

Var. F6ntanesii, Schott (Alocdsia viohtcea, Hort.
ValAdinm viol&ceum, Hort. C. albo-violdceum, Hort.?).
Petioles violet ; blade dull green, with violet margins.

Var. illustris, Engl. {C.illustris, Hort.}. Petioles vio-
let ; blade more oblong-ovate, with black-green spots
between the primary veins.

Var. escul6nta, Schott (CalMium escuUntum, Vent.
Colocdsiii esctilenta, Schott). Elephant's Ear. Fig.
522. Spadix with an appendage half as long as the
staminate inflorescence ; lvs. bi-ight green, often 3 ft.
or more long, nearly as wide. Hawaii and Fiji.

affinia, Schott. Blade thin, membranaceous, rounded-
ovate or ovate, the apical lobe scarcely % or ia longer
than wide ; basal lobes connate nearly their entire
length, bright green above, glaucous beneath ; blade
only 4-6 in. long. Himalaya.

Var. J^nningsii, Engl. (AlocAsia Jennhi/jsii, Veitch).
Petiole purplish, with transverse purple lines ; blade
cordate, emarginate, with large, oblong or triangular
black-green or black-violet spots between the primary
lateral veins. I. H. 16:585. F.S. 17:1818-19.

Ndo-Guin«nsi3, Lind. Remarkable for its tufted habit,
the shortness of the leaf -stalks, its short-stalked
inflorescence, and the beautiful green tone of its ^^
smooth and shiny lvs., spotted with creamy white. i~ ■ ,'
New Guinea. I. H. 27:380.

MArchalli, Engler {Alocisia Mdnhalli, Hort.
A. hpbrida, Bull). Hybrid, probably of C. affinis '
and C antiquorum Larger m all parts than C 'y
affinis, the petioles pale green, very slightly i '
emarginate, with large, confluent spots I

C £a(OTscns« = Alo(■•^1l^ Bats-snmsis 1 — r Carn
cas&na tiicln ^ \ iiitlic.vonn — (' Jukiiuik Unit

Jaked G Smith and G W Oli

COLOCYNTH. See CitrulUts.

COLOR, The range of simple colors cumiuuu <_oiocasia antiquorum, \ ,
among flowers is not a very extensive one. It var. esculenta. li^,'V-,L

comprises yellow, gold-yellow, orange, scarlet, {Caladium esmlmtum.) ''^'

COLOR

353

red, crimson, magenta, purple, violet, and ultramarine
blue. The variation of these hues is, however, mani-
fold. Diluted with white, or mixed with one another,
colors assume an infinite number of phases not easily
described ( Fig. 523 ) . But th e generic character of flower
colors is certainly comprehended in the few names
given above. Color-names are of little consequence so
long as the color is identified. Unfortunately, scien-
tists and artists have not yet established a standard no-
menclature of color, so that the name of a particular hue
is largely determined by popular opinion, and that, of
course, is not always unanimous.

It is, therefore, necessary to accept both popular and
scientific estimates of color if colors are to be considered
in relation to fiowers. The scientific definition of a color
like scarlet, magenta, or violet amounts to its identifica-
tion with certain lines in the spectrum. Such definitions
are properly given in the Century Dictionary. They are
satisfactory so far as they go, but the relation of colors
in the spectrum to flower petals or artists' pigments is
not so satisfactorily determined. Apparently the stan-
dard of the spectrum must be supplemented by another of
a more tangible nature-that is, a standard of pigment
color. But it is just as well to substitute a flower petal
for a pigment, and if this is done, the result would be
about this :

Yellow. — Evening primrose.

Gold-yellow.- Pure gold calendula or deep yellow
calendula.

Orange.— Deep-hued eschscholtzia and orange nas-
turtium.

Scarlet.— Mme. Crozy canna.

Red. -Portia carnation.

Crimson. — Deep-hued sweet-william and pasony.

Magenta. -Deep purplish red cineraria.

Purple. — Deep-toned larkspur, aster, and cineraria.

Violet.— Deep-toned English violets.

Ultramarine blue. — New compact blue delphinium.

Pure green is best represented by the artists' pigment
called emerald-green; it is rarely present in foliage, ex-
cept perhaps in spring.

If the simple colors, yellow, orange, red, purple, blue,
and green, are arranged in a circle (Fig. 524), the colors
opposite each other harmonize by reason of absolute
contrast. ;

If these simple colois aie subdivided into lijt

intermediate hues (Fig o25) so that about

■^ Bf'A

Colocasia anti quorum,

COLORADO

three of the latter lie between the six original colors, the
result will be a circle of twenty-four divisions, having
the effect of a rainbow. This will perfectly illustrate the
principle of color harmony and color discord. Besides

WiTHBLftCK

WITH WHITE

CLEAR COLOR

OLD GOLD

SULPHUK

YELLOW

OCHRE

STRAWY.

COLD Y.

BURNT
ORANGE

SALMON

ORANCE.

TERRA
COTTA

5HR1MPP.

5CARLET

CARDINAL

?INK

RED

MAROON

C.PINK

CRIMSON

PLUM

P.LI LAC

MACENTA

DARK
B. PLUM

LILAC

PUKPLE

LOGWOOD
VIOLET

B.LI LAC

VIOLET

INDICO

V. BLUE.

ultran'?

523. Color phases in flowers.

the opposing colors which harmonize by contrast, there
are neighboring colors which harmonize by analogy or
harmony. For instance, any four or five colors lying
side by side in the circle are bound together harmoni-
ously by reason of their near relationship. Therefore,
all these four or five colors may be combined — and na-
ture does combine them -with aesthetic results. But

the bond of relationship is broken, and the eye is dis-
turbed by the aggressiveness of two colors between
which there is evidently no bond of sympathy. It would
be safe to say, therefore, that the circle demonstrates the
fact that its colors situated at right angles with each
other are discordant, and those lying nearly parallel
with each other are harmonious.

This is the theoretical side of color harmony. The
practical side is scarcely different; it simply modifies the
theory. Brilliant blue and orange, which are theoretically
harmonious, are scarcely as agreeable in each other's
company as the rule would imply. The trouble, however,
lies with the brilliancy. The golden calendula and the
deep blue-purple aster in association are rather violent

analogy; hyacinths, sweet peas, and nasturtiums repre-
sent families with most extraordinarily near-related
colors. There is a predominating force of crimson in the
sweet pea, and a predominating force of orange in the
nasturtium. It is rather a nice bit of color adjustment
in either family to choose flowers which excel in harmony
of color the careless grouping together of flowers picked
at random.

But the theory that analogous colors harmonize is cor-
rect only if it is not carried to excess. Attempts to force
deep-hued flowers into harmony often lead to contrary
results. A range of color from crimson to ultramarine
depends for its harmony upon the simplicity or the deli-
cacy of the hues. Such colors, in full force, would do
violence to each other. It is tempting the hardness of a
diamond to pound it with a sledge hammer. It is taxing
crimson too heavily to expect it to show its strength in
the presence of strong violet ! If the effort is to merge
the personality of the crimson flower into the purple one,
and effect a play of color between the two, the combina-
tion of strong hues thus is justifiable.

The theory that colors at right angles on the wheel are
discordant is also subject to some modification. Rela-
tively the right-angled colors must be crude and strong
to objectionably affect the eye. Yellow and red in the
rose is an agreeable color combination. Yellow and red
dahlias crowded together are abominably harsh under a
sensitive eye.

A country bouquet of asters, marigolds, fuchsias and
dahlias is bad, because the country garden is not a part
of it. A few feet of air and space and a stretch of green
foliage make a world of difference.

It is wisest to try the effect of one color upon another
before allowing two or three strong hues to wage war

524. Harmony by

and aggressive. Remove the one or the other and sub-
stitute a pale-tinted flower of either hue, and the result
will be a harmonious one.
Flower families are very apt to sustain harmonies of

525. The intermediate hues.

with each other. It will be quickly found that white is a
peacemaker, and green is an invaiuable mediator. With
these colors at command, the chances of color discord
are reduced to a minimum. Everything also depends
upon simplicity in color combinations. It is questionable
whether a combination of more than two colors can ever
ue a^sthetically a success. The adjustment of many colors
needs the hand of an expert, p, Schuyler Mathews.

COLOEADO, HOETICULTUKE IN. The state of
Colorado includes the territory lying between the par-
allels 37° and 41° north latitude, and between the me-
ridians 102° and 109° west longitude. Its surface is di-
versified by mountains, high table lands, plains and val-
leys, with a range above tide-water of from 3,400 feet on
the eastern border to over 14,000 feet in many snow-clad
peaks. It is traversed from north to south by the great
Rocky mountain range, and thus divided into two well
marked though unequal divisions. The main "conti-
nental divide" is supplemented by several well-defined
ranges, and by numerous mountain spurs, between
which, and at altitudes ranging from 7,000 to 10,000 feet,
lie the four large and several smaller parks or valleys.

COLORADO

which are in great part utilized as hay ranches and for
stoclf ranges. The following figures regarding acreage
are from the report of the state engineer for the year
1890. The total is given as approximately 66,560.000
acres. East of the continental divide lie 40,800,000
acres, and on the west 25, 760,000 acres. Of the area east
of the divide, one-third, or 10.200,000 acres, lies within
the mountains and the remainder, 30,600,000 acres, con-
sists of plain and valley
lands. On the western slope
the proportion of mountain
and plain is reversed, there
being 16,360,000 acres within
the mountains and about
9,400,000 acres of plain and
valley lands.

For the western slope the
rainfall is given as 33 inches
for the mountains and 10.7
for the plains and valleys.
and for the eastern slope as
30 inches for the mountains
and 15 inches for the plains.
The tillable lands of the
state are in the main out-
side the mountains, and

COLORADO

355

tom lands along Clear creek, between Denver and
Golden, planted a number of apple trees which he
hauled in a wagon from Iowa City, la. In the fall of the
same year, Messrs. Perrin and Wolff, of Denver, hauled
a load of trees from Des Moines, la., and such as sur-
vived the journey were planted on ranches about Den-
ver. In 1866, a representative of a Kansas nursery sold
trees and plants to many of the farmers along the St.

inches for the whole state.
This rainfall comes mainly
in the months of April, May
and June, the precipitation
for the other months
usually very small
lows, from the small rainfall
that crops can only be suc-
cessfully grown by irriga-
tion, and it is this idea that
has dominated the agricul-
ture and horticulture of the ' <—

state ever since the begin-
ning, nearly forty years ago.

Irrigation being a necessity, the lands useful for ag-
ricultural purposes would be those reasonably level
tracts bordering the streams, and extending back only
as far as the water can be carried. The first ditches
were constructed cheaply, and for the irrigation of first
bottom lands only. A little later the idea of utilizing
the higher mesas gave rise to canal systems of great
magnitude, that have made productive vast tracts of
fertile soil. The period of canal construction east of
the continental divide has about ended, there being now
as many ditches as the streams can supply, or possibly
more. On the western slope, where the water supply
Is greater, additional systems may yet be constructed.
The present most pressing problem on the eastern slope
is the conservation of the available water. Attention is
being given to the construction of reservoirs, and this,
coupled with that economy in the use of water which
experience is gradually teaching, will go far toward
solving the problem, and it may yet be possible to con-
siderably extend the area now irrigated. Owing to dif-
ferences in latitude, altitude, and climatic conditions,
the irrigable regions of the state are naturally separable
into three divisions, and in considering the horticultural
features, it is best to recognize these divisions because
they differ in the range of horticultural productions.
The divisions are :

1. The Northern, which embraces the drainage basin
of the South Platte and its tributaries, Clear creek,
Boulder creek, St. Vrain, Little Thompson, and Cache
la Poudre.

2. The Southern, embracing the valley of the Arkan-
sas and its tributaries.

3. The Western, embracing all the cultivated valleys
of the western s.ope lying along the Uncompahgre,
Gunnison, and Grand rivers and their branches, and
being mainly in the counties of Montrose, Delta and
Mesa.

The Northern District.— From such statistical in-
formation as is at hand, it appears that the commence-
ment of fruit planting in Colorado dates from 1863. In
that year William Lee, who owned a ranch on the bot-

Vrain, and about the same time a few trees were
planted on the ranches along the Thompson. These
early attempts to start fruit culture in the northern
district were practically failures, for very few of the
trees lived. The long journey from the nursery to
the farm, improper preparation of the ground, lack of
care in the application of water, and in protecting from
stock, and the sentiment commonly expressed by the
majority of the inhabitants, that fruit could not be
grown in Colorado, were obstacles hard to overcome. A
few of the early settlers, however, having hope of ulti-
mate success, made a seconil attempt in 1870, and from
the plantings of that year have grown the many fine
orchards that dot the northern valleys. In the most
northern valley, that of the Cache la Poudre, planting
did not commence until about 1873, and except with
small fruits, very little was done in the 10 or 12 years
following, or until the success of the pioneers in plant-
ing demonstrated that the hardier fruits could be grown.
During the past 5 years the area in fruit has increased
rapidly, until now the farm without its orchard is the
exception. The apple is here, as in the other fruit dis-
tricts, the principal fruit, covering the greatest number
of acres and receiving more attention than all other
fruits. All standard varieties are grown, and the pro-
duct meets a ready sale. Plums are successfully grown,
and prove profitable, but the range of varieties is re-
stricted to those derived from Primus Americana and
a few of the hardier varieties of Pnmus domestica.
Cherries of the Morello class are very productive, and
the demand for the fruit is encouraging growers to
plant freely. Throughout the district much attention is
given to the growing of small fruits and vegetables.
All kinds of berries find a ready market in the cities
and mountain towns, and the staple vegetables, such as
onions, cabbages and celery, are shipped in large quan-
tities to southern points.

The Southern District.— Here the counties most
prominent in fruit culture are Fremont, Pueblo and
Otero. The first planting was done in Fremont county,
and the following concerning the circumstances I quote

356

COLORADO

y .ludKe W. B,

from an address by .ludKe W. B, Felton before the
State Horticultural S.n-i.ty, as pulilisbed in the report

mont county in IsiiT. \\ . ('. i 'aflin went to Pueblo
for an invoice of trois whi.h bad been ordered by him-
self and by Governor Anson Kudd, W. A. Helm and
Jesse Frazier. They had been brought across the
plains in a wagon to Pueblo, and Mr. Catlin brought
them to Canon, something over $500 worth of trees oc-
cupying a small space in his wagon. A few of these
trees, and only a few, are still living. After his first at-
tempt, which was almost a total failure, Jesse Frazier
procured several thousand root grafts and set them out
in nursery rows. When they became large enough he
transplanted them into his orchard." .By the year 1879,
Mr. Frazier had an orchard of 15 acres, the older portion
of which produced 3,000 bushels of apples. Since 1880,
the yearly additions to the orchard area of this county
have steadily increased, and fruit-growing is now recog-
nized as one of the leading industries of the county.
As in the other districts, the apple receives the most at-
tention, but pears, plums, and the small fruits are grown
in quantity. Peaches have been raised, but are not a
sure crop, owing to the liability to late spring frosts.
Farther down the Arkansas valley, in Otero county.

COLQUHOUNIA

stands about fourth in orchard acreage. The growing
of melons has within a few years brought this county
into prominence. Started in a small way by farmers
near the town of Rocky Ford, the business has spread
into a great industry, and Rocky Ford melons and can-
taloupes have found theirway into all the large markets
of the country.

The Western District. — The valleys constituting
this were included in the Ute Reservation, which was first
opened for white settlement in the fall of 1881. The
first fruit trees w.-ie plaiit.-.l the next spring by Messrs.
Hotchkiss and Wailr. .mi tln-ir ranches lying along the
North Pork of il,.' (iuMiii-..ti in Delta county. In the
spring of 188:! W. S. ('..liurii began planting what is now
one of the finest orchards in the state ; others followed,
and soon the fame of the "North Fork" as a fruit region
went abroad and served as a stimulus to planting in
other sections. It was not, however, until 1886 that
planting became general. In that year orchard planting
about Grand Junction, in Mesa county, began in earnest,
and at the same time the farmers of Montrose turned
their attention in the same direction. The development
of the industry from 1886 down to the present time has
been phenomenal. There appears to be no limit to the
successful culture of all temperate region fruits. On
the low bottom lands along the streams, the earlier
blooming varieties have occasionally been subjected to
injury from late frosts, but on the mesas this trouble is
never experienced, and here the tender varieties of Eu-
ropean grapes are successfully grown without winter
protection. The "peach belt" of the state lies within
this western district in the three counties— Montrose,
Delta and Mesa. The experimental stages of culture
have been passed, success is assured, and the business
of growing this fruit is in a fair way to become a large
one.

The number of acres planted with orchard and small
fruits that received water from the ditches during the
year 189H is given in the report of the state engineer as
follows : Northern district, 15,025 acres; Southern dis-
trict, 8,456 acres ; Western district, 22,162 acres. The
State Horticultural Society, which was organized in
September, 1880, has done much by its meetings and
exhibits to advance the horticultural interests of the
d its work has been supplemented by several
active county societies.

From the present state of advancement, which has
been reached within a comparatively short time, it seems
certain that the fruit industry of the state has before
it a promising future. c. S. Crandall.

the first fruit trees were planted about 1882, but general
interest in orchard planting did not develop until
some years later. During the past 5 years the area
planted has rapidly increased, and the county now

See Aqiiilegia.

COLaUHOtTNIA (after Sir Robert
Colquhoun). J^abiAtce. Tender plants
with dense whorls of gaping fls. an
inch long or more, colored scarlet and
yellow. The genus has 5 species, all
e Himalayas and Burma.
Erect or twining shrubs, woolly in
nil parts when young : Ivs. large,
i-renate : whorls few-fid., axillary or
nrowded into a terminal spike.

cocoinea, Wall. Tall climber, with
.'ery long branches : Ivs. stalked,
3-5 in. long, crenate, dark green above,

roughish typically with scarcely any wooUiness except

whenjoung: corolla twice as long as the calyx. B. M.

4t14 C ^iwicHidsa, HouU., is probably identical. The

dense woolliness is probably temporary. R.H. 1873:130

shows a handsome terminal spike in addition to axillary
about 20 fls.— Not advertised, but

prob vbly as worthy as the next.
vestita, Wall. Very similar t

that it is a low-growing, erect pi

and permanently woolly on the :

side of Ivs. Cult, outdoors at Sai

not promising.

;. coccinea, except
, and more densely
n, calyx and under
Barbara, Calif., but
W. M.

COLUMN. A solid central body formed of stamens
and styles grown together, as in orchids.

COLUMNEA ( after Columna or Colonna, Italian writer
on plants, sixteenth century). GesnerAcece. Tropical
American shrubs and climbers, with widely gaping,
showy lis. often 2 in. long: Ivs. opposite, nearly equal or
widely unlike: fls. solitary or numerous, axillary, stalked
or not, without bracts or with bracts in an involucre ;
corollas scarlet, carmine or yellowish. Half a dozen
species, mostly red or orange-fld., are cult, abroad and
may be known to a few fanciers at home, but none are
advertised by the dealers.

r. ancient Greek name). Legtimi-
SA. Deciduous shrubs, with al-
i-;.; Ifts. many, rather small: fls.
iiary, tew-fld., long-peduncled ra-
ivuish red : pod inflated, bladder-
species in the Mediterra-

COLtTEA IA-../.W

ternate. i.d.l-pii]ii:it.
papilioii:i.'ii.us, ill I
cemes, yellow to b
like, many-seeded.

nean region to Himal. Ornamental free-flowering shrubs
of rapid growth, with pale green or glaucous foliage and
yellow or brownish red fls. during summer, followed by
large, usually reddish-coloring and decorative pods.
They grow in almost any soil, but prefer a tolerably dry
and sunny position ; not quite hardy north. Prop, by
seeds sown in spring or by cuttings of mature wood in-
serted in fall in sandy soil ; rarer species and varieties
are sometimes grafted on C arborescens in spring un-
der glass.

A. Fls. yellon' : pod closed at the apex.

arbortsoens, Liiiu. F\a.',21. Shrub, to If. ft.: Ifts. 9-
13, elliptic, dull tjrieii, iimcroniilate, ii-iuilly sli^'htly
pubescent beneatli. '..-1 in. loiii; : tls. H-S, lUioiit ;'4 in.
long; wings nearly as Iomk as the keel. Hat. .luiie-Sept.
S. Eu., N. Afr., N. B.M. SI.— Var. crispa, Hort. Dwarf,
with crisped Ivs.

AA. Fls. orange-yellow or brownish red; wings shorter
than the keel.

m^dia, Willd. Shrub, to 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-13, obovate,
grayish green or glaucous, 'a-^i in. long, nearly gla-
brous: tis. 3-6, orange or reddish yellow: pod closed at
the apex. June-Sept. Probably iiybrid of garden ori-
gin between the former and the following, often cult,
under the names of the following species:

orienUlis, Mill. (C. ertihita, Ait.). Shrub, to G ft.:
Ifts. 7-11, obovate, glaucous, thickish, ;a-'2in. long,
nearly glabrous : fls. 3-5, reddish yellow or brownish
red: pod open at the apex. June-Sept. S. E. Eu.,
Orient.— Often cult, under the name of C Halepica or

C. Istr

Ifts.gla

S,-:,.!,,v,,, , ,r!..v^,..n. .;,.■ . ,i ,. - m .1 :i- 1 ■. M. 'X'^i- B.R.

20:1727. IViiiler, ALFRED Rehuer.

COLVlLLEA (after Sir Charles Colville, governor of
Mauritius). Legumindsw. The gorgeous fls. of this
tropical tree are a worthy rival of the Royal Poinciana,
which is closely allied, but easily distinguished. It has
drooping racemes IMft. long, densely crowded with
perhaps 200 fls. of curious shape and of a splendid
scarlet. The fls. open at the stem -end of the pendent
dense raceme, and display masses of long, showy, yellow
stamens. The unopened fls. are aboutthe size and shape
of a Albert, and these are gradually smaller towards
the end of the raceme. The genus has only this one spe-
cies, and is characterized by its large, oblique, colored
calyx, having 4 segments, the standard being the small-
est instead of the largest part; the wings very long,
narrow, erect, obovate, the pod 2-valved. Supposed to
be a native of E. Afr., but discovered in 1824 by Bojer
on the west coast of Madagascar, where a single tree
was cult, by the natives. It flowered there in April or
May. Its culture is similar to that of Ciesalpinia. Prop,
in the south only by seeds.

racemdsa, Boj. Tree, 40-50 ft. high, with the general
aspect of Paiiivitma regia but with a thicker trunk and
ampler foliage: brandies very long and spreading : Ivs.
about 3 ft. long, alternate, remote, twice pinnate, with

COMMELINA ,357

20-30 pairs of pinnae which are opposite, 4 in. long, and
have 20-28 pairs of Ifts., each J^ in. long: keel very
small, almost covered by the wings : free stamens 10, 3
inserted below the standard, 2 underthe wings, 1 under
the keel, and 4 under the ovary. B.M. 3325-6.

V W. M.

COMAROSTAPHYLIS is included with Arclo-
staplnjlos.

COMARUM (an old Greek name). Rosacea. One
species allied to Potentilla, and often referred to that
genus C. paliistre, Linn., the Marsh Cinquefoil, is a
decumbent herb growing in swales in the N. states (also
in the Old World), with pinnate, 3-7-foliolate Ivs. (Ifts.
dentate), and solitary or cymose purple fls. I in. across:
petals shorter than the calyx lobes, acute ; stamens nu-
merous. An odd and interesting but not showy plant,
sometimes planted in bogs. Mn. 3:97. -The fr. some-
what resembles a strawberry, but is spongy instead of
juicy. In some parts of Scotland, it is said, they are
called Cowberries, and are rubbed on the inside of milk
pails to thicken the milk.

COMBRfiTUM (old Latin name). CombretAcece . Many
tropical shrubs and trees in Asia, Africa and America,
particularly in S. Africa. Many of them are climbers, by
means of the persistent leaf-stalks. Lvs. mostly opposite,
entire : fls. in spikes, polygamous ; calyx bell-shaped ;
petals usually 4 ; stamens usually 8 : fr. winged and in-
dehiscent, 1-seeded. The Corabretums are warmhouse
plants, little known in this country.. Prop, by cuttings of
firm wood. One climbing species is in the Amer. trade :
C. cocclneum, Lam. (C. purpitreum, Vahl. Poivrea coc-
cinea, DC), from Mada-
gascar. Lvs. oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, ever-
green: fls. small, brilliant
red, with long-exserted
stamens, the handsome
loose spikes often m pan
icles ; parts of the fl m
5's. B.M. 2102. L B C
6: 563. -Handsome

V

Commehna ccelestis

COMMELlNA (to the early Dutch botanists, J. and
K. Commelin. A third brother published nothing. Lin-
naeus is said to have meant to designate the two authors
by the fully developed petals, and the third by the small
petal). Also written Commelyna. Commelindcen'. About
100 widely dispersed perennial herbs, of which a very

358 COMMELINA

few are cult, fortheir interesting flowers. FIs. irregular,
the calyx often colored, with unequal sepals ; petals 3,
the 2 lateral ones rounded or reniform and long-clawed;
stamens 6, 3 shorter; capsule 3-loculed. There are sev-
eral native tradescantia-like species, some erect and
others creeping. These are not in the trade." The cult,
species are erect warmhouse plants. Some are tuberous-
rooted. In the Araer. trade, only C. coeUstis, Willd., is
offered. Fig. 528. It grows 10-18 in, high, branching,
with clasping, long, broad-lanceolate pointed Ivs. and
blue fls. (2-10 together) on elongating axillary pedun-
cles. Var. Alba, Hort., has white fls. Var. variegita,
Hort., has fls. blue and white. Mex. Prop, by seed,
cuttings and tubers. The native C. nudifldra, Linn, (as
C. Sellowidna, Schlecht. ) , is in cult. It ranges all around
the world. It is a creeping plant, rooting at the joints,
with lanceolate Ivs., and small irregular blue fls. in the
axils. Commelina is monographed by C. B. Clarke in
DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3.

Coramelinas are mostly of easy culture, thriving
well in any light, rich soil. The evergreen stove and
greenhouse species are readily propagated in March or
April by cuttings inserted in an ordinary propagating

S$^~~

529. A Compost heap.

bed and kept close for a few days ; while the tuberous-
rooted half-hardy herbaceous species may be propagated
either by division of the tubers or by seeds sown in a
frame early in April and afterwards transplanting the
seedlings in the herbaceous border. In the fall, they
should be lifted and the tubers stored away in the same
manner as Dahlias. Of the tuberous-rooted species, C.
ccelestis is perhaps the best, its bright blue flowers being
very effective, especially when planted in masses.

Edwakd J. Canning and L. H. B.

C0MPAR£TTIA (Andreas Comparctti, 1746-1811,
Italian botanist). Orchidiceie, tribe Vdndece. A small
genus of graceful epiphytes, found in equatorial Amer-
ica. Pseudobulbs monophyllous, racemes simple or
branched: fls. small, lateral sepals united in a single
piece, lengthened at the ba.se into a conspicuous horn ;
lateral petals converging; labellum large, produced into
a double spur, which is hidden in the horn made by the
sepals ; column free, semi-terete, erect ; poUinia 2.
Grown on blocks or in baskets in a light intermediate
or warmhouse.

coccinea, Lindl. Pseudobulbs small, bearing lanceo-
late, coriaceous Ivs., purple beneath : racemes several-
fld., fls. 2 in. across; petals and sepals yellowish, label-
lum large, broader than long, crimson. Braz.

falcita, Poep. et Endl. (C. rbsea, Lindl.). Similar in
habit to C. coccinea: fls. deep crimson; labellum broad;
racemes pendent. Peru. B.M. 4980. A.F. G:609.

macroplfectron, Reiclih. f. Fls. 10 or more, dorsal se-
pal whitish, often spotted with purple ; midlobe of la-
bellum cleft, suborbicular, magenta-rose, dotted at the
angled base; spurs conspicuous. New Grenada. B.M.
6679. L. H. B.

COMPASS PLANT. Celebrated by Longfellow. It
tends to turn the edges of its root-lvs. north and south
Rosin Weed is the prairie name for it. See Silphium. '

COMPOST. Mixed and rotted vegetable matter, par-
ticularly manure and litter. The mixture of bulky fer-
tilizing materials, known as Compost, while of little im-
portance to the general farmer, plays an important part
in garden praclices. Many of the garden crops must be
made in a very short time, or are of delicate feeding
habits. Their food, therefore, must be easily assimilable.
It is good practice to pile all coarse manures, sods,
weeds, or any rubbish available for the purpose, in big
flat heaps (Fig. 529), to ferment and rot before being
applied to the garden soil. If desired, chemical manures,
especially superphosphate (dissolved bone or South
Carolina rock) and potash (muriate or kainit), may be
added to make the Compost the richer. By spading or
forking the heaps over a few times at reasonable inter-
vals, a homogeneous mass is easily obtained, which can
be applied in greatest liberality without fear, or more
sparingly, in accordance with the needs of the particu-
lar crop. Of equal, if not still greater importance, is
the Compost heap which gives soil for greenhouse
benches, flats, hotbeds and coldframes. This Compost
is principally made of sods shaved off a rich pasture or
meadow and piled in alternate layers with stable ma-
nure, more of the latter being used for forcing succu-
lent crops, and less in growing plants which should be
short and stocky, like cabbage or tomato plants. Garden
litter may be added to the pile, as leaves and trimmings.
All Compost heaps, during dry weather, need frequent
and thorough moistening with water, or, better, with
liquid manure. Turn several times during the year, to
ensure thorough rotting of the materials.

T. Greiner.
COMPTONIA (after Henry Compton, Bishop of Lon-
don, patron of horticulture, d. 1713). Myric&cem. One
species, by some authors united with Myrica, from which
it differs in the pinnatifld, stipulate Ivs. and 8 linear,
persistent bractlets subtending the ovary. C. aspleni-
fdlia, Gisrtn. (C peregrlna, Coulter. Myr\ca aspleni-
fuUa, Linn.), the Sweet Fern, grows in dry, sterile soil
in the eastern U. S., and is also in the trade. It is an
attractive undershrub (1-3 ft.) with fern-like, scented
foliage and brownish, axillary heads of imperfect fls.
Lvs. linear, pinnatifid: roots long and cord-like. Useful
for foliage masses on rocky or barren places.

L. H. B.
CONE-FLOWER. The genus i?Mrf6ec7«(i. The Purple
Cone- flower, however, belongs to the allied genus
£chi)iacea.

CONANDKON (cone-shaped anther). GesnerAcece.
C. ramondioides, Sieb. & Zucc, of Japanese mountains,
is the only species. It is an interesting little tuberous-
rooted herb, with oblong, rugose, serrate root-lvs. and
scapes bearing 6-12 white or purple, nodding Dodo-
catheon-like fls. It is one of several groups of rare and
widely scattered herbs, of which Raraondia, Haberlea,
Wulfenia, Didymocarpus, Shortia aud Schizocodon are
examples. Conandron is adapted to growing in shady
rockeries. Scapes less than 1 ft. high. Little known in
cult., but is in the trade. B.M. 6484.

CONIFERS. The cone-bearing trees (Coniferw) are
decidedly the most important order of forest trees in
the economy of civilized man. They have furnished the
bulk of the material of whi.-h onr rivilization is built.
The remarkable cnnibiiuiti<.n of stn iiirth .-umI sfjiTiicss
with the smallest w.-i-ht .■..iii]..-,i il.I.. ;ii..l thr :,l.inMlai..-.>
and gregariousni-ss of tln-ir ...•cui-rnic.-, i;ivi>s ilirni tliis
important po-sition. From the staudpoiut of thu hurti-
culturist, they also take a prominent place among the
materials for landscape gardening effects, and, iu the
more practical use, as windbreaks. Their evergreen
habit— for all except the larch and ginkgo tribes are ever-
green—and their conical foim, .-|.c.i:ilK in ..irlur
periods of life, with a branch - •■ i i i . i n-

base for a long time, are the .1, ' in

desirable. To these graces in;i\ i- .ni.i. ri n,. i-.nh.ir
form and striking coloring of their toliage, whicli. in

CONIFERS

combination with deciduous trees or in clumps, by them-
selves or in single specimens, offer striking effects.

There are two types of natural or native beauty in the
Conifers — the symmetrical and verdurous beauty of the
young specimen (Figs. 530, 531 ; Fig. 1, p. 1), and the
picturesque and rugged beauty of the old and time-
worn tree (Figs. 532. 533). Aside from these, there are
also odd, grotesque and formal cultivated varieties,
as typified in the weeping spruce (Fig. 534), the colum-
nar junipers (Fig. 535), and the various dwarf pines and
spruces (Fig. 53C).

The majority of the species belonging to this group,
as well as their greatest numerical development, is
found in the temperate zones, only a few belonging to
subtropical or tropical countries, among which are the
Araucarias, from South America; the Dammara, Dacryd-
ium, and Phylloeladus, from Australia, etc.

The order Coniferae comprises nearly 40 genera, and
about 300 species. Our own native tiora, with 15 genera
and not less than 100 species and subspecies, is among
the richest, the bulk of these being found on the
Pacific coast. The Atlantic side offers 28 species, repre-
senting the genus Pinus with 12 species out of 39; 1
Larix out of 3; 3 Piceas out of 7; 2 Tsugas out of 5; 2
Abies out of 12; 1 Taxodium; 1 Thuja out of 2; 1
Cham^eyparis out of 3 ; 3 Juniperus out of 11 ; 1 Tumion
(Torreya) out of 2; 1 arborescent Taxus out of 2 : being
without representatives of the genus Pseudotsuga, Se-
quoia, Libocedrus, and Cupressus. There are to be
added a large number (not less than 400) of nursery-
men's varieties, which have been enumerated in Bull.
17 of the Division of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricul-
ture.

There are also a number of exotic Conifers which
promise satisfactory results if used in suitable locali-
ties, climate and soil. The Norway Spruce (Picea ex-
celsa) recommends itself by its cliijant gothic form,
often with pendulous bruu.lilit-, its m ry rapid growth,
and its wide adaptation t.. soils and rlimates, together
with its ease of propagatiMii ami ./hcapuess. It excels
in form and rapidity of growth most of the American
spruces. Like all Conifers, after the 25th to 40th year it
must pass through a period of change in form, during
which it loses, for a time, its shapeliness. The Scotch
Pine (Plnus sylvestris) has nothing to recommend it
which may not be found in native species, except, per-
haps, adaptation to the dry climate of the west, and
cheapness. The Austrian Pine, on the other hand, is an

acquisition by its stout growth in its youth, although the
Red Pine (Pin us resinosa) would probably do as" well;
so far, its small cones and seed have made the latter ex-
pensive. The European Larch outgrows the native nor-
thern one easily, but Larix occidentalis, tromthe interior

basin, will probably do as well or better. There is no
particular commendation for the Europe Fir, but the
Nordmann Fir, from the Caucasus, is a most decided
, by its beauty and adaptation; so is the most

iceful

of

Phi

sprue

talis, while the Span-
ish Abies Pi„';„p,
will always attract it
tention by its pecu
liar shape and foliage
Of other ornamen
tal forms which art
without represent i
tives mtheU S and
hence fill ^acancle
maybe mentioned as
capable of adapt i
tion and more or
less in use from
South America the
Araucariis from
Africa and Ea ttrii
Asia r t P

ilea All ill

Korea the ji mi
mg

haged White Pim /
Kotaien i tr i

China Cunniu^
hamia Buta (jh i
tostrobus Ceph il
taxus Podocaiju
Pseudolarix an 1
above all that inter
esting remnant i
former ages thi
Maidenhair tree

good sp

Gingko fti^ofta, which
will maintain itself anywhere along the Atlantic coast if
propagated from seed of the proper localities. Japan
has furnished a number of additions, especially Reti-
nosporas, Torreyas, Taxus, various Pinus, Piceas and
Tsugas, with the peculiar Sciadopitys verticillala, the
Umbrella Pine, and, the most acceptable of all, the
graceful Gryptomeria Japonica.

As with all introductions from one country to another,

I 111 one climatic region to another caution is ad

it maj be laid down as a rule thit exotics

used with great discretion and until their

u IS amply demonstrated only in a subordinate

I I It it 1 m giiiirxl true that perennial plants

11 ill n ui I 1 lilt 1 with permanent success into

mill 1 Inn ifi uliti II It must be especially true

mth til lilt 1 will h (1j not lose their foliage and
h 11 mil tl il 1 t 1 It summer as well as winter con
ihtK 11 The L ng k it Pme of the south most striking

f our pmes mi^ therefoie not be transplanted far be
>ond it northtrn limit and if we desire to utilize any
of the Pacihc coast species m the east we will have to
secure them at least from the highest and driest alti
tudes and exposures or if as m the case of some spe
cies like the Douglas Fir ind Engclmann Spruce their
field of distribution om i s the dry slopes of the Rocky
mountain i 11 i tli moist slopes of the coast

ranges w i tul if we choose our plant

maternl ti I j.es

Of th 1 IS we may discaid a num

adaptation to sril or other inti i t 1 ir e k h climatic
region the choice must be different hence it would be
impossible to give in the brief space of an article in
telligent advice as to best selections. In general, be-
sides climatic limitations, the following considerations
may serve in the choice of native species. The pines,
as a rule, are not to be placed on compact, clay soil, and,
of their taproot, not on shallow soils, on

■; they thrive best on
■I' dry soils, the White
to the clay soils with-
T . On wet soils pines
lace, although the Red
, and the Loblolly (P.

360 cc

which they soon bfcomi
loose, sandy soils, an-l •■
Pine adapting its. l! i - il
out detriment to ii
are, as a rule, den... -iix
Pine (P. resinosai, ..t il

Tceda), and some other southern species are capable of
supporting such conditions. For such situations here,
however, the cedar tribe furnishes better material,— the
Chamsecyparis, Thuyas and Taxodiura. These trees of
the bog and swamp are, however— it should not be over-
looked—capable of thriving even better on drier soils.
They are merely indifferent to moisture conditions at
the foot.

The shallow-rooted spruces are trees of the higher
mountain ranges, and are, therefore, more adapted to

eld pi

moist and cool situations, although some of them, the
Norway Spruce, the Blue Spruce of Colorado and the
northern White Spruce will— the former, at least, during
its juvenile period — endure more droughtv situations.
The firs, too, arc. rntli. r iimn- spirifs of northern
climates and hiL^h r.hitn.i.s. ili.' K. .1 Fir. so-called
(Pseudotsuga ta.nt.'h,! ^ . \\lii,l, is n..t a tir proper, be-
ing, perhaps, best i'a|.al.l.' ..f sij|.i...iiiii- .Irier and hot-
ter situations. Thi: must .n nan., iiial. an. I. in many re-
spects, most serviceable cf tl..' til-. J(... s .X,,r:hinn}ni-
ona, from the Caucasus, (i. -v. i..i.s ii~ iiiaL-'iiiIi. .-i.t .l.-nse
and dark green foliage in th. waim l.iit na.ist .limat.:- of
Washington, while our most oriiaimiital Ahiis <n„color

CONIPEES

from Colorado will thrive even in our drier atmos-
pheres of the Middle states. The fine firs of the Pacific
coast will probably not thrive anywhere in our drier and
hotter eastern climates for any length of time, unless
placed in cool and shadv situations.
The Douglas Fir ( P,.' ..•,'.*.■..-.• f„r:fni:„\ i--. ,,.rlinr.s.

mostreadiiyacclimar.il ' -■ i . - I '■ p. ■'. <'r\-

slopes of Colorado. T' I. i . i ■. . ... ..

and foliage, and the [.yraiiiiiiiil /.,/,,,,,/,,,, ,/,_, .,,,,,,., arc
unquestionably desirable additions to our ornamental
stock, while the Sequoias, especially Washingtoniana,
the Big Tree, has shown itself capable of thriving in the
latitude of Rochester.

One important feature which enters into consideration
when grouping Conifers, is the relative endurance of
shade or tolerance which the species exhibit, thereby
indicating their use in various positions. The yews and
firs are the most tolerant of shade, togetherwith the hem-
locks; next may be placed the spruces , Arborvitce (Thuya) ,
and Juniperus, while the pines are mostly intolerant orf
shade, excepting the White Pine, which is the most shade-
enduring of the pines ; the larch and the bald cypress
are the most light-needing of all, and will perish soon if
placed under the shade of any other trees. All species,
to be sure, are capable of more shade-endurance when
young and on di-i-p, m.iist soil. Their relative shade-en-
durance un.l.i- III. :ini....ii.litions remains, however, the
same, and nia n rite forest by observing the

density of rli. i i..wiis, the capacity of main-

taining a tliriii; 1 iii^-. iiiiilfr the shade of different
species, and i-.speciaiiv ot voung plants to persist in
such shade.

Projxitiation. —Jiost Conifers ripen their fruit in the
fall, September to November, and are best gathered soon
after or before ripening. The pines take two years to ma-
ture their cones. White Pines ripen fruit in the first two
weeks of September, and the cones opening, shed the
seeds at once, the empty cones remaining on the branches.
The cones of the firs fall apart upon ripening, hence
nnist 1.1' leathered before being quite ripe. 'Spruces and
l.ciiil...ks shed seeds from time to time, opening and
.-l.tsiiiL,' into next spring. Some pines, like Pimts pitn-
•l<iis and SI rotina. keep their cones closed for years, and
artificial heat must be employed to make them open and
give up their seed. In gathering seeds for the trade, such
artificial heat is frequently applied w^ith pines in specially
constructed seed roasters"; such seed should be carefully
inspected, as it sometimes suffers from improper use of
the heat.

The proportion of germinating seeds, and the vitality,
i. e., the ability of retaining germinative power, varies
greatly not only with the seasons in the same species,
but from species to species.

The lowest germination percentage and vitality is found
in firs and larch, which show rarely more than 50 per
cent of good seed, and soon lose their vitality, while
spruce and pine, when entirely fresh, may show as much
as 95 to 100 per cent germination, and retain vitality for
2 to 5 years, losing each year a proportion, Norway
Spruce 5 years old still having 10 per cent germination.

In trade, a germination percentage for spruce of 75 to
80; pine, 70 to 75; fir, 30 to .50; larch, 20 to 40, should be
acceptable.

Seeds are best kept in a dry, cool garret in tight bags
or boxes, excluding the air as much as possible.

All seeds require a short rest or after-ripening of two
to four weeks before they are ready to germinate, and
some, like the Taxus and Juniper, lie over, even in nature,
for a year or more before they germinate. The latter
should be prepared for sowing by macerating them, and
removing the pulp in hot water, then mixing with sharp
sand in bags, and by friction freeing the seed from the
pulp.

In the seed-bed somewhat more care is required than
with most other species of trees. A thoroughly mellow,
well pulverized seed-bed of light, loamy sand, possibly
enriched with well decomposed manure (cow-dung better
than horse-dung), is required, the covering of the seed
varying, according to size, from a mere sprinkling for
larch to one-quarter inch for the heavy-seeded pines.
They may be sown as soon as the weather is settled, in
northern latitudes the second or third week in May, best

CONIFERS

361

times prevent seeds from ge
Mulch between
the rows with pme needles
lagnum moss or other
tine mulch to reduce ne
cessity of watenng an 1
weedmg Conifer seeds need
very little water for germi

ng, and can be i

Picturesque old hemlock spruces.

the other hand, for the first three months, until they
have made their crown bud, need to be either kept well
watered or else protected against the drying effects of
sun and wind by shading, for which purpose lath screens
are best. These latter must be lifted for airing after the
sun is gone, especially in muggy weather, to avoid "damp-
ing-ofl'." For wintering, a covering with conifer branches
or very clean meadow hay is advisable (the latter is apt
to bring in weeds).

For growing small quantities, the use of boxes, as
described by Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arbore-
tum, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, is highly commendable. In well drained boxes,
sow the seed soon after gathering, pile four or five deep
in a pit or sheltered place, cover with boards, and when
cold weather comes, cover up with leaves or hay. About
the middle of April, move them into a place where they
get the early morning sun. Keep the seedlings well
watered and free from weeds, and shaded as described.
Winter the seedlings in same manner as the seed-boxes,
well covered up. They are ready for transplanting next
spritig. when they are making their first or second set
of rough leaves.

Since pine and spruce seedlings take about 7 to 10
pounds of phosphoric acid, 10 to '.'O pounds of potash
and 15 to 30 pounds of lime, besides 20 pounds of ni-
trogen, per acre from the soil, for continuously used
nurseries the addition of mineral materials in the shape
of bone-meal and wood-a-^hes may become desirable.

A large number of seedlings may be grown in a small
space; thus 30,000 Norway spruce may be grown on a
square rod, requiring about 2 pounds of seed. The
quantity of seed sown depends, in part, upon the length
of time it is expected to leave seedlings in the seed-bed,
besides size and quality of seed ; the quantities vary from
a to H pound per 100 square feet if sown in drills, and

the yield of seedlings will vary from 200 to 15,000 seed-
lings, according to species and seasons.

Conifers, likf any .ither trees, may be transplanted at
any tiiiip of tln' y.ar. provided the necessary care is
taken in irnj\-iii:,' tli..- idunt. This care is least required,
as with other trees, in the fall and early spring, when
activities of root and foliage are, if not at rest, at least
reduced. Which of these seasons is preferable depends
on the locality, and the dependent character of the sea-
son. On the whole, spring planting will probably be
preferable in most parts of the United States which do
not suffer from dry spring winds. In localities of the
southwest, which have commonly a dry spring followed
by a rainy season in July, this latter time should be
chosen. Tliere is a belief that planting in August is
spe.ially lavorable. We see no reason for this belief,
unless fax .iial.Ie weather (a rainy season) follows.

iMiiiLis may be transplanted later than deciduous
trees, even after the buds have started, excepting the
larch, which buds out very early; with this species, fall
planting may be recommended. Cloudy weather, rather
than rainy or very dry, should be chosen, especially
when transplanting into nursery rows.

Young trees are naturally more readily and success-
fully transplanted than older ones, with which there is
more difficulty in securing the whole root-system when
taking thera up. Since, however, the seedlings develop
slowly for the first one or two to three years, they .should
be left in the seed-bed for that length of time, root-pruned,
and then transplanted into nursery rows. Although
those with a shallow root-system, like spruces and firs,
may be moved even when 30-40 feet in height, it is best,
even for ornamental purposes, not to take them more
than 3-4 feet in height. In forestry, 1- to 4-year-old
plants, according to species, from 2-12 or 15 inches in
height, are preferred for reasons of economy.

Much greater care than with deciduous
essary, when transplanting without an earth-ball, in
keeping the root fibers from drying out; a large amount

362

CONIFERS

o£ loss in transplanting is explained from neglect in
this respect. As soon as taken up, the roots should be
immersed into a loam-puddle and kept protected by wet
sphagnum moss or canvas until set into their new
place.

The question of trimming when transplanting must be
considered with more care than is necessary with broad-
leaved trees, which possess much greater recuperative
power. It should be confined to the smallest amount,
smoothing bruised roots, and if for proper proportion-
ing pruning at the top becomes absolutely necessary,
shortening the leader rather than branches. Larch will
stand more severe pruning than most other Conifers.
From the artistic as well as physiological point of view,
it is barbarism to remove the lower branches, whuli lli.
tree needs to shade its trunk and standing room, aud •
ten, when deprived of the same, willrepJace first b. t' i
starting again in its height growth. Attention sbouM
however, be especially paid to preventing double leadti ^, I
which are detrimental to future form-development; cut
them out as early as possible, preferably in the bud.
Laterals may be somewhat shortened-in while standing
in the nursery, to lengthen the time during which the
lower branches are to persist. Breaking out buds is, as
with all trees, the best method, provided the pruner has
an eye for his business. Even in after-life, when prun-
ing is done to keep the tree shapely, the minimum use
of the pruning-knife should be the rule.

There are three marked periods in the development of
Conifers — the juvenile period, when the entire tree is a
crown, branched symmetrically to the base, the perfec-
tion of symmetry'; then follows the adolescent stage,
when the lower branches die out, a period of unshape-
liness; followed by the virile
stage, when the straight, cylin-
drical shaft bears the crown at
one-third or one-half of the up-
per length of the bole. The
trimming during the adolescent
stage requires most considera-
tion. It is, in most cases, best
only to take off the lowest, dy-
ing or dead branches, as it be-
comes necessary.

In pruning, cut as closely as
possible to the trunk, even cut-
ting into the bark, also remov-
ing the swelled portion on
which the branches are usually

CONIFERS

inserted, when the callusing will be more rapid and
satisfactory in shape.

If at this stage or at any time the trees show trouble
at the top by drying (becoming "stag-headed"), it is a
sign that they suffer at the root from lack of moisture.

535. Pyramidal evergreens. Junipera

Trimming off a few tiers of lower branches, loosening
the soil as far as the ambitus of the crown, and mulch-
ing will largely correct this. When used for hedges, the
treatment is, of course, different. For such a purpose
the shade-enduring species, spruces and hemlocks, are
best, since they are capable of preserving a dense inte-
rior foliage, while the pines are bound to thin out.

There are a number of dangers and damage from in-
sects to which Conifers are exposed. Drought and frost
are most dangerous to seedlings in the seed-bed. These
are obviated by proper location of the seed-bed (protec-
tion against sun and wind ) , by covering with a mulch of
moss, straw, pine-straw or the like (which also prevents
the heaving out by frost and the washing out by rain,
to which the young seeds are liable). By shading and
watering the danger of drought is overcome, although
at the same time that of "damping-off " is invited. The
cause of this disease, consisting in the reddening of the
needles and their falling off, is as yet undiscovered, a
fungus being held responsible by some. Birds may be
kept away from the seeds by mixing them with red
oxide of lead, by lath screens, and the usual methods.

Various fungi and insects, too many to mention, some
polyphagous, more or less specific, are at work dur-
ing the various stages of development. A host of leaf-
miners, saw-flies and caterpillars destroy the foliage,

536 Dwarf

Pines and spruces.

CONIFERS

and weevils sap the young shoots. Bostricbi, or bark-
beetles, mine under the bark, mostly of trees which are
sickly from other causes; borers enter the wood of the
boles. Tortrices bore into the base of leaders and cause
them to break off. The best remedies against most of
these are preventives, namely : providing the trees with
such chances of vigorous growth, or satisfactory soil
conditions, that they are able to ward off or overcome
the enemies. Otherwise, watching and destroying the
enemies in time, and the usual remedies to kill them,
may be employed. Literature : Veitch, Manual of Coni-
fers ; Carriere, Traits des Conifferes ; Beissner, Hand-

buch der Nadelholzkunde.

E. Fernow.

CONlUM maculatum, Linn. Ombelliferie. The
Poison Hemlock, "by which," as Gray writes, "crimi-
nals and philosophers were put to death at Athens."
It is a rank, much-branched European herb which has
run wild in eastern N. America, and which is offered in
the trade as a border plant. It is biennial, rank-smell-
ing, and poisonous, and is scarcely worth cultivating,
although the finely cut dark foliage is highly ornamen-
tal. It grows from 2-A ft. high, and has largo umbels of
small white fls. An extract is sold in drug stores for a
sedative. For this purpose the fruit is gathered while
green.

CONNECTICUT, HORTICULTUKE IN. Fig. 537.
While one of the smallest states and covering but
one degree of latitude (41 to 42), owing to the great
diversity of soil and varying elevations from the sea
level, along the whole southern border, to 900 and 1,200
feet in sections of Tolland county, and 1,200 and 1,500 in
portions of Litchfield, Connecticut is adapted to as wide

a range of horticultural productions as any state out-
side of the semi-tropic fruit belt. The " season " of many
of the quick-maturing species and varieties of fruits,
flowers and vegetables is often entirely over on the
light soil in the Connecticut valley and along the Sound
shore when like species and varieties are but just be-
ginning to ripen on the cooler, moist soils of the hills
of Tolland and Litchfield counties. Strawberries and
green \>v.t~ li'iti l".->-\ il:ii:t<M<l ,iiid Glastonbury supply
theH.-iril' , <, ,i hr Bolton hills, only 12

milesawi ' i mm- promise of the crop

had in the Hartford market for a pcri.Ml i,| si\ di- s, vi n
weeks. The Sound shore, Housatoiiif \alliy an.l l.lhli
field hills supply New Haven. BriilL'.-piu i and (.iln-r
cities of the state through equally Iouk .seasons.

From the earliest settlement of the state, fruit-grow-
ing for the family horae-supply has been a prominent
feature of Connecticut agriculture, the apple being
a main reliance. The old seedling trees scattered
over all our farms to-day are plain evidence that our
ancestors took their apple juice through the spigot of
the cider barrel rather than fresh from the pulp of the
ripe fruit of some finer variety. A hundred years ago

CONNECTICUT dod

every farm-house cellar wintered from 30 to 50 barrels
of cider, while to-day it is hardly respectable to have
any, and probably not one family in ten now has even
one single barrel on tap as a beverage. Yet in quantity
and variety the family fruit supply has wonderfully in-
creased and a daily supply of fresh home-grown fruit is
the rule rather than the exception in most farm homes,
— small fruits in variety, apples, pears, peaches, plums
(both European and Japan), cherries and quinces, in
all the best standard varieties, coming to their highest
perfection in every section of the state where rational
methods of culture are followed. The topography of the
state is such, and soils are so varied within short dis-
tances, thatitis difficult to district the state, except inthe
most general way. Aside from the alluvial, most of the
light sandy and sandy loam lands are aloiigthe river val-
leys and the Sound shore; while in "the hill towns" and
along the ridges the soils are heavier, with more or less
mixtures of clay, and many of the hilltops are moist and
springy. Rocks are very abundant nearly all over the
state except in the valleys, while the natural timber
and semi-abandoned farm and pasture lands, growing
up to brush and timber, cover fully one-half the acreage
of the state. Acting at present as wind-breaks and cli-
matic equalizers, they will in the future furnish the
"new lands" for extensive horticultural enterprises.
Lying midway between New York and Boston,— the
greatest horticultural markets of America— Connecticut
is better situated than any other state in the Union to
realize quick cash returns from her horticulture. Every
farm is within driving distance of some one or more
of her own busy manufacturing towns and villages,
whose people are appreciative of choice fruits and are
able to pay for them.

District No. i. — This comprises the Connecticut river
valley and adjacent hills, along the Northampton branch
and the main line of railroad from Hartford to New
Haven, and all of the shore towns. This district con-
tains most of the sandy plain lands of the state, and the
loams and clay most free from rocks and stones. On
the hills back from the river, on the ridges either side
of the railroads, and a few miles back from the Sound
shore, there are many places where soil and topograph-
ical conditions are much the same as in districts Nos.
2 and 3; but, having much larger tracts of easily culti-
vated lands and being better located as to market con-
ditions, this district is more highly developed horticul-
turally than either of the others. Here are the great
market-gardens and small-fruit farms, peach orchards,
vineyards and melon fields.

District No. 2. — This district comprises Tolland and
Windham counties and all of Middlesex and New London
counties except Cromwell and the shore towns, and is
particularly well suited to apple and peach culture, ow-
ini; to the rolling condition of the country and natural
fertility of many of the hills. Every few miles are lit-
tle valleys and pockets suited to the production of small
fruits aiid vegetables in variety. A few townships in
the northeast grow apples quite extensively, while in
the west and southwest commercial peach orchards are
found to considerable extent.

District No. 3.-This district comprises western Hart-
ford, northwestern New Haven, northern Fairfield, and
all of Litchfield counties, and is somevyhaf similar to
district No. 2, except that the soil is generally heavier,
with rather more mixture of clay and the hills are
more abrupt and rocky. Some sections of Litchfield
county are too cold and bleak for any but the most hardy
fruits.

Apples grow freely everywhere, and, while always of

.r 1 ,|nalitv. till- Iiriu'lilfst colors, firmest texture and

l,i.^li,.-i ,|ua'litv "f fruit ix iiroduced on the rocky hills,
at aa .-I cx ai a .11 of ti'ua Hint., I.OOOfeet. Baldwin, Rhode
Inland ( li.a-iiiiiL-. KnxiMii X Russet and Spy are the lead-

iu1;he nortli- I -'' " 1 - ■ : -a 1.. inri ,.<a la-re when

properly caia' -- i l-liave al-
ways been |u. n i , .u-e plant-
ings are bt-inL- ina.l.'. tin hn-i-I ..r.liai.l la the state
containing about 4,000 trei-s.

Peach culture on an extended scale is a recent devel-
opment. Eighteen years ago the only commercial orchard
in the state contained about 2,000 trees, and probably

364

CONNECTICUT

5,000 trees would be a liberal estimate for the state;
now upwards of 2,000,000 peach trees are in the state-
many orchards of 5,000 and 6,000 trees, quite a number
with 10,000 to 15,000 trees, and at least one with nearly
50,000. While many varieties are grown to some extent,
the main plantings are of Mountain Rose, Oldmixon,
Crawford Early, Crawford Late and Stump. More re-
cently, however, Waddell, Carman, Champion and El-
berta have been heavily planted. High culture, close
pruning and a thinning of the fruit are generally prac-
ticed, and fruit of brightest color, largest size and high
quality is thus secured. In the markets of this and
neighboring states, "Connecticut peaches" usually sell
at a much higher price than those from any other sec-
tion. The only serious drawback is the winter-killing
of the fruit-buds in the valleys, this happening proba-
bly three years out of five, while on many hillsides and
hilltops at least two crops out of three are assured; but
there are many favorable localities where annual crops
are almost a certainty.

Japanese plums were early planted in this state, and
so quickly proved their adaptability to soil and climate
that they are now planted in a small way in every sec-
tion of the state, fruiting almost as freely as the apple,
for family supply, while in a commercial way they are
being quite largely planted in district No. 1. Several
orchards have from 2,000 to 4,000 trees each. Of varie-
ties longest tested, Burbank, Abundance and Chabot
are most satisfactory and profitable. Red June and
Satsuma are rapidly growing in favor, the latter com-
manding extremely fancy prices for canning purposes.

Raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries
grow and produce freely all over the State, and all local
markets are abundantly supplied in season.

Grapes can be grown successfully all over the state,
except on the highest and coldest hills ; and on the
sandy plains and warm, rocky hillsides all the best
standard varieties can be produced in perfection. There
are a number of small vineyards in district No. 1, and
home-grown grapes sell for double the price of those
coming from the outside ; yet, on the whole, the grape
industry is but lightly thought of.

Pears thrive and fruit well except on the lighter
lands, and nearly every home garden has from one to
half a dozen trees. There are a few small commercial
orchards in district No. 1, Bartlett and Clapp being
most largely grown at Hartford and the adjoining
towns. On the west side of the river the Bosc is pro-
duced in its highest perfection.

Cherries have been steadily failing in the state for
twenfy-flve years past. Not enough for home supply
are grown. Newly planted trees soon die out, and there
is a general discouragement. They seem to do best in
the vicinity of Middletown and Meriden. and the few
commercial orchards there are quite profitable.

Quinces are grown all over the state for home supply,
but thrive best along the Sound Bh(M-f. where there are
a large number of small coniin. rv ,il ..: . Imids.

Strawberries are very lai - -■■■ i ith for home
and outside markets, mrivii i -^ i , i mutted rows,

with an average yield ot' .-' : ■ , i-tuls per acre.

Some cultirntors, wlin f,.ll,.n i n. lull >j si,.rn or grow in
narrow, thinlv in:itti il v.m ^. -. . un- l.jO or more bushels
per acre. A mnjilii r nl' ihr li. irv farmers have systems
of irrigatiiiii wlii.h a.M ri'atl> to the surety of the
crop, besidfs iin-reiisii]^' tin- niz. and appearance of the
fruit. The rolling character of the country and vast
number of small streams abundantly supplied with
water make it possible, at moderate expense, to irrigate
many thousands of acres in this state, and the time is
not far distant when the streams of Connecticut will
be more valuable to her horticulturists than they ever
were to her manufacturers in the old days of many
small factories and water-wheels.

Almost from the earliest settlement, small local nur-
series have abounded in the state, and are here to-day
to the number of .'):i. An extensive general nursery at
New Canaan, in Fairfield county, is much the largest of
any in New England, while the small fruit and specialty
nursery at South Glastonbury, Hartford county, dis-
tributes plants by the million all over the world. At
Cromwell, Middlesex county, is a floricultural estab-
lishment which, with one exception, has the largest

CONOCLINIUM

area under glass of any su
and surpasses all others

The late Judge A. J. Coe, of Meriden, was one of the
first men in America to take up the new chestnut cul-
ture by the importation of the best foreign varieties and
the selection of the best natives and their crosses. He
commenced the grafting on native sprouts and seed-
lings, and stimulated quite a general chestnut grafting,
so that a goodly number of chestnut orchards are being
established on land too rough for cultivation, yet
strong in its ability to grow the chestnut tree and nut
to perfection.

At Wethersfield, in Hartford county. Orange and Mil-
ford, in New Haven county, and Southport, in Fairfield
county, are many farms devoted to seed-growing.
Onion seed and sweet corn are the great specialties, but
a great variety of other seeds are also grown, especially
at Wethersfield and Orange.

Market-gardening is carried on quite extensively by
specialists near all large towns and cities, while, with
so many good markets always close at hand, vegetables
and fruits are sold in moderate quantities from nearly
every farm. The largest general market-garden farm is
at New Haven, where over 400 acres are under annual
cultivation with vegetables and small fruits. At South-
port, Fairfield and Westport there are many farms,
both large and small, devoted entirely to the production
of onions. "Southport onions "are famous for fine ap-
pearance and quality, and nowhere in America is the
annual yield so great or price received so high as in this
district. Marketing is done in sailing vessels direct
from the farms to the dock markets in New York, where
the onions are sold direct to retail dealers, boat captains
acting as salesmen without commission tor the sake of
carrying the freight.

Trolley car lines are widely extended through many
farming sections of the state, and. running express cars
at certain hours of the day with freight movements at
night, they are proving quite a factor in the distribution
of horticultural products. The Hale peach farms, at South
Glastonbury, were the first in America to use this new
electric power in the marketing of their products. Fruit
is loaded at the farm side-track as gathered during the
day, and transported to market at night, after passenger
service has closed for the day. It is unloaded in the
city from the main-line tracks directly in front of the
stores in the early morning hours before the tracks are
again required for passenger service, and the empty
cars are returned to the farm sidetrack before a new
day's work in the orchard has begun.

The Connecticut Pomological Society, organized some
ten years ago, is a prominent feature in the lively fruit
interests of the state. It has a large, active member-
ship, and, aside from its annual winter meeting, it
holds each summer three or more "field meetings," on
fruit farms in different sections of the state, and there,
around tree, plant and vine, the members meet and
discuss the live topics of the hour, gathering inspira-
tion which, carried to their homes, is pushing Con-
necticut into the very front rank of horticultural states.
J. H. Hale.

CONOCfiFHALUS (Greek, cone head). One of the
liverworts (Marchantiaceae), with broad, flat, forking
evergreen thallus, growing on moist banks, like a moss,
C. cdiiicits, Dumort., is offered by collectors as a plant
for rockeries.

CONOCLlNIUM (Greek, cone and bed). Composite.
Djfliers from Eupatorium in having a conical receptacle
and the somewhat imbricated involucral scales nearly
equal. Most authors now unite the species with Eupa-
torium (which seel.

csleatlnum, DC. {Eupatbrinm caelesthuim, Linn.).
Mist Flower. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high, somewhat pubes-
cent : Ivs. opposite, stalked, triangular-ovate and some-
what cordate, coarse-toothed : heads in compact cymes,
raany-fld.,blueor violet. Mich, and 111., toN. J.andS.—
Late-blooming heliotrope-fld. plant, very useful for low
borders.

Lasseiuxii, Dur. {Agerdtum Lasse&uxii. Carr.).
Spreading pubescent perennial, with habit of Agera-

CONOCLINIUM

turn comjzoides : Ivs. lance-elliptic, obtuse-toothed,
long-attenuate, short-stalked or somewhat decurrent :
heads numerous, handsome rose-color. Uruguay. R.H.
1870:90. -Handsome plant for bedding. Grows 1-2 ft.
high. Not hardy. ^ jj g

CONOPHALLUS E6njak, Schott, is Amorphophal-
lus Jiivieri, var Konjac, Engler. The great tuber is
much grown in Japan for the making of flour ( see George-
son, A.G. 13:79). Amorplwphallus Bevieri is figured
on p. 59 ; also in R.H. 1871, p. 573 ; and in B.M. 6195
(&s Proteinophallus Mevieri). Eonjak is offereii by im-
porters of Japanese plants.

CONSERVATORY. Literally, a place in which thiuRS
are kept or preserved. Used to designate a glass house
in which plants are kept for display, rather than for
propagating or growing.

sliiii' in tin- i;nM-iili.iuM-:, and li. .111. .11^1-^ tli.'ii-.in, and the
neuifi- it is looatfil to tlia resideiiii', all other things
being equal, the better. It would be best if it were a
part of it. Many architects, in preparing plans and ar-
ranging for the erection otConservatories, look more to
the architectural beauty of the structure rather than to
the well-being of the plants to be grown therein. One
of the worst faults hitherto has been inadequate ventila-
tion. A practical grower of plants should always be
consulted upon this essential point before definite ar-
rangements for building are made. In addition to a
generous opening in the roof, which should, in all cases,
be operated by one of the most approved lifters to be
had, the sides also should have door openings that
may be easily manipulated. The foundations may
be made of any substantial material, either of stone,
brick or concrete, and the wall should extend 2 ft. « in.
or 3 ft. high above the ground-line and up to where the
glass begins. Hollow brick walls are considered the
most satisfactory, if the house to which the Conserva-
tory is to be attached be built of stone or brick, being
less amenable to the winter extremes in temperature,
when outside the thermometer may register zero, and in-
side 55° or 60°. The glass from the wall to the eaves
should be of good quality, and as transparent as possi-
ble, but that on the roof should be the translucent,
"frosted" or ground glass. Contrary to the general be-
lief, rose blooms of as fine quality have been produced
under ground glass in the climate of the United States
as have been grown under glass of the clearest trans-
parency, and that fact is here stated so that the glass
recommended may, without hesitation, be used ; besides,
it is better for nearly all plants grown for their foliage;

CONVALLARIA

365

servatory, should be high enough to give a pleasing
general effect and yet such that each individual plant
may be examined at pleasure; and at the same time the
table should be low euough that the pots in which the
plants are growing may not be seen through the glass
from the outside.

Some large plants may find a permanent home in the
Conservatory, such as vines, to be trained on the rafters
and girders, if the size and style of the building will
allow of their training and proper care. Other large
plants, as palms of the various species and varieties,
can also be used to advantage. The great trouble with
many of the vines and other plants growing permanently
herein, is their proneness to insects in such structures,
and the methods generally in use for their extermina-
tion, put into operation in aConservatory attached to a
residence, are out of the question in most cases. We re-
fer principally to the old style method of fumigation by
burning tobacco for the destruction of aphis. Experi-
ments are being made in the uses of different gases,
and by vaporizing insecticides, which may allow of this
part of the cultivation of flowers and plants under glass
to be made less disagreeable for the operators and for
the owners of Conservatories in the future than it has
been in the past. For the destruction of the various
scale insects and mealy bug, sponging by hand is gener-
ally resorted to, but it is a slow and tedious process.
Syringing with a weak solution of tobacco water once or
twice a week will kill the scale, and aid in keeping down
mealy bug, especially it a strong pressure of water,
when syringing, can be brought into requisition. The
aphis, before referred to, or what is generally called
"green-fly," affects only what are termed soft-wooded
plants, and as they are only brought in when at their
best, should be entirely free from that pest before they
leave the greenhouse, in which they have been brought
to their most interesting and showy stage. Sometimes,
however, no matter how much care has been exercised,
some of these pests will be found on the plants, and as
they increase very rapidly, some means will have to be
resorted to for their extermination. Fumigation, by
burning tobacco stems, is out of the question, but to-
bacco dust, — the sweepings of a cigar factory, — when
burning is not at all disagreeable, leaving little more
smell than the burning of a good cigar. Liquid tobacco
extract is often used with good effect by evaporation,
using hot irons in the liquid. This has "its objections,
being somewhat clumsy to operate. Evaporating pans
attached to the heating pipes, in which the liquid, some-
what diluted, is placed, are effective, and are not at all
disagreeable. Cleanliness and neatness are the great es-
sentials in a Conservatory with interesting plants well
grown, to make it a source of pleasure to the owners,
and must at all times be kept in view. For further infor-
mation, see Glasshouses. Edwix Lonsdale.

538. Spray of Lily-of-

and the beauty of flowering plants in bloom may be con-
served much longer than it is reasonable to expect they
would be under the more or less glaring unobstructed
snnlight.

The interior arrangement of aConservatory is a ques-
tion to be decided largely by the owner and gardener in
charge, and is largely a matter of taste, although
convenience in operating must never be lost sight
of. The former depends upon the individuality of
those most interested, and the latter must, in all cases,
be provided for, if the best success in plant-growing is
to be achieved. The table oc stage along what might be
termed the front, or nearest to the outside of the Con-

CONVALLARIA (

from ( uiiallis 1 1 al
LEV Fi^ 53S One
and Asia and nntn
Va. to s C u Lvs
or pip (Pii 5"')1 tl

ad tr

1 name, derived ultimately
luiien LiL\ op-the-Val-
herb in temperate Europe
the high mountains from
tl ni an upiight rootstock
s pink-tinged),
t 1 adical raceme
i 1^' 541). Much
I ilv The rhizome

(Fig 5-10) tbestam. I

prized for its deln it.

and loots are sold in duu^ si its 1 he\ are poisonous

in large doses , n» small do^es used as a heart tonic.

The plant is popularlv supposed to be the one referred

to in the Sermon on the Jlount, but this is not to be

366

CONVALLARIA

determined. It is essentially a shade-loving plant.
The species is C. majilis, Linn. B.H. 1886:84. Gn. 47,
p. 179; 52:1134 and p. 319 (the latter in fruit). A.F.
13:402. Gng 5:56-7. F.R. 2:4. G.C. III. 23:149 (var.
grandiflorii )■ Lowe, 42 (var. viiriegata).

Lily-of-the-Valley is hardy, and is easily grown in
partially shaded places and moderately rich ground.
Old beds are liable to run
out. The roots and runners
become crowded, and few
good flower-stems are pro-
duced. It is best to replant
the beds every few years
with vigorous, fresh clumps,

pip.

540. Raceme of
Lily-of- the -valley.

which have been grown for the purpose ;
out-of-the-way place. Five or 6 strong pips,
with their side growths, planted close together,
will form a good clump in two years if not al-
lowed to spread too much. The mats of cle
foliage make attractive carpets unde
in other shady places. If the bed is made rich
and top-dressed every fall, it may give good re-
sults for 4 or 5 years ; and plants in such beds thrive
in full suujihine. One form has prettily striped foliage,
very ornamental in the early part of the season. Lilies-
of-the-valley bloom early in spring. They run wild in
many old yards, in cemeteries, and along shady road-
sides. There are double-tld. forms; also one (var. pro-
lificans) with racemes 2 ft. long.

J. B. Keller and L. H. B.
Few cultivated plants give so much satisfaction at so
little cost as the Lily-of-the-Valley. It is one of our
earliest spring flowers. Its time of blooming is always
a subject of note to the household. It succeeds best in
partial shade, and may be planted in the wild garden
with good effect. It is especially appropriate for plant-
ing in irregular patches along the borders of wooded
drives. The Lilyof-the-Valley is one of the few flowers
we seldom tire of. In and out of season, there is always
a demand for its flowers. Hundreds of thousands of
crowns are specially grown and matured in France,
Germany and Holland for early forcing. They are de-
tached from the clumps, grown separately for two
years, sirred before shipment, and known as "pips."
Berlin pips are considered best for early forcing. They
usually come in bundles of 25, and to have them
force evenly it is considered essential to freeze them
for a week or two. This may be effected by leaving

CONVALLAKIA

them in the packing case, moss and all, in some open
shed, taking them out as required. They are often
placed in ice-houses, and frequently kept in cold stor-
age for summer use. In forcing, no new roots are
made. An ordinary propagating bed, with bottom heat,
answers the purpose, and sand or sphagnum moss is
the plunging medium in most general use. The bundles
of crowns are given time to thaw out, the pips separa-
ted, and the crowns set in as thickly as possible. The
frame is covered to exclude light until growth com-
mences. The crowns are often put at once into a strong
Ijoltom heat of M" F. or thereabouts, but a better way
is to start with .')0^ and gradually increase the tempera-
ture. Batches intended for Christmas and New Year's
Day often fail because there has not been sufficient
preparation for the final high temperature. It is seldom
that any leaves appear, even if the flowers come. In
such cases, it is customary to put in a few leaf-eyes
from the clumps. Later and more carefully prepared
batches usually come well and with abundance of leaves,
without which the flowers lose half their charm. Bun-
dles of 25 pips are often potted in 6- or 7-inch pots,
for Easter sales. As the natural season approaches,
less preparation is required. The pots are usually set
under greenhouse benches, with a sprinkling of moss
over them, away from heating pipes, until some
growth is made, and afterwards finished in better light,
but not bright sunlight. Clumps are potted and treated
in the same way. As there is a large percentage of non-
lilonniing buds in the clumps, they lose in effectiveness.
There are rose-colored varieties, double varieties, and
varieties with foliage striped with white.

T. D. Hatfield.

Millions of the single crowns, commercially called
''pips," are grown on the European continent and ex-
ported for forcing. One English firm alone forces dur-
ing the year upwards of seven millions. We usually
receive the pips during the early part of November.
They should be unpacked at once, the best pips selected
for the earliest forcing, and the smallest kept for the
latest forcing. The pips are tied in bundles of 25. If
one forces a limited number, say 500 to 1,000 per week,
then put the bundles in 8- or 10-inch deep boxes, in
any quantity he may choose, place a little soil between the
bundles, and give them a good soaking. Then place
the boxes in a coldframe or some place where the rains
can be kept off— this is important — cover the tops of
pips with a few inches of hay or straw. Frost does not
hurt the pips in the least, but it is not essential. Never
try to force the newly imported pips before New Year's.
The cold storage pips are much best for the December
crop. In keeping them in cold storage they should be
removed from the frames and put into cold storage be-
fore there is the slightest movement of growth in the
spring. The boxes
should be covered
with slats, so that
one box can be
put on another,
or charge for stor-
age will be exces
sive. The tem-
perature should
be from 28° to 30°
Fahr.

The principal
thing in forcing
Lilyofthe-Valley
is to obtain a
strong bottom
heat with a cool
atmosphere. So,
to obtain this, the
bed for forcing

should have a the-valley (X4).

slate bottom with

6 inches of sand on it and be over some hot water
or steam pipes. The temperature of the sand should
be 80° to 90° and the atmosphere 50°. As spring ap-
proaches less bottom heat will be needed. A copious
watering should be given the sand daily, but when the
bells are showing color they should not be wet. Keep a
covering of boards or cloth over the pips for the first 10

Section of flower

Lily-of-

CONVALLARIA

days ; after that admit the light gradually, and when
in full flower give them the full light, but never much
sunlight, and avoid draughts. A dozen or 20 pips can
be forced the same way in a 5- or 6-inch pot. The
flowers should be cut about 21 hours before using, anil
pl.iced in jars of cold water. This prevents wilting
when used. William Scott.

CONVOLVULUS (Latin, confo/i'O, to entwine) Coniol
vulAcecE. Includes Calystegia. Bindweed A genue
of about 175 species, widely distributed
in temperate and tropical regions. Annual
or perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutes
cent, twining, trailing, erect or ascend
ing, with filiform, creeping rootstocks
Ivs. petiolate, entire, toothed or lobed
generally cordate or sagittate : fls. axil
lary, solitary or loosely cymose, mostlj
opening only in early morning ; corolla
caiupanulate or funnel-form, the limb
plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. The
botanical distinction between Convolvulus
and Calystegia is not sufficiently well
marked to warrant retaining the latter as
a separate genus. When the Hs. of C. oi
cidentalis are borne singly, the calj \
bracts are broad and Calystegia - like
when borne in clusters the bracts are
greatly reduced. g. -^y. Fletcher.

The species thrive in a variety of soils
without especial care. The greenhouse
species do best in a soil with considerable
fiber. The hardy perennials are usually
prop, by dividing the roots, otherwise by
cuttings or seeds, the tender species pre
ferably by cuttings. C. tricolor is the most
important of the hardy annuals. It may also be started
in the greenhouse, and makes an excellent plant for
the hanging basket. All are vigorous gioweis, and
may become troublesome weeds in some places if not
kept within bounds. C. Japoiiicus and C. Sepium
should be used with caution. This is the chief
why the hardy perennials are not often found in well-
kept gardens, except along wire fences or lattice
screens, where the turf is laid up close so as to allow
only a niirrow border for the roots. The double-flowered
form of C. Japonicus is seen to best advantage in half-
wild pl.ices, or on rocky banks, where shrubs make but
a stunted growth. Here it will grow luxuriantly, form-
ing graceful festoons from branch to branch, and
ing the ground with a pretty mantle of green.

Cult, by J. B. Keller.

A. Calyx with S membranaceous bracts at the base:

peduncles usually J-fUl. (Ciilystegia.)

B. Stem prostrate, 8 in. to 2 ft. high : peduncle usually

shorter than the Ivs.

villdsus, Gray (Calystegia rillbsa, Kellogg). Plant
densely white-villose throughout : stem prostrate,
scarcely twining : Ivs. slender-petioled, reniform-has-
tate to sagittate, the upper acumiuate, 1 in. or less
long, the basal lobes often coarsely toothed: bracts oval
or ovate, completely enclosing the calyx : fls. cream-yel-
low, 1 in. long. Calif. Perennial.
BE. stem twining or trailing, 3-10 ft. high: peduncle
exceeding the Ivs.

Japdnicus, Thunb. (Calystegia pub(scens, Lindl.).
California Rose. Fig. 542. Hardy perennial, herba-
ceous twiner: growth very vigorous, often 20 ft. : whole
plant more or less densely and minutely pubescent:
Ivs. hastate, lanceolate, obtuse or broadly acute, with
angular or rounded lobes at the base ; variable, oc-
casionally without lobes, rarely sharp lanceolate : fls.
bright pink, 1-2 in. broad, produced freely during the
summer months and remaining expanded for several
days. Japan and E. Asia. The double form is now
naturalized from southeastern N. Y. to D. C. and
Mo. P.M. 13: 243. F. S. 2 : 172. B. R. 32: 42.-
The double form is completely sterile, with narrow,
wavy petals, irregularly arranged, the outer somewhat
lacerate. A valuable decorative plant for covering

CONVOLVULUS

367

stumps and walls. In rich soil the roots spread rapidly,
and will smother out all other plants unless confined in
tubs. The Calystegia pubescens of Lindley has been
wrongly referred to Ipomtva liederacea, but the two
plants are very different, the former being perennial
and the latter annual. See Journ. Hort. Soe. 1:70 (1846).
The plant is commonly confounded with C. Sepinm.

occidentilis, Uraj Hardy perennial, herbaceous or
with suffrutescent base stem twining, several ft. high,
slabrous or mmutelv pubescent : Ivs. from angulate-

542. Convolvulus Japomcus

cordate, with a deep and narrow sinus,
to lanceolate - hastate, the posterior
lobes of ten 1-2 -toothed : peduncle 1-fld. \ , I

or proliferously 2-3-fld.: bracts ovate \ \

or lanceolate, usually completely enclosing the calyx,
variable : corolla white or pinkish, 1-2 in. long; stig-
mas linear. Dry hills, Calif.-Int. 1881, by Gillett. An
admirable plant for rockeries.

Sepium, Linn. {Calystegia Sepium,R.BT.). Rutland
Beautv. Fig. 543. Perennial trailer, 3-10 ft. long, gla-
brous or minutely pubescent: Ivs. round-cordate to del-
toid-hastate, the basal lobes divaricate, entire or angu-
late: fls. white, rose or pink, with white stripes. F.S.
8:826. B.M.732. A.G.12:638. Gn. 50: 1098. -A very
variable species. Cosmopolitan in temperate regions.
An insidious weed in moist soil.

Calyx 1

cle i-6-fld. {1

itely

B. Stem prostrate, trailing, glabrous
pubescent.

MauritAnicus.Boiss. Strong perennial roots: stem her-
baceous, slender, prostrate, rarely branched, minutely
villose: Ivs. alternate, round-ovate, obtuse, short-peti-
oled: fls. blue to violet-purple, with a lighter throat,
1-2 in. across, very handsome. Africa. B.M.5243. F.S.
21:2183. Gn. 39:788. -A free bloomer through the sum-
mer. On dry banks each plant forms a den'ie tuft which
throws up many graceful shoots. Not hardy north ol
Phila.

368

CONVOLVULUS

Linn. Hardy perennial trailer, decidu-
ous : stem angular, glabrous : Ivs. cordate-sagittate,
grey-green, the lobes entire or dentate: sepals glabrous,
ovate, obtuse; corolla white, creamy or light pink. Asia
Minor. — The large tap-roots supply the resinous cathar-
tic drug scaramonj'.

BB. Stem erect or ascending, silky.

Cnednun, Linn. Stem shrubby, half-hardy, 1-4 ft.
high : Ivs. persistent, lanceolate or spatulate, silky grey :
inflorescence a loose panicle, 1-6-fld. : fls. white or
tinged with pink, borne freely during the summer. S.
Eu.— Valuable as a pot-plant for greenhouse or window
decoration, or trained to a warm wall. Confused with
C. oleiefolins.

oleaefdlius, Desr. Tender perennial: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, acute, slightly villose : fls. bright pink, borne freely
in loose, umbellate panicles in the summer. Greece.
B.M. 289 (as C. linen ris}.-M&Tiy plants now passing as
C. olewfolius are C. Vneorum. The latter may be dis-
tinguished by its broader, blunter, silvery-villose Ivs.
and lighter colored blossoms.

tricolor, Linn. (C. mhior, Hort.). Fig. 544. Hardy
annual : stem trailing, ascending G-12 in., angulate,
densely covered with long brownish hairs: Ivs. linear-
oblong or subspatulate, obtuse or rounded at the apex,
usually pubescent but sometimes glabrous, the margin
ciliate towards the base; peduncle 3-fld., exceeding the
Ivs.: sepals ovate, lanceolate, villose, acute: limb of the
corolla azure-blue, throat yellow, margined with white.
S. Eu. B.M. 27.— One of the best annuals for the home
border. Each plant covers a ground space of 2 ft., and
blooms continuously throughout the summer. Flowers
remain open all day during pleasant weather. There
are many variously striped and spotted forms of this
popular annual, none of which surpasses the type in
beauty. A variety with pure white fls. is attractive.
Other well marked horticultural forms are : Var. vit-
tita, prettily striped with blue and white. F.S.3:298.

from seed : stem trailing or twining, 4-5 ft. long : fls.
golden. Valuable as a greenhouse climber and for
hanging baskets.— Not sufficiently described for identi-
fication.

544. Convolvulus tricolor.

cordate, crenate, silvery; fls. pint. May-Aug. Mediterranean
region. B.M.359. F.S.10:1021(as var.argyreus). R.H.18M;111.—
C. aninsis. Linn. Slender perenni:il trailer, 1-3 ft, long, gla-
brous or nearly so: !v= o-rtfp-^.-iL'ittnt*' or ha'^t,Hte, vnrifthle:
fls. white or pink. En ,.i.il. \-:., \,-,iur^ili,.-l in <il,l tields
throueh the Atlantic- -I ' \ ii,,uM. v,,,,,, n, ...i —
O. £)aAi(riViM. Herl). ' 1 _ !' ^ })- li i llar.ly .le-
ciduous twiner, 3-6 t't, : l\- ,,,,,; '■il-.i.!'' ■!m.iI1\ n, lit.- fls.

pink or rose-violet. Jiuit. .Iui>. N.l^i I' M -''"'' !' s.
10:107.3.- (\ Canariensis, Linn. GreentM'i ■ . . ,i hs.

olilong-cordate. acute, villose ; fls. violet-iu ' : l-i;

Ikl. Can.iry Islands. B. M. 1228.- C - r.

.•L.vuilis. Cluii^yl. Tender Inennial ; Iv- ti.e

<':^

543. Convolvulus Sepium

R.H. 1848:121.
for pot culture,
recorded. F.S.8:11B.

ailreus sup^rbus, Hort. A tender perennial, but may
be treated as an annual, since it flowers the first season

S. W. Fletcuer.

COONTIE of S. Fla. is Zamia integrifolia.

COOPfiBIA (after Joseph Cooper, English gardener).
AmttrifUiddce(e. A genus of only two or three species
of tender, bulbous plants from Texas, with the habit of
Zephyranthes but night-blooming (which is anomalous
in the order), and with erect anthers, while those of the
latter are versatile. The fls. are fragrant, solitary, 2 in.
or more across, waxy-white, tinged red outside, and
more or less green within. The Ivs. appear with the fls.
in summer. They are long, narrow, flat and twisted.
The bulbs should be taken up in autumn and stored
during the winter in dry soil. Culture easy and like
Zephvranthes. Lately a new and little-known plant
has been offered by the trade, C. Oberwelteri. with
"brigbt green" fls.

A. Xeek of bulb short: perianth tube lonij.

Dnimmondii, Herb. Evkning Star. Bulb roundish,
1 in. thick, with a short neck : Ivs. narrowly linear,
erect, 1 ft. long : peduncle slender, fragile, hollow M-1
ft. long: spathe VA-2 In. long, 2-valved at the tip:
perianth tube 3-5 in. long ; limb 'A-l in. long, white,
tinged with red outside : segments oblong, cuspidate.
Var. cUorosdlen, Baker, has a perianth tube stouter and
tinged with green: limb longer and less wheel-shaped :
Ivs. a little broader. B.M. 3482.

COOPERIA

AA. dTeck of bulb long: perianth tube short.
pedunculata. Herb. Giant Faikt Lily. More robust
than C. Drummondii : bulb with a longer neck, 2-3 in.
long: Ivs. about 6, 1 ft. long, H in. broad : peviuncle
about 1 ft. long : spathe 1-2-vaIved at the tip : perianth
tube shorter, IHin. long : limb nearlv as long as the
tube, tinged red outside. B.M. 3727. K.H. 1853: 401.—
The best species. Fls. larger, of purer color, and remain-
ing open a day or two longer. \Y^ jj^

COPRdSMA ( Greek name referring to the fetid odor
of the plants). l^rihificfiF. Shrubs or small trees, often
trailing, of New Zealand. Australia and Hawaii. Cult,
for their pretty fr. or variegated Its. Lvs. opposite,
mostly small. Fls. small, solitary or fascicled, white or
greenish, polygamous dicecious; corolla-limb -t-G-lobed,
the lobes revolute ; stamens 4-6 : f r. an ovoid or globose

in the open. Prop, by hardened cuttings. The soil
which is found among Kalraia roots, mixed with good
loam and sand, if necessary, will suit these plants.
Cuttings should be rooted in moderate heat in spring,
before growth commences. If placed under a handlight
or propagating frame, care must be taken to prevent
damping, to which the cuttings are liable.
Baderi, Endl. (C. Baueridna, Hook. f.
C. i'Mciii, Hort.). Trailing plant, with
oval-obtuse or rounded entire Its., which
are oddly blotched with yellow and whit-
ish or even almost wholly yellow. New
Zealand. — With age it forms a compact
shrub. Vars. picturita, Hort., and varie-
gMa, Hort., are the common forms.

acerosa, A. Cuun. Low and spreading,
with minute Its., small white fls., and
pretty sky-blue drupes or berries. New
Zealand. q. -r^. Qlitek and L. H. B.

COPTIS (Greek, to cut, from the cut
leaves). Jianuticuldceie. Eight species of
hardy perennial herbs of the cooler parts
of the northern hemisphere. Low, stem-
less plants, with slender rootstocks : Ivs.
radical, compound or diTided, lasting
over winter : fls. white or yellow, sea-
pose ; sepals 5-7, petal-like ; petals 5-6,
small, linear, hood-like; stamens numer-
ous: carpels stalked, few, becoming an
umbel of follicles. The bitter roots yield
the tonic medicine known as " gold thread ; "
also a yellow dye. The plants should have
peaty soil, with a little sand, and prefer
shade in damp situations. They require
some protection in winter, as in a cold
pit. Prop, by root division and seed.

trifdlia, Salisb. No stem : rootstock
yellow : Ivs. compound, long-petioled ;
Ifts. broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, the
teeth mucronate : fl. -stem slender ; sepals
white, with yellow base ; petals small,
club-shaped : follicles 3-7, spreading,
equaled by their stalk; seeds black. May-
■July. Adirondacks and westward. L.B.C.
2:173.— Neat and pretty,
with shining lvs.

K. C. Davis.

CORDTLINE

369

COEAL BEEEY. Sym-
'horicarpus vulgaris.

COEAL DEOPS. Bes-

COEALLOEHtZA(Greek

for coral-root). Orchidd-
cem, tribe Epidendrece.
Coral Root. Low native
orchids, growing in woods and parasitic on roots, des-
titute of green foliage, the plant usually brownish or
yellowish and inconspicuous. FI. small, somewhat 2-

24

lipped, usually obscurely spurred at the base ; sepals
and petals nearly alike; lip small, slightly adherent to
the base of the column : pollinia 4. Species few, in N.
Amer., Eu. and Asia. The Coral-roots have little merit
as garden plants, although very interesting to the stu-
dent. They may be grown in rich, shady borders. Two
species have been offered by dealers in native plants :
C. multifldra, Nutt. (Fig. 545), is purplish, l^^ft. or less
high, 10-30-fld., lip deeply 3-lobed: grows in dry woods
in northern states; C. Mertensiana, Bong., scape many-
fld., 8-15 in. high, the lip entire and broadly oblong-
occurs in Brit. Col. and N. to Alaska. ' L H B

COEAL-EOOT. Corallorliiza.

COEAL-TEEE. Erythrinn.

C6ECH0EUS Japdnicus. See Kerria. The genus
contains the two plants that furnish Jute, C. capsularis
(which yields most) and C. olitorius. They are annual
plants, natives of Asia but cultivated throughout the
tropics, growing 10 or 12 ft. high, with a straight stem
as thick as the little flnger and branched oniT at the top.
The young shoots of both are used as pot herbs. C. oli-
torius is much grown for this purpose in EgTpt, and is
known as Jews' Mallow. They belong to the TiUctcea.

COEDIA (an early Germ

BorraginAceoe. Warm-clii
American. Calvx tnlmlnr
lobed : corolla tubular. I"l

1 botanist, Valerius Cordus).
ate trees or shrubs, mostly
r canipanulate, toothed or
1. till- ).;u-ts and the stamens
tormore: style L'-l"li..l : fv. a .li iipe which is 4-loculed
and usually 4-sefd.-.l : Iv-. , niire or toothed. The
Cordias are greenhoii-t- pUiuts with showy fls., of easy
cult. Grown In the open in the extreme S. Prop, by
cuttings of firm wood and by seeds.

SebestSna, Linn. (C «;)fcidsa, Willd.). Geiger Tree.
Tall shrub or small tree, hairy, with rough, broail-ovate,
large-stalked lvs.: fls. 1-2 in. long, scarlet, stalked, in
large, open, terminal clusters, the crumpled corolla-
lobes and stamens 5-12 : drupe enclosed in the hazel-
like husk formed by the persistent calvx. Keys of Fla.
and S. B.M. 794.

Other Cordias, of which there are many, are likclv to come
nto cult, in the southern count r\ ' (,..,, i,,,. ,, i',,i.
(ten, W.its. (G.F. 2:23;ii,nf M.x: . ,-:..,f

ts fls. equals the C. Sebestena ' ' 1/ I ,..ii

• ■ rHl..isonenfth.-i" ^ ,,.■ ,, , ;.,:,,,, :,^ .,, lly
ly.ah, , ,:.>. ^ ,j^ ^

COEDYLiNE {dub-like: referring to the fleshy roots).
Lilidcea. DraOvEna. A genus of greenhouse plants
closely related to Dractena, but the ovary contains sev-
eral ovules in each cell, and the solitary pedicels are
provided with a 3-bracted involucre : stem tall, often
woody, bearing large, crowded lvs., to the striking varie-
gation of which the group owes its value: fls. panicled;
stamens 6 : pedicels articulated : perianth 6-parted :
ovary 3-ceIIed : fr. a berry. Cultivated for the orna-
mental foliage. The horticultural forms and names have
become very numerous. The various species are in the
trade under Dracsena, which see for a key to the species
of both genera combined. In the following paragraphs,
the initial D indicates that the plant in question is
known in the trade as a Draciena.and C that it is known as
aCord}-line (seel)rac(nia). For a monograph, see Baker,
Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 538 (1875). g. M. Wiegand.

Of Cordylines or Dracfena, propagation is generally
effected by cutting the ripened stems or trunks, from
which all lvs. have been removed, into pieces from 2^
in. long. These are laid either in very light soil or in
sand in the propagating bed, where they receive a bot-
tom heat of about 80° , being barely covered with sand
or moss (Fig. 546). The eyes soon start into growth,
and, as soon as they have attained a height of 3-4 in.,
are cut off with a small heel and again placed in the
propagating bed until rooted, after which they are
potted off into small pots in light soil, kept close until
they become established. They are then shifted on into
larger pots as soon as well rooted. They delight In a
mixture of 3 parts good, turfy loam and 1 part well-

370

CORDTLINE

decayed cow-manure, with a liberal sprinkling of sharp
sand. A warm, moist atmosphere suits them best while
growing, but towards f;in tlif finished plants must be
gradually exposed f.. full sunshine and a dry atmos-
phere, which develops tli.ir liii.-li .'olors.

The kinds enuniii^itid l»luw are such as are mainly
grown in large quantities for decorative purposes, and

546. Stem-cutting of Cordyline.

are sold principally during the winter months, especially
during the holiday season, when plants with bright
colored foliage are always in strong demand: Cordyline
amabilis.—A strong-growing species with broad green
foliage, which is prettily variegated with white aud deep
rose. Oneof the hardiest varieties, eitherfor decorations
in winter or for outdoor work, vases, etc., in summer.
C. imperialis. — Another strong-growing species, with
deep olive-frrern foliage, whi.-li ^Irin-j-.-s t.. <l.-.-|. rose
withwllite.'.lL-. />. fr>i, ,,■",■• \' \.-.,..., -I.. . I. - iiilh

CORDTLINE

be large enough for 6-in. pots by the end of the follow-
ing September.

Dractena K}irrrl-u. C. rfnntnfoUa , D. I/indeyiii and
D. Massanqriniii an- am. in- tin- \,,-.\ ilecorative plants
for the dwellinL' li"us, . /(. K„, ,, /,;. and the two varie-
gated forms "f Ji. fr.iijr.ni.^ an' i.ic.t.-d from cuttings
taken from head. d-l.aik plants. In j.n.pagating 6'. c«n-
nwfolin, when seed cannot be obtained, old plants
should be mossed so as to produce roots before the top
is taken off, as it is a shy-rooting species from cuttings.
D. Goldieana should be topped and rooted in a good
bottom heat, and the stems cut into pieces small enough
to be put in pots when the shoot is of sufficient length,
instead of cutting off the shoots and rooting afresh. B.
Godseffiana and D. maeulata evidently belong to the
same section ; every little branch of these will root in
sharp sand. Long stems of J), ensifolia and D. Bopr-
havii, when cut in sections of from 4 to G in., with the
leaves kept on, will root quickly and may be used as
stock plants. C. Brasiliensis, an elegant species with
broad green Ivs., is best propagated by adopting the
method practiced on the colored-lvd. kinds, of which C.
terminalis is perhaps the best known. This method
consists of cutting up the stems into small pieces and
placing them in sand, with a brisk bottom heat. Small
shoots are developed in a short time, which will fre-
quently be found to have small roots at their bases, but
they are of little use for the subsequent nutriment of
the plantlet. The shoot, when larnre enon-li. sl....ild be
.separated from the piec<- nf st.-ni and in-trt.-d in tlx'

sand-bed, where it will d.vrlM|, tliick i Iihl- r.n.ts

Afterwards they are potted and kii't in a uarm, iinii^t
atmosphere. Cuttings may bt- i>ut in at any tiim whiii
bottom heat is at command. The soil used should be
light and enriched with rotted cow-manure.

G. W. Oliver.
A. Foliage of sessile, thick, sword-shaped Ivs.
B. Lvs. glaucous beneath, broad.

indivlsa, Kunth. Arborescent, 10-20 ft. high : lvs.
dark green, densely crowded. 2-4 ft. long, 4-5 in. broad
at the middle, 1K--2 In. at the base, rigid, coriaceous ;
midrib stout, colored red and white, veins on each side
of it 40-50 : panicle nodding : pedicels .5-1 line long ;
bracteoles lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, membranous; peri-
anth 3^ lines long, white ; tube very short, canipanu-

livint,'-r..uni. '\ •■■.■■ k

:,i,.l~..h,. : M , _ ,n ,: iMi-nis of the

aliove ai-.- /'. /..."'■ ..

. ami /' 1/ ■. , l.otb very

desirable \ari. in -

'■. ' 1:^1- the most

popular vai 1 ' .11

;~ J ' •■ '■ 1',' 1, -' -lUanlilirs.

The folia l;. : -

. :■.!..: |.;,ii,: ~ 1- . ! :in iM. Ii-r

richcrin,^'-. i -i ..

'■ ■■■ ' " ' l"*o''V,,n''.'ii,\ as'an

outdoor deci.rall\ .• |il

: iM.niiiM 1. lalH-M,-nslM-h used

for furnishing vas,~.

imimIwu iH,x,s.,.tc. It succeeds best

when planted out ii

. til. ,.|„ 11 i,..r.l,T during summer.

potted in the fall a

11. 1 -i.iiv.l .luring winter in a cool

greenhouse. It is ,,

i-..|.a-at...l aim.. St exclusively from

seed, which germiiia

ti-s freely if so\vn during the early

spring months in sa

ndv soil, in a temperature of CO to

65°, growing them o

n during the first season in small

pots. These, if planted in the open border th
season, make fine plants for 6"- or 7-inch pots
are a number of varieties of Indivisa, among them
eral handsomely variegated forms, which, however
but little distributed yet.

beautiful, graceful, high

the most distinct and useful commercial sort yet intro-
duced and which, as soon as it becomes more plentiful,
is certain to be very popular. j. p. Eisele.

Cordyline australis and its allied forms are easily
raised from seed, which is readily obtainable in a fresh
state. The seed should be sown rather thinly in a light,
sandy soil, and, as there is little danger of the seedlings
damping off, they may be allowed to grow in the recep-
tacles in which they are sown until large enough to go
into 3-in. pots. If sown early in spring, the plants will

-C. indii

of the trade.

547. Cordyline australis

late ; segments equal, spreading : ovules 5-G in each
cell. New Zealand. Gn.49,p.86. Lowe, 52.-Coolhouse ;
valuable for vases. Rare in cult.

BB. Lvs. green on both sides, narrower.

strlcta, Endl. {D. congesta. Sort.). Slender, 6-12 ft.

high: lvs. less crowded than in the next, acuminate,l-2ft.

CORDTLINE

long, 9-15 lines wide, base 3-6 lines -Bride, scarcely costate ;
veins scarcely oblique, margins obscurely dentate: pani-
cle terminal and lateral, erect or cernuous : pedicels
.5-1 line long ; lower bracteoles lanceolate j perianth
lilac, 3—4 lines long, campanulate, interior segments
longer than the outer : ovules 6-10 in each cell. Aus-
tralia. B.M. 2575. O.C. III. 17:207 (iJ.fOK^esta). -Cool-
house vases etc Var grindis, Hort Large highly
colored Var discolor, Hort Like var giaiidis, but
with foliage dark bronzv purple

austr41is. Hook (D indiiUa, Hort I) caloconin
Wend ) Fig 547 \rborescent 20-30 ft high Ivs
densely rosulate i-4 ft long, 12-18 lines wide base 6-'l

CORDYLINE 371

ilong, abruptly acute, blackish purple
■itin below with a deep rosy lake stripe
I lie petiole. Gltidstonei. Lvs. broad,
II GuiUojlei. Lvs. long and narrow,
;i> s, recurved, striped with red, pink or
lower part of leaf and margin of peti-

lines wide

, acuminate,

gre. 11

niidnl hrm prominent

nerves on

each ^ide of

It 1

II 1 h lue panicle

erect, terminal, ample

]

1 t bracteoles

deltoid -)

line long.

I I

4 lines long

tubesh It

, mil nuTl.t

I M lual spread

ing ni t

«/ .larnl BM-,( (

G C III

1

1

1 I 14, 1 H 3t 4n(^ 1

Dow

Ilia) 40 ItO

{Im, ,

-- M 1 p 487 ^^i

f. IM .

I I

I \ ir atirea ^m

Stnita, U It \ iiie^itLd \Mth i iniml t-i 1
longitudinal yellow stripes Var atropurpurea
Hort Base of leaf and under si 1 t mi Inl
purple Var Iineita, Hort Lvs 1 i i U r tb
sheathing base stained with purple \ \t Veitchii, Hort
{D leitchii Hort ) Base of leaf and under side of
midrib bright crimson C Hodken, Hort , is a garden
form

AA rolin I f) fi 1 J h
B Li^ rbUll III ,11 liiid

rtlbra, Hugel Slender Inl tt I i I lvs contigu
ous, ascending 12-1t m 1 ii. Is- 1 lines wide above
the middle thick dull gieeii lith sidis distinctly cos
tate veins oblique petn le broad deeply grooved, 4—6
in long panicle literal nodding pedicels \erj short,
bracteoles small deltoid perianth liHc 4 o-5 lines
long inner segments longer than the outer ovules 6-8
Country unknown G C III 22 285 — Coolhou
etc D Bruinti, Hort is a garden form E H 1897,
pp 514 515 G C III 22 285

BB iis lanceolate, petioles nariou , neatly terete

Haageina, Koch (C Murrhisonue, F Muell ) Slen
der and small lvs contiguous, ascendmg oblong fal
cate, 4-8 in. long, 2-2H m. wide at the middle, acute,
base rounded or deltoid, thick, dull green throughout,
distinctly costate ; veins slender, oblique ; petiole 3-4
in. long, deeply channelled : panicle lateral : pedicels
1.5-2 lines long ; perianth 4-4.5 lines long, tinged with
lilac ; segments spreading : ovules 6-8 in each cell :
berry with a dry pericarp. Australia.

terminaiis, Kunth {C. cannce folia , P. Muell.). Low
and slender, stem .3-6 lines thick : Ivs.contiguous, ascend-
ing, green or rarely colored, 12-18 in. long, 2-3K in. wide,
acute, thickish, distinctly costate ; veins frequently
unequal, strongly oblique ; petiole 4-6 in. long, deeply
channelled : pedicels very short or none ; bracteoles
deltoid, membranous : pfriiiiitb .'-i; lin.-s long, white.

lilac or reddish,
large, red. East 1
varieties in culti
in the America
plants), usually

s IMO:

berry
I I- I.. L'l:174'J.-The

rable. Those

■ 1m l..|l..uing (all stove
Its hortirviltural species :
am&bilis. Lvs. broad, shining deep green, in age be-
coming spotted and suffused with rose and white. Am-
boydnsiSi Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, recurved, deep bronze-
green edged with rose-carmine below ; petioles tinged
with purple. Anerlidnsis. Lvs. very broad, deep bronze-
red, with some white. Baptistii. Fig. 548. Lvs. broad,
recurved, deep green, with some pink and yellow stripes;
stem also variegated. I. H. 26:334. Baiisei. Lvs. broad,
dark green, with some white. b^IIa. Lvs. small, pur-
plish marked with red. Brasilifinsis, Schult. Lvs.
broad. Cantrelli. Lvs. dark metallic crimson, young
ones bright carmine. Codperi. Lvs. deep wine-red,
gracefully recurved : common in cult, f^rrea, Baker.
Lvs. narrow and somewhat oblanceolate, 5-7, bright or
dark crimson ; petiole short. Lowe 3 (var. versicolor] ;
29. B.M. 2053. L. B.C. 13:1224. FriBeri. Lvs. somewhat

19 p 24 I hybrida
deep green m ir.,111 1 w itb 1

white m >(uii„ hs imperialis 1 \ ir hing or i re t
oblong, thick 1 1 111 f Ih ^i 11 ii^el Ul o\ er \Mth
bright criins m 1 ] ink hiul me Jardiniere (/fi
minalis alba x GuUfmjhi]. Lvs. very small and com-
pact, narrow, green broadly margined with white, me-
t411ioa. Lvs. erect-arching, oblong, when young uni-
form rich coppery purple, in age dark purple-bronze ;
petioles same. F.M. 1872:24. nlgro-rubra. Lvs. narrow,
linear-lanceolate, dark brown with rosy crimson cen-
ters, young often entirely rose. Norwoodifensis. Lvs.
striped with yellow, green and crimson, last color prin-
cipally confined to the margin ; petioles brilliant. Re-
glna. A broad-lvd. form. Bobinsom&na. Lvs. long,
lanceolate-acuminate, arched, light green, striped with
bronze-green and brownish crimson. I.H. 26:342.
Sohiildii. Lvs. broad, variegated. F.E. 7:961. ScAttii.
Lvs. broad, arching, deep green, crimson edged; said to
be a hybrid. Toiingii. Lvs. broad, spreading, when young
bright green streaked with deep red and tinged with
rose, in age bright bronze. Yoiingii, var. rdsea, Hort.
Green, tinged with pink, white or carmine. Yotingii,
var. Alba, Hort. Variegated with white instead of red.
Crosses with Scottii are known as Stricta, Albo-lineata,
Mrs. George Pullman, Mrs. Terrv; with Norwoodiensis,
as Little Gem.

List of synonyms, unidentified trade names and others :
C. angiista, Hort. (C. terrainalis var.). Lvs. narrow, arch-
ing, dull dark green above, purplish beneath. A slender
form.— ''. niMiistlf'ilia. Kuiith = t'. stricta.— (7. auran(ioco.

Holt ' I" 7.'.''". ./: ■ Il'iii I.- Immzy. with white and

Ilinl^■ ' ' I'- ' I' ' Ia^. verj' long, linear-
Ian ; i_ : II. led. green, glaucous

" "erheleyi.

compacta, Hort. (C terminalis tmi
dull gi-een. with lironze ami rose str
Hort. (C.terminalis form). Dwarf:

Hort. (to

irved, broad,
' '. lKmni807ii^
ronzy purple.

d/Z CORDYLINE

— C Elizabethicp Uort = ^ - C Esthsn
terminalis — C excelsa Hort (C ten
broad arching bronzy m ^rgined with ( 1 1
= 'i— C fnttescens= ' — i glonvsa Hoit

broad iM
F Muell
nahs form
Mex Hi.ii '

,^ .U.Ur-f Ma,„„rs ^ullnm.e

' l"n "" *i,'uh"ous' beneath"™'
1 n,edmm width bronzy

go^T^r;

iiht-imime-t (osacfa
1 1 T \ . d bro id dark bronzy

reem=r't;'::.; '-

splendens Hort (C tcr
acute bronzy green
d,ca Hort=C rubra

1 II 1 ' ^ i/mA»<>o=»— 0 sepiana
-. -../«,, Kunth=C terminalis -C
minahbform) Lvs dense short ov.te
shaded with rose carmine - C Zeelan

K M WlEGAVD

C0BE6FSIS (Greek, signifying bug hke from the
fruit). Compdsita. Tickseed. Annual or perennial
herbs, flowering in summer and autumn. Nearly all na-
tives of eastern N. Amer. Lv.s. either opposite or alter-
nate : heads pedunculate and radiate ; the broad in-
volucre with bracts of two kinds, the outer narrower and
greener, receptacle cbaffy ; rays very showy, yellow
particolored or rarely rose, neutral : disk fls. yellow,
brown or dark. The genus differs from Bidens only in
the broad, flat and winged akenes, with short or obso-
lete pappus. Many of the species are in the trade under
the name Calliopsis. All the kinds are of easiest cul-
ture. The perennials are hardy border plants. The an-
nuals are raised in any garden soil, and bloom freely
■with little care. They are all showy plants.

Index: angustifolia, 2; aristosa, 16; aurea, 17; auricu-
lata, 6; bicolor, 4; cardaminefolia, 3; coronata, 8; del-
phinifolia, 13; Drummondli, 5; elegans, 4; grandiflora,
9; lanceolata, 7; major, 10; marmorata, 4; palmata, 12;
pubesoens, 6; rosea, 1; tinctoria, 4; trichosperma, 15;
tripteris, 11; verticillata, 14.

COREOPSIS

A Disk yellow lays rose-purple.

1 rdsea, Nutt Perennial diffusely branched from
slender creeping rootstocks 1-2 ft high, smooth: lvs. op-
posite and smajl (1-1 5 m long) all narrowly linear-en-
tiie or rirelv toothed or lobed heads small, '% in. broad
or less short peduncled , rays wedge-shaped, lobed at
the ■ipe\ akene oblong, wingless , pappus an obscure
border "NOiithf istf rn l^ S

AA Bisl nil I T n J purple ; rays yellow or

Jim shaped and lobed.

B Oiiti I I ery shorty triangular.

2 angrustifoU \ii I i nnial strict and tall, 1-3
ft high glibnius spiisih branched at the summit:
lvs alternate entire thickish, basal few or wanting,
lower cauline elliptical on long petioles, upper narrowly
spatiilate, sessile or reduced to bracts : heads 1-1.5 in.
broad ra\ s entireh '^ ellow akene with lacerate wings
and setiform awns. Southern U. S.

3. cirdaminefdlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual : low and
diffusely much branched from tlie base, 6-18 in. high,
glabrous : basal lvs. nmnirous-prtioled, pinnatifld, di-
visions narrowly elliiitir:il. Ii.ci.miii^- linear in the upper
lvs.: heads as in thf ii.\i. I.ut ^imilli-r, and often en-
tirely dark : akenes win-, il, Mjincth ; pappus none.
Southern U. S.

4. tinctdria, Nutt. ( C. bicolor, Reich. C. Uegans,
Hort. Calli6psis viarmor&ta, Hort.). Fig. 549. Annual:
stem strict, 1-3 ft. high, branched only at the summit,
glabrous : basal lvs. wanting, cauline opposite, sessile,
pinnatifld, divisions all long and narrowly linear: heads
%-lMin. broad, small ; rays with dark purple base :
akenes oblong, wingless, smooth. Cent. U. S. B.M.
2512. B.R.10:846. Mn.l:85.— A common garden annual;
showv and good. Var. nina, Hort. Dwarf, low and com-
pact. Tom Thumb varieties.

Var

BB. Outer involucral bracts narrowly linear,
equalling the inner.

5. Dnimmondii, Torr. & Gray (C. diversifdlia. Hook.
C. plcta, Hort.}. Golden Wave. Annual: stem strict,
branched above, 10-18 in. high, sparsely hirsute below:
basal lvs. wanting, cauline petioled, pinnatifld, divisions
sliort, broadly elliptical, those of the upper lvs. linear:
hiads 1-2 in. broad, large ; rays usually dark at the
base: akene oval, thick, wingless, smooth; pappus none.
Tex. B.M. 3474. S.B.F.G. II. 4: 315.

AAA. 7?/.vA- yellow or brown: rays entirely yellow

(except rarely No. 8).

B. Rays wedge-shaped, lobed at the apex: peduncles

6-16 in. long, naked,
c. Lvs. all entire or teith a few basal lobes : large.

6. pubSscens, Ell. (C. auricuUta, Schk. and Hort.).
Perennial: tall, 1-4 ft. high, branched above, pubescent
or nearly glabrous, more leafy than the following species :
lvs. thickish, basal wanting, obovate-oval to oblong-
lanceolate, very acute, petioled or nearly sessile, entire
or with small, acute, lateral lobes; outer involucral
bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the inner : akenes
similar to those of the next species. Southern U. S.

7. lanceolata, Linn. Pig. 550. Perennial : low, 1-2
ft. high, sparingly branched, glabrous or nearly so: lvs.
few, opposite, mostly near the base, oblong-spatulate to
linear, petioled, mostly obtuse, entire (rarely with a few
lateral lobes) : heads i. 5-2.5 In. broad ; peduncles very
long, outer involucre equaling the inner: akenes orbic-
ular, papillose, broadlv winged; pappus minute or obso-
lete. Eastern U. S.-Used extensively for cut fls.

Var. angrnstifdlia, Torr. & Gray. Low : stems scapi-
form: lvs. narrow and crowded, 2-4 lines wide.

Var. villdsa, Michx. Lvs. spatulate-obovate to ob-
long, villous, as is also the stem, with jointed hairs,
cc. Lvs. mostly pinnatifld, small.

8. coronata. Hook. Annual : low and often weak, 12-
18 in. high, much branched from the base, sparsely hir-
sute: lvs. opposite, basal numerous petioled, pinnatifld,
divisions ovate, lateral much smaller ; cauline few, re-

COREOPSIS

duced, spatulate, often entire : heads 1.5-2 in. broad;
rays often with a few dark spots above the orange base ;
outer involucre H shorter than the inner : akene orbic-
ular, broadly winged; pappus very minute. Tex. B.M.
3460. S.H. 1:270.

CORIARIA

373

550. Coreopsis lanceolata. Single flower natural size.

9. grandiilora, Nutt. (C MMgipes.Hook. ). Perennial:
simple or few-fld., glabrous, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. opposite,
basal wanting, lower eauline spatulate or lanceolate, en-
tire, upper divided into several linear entire divisions :
heads 1-2.5 in. broad : akene orbicular, papillose, broadly
winged ; pappus paleaceous. Southern U. S. Sweet,
B.P.G. 175. B.M. 3586. Gn. 47:995. Mn. 5:201.

BB. Says eUiptival, entire or nearly so.

c. Leaf divisions entire.

D. Divisions lanceolate, large.

10. mijor, Walt. (C. senifilia, Miehx. ). Perennial:
tall and stout, 2-3 ft. high, pubescent, much branched
above : Ivs. opposite, basal wanting, lower eauline
small, upper sessile, 2-3 in. long, palmately 3-divided,
divisions equal, broadly lanceolate, acute : heads lM-2 in.
broad: akenes obovate-elliptical, .winged, summit 2-
toothed. Southeastern U. S.

Var. (Emleri, Britton. Smooth, leaf-divisions more
attenuate at the base. B.M. 3484 as C. seuifolia.

Var. linearis. Small. Smooth : leaf-divisions narrow,
2-4 lines wide.

11. tripteris, Linn. Perennial : very large and stout,
4-8 ft. high, branched above, glabrous : Ivs. opposite,
petioled, 4-6 in. long, pinnatifld, divisions broadly or
narrowly lanceolate : heads medium, pale : akene ob-
long, narrowly winged; pappus wanting. Cent. U. S.

DD. JJifisions broadly linear to tillform.
VI. palmata, Nutt. (C. prwcox, Pres.). Perennial:
tiill :iri.l stent, l'o-3 ft. high, sparingly branched at the
Miininit : hs. (i|.])osite, thick, cuneate, 2.5 In. long, 3-
cl-tt to Til.- iiii'lille, divisions broadly linear, midrib 3-
lurv.d 1.. low : ln-ids 15^-2^2 in. broad : akenes oblong,
narrowly w infill ; pappus niinufe or obsolete. Cent.
U.S. R.H. 1845:265.

13. delphiniJdlia, Lara. IVnnnial: -lalimu'i, branched
above, 1-3 ft. high : Ivs. <ip|...~itr. s.>>il,-, -J-ii in. long,
the basal wanting, pinnatiliJ, divisions o-7, broadly
linear ; disk dark brown : akene obovate, narrowly
winged; pappus teeth short. Southeastern (j. S.

14. verticillita, Linn. (C. icntttVdHo, Ehrh.). Peren-
nial; sparingly branched, 1-3 ft. high: basal Ivs. want-
ing, eauline opposite, sessile, 1-2-ternately divided, di-
visions linear-flliform : heads 1-1 Kin. broad: akenes
obovate-wedge-shaped, narrowly winged ; pappus nearly
obsolete. Eastern U. S.

Cf. Leaf-Jh'isions coarsely serrate or incised.

15. trichoap^rma, Michx. Annual : tall, 2-5 ft. high,
branched near the summit, glabrous: Ivs. 2-4 in. long,
the lower wanting, pinnatifld, on very short petioles,
divisions narrowly lanceolate, acute, serrate or incised;
rays pale : akene 4 lines long, cuneate, flat, wingless,
ciliate and hairy; awns 2, very short. Eastern U. S.

Var. temiiloha, Gray. Leaf-segments linear.

16. aristdaa, Michx. Annual : like the last, but Ivs.
slightly pubescent beneath ; akenes broader, with slen-
der awns as long as the body. Cent. U. S. B.M. 6462.
R.H. 1869:72.

17. aiirea. Ait. Annual: glabrous, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs.
pinnatifld, the upper sometimes simple; divisions from
lanceolate to linear, sparingly incised ; outer involucral
bracts narrowly linear, inner black-punctate : akenes
broadly cuneate very small (1-2 Imes long) nearly
glabrous, pappus of two blunt chaff \ \ erj short teeth
Southeastern U '^ -\ erv variable

C ansthsa "\luh\ ' ' * \ u

sperma Michx
kinsoniana Dougl
and winged ikene
Linn Perenmil
short o%al most]\
probably not in tl
Nutt Annual 111

worthii Torr 1 ( i

tncho
-C At

, auiiculata

l^^ petioled

_ peduncled

involucratci

. involucral

- -r Leateti

1 ir spatulate

rpmii ,1

.kcne winged
nishhke Ivs

colored

wing of akene

C ar

Alt— O atrnpu

Hort =

Thelesperm i sp — (
dichdtoma Miclix =C augustifolia — t / ' ' /' ' 1 *< ^C
aunculata — C hnifdtia Nutt =C an„ni iii hi < nmn

ra(a Hort =C tinctona — C o&iojlf/i^/((/ Nuir i 1 ui 1 it i
K M \\n: WD
COEIAWDES IS the seed like fruit of Coriandium
satiium, Linn , an umbelliferous annual of S Europe
The plant grows 2-3 ft high glabrous strong smelling
with Ivs. divided into almost thread-like divisions, and
small-white fls. The plant is easily grown in garden
soil. It occasionally becomes spontaneous about old
yards. The seeds (or fruits) are used as seasoning and
flavoring in pastries, confections and liquors, although
they are less known in this country than caraway. The
plaiit is occasionally cultivated in Amer. gardens along
with sweet herbs.

COKIANDBUM. See Coriander.

COBIABIA {corium, skin, leather; as frutex coria-
rius, a shrub used for tanning leather, was described by
Pliny). Coriaridceie. Shrubs or perennial herbs:
Ivs. deciduous, entire, 3-9-nerved, opposite and disti-
chous : fls. polygamous-monoecious in slender racemes,
small; petals and sepals 5; stamens 10: fr. berry-like,
consisting of 5 1-seeded nutlets enclosed by the en-
larged and colored petals. About 8 species in Himal.
and E. Asia, Mediterranean region, N. Zealand and S.
Amer. Ornamental shrubs or herbs, with slender, arch-

374

CORIARIA

ing brandies imitating pinnate its., and with very
showy yellow, red or blaclc fr. Theivs. of some species
are used for tanning leather ; the frs. are poisonous.
C. Japdnica has proved hardy with slight protection in
Massachusetts, and C terminalis seems to be of the
same hardiness ; the other species are more tender.
They grow in almost any good garden soil, and prefer
sunny position Prop readily by seeds and greenwood
• under glass also by suckers and

10 ft

Japbnica Gray Shrub i i

branches quadrangular h ' )Vate or

ovate lanceolate 3 nerved i i n., fls in

•lilll'lr^ ricfmes from the bi H i i i i u fr be

conim., bii„lit n d m summei I ui^ii ^ i Molet black
wbiii 111 I I B M 7501 O I W ^i

termmalis 11 iii I Herbaceous or suffruticose 2-3
tt I 1 ui li luiiliangular hs m nrh sessile broad
(\ iU t> >\ itt iuii.olate 1 Ml M 1 ir I T, tlifi

%ems beueith 1- ) m II t

shoots of the current ^eai I

from Julj until late m fill i ir I ii i

easier to protect from frost than tin t rnu i I i il\
introduced into cult as C Nepaleniis

C myrtifohn I mn Shrub 4-10 ft Ivs liienel „1 l i
fls greenish tn in tlie 11 ^\r 1 tr 1 1 1 k i i i i M li
terranean i I I I I f ^ / / IN

Shnil H 11 I
blai-k Hii I

CORN

cross-breeds between Teosinthe and Maize. Teosinthe
and the only other species which show close botanical
relationship to Maize are indigenous to Mexico. Bota-
nists now almost unanimously concede that Maize origi-
nated in America, and it is probable that it is indige-
nous to Me-Kico. See Zea.

The white settlers early learned from the American
Indians the use of Maize as a,n article of food Several
Indian names for certain preparations which they
adopted or adapted have passed into the language of
the American people as for example samp hominy,
succotash Thej cultivated Maize both is a staple field
crop md in the giiden under the name of Indian Corn,
which n ime or t'le simple name of Corn remains to the
present tin it hi t \ li ne desij,nation through-
out tli I i ii 1 I II I 111 lis of the continent It
non 1 i„iKultural products of

the I I 1 \ ted to its cultnation,

ml II 1 I rop The kinds now

1 1 iiltiiie are sweet Corns and
I I 111 1 which are more strictly
I ii 1 1 I ins but in some locali-
' 'I 1 I I [ I 1 in lie also found under field

ill 111 till 1 mill eitiier is a truck crop or for can-
II 1 If the lattn to supply the comparatively limited
i 111 md in domestic markets Sweet Com and Pop
( in onh will receive special attention in this article.
1 1 \r f 1 irif \TiON — Zea almost unitormly

i ' 'I 1 mists a nionot\ pic genus its one

I 1 ut Maize is an e\tiemel} ^ari-

' 11., groups nbich are separated by

i 'Mill I 1 I II ii As a working classihcation,

[I 1 b\ sfurte-sant is the best which has yet
appeared He describes 7 agricultural species "
These are 2ea tunicata the pod Corns , Z.
eieUa tlic li| ( rns ( 1 ii, j ,1 ) , Z mdmata.
the 1 111 1 II X the Dent Corns;

Z an / iccharata the

hwe t I I ,J) Z ami/lea-

lacihi 1 1 111 ^\ II rns Zea Mays,

Linii ill iii,N t liu 11 irur li order of grasses
or Cri mime* Culms 1 oi more solid erect,
I ' -1 ) ft tall or more terminated by a panicle
t staminite fls (thetassel) internodes groo\ ed

clusters ot 2 to 4 often o ilijpm^ one fl
usually pediceled the other sessile or all ses
sile glumes herbaceous palea membranaceous
anthers 3 linear The eai i oiitums the pistillali
Hs on a hard, thicken 1 I i In 1 | ike o
spadix (cob) which is i n i itha

ceous bracts (husks) i sile

in longitudinal rows
hard corneous margin
lower abortive glum
singl

COBS is the name applied to the om, r iiiipi r\ ,..\i-.
part of the bark in plants. In Ji^unt'"' ■■:>-

initis. the English maple, the cork> ' mI

other trees and shrubs, it forms wiiiu^-- "n in* Ki :in. nr^.
Till- i-.irk ..♦■ rriminiTfi. comrs from tlle l.iiik ..1 yiir,, ii.v

/'- ' '■ " ' "I 11^ ','. S„h,-r), plantations of which

1.-1.. . . Ill i;ii. The cork tree of the cata-

l"L;i .' ' . /I -1 y/iH /ruse, is a curious tree, cult.

si.|. I;, r..r ..iiiiiii. nl, W. W. ROWLEE.

CORN, MAIZE (SWEET and POP). A tender annual,
cultivated in America from prehistoric times. The
word Maize, Spanish Maiz, is derived from the name
Mahiz, which Columbus adopted for this cereal from the
Haytians. Maize has not yet been found truly wild.
Its close relation to Teosinthe, Euchlcena Mexicana,
Schrad., Is indicated by the known fertile hybrids, or

h with

a I (ilLkt the

anaccous style

form veiy long (silk) ovary usually

variable in length and size often

distichous gram vaiiable in shape size and

color See Plate \ II

Sweet Cokn {Zea baccharata, Sturt Figs.
5ol 5i2 ) —A well dehned species group charac-
terized by horny, more or less crmkled, wrinkled
or shriveled kernel, having a semi-transparent or trans-
lucent appearance. Sturtevant in 1899 lists 61 distinct
varieties. He gives the first variety of Sweet Corn re-
corded in American cultivation as being introduced
into the region about Plymouth^ Mass., from the In-
dians of the Sus.|ii.-lifiiiii:i in I,7;i. Srti,.ii,.k, in 1854,

tribution of Swrri r..rii mr.. .•iiiMMiii..ii inii.Ii. liiile pro-
gress prior to tlir hi^t liiilf uf tin' iiiintn-iitli ci-ntury,
green field Corn having largely occupied its place prior
to that period.

Sweet Corn is preeminently a garden vegetable, al-
though the large kinds are sometimes grown for silage
or stover. As a garden vegetable, it is used when it has
reached the "roasting ear" stage, the kernel then being
well filled and plump but soft, and "in the milk." The
kernel is the only part used for human food. When

CORN

Sweet Com is used as a fresh vegetable it is often cooked
and served on the cob. In preparing it for canning or
drying, it is always cut from the cob. Dried Sweet Corn,
though never an article of commerce, was formerly much
used, especially by the rural population. It is gradually
being abandoned for canned Corn, for other cereal prep-
arations, or for other vegetables. It is practically un-
known as human food outside North America.

Canned Sweet Corn has come to be an important
article of domestic commerce in the United States and
Canada. A considerable amount frm.s to Ala><kn. )>ut at

dozen -J-pouiHl tins. N.w York
on <■( l,H(i,.3(lil cases. Maine,

in r,ink in the order named.
].:e k .'^n per cent of the Corn
■ I'nited states and Canada.
not strictly accurate, they are

i^ive a general idea of the ex-
liis industry. No better canned
■t than that produced in Maine,
n in localities having a season

CORN

375

Grocer

states t

States

and C'li

cases, each con

leads with the

Illinois

and lo

These

four sti

which

is oann

While

these liL

the bej

it oliI;(M

tent an.

Corn is

1 iml on

where :

it is ]-.,,■

too sho

rt lo nni

for the canneries un-
ny supplies the seed,
true to name. The
number of acres and

As anil.'.S'
der contrail t.
guaranteeiuj;
farmer agrees
deliver the whole crop to the cannery at a stipulated
price. The price now paid in western New York is
about $10 per ton of good ears, after deducting the as-
certained average percentage of husks and reiectedears.
Three tons per acre of good ears is onsideied a good
yield The ears are snapped from the stalks with the
husks on n 1 1 i il 1 1 1 1 p wi„ n 1 o\e t the can
nenes Tl t 11 1 i 1 1 i lige

or as St I 1 I I I 1 d

inferi II I Iks

and m Ilk

The sto 1 1 1 1 I I i 1 to

heat or n 11 \ hen I Ij 1 1 1 e 1 in HioC ta ks or
bays

As a field ciop Corn is grown most extensively on
medium heavy loams It luxuiiates in rich warm soils
The crop rotation should be planned so as to use the
coarse manures with the Corn, which is a gross feeder.
On the more fertile lands of the central plain, nitroge-
nous manures may not always be used to advantage
with Corn, but in the eastern and southern states, where
the soil has lost more of its original fertility, stable
manure may often be used profitably with this crop at
the rate of from 8 to 10 cords per acre, or possibly more.

PZorciHf;, -Ti. tin- tvM-theni part of fl,e Corn l..-lt in
the centri'i :'-l "--'. — i -l:,frs. tlml is to ^:n' noi-th of
the Ohio ;, . M - : ,. r<. .|.-|. f.ill ]i|o,i,nL- of Corn

land is -. . ' . '<■. .\. I.ut m .vponmonis at the

Illinois :u:.l |.,.;,:ii::i - X j., • linient stMllons, tin- liepth of

plowing linslnnl little influence on the crop. In sections
of the eastern states, shallow plowing late in spring is
favored, especially if the land be in sod. In warmer,
drier regions, as in parts of Nebraska and Kansas, list-
ing has been niin-li jn-aeticed on stubble ground. The
listing jilow. inivinu a doulile mold-board, throws the
soil into alt( i-niite inrj-owsand ridges, the furrows being
S or 9 iii.-hes <le.-iiei- than the tops of the ridges. The
Corn is planted in the bott..in of tlie furrow, either by

lOf 1

-horse Corn

ment to the lister plow, c-on-i-i inu ot a sniisoil ])luw,
through the hollow leg of whe-h tie- i oi n is clro],|.ed.

Great care should be used to seeni-e s l-(-orii liaving

high vitality as a precaution against the rotting of the
seed in the soil should the season be cold and wet after
planting. Select ears for seed as soon as the Corn is
well ripened. Dry them at once by artificial heat so that
the seed may better withstand unfavorable conditions
of temperature or moisture. In many localities so-called
kiln-dried seed Is much in favor. In selecting seed for
a field crop, seek systematically for stalks having little
or no growth of stools and bearing single large ears.
For garden use, seed from more productive stalks is de-
sirable, even though the ears be smaller.

In the north, Sweet Corn should be planted as early as

can be done without involving great risk of loss from
frosts or from rotting of seed in the soil. In New York,
field-planting is generally done from May 10 to May 20;
in central Minnesota from May 10 to May 30. The
ground having been plowed and prepared so as to make
a seed-bed of fine, loose soil 3 inches deep, the seed
should be planted to a depth of from 1 to 3 inches. The
drier and looser the soil the greater should be the depth
of planting. In planting small fields, the ground may
be marked in check rows so that the hills planted at the
intersection of the rows will stand about 3!^ feet apart
each way, and the Corn planted by a hand-planter,

552. Early Marblehead Sweet Corn.

which drops the desired number of kernels each time it
is thrust into the ground. For large fields, the check-
row type of planter may be used. These planters drop
and cover the seed in hills at uniform distances apart,
planting two rows at one trip across the field. Field
Corn is often planted in drills by machines adapted to
this purpose but Sweet Coin ho 1 1 1 e grown under m
tensive culture an 1 sho il 1 1 e n h 11 o that the sur
face of the gro m 1 n av 1 e kej t 1 e and ent relj free
from weeds
Till for th I I t 1 e a well

as to kill w 1 II

pulverizmf tl 1

a mulch a 1 t I tl |

Begin t lla-'e a tl e i

slanting to th harrow and B

plement t II the Corn is t

spr ng tooth It t

type 1 V 111

prefeial 1

usel Tl

earth t w I

centei of th

shoul 1 cov all th i

T 11 at interval t I
tivator may r in f 1

inches ieep in 1 v 1
cult vat oi 1 1 1 11

the lows tl 111

Con ai 1 c 1 1 '

cult vator nil] I

It should lea e tl e 1 ] 1
2 to i inches o ei the ent re 1
tion maj 1 e deepei e 1 f jiec(
though s I e C r i ot are
roots 1 y dee] 1 I

pecially av 1 I I II 1
large as to i 1

casionally 1 I

may be ne e t I

hard and
past irage

At fiist thecul
r the plant to 4

tl e Corn
lei tli of from
e ilier cult va
ill weeds even

but

the

to 1 e es

the

he Corn get so
ultivator Oc
1 or e cult -s ator
the surface soil
h crops for late

co-(ei ciops r \ t nter wneat or rye
in the cornflel 1 a 1 It vate 1 m with the
last cultivat oi The see 1 co ere 1 deeply by culti
vat ng it n I ecau e the weather i pt to be dry at this
perio 1 Tl e 1 wer part of the turro ^ slice is thus left
con pa t f ri h ng a compact see 1 bed m which small
grains delight.

The cultivation of Sweet Corn in the garden should
follow the general lines advocated for field culture, but
stable manure and commercial fertilizers may be used
more liberally. It is well to put a small amount of a com-

376 CORN

plete coraraereial fertilizer in each hill, and mix it well
with the soil before planting the Corn. A fertilizer which
has a large amount of nitrogen in quickly available form
should be chosen for this purpose. Dwarf early maturing
varieties may be planted, for early use, as soon as the
ground is sufficiently dry and warm. A little later, when
the ground is warmer, the second early main crop and
late varieties may be planted. Later successional plant-
ings insure a supply of green Corn till frost kills the
plants.

Corn is not grown commercially as a forcing crop.
Attempts to force it in winter have not given encourag-
ing results, but it may be successfully forced In spring,
following any of the crops of vegetables which are grown
under glass, providing the houses are piped so as to
maintain the night temperature at 65° F. Provide good
drainage. Give a liberal application of stable manure,
and thoroughly mix it with the soil. In the latitude of
New York the planting may be made as early as the 1st
of March. As soon as the first leaf has unfolded the
temperature may be allowed to run high in the sun, if
the air is kept moist by wetting the floors .ind walls. The
glass need not be shaded. Keep night t.-iti]...nitnri- ,■1.,^,.
to 6.')° F., not lower and not much hi L- 1 1. I \ri,iii., -ii
appears, jar the stalks every two or lilt ■ :

atmosphere is dry, and thus insure aim ' ;
Early maturing varieties, like Cory, ui . ■ ■ liil' i -in n
about 60 days when thus treated. Corn may he forced
in the same house with tomatoes, egg-plantj and other
vegetables which require similar range of temperature.

VABrETiES. — Some of the desirable varieties for the
garden, the market and for canning are listed 4)elow.
These varieties are named for the purpose of showing
the range of variation and of indicating the leading
groups ortypes, not to recommend these particular kinds.
New varieties are continually supplanting the old.

For the home ffrerdcM. — Extra-earlv: F.arlv Marblrhcad
(Pig. 552) , Burbank Early. Second Early : ( 'n .vhy F.arlv.
Main Crop: Large Eight-Rowed, Hiikox Iiii|iri.viil.
Stowell Evergreen. Late : Black Mexican, Country
Gentleman.

For marJc*.— Extra-early : Early Cory, Perry Hybrid ;
Extra-early Adams, though not a sweet Corn, is largely
grown for early use. Second Early : Shaker Early,
Crosby Early; Early Adams is grown extensively for
market, though not a sweet Com. Main Crop and Late :
Mammoth, Stowell Evergreen, Egyptian, Country

F .'

fad and de-

I'.-i . i I'ESTS. — The most '

stlu.lm ill,,. a.M, of Corn in tlir- I'T.it.-l StritH- W the

smut produced by the para~iih' -imh- t r lm . / ,-,'..,,,.
Zece. The sorghum - head -imii, I /, '--/,

also attacks Maize. Smut r, ;-, - i ; ;i inn

attacks the ears. The grain- .u. 1 1 :i:,~i..t n.i •( int-- a
mass of dark-color.. 1 Mimt -p i. ■-. an.l l.iconii- ex-
ceedingly swollen ami .li-t..it. .1 .lilt of all semblance
to their normal outlin. ~. Int. iii..ii may take place at
any growing point of tin- |i|..nt I run .arly till late in the
season, hence treatment of ^i . I i in 1., rnn-ic'ides is of
no value as a remedy for ( . i r .i.-struction

of smutted parts of the plan' _ .^l.ecial care

that the smut does not becm. in.,.; . n n manure which
is used for the Corn crop, ait- i.i,a,,ui,-~ wliichraay be
expected to lessen the prevalence of the disease. No
remedy is known.

The only other disease of Sweet Corn which is known
to be of ef'i.nonii.- imp.irtance in the United States is the

ba.n, mil lili-lii , :,ii- ,1 \.: r '■' mas Steimrti. It has

b. ' ' : ^ I i-.y and Michigan, but

till ; , , - :, , I , ,. ,; -• I ;i,-tive ouly on Long

l-^l:inil -1, .iirh, .l\>;iri \ :,M.in- -f Sweet Corn. Itischar-
act.-riz.'.l by wilting and complete drying of the whole
plant, as if affected by drought, except that the leaves do
not roll up. The fibro-vascular bundles become distinctly
yellow, and are very noticeable when the stalk is cut
open. The di«i\T<p "ntficks the pltint at any period of
growth, but i^ ni-.-t .1, -tractive about the time the silk

CORNUS

the stored product. The Corn worm is also known south
as the cotton-boll worm. It is destructive to Sweet Com
especially, for it burrows into the ear and feeds on the
tender green Com, rendering the ear unacceptable either
at canneries or in market. It is known to do serious dam-
age as far north as w.-.-t. rn Xiw Y..rk. Tli.- l.ist known
method of titilitinL' tliU iii~..f N tin- br.-akini; of the
pupjB cells in tli.' .-aiili ti\- 'liallnw I'all jil. i\\ ill;,^ which,
at best, is but a partial nni.-.ly. Win -».inn... n.irthern
corn-ror.t w. It-Ill-, white grub.s, and ci-rtaiu other grass
inseits att.nK i -in phmts. One of the best preventive
measiiii - i- t.i plan the rotation so that Corn does not
imnii-.li.it. I I'll... aiiv cereal or grass crop.

Pop<'.i|:n [X,a . f,W«, Sturt.). -Characterized by the
excessive proportion of the corneous endosperm, and
the small size of the kernels and ear. The kernel split
laterally shows the chit and corneous matter enveloping,
and in some cases a fine, starchy line. The small size of
the kernel and the property of popping makes identifica-
tion certain. This species-group extends throughout
North and South America, and has claims for prehis
toric culture.

Tlf y.r<'p.af:tti..ti of soil, planting, and tillage recom
,.,..,, I,. I .,.,-,,,. I '..rn apply equally well to Pop Corn,

1 ~ \ ant, in 1899, describes 25 varieties

1 I , ; 1 .ii-e popular:

1 1 ,, ,.. r I . .'.]. II. - r.tir 1 to 3 inches long. An early-ma
turing sort, with broad, golden yellow kemds.

Rice, White Rice. -Ear 4 to 8 inches long. This vigor-
ous late variety is widely cultivated. This and other
Rice Corns are characterized by deep, ta{)ering, beaked
kernels.

Pearl. — Ear 4 to 8 inches long. Matures somewhat
earlier than Rice and later than Dwarf Golden. Kernels
rounded and silvery white. §_ j^_ Beach.

COKN, BKOOM. See Sorrjhum.

CORN COCKLE. Liirhiiis Githago.

CORNEL, CORNELIAN OHEBEY. See rri™».s- Mas.

CORN FLAG. GhuVohix.

CORNFLOWER. Centaurea Cjanus.

CORN, INDIAN. The common name for Zeu Mays.

CORN, KAFFIR. See Sorghum vulgare, var. Durra.

CORN POPPY of Europe is the weed of the grain
fields from which some of the garden poppies have been
raised, Papaver Eh(eas.

CORN SALAD (Valerianella olitoria, P&W.). Valeri-
aii.'iri ,1 . Known also as Lamb's Lettuce, Fetticus, and
\ ttti. ..>t. It is a native of Europe. Sow the seed in
larlv sj.riiig, at the time of the first sowing of lettuce,
and make successional plantings as often as desired. For
very early salads the seeds are planted in September,
and the young plants are covered with a light mulch and
wintered" exactly as spinach is often managed. Sow in
drills a foot or 18 inches apart and cover lightly. Work
the ground thoroughly, and give an abundance of water.
The leaves may be blanched, but are usually eaten green.
It matures in 60-65 days during good spring weather.
Only one variety is offered by mo.st American seed.smen,
but several sorts are known to European gardeners. It is
sometimes used for a pot-herb, being served like spinach,
but is chiefiy valuable for salads. It is rather tasteless,
and is not so popultir as cri-ss or lettuce on that
account, but i.i-rs..n- - I... pi- t', i a \.fy mild salad, or
who would rath, r t:..t. ', ,',! Ir. -iiil'. will doubtless
fancy Cora Sala.l. h ! in mixture with

other herbs, a.s h till. .. i .i.- ,,, ,» liite mustard. It

is easy to grow. Tlnri; .ul hu .spi.i.il enemies.

F. A. Wacgh.

C6BNUS (ancient Latin name of Coj-nus Mas). Comd-
cete. Dogwood. Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs: Ivs. op-
posite, rarely alternate or whorled, deciduous, entire :
fls. small, 4-merous, usually white, in terminal cymes
(Fig. 5531 or heads: fr. a drupe, with 2-celled stoae. Over
30 species in the temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere and one in Peru, Hardy ornamental shrubs

CORN us

with handsome foliage, often assuming a brilliant fall
coloring, and with attractive fls. and frs. Nearly all are
very desirable for planting in shrubberies. They grow-
nearly as well in shady places
under large trees as in sunny
exposed situations, and thrive in
almost any soil. One of the most
beautiful in bloom is C. florida.

CORNUS

377

and tenninal
flower-clusters. Cor-
nus Baileyi.

554. Cutting of Cornus.

with extremely showy fls. in spring. C. cnndidissima is
one of the best for shrubberies, blooming profusely in
June. The red-branched species, as C.alba, C.Amomum,
C. Baileyi, C. sanguinea, are very attractive in winter.
Prop, by seeds, which usually do not germinate until the
second year. The species with willow-like soft wood, as
C. alba and its allies, grow readily from cuttings of ma-
ture wood, while the others are sometimes increased by
layers. Horticultural varieties are mostly budded in sum-
mer on seedlings of the type, or grafted in early spring
in the propagating house. They are often grown iii this
country from nearly ripened cuttings (Fig. 554) , handled
in frames in summer.

Various species of Cornus have many interesting uses.
Our native C. florida, which in flower is the showiest
member of the genus, furnishes a useful substitute for
quinine. The bark of all parts contains the same sub-
stances found in Cinchona, but in different proportions.
It is inferior in effectiveness and more difficult to obtain
in large quantities. It is sometimes possible to ward oft'
fevers by merely chewing the twigs. The powdered bark
makes a good tooth-powder, and the fresh twigs can be
used for the same purpose. The bark mixed with sul-
fate of iron makes a good black ink. The bark of the
roots yields a scarlet dye. The wood, being hard, heavy,
and close-grained, is good fortool handles. The Cornelian
Cherry has pulpy fruits resembling cornelian in color
and about the size and shape of olives, for which they
can be substituted. The ripe fruits are soft and rather

sweet. The name Dogwood comes from the fact that
decoction of the bark of C. sanguinea was used in Enj
land to wash mangy dogs. The small red berries of t
Suecica (not in the trade) are eaten by the Esquimaux.
Index: alba, 3 and 4; alternifolia, 1; Aniomum, T
Baileyi, 5; hrachypoda, 2 and suppl.; Canadensis, 17
candidissima, 9 ; cnpitatn. ]() ; rircinata. (5 ; rn^yuha,"
fasligiata. 10; /•(> i;i;«./. Id : tl.iri.l;i. i:; : ././/...>;/■.■.,. ir.

talli, 14 ; oblonga
sanguinea, 8 ; sr,
stricta, 10; TaUiri

Fls. in ci

Foliage ,

Shrubs or trees.
s orpaiiiehs without involucr

""'' .'' , ' ,1 u nihel-like cyme

1. altemif oUa, L i 1 1 I l -hrub or small tree, to
25 ft.: Ivs. sleudi r ]Mii,,.,i i.nih- or uvate, usually
cuneate, acuminate n. ;■ : - ,iI..>n c. |.:i I. r,,- \i hit-
ishbeneathandapin. iii.,s
lJ^-2Kin.wide: tV. ^ , ■ , :. i, . ;; ,,, ,, ,, ,^, ^, ,„i
red peduncles. M;i>-. -Imn \. I ;i nn-u i^k t,, i ,. ,,ii,. i,, and
Alabama, west to Jliniiesi.tii, .■^.r^. :,: :.'lii. Km. 4i>:i. — of
very distinct habit, the Ijrauclies being arranged in
irregular whorls, forming flat, horizontally spreading
tiers, as in the picture. A variety which shows thi.=
habit more distinctly than the common form is var.
umbraculifera, Dieck. Var. arg^ntea, Hort., is a form
with white-marked fdliage.

2. macrophylla. Wall. ( C. brarhypoda , Auth.. not C. A.
Mey.). Tree, to 00 ft.: Ivs. slender-petioled, broadly
ovate or elliptic ovate, usually rounded at the base,
abruptly acuminate, whitish and slightly hairy beneath,
3-5 in. long: cymes 3-4 in. wide: fr. bluish black. June.
Himalayas to Japan.— With the habit of the former, but
of more vigorous growth; not hardy north. Var. varie-
g4ta, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Gng. 3 ; 67.

cc. Foliage opposite.

D. Fl.i. in ..^,./'. !-::i. . flat cymes.

E. Lrs. u'hifish J'f appressed hairs

biiieati: . i I, t bluish.

3. stolonifera, Mi.iix. i''. .///"-. Wangh). Red-Osier
Dogwood. Fig. 556. Shn\b, to S ft., usually with dark
blood-red branches and prostrate stem, stoloniferons :
lvs. obtuse at the base, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 2-5 in. long: cymes dense, 1-2 in. wide; disk usually
red fr white with the stone broader than high May,
June From Bnt N Amer to Illinois and California
B B 2 545 G C II 8 679 -Var flavir4mea, Spath
Branches yellow There are also varieties with vane
gated lvs Habit bush like as m the picture

378 CORNUS

4 Alba, Linn {C Tutaiica Mill I Shruli to 10 ft
with usually erect vtem and bright blood red branches
mostly with glaucous bloom when \ oung h s obtuse at
the base, ovate or elliptic somewhat buUate or rugose
above acute ^^-i^^.u1 long cymes dense small disk

CORNUS

DD. Fls. in short panicles : fr. whit
9. candidlBsima, Marsh. (('. jininrnl,
oblotujAta, Hort.). Shrub, 6-J.j It.. «iil
Ivs. cuneate, ovate-lanceolate <m- lan.ii
appressed-pubescent or nearly sipnuth,
VA-A in. long: petals white, lanceolate;
Tune. Maine to N. Carolina, west to M

eliminate,

1 beneath,

ite. May,

and Ne-

cles in fall.

10. Btricta, L'H^rit. (C. foA(i3id(a,Michx. C. faemina,
Mill.). Shrub, to 15 ft., with purplish branches : Ivs.
lanceolate, sparingly and minutely ap-
pressed-pubescent, green on both sides, lJ^-3 in. long :
petals white, ovate-lanceolate: fr. pale blue. April, May.
Virginia to Georgia and Florida. B.B. 2: 516.-Tender
north. Closely allied to the former, and perhaps only
\ iriety.

» dense heads or umbels, with i

yellow: Ir. light bluish, sometimes whitish; stone usually
higher than broad, flat. Siberia, N. China.-Var. arg^n-
teo-margin4ta, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Var. Spsethi,
Hort. Lvs. broadly edged yellow Var Sibirica, Lodd
Branches bright coral-red. There are also some other
varieties with variegated lvs

spring with its yellow Us..
shining scarlet frs. There are varieties
lvs. and with yellow fr.
12. officiniUs, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub

rf '. I ORN-ELIAN

■ ''. -'" ft.: lvs.

II nid green

il. opposite

.,' ' I iliii;; the invo-

hlc. iMarch, April.

ic shrub of dense

I tractive in early

n in fall with its

?s with variegated

small tree.

^

EE. ir

veins fls like those of the former pedicels longer than
the involucre fr scarlet oblong Japan, China S Z 50
— Very similar to the Hst

F. Fr

5. Biileyi, Coult. & Evans
with reddish branches: Ivs. ovate t II t r
acurainate,white beneath, with wofli i I ( 1
hairs, 2-5 in. long: fls. in small i il i ll\
cymes : stone of the fruit much bi 1 1 II i i
pressed and flat-topped. Pa to "M I W it,
G.P.3:465.-Averyhandsomespe i 1 \tli
with dark red branches, blooming 11 II i 1
of a distinct grayish hue. due t tl li I th i j \ ii 1
curled lvs. The fall color of foliage and winter color of
twigs are unequaled. Not as \et m the trade Well
adapted for sandy soil.

pp. Fr. black, blue or bluish oi
greenish white.

6. oircin4ta,L'H6rit. Shrub.VlO ft
the young branches green blotched
purple, older ones purplish lvs oi
blcularor broadly ovate, acute or short
acuminate, slightly pubescent above pale and densely
pubescent beneath, 2-6 in. long cymes rather dense fr
light blue or greenish white M»y June Em -tb4

7. Ambmuin,Mill.(6'. .so-iVfn Lmn C cceiulea Lam )
Shrub, 3-10 ft,, with purple branches lvs rounded oi
narrowed at the base, elliptic o\ ite <
dark green and nearly gl.ibi i 1
beneath, usually with brown I
long: cyme compact : fr. I-
July. N. Brunswick to II-
kota. Em. 466. R.H. 18«h: 1 1 i .i~ .
variegita, Hort. Lvs. vantKai.-.l »ri

8. sang:uinea, Linn. Shrub
dark blood-red branches : lvs. broad-elliptic or ovate,
rounded or narrowed at the base, usually pubescent on
both sides, pale green beneath, lj^-3^in. long: fls. green-
ish white, in dense cymes: fr. black. May, June. Eu.,
Orient. — Var. variegita, Hort. Lvs. variegated with
yellowish white. Var. viridissima, Dieck. With green
branches and green fruit.

lanceolate

12 ft., with purple

557. Cornus Mas (sprays XK).

rarely to 40 ft. : lvs. oval or ovate, acute, dark green and
glabrous above, glaucous or whitish beneath, usually
only pubescent on the veins, 3-6 in. long : involucre white

COKNUS

or pinkish, 3-4 in. wide ; bracts 4, obovate, emarginate:
fr. J^iu. long, scarlet. May. Massachusetts to Florida,
west to Ontario and Texas, also E. and S. Mexico. S.S.
5:112-13. Era.4(i8. G.F. 3:431. B.M.526. Gn.52, p. 177;
53, p. 222. J.H. III. 28: 453. -One of the most beautiful
American flowering trees ; hardy north. V'ar. p^ndula,
Hort. With pendulous branches.
Var. rabra, Hort. With pink in-
volULie but less free floweiing
than the t-\pe B H 1894 500
A.G 18 441 F E a 572 Neither
variety as hardy as the t^ pe

14 Nuttalli, And Tree to 80
ft. Ivs ovate or obo\ ate, usu
ally pubescent beneath, 4-5 m
long involutre white or tinged
with pink, 4-6 in
across, bracts 4-G, ob
long or obovate, some
times roundish, mostl\
acute tr bright red
ororinge crowned with
the broid jk" r'
calyx But < ..|i
S.S 5 2U-I (
species sui I 1
beaut\ l>iit IS in
successtulh . nil
countrj , thougli
into different American and European gardens

DD F)S cnnnnte mtn a r/lobular fleahy
lifinl {hKithiimia )

15 Koiisa, Buei , I / ntl, ,,in t rnpdnicaS^eh SuZuae
C.Jap6nica,Kv
to 20 ft Ivs (
green above, gl »
2-4 in long ii
bracts ovate, ai i
Japan, China
A.G 13 674 I

CORREA 379

pinnate Ivs., and purple or yellow fls. in peduncled
heads or umbels ; pod jointed. Separated from Orni
thopus by floral and fruit characters. Species 25-30
Mediterranean region. The shrubby C. Mmerus and C
glauca are useful in southern California and the south
ern states. The species are occasionally grown in bor
ders. C. glauca is sometimes grown under glass
for spring bloom, after the manner of Cytisus.
All are of easy culture

Shrub or small tree,
ite, acuminate, dark
d pubescent beneath,
lute, 2y_-i in wide,
globular head Ju
>'I8 G C III 19 783

HI r, 9 M DG

June and contr i
hardy as far no

16 capitata
Tree h i

ends, i| [

creann wlni i

/ uti, III,,, li,i,,ii ,„ Liiidl )

til oblimg nuroned it both

lit ibove and more densely and

iii\olucre about 2}/ -6 m wide,

111 acute fniit held nwi 1 in

across, s( irl. t luiK HimaKyas f K 10 l""'! ( n ",4,

p. 310 GC III 16 501 J H 111 II Jl -li.i^Htn

tree, with showy fls and frs , hauh . iil\ - nili

AA Lowheibi, ffs inilnis, li,„,l i, ,tl, ,„l,,i u„

17 Canadensis In
ing rootstock U
glabrous or ue n K
peduncled , in\olu. i.
red, globose Maj-Ji
Colorado and Calif
half shadv pi ices

both bid. 1 1 uhii I
AUied t.. I I'l , II ,1

beneath
Him^l u ,

bescent Inn i

N.Asii BU 2 bii
CORONA. Same as (

tt high, with creep

ill elliptic or obovate,

liead greenish, long

in wide fr bright

ei south to Indiana,

- Handsome plant for

* brackypoda
lilt bsed pubes
I I lihylla in the

I 111 ^1 II lib to 10 ft

1 to Caht — O Hfssei Koehne
^ shrub Ivs crowded small tx
K'.ii — C obUnga Will Shrub

\\, ti( \mer N Eu
Alfred Rehder

COBONtLLA (Latin, a little crown: from the ar-
rangement of the fls.). Legnmindsce, tribe Sedys&rece.
Crown Vetch. Perennial shrubs or herbs, with odd-

Cornus flonda

A Floneis yellOK
B Herbs

Cappaddcica, Willd (.O Ibei ica , Bieh ) Low peren-
nial herb, about 1 tt high Itts 9-11 obcordate, ciliate:
umbels 7-8 fld fls jellow laige Julj-\ug stipules
membranateous rounded ciliate toothed Asia Minor.
L B C 8 789 EM 2646 -A good trailei for lockeries
and the margins of bordeis

BB Shtubs

Emfinis, Lmn Scorpiov Senna Dense, sjrmmetrical
shrub, 4-6 ft high Ivs deep, glossy green , Ifts 5-7,
obovate stipules small peduncles 3 fld fls large,
yellow, tipped with red Blooms freely. May and June.
Showv, half hardy h Eu BM 445 Gng 5 36.-
E\ ergreen m S states

glailca, LiTiti (tHIhous •-liiiili 2-4 ft lii.b stipules
small, lane eiil III Iti -7 I \ iti mm lilunt glau-
cous fls 7-s III I I li iiiiilii 1 ^ 11 \ li i_i ml l.\ daj but
not at night ^ I n I '^l 1 -<iii i tin i ommon
garden shrulis "t '^ t liit tli«.iiii„ ill ilii Mir
AA Flouers uhite and j)ink

viminUis, Sahsb Trailing shrub stipules soon de-
ciduous ovate, membranaceous Ifts 13-21, obovate,
notched, glaucous umbels 6-10 fld fls pale red or
white with a red stripe on the banner Algeria —Prom-
ising as a florists' plant for cut fls Fls all the year in
S Calif

v4na, Lmn Crown Vetch Fig 559 Straggling or
ascending, smooth herb, 1-2 tt high Ivs sessile , Ifts.
11-25, oblong or obo-s ate, blunt and mucronate, ii-% in.
long peduncles longer than h s fls m dense umbels,
K in long pinkish white June to Oct Eu B M 258.
Gng 5 337 —Trailing plant for hard's, herbaceous
border Jared G Smith.

C0BB£A (after Jose Francesco Correa de Serra,
Portuguese author, 1750-1823). But Acem. Seven spe-
cies of tender Australian shrubs, rarely cultivated un-
der glass for their pendulous, tubular fls. an inch or two

380 CORREA

long, usually bright scarlet, but also white or yellow.
Shrubs, usually with dense, minute, stellate hairs: Ivs.
opposite, stalked, entire, and with transparent dots. C .
speciosa is probably the best and most variable species.
It is a native of barren, sandy plains, and belongs to the
large and much-neglected class of Australian shrubs.

specidsa, Ait. {C
shrub, 2-3 ft. higli:
covered with miiuH'
in. long, elliptic, ali"
darl£ green abovi-.
curved : pedu

^. Muell.). Tender
ler, brown, opposite,
Ivs. opposite, about 1
de as long, wrinkled,

-fld.,

vithi

pan

IHin. long,
y short limb
I'alyx small.

pendent, tubular, bright s<-:ni' r, \\ i!)i .i \
of 4 spreading, greenish ytll.iw -. -inn,!.
cup-shaped, with 4 almost ulisulLtt; titt]
exserted, about }i in. B.M. 4912.-Ther
varieties.

CORTADfiKIA. See Gyneriitm.

COETtrSA (named by the herbalist Matthiolus after
his friend Cortusus, professor of botany at Padua).
Primul&cem. A genus of possibly 4 species of which
C. Matthioli, Linn., from the Swiss Alps, has longbeen a
choice and delicate but not very popular plant, suited
for shady parts of the rockery. It was long considered
the only species of the genus. It is an herbaceous

CORYDALIS

perennial, about 6 in. high, pubescent, rhizomatous,
with a few loliir-^talkHil. cordate, 7-I>-]obed, dentate Ivs.,
ami a vl,.ii.l..i- s,a]ii' li.arim.' an uiiila-l of about 7 small,
rosy |mtp|f. ilr'>")>iii:,' li^.. w lii'-li ai'jM-ar in summer. It
ha-' -"iiir i-.'sriiil.laiirr f. /',•,,„„/,, ,.,rt iisMdes . The
genu- has [M.s-ihly 4 spt-cirs. and is rlistinguished from

base of the corolla, and its long-acuminate anthers.
According to J. B. Keller, its culture is similar to that
of tlie hardy Primulas, but it needs winter protection in
the niirthern states.

CORYANTHES (Greek Unjs, helmet, and anthos,

flowir referring tn the shape of the lip) (hrhxldrnp
tribi I and Tin in 1 n i In h i 1 1 r

the tiinin li T it j rtion bucket or pouch like column
pnmtii _ I «n\\ I 1 elongated terete bicornute at the
bi t 'I ^ I ni\ 1 pollinia 2 compressed caudicle
Ime ir in u tte Pseudobulbous Ivs plicate lanceo
late about 1 ft long The bucket part of the labellum
IS provided with a spout like structure by means of
which the bucket overflows when about half full of a

not lasting, the sepals being of such delicate texture
that, though at first they fully expand, they soon collapse
and liecome imsightly. Although much interest attaches
to th.- s]iecies of Coryanthes, the genus is not generally
lultivati-d, sinte the fls. last too short a time and are
ii.it iiarti.-ularly brilliant. For culture, see Stanhopea.

macr4ntha. Hook. Ground color rich yellow dotted
with red. Hood and part of bucket brownish red: fls.
few, in drooping racemes. Caracas. P.M. 5:31.

macuiata, Hook. Sepals and petals dull, pale yellow,
bucket blotched on the inside with dull red. B.M. 3102.
— Var. punctita has the petals and sepals bright yellow,
speckled with red. the hood yellow, blotched with red-
dish orange, the pouch pale, speckled and spotted with
red. Demerara. Oakes Ames.

COR'JDAI.IS (Greek, lark, the spur of the flower re-
sembling a lark's spur). FumariAcecB. A large genus
of hardy plants allied to the Dutchman's Breeches, and
with finely cut foliage of a similar character, but weedier
and less delicate than the Dicentras. They are all of
easy culture. They prefer full sunlight but will grow in
half-shade. Prop, by division or seed.
A. Fls. chiefly pnrple or rose, sometimes tipped yellow.

B. Plant perennial : root tuberous : stem-lm. feu-.

bulbdsa, DC. (C. sdlida, Sw.). Erect, 6 in. high : Ivs.
3-1, stalked, bitemately cut, segments wedge-shaped or
oblong: root solid: fls. large, purplish. Spring.
BB. Plant annual: root fibrous: stem-lvs. many.

glailoa, Pursh. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, very glaucous :
lobes of the Ivs. mostly spatulate : racemes short, pani-
cled at the naked summit of the branches : fls. barely
K in. long, rose or purple with yellow tips ; spur short
and round : capsule slender, linear; seeds with minute,
transverse wrinkles. Summer. Rocky or sterile ground.
Nova Scotia to Rocky Mts., and even Arctic coast,
south to Texas. B.M. "l79.-Not advertised for sale, but
probably worth cult.

AA. Fls. chiefly yellow.

B. Plant perennial : root tuberous : stem-lvs. few.

n6bilis, Pers. Perennial, erect : Ivs. biplnnately cut ;
segments wedge-shaped and lobed at the apex : fls.
white, tipped with yellow, and a dark purple spot; spur
1 in. long. Spring. Siberia. B.M. 1953, as Fumaria
nobilis. G.C. II. 19:725.

BB. Plant annual or biennial: root fibrous : stem-

ailrea, Willd. Annual, 6 in. high, commonly low and
spreading : tts. golden yellow, about K in. long, on
rather slender pedicels in a short raceme ; spur barely

CORYDALIS

half the leneth of the body, somewhat decurved : cap-
sules spreadiiiK or pendulous, about 1 in. long ; seeds
10-12, turirid. I'btu^r at margin, the shining surface ob-
scurely iiitt.-.l. K'.iikv banks of Lower Canada and N.
New EiiKlaii.l. ii.iitliwest to latitude 64°, west to Brit.
Col. and Ore., south to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. ; not Jap.—
Tbe western forms have the spur almost as long as the
body of the corolla and pass into

Var. occident&lis, Engelm. More erect and tufted,
from a stouter and sometimes more enduring root : fls.
larger ; spur commonly a.scending : capsules thicker;
seeds less turgid, acutish at margins. Colo., New Mex.,
W. Tex., Ariz. Cult, by D.M. Andrews, Boulder, Colo.,
who considers it biennial.

curvisiliqua, Engelm. Probably a biennial. Com-
monly more robust than C. aiireii, ascending or erect,
1 ft. high or less: fls. golden yellow, over % in. long, in
a spike-like raceme ; spur as long as the body, com-
monly ascending : capsules quadrangular, IK in. long ;
seeds turgid to lens-shaped, with acute margins densely
and minutely netted. Woods in Tex. Cult, by D. M.
Andrews, Boulder, Colo.

Ititea, DC. Erect or spreading, 6-8 in. high, annual, or
forming a tufted stock of several years' duration : Ivs.
delicate, pale green, much divided ; segments ovate or
wedge-shaped, and 2-3-lobed : fls. pale yellow, about
H in. long, in short racemes; spur short : pod a fourth
or third of an inch long. Stony places of S. Eu., and
runs wild in Eu.

C.cdva. Schweigg. & Kort. (probaoly a form of C. tuberosa.

W. M.

C0RYL6FSIS (Corifltis and op«i's, likeness; in foliage
resembling the Hazel). HamameliMcea. Deciduous
shrubs, rarely trees : Ivs. alternate, deciduous, dentate :
fls. in nodding racemes, appearing before the Ivs., yel-
low ; petals and stamens 5 : fr. a 2-celled, dehiscent
capsule, with 2 shining black seeds. Six species in E.
Asia and Himal. Low oriKiiii.iital slnul.s, with sh-uder
branches and pale bluish un-r.n. .hstiin-t io|i;ii;,-; very

attractive in early spriiiLT. wIi.m v.t-.mI witli vdlcnv,

fragrant fls. Not hardy north of New York. Thi y grow
best in peaty and sandy soil. Prop. l)y seeds sown in
spring, best with slight" bottom heat, aiid by cuttings of
half -ripened wood in summer under glass; also by lay-
ers, rooting readily in moderately moist, peaty soil.

pauciE16ra, Sieb. & Zucc. Low, much-branched shrub,
2-3 ft. : Ivs. obliquely cordate, ovate, sinuate-dentate,
ciliate, pubescent and glaucous beneath, 1-2 in. long :
racemes 2-3-fld., yi-% in. long : fls. light yellow. Jap.
S.Z.20. G.P. 5:342. Gt. 48:1467.

spicitta, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. oblique and
rounded or cordate at the base, roundish ovate or obo-
vate, sinuate-dentate, glaucous beneath and inilxseent,
2-3)^ in. long: racemes 7-in-fld., 1 '2 in. !"Iil'- H-. bright
yellow. Jap. S.Z. 19. F,.^!. .-.4'- ' - ' ' |{.H.

1869, p. 230 ; 1878, p. KLs.-Tlii^ -p. . , , ,■ and

handsomer foliage and tls. .1 a ih ; i^jiger

racemes, but C paucifluru 11u\vli.> im-l laulu-uly and
is somewhat hardier.

C. Himnlaydna, Griff. Shrub
cordate-ovate, 4-7 1
6779. Tender.

all tree, to 20 ft.: Iv
in. long. Himal. B.^
Alfred Rehdee.

CCKYLUS (ancient Greek name). Cupullferm, tribe
BetulAcew. Hazel. Filbert. Cobnut. Shrubs, rarely
trees : Ivs. alternate, deciduous, stipulate, petioled, ser-
rate and more or le.ss pubescent : fls. moncecious, ap-
pearing before the Ivs., staminate, in long, pendulous
catkins, formed the previous year, and remaining naked
during the winter (Fig. i560), each bract bearing 4 di-
vided stamr-n?; pistillate in.'luilr.l in ;, -mill, --iily bud

included' or siin-onn. I. ■il liv ,■! hat\ - ii... > iillvin

clusters at Ihrona of short l.ranrln. I , ...i.^sin

N. Amer., Eu. and Asia are .lescr;l»d. Xuia, rous va-
rieties are cult, in Eu. for their edible nuts. They are
also valuable for planting shrubberies, and thrive "in al-
most any soil. Prop, by seeds sown in fall, or stratified

CORYLUS 381

and sown in spring ; the varieties usually bv suckers,
or by layers, put down in fall or spring ;' th"ey will be
rooted the following fall. Bud.lini,' in siiiumer is some-
times practiced for growing st:Mi.|;M M i n . -. ann grafting
in spring in the greenhouse f.ir s.^o-.'o \:in.ties. They
may also be increased by cuttinu-s of matiirc wood taken
off in fall, kept during "the winter in sand or moss in a
cellar and planted in spring in a warm and sandy soil.
Illustrated monograph of the cultivated varieties by-
Franz Goeschke, Die Haselnuss
(1887). See, also, bulletin on Nut-
culture by the U. S. Dept. of Agr.

561. Pistillate

flowers of
Corylus rostrata.

A. Husk or involucre consisting of two distinct bracts

{sometimes parthj connate).
B. Involucre deeply divided Into mmiji linear, nearly
entire segments, denseh/ /<. s. t irith glandular
hairs. Tree.
Columa, Linn. Tree, to 70 ft. : Ivs. deeply cordate,
roundish ovate to ovate-oblong, slightly lobed and
doubly crenate-serrate, at length nearly glabrous above,
pubescent beneath, 3-7 in. long: nut roundish ovate,
4-5 in. long. From S. Eu.. to Himal. — Ornamental tree,
with regular pyramidal, head, not quite hardy north.
Rarely cult, for the fr. under the name of Filbert of
Constantinople or Constantinople nut.

B. Involucre sparingly glandular, with lanceolate or
triangular-dentate lobes: nut slightly compressed.
Shrubs.
Americana, Walt. Fig. 562. Shrub, 3-8 ft.: Ivs.
slightly cordate or rounded at the base, broadly ovate
or oval, irregularly siri-atc, s]iariiii.'ly pubescent above,
finely tomentose ben. ,ith. ::-il in, long: involucre com-
pressed, exceeding tin nni, tin _' In arts sometimes more
or less connate, with raiiit-r s|nn-t. irregular, toothed
lobes : nut roundish ovate, about H in. high. From
Canada to Fla. west to Ontario and Dak. B.B. 1:507.—
Two forms of involucre are shown in Fig. 562. This
figure is adapted from the bulletin of the Dept. of Agr.
on Nut-culture.

Aveliana, Linn. Figs. 560, 562. Shrub, to 15 ft. : Ivs.
slightly cordate, roundish oval or broadly obovate,
doubly serrate and often slightly lobed, at length nearly
glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath : in-
volucre shorter than the nut, deeply and irregularly in-
cised: nut roundish ovate, J<-?i in. high. Eu., N. Afr.,
W. Asia. -Var. aiirea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. laciniata,
Hort. (var. heterophylla. Loud.). Lvs. laciniately in-
cised or lobed. Var. p^ndnla, Hort. With pendulous
branches. There are also many varieties cultivated for
their fruit.

AA Hull tuhuhl

biaets
B Iiunlucre lanipamilate, uilh

1<t)qe (hntati spteading lobes

Pbntica, Koch shrub Ivs cor
date roundibh o\ ate or broad oval
doubly serrate m\ olucre flnelj
pubescent, with few glandular hairs
at the ba^e nut large broad ovate
W Asia F S 21 222 3-i as C
Colutna -From this specieb the
Cob Nuts seem to hi%e originated,
also the Spanish Nuts are probably
mostly cross breeds between this
species and C Aiellana or C
maxima, or between the two latter
species

BE Tninlni le ti

th< mil into a beak

mizima Mill (C tubuldsa
■^ lUd ) shrub sometimes small
tree to W tt l\s (ordate, round
ish ovate, slightly lobed and doubh
serrate, 3-6 in long involucre
tinely pubescent outside nut ob
long, large, kernel with thm red or
white skin b Eu— \ai
piirea, Hort (C^ Aiellana pm
puiea, Hort) L\s deep pur
plish red Many %arieties, with
large uuts, known as Filberts
or Lambert s Filberts

rostrita, Ait Pigs 561, 562
Shrub, 2-b ft Ivs rounded or
slightly cordate at the base o\ \\
orobo%ate denseh serrate and
sometimes slightlj lobed
glabrous at length except spar
ingly pubescent on the veins Le
neath 2K-4 m long involucr
densely beset with bristlj
hairs, beak long and narrow
nut ovoid \i in long East
ern N Amer west to Minn
and Colo G F 8 345 B B
I 508

Cahfbmica, Rose Fig
562 Allied to C tOhtrata
bhrub to 20 tt 1
villous beneath involucre
with a short beak, whuh is
often Haring and sometiires

C hit mikylla Fisnh Allied
to( \\ellini Li\s more lobed
m\t-Iu reUr^e spre uling longerthui
tr with lute trimgiilir nearly en
teeth \ Chini lip < oftired I \ impi
ers )-( Man hi urun Maxim Alludt.

beset with stroiiK bro^n bristles

enlarged it the apex iiid lacmiately divided

narrow entire segments Amurland

Siibiildi Blume Allied

rower involucre densely coated with loo'

pressed less bnstlj hairs beak long at

rowed toward t

Culture for the Nuts —Hazel,
The three native Hazels, C l«i
nica and C rosiraia, haxe htm
to cultivation, but have n t
worthy of naming or propi^- itm.
r iiellana C Pi iiti a iii 1 '
ducrd al n-thi \tl tnti 1 i

mixture has

t.il \| 11111.1
1 mil lit il 1 li

1 1 111 li it.
iliil It. 1 Hi/
. 1st luttb.\

b.en suggested as a
It iKorded success-
it ire lacking. Ex-
iit.m;s on the Pacific
^1 Iter success with
1 till re than in the
li i\ H not developed

I he r. lUii 1
^mtrica
moderatih m
absence .it .
cmity , fi

11 lit f the Hazel in

in. d soil;

1 tn.m vi-

M licriods

that species It attacks

. hes and later the older

killing the root, Bo) deaux

I I 111 111 t It they are de-
ti \cd i\ tiust fertilization
c in be accomplished by sus-
pending branches from trees
from other localities, even of
other species of Corylus.

Propagation by seeds is easily
done by stratifj ing in fall and
planting m nursery rows in
earlj spring Seedlings vary
exceedmglv , and varieties are
perpetuated by budding, graft-
ing, suckers or lavers ; com-
monlv bv the last two methods.
\ 'onsidei.llp supply of well
I t 1 u k IS em be obtained

Mill to promote root
t rmation stools for layering
should be heavily manured t.i force
long and slender shoots suitable
f ir bending These should be
staked down in winter or spring
and covered wifh earth They may
lie removed to nursery rows or
ir. hard at end of first season.
Planting should be at a distance
f 10 to 20 feet in well prepared soil,
in fall or spring Ground may be
. ropped with low growing, culti-
vated plants while trees are young,
but should be maintained in good
tilth and fertility

Pruning is of special importance
w ith this nut Trees are usually
htaded at height of 1 or 2 feet,
thiiu„'h often pii nutted to take nat-
ural form v\ hii li IS that of a many-
stemmed bush dt signated a" stool."
Trees are classifaed according to
height of clear trunk into "stan-
dard 'half standard ' and "dwarf
standard ' A short trunk, with
V ase form head of six or more
branches is preferred Suckers
should be kept down, unless desired
for propagation Both sexes of blos-
soms arc borne on 1 vear old lateral
tui_ I spiis M irch or April,
itt I tl w 1 t both sexes have
11 111 1 1 nsidered best

1 Hilling as unneces-
sai > s icrifice of pollen
can thus be avoided.
Strong shoots should
be headed back to
promote spur forma-
tion, and old wood
that has home fruit
should be removed
annually.

or in a refriger

Hazelnuts in

"^ sometimes

I ;il>road, espe-
itirr indefinite
general, such

of the highest quality : husk smooth.

COEYLUS

The nuts should not be gathered until ripe, a condition
indicated by the browning of the edges of the husk. If
left until fully ripe, many of the nuts will rattle out and
be lost. The highest prices are obtained for freshly
gathered nuts in the husks. To prevent husks from
molding, they should be well dried or slightly sulphured.
Hazelnuts may he held for considerable periods in tight
receptacles, as casks or jars, by sprinkling salt over them
and storing them in a cool, dry pli
ated compartment.

Pew insects trouble the Enr.
America, the nut wcpvil of Fiirniu
not haviii',' yit \u-ru iKitni.il' ■ ' i
does consi.l.-ralilc iiijmv i,. ■ i . :

Nuts ana FUlH-rt> ;iivi, in^ , .^
cially in Eu-hmd. t.. disi;^'i,:>.. ,, ,
forms of C. -Ice'/niin and ('. M'i,r;,
varieties as have husks shorter than their fruits are
termed Nuts, while such as have husks as long as or
longer than their fruits are designated Filberts.

But few varieties are known in America, most of the
Hazels grown being seedlings from imported nuts. Va-
rieties of C. Avellana and C. maxima are not. clearly
distinguishable, but in general those with husks longer
than the nuts are assigned to C. maxima, and those with
short husks to C. Avellana.

Alba (White Filbert). Regarded inEngland as one of thebest
varieties. Can be kept in husk longer than most others because
of constricted form of husk. Kernel covered with a white skin.
Known as Avelinier Blanche, Wrotham Park, etc. Succeeds iu
California.

Cosford (Miss Young's. Thin-shelled). Nut obi
shelled, of excellent quality: in a hirsute, laciniated 1
the same length as nut.

Crispa (Cape Xut, Frizzled Filbert). Nut thin-shelled, some-
what flattened, late; in husks curiously frizzled throughout and
wide open at the mouth. Very productive.

Doivnton Large Square. Nut very large, semi-square, thick-
shelled and weU flUe ■ " '

shorter than nut.

Du Chilly. A fine. large, compressed-cylindrical variety, with
moderately thick shell, and of fine quality. Introduced from
France by Felix Gillet, of California. The largest Filbert grown
in America so far as known.

Grandis (Round Cobnut). Nut large, short, slightly com-
pressed, of good quality when fresh, with a thick and hard shell ;
in a short husk, much frizzled and hairy. One of the 1
ties ; considered the true Barcelona nut of eomme
known as Downton. Dwarf Prolific, Great Cob, Pears
lific and Round Cob.

Jones. A short, roundish nut, of medium size.and good quality,
somewhat grown for several years in central Delaware. Bush
hardy and \igorous, producing suckers freely, and thus far free
from disease.

Lambert (Lambert's Filbert. Lambert's Nut, Filbert Cob ;
Kentish Cob. erroneously). Nut large, oblong, somewhat com-
pressed: shell rather thick: kernel plump and of rich flavor: an
excellent keeper. Husk quite smooth, longer than nut and but
slightly cut in margin. Tree productive. Considered the best
variety grown in England, where it has been known since 1812.

Purple-leaved. Nut large and of excellent quality: in a husk
longer than, the fruit. Planted for ornament, and productive of
good nuts under proper treatment. The leaves and husks are
of a deep purple' color, which is retained until frost. The stami-
nate catkins are tender and often injured by frosts in winter,
but when supplied with pollen from some more hardy variety
it yields large crops.

Bed Aveline (.\velineer Rouge. Red Hazel) . Nut large, ovate,
thin-shelled, with a smooth, red-skinned kernel, and of sweet
nutty flavor. This variety is prized in eastern California as a
productive sort of good quality.

Spanish. Nut very large, oblong, thick-shelled, with a smooth
husk longer than the fruit. Sometimes confounded with Grau-
<lis. Vf. A. Tavlor.

C0RYN6STYLIS ( Greek, describing the club-shaped
style). Violficeiv. Woody climbers, with alternate Ivs.
and racemes of lonff-stalki-d vioIet-Iike fls. C. Hyb4nthU8,
Mart. & Zucc. (('.;/"/'. -' .1 n!.;:t:;. (iin-. Curyndstylis
AublUii,noTt.]. i- ■ • . • • I'. Am. rica. The Ivs.
are large, ovat.-, - . Im.-. in short axillary

fascicles, which ar ^ - .il.m;; the stem, long-
spurred, 2 or 3 tiiiiL.- .1.,. ..u .;u .1.- a viukt. F.S. 21 : 2213.
—A handsome, vigorous warmhouse climber, and cult, in
the open in S. California. Prop, by cuttings and seeds.

COSMIDIUM 383

COK'S'FHA (Greek for summit or (ojo. -where the Ivs.
grow). Palm&cea, tribe Corilphea. Tall, spineless,
monocarpic palms : trunk stout, ringed : Ivs. terminal,
large, orbicular, flabellately divided to the middle into
'-lanceolate segments ; segments indupli-
1 the bud; rachis none; ligule small: petiole long,
concave above, spiny on the margins : sheaths
-|i:idi\ -.ii;i:ii> ..rr.t. pan i.-iilatclv much branched;
il.ii-. >h<;,t!iini.' the peduncle and
' I fr-^. :i^ hir:.'!- as a cherry, with a

i'iM '! " ' i'- 'i : TrMpi. Ill A vi;i..indMalay Archi-
ll,,, ,,,.,. ,.,,1,,, ,,,,.,! rhesameasCham-

1'' "iliMiise plants, prop,

i nuts are made of

pelagu. Th. -
serops and L:
by seeds. L
the Talipot i
Coryphas :i
of young pli
'ith stable

• L' tM,, I! , ,,iMni.r'-iaUy, the growth
slow, (iood loara well enriched

I night temperature of 65° and
abundant moisture, are the chief requisites in their cul-
ture, with a moderately shaded house during the

eiata, Roxb. (C. Gebdnga, Blume). Trunk straight,
60-70 ft. high, 2 ft. in diam., spirally ridged: Ivs. lunate,
8-10 ft. in diam. : segments 80-100, separated nearly to the
middle, ensiform, obtuse or bifid : petioles 6-12 ft.,
with black margins and curved spines. Bengal and
Burma.

umbraculifera, Linn. Talipot Palm. Fig. 563. Trunk
annulate, 60-80 ft. : Ivs. sub-lunate, 6 ft. long by 13 ft.
wide, palmately pinnatifid, conduplicate above the mid-
dle : segments obtusely bifid : petiole 7 ft., the spines

^fe

563. Corypha umbraculifera.

along its margins often in pairs. Malabar coast and
Ceylon. A.P. 12:313. Gng.5:213. The picture (Fig. 563)
is adapted from Martius' Natural History of Palms.

0. australis, R. Br. See Livistona. — C. macrophylla.yioTt.=t—
O. minor, Jacq. See Sabal.— C Wbgani, Hort., is a dwarf round-
Ivd. plant. A.G.1.5:307.

Jabed G. Smith, and W. H. Taplin.

COSMANTHUS. All included in Phacelia.

COSMlDIUM is Thelesperma.

COSMOS (from the Greek word with a root idea of
orderliness hence an ornament or beautiful thing
which fats the present case fanalh and usualU the uni
^ers( because of its orderliness) CompdbitiB A ge

s of annual (
all tropii al American mosth Mcxic
ally glabrous l\s opposite jitn t 1
kinds m some others entii i i
shades of rose crimson an 1 i | 1
spec IPS and white horticulT i 1
cled soIitar> or maloose I i I

peiennial herbs,
1 often tall usu
cTit HI the garden
i 11 t-ypically
tl ne -sellow
t 1 ng pedun

and slender ai i

moth.

api.\

The genus

attractive and individual Moreover these teeth are often
somewhat wavy giving the wh 1 flower a frilled appear
ance. The wild Cosmo i t II f fi r that is it has
open spaces between It I mcultnation

have broadened and i "d ha^ e o\ er

lapped, so that the n( \ i 1 -v an> vacant

spaces between the ra\ 1 i li 1 unbroken

face. This same ten 1 n j

has prevailed in the garden _ , , \

evolution of many other fa
vorites, notably the shoul
dered" Tulips rose pet
aled Geraniums and single
Dahlias. The named vane
Cosmos may always

but the

Thc>

I and b\ th 1 r

Uy some form of
\ ellow or white

s (r 7 I tMtw:) IS perhaps,

1 II r T> 1 ha It has

I Dahlias,

1 le those

l\ beaked

L mi-iL sLd cu thi_ bit k 1 1 III til

genera in ha\ ing 2 rigid persistent 1 I

these gi nera tht awns ha%e no retrors I 1 I'

The akenes are linear as in Cosrai s u I 11 " ' J
tiopical species of Bidcn.s, but, alth'
the apex, they are not distinctlv beaked, as in
cies of the genus Cosmos. The plant is, perhaps, near
est to Bidens.

Among the garden annuals that have come into p:
nence in recent years, the Cosmos has a
most brilliant future. Until 189.o there
were in the two leading species only three
stroiiL'lv niMrk.-.l .■..!. .is: white, pink and
<Tiii.-"i'i. 'I'll. ^. .■.II. I lii.i l.-ss clearly de-

fi ill ' ; III 1 1.. w forms have

duct'd in LSI"'.. Although Cosmos has been vastly im-
proved within the last five years, it still leaves much to
be desired and offers amost promising field to the plant-
breeder. The twosp.-.-i.s aiv still t.... late in c.iuiiig into

bloom and too tall nm! i.iIk I- iI mi- i.i tl,. n imlut ..f
growth.but the si-;i~.ii i '- ii.,i:'- i|,i -i i , :, n ith

dwarfer forms coijtii ! i i, i i - i . . . s-

sary to be pat

Til- .

slightest fr..-i kill- '
new strains ;.r.- -i.i.l i
At first CosiiL.s 11...
The best varieti. - ■
times reach 4 an.l
Pure white flower- . i
wild, but some of th..
The group is totally I.
Interesting to try for

y if ever found
. .1 1, ties are nearly pure.
1. light reds. It would be
of red by crossing with
the dark "blood'- red C. diversifolius (known as the
Black Cosmos. Dahlia Zimapani and Bidens atrosan-
tfititw(t). wliii-Ii. however, would be a somewhat violent
',-n,--, a- iliiii I - ,. ].. V -i.m iii^. . i.iiv-rtowering, tuberous-
1-1 n I III . I II- is closely related to

III 1,1, ,: II I — li.i first two being of

i^r.i.i LMr.l.ii ini|i.ii'iaii.'. iiii.ttli.' Iiitter, though weedy,
having possibilities. The rays of Cosmos bipiniiatits are
typically obcordate in outline, narrow at the base, broad
at the apex and with three strongly marked teeth, which,
as in Coreopsis, are a great part of the chnractoristic
beauty of the flower. In the wild sincl.- Iv.ibli.i tln-se

teeth are so short that they serve "n I ''• -mii-

metry of outline, and in the highl.r. mii-

ties of single Dahlias these teeth ar. i i n..t

wholly obliterated. This will perha].- h.n .i liiiiii.ii to
the Cosmos, at least in America. On the contrary, the
rays of the Cosmos sometimes have an extra number of
teeth, often 6 or 7 altogether, and the effect

iuorgia. In the east, for best results
to sow seed indoors in April and
IS soon as danger of frost is past,
l.'ii giiiuiid often fails to produce

III. Ml I ii.iiii.s before frost. The
; I .U'S, but some of the

I I I 1. ^rree or two of frost.

inches, and some

A cultivated form. The rays of wild
flowers have only three teeth and
they r ' ''

luch more pronounced.

ties, muck as the highest bred single Dahlias always
have 8 rays all exactly alike, while it is a mark of Dah-
lias of low degree to have more than 8 rays or an unsym-
metrical arrangement of them. A new feature, too, is
the advent of a distinct ring of color formed by a dash
of crimson at the base of each ray. The wild Cosmos
is not troubled by a spot of yellow at the base of each
ray, as is the wild Dahlia. In the case of the single
Dahlia, the yellow color at the base of tlie ray never be-
comes definite and conspicuous enough lo form an addi-
tional attractive feature, as it does in Ghrijsavfhemum,
carinatiim, but it often spoils the unity of effect and
fails to harmonize with the chief color of the flower,
especially when the latter is m;iy:ent:i, crimson, rose,

or any allied shade. Th. i-. t nil cl..uble forms of

Cosmos as yet, and, as r. j , .i- _ marked types

of doubling, the Cosmos : i . ' s behind the

China Asters. In the sji, i i.r.ns. I'li, incurved or
cupping, and n-fl. \. I il , i. to be looked for, and

can be fixed if lip i - nt demand for mainte-
nance of the till' . I

It is amistakr |.. , ' -in too rich soil, as one

COTOXEASTER 385

AA. Bays yellow: disk yellow.

sulphtireus, Cav. Pubescent, 4-7 ft. high, much

lirMii.-hi"! : Ivs. Mftfj, 1 ft. or more long, 2- or 3-pinnately

cut, l"ii' - I I". ' ..I'l. . ipiiiriv.ii.it.-. with rachis and midrib
cilii:. . I :iMi:.- ali.inah. .iitire or 2-.3-toothed:

IH'fiuii. \ , i.Mi-. fiakril : oiiici- involucral bracts

H. Ill 'I', " aai-, -i-.in, 'J liiirs long; inner ones

acrc'ss. |ial,-. piiic- c.i u"l.l. II yellow: rays 8, broadly obo-
vat.', slii.iiL'iv :: tiinili.d at the apex, ribbed beneath:
anthers ..t tIic disk 'xs.rteil, black, with orange tips:
seeds linear, 1 in. long, including the slender beak.
Mex. U.K. 8: 485. -Int. 1896; parent of all yellow forms.
AAA. Jiays dark red: disk red.
diversifolius. Otto (B) dens alru.s, iDr/K I nea, Ortg. B.
diililf'iih s. s.Wais. ihtlihd /.iiii.i luiiii. \iwvA ). Black

CnsM,,.. r.-iMlrr annual, IJ |.i in. hi-li, with tuhiTsmore
slrinl. r. anil iaa|iiii i hl' in. a.' rar.- in \v iiitnr. tliuli those of

Cosmos bipinnatus has many "
and its colors run through white, " washed " or faded
pinks, and reds. The plants grow 7-10 ft., and bloom
in fall only. A dwarf variety of this species, and start-
ing out with Dawn (white shaded to pink at center) has
developed colors until it now includes white, pink and
crimson. The plants are some 414 ft. high, and bloom in
July. The seed is only one-half the length of the typical
C bipinnatus This selection was continued until double
blooms weie secured, but double blooms perfected no
seed

C tulphureus is futireh di tmtt fi m tl e at ve the
foliage being 1 i ad i 1 n 1 1 t -n 1 I t the

flowei b vary f 1 c 1 1 ill II II I I I les

to the rich oi u II I I I I I I t 11

late variety (. Ij I I utti i

bloom 1}<; m in di 1 1 t 1 1 th 1 11 ^ i 1 1 ., mil
grows about 6 ft hi^h The t ill 1 ite variety has fine
rich orange flv 2'2-H'4 m in diameter with verj heavy
coarse and dtuse f liage glows 7-12 ft high and
blooms II ( I tt I () t I I 1 riit Kl nhke a

hybril I I t 11

late II I I I is

2% i I le

tween 1 to

bloom II I 1 I 1 y

May 1> la a pi I ticm

base ti top III til

killed Vvfiost i 1 1 ime

sprea I Tl 1 I I I uly

requii I 1 I I t ng

ofse I I eis

until tl 1 I e till

late V 1 I 1 I I 1 1 md 4

ft m I r \

The variety Dawn and its comj anions m white pmk
and crimson and Klondyke shoul 1 be planted in 3 foot
nw ! ft I If ^ itltiof tl 1 \ e ^ ellow V irieties
si n I nil I II M Tiiensoffered

a OS seed is

t gpiminates
n \\ hen cab

Il 1 -1 u 1 I I Li tetj Cosmos

'"• " ■>' ' " Cult by A W Smith

A Bays uhite pink or o imson duk yellou

bipinailtus Ci\ ri„ 504 Clilrjus annu 1 / 10 ft
high Ivs bii I I I 1 r t nfire

involucral seal t I bite,

pmk or cum I | t 1 cak

much shorter tl I "\1 1 I 41 >^^8

RH 1892 372 -IL 11 I uci i.e i C I ij

bndus Hort , is picsuiuablj a tiade name for mixed
varieties of C bipinnatus, but see G F 1 47o

C6ST0S (old classical name). Scitaminclcew. Spiral
Flag. About 30 perennial thick-rooted herbs, in the
tropics of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for
their flowing-limbed showy fls., which are in termi-
nal, bracteate spikes. Corolla tubular, equally cleft, not
showy: one staminodium, enlarged and bell-shaped, usu-
ally with a crispy limb, and forming the showy part of
the flower (ealU-d the lip), cleft down the l>ack: ovary
3-l"(niIr.l: tilaiiiciits petaloid. More or le-- il. -In planis,
pri/.ial in \vaniilinusi.'s, and grown in till a . I - I a.

This int. na-stiiiL.' genus of tropical Ileal ' my

rich, ninist soil, hut luxuriates in tliat .a a _ a.ai^ ,,r
sandy character, when under partial shade, i ji|. plants
are readily propagated by cutting the canes, or sfalks,
into short pieces of an inch or two in length, and plant-
ing in sifted peat, or fine moss and sand, covering but
lightly. The roots may also be divided, lint this is a slow
means of propagation. Specimen plants ie,|niie rather
high temperature to bring out the ri.h .a,l,,rs ..t the
leaves, which in some species are prettily marked witli a
purplish tint, and are usually arranged siiirally en the as-
cending stem. This gives rise to the name, "Spiral Flag."
A. Lea res green and plain.
B. Floicer u-Jiite.

specidsus, Smith. Four-5 ft., stout, erect: Ivs. ovate or
lance-ovate, nearly 1 ft. long, silky beneath : bracts red :
fl. large, with a flowing while limb and pink center,
3-4 in. across, not lasting. E. Ind. I.H.43:5G. Gn.
47:1004.

BB. Flower red.

igneus, N. E. Brown. One-3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceo-
late, 4-6 in. long: bracts not colored nor conspicuous:
fls. clustered, orange-red. Brazil. I. H. 31:511. B.M.6821.
J.H. III. 28:11.

AA. Leaves party-colored.

muaiious, Hort. Lvs. obliquely lanceolate, 4-5 in. long,
dark green, marked and tessellated with silvery gray.
W Wrica — C zibrina is very likely the same

E N Eeasoner and L H B

C6TINUS A section of BJm^

COTONEASTEE I 11111

petals -) stamens about 20 fr a black or red pomaceous
drupe, with 2-5 stones. About 25 species, m the tem-
perate regions of Europe and Asia, also in N. Africa, but
none in Japan. Ornamental shrubs, many of them with
decorative frs., remaining usually through the whole

Mb COTONEASTER

winter, while only a few, like the hardy C. mitltiflora and
the tender C. friqirln. are cnnspirunus with ahnndant
white fls. Of th- ^..-.-i.-- -!»(, ,] nti-r. rr.1 fr- . ('.

hardy, and C. Sm ' ' - Ihi,

C.microphylla -.iul u north

as New York, Willi. ' ' in- iIIh- m. iin most

tender. The half-i-v,rt;r(in <,r fvcriirepn C. hnri^on-
ialis and C. microphi/Ua, with its allied species, are well
adapted for rockeries on account of their low almost
horizontal growth. Cotoneasters thrive in any good, well-
drained garden soil, but dislike very moist and shady
positions. Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified ; the
evergreen species grow readily from cuttings of half-
ripened wood in August under glass ; increased also by
layers, put down in fall, or by grafting on C. t-utgariSj
hawthorn, mountain ash or quince. Monogr. bv H.
Zabel, Mitteil. Deutsch. Dendrol. Gesellsch., 1897:14-32;
1898:37-38.

A. Foliage deciduous or semi-persistent: fls. usualJy
in cymes.

B. Fls. with erect petals, usually in few-fid. cymes.
C. I/i-s. whitish tomentose beneath, deciduous.

vulgiris,Liii(ll.(r'. hiln,e'rrima,Med.). Shrub, toi ft. :
Ivs. ovate or oval, a.-titi- or obtuse and mucronulate, gla-
brous anil 'lark :,'i-oi-ii al>ove. whitish and at length
greenish tomi-ntosc heueath, %-2 in. long: cymes nod-
ding, 2^-fld.: fls. pale pinkish; calyx glabrous outside:
fr. globular, bright red. May, June. Europe, W. Asia,
Siberia.

tomentdsa, Lindl. Shrub, to 6 ft. : Ivs. broadly oval,
obtuse, dull green above and pubescent when young,
whitish tomentose beneath, 1-2H in. long : fls. 3-12,
white; calyx tomentose outside : fr. bright brick-red.
June. Eu., W. Asia.— Sometimes cult, as C. speciosa,
Hort.

cc. Lvs. green beneath, with oppressed hairs, semi-
persistent or nearly so: calyx appressed-hairy
outside.

acuminjkta, Lindl. Erect shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. oblong to
ovate-oblong, acute, appressed-hairy on both sides, dull
above, l!^-3 in. long: cymes 2-5-fld., nodding: fls. white
or slightly pinkish : fr. deep red, oblong. June. Hima-
'ayas LPC '""'n'— ir..„.-7..s> jj 3 1889-348
Fig J (as f A /

Slmonsi Bak ^1 I ngl ranches to 4 ft

hs r unli h I I ,il ove K 1 m long

II t t 1 1 il white slightlj I mk

1 1 I 11 I ih Himahnas -Ontof th(

I juKs often under the name t s

//

c In lt( ( or acute M 1% tn loi g deciduous
nummal&na lisch .S, Me\ Shrub to 4 ft with erict
or spreauiug urauches, rarely proHLraie: ivs ruuiioisii
or broad ovate, whitish or grayish tomentose beneath,
glabrous above: cymes very short-peduncled 3-12 fld
peduncle and calyx tomentose : fr. red. May. June From
N. Africa and W. Asia to Himalayas and Turkestan —
Var. racemUIdra, Wenz. (C. Fontanesi, Spach) Lvs
acute at both ends : cymes 5-12-fld. R.H. 1867 i\ \ cry
decorative and hardy. Var. orbicularis, Wenz Low
and divaricate: lvs. roundish or obovate, K-% m. long,
cymes 3-6-fld.

multifldra, Bunge (C. refUia, Carr.). Shrub, to 6 ft.,
with usually slender, arching branches : lvs. broad ovate,
usually acute, slightly tomentose beneath, soon becoming
glabrous : cymes very numerous, 6-20-fld. : calyx and
peduncles glabrous: fr. red. May. Spain, W. Asia to
Himalayas and China. R.H. 1892, p. 327.- Very decora-
tive in bloom, and hardy, but less free fruiting.

COTTON

CC. Lvs. acute, 2-5 in. long, semipersistent.
frigida. Wall. Large shrub, to 20 ft. : lvs. oblong, acute
at both ends, glabrous above, tomentose beneath when
young: cymes long-peduncled, very many-fld., pubes-
cent: fr. scarlet. April, Mav. Himalayas. B.R. 15:1229.
L.B.C. 16:1512. -One of the most beautiful in fl. and fr.,
but not hardy north.

microph^Ua, Wall. Low, prostrate shrub, densely
branched: lvs. cuneate oblong or obovate, acute, shining
above, densely pubescent beneath: fls. usually solitary;
calyx pubescent: fr. bright red. Mav, June. Himalavas.
B.R. 13:1114. L.B.C. 14:1374. R.H." 1889: 348, Fig. 3'.

buxitdUa, Wall. Lowshrub,similar to the former: lvs.
eliiptic-ovate or broad oval, acute, dull and sometimes
pubescent above, tomentose beneath, J^-^ In. long:
cymes 1-3-fld. : calvx pubescent: fr. bright red. Hima-
layas. R.n. isso::;is, Fi-. 4.

r. ,i,,:t,i;.if,r 1,111,11 A:i!."i i..

c.

acumin;

ata. Lvs. oval

. acute.

1m

bove: fr. black. Dah
11. Allied to C. frigida

iiria to

n' China ' llanlv - c ./f/"/,./ 1

I. Lvs.

broaJ-filiptir; Ir .lark l.r..wii, t

■l.jl

.ose. L.B.C. 16:1522.-

■C.an-

gmtifdlia. Fran.h. Low, ofteii

■s. linear -lane

eolate.

tomentose beneath, persistent.

Yn

■ C. a rbo resent:

»,Zab.,

not Wenz. Allierl to C. nnmmul

lari

a. Fr.

hlack. Himah

ivas.—

C.bf!cillaris.Vf:M. Allic.l toC

id'la

Lvs. smaller, nsnallr

. .h

ivn. Hinialiiv;

IS - a.

fnT.'/7''','^.r.'',V'' .''':-'""'. Vr i'',

; ,"■'"

14:1 :<■-'■ "n'lLlV .■ 'V-n.,.'.-'

■

.... Ill-

lan<-poli,t,-.,rfUii-.ti.-, whitish I,.,

' r.-.l

. Yun-

nan.— r. Fekinensis. Zah. All

s. dull

and sparingly hairy above: fal.\

Ir!

black.

N. China.-C. Pyracanthn. Spa.

tunditblia.VfsXi. (C. mi.'roplivll.

"Mlk-d

toC.bvixifoIia.bntofm..>. i|..

lar, appressed-hairy b. 1 1 . ■

Himal.-iyas. B.R. 14:11-7 -■ -

(AtflHtVo/.a, B.-ik. Allif.lt... I

oblong, obtuse. R.H. IsM. 1- 1

:'• • 1' •

.'.1

to C. \lilgaris. Lvs. glatir.ms ; tl

ia.'

■olitory:
or C. r

C. WheHen. Hort.= C. bn.Mitol;

innimularia, v

ar.'or-

mcuians. Alfred Rehder.

COTTON belongs to the irenus Gossypium (name used
hv Finn ) of the Jfih trr p The species are now much
confused 1 ut it is gi neralj agreed that the Sea Island
Cotton is of the species 6 Barbad^nse, Linn. The up-

565. A Cotton

land Cotton is probably derived chiefly or wholly from
6. herbctceum, Linn. The former is native in the West
indies. The nativity of the latter is in dispute, but it
is probably Asian. The Cotton flower is mallow-like, with
a subtending involucre of 3 large heart-shaped bracts.

COTTON

The carpels or cells of the pod are 3-5. These carpels
break open, and the cotton covering of the seeds makes
a globular mass, — the Cotton boll (Fig. 565). Cotton is
not a horticultural crop, and is therefore not considered
In this work. The reader will find "The Cotton Plant"
(published by the Dept. of Agr., Bull. 33), a useful
monograph.

COTTONWOOD. Species of Popiilit.'i.

COTYLEDON (a name u-.-l l.v Pliny). r,-„..,v„M,vr, .
Includes A'chererhi. Sii.i-ul.nt hn h^ ,.r >linil.s. ivu-.Iy
annual; branches and leav.> Tln.k ;unl iii-li\ : l\ ^. ..pj.u-
site or alternate, petiolati' ■■v -i--il.': r;il\x .'i pjrt. .1. ;i-
long as or shorter than tin- .-..iclhi tulir; |iitaN .'.. iiirt
than the 10

COTYLEDON

387

iicle ; scape

Species 60 or more. Calif, and Mes., Afr., As. and Eu.
See I.H. 10:76 for an account of numy of the species.

Large-growing Cotyledons. ^U'-h as ('. if!hh!f!<ini ,\tiv.
metalUca, should be incr.a>..l l.y .uttiims tak, ii after
the bedding season is ov.i-. 'Y\\'- I" -t iihiIim,! is t.. cut
off the top of the plant, dnss ilir l"iti..ni part, and jjaco
the cuttings in empty i-inch pnts, tin- huttom leaves
resting on the rira of the pot until the cut heals over and
a few small roots are formed. They may then be potted
off into suitably sized pots, using sandy loam. No water
will be nei'dfd for several days, and when given it must
beonly spaiinirly. Tlnold stemsshould be placed rather
close to-, til, 1- 111 vliall.iw lioxes and kept in awarm, dry
place, win I--- tin \- will tVirm small growths along the
stems; tins.-, wln-n laru'c enough, may be put into boxes
of dry sand, and potted in thumb- or 3-inch pots
when they have made a sufficient quantity of roots.
When it is desired to increase the low-growing bedding
kinds on a larger scale, the plants should be lifted before
the ground gets too wet and cold. They may either be
boxed in dry soil and kept in a cool, dry house, or placed
thickly together in a frame, taking care that no drip is
allowed on the plants, and giving no water. The most
convenient time for propagation by leaves is during the
months of November and December, when the fall work
of rooting soft-wooded plants is over. Leaves rooted at
this time will make plants large enough for planting out
the following season. They will take from three to four
weeks to root, according to the kind. The leaves must
be taken from the plant as follows ; Grasp each leaf be-
tween the thumb and forefinger, give a gentle twist first

side then
taking care that tin
accompanies it. «>t!i
will not form fri'ii
inches deep in tin
the sand bed, in tl
bases touching ftn
give no water unti;
ance, and only sli
plants are large e
sandy loam, and ki
60°P at night.

For bedding purposes the following
ployed very successftilly: C. ntrnpnrpiit

other until the leaf
lit tuid in the axil of the leaf
In- liaf will root but a plant
a 1-1 tl depression about two
ami f"ur inches wide across
w,, nuvs of leaves with their
I- iM.ttnm of the depression;

mil I ts make their appear-

It.iH-tirds. When the little
Iny should be boxed, using
temperature of not less than

aave been em-

ir. rnlifnrnica,

■■>■.' rai-. mi'tal-

Uca, !'■!• 'i"ifl"'' 'I >■< . J' ■■ ■ •- '" ..inifla

var. ;//"'. ■ . ./ .,. ,,7o-

hosa val- s ; i/.ills,

parvif"/". ~-.ain- nf till-,' arr ii..t mHi-i-i -I in ihr Ameri-
can trade. Several of the kinds make ver_ orn.imental
winter flowering plants; among them areC. gibbi flora
and its forms, C. fulgens and C. coccinea. For this pur-
pose the large plants should be lifted from the beds and
carefully potted, as they make a much finer growth in
the open ground than when grown in pots.

Cult, by G. W. Oliver.

A. Z/vs. crowded in a rosette at the base of the stem.
B. Fls. white, tinged with green.

^dnlis, Brewer {Sediim iditle, Nutt.). Stems cespi-
pitose, very short and thick; Ivs. cylindrical or obtusely
3-sided, 3-4 in. long, erect, whitish or glaucous-green,
not mealy: fls. white, resembling those of Sedum. % in.
in diam., short-pedicelled, along the upper sides of the

flexuous branches of the cymose
high. San Diego. Calif.-Int. 1883.

BB. Ji'ls. pale yellow.

Califdmioa, Baker (C. Idxa. B. & H.). Lvs. in a ro-
sette, concave, ligulate, lanceolate, acute, glaucous,
mealy, slightly yellowish, 8 in. long: fls. pale yellow, on
weak lateral flowering stems 1-2 ft. long, with short,
ovate, clasping lvs. or bracts and bi- or trifid racemes.
Calif.

BBB. Fls. pale flesh color.

puIveruUnta, Baker (Echeveria pulveruUnta, Nutt.).
Lvs. in a rosette, silvery green, very mealy, spatulate,
tnute, the tips reflexed, the cauline lvs. gradually di-
minishing into broadly cordate, clasping bracts: pani-

cles dichotomously branched ; pedicels .slightly longer
than the pale flesh-colored fls. Plants 1 ft. in diam.
S. Calif. F.S. 19:1927, 1928.-A fine plant for carpet-
bedding.

BBBB. Fls. red and green or red and yellow.

seciinda, Baker (Echeveria secilnda. Booth). Stem-
less; lvs. in a rosette, crowded, cuneiform, mucronate,
glaucous, curving upward ; fls. in a 1-sided, recurved
spike, reddish yellow : peduncle long, 6-12 in. high.
June-Aug. Mex. — Pine for borders or carpet-bedding.
There is a var. glaiica, Hort.

lanceoUta, B. & H. {Echeveria lanceoUta, Nutt.).
Lvs. in a rosette, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly mealy;
stem-lvs. or bracts small, cordate, clasping, distant ;
panicle narrow, dichotomous: fls. red and yellow. Calif.

B4rbeyi, Schw. Whole plant hoary-white : lvs thick,
fleshy, shovel-shaped : fls. olive-green and red. Plower.«
freely in spring and summer. Abyssinia. Gt. 45, p. 465.
— An exquisite plant for carpet-bedding.
AA. Jjvs. scattered along the erect or branching stems.

faaciculiris, Soland. Smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; lvs. pale
greenish white with a yellowish margin, glaucous, few,

388

COTYLEDON

Saunders' Ref. Bot. 05.

sessile, cuneate-ohovate, thick, flattened, slightly eon-
cave, cuspidat.- : p:iiii.-Ie branches long, .scorpioid: Hs.
large, 1 in. I^ni;. pi uilmt ; calyx lobes short, broadly
ovate-aoutr: ,(ii,,lhi n 1 1. .■ much longer than the calyx, yel-
low-green !iihI .iull 11,1; corolla-lobes reflexed. S. Afr.
B.M. M(r>. J. 11. lll.:J'.l:443.

orbicul4ta, Linn. Plant erect, 2-4 ft. high: Ivs.
opposite, flat, obovate-spatulate, obtuse, mucronate,
glaucous and mealv, with red margins : fls. large, reddish,
panicled. Fls. June-Sept. S. Afr. B.M. 321. R.H.
1857, p. 347.-Grows well from cuttings.

Hisp&nica, Linn. {Pistorlnia Bispdnica, DC). An-
nual or biennial, branched, 6 in. high, erect: Ivs. small,
nearly cylindrical, oblong, few, sessile : fls. erect, in
cymes, reddish; corolla trumpet-shaped, lobes spread-
ing. Spain, Morocco. R.H. 1895, p. 472.

AAA. Lvs. croivded at the ends of the branches.

reticulata, Thunb. Stems much-branched, fleshy :
lvs. few at the ends of the branches, cylindrical, acute,
erect, fleshy, soft, smooth: fls. in an erect, dichotomous
panicle. The wiry fl. -stalks remain on the plant and give
it the appearance of being enclosed in a network. G.C.
m. 21:282.

gibbifldra, Moc. (Echeviria gibbifldra, DC). Stems
1-2 ft. high: lvs. flat, wedge-shaped, acutely mucronate,
crowded at the ends of the branches : fls. short-petioled :
panicle branches 1-sided, spreading; corolla gibbous at
the base between the calyx lobes, the tube white, the
tips touched with crimson. Hex. B.R. 1247.

Var. met^llica, Hort. {Echereria metallica, Hort.).
Lvs. large, obovate-spatulate, C in. wide by 7 in. long, a
beautiful glaucous purple with metallic reflections: fls.
yellowish with red tips. 1
An excellent lieiMins; iilai

The t'lilli..'. ' •■ -11. • .i.,mMi:
Hort. s:

Tex. all .■. • r

Hort. Aniiu.M, uiii: M 'I...,, ;

C. atropiir/nireii, iiakiT
titsa. Baker, have beea cat;.:
has red fls. and dark punili
ish Qs. and glaucous green n

COUCH GRASS. Agropyrum repens.

COVER-CROPS. The use of Cover-crops in orchard-
inL' niaik^ ,■! ^|.ei-ific advance brought about by changed

I 1 ' - The term is less than 10 vears old, hav-

' 111 ,1 ( applied in this connection by Bailey, in
r 'I I 'rnell(N. Y.) Experiment Station, p. 333,

I ii 1 11 111 . I -I ;, f hough Cover-crops were used previous
to that date. In the early days of orcharding in this
country, the soil, rich in humus and undepleted of its
natural resources, gave satisfactory crops of fruit with
trees growing in sod. As time went on, the waning
vigor of the trees was stimulated l. i... .,;,ln_' up the
sod, adding barnyard manure to il . i ' -■i\ing

thorough cultivation throughout 11 lli- sys-

tem gave unsatisfactory results in i I :-..iM 1-, par-

ticularly in the north, as it rip:.. ... i.. piv.eiit the

trees from ripeim / 'in >■ ^ I . mly to enable

them to endure ;' r injury to the

tips; root-killiiiL.' ., , i ,.: ...,. occasionally

severe on soils nn..-,.; nm during the^

winter. About tliis tiiu. : i.i- members of

the pea and bean tribe, a < i . -: i . iln- soil, became
recognized more fully til, II iimr.gh the dis-

covery of the nitrogen-ci'lli : : - i housed in the
nodules borne by the roi.i - i : i i. The best or-
chard practice of the pn ~ i r in the peach-
growing areas of the s.ur : : i.h- districts of
the north, consists in ^'i\iii^ :li. mn-i ihorough culti-
vation possible during the iio.jii-|.ro.iaeing period of
the \ear. — that is, till about the time the fruit trees'
t. rininalliiiiN are formed,— then seeding this thoroughly
pnhi ri;:e.l surface with a suitable Cover-crop, which
is plow.a under early the following spring.

Cover-cropping is the raising of a crop in the orchard
after cultivation should cease (about midsummer), that
will protect the roots of the trees by preventing alternate
freezing and thawing and deep freezing of the ground;

COWPEA

that will add something to the fertility of the soil when

turiii '! iih'li I 111 -pring; that will improve the physical
eoh'ii I. ' 1' . nil; that will occupy the ground to the
ex.: I-. In the south the considerations are

]n-: iral, except that the contingency of

There ale two classes of Cover-crops: the nitrogenous
and the non-nitrogenous. Of the latter, rye, buck-
wheat, oats, millet, com (maizel. ra]io and turnips are
principally used. These plants shouhl hi- sown much later
in the season than the clovers, i . pi a- m n:.-.t nitrogen-
ouscovers. They are valuable ■ I- ' . il il i- hard and
tough in texture, as advance aj. i ■ - imeswhich
may be used when an improveil ph;. -i. il Iition is se-
cured. Buckwheat is particularly useful m ameliorat-
ing hard soils. It should not be sown early enough to
allow seed to form before frost. These add compara-
tively little nitrogen to the soil. Among nitroeenous
Cover-erops, erinison clover, red clover, cowpeas, soy
bean- I 1 I i 111 iiikI vetch are the most prominent. In
til. . . .'i i-lover and cowpea (of which there
an I are much in vogue. Cowpeas are un-
sati-ia. I. 1 \ . la.iver, north of the peach belt, owing to
their sensitiveness to light autumn frosts. In apple-
growing sections where the soil is mellow, red clover
does well. A mixture of crimson clover and oats is used
in peach sections in Michigan with success ; 12 quarts
of the former to 3 pecks of the latter per acre are sown
about the middle of August. The Geneva Experiment
Station recommends a mixture of K bushel of buck-
wheat to 1 bushel of field peas per acre for clay soils.

The question of what * 'over-eroi.^- to use is best deter-
mined by an examina" ' ii . . haracter of the soil,

and the condition of 1 1 . : ^. If the trees are

growing slowly on nil 1 1 Me soil, it will prob-

ably be advisable to 11-1 1 I I n._.M.. us Cover-crop. If,
on the other hand, the trees are making a luxuriant
growth, and the soil is of the heavy order, a member of
the non-nitrogenous group should be tried.
Kinds of Cover-crops.

a. Rye, two bushels per acre.

b. Buckwheat, }4 bushel per acre.

c. Oats, 2}4 bushels per acre.

d. Com, broadcast 1 bushel per acre.

e. Rape or ttirnips, 3 pounds per acre.
2. Nitrogenous—

a. Crimson clover. 16 pounds per acre.

c. Sai 1^ ' 1 Is per acre.

Veteli, 1 busliei per acre.

John Cbaiq.
COWBERRY. Usually means faccinium I'itis-Idcea.
In parts of Scotland, Comarum palustre.

COW-HEBB. Saponaria Vaccaria; not cult

/ COWFEA. Fig. 567. The American name for Vig:na

Cfttjang, Walp. ( r. .S-;),,'„.s;,s Eiiill. 1.1.1 t the Legu-

mlnosEe allied to Doliiln.- an.I I 'ha In-. I rom Phaseo-

lus (the common beani. \ i-na iliili !■- in m.t having a
spiral keel, style haii\ alu.x.. .-ii-ma ..liiii|ue or in-
trorse, and other minor 1. 1 Imual charai ters. In other
than American literature, the Cowpea is known as China
Bean and Black-Eved bean. In the S. it is commonly
known as Black Pea. Botanically it is a bean rather
than a pea. The Cowpea is a raiubling, tender annual,
native to China and Japan. In this country it is exten-
sively grown in the southern states, as a hay crop. It
is also invaluable as a green-mantire crop (see Cover-
crop). It is to the south what clover is to the north
and Alfalfa is to the west. It is sown broailcast after
the manner of field peas. From 3 to 5 pecks of seed are
used per acre. See C'ovrpeas, Fanners' Bull. 89, Dept.
of Agric, by Jared G. Smith. l_ h_ b.

CRANBERRY

389

forei^T 1 1 1 I

and tLe 1 lu tl e Mi i

States ot Amtn d~iUu tidted bj <_

hundred kinds of fruits of the /
mted at Bui
lington and pul h he 1 at Phil 1 1} hi
in 1817 Grape 1 i lit

not included ii tl till

but an article t 1 I \

Parmer for Juh 11 II

was acquainted ■« ith 1 1 i \ t I had

done muth grafting Hi 1 k I the

time of the Downings an 1 w J au-

thors The lUustraticnt, weie \ lue,

but show mly the size an! itl i li t and

whether it was dotted splashed i stieikel

Co-^e said 181 1 that he had been for many Years
activeh engaged in the rearing plinting and cultivat-
ing of fruit trees on a scale more extensive than has been
attempted 1 v anj other individual of this count\ He
also had a nitunal reputation fir his cider at an age
when it wdb the most famous and characteristic bever-
age of the people, and when apple trees were cultivated
more for cider than for a table fruit.

William Coxe belonged to one of the most retined fam-
ilies of Philadelphia. His early education was some-
what meager by reason of the Revolutionary war, but
he became a cultured gentleman. John Jay Smith gives
this pleasant picture of him: "Well do we reraeniber his
extensive library in his tine mansion tm the 'Bank' at
Burlington, when as a little boy we were assigned the
duty of bringing away, or taking home, some book or pam-
phlet from his ever open stores of information. » • *
His person was handsome, and his bearing that of the
'old-fashioned gentleman, improved by mixing in the
best society, but retaining the forms of the greatest po-
liteness and suavity, that modern usages are too rapidly
casting off. An errand to Mr. Coxe's was a cherished
privilege ; never was the opportunity neglected by him
to place in the hand of his visitor some fruit that he so
well knew would be appreciated by a youthful appetite.
The finest Seckel pears we have ever seen were not un-
frequent deposits. He had an especial fondness for the

Seckel pear, which is certainly among the half dozen
most famous pears of American origin, and which was
pronounced by Downing to be the finest tlavored of all
pears." Coxe was made an honorary member of the Hor-
ticultural Society of London for making known the mer-
its of this pear through Dr. Hosack. The city of Bur-
lington has pvopptional interest, both natural and his-
torical, and lia- a l..iiiitv ,.t' its own. Either the first
willow or th.' lir-t |i.i|il:ir |.laiited there is said to have
been brought ti in IliMt.tv in the hand of William Coxe.
He planted ni.-mv tf-ms tm In-autify the town and, in par-
ticular, extended the front of the "Green Bank." It is
pleasant to think of William Coxe in connection with
the willow-fringed bank of the Delaware. Biographi-
cal details are unfortunately only too meager. A few
other details mav be gleaned from the Horticulturist
11:301-307(1856). W. M.

CKAB'S-EYE VINE. Sen Abrii.s.

CRAB-APPLE in its widest sense means a small
apple. The Crab-apples of history are fruits of Pijrus
baceato. For more restricted uses of the word crab, see
Pyrus.

CEAMBE (old Greek substantive). Cruciferie. Per-
ennial hardy herbs, with small white, fragrant fls. in
panicled racemes: Ivs. mostly thick and large, more or
less cut or lyrate. Of easy culture. Little known in this
country. C. maritima, Linn. , is the Sea Kale (which
see). "C. cordifolia, Stev., of the Caucasian region, is
cult, as a border plant. It is an excellent foliage plant,
withstanding the winters in the northern states. Lvs.
very large aii'l Innv--, .-..rdnte and ovate, toothed, gla-
brous or iicini -- ■'- -' ill but very numerous, in great
branchy ). ail .li .and nearly as broad. Gn.

50, p. 31;i. ' I . I I r the first two years from

seed the i.lani mal .^ .i.ly lvs.; but the third year it
may be expected to bliami. after which the plant usu-
ally becomes weak and dies. l_ jj_ g_

CRANBERRY. A name applied to trailing species of
til.- u ■ni;- \";n, iiirnii . i: in.'tveit.). Of the true Cnuiher-
rir-a 1. i. ill North America, — the small

(I.' " . , in.l the large ( F. mnm.iin--

p.iiii. 'IIh -. Hi liiii. li. swamps, where they trail
their slenikr -r.ins ami little oval evergreen leaves over
the sphagnum and la. -try turf. The red, firm berries
ripen late in fall, ami ..Itin persist on the vines until
spring, when well i.n.teited with snow. Each berry is
borne on a slender pedicel ; and the curve of this pedi-
cel in the European species is said to have suggested
the name Craneberry, which is now shortened to Cran-
berry. See laccjii !!(»!.

The large Cranberry, Vacclnium macrocarpon, is now
cultivat.il ..II hundreds of acres in the United States;
anil tlii~ ( raiil..rry culture is one of the most special
ami int. r.-^rini.' ..f all pomological pursuits. This Cran-
benv irn.ws ..nly in North America; and North America
is tlie only country which has a domestic or cultivated
Cranberrv'. Because Cranberry-growing is such an un-
usual type of horticulture, it is thought advisable to
devote considerable space to it in this Cyclopedia.

Cranberries may be grown i.n hind both low and high;
but it is the general .■\i..ii. ii. .• that low, boggy lands
are the only ones wlii.li l'i\ .■ i., inianently good results.
In the winter, the natuial ( i aiil.- riy bogs are usually
flooded, and in suniimi- tin v at-.- fn-e" of standing water.
The flowers are often ctuight by the late frosts of spring,
and the fruit mav be in.iured by the early frosts of fall.
Bogs are often ruined by fire in times of drought. In-
sects and fungi often play havoc with the crop.

The ideal bog for Cranberry culture is the one in
which the natural environments of the plant are most
nearly imitated, and in which the grower can have the
greatest control over the diflSculties mentioned above.
It should have the following qualifications : (1) Capa-
bility of being drained of all surface water, so that free
water does not stand higher than one foot below the

390

CRANBERRY

surface in the growing season. (2) Soil which retains
moisture through the summer, for Cranberries suffer
greatly in drought. (3) Suflacient water supply to en-
able it to be flooded. (4) A fairly level or even surface
so that the flooding will be of approximateh uniform
depth over the entire area. ( 5 ) Not over liable to f i osts
Bogs which contain moss or sphagnum and which have
a peaty or mucky soil are usually chosen If heath like
shrubs grow naturally in the bog, the mdications are all
the better. The presence of the Cassandra or Leather
leaf is regarded as a good augury Black ash red
maple, swamp huckleberry, and white cedar swamps are
often very satisfactory. Old mill-ponds often give good
results.

Before the Cranberries are planted the bog must be
cleaned of trees, bushes, moss and roots This may
be done by "turfing," which is the digging out of the

CRANBERRY

Hood in spring or fall, to kill insects or to protect
from frosts. The objects of flooding are as follows : (1)
to protect the plants from heaving in winter; (2) to
avoid late spring and earh fall frosts (3) to drown in-
sect« (4) to protect tn m dr ught (5) to guard against
fire Unless serious t < ntii t, n les arise the bog is
flooded only m wmti r \ tl 1 M ^ looks like a lake
(Fig 5G8) Good ri uli r It n I now and then in
dry or upland bo„ « 1 i I i i f i flooded but such
bogs ormeadow»rai h „n iiiut im lesuHs and they
are less advised than t rm rh

There are thiee centers of Cianberry growing m North
America —Cape Cod peninsula New Jersey Wisconsin.
" ' ' " ' ' (If It was in the Cape

'II I 1 I _ in The first at-

' I \ William Ken-

\ 1 list sa-s s that
1 1 I cultivated the

I I \ Hajden of Lin-
'1 1 1 I tiom his farm in

ill 1 I li brought him in

1 il t I n 1 subsequent edi-

'1 I II mil It IS not said
I em were wild or cultivated.
ith all the increase m production,

Each has methods pecu
Cod region that Craul
tempts were made f i
rick writing in Ih

Capt Henry Hall I
Cianb iivtwentv \

swamp growth, or by "drowning," which is deeply
flooding the place for a" year. The method of preparing
the surface for receiving the plants varies in different
regions. Open ditches are run through the place in
suflScient number to carry off the surface water. They
are usually made 2 to 4 feet deep. If some water stands
in them during the summer, better results are expected.
These ditches usually feed into one main or central
ditch; and this main ditch is preferably the one which,
when dammed at its lower end, floods the bog by back-
ing up the water. Growers prefer, if possible, to divert
a living brook through the bog, or to straighten and
deepen one which may exist there ; but in the absence
of a brook, a reservoir
may be constructed above
the bog. Sufficient water
supply should be had to
( o\ er the entire area from
December until April or
earlv May, to a depth of at
^ least one foot. The lower

^^■^l places will have a deeper
^s=^^" covering, but 4 or 5 feet
m pi ices usually does no
harm m the winter. It
Cranberry haud-picker aNo I) iv be necessary to

prices are higher than thosi
received by Mr. Hayden.

In the third (1841) and subsequent editions, it is said
that "an acre of Cranberries in full bearing will produce
over 200 bushels ; and the fruit generally sells, in the
markets of Boston, for $1.50 per bushel, and much higher
than in former years." It was as late as 1850, however,
that Cranberry culture gained much prominence. It was
in 1856 that the first treatise appeared : B. Eastwood's
"Complete Manual for the Cultivation of the Cranberry."
About 1845, Cranberry culture began to establish itself
in New Jersey.

In the Cape Cod r
surface covering is
off. The obiect is t.

IP l>o!:'s are "turfed." The
liiill -'(uares and hauled
1 1 1 1 surface in order
; nullity. The bog is
. r|. :iii ^;in(l is spread over
the entire area to the dcj.tli i.f aliout 4 inches. In this
covering, the Tines are planted. The sand keeps down
weeds and thereby lessens subsequent labor; it affords
a moisture-holding mulch for the muck; it renders the
plantation easier to be worked in wet weather, and it pre-
vents the too vigorous growth of the vine. Every four
of five years a fresh sanding, to the depth of an inch or
less, is given. This keeps the vines short and close.
Formerly, whole roots or " sods " of Cranberry were used

CRANBERRY

for pluntiug, but now cuttings are employed. These cut-
tings are G- or 8-inch pieces of vigorous runners, with
the leaves on. They are thrust obliquely through the
sand, only an inch or two of the top remaining un-
covered. They are set about 14 inches apart each way.
In three or four years a full crop is obtained. The bogs
are kept .liaii bv iii. mis of hand weeding. At Cape Cod,
it is estii.Kit. .1 tli:ii tin- sum of $300 to $500 per acre is
requin-a i.. lit ami j.laiit a bog. A good yield from a
bog in lull iMsiiiii- i- M barrels to the acre ; but 200
barrels ha\ e bet^n tiruwu.

In New Jersey, the general tendency is to omitjthe
sanding. The bogs are not cleared
plants are often set directly in
the earth bottom, after the heavy
turf is removed. The bogs-or
meadows, as they are usually
called — are not kept so scrupu-
lously clean. It is thought
that a reasonable q-
tity of grass prev

CRANBERRY

391

by the form of the berry, -the bell-shaped (Fig. 570),
the bugle-shaped (Fig. 571), and the cherry-shaped
(Fig. 572). There are many named VM.i.ti.s in .M.h of
these classes, differing in size, color, lii iimm'^n. Im . [.iiig
qualities, productiveness. These v;ui,ii.^ Ii:i\i In in
selected from plants which have apjM-an <l ii;iiui;illy in
the bogs. Some of them have been discovered in wild
bogs. The demands of the market, as respects varie-
ties, are constantly changing. In Massachusetts, the fol-
lowing varieties are now popular: Early Black, Howe,
Matthews, McFarlin.

The Cranberry is now a staple article of
food in N<irth America. "Turkey and Cran-
berry satice" may be said to be the national
dish. The berries are used in great va-
riety of dishes. All rit.iit lias iH-cn made to
open an Euro|iiaii niarkii. ami an agent
was sent abroail m Is'i:; Im- ihai jiurpose by
nilMrry Trailt- Company,
e export trade has now assumed some
portance, and is growing. The appro.Ki-
Cranberry. '"'**'' Cranberry crops for a series of years

lost 1 1 I inp

IS said 1 \ s ni tl it tli ti uiii.,' lit t the old ind
large vines m the riking tends to rtnewthe plants,
and this is undoubtedh tiue, but there are bettei
ways of keeping the Mnes young and short, as by

" 3g or mowin^r In the East, raking
rarely employed unless the crop is very poor oi
prices vet^ low ei unless hard frost is expected
in which case the beiries may be raked, the bog
flooded, and the berries caught at the flume Some
times tht bog is flooded when haid frost is tin iti m d
and the water is iUowed to liiiiain ill \Miit i m 1
the berries aie haivested m the spnng I ut sm h
early floodin.,' may miure the ^ ines The pi ii i i iid
for the picking ot Cianberiies is usually about 40 to
50 cts. a bushel Three to four bushels is considered to
be an average diy s picking There are vaiious devices
to facilitate the picking. On Cape Cod a popular im-
plement is the Lumbert picker (Fig. 569). The machine
is thrust into the vines, and the operater closes the lid
by bearing down with his thumb; drawing it backward
pulls off the berries. Usually the pickers are"lined-off "
(Fig. 568) by cords stretched across the bog, thus limiting
each one to a particular area, which he is required to
pick clean. The berries are cleaned by running them
through a separator, by passing them over a screen,
by floating off the litter by dowsing them in water, and
by other means. Dowsing usually reduces the market
value. They are then marketed in barrels or crates.

1 there are three general types, determined

572 Makepeace Cranberry
Natural size Type of the Cherrj Ci^uuerries

CRANBERRY CHOrS, IN BUSHELS

1877 1878 1879 1880

NewEngland 250,600

NewJersey 128.700

TheWest 113,430

Totals 400,828 295,760 233,000 492,630

1882 1883 1884 1885

New England.... 193,664 141.964 130.583 280,879

New .Jersey 78,507 118,524 124,648 198.125

TheWest 50,000 135,507 24,783 264,432

Totals 322,171 395,995 280.014 743,436

143,186
461,025

274,799
234,254
31,396

392

CRANBERRY

■ 'f good qualitv now
The following table
^ i]iug"and "closing"
seasons:

MAY

1887 1888 1889 1890 1891

New England.... 307,563 260,000 350,000 375,000 480,000

New Jersey 163,788 225,000 200,000 200,000 250.000

The West 140,672 100,000 70,000 225,000 30,000

Totals 612,023 585,000 620.000 800,000 760,000

1892 1893 1894 1895 1896

New England.... 375,000 .575.000 185,000 420,000 600,000

NewJersey IBO.OOO 325,000 200,000 200,000 200,000

TheWest 65,000 100,000 25,000 10,000 30,000

Totals 600.000 1,000,000 410,000 650,000 830,000

1897 1898 1899

New England.... 400.000 425,000 425,000

NewJersey 250,000 300,000 175,000

TheWest 50,000 75,000 85,000

Totals 700,000 800,000 685,000

Average prices f"i i ii
range from $4.50 t.. -'
(by Rider) gives :i -i.
prices per bushel t^r' I ^ '

TEAR Ol

1877 $2 00 ® $2 50 ^ 00 ® $4 50

1878 2 00® 2 25 2 25® 2 50

1879 1 75 ® 2 00 5 00 ® 6 00

1880 1 50 ® 2 00 50 ® 1 00

1881 1 50 ® 2 00 2 00 ® 3 00

1882 2 75 ® 3 00 2 00 ® 3 50

1883 2 75 ® 3 00 5 25 ® 5 50

1884 2 75 ® 3 00 2 50 ® 2 75

1885 1 .50 ® 1 70 50 ® 75

1886 125®150 3 75®4 00

1887 1 75 ® 2 00 2 75 ® 3 00

1888 135® 2 00 75 ® 1 00

1889 1 50 ® 2 00 4 00 ® 5 00

18!)0 2 00 ® 2 25 3 00 ® 3 50

1891 1 50 ® 2 00 1 25 ® 1 00

1892 125®150 2 00®300

1893 1 25 ® 1 50 2 00 ® 3 00

1894 2 00 ® 2 50 50® 75

The Low -bush Cranberry, or Wolfberry (F. Vitis-
Idiea), is much used in Nova Scotia and other parts, and
is gathered and shipped in large quantities to Boston;
but it is not cultivated. This berry is also common in
Europe, where it is much prized. The quantities of this
fruit imported into the U. S. from various sources is con-
siderable. For example, between July 24 and Dec. 31,
1897, the following imports were received (as compiled
by Rider) :

From Nova Scotia 31,748 qts. ® $1,284

Sweden and Norway 19,905 qts. ® 1,014

Newfoundland 7,256 Qts. ® 279

Germany 1.500 qts. ® 180

Denmark 864 qts. ® 27

61.273 qts. $2,784
or 1,915 bu.
The Cranberry is subject to the attacks of various
insects, for most of which the best remedy is flooding,
although the fruit-worm is probably best destroyed by
spraying with arsenites. There are also fungous troubles.
For information on all these difficulties, the bulletins
of the New Jersey Experiment Station are the best
literature.

The best literature on the Cranberry is comprised in
the Proceedings of the American Cranberry Growers'
Association, with headquarters at Trenton, N. J. This
society holds an '" annual meeting " in January, and an
"' annual convention " in August. Begiiming with 1880,
it has published regular reports of each of these gather-
ings. The standard books are White's "Cranberry Cul-
ture," largely from the New Jersey standpoint, and
Webb's "Cape Cod Cranberries." l. H. B.

Notes by a Wisconsin Grower. — Cranberries are
raised mainly in the states of Massachusetts, New Jer-
sey, Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. The eastern
marshes are mostly "made," while in Wisconsin there
are thousands of acres of natural marsh as yet entirely
uncultivated, as well as much that is cultivated.

The natural soil for the Cranberry is peat. Sand is
also good, but, when used alone, must have a new coat
of it spread over the ground every few years, as it be-
comes exhausted and the vines become woody and cease

CRAN

to bear. The ideal soil seems to be a foundation of
peat, with from 2 to 4 inches of sand spread over it.
It is very desirable that the surface should be level, so
that it can all be kept equally moist. The leveling is
usually done by "scalping," i. e., taking off the sod and
carrying it away. This also removes the moss and
other foul vegetation, and gives the vines a chance
to take full possession of the ground. If scalping is
considered too expensive, the moss may be killed by
floodinir in winter and drawing the water oif in spring ;
but it tik- - I ) tliree years for it to rot suft i. Wly

to all" ill. Plowing is sometimes resorted

to wli. I I .III-, or the .sods turned upside down

by s,., ■ ,,„.;,„..

The In-st Mit> i.ii- Cranberry raising are those which
afford a perfect water supply. There should be a reser-
voir of water on the upper side of the marsh (and if it
is on the north or northwest so much the better, as it
will then be more sure protection from frost), which can
be emptied on to the marsh at short notice ; and there
must also be good drainage, to carry it away from the
marsh quickly when desired. A level piece of marsh
which has vines already growing on it looks very tempt-
ing to the uninitiated^ but, if it has not a good water
supply, it is better to leave it in the natural state and
take the crops which grow in favorable seasons, than
to spend money improviiiR it.

A good sand Timr !' t'-:-- t ' t'-:^-' • T^nr riTi'.- -tream in

a sandy ret-'i.'i ' • - i: ' -i r can be

drawn from Til' i. a reser-

voir to hold ni:' i . tly from

the

dit.-Ii.-, ii I- il.-^ii:,M.-. ai l.a-t fMi- 111. r.'s.i-vi.ir dams,
to civil- tliini Mill) -ami. Tlii- slii.ul.l lir |iut iiio.stly on
the tiiji aii.l iiinirr -111.-, ami sli,,ii|,l ^[,,]„- frmii file top of
the dam to the center of the ditch. This prevents musk-
rats from doing very much damage, and the dam is not
so apt to be washed out by high water as when built in
a perpendicular wall. The cheapest way to move sand
to build dams or fnr sprr-adinir oti the marsh is to haul
it on sleighs in tin winf. i-. A ]i!atf.irm is built on rock-
ers, so that thii li-a.l iiia\ Im. i1uiii|i..1 at one side of the

sleigh; and t^v.l lua.N in a jila a good peat dam

will make a heavy n-. iMnr il nn. The pit from which
sand is taken shonli! I. \m II j.r.iU .-ted with snow or
sawdust to prevent its in i /m- liaiil>. One of the best
ways of making wast. -ai. - i- in jilace three joists
lengthwise of the dam a lirtl.- I., l..i\ the bottom of the
ditch, and a platform built upon them, and the whole
settled down as firmly as possible; then the dam is built
right onto the platform for 3 or 4 feet on each side, and
then the sideboards put in place, and cleats nariled up
and down into which to slip the sluice boards. It is a
good plan to have an outside ditch, which will carry sur-
plus water around the marsh instead of across it, in wet
seasons.

Planting. — There are several methods of planting
vines. One way is to sort the vines and then cut them up,
roots and all, in pieces about eight inches in length, lay-
ing them down three or four in a place, pushing the lower
end into the ground by means of a stick shaped like a
paddle; or it is sometimes done by a piece of iron fast-
enened to the bottom of a shoe. This method leaves
the plants in an upright position, and they do not grow so
rapidly as when pushed into the ground obliquely or
laid on top of the ground, as their first growth is to make
nmners. Sometimes the vines are cut in a hay cutter,
sown by hand like wheat, and then rolled. A good
method of planting in the west is to take vines without
cutting and drop two or three in a place and step on
them ; if put a foot apart, they will soon cover the ground,
and will bear a good crop in three years. The greatest
care must be taken, while sorting vines, that they do not
dry out, for if they do they are worthless.

In subsequent culture is when water comes into use.
The ditches should be about ten rods apart, each ditch
having a dam built below it of the material thrown from
the ditch ; the drain ditches running down through the
marsh need not be quite so close together. To promote
the growth of vines, it is only desired to hold the ditches
about half full, so that the ground may be moist, but if
water is kept up onto vines at this time thev will be

CRANBERRY

drowned and do nothing. When frosty nights come,
after vines have begun to grow, water should be drawn
from the reservoir to cover them, and let off the next
morning. If the ends of the new shoots get frozen, it is
a decided set-back, and especially so when the vines
have reached the bearing age, as then it cuts off the crop
and hurts the prospect for the coming year by taking
the terminal bud. The vines do throw out side shoots,
however, and sometimes the second season's crop does
not seem to be much affected by it. When the plants
are in blossom (which is all through July) the ground
must not get too dry, or the blossoms will blast. This
trouble was experienced in many places during the sum-
mers of '86 and '87, when it was so dry that nothing but
a stream fed bv springs could begin to furnish a supply

of water. Through the most of tli.' ~ui r. ii is best

to keep the water from 4 to 8 iui'ln ~ K. In. i1m -urfaoe,
but before the spring frosts are I'M 1- ii i !.( i n r i,. keep
it nearly to the surface, and if it is ;i s.a^on mi .In-ui^ht,
draw water down over the marsh aljoul uuc-e a week.
After the fruit has set, if obliged to flood as a protection
against frost, be sure to draw the water off quickly the
next morning, or the berries will be scalded.

The marsh should not be flooded for winter till quite
late, some time in November, generally, as the fall
frosts do not injure the vines, but help them harden, so
that they will endure the winter's snow and ice without
injury. Sometimes during the late winter, a rain or
thaw will let surplus water on the marsh and this may
lift the ice, and that will take the vines with it, right out
of the ground. This should be guarded against by open-
ing waste-gates an.l .Irawiiii,' off tlie extra water. The
flood should be I. ft ,.,, il,. ,,,:„-), in th,- si.rins; until the
spring frosts arc i. i 'i; n^in ili.- linn' for draw-

ing off the watir i - I II 111'- -Oili "f -Miiy.and

it must be closily ., ,,; ::,,;, ..lui I s, a> tin- viia-s are

then very tender and wiii n^i In ar us hard a frost as
they will after they have been uncovered a few weeks.

Berries are gathered in two different ways : one is to
pick them by hand, the other to rake them. The hand-
picking is mostly done by women and iduldreu or In-
dians. Every thirty pickers sli.mM liavi- an nvi iMcr,
whose duty it is to see that the vim , aii- ]iiri^,il .-li-an
and that no refuse is allnwcil u, ^o int" th, l..i\ ; al^.. tc
give a check for every btish.-l li..x lillnl, timl ti. carry
the full boxes to the wagon, car or boat. The pickers
in the west use shallow peck boxes to pick in, and when
these are filled they empty them into the bushel box.
The pickers are placed in a row, thirty of them occupy-
ing from 80 to 90 feet, and a rope should be stretched
each side of them to keep them going straight ahead, or
else they are very apt to turn to the right or left for
better picking.

The cheapest way of gathering berries is to rake them
with what is called a "scoop rake" (Fig. 573). It needs
stout men to use these to advantage, at least
those who are not troubled with backache,
they must keep a stooping positii
stantly. Rakes should
not be used in young
vines where there are a
great many runners, as
they would pull them up
by the roots too much,
but as the vines get older
and the fruit shoots
stand up out of the way
of the runners, rak'
does not seem to injure
them. The rakers should
have ropes stretched be-
tween them, each man
being given a space from
one to three rods wide,
and every ten should
have an overseer, who
will also rake most of the time. Rakers are hired by the
day, but hand pickers pick by the box. The rake is
much used in the west.

If the berries can be taken to the warehouse in a boat
along the ditches, it is the best way, as they bruise
easily and should be carefully handled ; but if that is
not practicable, then thev must be taken in wagons

CRASSULA

393

573. The hand scoop i

which are driven as close to the picking ground as pos,
sible ; or a portable track may be laid onto the marsh-
and :i car used. The bushel boxes which are used have
the sidr^ and l.'dtom made of lath, with small spaces
between: and tlii^e boxes are used to cure the berries
in, lieini; [died n|' III tiers, so that the air can circulate be-
tween them. Tlie herry bouse sh,.nld be built with dead
air spaces in the wall-, and windnHs shonld I.e darkened
and building kept clov, ,| diiniiL,- t!ie day. s,m- .s7../r/./r.

Cranberries are generally slni'iad in iiarrets. bnt snnie
use bushel crates, thunch in whatever they are packed,
the greatest care should be taken to put them up in
good shape. If picked before they begin to ripen,
and then packed so that when they reach their destina-
tion they are settled from one to three inches in the barrel,
dealers will not want them, and this kind of manage-
ment has much to do with low prices. Before putting
into barrels, the berries are put through a Cranberry
mill, and then, if there are still a few bad berries,
they are put on tables made for the purpose, and the
rest of the bad ones picked out by hand.

The profits of the business depend so much upon the
amount of expense which has been necessary to improve
the marsh that it is impossible to give any exact figures.
The smaller the marsh, the <|uieker it can be improved
and made to begin to pay a in-oflt. Anyone who under-
takes to improve a large marsh ouj^ht not to expect
much from it short of ten or fifteen years, though, if
carefully inanticied. it may lie made to pay cost of im-
proving after tlnec i.j- t"i>nr years.

There is ti small -and in.ii'sh in Wisconsin, made after
an attempt tn lanii the hiinl had utterly failed because
the soil was su ponr. wliitdi has yielded a better income
for several years than the best farm in the county. It
is a profitable business when honest work and careful
management are united in it, but not otherwise.

H. B. TUTTLE.

CEANBEREY TREE. Same as High-bush Cran-
berry. ribiinlKin Upilliis.

CRASSULA (Latin, t!iirl-ish .■ refr
leaves and stems). t'r"s^-nh'i-.n 'I')
name to the order Cr inii.,,, .,1,
cultivated succuleni i . iU>. others of widely

different habit, — aliiiiii ' i Imijether. The order

is closely related te iIm > i . ii la.ice.-e, and differs in
having the carpels of the "vary entirely free and equal
in number to the petals, but the fc.»rms pass easily into
the Saxifragacese through Francoa and Tetilla, and
back again through Triaetina. The genera are ill defined,
and certain species of Sedum cross over the lines of
Crassula, Cotyledon and Sempervivum, while between
Crassula and Tillsea no good distinction can be made.
For these reasons it seems best to give a key to the
genera of garden importance.

A. Stamens as many as the petals.
B. Petals free, or connate only at the base.

1. Crassula. Floral parts in 5's: calyx shorter than

the corolla.
BB. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond.

2. RocHEA. Calyx many times shorter than the tube of

the corolla.
AA. Stamens normally twice as many as the jyetals
(sometimes equal in nttmber, especiallg in Nos.
S,6,8).
B. Petals free, or connate only at the very base.

3. Sedum. Floral parts usually 4-5 : scales small.

4. Sempervivum. Floral parts 6 to many (rarely 5):

scales small.

5. MoNANTHES. Floral parts G-12 : scales petal-like.
EB. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond.

6. Kalanchoe. Calyx 4-parted.

7. Bryophtli^um. Calyx large, inflated, shortly 4-cut.

8. CoTVLEDON. Calyx 5-parted.

The floral parts of Crassula are normally 5, rarely 6-9,

394

CKASSULA

but cultivatinn prohahly changes the number of parts
not infr-'in-ntlv <'i-T^^nlas are herbs or shrubs, rarely
;iitnii n-iiMI III i wnl fleshy: Ivs. opposite, rarely
^1 ■ t her at "the base, entire or with

■ III I iN small, white, rose, or rarely

> ■ I - rarely in heads. For C. coc-

rhea.

W.

I 1.1--11I I- ,11. .-n . iili"Usi-plantsrequiringadry atmos-
pliii. .luiiii.-ili. 1. -tiiii; ].criod. While making growth,
thfj iii.iN I" u. .ited hkt other greenhouse plants In the
way of watering, placing them in the lightest and airiest
part of the house. The pots must be drained so that any
surplus moisture will easily pass through. The soil
should consist of sand, loam, broken brick, and a very
small quantity of leaf-soil or thoroughly rotted cow-
manure. Propagation is usually from cuttings. Some
of the species, such as C. falc'ata, do not give much
material for this purpose, and they should, there-
fore, be headed over and the tops put in dry sand
in the spring, allowing water only when they show
signs of shrivelling. The cut -over plants should
be encouraged to make side shoots, which may be
rooted after they are large enough.

Cult, by G. W. Oliver.
A. Floral parts normally in o's.
B. Lvs. petioled.

cord4ta, Soland. Height 1-3 ft.: stem shrubby: Ivs.
flat, wide, stalked, cordate, obtuse, entire, glabrous,
spotted above : cymes panicle-like : fls. red<iish, some-
times pure white. Winter.— Closely allied to C. spathu-
lata.

spathulata, Thunb. Glabrous herb : stem somewhat

shrubby, decumbent, branching: Ivs. stalked, roundish,

crenate, glabrous, shining above: corvmbs panicle-like:

fls. rosy; fM-fal-a.ut;.. L. B.

Not ai'lv.'-rt'i-.'.] |..r' -:,1. . I'.i.t
likely to l..- .-ultM air.l :,- ("'.

BB. Lvs. not petioled.

r. Foliage glaucous.

falcata, Weiidl. Height

s it.: Iv^. -rowii tou',.ther

1>. Miiall,

dense, terminal corymb :
corolla tube !4 of an in. long,
as long as the limb or
shorter. B.M. 2035.

Foliage not glaucous.
Uctea, Soland. Height 1-2
: ^trm shrubby, branch-
-' '"i-tuous below: lvs.
narrowed and grown
-■ :i' r at the base, gla-
I-. spotted along the
aiijiii: cvmes panicle-like,
iiiiv-Hcl. : fls. white, small.
intir. B.M. 1771. L.B.C.
T.Ck- a free -flowering

'In i-i- iv a form with

quadrifida. Baker. Fig.

574. Perennial: lvs. oblong-

spatulate, the upper ones

rounder, decussate : fls. with

574. Crassula quadrifida. their parts in 4's, panieled,

1X^3.) white, tinged red. w. M.

CEATiGUS (ancient Greek name, derived from liratos,
strength, on account of the hardiness of the wood ) . Bosd-
cew, suborder Pdme<p. Haw. Hawthorn. .Shrubs or
small trees, usually spiny: lvs. alternate, deciduous,
stipulate, serrate, often lobed or pinnatifid : fls. white, in

CRAT^GUS

some varieties red, in corymbs, rarely solitary; petal-
and calyx-lobes 5; stamens many, rarely less than 10;
styles 1-5: fr. a drupe-like pome, with 1-5 1-seeded bony
stones. About 70 species, in the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere, most abundant in N. America.
Hardy ornamental shrubs and trees, mostly of dense and
low growth, with handsome foliage, turning, in most
species, to a brilliant coloring in the fall; many have
very decorative frs., and also handsome fls. Some of the
best, with showy frs., are C. Crus-ijalli. C. Lavallei,
C. cordata, C. pinnatifida ni'ij^r. 1 . ',r <- . lut the frs.
of the last drop very early, vli: 1 i)m- others

the frs. remain a long time on 1 1m i.: ~ iiu-varie-

ties of (7. wonof77/?m have vi )\ .i .iiii . lU,; also C.
mollis, C. Cnts-galli and otl,. i~ ,1, iiaii.i-..iii. ni bloom.
For the S. states, V. ,rst^r,,h^ and il,, I. In. fruited C.

brachi/acantha are aitani_' ilir ~f d- i-orati\e. Well

adapted for hedges ai-i ( '. ,„,.„,.,,-,,„„, r. 1 ij iimantha,
C. Crus-galli, C. conlnl.i an
thorns grow in almost any s

rich, loamy, somewhat moist one, andalso in strong clay.
Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified; before stratify-
ing, most of the pulp may be removed by laying the frs.
in shallow piles and allowing til. in i.i.i..:n'. Then they
are mixed with sand or sift. 1 n i ni.-d in the

ground or kept in boxes in f
as C. rnrdnta. C. cnecinea. <
first vr.arnn.l :,r.- -^..vn in ^r-r

iiiate the
^jiecially
> rminate

the t' ^ _, i ; .. ,, u at once,

the s.--d 1.. d- nniM I.... li,..a; :l.i n.ui.di^-d dunug the first
summer to prevent drying. Tlie young plants should not
be allowed to remain over one year in the seed-beds, as
they form long tap-roots and are then difiicult to trans-
plant. Varieties and rarer kinds are easily budded or
grafted on .-■.■. .llm,- -t... I, ..( C. Oxyacantha, or other
common str.m _ 1 . . i. s.

Index: ,/. . i suppl.; apiifolia, 14 and

suppl.; Aro,,,.:. i-; .,, .r ., av, IS; Carriiri, 7; coccinea,
3; cordata, l:i; *_riis-Kaiii, :<: I>oiii;la-.i, V2. iri; flava, 2;
Lavallei, 7; leucophlaus, i); lii,-i<l.i . .'; nia.ra.'antha, 10;
mollis, 4; monogyna, 16; nii;ra. L'l : .nh.i.itissima, 19;
orientalis, 19: Oxyacantha, 1.'), IC; iHn-iit.,1,,1. 1; pinnati-
fida, 17: populifolia, 13 and .sujipl. ; pruuifolia, C; punc-
tata, 8; piirifolia,9; sanguinea, 11; subvillosa,i; tana-
cetifolia, 20; tomentosa, 9; uniflora, 1.
a. Foliage of the flowering branches not at all or very
slightly lobed; no veins going to the sinuses.
B. Fls. IS, rarely more.

1. onifldra, Mcench (C. parvifblia, Ait.)., Dense, low
shrub, with numerous slender spines, rarely spineless,
3-8 ft.: lvs. on short not glandular petioles, cuneate,
obovate or oblong-obovate, irregularly or doubly crenate-
serrate, pubescent on both sides, at length glabrous
above, X-IM in. long: calyx pubescent, with large ser-
rate lobes: fr. pyrifonn or globose, yellow, H in. across,
with 2-5 stones. May, June. N. Jersey to Arkansas and
Florida. S.S. 4:191.

2. Hiva, Ait. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft., usually
very spiny: lvs. on short glandular petioles, cuneate,
obovate, glandular-dentate, pubescent, at length glabrous
and shining above: fr. globular or pyrifonn, greenish,
yellow or red, Ys, in. across. Va. to Florida. S.S. 4:189.
B.H. 23:1932, 1939.

BB. Fls. in 6-many-fld. corymbs.
V. Lvs. on slender, often glandular petioles, usually
broadly ovate and truncate at the base, slightly
lobed: calyx lobes dentate.

3. coccinea, Linn. Scarlet Thorn. Shrub or tree,
rarely to 25 ft., with short spines: lvs. broadly ovate,
sharply doubly serrate, nearly glabrous beneath, spar-
ingly ,iinirp';-iHd-).nl>pscent above, 2-3 in. long: corymbs
usiiall, -liL-lii. \ (l.ius: fr. red, globose or oval, K-}^ in.
acr..- I . Newfoundland to Florida and
Te\a^ , , A| ;„i,a. S.S. 4:180. Em. 493. B.M.3432.
— Till I . ar- a niinil..-r of allied forms which have been
considered usually as mere varieties, but may be per-
haps distinct species. None of them, however, surpasses
the true C. coccinea in decorative value, and they are
only of botanical interest.

CRATAEGUS

4. mailis, Scheele (C. s«6iJJHdso, Schrad. C.eoccliien,
var. mdlHs, Torr. & Gr.). Fig. 575. Tree, to 30ft.. with
short, stout thorns : Its. broadly ovate, sharply and
.doubly serrate, densely pubescent beneath, 3— 4 in. long:
corymbs densely villous-pubescent : fis. with red disk : fr.
about Xin. across, usiuilly pear-shaped. April, May.

)Pa.,w.-i u.y.hr..
C.tomentosa). HI' ' 'I
species, with hn _
and frs., ripeniim ,i, >■ , ;■ n
maturity.

Var. tUiifoUa, Kochne. L
not glandular: stamens 20.

S.S. 4:182. Em. 494 (a
"f the most decorative
foliage and showy fis.
.ut dropping soon after

ore pubescent, petioles

veins beneath when young, 2-3 in. long: corymbs pubes
cent: fr. red: stones with two furrows on the inner side.
May-June. — Probably hybrid between C. Crus-galli and
C. macracantha. B.R. 22:1868.

7. LavAUei, Herincq. (C. Carrier!', Vauv.). Small tree
to 20 ft., with spreading branches, nearly unarmed,
when older: Ivs. elliptic or oblong-obovate, acute, pu-
bescent, glabrous above at length, irregularly serrate,
3-4 in. long : corymbs rather few-fld., pubescent ; fls.
large, with red disk : fr. bright orange or brick-red,
ovoid or globular. K in. across. Mav. R.H. 1883: 108.
G.C. III. 21:118, I19.-Probably hybrid between C.
Crus-galU and C. Mexlcana; originated in Prance.

5T5. Crataegus mollis

Lii. uH i-alUtr short and stout, not glandular, peti-
oles, cuneate and usually entire at the base, and
mostly broadest above the middle.

D. I^r. red i

i-Unn

■itherhard.

E. Habit of fr. noddimj or p: ml
F. Coloroflvs. dark yr,' ,1 ,,,,.1 sliiii.ii.i ,,hore. t-har-
taceous: calyx lnh, .■< , n <■/ ..« il,,' fr.

5. Cros-g&lli, Linn. Shrub or tree, to 40 ft. ; branches
wide-spreading, rigid, often pendulous, with numerous
slender spines: Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate, irregularly
and sharply serrate, quite glabrous, 1-2K in. long, often
semi-persistent: corymbs glabrous : fr. usually globose,
red. Mav^une. Quebec, south to Fla. and Tex. S.S.
4:178. Em. 492. R.B. 1:116. G.F. 7: 295. -A very deco-
rative species of distinct habit, handsome in bloom and
with showy, bright red fr., remainitiL.' on tin- inaiirlns
often until spring; the Ivs. assuiii. ;i iTilli.mt ..i:iiiu-i-
and scarlet color in fall. Var. inermis. 1..:'. S| nn I- -s
form. Var. Uneiris, Ser. Lvs. lim ai- Ian. . .,;ai. . \ ar.
nana, Nichols. Dwarf form. Var. ovaliiolia, Liudl.
Lvs. elliptic. B.R. 22:1860. Var. pyracanthifolia. Ait.
{var. salicifdlia, Ait.). Lvs. oblanceolate. Var. splen-
dens, Ait. (var. liicida, Kort.). Lvs. elliptic-oblanceo-
late, very shining.

6. prunifdlia, Pers. Shrub or tree, to 30 ft. : branches
spreading or somewhat ascending, spiny: lvs. obovate,
or roundish obovate, doubly serrate, pubescent on the

FF. ('.)/.)/■ of Irg. dull above, with impressed veins,
pubescent.

8. punctata, .Tacq. Fig. 576. Tree, to 25 ft. : branches
horizontally spreadine. with short, stout spines or un-
armed: lvs. broadly ol'ovatr. olituse or ai'iiti-. nai-iowed
at the base into a ratlin- I.iim-ijiarL'iiinl ].ctiol,. ii-n iru-
larly serrate: coryniK- ['uluvrrnT : iN. iar-f ; .aiUx
lobes entire: fr. pyrifonn or siihirlobo-.,.. n-.i. .lottiAl,
about Km. across. Mav. From Quebec to Out. ana
Ga. S.S. 4:184. Var. aiirea. Ait. (var. xanthocdrpa,
Roem.). Pr. yellow: lvs. sometimes slightly lobed.

EE. ffabit of fr. erect, becoming soft : corymbs
maini-ll'l.. hirije.

9. tomentosa, Linn, i r. /.,/,a;r./i."/. Ait. C.leiicoplilceos,
Mcench). Shrub or snull tr. .-. lo Jn ft., with spreading
branches unarmed orAJtli -hort -nines: lvs. cuneate.

; furrows ou the inner .-.nie. Jan.-. From Hudson Bay

o Ga., west to Mich, and Mo. .S.S. 4:183. G.F. 2:425.

J.R. 22:1877.— Var. aurantlaca, Lge. Fr. yellow.

)D. Fr. shining, blood-red or scarlet, rarely yellow,
globose, with soft and juicy flesh ; stones with 2
furrows on the inner side (plain in all the fore-
going except ]Vos. 6 and 9).
10. macrac4ntlia, Lodd. {C. coccinea, var. macracdn

396

CRATAEGUS

Iha, Dudl.). Fig. 577. Shrab or small tree, to 20 ft., of
dense growth, with numerous long and slender spines:
Ivs. rather slender-petioled, broadly elliptic or ovate,
doubly serrate, glabrous, shining and dark green abore,
almost glabrous beneath . corymbs more or less vil-

"'***^^^^^

-m^

*^/^

576. Crataegus punctata.

lous; fls. fragrant; calyx -teeth glandular-serrate: fr.
X in. in diam. May, June. Quebec to Va., west to Mo.
and Dak. S.S. 4:181. B.R. 22:1912. L.B.C. 11:1012 (as
C. glandulosa). A.G. 11:509. — Sometimes cultivated
under the name of C. Douglasi. Var. succul^nta, Rehd.
(<7. succuUnta, Schrad.). Lvs. pubescent beneath :
pedicels and calyx densely tUIous.

11. sangulnea, Pall. Shrub or small tree, with up-
right, spreading branches and short spines : lvs. ovate
or broadly ovate, narrowed into the petiole, irregularly
serrate and slightly lobed, more deeply lobed on vigor-
ous shoots, nearly" glabrous, l}^-3 in. long: corymbs
pubescent or glabrous; fls. large; stamens 20, with pur-
ple anthers : fr. K in. in diam. Siber., Dahur., Amur-
land. Var. AltUca, Loud. (var. xanthocdrpa, Kegel).
Pr. yellow, smaller : anthers whitish: lvs. more deeply
lobed.

DDD. Fr. black, shining ; atones with 2 furrows.

12. Soiiglasi, Lindl. (C samjulnea, var. Doiighisi,
Torr. & Gr.). Tree, to 40ft., with slender, often pendu-
lous branches, unarmed or with short spines: lvs. short-
petioled, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate and
slightly lobed, nearly glabrous, pubescent i

rib above
calyx loin
Sept. M;i
21:1810.

AA. Foil,

1. long: corymbs glabrous
te : fr. ripening in Aug. o
to Calif. S.S. 4:175. B.E

i.hed,

ith

going from
thr iin.irih ^, II,, sinuses {see also No.l); stones
jtl,ii,i ..» Ill, 11,11, r side except Jfo. Is.
B. Fr. m-ii siiiiil!. nhnut y^in. across: calyx lobes
si'iiiiriil,il hi) It distinct line from the fr. and fall-
ing off at Unyth.

13. cordita, Ait. (C. ocfri«?ia,Mnch. C. popnlifdlia,
Walt.). Washington Thorn. Tree, to 30 ft., with
slender spines : lvs. slender, petioled, triangular or
broadly ovate, usually truncate at the base, 3-5-lobed,
sharply serrate, lK-2Min. long : corymbs many-fld.,
glabrous : styles 5 : fr. depressed-globose, shining,
bright coral-red. June. 111. to Ala. and Va. S.S. 4:18G.
B.R. 14:1151. — A very desirable species, with beautiful
fall-coloring and large clusters of bright red fr. remain-
ing a long time on the branches.

14. apiifdiia, Michx. Shrub or small tree, rarely 20 ft.,
with stout spines and the branchlets pubescent when
young: lvs. slender, petioled, broadly ovate, pinnately
5-7-cleft, serrate, glabrous or pubescent, %-l% in. long:
corymbsfew-fld., villous, pubescent; styles 1-3: fr. oval,
1-4-1-5 in. high. May. Va. and Fla. to Tex. S.S. 4:188.
—A handsome species with graceful foliage and an
abundance of white fls. in spring and small but bright-
colored frs. in fall.

BB. Fr.Hin.or more across : calyx not separated.

C. Fr. red or yellow.

D. Branches and lvs. glabrous.

15. Oxyacintha, Linn. Hawthorn or May of English

ORAT^GUS

literature. Shrub or small tree, to 15 ft., with spreading
branches and stout spines : lvs. short-petioled, cuueate
or truncate at the base, roundish or broadly ovate, 3-5-
lobed, with incisely serrate lobes, 1-2 in. long: corymbs
5-10-fld., glabrous: fr. globular or roundish oval, %-%m.
high, scarlet; stones 2, with 2 furrows on the inner side.
May. Eu.,N.Afr. B.R. 13:1128 (as C. oxyacanthoides).
Var. xanthoc&rpa, Roem. Has yellow fr., very distinct
and showy. — Often confounded with the following, and
less commonly cultivated.

16. mondgyna, Jacq. (C. Oxydcantha, Hort.). Shrub
or tree, to 20 ft., with stout spines: lvs. on rather slender
petioles, ovate, 3-7-lobed, lobes with few teeth at the
apex, 1-2 in. long: corymbs many-fld., with usually hairy
pedicels: fr. oval, with usually 1 stone, Ys-Vi in. high.
May, June. Eu. and N.Africa to Himalayas. — Many gar-
den forms are cultivated; some of the mot-t distinct are
the following. With single fls.: Var. bicolor, Hort. (var.
Giimpperi bicolor). Fls. white, edged pink. F.S.lt;:l()51.
Var. punicea, Hort. Fls. deep red. F.S. 15:l.')n9. Fig. 1.
L.B.C. 14:1303. Var. rosea, Hort. Fls. pink, petals with
white claw. With double fls. : V^ar. Alba plena, Hort.
With white double fls. F.S. 15:1509, Fig. 2. Var. PatiU,
Hort. (var. cocclnea, Hort. Var. Faiifs 3Vic Double
Scarlet). Fig. 578. Bright scarlet, one of the most
showy. I. H. 14:536. Var. pimicea pWna, Hort. Scarlet-
red. R.B. 24:101. Var. rubra plSna, Hort. Red. F.S.
15:1509, Fig. 3. Variptios difFcrintr in lv«. ;ind habit:
Var. laciniflta, Loud, \.v<. ,],;-\,]y i.imintiiid wifli incised
serrate lobes. Var. pteridifolia, I."U'I. i\ar. filicifdlia,
Hort.). Similar, but Iv^. li'tii^rr. \\ iili ikhi-ww ir ;ind more
incised lobes. F.S. 2ii:2ii7ii. \:ir. quercifolia. Loud.
Lvs.with broad, rounded andcrciKit.- L.Im „. \;ir, hdrrida,
Carr. Branches with fascicles < if nuiii.vniis stout spines
F.S. 14:1468. G.C. 111.24:13. V;ir. p6ndula, H..rt. With
pendulous branches. Var. pfindula rdsea, Hort. A pen-
dulous form, with pink fls. Var. stricta. Loud. (var.
pyra>nid(ilis,'BoTt.). Of fastigiate, upright habit. \'ar.
semperfldrens, Andr6 (var. Britanti, Carr.). Low, grace-
ful shrub, flowering untU fall. R.H. 1883, p. 140. There
are also some vars. with variegated lvs.

577. Crataegus macracantha (

17. pinnatifida, Bunge. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft. :
lvs. slender-petioled, cuneate, elliptic-ovate, pinnately
5-9-cleft, incisely serrate: corymbs many-fld., usually
pubescent: fr. globular orpyritorm, dark red, punctate,

CRAT^GUS

jp/:f\M

t n {- J

\

1 1

N Ch

iO — \a ma3u

111

ply lobed f

al 1

n 1

t C II

50 0 0

ID Ji a lit

// p b
1 I J ft I

b

1 I

t

J I

18 Azirolus

L n (C 1 i

=;(?

) ^1

b t

to f 1

1 tp Id

un

t d plj

3 111 1

1 1 be 1

ut

latth

fp K Ik

n p b nt 1

1 nt ml

i wrtl In

1> t e

n

1

y 11 w

flob la

1 /I n a

Mo

N Af a

n A a B R

189 {a C A

)

RH

18 6 441

- \a Sn&ca

B L gl b

u f

11

dd h

1 11 B K

18 ( f V

)

CREPIS
( d id a Mn h (C fl

0 ate 11 pt d ply p

1 b 1 ghtly pub

n ath ymb d n

sh t fls wh t b m
S E Eu L B C 11 10
C a nfbl a M h = C
m 11 - 1

4 FRED ReHDER

CBAT^VA (
1 d al plant
I ppo at b

1 1

a ntal fe

11 btt a mat 1 d
t ma h t ubl Th 1 e
1 ult at d n Eu p as
nh u hrab

reUg 6sa !•

t f (f ^ 7 Bu h H n ) L fl t
1 S 1 d tamen 0 8 -Cult by

C 1 f

CKEAM NUT / tl II

CEEEPINC PHIFL E V

CBfiPIS ( h pvl

and belonging to C. prumfoha.-

Im gl b h n g

n f d P b bl h bnd

• C. alabra, Hort., not Thbg.=

( 11

Lnn P nn 1

ri 1 1 1 mb] n a
3 f t h gh and at 1 a t a

u n bl m pla t

d w th h rt ugh
Uh w nkl d oa ly

t la fl h 1

m what d t 1

n 1 ng n lud ng a pet

as long. fls. bright

jellow. involucre loose.

398 CREPIS

hairy. July, Eu., Asia, Minor, Himalayas. Gn. 53, p.
493. — The tallest aud largest-fld. of the genus. Its
white, plumy masses of seeds are also attractive.

C. aurea, Keiehb. Height 1ft., fis. orange. .June. Eu. The
commonest perennial species of the genus abroad. Repays rich
soil.— C. rubra, Linn. Annual height 6-32 in.; lis. red. usually
solitary. Italy. Greece. The commonest of the annual species
abroad.

CRESCfiNTIA (after Crescenzi, thirteenth century
Italian agricultural writer). BignontAcece. This genus
is chiefly interesting for the Calabash tree, and has no
near allies of horticultural importance. It consists of
tropical trees, glabrous: Ivs. alternate, solitary or clus-
tered in nodes : fls. large, tubular, with a fluted ."i-i-ut
limb, yellowish, with red ori.ur|ilf v.ins: calvx L! i.;iit. ,1
or deeply 5-cut. The Calal.;.~li ti> .■ i- a nativ. ,,i i,,.,,,-
cal America, is especially faniiliar m ili.' W. -i Irrh. -,
and can be grown outdoors in cKtr.-in,- s. Fla.. S. i alil.
The outer skin of the fruit is removed, aud the seeds
and pulp from within, and the hard, woody shell is
used for water-gourds and for all sorts of domestic ves-
sels, according to size and shape. The growing fruit
can be made to assume various forms by skillful tying.

Cui4te,Linn. Lvs.4-6in.long,broadly lanceolate, taper-
ing at the base : fls. solitary, pendulous; calyx 2-parted
corolla constricted bejow the middle, and then swelled
above, malodorous when decaying; stamens 4, some-
times 5. B.M. 3430.

CBESS. The ordinary garden Cress (Lepidium sati-
vum), sometimes called peppergrass, is still absent in
the majority of American gardens, although its leaves
have the pleasant pungency of the Water Cress, and
might be used more freely as a condiment, to be served
with salads, or for garnishing. The quick sprouting
habit of the seed i- |in.\ .rl.ial. If rr.— i> wanted in
Its prime continU"ii-l> . -.■.■.! mu^t In- -imn i \ i r-v few
days. The youn;; iilani-. uliirh jrjay !.:■ Lit iln.Lly in
drills, need protec-ii..ii 11..111 tlie il.a lieetle. a- ilii> is as
fond of Cress pungency a.s any guuiiiiaiul. I'ur winter
use, garden Cress may be grown in large flower pots,
boxes, or on a bench, in any light and reasonably warm
place. There are curled and broad-leaved types. Aus-
tralian or Golden Cress is a broad, yellowish -leaved va-
riety. Water Cress {Ifastiirthim officinale), a. h&Tdy
perennial and important market crop, can be grown in
moist soil in the greenhouse, or in almost any ditch,
pool, or shallow water course. Covered with water, it
winters well. To introduce it in any suitalile place, all
that is necessary is to scatter seed i.r a few freslily-cut
branches, and it will soon spread aud tlourisli. "Erfurt
Sweet" is a superior strain. Similar ti. Water Cress in
form of leaf and in taste is the Upland Cress {Burba-
rea viilnarix), a. hardy biennial which can easily be
grown from seed. T. Grein-er.

CEIMSON FLAG. .S'c7ii

styli;

CRINKLE ROOT. One of the names of Dentaria
diphylla.

CRtNUM (Greek name for a lily). AmaryUidiceo'.
A rather large and cosmopolitan genus of splendid flow-
ering bulbs, mostly tender, closely allied to Amaryllis,
and distinguished bv the loiiL'er perianth tube. Lvs.
mostly persistent, u^naliv l.iv.rel : ris. few or many in an
umbel, often very irii.M,int kmI with three types of
coloring, pure whiti , i.m-i. I i.d <.r purplish down the
center, or flushed with tin- same colors ; perianth
spreading or funnel sliaped; tube straight or curved;
segments linear, lanceolate or oblong.

The species of Crinum require widely different cul-
ture, and their geographical distribution furnishes an
important clue as to their rarity and the degree of
warmth required. There are only two hardy species, C.
longifolium and U. Moorei, the latter being iess hardy
than the former, but with finer flowers. These two

■ lasting
between
tind the

brilliant
laces far

CRINUM

species differ from all others in blooming :
stead of durinir a sli.u-t period, and in tin- i

the two, ('. /'"'" "", 1- iial-Oh : ■ ■ ' . 1/

flower, thotiLHi li'i I. r than '' ■ I <iuite as

showy as that nf 1 '. M<.,,r, /. Th. 'r, !.i hi Li- tliree well
marked colors, white, rose and puridisli. X single bulb
of the white variety has given fifty flowering bulbs in
four years. W. Watson says that tliis cross can easily be
repeated by amateurs. The outdoor kinds require a deep,
well drained soil an<l ]>h my .i' nai- [ ure during the grow-
" . W. Watson, Lon-

■ - lis positions on ter-
races or lawns, or in e 1 1 . - .. n. i . n^uers are wanted to
rnnihinc with arcliit. . i,.i . ..1 >iaiiiaiy for smnraer effect,
thr\ ar-- ..t thi- jT.ai. -i ■, aine. The Agapanthus is fre-
'jiniiilv a^"^^n i^r -la'li purposes, but the Crinum is
^iai-'ai\ kn.^wn in tin- p-liataeter. Of course largespeci-

nieiis air n' . ,|. ,1. I'Mt ..n htained thev are not easily

lost." Tile l.nlli- •<< Crjninns are ni.'sily irruwnin Hol-
land and in Flm-ida, TI niv nati\-e -|„.eie^, r. Ameri-

and striking' s].erta('le when seei
from civilization. It is no wonder
Florida gardens.

Of the greenhouse Crinums some are evergreen, others
decidous; some warmhouse, others coolhouse species.
Like Pancratiums, tliev r. q-iire tr>.. inn.'li ^i-n.-, to he as
popular here as in the iiM w e 1 1 s,,.i ,, . ,~|Hiiallv
of C. amahile and CI I 1 1 - i<ni -av's

(G.F. 10: 217): "Vnv. .... ■ : ,-' ■■! taffy

loam, dry cow-manure ami a litil.. rliaiviaJ. W hen they
are grown in large pots they do not require aimual re-
potting : in fact, our large plants have not been shifted
for the past five years. A top-dressing of good, rich soil
is all that is necessary, and when they are well estab-
lished liquid manure is very beneficial." C. amabiJe
may be taken as a type of the coolhouse and C gigan-
teiim of the warmhouse kind. Of the latter species, W.
Watson says (G. F. 4: 221) : "It is gigantic only in the
size of its flowers. The erect scapes are produced sev-
eral times a year at varying seasons. The flowers are
powerfully and deliciously fragrant, and last about a
week. This species requires plenty of moisture all the
year round, and it is happiest when planted in a large pot
of rich soil, or better still, in a bed under the shade of
palms." -w. M.

Among the great family of large-flowering Amaryllids
I do not recall anv more beautiful in bloom than Crinum
Moorei and its hybrid C. Poivellii. The culture of the
former is of the simplest. It requires potting, and is not
fastidious as to soil. It is well to grow it along into a
fair-sized tub with its offsets, of which it is prolific, until
it makes a good specimen, as it will then be more effective
in the garden when in flower. In late fall it should be
removed to a coolhouse and kept fairly dry till new
leaves appear in midwinter, when it may have more
moisture, the supply being increased on removal out-
doors in spring. C. Powellii has a shorter necked bulb
and drooping channelled leaves sometimes 4 feet long,
while C. Moorei has spreading leaves 2 feet or more
long. C. Powellii is especially valuable for its hardi-
ness. In a sheltered place at Elizabeth, N. J., it is
cut to the ground, but reappears in the spring, being
protected only by a small mound of ashes or earth, which
serves to throw off moisture.

J. N. Gerard.

Alphabetical list of species described below: C. Abys-
sinicum, l(i : amabile, 3 ; .•^niericanum, 4 ; aquatieum,
15; Asiaticuni. 1: auL'-nstiiTii d; oj/s7rrt?e, 2; campanu-

latnm, 15; Tr//.. i/,.. , n , ' ,,„ i; Colensoi, 10; cras-

.sifolium, l.i: JlhM.a : : ,-. Ait., 7; erubes-

(■e««,HBK.,,s: tiinlii! , . jmteum, 21; grandi-

florum, 9; Herb. rti. 1'.'; //.,'- - ' i.-./h. 19; hybridum, 1;
KirkU, 11; Knnthiannm. Hurt., 19; Kunthianum,
Roem., 8; lineare, 17; longifolium, 9; Mackenii,W;
Makoyanum, 10; Moorei, 10 ; Jfatatense, 10 ; ornatum,
14 ; pedunculatum, R.Br., 2 ; pedunculatum, Hort., 1 ;
Powellii, 18; pratense, 5; riparium,9; scabro-Capense,
19; scabrum, 19; Sehmidtii, 10; Sinico-scabrum, 1 ; va-
riabile, 13 ; Sanderianum, 14 ; virgineum, 22; Virgini-
cum, 19 ; Zeylanicum, 12.

399

A. Perianth erect, with spreading, linear segments :
stamens spreading. Stenaster.
B. Color white : tube greenish.

1. Asiiticum, Linn. Bulb 4-5 in. thick; neck B-9 in.
long : Ivs. 20-30 to a bulb, 3-4 ft. long, 3-4 in. broad :
pedunjle 13^-2 ft. long, 1 in. thick: fls. 20-50 in an um-
bel; spathe valves 2— t in. long ; pedicels J^-1 in. long:
perianth white ; tube erect, tinged with green, 3-4 in.
long ; segments 2K-3 in. long; filaments tinged red, 2
in. long : ovule 1 in a cell. Trop. Asia. B.M. 1073.—
Baker gives 5 botanical varieties, of which the most im-
portant in the American trade is probably var. Sinicum,
Baker ((7. pe(?!i«cH?<i'"»i, Hort., not R.Br.). St. JoH.s ^
Lilt. Bulb 6 in. tin. k. Is iii I'.ii.,' h^. 3 in. broad,
with undulated I '1_ •' . mwu 4-.'i ft
high : pedunck- J • iicri.mtli
white. China. 'II int.. two ot
equal size, small .', I Si i-illiims
flower in 5 years. \ ji dt,Lliiialuiu, 1. a. i , Ins a slupiiif;
instead of erect fl. ; pLuaiitU m. .,'niLUts tmgcd red at tip.
Sillet. B.M. 2231. Var. prdcerum, Baker, is larger than
the type, with lv«. 5 ft. Ions, U in. wide: perianth tube
and limb 5 in. long, the latter tinijed red outside. Ran
goon. B.M. 21)84. Var. anomalum. Baker, is tn akisli
looking, its h s. being expanded into a bru.id, mi iiihi.i
nous, striated and plaited wing. Tliere is notliiiiu' Iiki
it in the genus. Var. aninistifolium, Hurt., is dw.irt, J tt
high. China. B.M. 2908. C. Eboraci, Herbert ( t'. Ay-
briditm Todbrce, Hort.). Similar to the variety next
mentioned, but half the size. Garden hybrid between a
small form of C. Asiaticnm and C. longifolinm C
Ebftraci, var. capp^dom, Reasoner (C cappcdum. Re i
soner). Habit much like C. Asiaticum, but Ivs ta]ii i
ing to a slender point, semi-erect, 4 ft. high fls al) ui
20, segments 4 in. long, % in. broad, spreading, whii
sometimes changing to pink. Garden hybrid betwi ■ n
C. Asiaticum, var. Sinicum and C. longiMnim In
creases both by offsets and splitting of the bulb mi
two. C. Sinico-scdbrum, Hort., hybrid of C. Asiatii iiih
var. crossed with C. scabrum, and intermediate in is
pect and fl.

2. pedunculattim, R. Brown (C. anstrdle Herb )
Bulb 4 in. thick ; neck 6 in. long: Ivs. 25-30 to a bulb
fls. 20-30 in an umbel; .spathe valves 3-4 in. long pedi
eels l-l^iin.: perianth greenish white, not tinged with
red outside : filaments short, bright red : style shorter
than the filaments : ovules 3 in a cell. Austral B R
52. — The bulb grows above ground on a large rootstock

BB. Color purplish red outside: tube purplish led

3. am&bile, Don. Bulb large ; neck 1 ft or more
long : Ivs. 25-30 to a bulb : peduncle 2-3 ft long fls
20-30 in an umbel, very fragrant ; spathe valves 4-5 in
long ; pedicels 14-1 in. long : perianth with a crimson
center band, tinged outside bright purplish red tube
bright red ; segments 4-5 in. long : stamens an inch
shorter than the segments. Sumatra. B.M. 1605 R H
1856:241. — Supposed by Herbert to be a spontaneous
hybrid betweon C. Asiaticum, var. procerum and C
Zeylanicum: fls. sterile, bulb increases by small offsets
A stately ornament of most Florida gardens , often
sold under the name of C. augustum, which is a similar
but smaller natural hybrid presumably between C biac
teatum and C. Zeylanicum, and has more obtuse Ivs
than C. amabile.

AA. Periayith erect, xvith spreading , lanceolate seg

ments : stamens spreading. Platyastet

B. Lvs. few,6-10toa bulb.

4. Americ^num, Linn. Fig. 579. Florida Swamp
Lily. Bulb stoloniferous, ovoid, 3-4 in. thick neck
short: lvs. lH-2 in. broad: fls. 3-6, usually 4 , pedicels
none or very short: perianth creamy white; tube green
ish. Native in river swamps, Fla. and westward B M
1034.

5. prat^nse. Herb. Bulb ovoid, 4-3 in. thick neck
short: Ivs. 6-8, V4-2 ft. long, lJ^-2 in. wide, channeled
margin entire: fls. 6-12; perianth white. Var. ^legans,
Carey, has a longer necked bulb, decumbent peduncle,
and tube an inch shorter than the segments. B.M. 2592.
Var. 7enilBtum, Carey, has about 30 fls. in an umbel.
Ind.

Bulb

ll, la

rye.

ilh a Ion

6. augustum, Roxb. (C amabile, var. augiistum,
Gawl). Bulb conical, 6 in. thick; neck long: lvs. 20-30,
3-4 in. broad: peduncle much compressed : fls. 12-20;
pedicels sometimes an inch long ; color strong purplish
red outside, banded within : tube purplish. Mauritius.
Seychelles. B.M. 2397. B.R. 8:679.

thick , neck

HBK , not
Tube longei
vl.ite New
J lie outside

7 erub^scens \it Bulb ovnul
short lvs 2-3in bn.id sh.hth i
eels none or ver\ sh .it 1 i i
within tube bright i I 1 1 |
L B C 1 31

8 Kunthi^num, Roeni ( ( /
Alton) Lvs wivv fls 4-i in i
than m No 6 7-8 m Ion„ I
Granada Var Nicaragufense 1 i
the segments longer m.l li I ii_ i m i n mower

AAA Perianth funni I I'l I til / '/"'" ntli/ curved,
•segments obi «/ / uln,/ In,, „ and style

E Bulbs long nickid
i Filament',, ed

9 longiidlium, Thuiil , i , IT il I , i!
lis lonqifolia Linn ' 'i 1 'i
long 2-3 m wide m I
1-2 in long peridutli in i i i

times on the face \Mtli i v\liiu iii L ti i 1 ii\

Natil BM 661 \ ar album, Hort Iju 3J p 1J3 -The
hardiest Crinum enduring the winter of the middle
states, if protected with litter during cold weather.
Propagation by offsets or seed, which is produced
abundantly. C. grandiflbrum, Hort., is a new hybrid
with C. Careyctnum, said to partake of the hardiness of
C. longifoUum.

*•(•;,

CRINUM

ents white or pinkish,
entire: peduncle SS ft. long.

Mo6rei, Rook. f. ( C. Makoyinum, Carr. C. Co-
i. ('. Mackenii, and C. NataUnse, Hort. C.
liillii. K,-K,-l|. Fitr. fiSd. Bulb

nian
I of lus.

Old,

ift.

long, 3-4 in. wi.h .r, , i ,. veins

rather distant. .11 :, ]_■; ped-

icels 1% to3 ill. I. 11- I" n mill Hushed
with ro.se on botli .•ii.iis. with n white
Tariety ; segments wide. Natal and
Kaffraria. B.M. Cll."!. G.C. III. 2:499.
R.H.1877,p. 417. R.H. 1887: 300. R.B.
22: 196; 23:61. Var. Album, Hort. Gt.
1072. Gn. 52, p. 122, and var. platy-
p^talum, Hort., are cultivated. C.
Colensoi has a longer tube, smaller
flower, with a paler and narrower limb.
DD. Margin of Ivs. ciliated : peduncle
12-18 in. long.

11. KlTkii, Baker. Bulb globose, 6-8
in. thick, sometimes 6 in. long : Its. 580.
3K-4 ft. long, 4-4X in. wide, margin A young plant of
rough, veins close: fls. 12-15 ; pedicels Crinum Moorei.
none or very short; color white, with a Quite weaned from
very distinct crimson band down the its seed and begiu-
center. Zanzibar. B.M. 6512.-Recog- J"ng its own life,
nized at a glance by its short, very stout peduncle and
very large acuminate Ivs., with a distinctly ciliated
edge.— A warmhouse species.

BB. Bulbs short-necked.
c. Fls. numerous, usually more than 8 in an umbel.

12. ZeyUnicum, Linn. (Amaryllis orn&tn. B. M. 1171).
Bulb globose, 5-6 in. thick : Ivs. 10-12, 2-3 ft. long, 3-4
in. wide, wavy, margin roughish ; peduncle stout, purple :
fls. 10-20; perianth bright red outside in the middle

CRINUM

species from Zanzibar, probably not known outside of
one or two botanical gardens.

13. varl4bile. Herb. (C. crassifdlium, Herb.). Bulb
ovoid, 3-4 in. thick : Ivs. 1^-2 ft. long, 2 in. wide, weak:
fls. 10-12 ; perianth flushed red outside : filaments red.
Cape Colony.— A rare species.

.cc. Fls. fewer, usually less than 8 in an umbel.

D. Bulbs small.

E. Tube long, 5-6 in.: stamens nearly as long as the

perianth segments.

14. Sanderianum, Baker (C. ornAtum, Bury). Bulb
slobosc, 2 in. tlii.;k ; neck 2-3 in. long : Ivs. 10-12. thin,
I'j-i ft. Iiini;, 1'., in. broad, margin much crisped: fls.
:i-6 ; perianth with a distinct band of bright red.
Corisco island. .Sierra Leone. Gn. 52: 1131.- Closely

lied I

C. :

EE. Tube

luch shorter than the

segn

nts.

third ; segments oblong lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, 1 in.
broad. Midsummer. Tropical Asia and Africa. -A
warmhouse species. The most commonly cultivated
species of the genus. Native throughout tropical Asia
and Africa. Usually sold as C. Kirkii, which is an allied

F. Lvs. S-i ft. long.

15. campanulitiun, Herb. (C a^KiiV/cHwi, Burchell).
Lvs. linear, deeply channelled, 3^ ft. : fls. 6-8: perianth
rosy red. Cape colony. Kaffraria. B.M. 2352. -A very
distinct species.

PF. Zvs. 1-2 ft. long.
G. Pedicels very short or none.

16. Abyssinioum, Hochst. Bulb ovoid, 3 in. thick : lvs.
about 6, 1 ft. long, %-l in. wide, veins close, margin
rough : fls. 4-6, pedicels very short or none. Mts. of
Abyssinia.

GG. Pedicels % in. long.

17. lineire, Linn. f. Lvs. linear, l>^-2 ft. long, H in.
broad, glaucous, channelled : fls. 5-6 ; pedicels % in.
long ; perianth tinged red outside ; filaments red.
Cape colony. — Rare.

DD. Bulbs large.
E. Pedicels 1-114 in. long.
18 P6wellii, Hort. Pig. 581. Bulb short-necked: lvs.
about 20. spreading, ensiform, acuminate, 3-4 ft. long,
3-4 in broad near the base, margin smooth: fls. aliout 8;
perianth peach blossom color, with white and purplish
varieties. — Garden hybrid of C. longi folium and C.
Moorei According to Baker, the bulb is globose, but
J N. Gerard says it is long, like a leek.

EE. Pedicels very short or none.
F. Margin of lvs. rough.
1') scabrum. Herb. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 1^2-2 in.
de closely veined, margin scabrous: fls. 4-8: pedi-
cels none or very short :
perianth banded bright red.
Apr., May. Tropical Africa
from Guinea to Abyssinia.
B.M. 2180. F.S. 21:2216.-
Common in Florida gardens,
a very showv and easily cul-
tivated species. C. Hfirberti,
Sweet {U. -icabro-Caphise,
Hort. C. Kunt h i i n u m ,
Hort., notRoem.). Fls. sim-
ilar to C. scabrum, but color
lighter, the plant taller and
larger. Garden hvbrid be-
tween ('. srabrum and C.
ilium. Thisisadoubt-
lue. C'.llerbrrliinium,
\VaII. = C'. ^eyhniicum. C.
Ilcrbertlauum, Ilort. Kocm.
& Schultes= C. strictum C.
Virginicum. Garden hybrid,
^■---■-- — resembles C. Herbert!, but

the plant is smaller and the
flowers larger and brighter
in color. .See also No. 22.
20. Jimbridtulum, Baker. Lvs. as in C. scabrum, but
margins ciliated with small membranous scales : peri-
anth banded red. Angola. Gn. 55, Feb. 11. Allied to
C. scabrum.— A wholly different plant is passing in the
trade under this name.

CKINUM

KF. Miirgin of h'S. smooth.

21. giganteum. And. Bulb 5-6 in. thick : Ivs. 12 or
more, 2-3 ft. long, 3— t in. broad, narrowed toward the
base; veins distant, with distinct cross veinlets : fls. 4-6,
rarely 8-12 : tube 4-7 in. long ; perianth pure white; seg-
ments much imbricated. So. Afr. B.M. 923. F.S. 23:2443.
G. F. 4: 223. I. H. 33: 617.- A very fragrant species.

22. virgineum, Mart. Foliage as in C. giganteum ; fls.
about 6 ; tube 3-4 in. long ; perianth pure white. South
Brazil. See also C. Virginicum, under No. 19.

In addition to tlie above species the following are advertised,
but not sufficiently described : C. nibile, C. Yeminse, and C.
Zanzibarinse. T. L. Mead and W. M.

CK0C6SMIA (Greek, odor of saffm,,. which i< porreiv-
able when the dried fls. are placed in \v;inn w.itrri. Iri-
d&ceai. This genus has only one s|..ri, v, an. I is not
clearly distinguished by Baker fniin ihr .I.in.Iv allied
Tritonia, but according to the authur ft the ycuus, it
differs in the stamens being separated at equal dis-
tances instead of grouped at one side, the form of the
limb, the tube not swelled at the top, and the fruit
3-seeded instead of many-seeded. The name of this
genua is spelled Crocosma by Baker, but it was first
spelled L'rocobmia.

Crocosnua aurea is a showy bulbous autumn bloom-
ing plant, which is hardy south ot Washington, D. C,
with slight inotiitiiin iinl m thf iioith is treated like
Gladiolus ih, l.nll.s 1., nu' s, t i.nt in the spring, after
danger "t tic. St m.l Iitt. il in tli. t ill t.n winter storage.
It is of e,is\ , ultiii. iimI IS in,.], u III a b\ oftsets or by
seeds. Bulbs sh.mM I" st,,i,,l m iii_.it m sphagnum to
prevent them tmin li. < > niiii_' t li\.

airea, Planch (/m/ „, , an i I'ippe.). Heightv2ft.:
bulb globose, emiltin,- . n~. t, li..in clefts in the side:
scape lK-2 ft. high, liat\ I . I"" n iki il or onl\ bracted
above, compressed, 2wiiu'il U- ilisin lions slimiii
than the scape, linear, i n- it im iiiiiid Imt with ^
distinct midrib: fls. sessil, m ih. i mi I. ]iiilii].s _' ,
scattered over a long s, ,^ ,ii with I n 1 il.w.i^ iml
seeds at tin s mit tinn j i 1 1 mili In i_lit i i ni-. \i ll..«
towardiintci fnln ^1. n.li i .iu\iil I in I n, ^c^niints
longer tli in th. ml" < i| -iil. < < lli <l 1 mp nut ^ Mi
July-Oit \ s 7 7(iJ 1 Ml'. Ms,, mt, i . stin^ is

crocoimiflom. Var. impenaliB, Hort. (Fig. 582), grows
about 4 ft. high. Vai. maculita. Baker, has dark
blotches above the b,ise ot the J inner segments. J. H.
III. 33: 567. j. N. Gerabd and W. M.

CEdCUS (Greek name of Saffron). IrUldcew. Stem-
less plants (the grass-like Ivs. rising from the ground or
corm), with solid bulbs or corms. Fls. showy, in many
colors, funnel-shaped and erect, with a very long tube
and 6 nearly or quite equal segments. Stamens 3.
Ovary 3-loculed: seeds many, nearly globular. The
flowers open in sunshine. They come in fall or spring,
liut the best known species are spring-flowering, which
an- anionf;st the earliest of spring bloom. The new
ciirni usnallv grows on top of the old one each year,
so that the plants tend to rise out of the ground. "The

CROCUS

401

practically the best for general cultivation are C. Im-
perati, C. Siisiaiiits (Cloth of Gold Crocus) and the
Dutch hybrids, mostly of (\ Jltrsiacus. These flower in
about the oi-d. r ii:iiii,-.l, Tho rosy flowers of C. Jmperati
may be exju-t, ,1 wtih tin- earliest snowdrops. The
named spei-i.s, lia\ in- sln.i-ter flower tubes than the
Dutch hybrids, art- iiot a.s liable to injury by the severe
weather of the early year. The autumnal species are not
satisfactory garden plants, the flowers mostly appearing
before the leaves, and being easilv iniured. C. speciosus
and C. satii-i,s are probablv the most satisfa.-tory. The
latter specio- li:i- Im, n iiMn . :ii< <| i tMni luiii- imme-
morial, till' sii:-' I ^ ■ .1 ' ■ I ' il , Kit ion, and

beingasour ■ ■ ■ !'■ ■ i: monofthis

species is a -iii.i 1 1 ii.:i n. u i'r:i , S],,iiii ami Italy.

The eormv .li.-ni<i i. nlant.-.l about 3 inches deep,
in a well-woiki i| ainl jm i i . <riy drained soil which is free
from clay or tin- .Ic n.x inu' Imnius of manure, etc. They
should be carefully ixaiiiiiMil and all bruised and imper-

^ and replanted every
■ easily (see Bulb).
1 in a 4-inch pot for
s S. European and

S.--I;. A |io|iiilar ac-

corms, therefore, slionl.l

three or four years. ( i o

A half dozen conns max

this purpose. Tin- !;■ nn

Southwestern Asian. If

The best account of tli-

Monograph of tin- linin-

count of the historv ami siirri.v, l,\ r,,ik,r. w ill l.c found

in Gardeners' Chronii'li- for lsT:i, pp. Iii7. 17!i, 'JDl, 434,

542, 609, 680, 1402, 1431, 1466, 1533, 1633. A condensed

account is contained in Baker's Handbook of the Irideie,

1892. L. H. B.

Many forms of Crocus are well known in gardens,
where they are Justly valued as among the showiest
and brightest of winter and spring flowers. About two-
thirds of the species are classed as vernal and the bal-
ance as autumnal flowering: but the various members of
the tribe would furnish nearly continuous bloom from
August to May were the season open. While there are
numerous species interesting to a botanist or a collector.

feet ones rejected, as they are very susceptible to attacks
of fungi, which, gaining a footing on decrepit corms, will
spread to others. The careful gardener will examine all
exotic small bulbs annually, or at least biennally, until
they show by the perfection of their new bulbs that they
have become naturalized, or are suited to their new en-
vironment. In this case they may be allowed to remain
until crowding requires their division. This examina-
tion should take place after the leaves are matured and
dried up. Increase may be had from new corms which
are produced more or less freely in different species over
or on the sides of old corms. Seeds are often produced
freely, but are apt to be overlooked, as they are formed at
the surface of the soil. These germinate readily and
most freely at the growing time of the plant. They
should preferably be germinated in seed pans, which
should be exposed to freezing before the natural germi-

402 CROCUS

Dating time. They usually form flowers the third season.
The Crocus, as is well known, is amenable to modern,
forcing. It is also useful for naturalizing in the lawn,
although the grass will run out the plants in a few years,
if the bulbs are not replaced by strong ones.

J. N. Gerard.

Crocuses are scarcely known in the Amer. trade under

their species names. They have been much hybridized

and varied. The common Crocuses of the trade have

.s- cliictiv. but C. Siisianus, C.

\ I.,:!:., -us and '_'. sativtis are

I :^ I rv cultivate many

: -li'- ill theirAmerican

I till iiMiuiicil iu the following

descended from O.
Mcesiacus, C. xt: II'
frequent. The I >
species, and thin
lists; the species m
synopsis.
Index : Ancyrens

, 4; a.sturicus, 20; aureus, 2; Ban-

aticus,8; biflorus,6; Boryi,24; By zantinus, 29 ; chry san-
thus, 5, 15 ; etruscus, IS; Hiulriaticus, IS; Imperati. U;
iriditlous, 29; hi-t >• ■ . '2: luTiL-itliiT.i , 'JO: lunlin-. 25;
Moesiacus, 2; nml'-'r: '' iii-. ■■ ' " ■. m '' -.m.^'s,
24: pulchellus, _- - J - -ati-

vus,17; 8erotinu>. ^ I , ,-; iilII: ,■ -.. ?-ti-l-

laris, 3; Susianu.s. 1, huu nuuu.,., i5; .Si;;i ' " ,'.'. T'uu-
masinianus, 10; Tourneforti, 24 ; veruus, :i ; versicolor,
7; vitellinus, 16; zonatus, 19.

A. Slooming in spring,
B. Style-branches entire or merely toothed.
c. Fls. yellow, at least inside.
1 Susi4nus, Ker. Cloth of Gold Crocds. Corm 5^in.
in diam. : Ivs. 6-8 in a tuft, reaching to the fl., narrow-
linear, with revolute edges and a central band of white :
perianth segments 1% in. or less long, orange-yellow,
becoming reflexed, the outer ones brownish or striped
on the outside ; anthers orange, longer than the fila-
style-branches long and spreading. Crimea.

very early.

B.M. 652.-Bloomh

2. Moesiacus, Ke

Crocus. Later, en

ping thefl., nan•<•\^ lim m . \' iili i . (li m il i il-- - imi! \\ hite

central band : -i - i ! . II. .w,

IKin.long, h to - I I ' .: ilMTs

pale yellow, hiiM III I ,ii im il.-i . -.iiha l..i,.irtlian

the filaments; si \ 1. -I.i.iin li. .> n;cHv>i'|K .1 1/. ilir an-
thers. Transylvania to Asia Minor. B..M. 2US(i.- Va-
riable. A sulfur-vellow form is C. sulphiireus, Ker.
B.M. 1384. There 'is a striped form. B M. 938. A cream-
white form is C. Idcteus, Smith.

3. BteU4ris, Haw. Supposed to be a hybrid of the
above, and known only in cult. Blooms with No. 2.
Lvs. only 4-G, narrow-linear, reflexed edges, white-
banded : perianth-tube short, the segments 1-lKin.
long, bright orange, the outer ones striped and feath-
ered with brown on the back ; anthers pale orange, a
little longer than the fllaments ; style-branches some-
what overtopping the anthers.

4. AncyrSnsis, Maw. Conn %m.m diam. : lvs. 3-4, as
tall as the fl. , very narrow : perianth-tube exserted ;
segments bright orange-yellow, 1 in. or less long, not
striped, nor colored outside ; anthers orange-yellow,
much longer than the filaments ; style-branches red-
orange. Asia Minor. — Blooms early.

5. chrysAnthns, Herb, (not B.R. 33:4. Pig. 1, which=
C. Olivieri, var. Suterianus). Corm small: lvs. as
high as the fl., very narrow: perianth-tube 2-3 times as
long as the segments, the latter IJi in. or less long, and
plain orange-yellow (varying tinted or striped on the
outside, or even nearly white); throat glabrous; an-
thers orange, twice as long as the roughened filaments ;
style-branches red-orange. Macedonia and Asia Minor.

CO. Fls. lilac or white.

6. bifldrus, Mill. Scotch Crocus. Corm % in. or less
in diam.: lvs. 4-6, overtopping the fls., very narrow,
with deflexed edges and a white central band: perianth-
tube exserted, the segments 1)4 in. long, purple tinged,
the outer ones 3-striped down the back, the throat
bearded and yellowish ; anthers orange, exceeding the
filaments ; style-branches orange-red. S. and south-
western Eu. B.M. 84.'i.- Runs into many forms, some
of them almost white

CROCUS

7. Terslcolor, Ker. Corm % in. or less in diam. ; lvs.
4-5, as high as the fls., otherwise like the last; perianth-
tube exserted: segments lii in. long, pale or dark pur-
ple, often striped and feathered with dark purple;
throats glabrous, whitish or yellowish; anthers yellow,
twice as long as the filament; style-branches, orange-
yellow, equalling or overtopping the anthers. S.
Prance. B.M. 1110.

8. Baniticus, Heuff. Corm globular, % in. in diam. :
lvs. usually 2, thin and fiattish, and becoming ii in.
broad, glaucous beneath: perianth -tube scarcely ex-
serted; segments 1% in. or less long, bright purple, and
never striped, but often dark-blotched towards the
tip; throat glabrous; anthers orange, a little longer than
the white filaments; style-branches short, orange-yel-
low somewhat fringed at the tip Hungary.

9 v^mus AU Fig 583 Corm 1 m or less in
diam lvs 2-1 as high as the fl often K in. broad,
glaucous beneath but green above with reflexed edges,
and a central white band pernnth segments 1-lK in.

583 Crocus vernus (X J4)

long lilac white or purple striped throat pubescent,
ncNerA 11 n intbeis lemon yellow exceeding the flla-
nifnt t\\ lianhes orange yellow S. Eu. B.M.

8(0 Ki 1 H isi > p 331 Gn 54, p 79. The com-

10 Tommasimanua Herb Corm globular, K in. in
diam lvs appearing with the fls , narrow ( % in.
broad) perianth tube little exserted, segments IK in.
or less long, pale red bluish sometimes dark blotched
at the tip ; throat glabrous ; anthers pale orange, a
little longer than the white glandular filaments ; style-
branches short, orange-yellow. Dalmatia and Servia.—
Distinguished from C. vernus by its glabrous throat.

11. Si^beri, Gay. Corm globular, % in. diam.; Its. 4-
6, as high as the fl., glaucous beneath, % in. broad: per-
ianth-tube short-exserted ; segments 1-1 J2 in- lo°gi
color of C. vernus; throat yellow and glabrous; anthers
orange, twice as long as filaments; style-branches
nearly entire, orange-red. Greece, Crete.

12. reticuiatuB.Bieb. Corm Kin.in diam., covered with
honey-combed fibers: lvs. 3-5, as high as the fl., very
narrow, with reflexed edge and a white band: perianth-
tube mvich exserted; segments 1-1 V^ in. Iniiir, white to
purple, the three outer ones ^tri]" li; tlin.iit trlabrous;
anthers orange, twice the lenu'ili nt ' In "i mi-'' ti laments;
style-branches scarlet, overt<.|ii.i]ii; tin anilurs. S. E.
Eu. — Varies to white.

13. Etniscus, Pari. Corm 1 in. or less in diam. ; lvs.
about 3, very narrow, as tall as the fl. : perianth-tube
short exserted : segments 1-% in. long, lilac, or the outar

CROCUS

ones cream colored and sometimes purple-feathered
outside; throat yellow, slightly pubescent; anthers or-
ange, twice as long as the glabrous filaments; style-
branches nearly entire, orange. Italy.
BB. Style-branches fimbriate, branched, or cut into very
narrow divisions.

14. Imper^ti, Ten. Corm nearly or quite 1 in. in
diam.: Ivs. 4-6, exceeding the fls., very narrow; per-
ianth-tube little exserted; segments 1-1 Y^ in. long, lilac
or even white, the outer ones buff and .S-striped on the
outside; anthers yellow, exceeding the filaments; style-
branches fimbriate. Italy. B.R. 23:1993. Gn. 54, p. 79.

15. Olividri, Gay. Corm nearly globose, >$-% in. in
diam. : Ivs. 4-5, as tall as the fl., beeomiiii; ^4 in. broad:
perianth tube little exserted; segments l.iit;lit oraii^'r yel-
low and never striped, i% in. or less imiLT ; tlnM;ir ^d:i-
brous; anthers orange, twice thelenf,'tli "I iIm- roii^'liish
filaments; style-branches orange, sleiniiT-fi-rkcii. \'ar.
Suterid,iius, Baker ((7. chrijsantlius, Bot. Reg.) h.is nar-
rower and more rolled Ivs. Greece to Asia Minor.

1«. vitellinus, Wahl. (P. Sip-lacus, Boiss & Gaill.).
Corm % in. or less in diam. : Ivs. 4-6, as high as the fls.,
narrow-linear; perianth tube short, exserted; segments
1 in. or less long, orange-yellow, the outer brown-tinged
outside ; style-branches divided into many capillary
parts. Asia Minor. B.M. 6416. -Rare in culture.
AA. Bhu.mhui ill full.

Cur

or

the fl.,

very narrow,
little exserted ; segments
lac or even white; throat
nger than filaments; style-
bright red (the source of
1895, p. 573.-The com-

ciliate-edgi'cl : i"iiaiitli tii
oblong aiid .>hruv, . I.jj^h
pubescent; aiitli,r~ y,ll,.«-
branches 1 in. or nnnf loi
Saffron). Asia Minor. R
monest fall-blooming spec

18. Hadri4ticus, Herb. Much like C. sativus: usually
Bmaller-fld.. pure white, the segments pubescent at base;
anthers bright orange, more than twice longer than the
white or purple filaments. Greece, etc. — Runs into sev-
eral forms,

19. zonitus, Gay. Corm somewhat flattened or de-
flexed, }4-Hm. in diam.: Ivs. appearing after the fls.,
narrow-linear: perianth-tube exserted, 2-3 in.; segments
1-2 in. long, rose-lilac, purple-veined and orange-spotted
within ; throat yellow, pubescent ; anthers white, 2-3
times longer than the yellow filaments: style-branches
short and yellow. Cilieia. G.C. III. 23:85.

BE. Style-branches fimbriated or forked at the top.

20. longiU6rus, Rafin. Corm Min. diam. : Ivs. 3-4, very
short at floweringtime, very narrow: perianth-tube much
exserted; segments oblong and bright lilac, IK in., never
striped ; throat slightly pubescent, yellow ; anthers
orange, more than twice as long as the "filaments: style-
branches scarlet, slightly compound. S. En. — Not fre-

21. ser6tinus, Salisb. Corm 1 in. or less: Ivs. 4-0, as
high as the fl., very narrow: perianth-tube little exserted;
segments oblong, I'i in., lihir ur ]iurple, indistinctly or
not at all striped; tlir.iit L'lalir..u^ ; :inthers yellow, much
exceeding the tilann-nt': stylr lii-aiiches orange-yellow,
fimbriated. Spain. -Net lic-.ni.iil.

22. SAlzmanni, Gay (C. tiniiitnnus. Herb.). Corm
somewhat depressed, 1 in. in diam, : Ivs. about 6, not
prominent at flowering time, very narrow: perianth-tube
much exserted; segments IK in. long, plain lilac; throat
pubescent, yellowish; anthers orange, longer than the
filaments: style-branches slender, orange. Morocco.

BBB. Style-branches capillary -divided.

23. nudiilorus. Smith. Cormvery small, stoloniferous:
Ivs. 3^, appearing after the fls., very narrow: perianth-
tube much exserted ; segments 1)4-2 in., lilac ; throat
glabrous; anthers large and yellow, twice as long as the
filaments. Mts. S. France and Spain. — Long known in
cult., but not common.

24. Bdryi, Gay. Corm globular, H in. or less in diam. :
Ivs. 3-6, narrow-linear, as high as the fls. : perianth-tube
short-esserted; segments 1-VAxa. long, white, sometimes

CROTALARIA 403

lilac-lined at the base outside; throat yellow, glabrous;
anthers white, somewhat longer than "the orange fila-
ments: style-branches scarlet, divided into many capil-
lary segments. Var. Toumefdrtii, Baker (C. Orphan-
idis. Hook. f. B.M. 5776) has lilac fls. Greece.

25. m^dius, Balbis. Cormglobular.lin.orlessindiam.:
Ivs. 2-3, appearing in spring, narrow, becoming a ft. or
more high: perianth-tube much exserted; segments IK-
2 in. long, bright lilac ; throat glabrous, whitish; anthers
pale orange, twice the length of the yellow filaments:
style-branches scarlet, with many capillary divisions.
S. France, Italy.

26. Astiiricus, Herb. Corm globular, % in. or less in
diam. : Ivs. about 3, appearing in fall but not maturing
till spring : perianth-tube short-protruded ; segments
IKin. long, lilac; throat pubescent; anthers bright yel-
low, longer than the white filaments : style-branches
orange, with many capillary divisions. Spain.

27. specidsus, Bleb. Corm not stoloniferous, 1 in. or
less: Ivs. usually 3, developing after the fls., thin, very
narrow, becoming 1 ft. long : perianth-tube much ex-
serted ; segments 1 K-2 in. , lilac and feathered with darker
color; anthers very large, bright orange, much exceeding
the filaments. S. E. Eu. and Asia. B.M. 3861. B.R.
25:40. — Handsome.

28. pulchSllus, Herb. Corm small, somewhat de-
pressed: Ivs. iiroiliic-.-.l aflir flowering, maturing in
spring: periaiith-tiilM> nnn h exserted; segments 1-1 K in.
long, bright lilar. incn ,11- k-ss indistinctly striped;
throat glabr.ius. luiyhi \r|li,w; anthers white, longer
than the pube.sceut vlIIuw filaments : style-branches
orange, with many capillary branches. Greece to Asia.
Minor. B.R. 30:3.

29. Byzantlnns, Ker (C. iridiflbrns, Henff.). Corm
K in. in diam. : Ivs. 2-A, developing after the fls. : peri-
anth-tube much exserted; segments 2 in., or less long,
the outer ones dark lilac and acute, the inner ones
shorter and pale lilac or white; anthers orange, longer
than the filaments. S. E. Eu. B.M. 6141. B.R. 33:4.—
An old garden plant, but rarely seen in this country.

L. H. B.
CEOSNES. See Stachys Sieboldi.

CBOSS. The offspring of any two flowers that have
been cross-fertilized. A cross-breed is a cross between
varieties of the same species. Synonyms are half-
breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Crossing is the opera-
tion of cross-pollinating. Cross-pollination is the trans-
fer of the poUen of one flower to the pistil of another.

CEOSSANDKA (Greek, fringed anthers). Acanthct-
cew. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs of minor impor-
tance, comprising 9 species from India, tropical Africa
and Madagascar. The one in the trade has handsome 4-
sided spikes or scarlet-orange fls. The perianth has 5
segments, the 2 upper ones being smaller. It is culti-
vated south outdoors to a slight extent, and also rarely
in noithem greenhouses.

undolsefdlia, Salisb. (C. infundibnlifdrmis, Nees).
Height 1 ft., rarely 3 ft. : Ivs. often in 4's, especially be-

low, but also oppositr, .ivati'

a.'tniiinate, stalked: fls.

scarlet-orange, overlai.|iht- ..n

raiMiilMT in dense spikes.

2-3 in. long. Ind. B..M. ::is(;.

K.li. I,s;)l:156.

0. «dTO,Hook. Unl.i"MHii..l 0,

";i> 1. ^ in, high: stem green.

glabrous: Ivs. opposite, . h - i

1,. i :,n-,. for the size of the

plant,6in.long, oboval.l.i.

: ,11 .iv.nabove, paler he-

neath, wavy, more obtns, , ,

-: lower Ivs, stalked.

upper ones sessile:^ s,.:,. : , ^.

;...: tis. yellow; tube

. .:; l;.,M. 4710.- 0. Gui-

n^lsi!%es. HriLXt"': i; >',"''-u.

1 ii:iii iv,l, rusty pubescent:

Ivs. 2-4 pair.s, :.i-:in,, l..,m , ii,|,i,-

■ -1. n ,-il)ove, with golden

netted nerves, r.-Mi-li 1.. nr.Hl, .

i.il . -Mlii.in', temlin.^l. slen-

aer,3-5 in. high; ll- nu r..i,,, m,

1.1!; li.dr lilac, with 2-darker

spots on the 2 smallr-t sr-i,i,,i,is

. aiul a white eye, Guinea.

CEOTALAEIA (Greek, rattle, Castanet; from the rat-
tling of the seeds in the pod). Rattle-bos. A very
large, tropical genus, of which the most interesting

404

CROTALARIA

species is C. rettisa, a hardy, yellow-fld. rnniial, which
has been compared to a dwarf sweet pea. For best re-
sults, the seed should be started early indoors, after be-
ing soaked in warm water. The name is commonly mis-
spelled Crotolaria. Greenhouse kinds are subject to red
spider. C.juncea, yields the Sunn hemp of India.

Lvs

reWsa, Linn. Annual, V4 ft. high: branches few,
short: lvs. entire, very various in shape, but typically
obovate with a short mucro, clothed beneath with short
appressed hairs : -fls. about 12 in a raceme, yellow,
streaked or blotched with purple; standard roundish,
notched. Cosmop. June-Aug. — Introduced 189G, as a
novelty and called "dwarf golden yellow-flowering pea."
"golden yellow sweet pea," etc. The flowers are mu^h
less fragrant than the true sweet pea.
AA. Lvs. foliohite.

longirostrita. Hook. & Arn. Greenhouse plant, her-
baceous or somewhat shrubby, much branched, 3 ft.
high; branches long, slender, glabrous; petioles 1/4 in.
long; leaflets 3, oblong, with a minute mucro, glabrous
above, hoary beneath, with very short, appressed, silky
hairs: racemes erect: calyx with 2 upper lobes ovate,
the 3 lower ones lanceolate : fls. as many as 25 in a ra-
ceme, yellow with reddish stripe along the back of the
unopened flower; standard wider than long, reflexed,
notched. W. Hex., Guat. B.M. 7306. F.R. 1:809.

Cap6nsis, Jacq. Stout, much branched shrub, 4-5 ft.
high: branches terete, appressedly silky; stipules when
present petiolulate, obovate and leaf-like, obsolete or
wanting on many petioles; leaflets broadly obovate, ob-
tuse or mucronulate, glabrous or minutely pubescent on
one or both sides : racemes terminal or opposite the
lvs., loose, many-fld. : calyx and pod pubescent; wings
transversely wrinkled and pitted. S. Afr. — Cult, in Fla.
by Reasoner Bros. -^^ jj^

CBOTON (Greek name of another plant). Euphorbi-
dcecp. Some 500 species of trees, shrubs, or herbs,
widely distributed. They are sometimes dioecious, but
commonly the fls. are monoecious and mostly in terminal
spikes or racemes. Calyx of sterile fls. 4-6 (usually 5)
pMi-l.-.l. Ilir staiiii-iis ,") i.r niorr; |ic-tiils u-iKilIy ]. resent,
lull -iiKill. I'.ilyx .i|' r.i-tilr 11-. .".-Ill i,,ii-tr,l. |„iiiK none

allrriKiti'. A IVw s|M-i-ii-s ;irT lialn.- Im tlir I'. S.; they
are mostly aiiim.,1 heil.s of no U.,ru.-uiu„-.,\ ^:,\,lv. The
Crotons of florists are Codiaum^. \\liii)i -. <■,

C. Tiglium, Linn., is the only sp. i. ^ kiM,« n t.. be in
the Amer. trade. The seeds yield tin- < r'.ton ..il of com-
merce, one of the mostpowerful of [.iirgatues. It is a
small tree of Southeastern Asia. Lvs. ovate-acumi.
nate, serrate, stalked, varying in hue from metallic green
to bronze and orange. Offered in South Ol. as an orna-
mental and curious plant. L. jj. B.

CROWFOOT. See RuHHnvuhi.o.

CROWN, or CORONA. Any outgrowth from the throat
of the perianth, as the trumpet of a Narcissus, or the
fringe of a Passion Flower. Crown is also applied to
the top of a bulb, corm, or upright rootstoek : also that
part of a plant at the surface of the ground.

CROWN BEARD.

CROWN IMPERIAL. FritiUaria ImperiaUs.
CROWN OF THORNS. Knphorbia splendens.

CBUCIANfiLLA (Latin, a liltle cross; from the ar-
rangement of the lvs.). Bubidcea>. Ckoss-wort. This
genus contuins a hardy rock plant of minor importance.

Not nvi-i- t'lMf •_'! .^i-.M^ips, of herbs often woody at the

base; I'l i' - 'i-i .!!v long, slender, 4-comered: upper

lvs. .i| : If stipules: lower lvs. or all in

whorl- lunar or lanceolate, rarely ovate or

obovati: !U. -mall, white, rosy or blue. Natives of the

CRYPTOGAMS

Mediterranean region and western Asia. The genus la
closely related to Asperula, and is distinguished by the
flowers having bracts, not an involucre, and the style
branches distinctly unequal instead of nearly equal.
The species below has lately been referred to Asperula.
It is of easy culture, preferring light, moderate loam and
partial shade. A delicate plant for the front of borders,
and capital for the rockery. Prop, chiefly by division,
and also by seeds.

styI6sa, Trin. {Asperula cilidta, Rochel). Pros-
trate, 6-9 in. high: lvs. in whorls of 8 or 9, lanceolate,
hispid: fls. small, crimson-pink, in round terminal heads
half an inch in diam.; floral parts in 5's; style club-
shaped, long exserted, very shortly twice cut at the top.

-Aug. Persia.

B. Keller and W. M.

CRUEL PLANT. Same as Mosquito Plant, Cyn

chii

ifoli

CRYPTANTHUS (Greek, for hidden flower: the
flowers concealed beneath the bracts). BromelicLcecK,
Brazilian epiphytal Bromeliads, differing from .^chmea
and Billbergia (which see for culture) in the tubular
calyx and the dense heads of fls. nearly sessile amongst
the lvs. Mongr. bv Mez (who recognizes 8 species) in
DC. Monogr. Phane'r. 9 (1896).

A. Lvs. not narrowed or petiolate above the sheath.

acatllis, Beer [TiUdndsia acaiiHs, Lindl. C. unduli-
tus, Otto & Dietr. ). A few inches high, suckering
freely : lvs. sea-green, long-pointed and spreading, weak-
spiny: fls. white, nestling deep in the foliage. B.R.
14:1157.— A very variable plant, of which Mez recog-
nixes the following leading types :

Var. genulna, Mez. Stemless or very nearly so : lvs.
sub-elliptic-lanceolate, strongly undulate, gray-scurfy
beneath, scurfy above.

Var. discolor, Mez ( C.discolor, Otto & Dietr. ) . Stem-
less or nearly so: lvs. elongated, scarcely undulate, sil-
very-scurfy below, glabrous or nearly so above.

Var. rtber, Mez (C. riiber. Beer). Produces a branch-
ing stem or trunk: lvs. short, strongly undulate, reddish.

Var. bromelioldes, Mez (C bromelioldes, Otto &
Dietr.). Stem tall: lvs. much elongated, scarcely undu-
late, remotely spinulose.

Var. diversildliuB, Mez (C. diversifdlius, Beer). Stem-
bearing: lvs. elongate-lingulate, deep green above, sil-
very-scurfy beneath.

zon&tus, Beer. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the margin
undulate and densely serrate-spinulose, marked with
transverse bands of white: fls. white.

bivittatus, Kegel (Billbirgia bivitt&ta, Hook. B.
vittAta,HoTt.). Nearly or quite stemless : lvs. long-ob-
long, curving, long-pointed, somewhat undulate, spiny,
dull brown beneath, green above and with two narrow
buff or reddish bars extending the length of the leaf:
fls. white. B.M. 5270.

AA. Lvs. narrowed or petiolate above the sheath.

Beilckeri, Morr. Lvs. 10-20, oblong, pointed, canalicu-
late at base, very finely spiny, brownish green or rosy
and spotted or striped with light green: fls. white.

L. H. B.

CRYPTOGAMS are flowerless plants, an.i th.y ,in.<hice
not seeds but spores. The whole vej^t-rutil.- l.iti^'il<iiii has
been split into two vast classes, the tl.iw. rim.' plants or
phanerogams and the flowerless oms <ir .■iy[,i,,i.-ams.
Cryptogam means "concealed nuptials," and pliantrngam
means " visible nuptials." These names were given when
it was thought that the sexual parts of the flowerless
plants were very minute or even wanting. The word is
now falling into disfavor with botanists. Cryptogams
are of less horticultural interest than the flowering
plants, although they include the Ferns, and some inter-
esting smaller groups, asSelaginellas, Lycopods or Club
Mosses. Two other vast groups are the Seaweeds or
Algae, and the Fungi. For the edible Fungi, see Mush-
rooms. For parasitic Fungi, see Diseases and Fungus.
For a general sketch of the Ferns and their allies, see
Ferns.

CRYPTOGRAMMA

CEYPTOGBAMMA (Greek, a concealed line, alluding
to the sub-marginal sori). PolypodiAcece. A small genus
of subalpine Ferns of both hemispheres. Lvs. of two
sorts, the sporophylls contracted and the sori covered
by the infolded margin of the segments, forming pod-
like bodies. Besides our native species, a second one,
(7. erispa, is found in Europe, and a third in the Hima-
layas. Name often incorrectly written Cryptogramms.

acrostichoides, R. Br. Rock-Brake. Height about
8 in.: lvs. 4-6 in. long, on tufted straw-i-ul..r.-.l stalks,
tri-quadripinnatifid, with toothed or in.N' '1 ^.L-ni. nts,
the sporophylls with longer stalks, loss .livi.l.'l mul with
pod-like segments. Canada to Colorado, California and
northward. L. 51. Underwood.

CEYPT6tEPIS (Greek, hidden scale). Asclepiadct-
cece. Glabrous shrubs, erect or twining, of tropical
Asia and Africa. Lvs. opposite. Fls. in a loosely fork-
ing, few-fld. cyme. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with 5 scales
at base. Corolla with spreading limb, the tube short-
cylindrical or carapanulate, the lobes .5 and linear,
spreading or deflexed and twisted ; corona of 5 scales
attached at or near the middle of the tube. Follicles
terete and smooth, spreading. Only cult, in S. Calif, and
S. Fla. C. Buchanani, Roera. & Schult. A twining
shrub with yellow fls., resembling those of an Echites.
C. longijldra, Kegel. Dwarf and compact, growing with
long lvs. tinted with red; tubular white fls., as in Boii-
varditi jasminiflora. Both species are from India.

CEYPTOMfiKIA (Greek, kryptos, hidden, meros, part;
meaning doubtful) Coniferw Large pyramidal tree,
with a straight slender trunk, covered with reddish
brown bark and with verticiUate spreading branches,
ascending at the extremities lvs. spirally arranged,
linear-subulate acute, slightly curved, decurrent at the
base: fls. monoecious, stammate oblong, yellow, forming
short racemes at the end of the branches, pistillate
globular, solitar> at the end of shoit bi mchlets cont
globular, with thiek wedge shaji d sides,
furnished w-ith a recurved point on the b k k
and with pointed lobes at the apex e ich scab »

with 3-5 narrow winged, eiett seeds One spt
cies in China and Japan, extensively plmtc^
for avenues, and as timber trees m tht 1 ittc
country, where the hght and easily woikcd 1 u
durable wood is much used It is hinh as f 1
north as New York, and thrives in shtltLiti
positions even in New England It setms ho\\
sume the bi nit
itr^ With 1
looks best ,

sembles the ^»aH( It is tin i< tcm

sometimes grown 111 1 11 U t 111

rich, loamy and m 1 t 1 1 1 1 It nd p* si
tion. Prop, by seeds il tirtii ^s t giowii ,
wood, especially vir (/ ifa>tti which grows V( 1 '
readily. The horticultural varieties are aK
sometimes increased by giaftmg.

Japdnica, Don Tree, attaining 125 ft U s
linear-subulate, compressed and slightly 4 or
angled, bluish green, K-1 m long cone blown
ish red, %-l m across S Z 124 R H IbhT
p. 392. Gng. 4 1'I7 i E 111 510 & F 0 44(i -
Of the gardiM 1 1 st desirable is var

filegans, Hi i \ eitch) Low dense

tree, with 1 1 r s and pendulous branchlets

lvs. linear. Mjih nid. -iii, si)reading, longer than m the
type, bright gneii, changing to bronzy red in fall and
winter. Very handsome when young, but short-living,
Var. araucaroldes, Carr. Of regular pyramidal habit,
with short, thick falcate lvs., resembling Arniivaria
excelsa. Var. compacta, Hort. Of very compact habit,
with bluish green foliage. Var. L6bbi, Carr. Of com-
pact habit, with shorter and mure appressed bright and
deep green lvs. Var. nana, Knight. Dwarf and pro-
cumbent, densely branched form; adapted for rockeries.
\'ar. spiralis, Veitch. Slender shrub, with strongly
falcate lvs., twisted spirally around the branchlets.
S.Z. 124. Fig. 4. Alfred Rehder.

CUCUMI

405

CEYPTOPtEUM (Greek, hidden wheat). Gramlnete.
This genus includes a plant sometimes catalogued with
ornann Tiiiil ^'i:i--i -. I.ut it is no more ornamental than
a loiii; I luack-grass would be. C. Elchard-

soni.Srl, ,.; 1 ;■< 01 ii;£(!fcaj-d«o«i,Schrad.), is simi-

lar to .1 ;, /.7. ./ '! ininim, hut has longer awns. It is
leafy, and grows 1-1'., ft. high. p. g. Kennedy.

CEYPTOSTfiGIA (Greek, hriipto, conceal, and stego,
■aled crown in the corolla tube,
vi, .1 sr/epiaddcew. A genus of
1 • limbers, one from tropical
,ir. The juice of C.ffTO)!-
-iiiishine, produces caout-
\ :'i'l in India for this pur-
led in Old World greenhouse.;
a be of easy culture in a warm
house and propagated by cuttings.

grandifldra, R. Br. Stem erect, woody, branches twin-
ing : lvs. opposite, short-stalked, oblong, entire, 3 in.
long, IM in. wide : fls. in a forked raceme, reddish pur-
ple, becoming lilac or pale pink, about 2 in. across,
twisted in the bud. Trop. Afr. B. R. 5: 435. — Once cul-
tivated at Oneco, Fla., by Reasoner.

CUCKOO FLOWEE. Cardamine pmtensis.

CUCKOO PINT. See Arum.

r; referring t

only two speci"s
Africa and rm<- 1 '
diflora, when '-\j
chouc. The plin
pose. It is rarel;
for ornament. It

CUCUMBEE. Plate VIII The

derived from a South Asian species Gi
Cucumii) which has long been kii
The so called West In 1
classed with the Cudii I

Cucumbers are
116 sativus (see
in cultivation.
!i IS commonly
The

Snake, or Serpent C u it perly a musk-

melon, and should be il illy as Cucitmis

Melo,va,r flexuosiis (ct \m i.ii \i\ „U()) The ' Musk
Cucumber" IS Chch»i;s «i( sf/i(i/i! Hort Probably this
IS identical with Concombre musqu^, referred to iSicana
ndnrifrra b-^ Le Potager d un C urieux, known in this
f ' il <nini The Handera Cucumber is

584 House

English Cu

Cucumts Saeleuxii, Paill et Bois (Pot d un Curieux),
but It IS not m cultivation m this counti > N one of these
is of any particular importance except the common types
of CKciinws satiiiis These are extensively cultivated
in all civilized countries as field and as garden crops.
They come into commerce as pickles packed m bottles
and barrels, and are very extensively used in this
form. Of late, the forcing of Cucumbers under glass
has come to be an important industry in the eastern
states ; and this industry seems to be rapidly in-
creasing.

Cucumbers will thrive in any good soil not extremely
heavy nor sandy. Good com or wheat land, if in garden-
ing condition with respect to tilth and drainage, will

406 CUCUMBER

answer. Or for the earliest crop, a situation witli a more
pronouncedly sandy soil may serve best. In most parts
of America the field crop of Cucumbers may be grown
from seed planted in the open ground after danger ot
frost is past. Put 6 to 12 seed', in the hill ( havmg enough
to provide against the ravages of insects ) the hills being
4 by 6 feet apart. The early crop may often be planted

585 Three prominent vaneties of EngUsh or

Forcing Cucumber

S Sion House E Duke ot Edmburgh T Telegr iph

in the same way, and protected t r fm 1 \ i ish

■covered frame placed over each bill II i me

times started in greenhouses or h 1 1 t i in

the open ground ; but this method i niless

great pains be taki 11 The nieth ' II lilir

sods in 1 1 1 till

with v. Ill J . 1

Early.-iilir :,:i..h ^ i i i i i i i t i I n 1 ,

companied by very i m ml i ( nihitnt i ptnn n ig iinst
insects, for the tirst month is the most i ritit il in the
life of the Cucumber plant When the vines begin to
cover the ground, cultivation may be discontinued

Cucumbers are often forced m waniihr u p iFis; M)
in winter and spring Tht lu„( >ii_li li t hiii_\iir
ties, as Telegraph and Sk II H u . di. si ii p turtd
by some growers, but thi ^^tllI ^[ iii \ m ri n ni irt
popular in America es) <iil'\ 1 i iiiii_ t i iiu ifter

lettuce or flowerin, i 1 nt

II lilt ue stirted in

3-inch pots, and 1 1 i in 1

1 II I tlie benches at

intervals of 2'/., t.. it 11

1 tl 1 ti lined on wire

trellises near thp it i 1

1 1 h I . mill, IS like a

night temperature ot 1 n i

f 1 1 dure

of 70° to 75°. The Whit -

1 1 tid

ious, and will take a s ,

In

forcing Cucumbers it i

111 V ung

plants should sutT. i n 1

111 ^ ui 11 iU a I Iruit

age. (Consult !::■ 1

1 k, and Cornell Bull

31, andMunsoii. \i

1 pt 1896 )

Cucumbers f..i

1 11 Id be gathered when

.quite small. In 1 t 1 i

X 111. as pickles seem to

CUCUMBER

stand pretty much In inverse ratio to their size. Vines
on which fruits are allowed to ripen cease bearing
almost iiumediately. The young fruits may be success-
fully preserved in brine, from which they are soaked out
with fresh water as wanted, and put into vinegar, which
they readily absorb.

There are a great many varieties of Cucumbers in cul-
tivation. This means that the group is variable, the va-
rieties comparatively unstable, and varietal distinctions
somewhat uncertain. Nevertheless, there are certain
dominant types which may be separated, and around
which most of the varieties may be conveniently classi-
fied. The principal types are the following :
Common Cucumber. Cucumis sativus.
I. EngUsh forcing tye (var. Anglica): Fig. 585. Large-
leaved, strong-growing, slow-m.ituriiig plants, not suited
to outdoor culture : fr. large, long, smooth, usually
green, with few or early-deeiduous black spines. Tele-
graph, Sion 'Honse. Noa's Forcing, Tailbys Hybrid,
Kenyon, Lome, Edinburgh. Blue Govra, etc.
U. Field varieties (Hill or Ridge Cucumbers).
a. Black Spine varieties.

1. Netted T{ir---i,-iTi t?T" S'mnll, slmrt jointed vines,

beariiii; i .,,,,,',, i., , >,ii„ll, eUipsoi-

dal tV. Mark, decidu-

-. 'link reddish

yellow,.
bearing

Early Clu-

Eiirly

long ana ir'-e-growmg; tr. large ana long, green,
ripening yellow, -nith scattered, large, black
spines. Long Green, Japanese Climbing.
b. White Spine varitt its.

5. White S].!' . ■• ■ ■ • .. -;,, .1 ^..,|„,, ■',,,,, r^,,.-•:

whitV .. ... ^i'.'i'i'.'.'."

TIn-n-... W :■., -i.mc.

.. • 1 ii'-umber, Cluyifmi^ Melo, var. flexuosvs.
I.:; those of nmsknielon : fr. very long,
■ ' .1 ''vlindrical, green, tardily yello^ring, covered
. .wuLLv hairs.

Staminate flower of Cucumis Melo.

CUCUMBER

West India Gherkin. Cunnnis Aiwuria : Pigs. 590. 591. Vines
small and slender, somewhat resembling a slender water-
melon plant : fr. very abundant, small, ellipsoid, covered
with warts and spines, green, tardily whitening. Good for

The.se varieties are mostly all ffood for one purpose

ririi,.. iMi- riii- fniii-. I'l.. White
!<piue v;triftie.s Lire gr.jia luvurites for
slif'ing, and only less so for pickling.

The unrelenting enemies of the Cucuraliei
in the field are the Cucumber beetles {Dia
brotica, spp.) and the squash bug {Anasa
tristis). No effectual preventive measurts
are known except to cover the young plants
with small wire or hoop frames, over which
fine netting is stretched. If the plants are
kept quite free from attack till these
tors are outgrown, tlieywill nsiially su
tie damage. Plants staitiil
houses (see above) ni:i\- us
this is the chief a.lvaiita-e
cumber beetles ar»- k<jpt
strewing tobaeec. st.iii~^ tl
kerosene emulsion will
young squash bug's without killini.' tlic vines, but usu-
ally not. ''In the greenhouse. Cucumbers are liable to
damage from mite, aphis, root-gall and mildew. Forthe

CUCUMIS 407

bed in which the temperature of the soil is 70 to 80°.
Place them 3 or 4 inches apart. In about ten days they
will be large enough to transplant into pots. Six-inch
pots are preferred, two plants in each. In two weeks

ivpt free

first, and
The Cu
at times by
!ie plants ; and
seommode the

idwinter, hand-poUu

they will be large enough to set in the house where they
are to grow. The plants are set 3K feet apart in the
row and rows 6 to 7 feet, according to the size of the
house. The vines should bear in four weeks. The crop
depends upon the season. The spring-grown plants will
produce double the crop of the fall- or winter-grown.
The pollinating may be done with bees. One hive in a
house of 24 by 100 feet, or in that proportion, will be

. may be neces-

bers are not often
rlie green-fly comes
. II with water, and
"inetimes appears,
n care of properly.
'US diseases but to
I. Radishes or to-
is. If radishes are
hen the Cucumbers
e Cucumbers begin
of the house when

^irf

mite, syringe the plant and pick off the infested Ivs. ;
for aphis, use tobacco fumigation and pick infested Ivs. ;
for root-gall, use soil which has been thoroughly frozen;
for mildew, improve the sanitary conditions, and then
use snltur."— Bailey, Forcing-Book. p_ j^. Waugh.

FoRciNii OF Cri fMHEiiS.-Tli.' -rowiuicof Cucumbers
under gl;i<- lia< Ih-ccuu- a hii-u'i- iii.lu-iry. Some years
ago thev w.r,. f,,rr,_.,i ,iiil\- lu tli,- -iniii-. but to-day they
are grown all tli,- year r..uu.l. Tli.- iii"st difficult time
is in the .short days of winter. At sueh times there is
always a good price for them and a brisk demand, and
the prospect is as good for the future. The house may be
even span and run either way, but many use two-thirds
span, with the long way to the south. When they are
continually grown year after year, it would be best to
have double glass and double thick, but for early fall
and late spring, one thickness of double glass is suffil-
eient. The house may be any length desired. For heat-
ing, str:iiii i- 11 . 1m -f, with pipes arranged so that they

shall u.i :•, from either side of the house.

Pipes 1 T.r are large enough. Larger

pipes ;.'n . 1 .1 i, ,1. at in one place.

The soil .~L.juK! lu g..od loam, new soil preferred, from
sod land. The plants are started in a box or small bed,
where the temperature can be run to about 90°. In
four or five days they will he ready to transplant into a

to bear; but all crops sliouli
the Cucumbers are bearing.

In this country, the White Spine type of Cucumber is
mostly used for forcing, although the long English kinds
are sometimes grown (particularly for home use).

W. W. Rawson".

CUCUMBER ROOT. Same as Indian Cucumber,
Jledeola Virginica,

CUCUMBER TREE. S,ee Averyhoa am\ Magnniiii.

CUCUMIS (old Latin name) Ciuuthitii-ea'. Sterile
fls. in clusters, not long stalked, the fertile ones solitary

rrr^^

and mostly short stalked in the axils corolla of 5 deep,
acute lobes stamens not united stigmas 3, obtuse:
tendrils simple Herbaceous vines of nearly 30 tropi-

408 cucuMis

cal species, mostly African and East Indian. The cult.
species are annual. Monogr. by Cogniaux, DC. Monogr.
Phaner. 3. See, also, Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot. ) IV.
11:9; 12:108

nor tiiherculale) at maturili/.
'nliea. Boxb. C. iitilissimus,
i.'iN. Fig.i. 586, 587. Long-run-
. round-heart-shaped or reni-

lobed : fr. in many sizes and
ling edible. S. A.sia.— When
s. are usually more lobed. See

A. Fr. sm„„th 1 1

Mdlo, LiTi'i
Roxb.). Ml :

form, sunii , ,:,,
shapes, thu ium i
forced uudur ghis
Melon.

Var.CantaIup6nsis, Naud. Cantaloupe. Rock Melons.
Fruits mostly hard-rinded, more or less warty, scaly or
rough, often deeply furrowed or grooved.— Name de-
rived from Cantaliippi, near Rome, a former country
seat of the Pope, whitherthis type of melons was brought
from Armenia. In the U.S. the word Cantaloupe is often
used as a generic name for Muskmelou, but it is prop-
erly a name of only one group of muskraelons— the hard
and scaly-rinded (see Waugh, G. F. 8:183).

Var. reticuIittuB, Naud. Nutmeg or Netted Melons.
Fruits softer rinded, more or less netted, or sometimes
almost plain or smooth.— Comprises the common musk-
melons, aside from Cantaloupes.

Var. saccharlnus, Naud. PrNEAPPLE Melons. Com-
prising varieties of oblong shape and very sweet flesh.
Not sufficiently distinct from the last.

Var. inoddrus, Naud. Winter Melons. Lvs. lighter
colored, less hairy, narrower : frs. possessing little or
none of the common muskmelon odor, and keeping long.
The winter muskmelons are little known in this country,
although they are worthy of popularity. Much cult, in
parts of the Mediterranean region. See Bull. 96, Cor-
nell Exp. Sta.

Var. flexudsus, Naud. (C. fleindsiis, Linn.). Snake
Melon. Snake Cucumber. Fr. many times longer
than broad, greenish at maturity, variously curved and
furrowed. A. G. U: 203.-Fr. often 2-3 ft. long, and 1-3
in. in diameter. Grown
mostly as an oddity, but
it is useful for the mak-
ing of conserves. The hard-
shelled Snake Gourd is a
Lagenaria (which see).

Var. acidulus, Naud. Cucumber Melon. Frs. oblong
or cylindrical, mottled or unicolored, the flesh white and
cucumber-flavored. No varieties in the Amer. trade are
of this group, but they are occasionally seen in botanical
gardens and experimental grounds, which import seeds
of oriental plants.

Var. Chlto, Naud. (C. ClMo, Morr.). Orange Melon.
Mango Melon. Melon Apple. Vine Peach. Garden

CUCUMIS

Lemon. Vegetable Orange. Vine less robust than
that of the Muskmelon, and lvs. smaller : fr. size, shape
and color of an orange or lemon, without markings, with
a white or pale yellow cucumber-like flesh, with no musk-
melon odor -Not ediile in its natural state, but useful
forthennkmgof preserves | or "maiiRoes ") and pickles.
Name proiiounci-cl kei-to. Cf. Bull.
15, Cornell Exp. Sta.: A. G. U:2U(i.
Var. Dddaim, Naud. (C. Du<hum,
Linn. C. odoratissimtis, Moench ).
DuDAiM Melon. Pomegranate
Melon. Queen Anne's Pocket
Melon. Vine small, as in the last:
fr. size and shape of an orange, some-
what flattened at the ends, very reg-
ular and smooth, niiirbled with lougi-
tudinal markings o( cinnamon-brown
overh mi -yellow exceedingly fragrant. — A most hand-
some gourd like fruit, and highly and deliciously per-
fumed. Not eaten. A nearly odorless and scarlet-rinded
form is separated by Naudin as var. eryfhratis.

AA. Fruit spini/ or tuberculate.
satlvus, Linn. Cucumber. Figs. 588, 589. Long-
running, prickly : lvs. usually 3-lobed ( or strongly
angled), the middle lobe most prominent and often
pointed: fr. prickly or muricate, at least when young,
but in some varieties becoming smooth, mostly oblong,
the flesh white. S.Asia. See Cucumber.

Var. Anglicus. Figs. 584, 585. English or Forcing
Cucumber. A product of cultivation and selection,
within the last century (see Forcing-Book, pp. 192-4),
distinguished from the common or field Cucumbers as
follows; fruits (and ovaries) very long and slender, little
if any furrowed, spineless or nearly so at maturity,
nearly or quite green at maturity, comparatively few-
seeded: fls. very large; lvs. very broad in proportion to
their length, with shallower sinuses: vines very vig-
orous, with long and thick tendrils.

Var. Sikkim6nsis, Hook.f., cult, in the Himalayan
Mts., but not known to be in this country; has large 7-9-
lobed lvs. and cylindrical-club-shaped fr. B.M. 6206.

dips&ceus, Ehr. (C. erindceus, Hort.), Dipsaceous
Gourd. Ostrich-Egg Gourd. Hedgehog Gourd.
Plant and foliage like that of C. Melo: fls. long-
stalked; fr. 1-2 in. long, oblong or nearly spherical,
becoming hard and dry, densely beset with long scales
or hairs, and looking like a bur. Arabia, Afr. R.H.
1860, p. 210. Cult, as an ornamental Gourd.

Angiiria, Linn. (C. grossulariwfirmis, Hort.). Bub
Cucumber.. West Indian Gherkin. Gooseberry
Gourd. Figs. 590, 591. Stems slender, hispid ; lvs.
deeply cut into 3-5 narrow obovate or spatulate di

CUCUMIS

water-melon like: fls. small, the pistillate long-stalked:
fr. 1-3 in. long, cucumber-like but more spiny. Supposed
to be native to the Amer. tropics. B.M. 5817.-Cult. both
for the oddi'v of its frts and for the making of pickles
The Gherkins of mis.ed pickles however are \oung
Cucumbers.

C. aculdiiguJus Hort =Luffa — C pcien>ii! Jaines=Cu
curbita. L H B

CnCUBBITA (classical name) Cucu,
bitdcea. Gourd Pumpkin Squash \ ine
like herbs, tendiil bearing inhabitants ot
warm countries Fls monoecious luge
yellow, solitar-v m the a\ils the stam (^"^^
inate long stalked the pistillate short
stalked : corolla o lobed stamens 3
arising from the bottom of the fl ind unit 1 ir
column: stigmas 3 but 2 lobed o\ai\ inteuor (
closing a hollow receptacle tendrils 2- i torke<l \1 (
30 species. The morphology of the Pepo oi t ouid tr
may be illustrated bv the Turban bquash ( Figs I'li 5
594. ) In this fruit there is a squash m ide a squisl
The inner part bears the corolla and the st\ les It is 1
ovary, The corolla is attached about the edge of 1

CUCURBITA 409

peduncle very hard and deeply furrowed when mature,
not enlarging next the fr. : the tr. very various in form,
color, season, size. — Probably native to trop. Amer., but
unknown wild Cult by the Indians when Amer was

593. Young Turban Squash, in which the withered
corolla has become detached, but hangs on
the remains of the styles and stigmas.

inner Squash, as the withered remains in Fig. 592 sh<
Sometimes the withered corolla becomes detached. '
hangs onto the withered remaius of the stigmas, as
Fig. 593. The longitudinal section of the tlower ( F
59i) explains the structure. The corolla is shown at i
The top ot the ovary is at O. The stigmas an- on
ovary. The part encircling thi- ovary CMit^idc of O
the hollowed receptacle. Or<li]i:nih tli. r. .-,■[, t;ic1i'
closed at the top, completely cMiiiiniim tin- ..\;ii\:
in the Turban Squashes th.- r iit.i, I. ,1,,, , nor . \t.

older ll.Mipli.ilo^,M> iield
this outer pai-T ..f tlir S,|n;isl, to

ceptaole. The Cucurbits are
monographed by Cogniaux. DC.
Monogr. Phaner. 3. Also by
Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. ( Bot. )
IV. vol. 6. See Pumpkin and
Squash.

A. Lrs. lobed: stalks of fruits

strongly ridged.

P^po, Linn. (C. Melopepo,

Linn.). Pumpkin. Figs. 595,

596. Annual: long -running,

prickly on stems and petioles :

594. Section of Flower of Ivs. 3-^5-lobed, dark dull green:

Turban Squash. corolla-tube widening upwards,

Showing the ovary inside *e pointed lobes erect : calyx-

the hollowed receptacle, lobes narrow, not leaf - like :

^^J^

596. Stem of Cucurb

Early Sugar Pumpkir

AA. Lfs. not lobed (except sometimes on young shoots):
stalks of fruits not prominently ridged.
indxima, Duchesne. Squash. Figs. 601-604. Annual:
long-running, the stems nearly cylindrical, little prickly
and often hairy: Ivs. orbicular or kidney-shaped, com-
monly not lobed, the basal sinus wide or narrow, the
margin shallowly apiculate-sinuate: corolla-tube nearly

595 Plant of Cu

t \ 1 in , Wltt-

ut h 11 L I I 11 I o,s (lSb8)

Blsh 1 LMPkiSb bcALLOP and Sum-
mer Croorseck 'squashes Plant compact little or not
at all running Of horticultural origin

■Var ovifera [C < i >f U ,v \ < mi Fig 597.
Plant slender runnm ' " ' Pepo,

usuall> very promin i i i md in-

edible egg shaped ^1 t often

striped R H 1894 i I - i x i I \ seeds-

men under the mnu i i / \ a j i/i ifoimis,

depiessa annulala tt ^ ( '

moschata Dmli n ' uifotmis Carr.).

Cushaw China C \n m \ i i i nei k and Winter
C ROOKS E< K Squashes 1i„s j9b d99 600 Annual:
long running less prickly and sometimes soft hairy:
Ivs more rounded than those of C Pepo but lobed often
grayish ti with a widening tube and large erect lobes:
calyx-lobes large, often leaf-like : peduncle becoming-
deeply ridged and much enlarged next the fr. Possibly
of East Asian origin.

41U CUCURBITA

the same diani. at top and bottom (Figs. ti02, 603), the
corolla-lobes large and soft, and wide-spreading or droop-
ing: pednnple at maturity soft and spongy, not ridged

CUNNINGHAMIA

.Tapanoso Trockneck, Dunkard, and Sweet Potato Pump-
kin- I ^ 1 I ■-) a.re C.nwuchata. The fruit '.tern (as
^li ' II. , r)99, 604) is a distinguishing charac-

ti M lit. fruits. C.Pepo and (J. maxima, and

i ': I mnsrhata do not intr-rcross. ('. I'iih,

/

'c^t

"1 "Ti ^f^ jfft^jj 597. Cucurbita Pcpo. var. ovifera.

nor prominently enlarged next the fr. : fr. very
but not light yellow nor warty nor crookneek-shaped,
usu.illv late-ripening, the flesh orange and not stringy.
Prnbahly American,
foetidissima, Kuuth i <'./„ r.'inus,

scarcely prickly: Ivs. large, cordate-
triangular, grayish pubescent, the
margin shallowly apiculate-cre-
nate : fl. nearly as large as in C.
Pepo and similar in sliaj'e. the pis- 1
tUlate on a pccluiii Ir _■ ; m, h.ni;:

smooth, green :npl . I! i,..!,

not edible. SiuMh, ;,iM «:,-..»,
Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and Mex.
and westward to Calif. R. H. 185.5:
61; 1857, p.54. -In its native haunts,
the root is tuberous, 4-7 in. in diam.
and penetrating the earth 4-6 ft.
Roots at the joints. The plant has
a fetid odor. Sold by seedsmen as
a gourd, but the fruit does not often 599^ Sten

ripen in the northern states. Use-
ful on arbors and small trees, when coarse vines are
wanted

The terms Squash and Pumpkin are much confused
In Euiopt the liigc % irieties ot ( urciibtta maxima are
known i^ 1 iiiiij kiiis 1 ut 11 Tins countr\ the fruits of
this *;]H 1 lit I II Squashes In America,

the will 1 1 II I 1 II 1 1 ^ I li ire used almost mdis
crimm tt l\ 1 1 i ill species being known

C. r.pn (var. nnfi-ni) and to Xa</. nana riihjan.-.

L. H. B.

CUDEANIA (derivation unknown), rriicdcew. Trees
or shrubs, with deciduous, alternate, stipulate petioled
Ivs.: fls. dioecious, in globulaTli. i.N . (ill. ctive fr. globu-
lar. About 3 species, in 8. uimI I \-ii mmI Irop. Austr.,
of which only one is sometiiiM - miIh ii. ,1 It requires
protection in the north, and 1^ ii^iki1I\ pn.p. by green-
wood cuttings in summer under glass.

tricuspidata. Bureau (MacUira tricuspiddta, Carr.).
shnil>, w ith si. iider. spiny branches: Ivs. elliptic-ovate,
iicununate. entire, sometimes 3-lobed at the apex, nearly
glabrous, lJ^-3 in. long: fl. -heads axillary, on short ])e-
duncles: fr. globose, about 1 in. across. China. R. H.
1864, p. 390.— Much resembling Madura, and of no

special decorative va!

Alfred Rehdek.
CULM. The stem of a grass.
CULVER'S BOOT. Veronica Vi

CUMIN, or CUMMIN, thi

curbita moschata.

[ Cucurbita moschata— Large Cheese Pumpkin.

CUNlLA (origin unknown). LahiAtce. This genus
contains a low-growing, tufted, hardy, native perennial
plant, rarely cultivated in borders for its profusion of
small, white or purplish, 2-lipped flowers, which are
borne in corymbed cymes or clusters. The genus con-
tains not more than 16 species, 2 North American, "2
Mexican, and the rest Brazilian. They are somewhat
woody, and usually have small Ivs. : the whorls of flowers
are sometimes loosely corymbose,
sometimes axillary, few-fld., much
shorter than the Ivs., sometimes many-
fld., in dense spikes or terminal heads;
calyx 10-13-nerved,5-toothed: perfect

Mariana. Linn. Maryland Dittany.
Height 1 ft. : Ivs. smooth, ovate, ser-
rate, rounded or heart-shaped at the
base, nearly sessile, dotted, 1 in. long.
Dry hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind.,
sodth to Ga. and Ark. J.H. III. 35: 321.

CUNNINGHAMIA (after J. Cunningham, botanical
collector, who discovered this Conifer 1702 in China).
Coniferm. Tree, with stout trunk and verticillate,
spreading branches, pendulous at the extremities ; Ivs.

CUNNINGHAMIA

linear-lanceolate, rigid, densely spirally arranged and
2-rowed in direction: tts. monoecious; staminate oblong,
pistillate globose, in small clusters at the end of the
branches: cones roundish-ovate. 1-2 in. long, with round-

411

An exceedingly mteresting genus of tropical and

. (lOb ind 60b) aie at least two well

diate t\pes One of these (exemplified

I has 2 luge and 4 small petals the

) has 2 conspicuous petals and the

1 Utely aboiti^e These two t>pes are

1 ien plants The series of intergra

1 Ic ti 1 1 \ r III m xUiRh there

Iternating

1 he plants
!■ 1 1, d or altei

often borne ii

have a vei

he slender ascen

be with its quee

n. The flowers
and some of the
3ld angle made b}
descending calyx
the base The purple

stamens add to the interest Nearly all Cupheas are

ish-ovate, serrate and pointed, coriaceous scales, each
with 3 narrow-winged seeds at the base. One species, in
China. A very decorative Conifer for warmer temperate
regions, much resembling the Araucaria Brasiliensis.
It prefers a halt-shaded position and sandy and loamy,
humid soil. Prop, by seeds or cutting of half-hardy
wood in late summer" under glass; short sprouts from
the old wood of the trunk or larger branches are the
best ; cuttings from lateral branches grow into weak and
one-sided plants.

Sinensis, R. Br. {C. lanceolAta, Lamb.). Tree, attain-
ing 80 ft. : Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with broad, decurrent
base sharply pointed, finely serrulate, light green and
shining above and with two broad, whitish bands be
neath 13^-2K m long cones 1-2 m high China, cult
inJipan B M 2743 S Z 104 10", VhkedRehder

CUPANIA(iftirFi
of HortusHthulKus .
large ind ill tU lined

St impn

rhi. li

1 ither
.s the
ized in

the West Indies from
red edible fruits that are much iinproi ed by tookmg
The flowers aie so fragrant as to desel^e distilling The
tree reaches a height of 30 ft and is cultivated m Ja
maica to a height of only 3,000 ft , but can endure a
slight frost It IS also cult in So Fla C sapida is

now referred to Blighia by
stamens and scale longer th
oldi- i rip.d LrowinL trr.
mtr...lii 1 11,1 -- 1 a 1 \<\

reason of it
n the petals
with edible
1 1 mceschi

s long exserted

C anacaidi

fruit, has been

sapid i
lets 1 1

Pltchei .V M m
"with handsom

1

dl IS 1

e leaves

'I't

/ ' Kon ) Akee Tree Leaf
1 ii. ^elned fls whitish
w IS once advertised by
araental warmhouse plant
racemes of white flowers

CtPHEA (fi

eek cii

th. l.i

'"'

i,f,nm_ t.

the prominent
1 LutluAcea-

grown from seed and treated as tender annuals, but C.
ignea is chiefly prop, by cuttings. They are of easy cul-
ture, and the whole series is worth growing. In addition
to the species described below, C. Hookeriina, Walp.,
is cult, as C. Razlii, Carr. It has lanceolate Ivs., with
vermilion and orange calyx. R.H. 1877:470.

ery minute and inconspicuous,
microp§tala, HBK. ( C.lminens,
Planch. & Linden). Stem shrub-
hr, more or less branched : 1-2
ft. high ; br.anches and calyx sca-
brous : Ivs. oblong - lanceolate,
at both ends, but without a dis-
petiole, rigid, scabrous: fls. borne
singly in suoc-ession at a point above
the axils, which distinguishes this spe-
cies from all others here described ;
petals C, minute, borne between the calyx
teeth, and shorter than them ; caljTf 12-

toothed, scarlet at tlie basp, yellow towards the top,
greenish at the mouth; stamens and filaments red:
ovary 2-oelled, many-seeded. Mex. HBK. Not. Gen.

, |.i,;.. .. .•iM • h

ke that

1- .,!,.- ,.u il... ui

.per lip

included. Mex,

. B.R.

S. 4:412. R.B.

22:85;

miniata and V.

p. 209, t. 551. R.H. 1857, p. 151. F.S. 10:994
(1854). -The picture first cited shows a 1 sidtd raceme,
the second a panicle and tht third a common raceme
In this species the cahxtubt is the attrutivL portion
while the petals are inconspicuous 1 he tube is not 2
lipped, but almost regular

AA. Petals C, all conspicuous but 2 of IJi «i muih
larger than the rest

procumbens, Cav. Annual herbaceous 1 in high
procumbent, sticky-pubescent with characteristic pur
plish hairs: Ivs. ovate lanceolate with white hairs 1 J^-

AAA. Petals 6, all of the same size.

hyssopiloUa, HBK. Pig. COG. Stem shrubby; branches

numerous, strieose: Ivs. lanceolate, rather acute, obtuse

glabrous above, strisr.s.-pilosf aloiit; the

idrib and veins, as may be kooii witli a haml 1. ns: Hs.

with their slender pedicels scarc-lv Imul^. rilian tin- Ivs.:

ments villous : ovary 5-6-
seeded. Mex. — C. hyssopi-
phxjlla, Hort., Pitcher &
Manda, is presumably a typo-
graphical error. This is the
least attractive of the species
here described, and is no
longer advertised, but it still
lingers in a few conservato-
It is easily told from its
showier relatives by its much
smaller Ivs. (less than K in.
long) and much branched and
very woody appearance.

AAAA. Petals normally 2,
the other 4 abortive.
B. Size of petals very small.
cyJtnea, Moc. & Sesse. (C.
striguUsa, Hort., not HBK.).
Stem herbaceous, erect :
branchlets hispid: Ivs. oppo-
site, stalked, ovate, cordate,
acuminate, villous on both
peduncles alternate, racemose : calyx slightly
scarlet at the base j ellow at the top : petals 2,
patulatL anthers and pt t ils violet-blue. Mex.
■. ittijiltn I Lindl. F.S. 1:15 &
I julovi I ut n( ither of these plates
IHR whRli IS a different species,
lirauches and calyx clammy-his-
icute at both ends, clammy, glsk-
scabrous below : petals nearly
\uled

Hubbard Squash.

BR 12 14 (1846)
P M 11 '41 IS li

IS til ' '

'^ ',./ ^^'pTr^ , .^^^^

CUPHEA

BB. Size of petals larger.
c. Calyx 6-toothed.

L14vea, Lindl. Red, White-and-Blue Flower. Pig.
COT. Stems numerous herbaceou hispid branches
ascending Ivs ahnost se sile e pecially near the top
ovate-lanceolate stngose racemes short few fld ca-
lyx green on the ventral side purple on the back and at
the oblique 6 toothed mouth petals 2 large scarlet,
obovate, the other i abortive stamens 11 Guatemala
B.B. 16:138b J H III 31 JOa —It isdoubtful whether
the plant described bv Lmdley is the same as the Mex
ican plant originalh described bj Lexarsa which was
said to have petaK of dilute scarlet Lind
ley's plant had a green calyx but the plant
in the trade is colored I ed for baskets
and bedding Often mis pelled Llai<e
CL Cahfx 12 toothid

miniata Brongn ^tem <^hrubb^ eiect
branches few hi pid Iv opposite tin up
per ones not quite oppo ite with i \tiy
short petiole ovate icute entirt \Mth
white, silky hair «lii h ii i ii i 1 tiieath
fls. solitarj sul I ill tht pedun

cle adnate to tl li xway as

to appear betw 1 petaoles

raceme few fld i ill-- i ) P M
14:101. R H 1S4 ii \ . ho -\ ar

comp&cta, Hort b H i 43 ( t 41 p bJ7
This is referred to t Llaiea Lex b-s Index // 11

Kewensls The ibove de ciifti n i from ' ' '

the original one m B ^ ' i f \ in Houttt
describes severil Intiil \ iii tits in F ►?
5, p. 487, whiih lirt i 1 i th in ize color
and marking of I T I < 1\\ ] in long his
pid, green at the 1 1 nil ibove 12 toothed at the

tip: petals 2 scarlet w ivv The peciflc name J«u»«/«
means cinnabar red and refers to the petals
AAAAA Petali nnni

Ignea, DC (C pluti/ entia Hort mt B nth ) Fig
608. Branches mewhit ingled h petiokd t^ite
lanceolate icummite nin wtd it the I t e li.,lith
scabrous: flower stilk 2-4 tirais Unger th tu thi h d
stalks: cahx glibrou hirtlv I toothed bright red ex
cept at the tip which his a dirk ring and a white mouth

CUPRESSUS

413

linear-subulate anc' spreading: fls. monoecious, minute,
solitarj' on short branchlets; staminate ovate or oblong,
yellow; pistillate subglobose: cones globular or nearly
so consisting of 3-7 pairs of ligneous peltate scales
with a mucro or boss on the flattened ape\ each bearing

v: ^^

niny or numerous seeds but

che lower scales usually sterile

and smaller they ripen the second year About

10 species in C \mer north to Calif and Ariz and

from "^ Fii to Ss E \ ii Bv some bf tanists the allied

( li tl p I , 1 1 In 1 1 HilIiK ornamental

I ' ms to be

of frost

Urm regard to soil and n I

sandy loamy soil For pr i II

young plants should be rtii il

nursprv to secure a firm ru I i I il i i il « lU
n tleir trin pHnting well Mju ^,r I } M T M i teis
in Touin cf Lnm hoc 31 312-3ol (189o)

Corneyana 7 fas

veniana 4 Otuadalupensis

111 6 Lambertiana 2 Lau

Lindleiji 6 Lusitanica

ipa 2 majestica 7 sem

perviren

..c*

606. Cuphea hyssopifolia

petals none: stamens 11 or 12. glabrous.
2:180 (1846). P.M. 13:267 (1846). -This is sold only
as C. platyeentra, although De Candolle corrected the
error in 1849 (F.S. 5:500 C.). This is a remarkable in-
stance of the persistence of erroneous trade names.

W. M.
CUPULE. The husk or cup of an acorn. The oak be-
longs to the Cupuliferae.

CnPBfSSnS (ancient Latin name from Greek, S"!!-
parissos). Cypress. Trees, rarely shrubs, with aro-
matic evergreen foliage : branchlets quadrangular or
nearly so: Ivs. opposite, small, scale-like, appressed, mi-
nutely denticulate-ciliate, on young seedling plants

A Bianilu iiilU iH hi tserect orspieading
lets shoit and usually gather stout
B Cones 1-1^4 in acioss uith 8-14 scales
1 sempfrvirens, Linn Tree to 80 ft with erect or
horizontil branches nnd dark green foliige Ivs closely
ay pressed ovate tl tuse
gUmlular cones tbltng rr
netrlv globose scales 8-14
with i short boss on the
1 a k s Eu W Asia Var

cal C\Ii

and R i

planted m s, | \ iior

lEontaiis, tTuid (t / ^ n

tahs, Mill ) Brinches

horizontally spreading

forming a broad, pyramidal

2. macroc&rpa, Hartw
Monterey Cypress. Tree,

Cuphea ignea (X %),

414

CUPRESSUS

to 40 ft., occasionally to 70 ft., with horizontal branches,
forming a broad, spreading head: branchlets stout : Ivs.
rhombic ovate, obtuse, closely appressed, not or obsciirely
glandular, dark or bright green: cones globular or ob-
long; scales 8-12, with a short, obtuse boss on the back.

10: n2

Gn. 53, p. 219. G.F. 7:245. V:
spreading, light glaucous. Ajm
ita, Knight. Of narrow, 1)M:i
Var. Guadalup6nsis, Mast, i '
Branches spreading: Ivs. \ i i
" ^ "ipelsl. (i.e. Ill

Mast.

(C. Lh.

ing

branche

lutea, Hor

i-o.n.'j, ic(77i 6-3 scales.
Pig. 609. Shrub with sev-
".o 20 ft., forming a dense,
pyramidal head : Ivs.
ovate, obtuse, thickened
at the apex, glandular,
dark green or glaucous:
cones oblong, %-l in.
high : scales usually 6,
with prominent conical
and curved bosses on
the back. Calif. S. S.
10:528. R.H. 1870, p. 155.
G.C. III. 9:403.

4. Goveni&na, Gord.
Tree, to 50 ft., with slen-
der, erect or spreading
branches, forming a
road, open or pyramidal

abundant stiiminate tls.
in spring : cones sub-
globose or oblong; scales
G-8, with short, blunt
bosses. Calif. S. S.
10:.527. Var. comp&cta,
Andr^. Of compact, pyr-
amidal habit. K.H. 189G,
p. 9. Var. glaikca, Carr.,
with glaucous, and var.
viridis, Carr., with bright
green foliage.

5. Ariz6nica, Greene.
Tree,to 40,rarely to 70 ft. ,
with horizontal branches, forming a narrow, pyramidal
or broad, open head : branchlets stout : Ivs. ovate, ob-
tuse, thickened at the apex, inconspicuously glandular,
very glaucous : cones subglobose, %-l in. across; scales
6-8, with stout, pointed, of%en curved bosses, Ariz.,
Calif. S.S. 10:526. 6.0.111.18:03.

6. B^nthami, Endl. Tree, to 70 ft., with horizontal
branches, foniiiiii,' :i livraiiii.lal limil : Iimi.IiI.-- -len-
der: Ivs. I.valr-.,1,IM.,. Ml- :,, ■,,!<.. k, . i, ,■ ' . ]r.it

thickened at iIm- .■i|H\. in. Mii-piru. Hi ~ ^ ■! .n-lit

green: cm. - ;,l-l.iilai-. ' ,- , in. a.r.i-- . ^. , . - .. -, >MtU

shr.rt ,.,,:■•.,. !,„,.,. .Mt-x. Var. Lindleyi, -MaM. , C.

I.ir' ! 111. Branchlets regularly arranged, of

II. I -III : cones small, with small-pointed

Ihi- I I ,: . Kiiightiina, Mast. Branchlets very regu-

larh air:aiL;i.l, Irinlike, drooping, glaucous: cones with

stoiit, conical-pointed bosses. G.C. III. 16:669.

AA. Branchlets slender, more or less pendulous : Irs.

usually acute and keeled, not thickened at the

apex: cones about %in. or less across (see

also C. Bentlmmi).

7. toruldsa, Don. Tall, pyramidal tree, to 150 ft., with
short, horizontal branches, ascending at the extremities:
branchlets slender. (I-'m.'.it'l'- b-^ rl^'-T^ii'i'' *>v:itp. acute,
appressed or slisrhti . - - • i ■' ' > ■ ■■ Uriirlit or
bluish green: com- i iK..iit ';in.
across; scales8-lii. II, li Corneyana,
Mast. (C CocHei/ir/i-, Knijii W n h ili -tim tly pendu-

CURCU-MA

Ions branches : cones oblong, larger. \:u\ maj^stica,
Gord. (0. ma jMica, Knight). Of iii..r.- viL;.ii.iii.- ^'n.wth,
with drooping branchlets, greyish -n , n.

8. Lusit&nica, Mill. Tree, to :." ft., with spreading
branches and more or less peuduloii.- I.r-am-lilets: Ivs.
ovate, acute, glaucous: cones pedicelled, about Kin.
across, covered with glaucous bloom ; scales 6-8, with
conical pointed bosses. Habitat unknown; much cult,
in southwestern Eu. G.C. III. 10:761. -With several

'.I. funebris, Endl. Tree, to60ft., with wide-spreadmg,
peiidiilous liranches and branchlets, branchlets slightly
tlatteiieil : Ivs. deltoid-ovate, acute, light green, often
slightly spreading at the apex: cones short, peduncled,
globose, about % in. across ; scales 8, with a short
mucro. China. P.P.G. I. p. 47, fig. 31. G.C. 1850:439.
P.S. 6, p. 91.

t^i:

Ida,

Staiint I , ,, , . , V ![,,, ( '. Lusitanioa.-

thurn. , , Hl.l, I ,,, ,,,'., ■ iii,,hes: Ivs. oblong-
I.an'-.,,,l.,i,, ,11,1,-11 ~], I,, I, nil- ,,,.,,> appressed: cones

C. (/luri/'fra, .\utli.=l.'. Bi-iithanu. ALFRED Bbhder.

COBCULlGO (Latin, curcalio, weevil ; referring to
the beak of the ovary). AmaryllidAcea. This genus
contains an uncommon foliage plant with the habit of a
young palm and a curious floral structure. The genus
is closely related to Hypoxis, but differs in its succulent
indehisceiit fruit, and "because in many species the ovary
has a I. h- I, 111: a, liii'h looks like a perianth tube, but
tlii- !,, ' ,''::■ -,,liil, and bears upon its summit the
st\l,. I :,;,, center of the perianth. The follow-

in:.- -: 11 south and north, being used by

liuri-'- . jardinieres, and general decorative

work. I ,,utdoorsin summer. It is of easy

cultni, ,. . - perfect drainage, and is prop, by

Tile < iiritil i_,,,- are exceedingly ornamental plants for
large greenhouses, where a high temperature is main-
tained. To have them looking their best they should, if
possible, be planted out in a bed, where they will attain
a height of 5 feet. Their gracefully arching leaves are
so constructed that they move continually from side to
side with the slightest movement of the air. The va-
riety variegata is one of the best variegated-leaved
plants. While not so robust as the green form, it is
more adapted to pot-culture. The soil should be two
parts loam and another of rotted cow-manure and sand.
Drainage must be carefully arranged, as the plants need
an abundance of water. The green-leaved kind stands
the summers well in the neighborhood of Washington,
if protected from the sun and afforded an abundant sup-
ply of water.

Propagation is by division. The pieces, before pot-
ting, will make new roots rapidly if placed in the sand
bed of a warm propagating house for a few days.

reourvita, Dryand. Height 2% ft. or more : root
tuberous: Ivs. from the root, 1-3 ft. long, 2-0 in. wide,
with a channelled stalk one-third or one-fourth the
length, the blade lanceolate, recurved, plated : scapes
about as long as the leaf-stalks, covered with long, soft
brown hairs, recurved at the end, bearing a head of
drooping yellow fls., each % in. across : bracts one to
each fl., and about as long. Trop. Asia, Australia. B.R.
9:770. Var. striata, Hort., has a central band of white.
Var. variegita, Hort., has longitudinal bars of white.
(t. W. Oliver and W. M.

CUECUMA (Arabic n mi, . .v ,' , ,„ ;«,5cf(f . A much
neglected group of ciin ! I, i warmhouse her-
baceous plants with gni 1 -, ,i |,,.sed of large con-
cave or hooded bract-. ,1 , ii I lie llowers scarcely

protrude their gaping lu.a.ili-. ILe.^^, tieshy bracts are
perhaps the showiest feature of the plant, the topmost
ones being colored with gorgeous tropical hues. One
species was once advertised by John Saul, but all the
others mentioned below are equally interesting. These

CURCUMA

curious subjects are almost unknown in American con-
servatories, but with the spread of private greenhouses
in America they will surelv be grown, at least in some
of the finer fanciers' collections. The following cultural

CURRANT

415

standing high above the Ivs., and all the bracts have fls.. while
the others have a sterile portiun of tht- spike which is brightly
colored. In this specie'^ Tt (^ ^v^^'<■ i- -linrt and green and

the fls. are prominent aii.lui i. ' . - i: M .i909.-C.jlu«(ra-

Msicn.Hook. f., hasitsiipii. ■ • .^ pink and the fls.

pale yellow. .Australia r. - , -. ajia. Wall., has

a long jiii.l ^pli-uiliil sj.il,. I I , I ll.v changing from

.M

CUELED LEAVES

i-tT bracts white,
.Mted Ivs., which.
.-How of the flow-
iilor. Himalayas.

f the peach is a fungims disc
CURMfiKIA. All referred t

• nomaln

said that

not in flower. In spring the tubers should be deprived
of last year's mold and repotted in a fresh mixture of
light loam, leaf -mold and turfy peat, the pots being well
drained, ,ind placed in a warm pit or frame in bottom
liiar. Water should be given sparingly until after the
l>hiTit lias made .some growth. The young roots are soft
;iii'l siirciilent, and are likely to rot if the soil remains
wtt tor a longtime. After flowering, the leaves soon show
signs of decay, and water should be gradually with
drawn. During the resting period the soil should not
i)e allowed to get dust-dry, or the tubers are likeh to
shiiv.l. Til,- ]. hints are propagated by dividing the
tnii. r- iM -;.ii'i-. The flowers of Curcuma are large and
;: ! il.ove, and with a 3-toothed lower lip

|]i -I en 2 teeth, which are the tips of the

riii'iM 1- I li' . uiiias are essen-
tiaily ti-o[iiral iiiauts, and the

maintain sufficient heat while al-
lowing them enough air.
cordata. Wall. Lvs. 1 ft. long,

nate. the same color on both sides. ,
obliquely penninerved : bracts ii f'^
a cylindical spike, the uppi r ^
part forming a sterile portion
called a coma, which is a rich
violet, with a large blood-colored
spot : fls. yellow, with a pink
hood. Burma. B. M. 44.'!5. — This
is now referred to C. peliolata,
Roxb., but B. M. 5821 seems at
least horticulturally distinct, with
its rose-pink bracts.

C. allnflbra. Thwaites, differs from
the others here described in having its
spikes sank below the lvs., instead of

CURRANT. Four species of Currant are known to
American gardeners as fruit-bearing plants. Hibes
ritbrum (Fig. 610) includes all the red and white varie-
ties. This species is found wild both in Europe and
North America. Biles iiiyrum (Fig. 611), the European
black Currant, nltlion-h wrll known in .\in. ri.-a. has
never become iriiHt-iilly pnpnlrti-, alrlion-h it i^ much
prized by the fi.r. i-n |M,|,iihii /.•.'--, . I „-. , .. ,);i««i

(Fig. 612), luoiv ^o,.„no,ll^ k,„.vn a~ /,'-'.> • ,o-,./„,„, i.s

the wild blackCurraut uf Auirnr:,, It i- \ . rv -.imilar in
character to the European bhirl, Cunaiii, an.! is now
and then transferred to gardens. J,'''n.s ,'Hr,init (Fig.
613), oftener grown for ornanieiii. lia- al-o 1,,, n planted

for fruit, having la-en sold fi- nm. I" II under

various \ an^'lal nam. -. III!' 1II--I r. . ' la l.,ai ^ i]m- Cran-
dall. -. // i - - -...-only

th.- lir- , ■ . . . . , It isa

natn'.' ..'. .• - , ■ . Mal> -, a I~ pr..|!1; aill iirc is COn-

stati-s aial. . \r, |.i uii<li-r irrigation or in specially favor-
alil«' location-, iiiak. s Iiut a partial success in the drier

Both c-vpuricucu and the natural habitat of the plant
indicate that a cool, moist soil is best adapted to its
growth. Strong, moist loams, with a considerable ad-
mixture of clay, are preferable. Even a stiff clay, well
drained and in good tilth, will give good results. In
small supply for the home gtirlm. it iiia> Ii.- -rown in
almost any soil. A cool laiitlM in . \|H,^nrc oi- yiartial
shade is always desiraliha an. I tli. ncr.. niilax ..ruble the
soil, or the more nearly .l..i-> tin- !..iaTi..n ai.j.n.ach the
southern range of adaptation, the more important does
this become. For this reason western growers often find
the best results to come from planting in orchards, and

416

CURRANT

the home gro%ver may attain the same end by utilizing
the north side of buildings or fences. Elevation may
aid in offsetting the unfavorable influence of lower lati-
tude. It is an extremely hardy fruit so far as cold is
concerned, but cannot endure continuous high tempera-

bundance of
)Ut responds
e, applied in
mented with
: the quality

plant-fo.M, ^1. V ' I - — ' '

the fall. l-<.-Nr. h, I,., :,,,,, 11,,- I,,,,'., h,

applications ui poiasli, wiiu-h will
of the fruit.

Propagation is best effected by means of long hard-
wood cuttings ( Fig. 614 1 , taken either in fall or spring.
In nursery practice they are commonly taken about Sep-
tember 1, as soon as the leaves fall. The leaves are
sometimes stripped from the plants a week or so before
taking the cuttings, if they have not already fallen. The
cuttings may be planted' at once, or tied in bundles
and buried upside down, with 2 or 3 inches of soil
o\er the butts This is thought to favoi the production
of the callus and to aid the formation of roots. At the
approach of cold weathei tin \ nj i\ bt taken up and
planted in nurserj row s 1 t x ith a mulch of

soil or other material dni I il )s mulch being

raked awav to expose t! l i ing. Planting

may be delajed until ^i lis being taken

up and stored in sand oi 11 u il 1 i orbeingmore

deepH covered and allowed to riiuiiu -nhere they are.
The commoner practice is to plant the cuttings in nur-
serv rows soon after thev are taken They are said to
root more quickh if ini ked m damp moss a week or two
befort pi iiitiii^' Mill inn., . t s nie sort is essential dur-
ing till wiiit I 1 I I I h 1 thing surpasses the soil
itself t t tl 1 i 111] It 111 l\ not in the drier climate

of the Plan-- It tl iittiii.,-^ are kept until spring,

planting
low temt

the climate and the lighter the soil the longer should
the cutting be. In planting, only 1 or 2 buds are
left above the surface, and the soil should be pressed

: must be done vt
low temperature. This ii
able in nursery practice.
6 to 10 inches, according

613. Buffalo Currant

firmly about the base. Rich, moist soil should be se-
lected. A former practice was to cut out all lower buds
in order to insure a tree form of growth. This is
seldom practiced now, and never for commercial plant-
ing. Single-eye cuttings under glass, greenwood cut-
tings and layers may be employed, but have little to
rpi-iiniiiiitid Thrm. Seeds may be used as a source of
Tu-w \ iiri.ti, s. ami are best sown or stratified as soon as

l',>r 111- liiiiil I'lanting cither 1- or 2-year-old plants
mav II. 11-., I. -.1 at distances varying to suit the con-
veniiii f till- cultivator. Four by 6 feet is a con-
venient c.iiiliiiKitiiin, allowing cross cultivation at inter-
vals. The land should be in fine, mellow tilth as deep
as plowed, and if the underlying layers are hard and
impervious, it should be subsoiled. Setting is most con-
veniently done by marking the land in each direction,
plowing furrows one way and planting at intersections.
The soil should be closelv firmed about the roots, with a
loose layer Ifft at tlip siii^farc to act as a mulch. Where
fall planting- -n,,-. . .N it j- desirable, since the Currant
starts so cai l\ ini.. l'i-..h ill ill the spring. In many parts
of the count r> Tail pi am mi; is too uncertain, while spring
planting, if ..l..ii.- .ally riiuugh, is always safe.

Subsequent tillage should be frequent but shallow, as
the roots run near the surface and are easily injured by
deep cultivation. Good results are obtained by mulch-
ing, which is sometimes more convenient in garden cul-
ture. Refuse material of any sort may be used ; even
coal ashes, especially on heavy soil, give good results.
Mulching is seldom, if ever, desirable in commercial
work.

Pruning is simple, but important. Fruit is borne on
both old and young wood, but the best of it is near the
base of 1-ye'ar-old shoots and on short 1-year-old
spurs. The younger the wood the finer the fruit, but a
fair supply of old wood must be left to insure produc-
tiveness. From 4 to 8 main stems*are desirable, and
these should be frequently renewed. No wood over three
years old should be allowed to remain. Superfluous
young shoots should be cut away, though the buds at
their base may be left to develop fruit -bearing spurs.
Shortening-in vigorous, straggling shoots maybe called
for, especially with young plants, but the most important
thing is a judicious thinning out of the old wood, and

plants, more subject ti. ilau
with no opportunity f"r r. i
ning the fruit by t-iipi iiiL' ■
ters have shown an inrn:r
The fruit should be pick^
care to prevent crushing
from the stems. If proper
well, but if carelessly pieki

1 the Currant borer,

speriments in thin-
er end of the clus-

and in yield.

Ii\ , taking especial
s Ml- t.-aring them
ir vi;in,l.s shipment
qui.kly spoil. For

lart baskets, shippeil in crates, like any other ber-
though the 9-pound grape basket is now largely
" ' ' ' package, both for the ship-

by the advantage of youi
soil. Yields vary greatly.
not average 50 bushels per
as high as 250 bushels. Wi
yield from 100 to 15i) Imsh.
amount will be obtain. ,1 ,,i
ful attention to detaiU. In
per bush may be exp' . n ii , t
scarcely vi.-l'.l as m.

g, vigorous plants in fresh
Many growers doubtless do
lere, while others may secure
th good care Currants should
K IHi- acre, though even this
ly li> i;m.m1 culture and care-
uai.i. n culture 2 to 4 pounds
I n-li many neglected plants
I nilcr favorable condi-
iiitable crop, though,
M .- subject to fluctua-

inds

Fay

1 varnti. ^ .u - i,."r.i (.roiitable. Some of the
s.)rts an- sHccter, but find little demand
irkct. Victoria is one of the most popular
ind varictiis. Cherry and Versailles are
biy more largely grown than any others.
> capricious, succeeding remarkably well in
locations, but proving unsatisfactory in
others ; its habit of growth is straggling and
undesirable. Red Dutch, though small, is still
highly prized on the Plains ; Prince Albert, a
very productive late variety, is popular with
canners and for jelly. Among newer varieties
the Wilder is promising. White Grape and the
newer White Imperial are popular white vari-
eties. Black Currants are little grown in the
United States but are popular in Canada. Black
Naples (Fig. 611) is the most popular kind.

The best-known insect enemy is the imported
Currant worm {Pteronus RilesU), which never
fails t.) strip the leaves from neglected bushes
throufxliout the eastern United States, though as
yet unknown on the Plains. It begins feeding
on the clusters of leaves close to the ground,

and if taken in time may be poisoned with arsenites,
though powdered hellebore, at the rate of a teaspoon-
ful to a gallon of water, is the common remedy, and
the one which should be used after the fruit sets and

616. Tree-form training of Currant.

J.^^'

^*^

m

the insects have scatt.i. : .r i
ported and native Curr : ' '
Theycanonlybeconfrnll I :
infested canes early in -:
emerge. The Currant il, ;,
times causes si-ri'niv iniiM\ n> iIk
eggjust beneatli tin- -kin, wii.rc tin
causes the fruit m mm r. ,1 ;,n.l i
practicable reim.ly lias y. t 1,, , i
fungous diseases, tliere are sc\ cr;!
leaves, causing them to fall i>rcn
yield to thorough treatment witli i
rant tubercle, a disease which has
rious in New York and New Jer-
serious enemy and a diili
is first shown by wiltint; .
mature coloring of tlte f v
^ small and straggling, an
y.^i leaves, soon ' ' '

th the
llowed
burn-
y rem-

^fM^¥^

f mm

4 "* by the death of the c:

'-? ing affect

edy thus tar -m;-. -i. n The dis-
ease may be transmitted in appar-
.,^ ently healthy cuttings, so that fields

7^ "Wf^'?^^^

'm

Currant bush.

The old cane,

known to be affected
should not be used as
a source from which
to propagate.

The treatment of
black Currants does
not differ materially
from that of reds, ex-
cept that the plants,
being larger, require
somewhat more room.
The fruit, though pos-
sessing a most un-
pleasant odor and fla-
vor, becomes agree-

418

CURRANT

able if scalded for a few minutes in boiling water, and
flien transferred to fresh water for cooking. It is much
esteemed by those who have learned to use it, and is
credited with medicinal qualities of value in bowel and
throat affections. The plants are exempt from attacks
of the Currant worm. Fred W. Card.

C0SCUTA (origin of name obscure) ConioUuld,cea
Dodder. A genus of degenerate parasitic twiners
bearing rlii-tn-. ..f cninll fls. They are leafless annuals
with VI r\ '- ■ 1 ■ "A cir red stems -nhirh 1 e ome
attached 1- : .t hy means of root like i keis

Thesei-cU; ::, _ : uhI and germmate m tl c jriif.

As soon ;i.-5 iln: .».>uii„ -huMt finds an accei table 1 st the
root dies and the phint becomes parisitic Fiilin^ to
find a host, the plant dies. Dodders are common in 1 w
weedy places. Some species are also serious pests is
the Clover Dodder and Flax Dodder One of the com
mon species (C Gronovii, Willd.), of low grounds is
shown in Fig. 617.

CUT -FLOWERS

made to American forcing roses even to the present day,
was the introduction of the Catherine Mermet. This
beautiful variety, which sprang into great popularity at
once with the flower-buying public, was found very profit-
able by the growers, who, by careful cultivation and the
incentive of the high prices realized for choice flowers.

of

CCSTAKD APPLE.

f (

mented \<\ ili.> -:ili- nf ( ut il.iw .rs. Millions of dollars
are invest. ■! in ilir ,ulti\ atiMU and sale of Cut-flowers in
the neighb.,rhu...l ..f tl„. huu'.- .uii.s of the United States.
The growth and evolution of the business has ^. . n \ . r\
rapid in the past 25 years. From 1860 to 1-7 '
mellia was the most valued of all Cut -flown -
personal adornment or bouquets, as much a- 1 , -_ ..i.i
even $3 having been obtained for a single Hum i ui ihi.
holiday season. At the present time they are almost
forgotten, and are only to be found in private collections
and in the south, where the plants will live out during
the winter season. The principal flowers forced at that
time, in addition to the camellia, were daphne, bou-
vardia, abutilon, nasturtium, callas, sweet alyssum,
poinsettia, carnations and a few LaMarque, Bon Silene
and Safrano jroses. The taste was for set designs. All
flowers were picked with short stems, im- hmhc ai all, mily
the open portions of cluster flowers li. im.- lal.i n, ami ilie
buds left to open. These small pieia^ «,r. l...und«ith
wire to wooden sticks for basket \v<.ik "i- t.. I.im.,iii .-.h n
straws for making into bouquets. The i.eiinlai- taili de-
sign was called a pyramid. It consisted "t ,1 nuinlier .,f
bouquets each with one camellia in ilie .eni. r and a
single row of smaller flowers aruiiml, lia.i,. d \\y "iili
lycopodium green. The smaller bun.im i^ u, i.. then
arranged in a wire frame, the sticks on which they were
made serving to hold them in the desired position. The
top of the pyramid was a bouquet with a calla lily in
the center. These table pieces frequently cost from
$35 to $75, and sometimes $100 was asked tor a particu-
larly fine design. The small bouquets were distributed
to the guests at the close of the entertainment
Only small quantities

thist

more attention, an.i i ' ;
grew in favor an !
saw in the cannlli
roses than the sina II I > a- i
Hybrid Remontaiits. tJei
to force well and soon bee
from $1 to $2 a bud for
tiful yellow Mareebal Ni.
ers sold well, but it i. i-
profitable, and tli . '
Jardins, an Everl I
vation, soon dr"\ ■ ,. ; i
sensation, and the uim.^i in

■ se steadily
what they
for larger

some of the

vellow Tea Perle des
litic and of easy culti-
iiket. The next rose
addition that has been

soon elevated the standard of i

and attracted new capital to what had new become a
llirii ii _' iiiel Inerative business. While ... I'ane.n- in it-
seir I- 'i ■. Mrnietwill, however, pi. ! ■' i. :. ' _■.[■

r. 1 ■! e ■ parent of those n [..as

n- ■ ■ .'K i.'rown, the Brid.- ; 1; i I,

II, . ,, ,,. i. ;,„,! white roses of tu .he, . ilanjvari-

.1 ! ; i ■ il I .nns were made'have been in-

I J . ,. I .1 , , : I , , 1 ,ut, for the most part, they

ha . j in.l expensive experiments.

N,\t n. lie ..all. line M. riuet in importance is the
Anieri.-an Bi-auty iMme. Ferdinand Jamin),the finest of
all the forcing roses. The introduction of this variety
by the Fields Brothers, of Washington, produced a great
stir in rose circles. Fine as it appeared at first, how-
ever, its after development surprised even the most san-
guine, and to-day it stands unrivaled as the most profit-
able and at the same time the most popular with the
wealthy classes of fiower-buyers.

While the development of the rose was taking place,
the carnation, ever popular, was receiving the attention
of the breeder, and new varieties showing great im-
provement in form, color and productiveness were in-
troduced annually. It was soon found that roses and
carnations did not give best results h1i..ii u'n.wn together
in the same house. They re.inir.d .liiler.ni treatment.
Roses thrive better in aJivariinf aini..-|de a .■ than car-
nations. Different forms of gi idi.iu^.- stru.'tures were

also found necessary. The original means of beating was
liy brick furnaces and flues. Hot water and steam gen-
I rated in iron boilers and distributed through pipes,
although more expensive to install, were found much
more efficient, and withal the most economical plan.

In the early growth of the business the grower was
also the retailer. The rapidly increasing demand, how-
ever, ushered in the middle man or retail florist, who re-
lieved the grower of his stock as soon as it was ready

CUT -FLOWERS

for the market, r.nil i-iial>li-(l him to devote his entire at-
tention to cultivatimi, i'lniti This period, the business
began its most i:i[ii4 >1im l.inn.nt. as the more con-
venient location d i!h i1..m. r ~t..res in the populous
centers induced a lirtr. r i ,i; i ..ni.c and consequent love
for flowers, and I ii:i'' ' ■ _■ r, by reason of his un-
divided atteation. i ■ ; r ■■ jH-rfect stock and in-
crease the j^idu.i i. ! i ^ ;i|,.nt.

It was so* foiiii . ^ I ^ attention to but one

kind of flower. 1., I. - , i, -,, :^ ;, ..l.taini-d. and many
rose, violi-t. and raniaTi-m ^|H-,i;ilists H-.Ti- .li-vi-|.i|"-'i.
The succ_-i-ss ,it' ..111- i.'r..\vcr cifr.'ii in.lurr.l Ins Ti.iu'lil">rs

to follow Ills ..xaiiipl.-. TwM ■■!■ Ilir.-.' -u -stiil m.ii iii

a locality u-av,- niii...r to tli- |.la.-.> l.iin-. Iiv r.a-..ii ..f
its soil, climate, etc.. particularly adapted for the pro-
duction of a certain flower, and a colony of such grow-
ers would soon spring up. Note the violet growers of
the Hudson, in New York ; the rosarians of Madison,
N. J., and thp carnation belt of Chi^sfrr countv. Pa. As
the busin.-ss has ,l,.vrl,,,„.,l and -n.wn all over the
United Stales, it has Imi-h fMim^l ihat it i- not so much

is attained. With tin- -r.ai . \|i;nisi,.n ot' tlie industry,
the handling of tin' laiu'i .|n,iiitiii.-s of flowers thrown
on themarket be.'anir a >liilir,ilr |.r.iblem. The Thirty-
fourth St. cut-flow.-r inirk.i. in \.-w York, originated
from the retail di'ah i - oh^iihl' tlir Loni; Island grow-
ers every moruinir :ir I'M I ! \.' 'n\Mn!'ni r<- : :i iii'ant
opened its doors ,1 , li.r
years a large busiti> - Mun
of growers was tinau \ i..riii' m. ■.-, ;i[i [i r-cmi i-u. m, m an
adjoining commoili..us huiMaig. a uiaik.i. nhi. ii lias
since been very successful and a great convenience to
both branches of the trade.

The wholesale handling of flowers on commission was
commenced in New York city in 1878, by J. K. Allen. This
plan soon 1 am.- po;>ular, numerous houses were es-
tablished, and thr stork (■■■muig to the New York mar-
ket, particnhirly that of the large growers, is mainly
disposed "f thionu'h those channels. The excellence of
thf lliovi i-s -nppliod and the better market of the large
citi. , caii-rl a considerable shipping demand, which
pi-o\i(h'ii a niw -h-needed outlet for the immense quanti-
ties of stuck that at times were greatly in excess of the
local needs. With the present compli'te shipping facili-
ties, together with the impnivod m.tlio.ls of packing.

Cut-flowers are now shipped h-n- .li-tat s. arriving at

their destination in a satisfart,oy r..naiti..ii after jour-
neys of from 36 to 48 hours' dnrati.oi.

The final distribution of the flowers through the ave-
nues of the retail florist engages a considerable num-
ber of men in all the large cities of the countrv. Manv
of the establishments compare favorably with the finest
stores ot Mth.T liiii--, \'. ill!- Hi- i|"lr. ' ;■'. -.•r-, i. ■,•,>■ i;li ils
fancy waL-.". • -i i :■■ ' > ' < ■ i.'.i.i-

ble. Gr./:,i •• ' ~ ,!.,.,,!,,.,., , . ; . ;,, ,

of these In-'i -l.-i-- . ^I;il.,.-h:r. 1 ■- I , ■.• ^' ,, . •,> 1,1-

dows contain at ail times sanipie^ nt lii.. nne^r |.|;,nls
or flowers in season, or exani|iles .,f tli.ii- aiiisiir
arrangement. The evolutien ..f the business dufinL:
the past twentv vears has be.-n ^-radual, bnt has
m..ve,l stead ilv onward. Wire and sticks have almost
f'Tiiiiel\ , ..I' :i- much as possible, been displaced by the
ill I itnral stems of the flowers themselves.

T isket of flowers, once so popular as a

gilt. Ill- II ' -iven way to the box of long-stemmed
roses or clnsfer arrangement of the same, to which are
added orchids, violets, or other choice flowers, as pre-
ferred. The custom of sending flowers to young lady
debutantes, which has become fashionalde the past few
years, has become an imjiei-tnnt fentni-e of tlie trade,
and atones in a measure for ;' . >!i . .-o ,;,„,,, ,,f ,),,,
ball bouquet, once so populc! ' ., ,,i^,,l,io.

Christma? and Now Yen r I : ^ v, , re m o,,e tniie

pqn-d factors in t:,^:it,._' tle^ :l •-■■ lo ilie utmost to .sup-

iio .. ,ce. The Easter holi-

day tinle li:i. L-r..,Mi. IcM \ e |- , ivnii scarccly auy busl"
ness in the early days, to be the most important event
of the year ; in fact, with many growers it is the great-
est harvest, as almost all their winter season is given
to preparing plants and flowers for the Easter demand.

CUT-FLOWERS 419

Since the introduction of the Lilitim Harrisii, or Ber-
muda-grown Jjilium longiflorum, hundreds of thou-
sands of these bulbs are forced for this festival.
Azaleas are probably next in demand, large quantities
being annually imported for forcing. It would be diffi-
cult to estimate with any aecnracv the amount of busi-
ness transacted bv the iloiists of this country for the
Easter festival, but the sum t.,tnl must be enormous.

The old-time tlorist was satisfied with one crop from
his greenhouses — that of bedding plants for spring
idantini.'. During the summer the houses stood empty,
and for :i kir:;e part of the winter contained dormant or
-euiioloriii lilt stock. The wide-awake grower of to-day
never allows any portion of his plant to remain idle even
for a week, one crop being arranged to follow another in
close rotation.

As flowers are very perishable articles, and depend
for their existence on certain conditions of light and
heat, there are times when the supply is not sufiicient
for the demand; and again when the quantity coming
into the market is more than can be disposed of at the
current rates. Of late years over-production has been
the butrliear of the business. Half of the season the
market has be.ii over-stocked. Consignment follows
consiu'Tiiiient. until the commission houses are at their
wits' iiels t.i c|iv|.ose of them. Here an important fac-
tor was inti-oduceil. The fakir, or street man, became a
customer for job lots at low prices. Through him im-
mense quantities of flowers, for which no other avenue
was open, have been sold daily in all the large cities.
Their plate glass cases in doorways or by blank walls
are to be seen throughout the shopping districts filled,
as a rule, with good flowers, with few exceptions.

The principal and most popular Cut-flowers grown in
this country are distinctively American. The Bride and
Bridesmaid roses are American sports of the Catherine
Mermet. The .Vmerican lieauty, as it is grown here, is
vastly different from ,'\liiie. Ferdinand Jamin of Europe.
The Kai.serin Aui;usta N'icioria and Meteor are Euro-
pean sorts. The i-aniations grown are of an entirely
different type from the European varieties, and are all
American seedlings. The evolution that is taking place
in this flower is wonderful, as the standard is being so
constantly raised that varieties that were considered su-
perior ten years ago are riov -cnrci ly known. The
American Carnation S ■ . - i i lai-oely of com-
mercial carnation spec i:i h ■ i •.. much to advance

the quality and general ' In^ superb flower.

Chrysanthemums that luoicc Im-i results here are
nearly all of American <n-igin, from plants imported
from Japan. New varieties are introduced each year,
some of which show improvement and spur hybridizers
on to renewed efforts.

The.biuand for palms and dc rative t'oliage plants

has kc|pi pace with that of flowers, it', iicleed, it has not
lakeii ihe lead. Thc increase in the i:re. nhotise space
L'i\en u], to the growth of ]ialiri~ i- at l.a~f threefold
within the past ten years, and it may be s-ud that the

nienfed lart'elv each vccir bv imporiatious from Europe.
Whole houses ate .giveu u|i to the production of Ficus
(iastiriy, which plant is a great favorite with the masses.
Gre.at quantities of ferns for table decorations are now
used, the little fernery being considered as indispensa-
ble as the china to the setting.

The public taste at the present day is mostly for loose
arrangements of long-stemmed flowers. Stiff, formal
designs are tabooed. The popular funeral emblem is
forms of the wreath, which is made with a great variety
ot flowers, often all of one kind. Loose clusters tied

tied with ribbons iiud Ibcver^, :ire al-o fa\.irites. House

pieces i„ ,1,.- :,!!,,,. ,,,p Table decoratiuus for dinners

are ;,]- ' I • iiie use of long-stemmed flowers in

vase-, irranged on the cloth with ferns.

Cliur. 1,1 Hilled with palms, plants in flower

and loiiL- -leiMiic,! flowers in tall vases, all being done,
as in other instances, to show, as far as possible, the
natural grace of the flower. Bridal bouquets are also
arranged loosely, some with shower effect, by means
of flowers tied to narrow ribbons ; others tied with

420

broad

CUT - FLOWERS

hboiis.

irried in the hand or over the
tly used are roses and lilies-of-
1 ^ nii.r hut little in the various cities,
! Ill all the flrst-class work. There
ul, . ii-irni or western flower. With the
ptn'ii lit* some varieties of carnations, the
flowers will be found the same the country
over. In the census of 1890 Cut-flowers were estimated
to make more than one-half of the florist's business.
One good book especially devoted to the business has
been produced, — the late AI. A. Hunt's "How to Grow
Cut-flowers.' Robert Kift.

possible

CUTICLE. The

plants. It consist
cells. These wall
Minute waxy nni
many fruits, such

of herbaceous parts of
walls of the epidermal

liikened and cutinized.

aticularized surface of
lid plum, give to them

their peculiar bloom. The Cuticle is nearly impervious
to water. The preservation of fruits depends in large
measure upon the retention of moisture by the Cuticle.
Cacti and other desert plants have their epidermis re-
markably cuticularized. y^_ -W. RowLEE.

COTTAGE. The operation and practice of growing
plants from severed parts. A cutting is the gardener's
name for a piece of the stem, root, rootstock or leaf,
which, if cut off and planted under suitable conditions,
will form new roots and buds, reproducing the parent
plant. This term is usually given to parts of the
stem; a part or the whole of the leaf, when so used, is
called a leaf -cutting ; a piece of root or rootstock is called
a root-cutting. The scales of some bulbous plants, e. g.,
the lily, can also be used as cuttings. A cion used in
grafting might be called a cutting whic-li unites and
grows on the roots of another |il:iiii. >> - i,,<iittige.
Plants obtained by division or 1:. i _ .:. i i Aided
with roots before they are detail' I ; . ' parL-nt
plants, and, therefore, are notpru|M ri, . iii;iii_'~.

Multiplication by cuttings is a f'onn ..t l»u.l-pio|.at;ation
in contradistinction to sexual reproduction, i. e., propa-
gation by seeds. It is a cheap and convenient way to obtain
plants. All plants cannot be profitably increased bv these
means. Why they diiTer we do not know; the gardener
learns by experiiiin- what s|. cries \ icM a good per-
centage of healtli\- jilaiii^. aii'i act- : niingly.

The foUowiuf; taMc ^v,il .1„,« the .liilVrcut ways in
which cuttings an- iiiaih:

I Soft
e.g.. Verbena
Hardened
e. g., Tea. roses

[ Long, in open air

. g.. Eclieveria

. g.. Begonia Rex

(1) Cuttings of Growing Wood. — Fig. 018. These are
made either of the soft growing tips, as in coleus, salvia,
verbena, etc., or, of the same wood in more mature con-
dition, but by no means ripe, as in tender roses. Azalea
Indica, etc. The cuttings of plants like Ilnphorbia
pulcherrima, erica, cpacris, etc., are used in the soft
growing state, if a well built propagating house is obtain-
able; but in an ordinary house, a part of which is used
for other purposes, the older and better ripened wood
will be more successful. It is generally .true that cut-
tings of hardened wood will always root, although they
require more time and may not make the best plants.

CUTTAGE

but it is not true that cuttings o
always root. Inmany cases, as in tt
before they callus, much less produce roots. " In plants
of rapid growth and good vitality, the proper condition
of the soft growing wood for cuttings can be determined
by its readiness to snap^not bend,
when bent back: the hardened wood
is in the right state as long as it con-

The treatment of cuttings in both
•f '' ■ classes is practically the same.
1 ~ They should be planted in sand un-

^ . '. der glass. Large establishments

■ have one or more houses set apart

',, for this and similar purposes. In

smaller places a propagating bed or
bench can be made at the warmest
61S. I ,t I ; : ^ :t end of the warmest house. It
growine wood, should be placed over the pipes
(Coleus.) where they leave the boiler, and, in

order to secure bottom heat when
needed, the space between the bench and the floor
should be boarded up, having a trap door to open on
cold nights (Pig. 619). Cutting-frames inside a green-
house are also shown in Fig. 620. Side partitions
should also be provided to box in all the heat from the
pipes under that part of the bench. Good dimen-
sions for such a bed are, width 3 feet, length 6 feet or
any multiple of 6, thus making it simple to use a hotbed
sash when confined air is wanted. The depth of the
frame should be from 6 to 10 inches in front and from 12
to 15 inches behind. The bottom of the bed may be
either wood, slate or metal and should be well drained:
place a layer of potsherds first, then moss, and from 2 to
3 inches of sand on top. The sand should be clean,
sharp and well compac»,,l ■ lM.fM,-e jilanting it should be
watered if at all ilr !■ - - ■ .,.fi,„es advisable to
have the bed filled " i i - i:i;_'num), into which

pots or boxes coni.i! _■ are plunged: the

moss should be nici-i, m nli, r le,, uct nor dry, and well
packed.

In many cases, when large quantities of one sort of
cuttings are to be planted, the ordinary greenhouse

619. Section of propagating bed.
Shows four pipes beneath, the door on the
the frame cover.

tions should be taken t(
making and planting: if the
floor and bench of tlie work
and exposed for an hour or ni

revent wilting during
ther is hot, sprinkle the
in : if they are delicate,
, lay them between folds

or with a fine rose ;
compacts the sand.th
due wilting.

421

the forcible application of watei
lis excluding air, and prevents un-

620 Permanent propaeating frames m a greenhou

of moistentd papir Tht aMia^-c kngth of the^L cut
tmgs is from 1 to d inches, but they can be made longer
or shorter; much depends upon the nature of the plant.
The best growers prefer short cuttings ; the advantage
of a long piece to begin with is more than offset by
greater danger of wilting and consequent retrogression.
It is not necessary to cut to a bud, i. e., at the node,
in the more easily handled plants except in some her-
baceous tuberous-rooted plants, like dahlia ( see Fig. 625 ) ,
and Salvia patens, in which a crown must be formed to
insure future growth. Make the cut where it will give the
proper length. A part of the leaves should be removed,
always enougn to secure a clean stem for planting, and
as many more as are needed to prevent disastrous wilt-
ing this factor varies greath In a hardwood cutting
of lemon verbena all leaves are taken off lu zonale
geraniums from the open ground few if any i

coleus and verbena •
inOlea fragtan y> y/
for planting I I i

for trimming an i ii t
those small woodt 1 j I nit
The cuttings ot pi int'
should be washed befor

hilf are removed while
/ / lieith etc onh enough
lilt 1 lit scissors are hindy
11 1 r making cuttings of

with milky ]uice
planting Some

shade immediately, using lath shutters outside,
or paper or cloth screens withiu. and attend
» tlii> \ ery carefully for the tirst few dajs.
HI 111 shades early in the afternoon, and
111 on late m the morning, but keep
II during the middle of the day, thus
K L. . iivtoiuinsr till m to tuU light.

n' should

theseh.-iii

batable wh il i 1 i . 1 i ii n .1

:*^gll air are adMsil,!,. to, , uttii,.,'s ,,t ^-rowing
'^^^n wood. The older gardeners emplojed both,
■^^gWHJ but now neither is commonly used, except
^^n^^S for tropical plants, like croton, or when a
^^^^^ mnstint succession of croj.s I , iittiii_s is
ru{uiiid. There IS no doul t tli it \ itli tins
lid ( uttmgs will root ni"i< lui I 1\ I ut
moil skill and care arr rn|iiin 1 m^Uct
bringing on tuiij-oiis disnqsp whi< h n suits in uiiht allh}
plants or tot il 1 s It I . ti m li. it is used, the a\ erage
temperaturi c i ih 1 1 li iil 1 1 In or so above that
of the air, but I will uih It lid in beds made as

described alu m iii _ i 1 wi ith i the sand is enough
warmer than the greenhouse atmosphere to answer every
purpose. If a confined air is used, ventilation and shad-
ing must be carefully looked after, and precautions
taken against the accumulation of condensed moisture
within the bell-glass or frame.

Sand is the medium commonly employed for the root-
ing of cuttings, selecting the coarser kinds for plants-
like geraniums and finer for heaths. Brick dust and
powdered charcoal are sometimes recommended, and
Jadoo fiber is now on trial 'sphignum is useful m
rooting I' icus elastica th^ base of the cutting bemg-
wrapped m a ball of moss and plunged in a bed of
moss English ivy oleander and other plants can be
struck m water but this method is cumbersome Peter
Henderson s saucer method is valuable m hot weather
the cuttings are planted in sand kept saturated and

times the lower ends ire allowed to dry for
several hours the tops being protected
against wilting Large and succulent cut
tings e g , of pineapple cotj ledon cai
tus etc should be dried before planting
by letting them lie on the surface of tht
propagating bed for several dajs or the^
may be planted in drv sand at first Undir
these conditions a callus forms which tends
to prevent decay but the wood must m t
shrivel

Pet r rr

Etlu

of

geranium 11 lis that the cutting
should be paitlj stMred and allowed to
hang to the parent plant for a few dajs
this results in a partial callus or even roots,
before the cutting is entirely removed

In planting cuttings use a dibble or cpcn
a \ shaped trench \ever thrust the cut
ting directly into the soil PHnt deep
enough to hold the cutting upiight and n )
deeper making due allowince for the siud
settling , the distance apart should be lust
enough to prevent them from piessnv
against each other. It must be remem-
bered that they stay in the bed only until rooted. As
soon as growth begins, they are potted off. When the
cuttings are inserted, the sand should be firmly pressed
about them, and they should be watered with a syringe

621 Cutting bench shaded with lath

fully exposed to the sun. Large cuttings can be planted
singly in 2- or 3-inch pots, the pots then being plunged
in the cutting bed. In such cases some well rotted leaf-
mold, less than one-half, can be added to the sand.

422

CUTTAGE

whub

Although it is tender plants, in the main, which are
propagated by cuttings of growing wood, the above
methods can be practiced advantageously with some
hardj plants Tht wood,
m^arIably
uc( . ssful if hard-
s obtanud either

ri I Hi plints forced for
I . purpose e K spi-
j I I Deiit^ia gracilis,
^ 1 1 or It IS gathtred in
^„-^ lune and Julj out of
doors, e g , lilac, hy-
drangea, ( t< Cuttings of
growing wood should be
potttd in 2 or 3 inch
pots, in a rather sandy
soil, when the roots are from M-K inches long. It is
sometimes good economy to box them, i. e., plant them
a few inches apart in flats, when not immediately re-
quired.

(2) Lonij Cuttings of Hipened Wood in Open Air.—
This method is used to propagate many hardy trees and
shrubs, e. g., willows, currants, grapes, forsythia, etc.
Wood of the current year's growth is gathered in au-
tumn or early winter, before severe frost, and either
stored in a cool cellar, covering with moss or fresh earth
to prevent drying, or immediately made into cuttings.
These (see Fig. 626) should be made 6 inches or more
long and should contain at least 2 buds. It is not neccs-

622. Propagating box.

?xcrcscence

naurs. which are found (
of olive trees
pagation.

of stock, and when the plant is deli<'
and small. The wood should be gathc
before severe frost and the ciitti
made and planted dinrtly in n.i,,
and November. Makr ih. m fiMin
inches long {sometiini-^ :i -in-li' i \ •■ ■'
is used), and plant \\\\\\ a .hliMi ,
pure sand in pots, paii^ or llats ( l^u
about 16 inches squar

inches

deep ) . If a layer of potting soil is placed -'^-V->^
under the sand, the young plants have 625. Hardened-
something to feed upon and do not need wood cutting
to be potted so soon after rooting ; if ^f dahlia,
this is done, drainage should be given.
It is important to keep them cool until a callus is formed
or roots produced. If the buds start into growth before
this, the cuttings become exhausted and are likely to
die. After rooting,— the time required varies from
one to six months— they can either be potted or the

sary to cut to a bud at the base, but the upper cut

should be just above one They should be tied in

bundles with tarred rop( tiikm,^ tart to ha\e tht m lie

"heads and tails tn tuihiiti pi intiii„' m.l \i]th the

butts on the saint li \ i 1

should then be Imr n il n

down and prottitiii i.,

they should be hniil} \<\

in well prepared soil

the rows 1 or IH feet a]

be just at the surface , t

buds may be removed I

graded and heeled in for

624. PropagatinE box or hood.

require a second or third year's growth in the nursery;
others are ready for permanent planting, as willows
and poplars, which often grow 6 feet the first year.
This is one of the very cheapest ways of propagating,
and will pay where only 25 per cent root. This method
is generally used with deciduous-leaved plants, but
some conifers, e. g., Siberian arborvitse, will strike.
Remove enough twigs to get a clean stem for plant-
ing, and allow 2 or 3 inches of top above ground.

strong-growing sorts be planted out in well pre-
pared beds in May or June, where they are likely to
make a satisfactory growth. The weaker kinds can re-
main a year in pots or flats, be wintered in a pit, and
planted out the next spring. Some greenhouse plants,
e. g., Camellia LauresHnus, tender grapes, etc., are
propagated in this way with cuttings of fully ripened
wood, and others, as cactus, dracsena, etc., with wood
which is much older. They should be given the care
described under the head of (1) Cuttings of Growing
Wood, but they must not be forced too hard at first.
The temperature should be regulated by the nature of
the plant. The safest rule to follow is to give a few de-
grees more heat for propagating than the plant received
when the cutting was removed.

(1) Boot -cuttings (Pig. 628) are
or rootstock and are useful in propa-
gating some plants, either in the
greenhouse or in the open air. Ten-
der plants, like bouvardia, and those
which are hardy but of delicate
growth, e. g.. Anemone Japonica,&re
haniiltd under glass ; blackberries,
horseradish, etc.. out of doors. The
cuttings are made in autumn or win-
ter, the roots of hardy plants being
gathered before severe frost and
either planted directly or kept in
moss until spring. This process of
storing develops a callus and has a
tendency to produce buds. For green-
house work, the cuttings are made

e of either root

CUTTAGE

'YATHEA

423

from 1-2 inches long, the hirire
although the small ones will lt
in pans or flats, in soil ccii!:
and well rotted leaf -molil . '"
zontallr. If planted verti..i,,.
true root the end which wa> nv:

628. Root-cuttine of blackberry (
may be kept in

heing selected,
u y are planted

"ill parts sand

i^^ from the
crown should
be uppermost; but if made from the rootstock, that end
should be uppermost which grew farthest from the
crown. In either case they should be covered, as
seeds are covered,
and the whole
made firm. Boot-
cuttings of hardy
plants should be
kept cool at first
and brought into
heat only when
ready to grow. They
pit or cool cellar. Tender plants
require tne same or a little higher temperature than
that in which they thrive.

In sweet potato, the tuber is cut lengthwise and laid,
■with the cut side down, on moist sand or moss, the
edges being slightly covered. Buds develop on these
edges and are removed when of proper size and treated
as cuttings of growing wood, or allowed to remain until
rooted. In dracsena (see Pig. 5i6, page .S70) — and this
applies to stem- as Wfll ns r.M.t-outtings — the buds are

not taken off until nH.trd : fl liirinal cutting remains

in the sand and s. .inr i mmi- pi mi1ui-.-s a second or even a
third crop. The tiil.. i-.ui~ r...ii-M,k of Arum mneiila-
tiim, and plants of likr naiun'. ran be cut into pieces,
remembering that the l)uil-procUicing portion of arum is
the top, and each part will grow successfully. Exercise
care in watering and maintain a good temperature.

Rooyuttings for planting in the open ground are
raadeffora 4 to 6 inches long, and are planted firmly in
V-shaped trenches or furrows in spring, being covered
2 inches or more deep. Roots as large as one's little
finger are chosen, and good results are obtained with
plants of vifforo,,., Ln-ovt!,. I,; pl.™ts like Uly-of-the-
valley. coimi-hti hi:,, , ,i, , ,,,rl,iis, Scotch and moss
roses, et,. . ir is better to encour-

age the ti:i Isirs and propagate by

division, In it tli, -, , mi 1„ niii j: i|,|ir,l as above described.
Variegatiiin. curiously enougli, is not always repro-
duced by means of root-cuttings.

(5) Leaf-cuttings.— Manj leaves are capable of pro-
ducing roots. Some have the further power of develop-
ing buds after rooting, and of
these last a few furnish an eco-
nomical means of bud-propaga-
tion, particularly where the stem
growth is insufficient. In coty-
ledon (echeveria) the whole
leaf is used, the smaller ones
from the flower - stalk being
often the best. Choose those
which are fully matured, and, if
large and succulent, expose
them for a few days on the sur-
face of dry sand, but do not let
them shrivel. The treatment,
othewise, is as given above fi>r
cuttings of growing wood. In
gloxinia and other Gesneracejp,
the whole leaf (Fig. 629), half a
leaf, or even a lesser portion,
is used. When enough clear
petiole is obtainable, no further
preparation is needed. When a
part only of the leaf is planted,
some of the blade must be cut
away. As a rule, no bud is de-
veloped the first season: a tuber 629. Leaf-cutting of
is formed, which will grow in gloxinia

due time.

Begonia Rex is increased by leaves in various ways.
The whole leaf may be planted as a cutting, keeping
the petiole entire or cutting it off where it unites with
the blade ; or the whole leaf can be pinned or weighted
to the surface of moist sand (Fig. 203, page 142), and,
if the principal veins are severed at intervals of an

■illi

I plantlet will appear at every cut. The best way
lividc till' l.af into somewhat triangular pieces
i:r. ■Jul. I'.iL'i I )_' , , . aili part having a strong vein
h' .-.lit, I. I'lani 111 -and, in good temperature,
cat J,!-.,, ].. I;, a- ii ili.y were Cuttings of growing
Hoots ami iiuiK will soon grow, and a good plant
suit within a reasonable time. Pot off when roots

are % in. long.

The thickened i
for propagation,
upright, like s. .-,
and rotted leaf m
are the usual n

cales of bulbs, like lilies, can be used
Remove the scales intact and plant

the winter, but top growth will come later,
in simimer. This is a slow, laborious pro-
cess, and is seldom practiced except in
propagating new varieties. The granular
scales of achimenes and plants ,,f like
nature can be used for propa^atiiiL'. sow-
ing them in a sandy soil as m , ,u an-

sown; but this metboil is not a - 1 on,

in ordinary cases. Tin mmI.^ ,1 Z,)„m,i
horrida have been iiiaiio to |,r,,ilu,r ti.w
plants, and also the tiiiii,-ai, ,1 ^,al, - ,,t ,iti
amaryllis. See Traii-a,ii,'ii- of l|,,rtful
tural Societv [London i, c, n "nl.

True variegation, tin,: ■ i, - ■ from

lack of chlorophyll tn ilways reproduced

by leaf-cuttings.' Tl ,11, coloring in the

foliage of 5f (/oil iV« 7.'. . 1- n, \ . 1 I 1, kttig in plants ob-
tained by these means.

For further details of Cuttage, consult Lindley's The-
ory and Practice of Horticulture, 2d ed.; Burbidge,
The Propagation and Improvement of Cultivated Plants ;
Peter Henderson's Practical Floriculture ; Bailey's

Nursery Book, 3d ed.

B. M. Watson.

CYANOPHtLMM. Consult j/icoiiia.

CYATHEA (Greek, ac«p, alluding to the indusia).
Cyathedceie. A large genus of tree ferns found in both
hemispheres, with a globose indusinm which ultimately
ruptures at the apex and becomes cup-shaped. All the
species in cultivation have decompound Ivs. Many
other species from Columbia and the West Indies
besides those described below are well worthy of cul-
tivation. L. M. Underwood.

This genus includes some of the most beautiful of all
tree ferns. The species offer a great variety in size of
trunks. Those of temperate regions are mostly stout
and not spiny; the tropical species are more slender and
in many cases densely armed with stout spines. All
species are evergreen. Their culture is simple but ex-
acting. They ref|iiire an abundance of water at the roots
and the tiaiWks should be kept constantly moist. By
this, in 111 ill 111 a vigorous growth and fine heads
ot 1 1 1 The foliage lasts longer if it has

bei n I 1 -im during summer. Like aU other

tri. ! I 1 mill little pot-ri.ora. None of the

Book of Clw

tsuus.-Jfcni/i/f

ISrhn

A. Sachides unarmed; Ivs. wliife hvneuth.

dealbata, Swz. Rachides with pale rusty wool when
voung; Ivs. firm, bi-tripinnate,almost pure white beneath.
N. Zealand. C. Smithii, Hort., is regarded by some as
a horticultural variety.

AA. Eaehides unarmed; Ivs. green beneath.

Biirkei, Hook. Stalks with tubercles near the base
bearing large, glossy rusty scales: Ivs. bipinnate, with
broad pinnules. S. Africa.

meridfensis, Karst. Figs. 631, 632. Lvs. tripinnatl-
fid, with oblong-lanceolate pinnae and rather narrow
lanceolete pinnules; segments scaly on the ribs beneath.
U. S. Columbia.

424 CY^

AAA. Machides spiny;

Ivs. green beneath.
medullElris, Swz. Lvs.
bi-tripinnate, densely scaly
when young, with soft, de-
ciduous hair-liice scales :
segments coarsely serrate
or pinnatifid, on spore-
bearing lvs. N. Zealand.
L. M. Underwood.

CfCAS (classical Greek
name). Cyead&cea.

Twenty or fewer specie-s of widely di-stributed tropi-
cal or warm-temperate palm-like plants. Plants dioe-
ceous. The fls. appear in a mass in the bosom of
the great crown of lvs. Staminate fls. are anthers
borne beneath a scale ; the pistillate fls. are naked
ovules borne in the angles of rusty-fuzzy, pinnatifid
lvs. They have striking analogies with the gym-
nosperms and ferns. Cycads are popular conserva-
tory plants, for they are of easy culture, and the
crowns of lvs. withstand much neglect, or even
abu.se. Cycas stems and leaves are imported in
vast quantities directly from Japan. Staminate
plants are rare in cultivation. For a horticultural
synopsis of the genus, see I. H. 11, under tab. 405.
A running sketch, by W.Watson, is in G.F. 4: 113.

Cycads in the various species are among the most
popular decorative plants for both house and garden.
Their culture is comparatively simple, as they suc-
ceed in varying temperature and any well drained
soil. C. revoluta is probably the most hardy spe-
cies, withstanding the trying climate of the upper
coast of the Gulf of Mexico, where it occasionally
loses its entire crown of leaves during severe
freezes, but is seldom killed outright. It usually
stands well at Savannah. Plants are propagated by
seeds, which keep well for a month or more after
ripening. They should be sown in shallow boxes or
the greenhouse bench, lightly covered with s;iihI.
and, after germination, potted off in small jH.ts nf
moderately rich, light soil. The growing plants il<>
their best in partial shade, where they shoulii luivc
proper attention in watering and weeding. The old
plants frequently send up suckers around the base of
the trunk, which may be cut off and rooted, if taken
in a dormant state. The leaves, if any have formed,
should be cut off at the time of its removal, as other-
wise they would dry up the sucker before it -n .is i s-
tablished. The large stems, or trunks, are salrly
shipped from their native home to most ilisiaiit
countries, after cutting off leaves and roots and pack-
ing in cases in a dry condition. Upon arrival at their
destination, the stems are planted in as small pots
as possible and kept close and moist until new
leaves form, when a cooler and drier air will answer
for them. Their use as decorative specimens for the
home is increasing, although many failures result
from lack of moisture and sunshine. The soil which
suits them best is a sandy or gravelly loam, and
should never be allowed to get quiti- dry.'l.ut !»■ krpt
in a moderately moist condition at al! <ias.ii)-. Win n
dormant, they may be placed in tin tim.-i -Ii,m1..i
positions occasionally, but ought t<i iia\r Min-lunc
daily, when po«sit.lp, for at least :m hour. Iiuiiiig
theirpericiii. al t-rowtli. thcv should haveagnai .1. al

CYCLAMEN

sharp-pointed and stiff,
dark, shining green.
Japan. B. M. 2963-4.
J.H. III. 29:379. R.B.
21:163. R. H. 1896, p.
3G9. A.G. 13:141 ; 18:1:
19:436. Mn. 2:88;
6:134. — The common-
est species in cult.
Produces a handsome
crest or crown of out-
ward-flowing lvs., which remains in per-
fection for months and years. The fruit
is densely tomentose, but is not often
cultivated plants. Much used at
funerals.

of

otherwise thr Ira\i~ will lie
drawn to an unnatural
length, with few pinnte,
ruining their symmetrical

Cult, by E. N. Reasoner.

revoliita, Thunb. Sago
Palm. Pigs. 633, 634. Be-
coming 6-10 ft. high, and
then branching : Ivs. long
and recurved at the end
(2-7 ft.), the many pinnte
curved downward, narrow,

mL

"«#-

•f

circinilia

Linn

.(C.Thoicdrsii,-R.BT.].

Talk

r. rai

ely \

ranching : lvs. twice

longer than

thos

..f r

• ' ', Lra.ifnllv arching.

the pinnae a

foot.

r 1 . ■ ■

••• ■•■■ •I.Mi, ui-.-eu above

and pale beneatl

. '- 1 .

l; \i. ■-■.--(i-7. F. s.

20: 2118-19

-Fr

V niatnn.y. Not un-

common in

good

r..U. r

i..li-.

l;aj.id grower as com-

pared with

some

other

.pucic

s.

Rumphii,

Miq.

Usua

ly loi

V, but said to be tall in

jrge and full : the lvs. 3-6 ft.
long and 12-18 in. wide ; pinna; pale, thin, lanceo-
late, 12-14 in. long and H in. wide ; petiole spiny.
E. Ind.

Bellef6nti, Lind. & Rod. Stem short, cylindrical
and erect : lvs. long and graceful, recurved, the
linear-lanceolate slightly falcate, sessile pinnsB en-
tire and plane on the border, somewhat glaucous ;
petioles spinulose at the base. China. I.H.33:586.

mSdia, R. Br. Tall ( 10-15 f t. ) , f he trunk cylindrical,
bearing a large crown : lvs. curved downwards,
4 ft. or more long, elliptic or lanceolate ; pinnte
numerous, linear and pointed ; petiole convex below,
flat or nearly so on top. Australia. I.H. 26: 368.

\' 'M- '' I 1; liave appeared in the Amer. trade are:
' . - C. i^manni-Encephalartos Leh-

III, I '. . ■ .//.rMmca, Lind. Much like C. cireinalis.

Iini lii. iMiiiii- narrower and the pinnae closer, C. San-
Other fuitivated Cycads are : C.Beddomei, Pver. Per-
haps a small form of C. cireinalis. E. Inil- C. Norman-
byana, Mnell. Lvs. oblong-ovate, with numerous linear
pinnsB 6 in. long. Australia.— C. rf^-"""'". Tiriff. Stem

brielit green, graeeful : trunk much
Siam and Cochin China. I.H.
'• L. H. B.

CtCLAMEN (classical
name, probably from the
word for circle, in
on to the spirally
■d peduncles).
Pfimuliice(p . A dozen or
more species, mostly of
the Mediterranean re-
gion and the Caucasus.
Herbaceous and low,
from a flatfish tuber or
corm : fl. single, on a scape,
with usually 5-parted calyx and
corolla (the parts strongly re-
flexed), 5 connivent stamens,
with pointed, sessile anthers,
1 style and stigma, and a 5-split-
ting capsule. C. latifolium is
the source of the standard flo-
rists' Cyclamens. Most of the
other species are grown only
as curiosities in this country;
and they are essentially out-
door plants. Old English name
Sowbread, from the tubers be-
ing sought by swine. Con-

CYCLAMEN

suit Fr. Hildebrand, Die Gattung Cyclamen, Jena,
1898. L. H. B.

All Cyclamens are very beautiful, and would be much
more popular were they hardy in our eastern climate.
On the Pacific slope iiKiiiy uf fhem probably would be
perfectly at hom, :f~ ..iir,i....r jihnits, producing a preat
number of flow, r ' '■ i.trr soil in tlic depth of

winter before tli. ;....; .. l.ipi-d. It is, 1h. never,
with the Persi:in I .,, .. .i^ li is ti-udcr, that riorists

have had the ui' ,i -m;,. --. There is no common

winter-riowcrin^j M;i.|iri .>f as much value for duration
in bloom, vmii iv ..| > "luring, or wealth of color.

It is pi.i. mill.' :it :ill times to begin the culture of

months. (ii-,)w iHi « iiliMut iuiv cln-.-k fur tiir I'.. II. .wing

CYCLAMEN

425

almost

year, liirv .si[..ui.i i-icnu ii.iiv;. n iiii.cii niuntiis

from pbiiitiTii.'. (iM u,\.rv^. >u.l. ;is ;,,,. ,,ir,.,v.| ill fall
with othiT H..ris(s' i.ulhs. r;.n-ly Kivr ai.y sal isl:H-ti..n as
compared with a packi-t of seeds. It is not Ihe nature
of the plant to have all its roots dried off, as if it were
a Hyacinth or Tulip, Our summers are rather too warm
to suit Cyclamen perfectly, and it will be found that the
most growth is mail., in tiin i-nrlv antiinin. It is best to

the

frame outdoors mill' III. Iii. i ^ .1
midday. This is 1.. in r ili -1 .1.
glass, as more liylii is :i\ i.il.ii.i. , 1. • 1 n
fresh air on hot.laxs. It will I..- r,.iiiM[
seeds require a I..11:,- linie in wlii.-h t.. ;:■.■
two months, Tliis is .In,- t.. th.' I'a.t ih
duces a bulb or corni Ix-f.ire I. -at ^.-rowij
soon as two leaves are well develojied,
around the edge of 4- or 5-iuch pots until every one is
large enough for a 3-inch pot. The roots are produced
sparingly in the initial stages, and too much pot room
would be fatal at the start. By the middle of summer
another shift may be given, an<l in September all will
be ready for the pots in which they are to flower, — 5- or
6-inch pots, according to the vigor of the plants. It
will always be found, however, that there will be a cer-
tain percentage that will not grow, no matter how much
persuasion is used. These may be thrown away to save
time and labor early m the season. The Giganteum

named varieties that will reproduce themselv
to a certainty.

Of recent years cultivators have had much trouble
with a tiny insect or mite that attacks the plants and
renders them useless for bloom. Its work is done mostly

strains produce the largest blooms, but at the expense
of quantity. For the average cultivator it is better to
try a good strain that is not gigantic. There is a recent
departure in the form of crested flowers. Cyclamens
come true to color from seeds, and one can now buy

after the plants are taken

into the greenhouse and

when about to maune into

blooming specimens. If

the first flowers come defoimi

abnormally streaked with 1

that are darker in shade, it 1

sure indication that the ] 1 1

present. No other treatnu 1 I

be recommended but to d ti \

the infected plants and keep the

stock clean, for the pest has not jet been

studied carefully.

Cult, by E O Orpet

Cyclamens should be removed to the
greenhouse about the end of September,
or before any danger of frost In the
house they should always have the lightest
bench. It is impossible" to glow them m a
warm, shady house. About 51)° at night is the
ideal temperature when m fl wei The soil
best suited to them is a ficsh tufty lo im
with a fourth or fifth of well lotted horse
manure, to which add some clean sand if the
soil IS heavy. At all times, the pots should be
well drained. Greenfly is sure to attack the
plants at all stages of their growth In the
frames the plants can be plunged in tobacco
stems, and in the greenhouse they must be fumigated
or, what is better still, vaporized with some of the
nicotine extracts. William Scott.

A. FaJl-Mooming species.

Afric4num, Boiss. & Rent. The largest of Cyclamens:
tubers often as large as a turnip (4-10 in. across) : Ivs.
. \ ate-eordate, coarsely toothed, pale beneath, dull and
I'lle green marbled above: calyx pubescent, the lobes
bioadly ov-ate-ainirainate: corolla nearly white, faintly
lose or purjile-tinged, the segments 1 in. long and deep
IHU pie at the base: Algeria. B.M. 5758. P.S. 8:841. -
Little known in this country, but sold by the American
agencies of the Dutch bulb houses. The same remark
will apply to most other species, except C. latifolium.
I'erhaps a form of the next.

Neapolitanum, Ten. Tuber very large, black, thick-
rinded, Ivs, variable, from hastate to round-reniform,
more or less wavy-plaited on the edges, green or some-
what parti-colored: calyx small: corolla pink or rarely
white, the segments short and twisted and the edges
raised and white-edged at the base, S, En, B,R,24:49,
Cin, 51, p. 37, K,H. 1855: 21. as C. liedercefolium.

Europaeum, Linn. (C. Cltisil, Lindl. ). Lvs. ovate-or-
bicular, entire or nearly so, with a deep and narrow
basal sinus, more or less white-marbled above, purple-
tinted beneath : fls. on scapes 4-5 in. high, bright red and
very fragrant, the corolla-segments oblong-spatulate
(%in. or less long); calyx glabrous. Central and S.Eu.
B.R. 12:1013.— Lvs. appearing with the fls. Variable.

Cilicicum, Roiss. & Heldr. Much like C. Europwum :
fls. white, with purple at the mouth, about twice larger;
calyx puberulent. Sicily G.C. III. 23: 81.

426

CYCLAMEN

AA. Spring blnn
latifdlium, Sibth. & &ni i
635. The common g:reenh
many forms: Ivs. appeariii
dentate, usually marbled i
on scapes 6-7 in. high lii„
blotched at the mouth but ^ trj in^ int ]
purple and spotted forms oblong spatulate i
eared or lobed at the base
Greece to Syria.— C gi
Hort., is the
large fld ini
proved form of this spe
cies There are also dou
ble fld forms (R H 188b
p 2o0) also fimbriate or

little paler below ;
i>v ovate-oblong, the
null shorter, obtuse,
'if Ivs. with minute,
r. .wded into few -fld.

trianguHr dark green abc

slithth 3 lobed ; lobes tria

middle one

acute or almost want

1 emote teeth : male

which are usually shmt. r than the petiole: fr.
ovate renitorm, obtuse, with a few short spines in the
back seeds small, black, narrowly winged. New Gran-
ada

CYCLANTHUS (flowers in a circle). Cyclanth&cea.

ropical American genus, giving name to a

sm ill ordei which is allied to the palms The species

ire not m the Amer trade Culture of Carlu-

5 djvici (which see)

CYCLOBOTHRA

ime referring to the nec-

^mall group of west Amer-

re i t ( ilochortus (which

I I ite V. ith naked

I lids the sepals

I r 11 (now known

IS in the trade

1 stem rather tall,

sni ill % cllow black dotted

linear Mex

CYCLOLOMA (Ureek for circle and bor-

1 II the encircling wmg of the calyx).

I iXcece One weed-v herb (C pla-

Moq ) of sandy soils from

once in-

lUnt

Cyclamen latifohum

ing a flower of perfect
form, and the crested va-
riety (X}^).

, U:

Cdum, Mill. Tuber smaller than in the last: Ivs. with
the fls., nearly orbicular, entire, firm, not marbled nor
variegated : fls. small, deep red. scentless, half or less
as large as those of the last. S". Eu. B.M. 4. P.S. 22:
2345.— There is a white-fld. form (C. album, Hort.).

Ibfiricum, Goldie. Dwarf : Ivs. appearing with the
fls.. ovate-orbicular and rounded at the apex, entire or
obscurely undulate, more or less zoned with white
above: fls. red, with a purple mouth. Caucasus.- Per-
haps a geographical form of V. Coum. C. Atkinsii,
Hort., is a form (perhaps a hybrid) with larger white
fls. F.S. 23:2423.

I.I Hurt, (and Ait.l). is C. Xeapolitanum.— C.

/' ;isa new hardy species from Lebanon, with

"!i - ithT-form deep carmine markings at the

lia ; isee Bof. Jahrb. 25:477).— C repdndum,

H..I1 1 ^: : \ Sin.)=C. Conm?-a vernum. Sweet=C.

t'oum. L. H. B.

CYCLANTHilEA (Greek, anthers in a circle). Cuciir-
bitdceai. This genus is interesting as a plant with a
fruit that explodes with a considerable noise when ripe.
The plant is a climbing half-hardy annual of easy cul-
ture. The seed should be started indoors early. The
genus is near Echinocystis and Elaterium, and has 30
or more species, all from tropical America. Thev are
annual, climbing herbs, glabrous or pubescent, with a
perennial root : Ivs. entire, lobed or 5-7 foliolate : fls.
minute, yellow, greenish or white, with their parts in
6's. Monograph by Coigneaux in DC. Mon. Phan. 3:822
(1881).

ezplddens, Naud. Stem slender, branched, angled or
furrowed, slightly villous, especially at the .ioints, 6-8
ft. long : Ivs. 2H-3 in. long, and about as wide, ovate-

lie s( il The
nearlj gla-
and bract-
very small.

CYCNOCHES {swan's neck, from the Greek, referring
to the curved column). Orchiddcece, tribe i'dndeie.
Swan Orchid. An interesting genus of deciduous
orchids found in tropical America. Pseudobulbs long,
fusiform: Ivs. lanceolate, plicate, labellum continuous
with column ; column arcuate, terete, flattening out and
becoming clavatc at the apex; pi.llinia 2. The flowers
are of differriit ^^vr-. Tli. -.■iit,. ]']:,\,t nr.rc yv^lurc

pisiill ii' n.iv . I ■> .. • ■• .ju species. Cult, like Cat-
asiiui i . ts. Prop, by dividing the

ps. II i ; liiMrins. Very few forms are

in .111:; ,' .1 . !, n ;i iiirtothe Want of brilliancy

in till il.nM r-. s, .,,,,. ,,| III,, species produce varying
flowers ,,n clilV. r. Tit i:m, m, ~ .ui the same plant.

aireum, Lin. 11. ,». I'a\t. JN. numerous, large and yel-
low, .li piiiL' ; -.i.als aii.l jietals lanceolate, purple-

dottc.l, till- |..t;iN curved: lip small and much divided,
the .■..luinii j.uri.l.' .L.tted. Cent. Amer.

chlorochilon. Liiull. Racemes about 3-flowered: fls.
lars;.-. ii...liliii_'. .'-> in. across, green; sepals oval-oblong;
petal- I li :'. - i : i 1 1 1 y larger, labellum subsessile rather
obi<\ :i . ' .at base, yellowish green except at

thi- i I ■ I iiiider, with a wide base, greenish.

Veii./n.|:i. Ml, .-Mi.j. J.H.III.35: 285. Gn.49,p.403;
51: mm and p. JT.i.

pentadActylon, Ltndl. Fls. greenish or white, barred
or blotched with brown; labellum partly white, spotted
with crimson; column purple below the anther. Rio de
Janeiro. B.R. 29: 22.

ventricfisum. r.:.i. i
fls. greenish \ . l}<~\\ .
callous spot 1)11 111'- .1

CYDONIA (the fruits known to the Romans as mala
Ctidonia, apples from Cydon, now Canea, in Crete).
liosdce(e,»ub-fiimi\yPomicece. Quince. Shrubs or small

me (often 2) about 5-fld. :
; lip white, with a black
'itemala. ^ ,

CYMBIDIUJI

427

deciduous or
It or entire
I m few fld

ovoid l'2-2 in high jellowish green March April
China Jap R B 1 260 L, B C lb 1d94 Gu 50 106 -
Many garden forms in all shades from white to deep
scarlet and also \\ ith double fls Some of the best are
the following ^ <>r Alba Lodd fls \\hite blushed
L B C 6 541 \ nr atrcangmnea pl^na deep scarlet

deep sc u 1 T I i lUj

adapted for boi 1 i i 1 1 1 u

tal hedges Tli i i ti

serves butusuiIlN ' I ) i li s

decorative -value i ^i \mi t i lln juipi i Ihe
Qumoes thiive m almost any soil but require sunnj
position to bloom abundantly Prop bv seeds usualh
stratified and sown m sprmc ( Tnpnvirn nnd <
Manlei ir. r iihU m in 11 r f n n mil hi
fall or 1 iih I nil. II I I II I u

groHiiu \ 11 n 1 -I I ih

spiin„ u I I I il i in

they oi « il li I" "1111 I I I I I ih

(the Quince) is m ~1I^ ii i I U luinn. I 1-4

year old wood t il n in 1 ill n 1 i i iMit iil | i m^ in
sand or moss lu i 11 n i liiuii il o 1 \ 1 1\ i aid
budding, or by gr itf ins on vigorous growing ■( ineties
See Quince.

A. Fls. solitary, on short leafy branchlets, with re-
flexed serrate calyx lobes: stipules small. (Cydo-
nia proper.)

vnlg&ris, Pers. (Pjrus Cydonia, Linn.). Quince.
Fig. 636. Shrub or small tree, with slender, spineless
branches: Ivs. oval or oblong, rounded or slightly cor-
date at the base, acute, enTirc. viUous-pubescent be-
neath, 2-4 in. long: fls. whitr "i- liulit pink, 2 in. across:
fr. large, yellow, villous, pyrifonn it K'"'>ular. May.
Cent, and E. Asia.— Var. Lusitanica, Jlill.. is of more
vigorous growth, with larijir I\ >. inul fr. piar shaped
and ribbed. Var. malifbrmis has aii|ili-slia|..-.l, and var.
pyrifdnnia pear-shapid fr. Var. marmorata. Hint., has
whitish and yellow varic^-a!. il Iv-. Si i- also (^>iii mr.

Sinensis, Thouin(P,i/r»,s r.,; ',. .Tl.msl.). jshrub
or small tree: Ivs. elliptii-i' 'II inhlong, acute

at both euds. sharply ami In illuus beneath

when youug, 2-.'i in. long : il . ii-n. , ..,,>. about 1>3 in.
across : fr. dark yellow, i.l.l..iit;, 1 b m. lung. May.
China. B.R. 11:905. R.H. lssy:22s. A.G. 12:16. -The
Ivs. assume a scarlet fall coloring. Not hardy north of
Philadelphia, except in favored localities. See Quince.

/■ --^^"^

637. Cydonia Japonica (

r. Candida, pure white. Var. cardinalis, deep

H. 1872::i:to f. 1. Var. Gauj^rdi, salmon-
r. grandiilora, iicarlv Hiiit.-, lar-.- tl^. R.H.
ar. Mallardi, IN. n.s.., l„.nl.iv,l wliif. Var.

Var. rubra grandiildra,
sanguinea pUna, scarlet,
rose-red fls., and large

p6ndula, II. .vt., with sl.n.
Tdsea plena, ms.', stini-il.
fls. Large, deep crimson,
double. Var. umbillcata,
frs. umbilicate at the apex.

Maiilei, Nichols. (Pynis Maul,,
alplna, Koehne). Low shrub, l-.'l
with short, rough tomentuni win i
ish oval to obovate, obtuse or a- i
serrate, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: tl<. I
1-lK in. across: fr. yellow, nearly ;
across. March, April. Jap. B.-M
and 2:741. — A very desirable hard
dantfls. of a peculiar shade of red.
(ChmiamelfX .Tnpmiim. var. .il,,)„

dew. Plants
jiseudobulbous or
y short, persistent:
II usually tri-lobed,
umn erect; pollinia

u Asia. A few species are found in Af-
For horticultural purposes this
genus is of comparatively little value. Oakes AafES.

Fls. in leafless clusters, nearly sessile, before or
with the Ivs.: calyx lobes erect, entire : stipules
large. "" ' '

( Chcenomeles .

NodifBculty^
.species of Cymbidium
A shaded position in 1 1 1
Cattleya department . \v
tween50°and55°Fahr.
heat 70° through the da

ring the several

Jap6nica, Pers. (Partis Japinica, Thunbg. Chceno-
meles JapSnica, Lindl.). Japan Quince. Japonica.
Fig. 637. Shrub, 3-6 ft., with spreading, spiny branches:
Ivs. ovate or oblong, acute, sharply serrate, glabrous,
glossy above, lK-3 in. long: fls. in 2-6-fld. clusters,
scarlet-red in the type, 1J4-2 in. across: fr. globular or

. ■ I. r cool end of the
' iin !■ Ill ['.rature ranges be-
lt;! d and about 65° Or with Sun
II be found suitable. During
the warm summer months they must be kept shaded in
a cool, moist atmosphere with a free circulation of air.
As they are robust growing plants, pot culture will suit
them best, but those with pendulous inflorescence, such
as C. Findlaysonianitm, C. pendulum, etc., may be
grown in baskets if desired. Repotting and top-dress-
ing should be attended to in spring at

428

CYMBIDIUM

ment of the growing season, and should be executed with
judgment, so that it will last three or four years, as the
roots dislike being disturbed. The potting soil should
consist of one-half chopped sod the balance of equal
parts leaf -mold jeat an 1 li\e chopped sphagnum moss
well mixed to^etl I tl 1 t fl i t r om

should be dev 1 1 1 1 1 il

covering the j it

open. When tl li

tributed the n ut

them, leaving tl e 1 ' tl I the

rim of the pot ^ h i fan bed \\ til

the new growths appear when a i 11

be necessary but never eno igl I n

stantly wet or the new root ar 1 I the

foliage to become spotte 1 ^ k 1 1 i mo-v

ingtheoldpseudobulbs \ I i allp tsand

giving them a little more 1 i unt 1 they

start new growth actioi 1 tl 1 removed to

their proper depirtment Robert M Gre\

or lo

A / flore^cente ire t
ebumeum Lindl Stems tufted
tichous at base 1 or 2 ft long
rate, bifid at apices ; peduncles not as long as
the Ivs., few-fld. : fls. about 3 in. across, ivory
white, sometimes tinged with rose ; sepals
and petals oblong - lanceolate ; labellum 3-

lobed, with a golden yellow ndgi
running down the center. Khasia
Hills, at an elevation of from 5 OUd
to 6,000 ft. B.B. 33:67. B.M 513b
Gn. 46, p. :

AA. Inflorescence arching,

not pendent.

B. Sepals and petals veined with

redf brown
Lowi&num, Kc'i<
ft. long, linear-nri
pals and petals o
cate), greenish y.
of labellum yell'>\
yellow, the from
about 20 in nuui
Gn. 48, p. 263.
(C. MandaiAnuiN
hybrid of C. ebn
Gn. 48:1034.

iulbs oblong : Ivs. 2-3
:iii*raes many-fld.: se-

( lateral ones sub-fal-
h brown; lateral lobes

lUxed, margined with

Irs across. Burma.
1 . Mandai&num, Hort.

■How fls. A beautiful
owianum is shown in

Fls. dull purple (brown-
with purple ) ; sepals and
petalsjoblong, the petals narrow and shorter; midlobe of
labellum reflexed, yellow, spotted with red ; lateral lobes
yellowish green. Nepal. B.M. 4844. P.M. 12:241.

longifdlitun, Don. Lvs. linear-acuminate : peduncle
stout, sub-erect, then drooping: fls. about 12; sepals
sub-equal, oblong, the upper one broadest and Incurved;
both sepals and petals green striped with brownish pur-

CYNODON

pie; disk and midlobe of labellum white, spotted with
purple; lateral lobes with purple lines. lad.

ensi!61iuin, Swartz. Lvs. ensiform, acute : peduncle
manj fld fls greenish vellow, veined with purple ;
sepals and petals linear oblong, acute; labellum spotted,
lud Jap B M 1 51

Huttomi Hook f Plant about 2 ft. high: fls. 10, in
droo] mg racemes sepals yellow, striated with brown ;
1 etal brown labellum greenish, dotted with brown.
Jiva B M 50 6

BB ^ J It. It d pet lis not reined with purple or brown.
tigrlnum Pnr si Lvs oblong-lanceolate: peduncles

1 1p fl i I I 111 ji-t-iK liiiear-oblong, acute,

, I -Ml 1,1 piiler and with more
I ii yellow, red-brown

1 111 "lute, transversely

! Ill I nil I 1' M. ,-,457.

Hookeninum lie LI t Lvs. about 2 ft. long, acute:
I ed le arching above erect at base : fls. from 6-12,
1 rg e^als and petals oblong, greenish: labellum yel-
low I tttd with purple Sikkim. B.M. 5574.

BBB. Sepals and petals u-hili^li.
MAstersii, Griff. (Cyper6rehis M<isl>isil. Benth.).
Lvs. linear, acuminate: peduncle stout, longer than the
raceme: sepals and petals sub-equal, oblong-lanceolate,
white, flushed with rose at the apices ; labellum mi-
nutely pubescent ; lainellfe orange-vellow. Sikkim.
B.B. 31:.50. Var. Album, Hort., has white fls. C. dlba-
fldra, of Amer. trade, is equivalent to C. Mastersii, var.
nlbum.

AAA. Inflorescence pendent.
pendulum, Swartz. The leathery lvs. distichous

2-3

ft. long, broadly linear : fls. yellowish ; side lobes and
midlobe of labellum rose-color; the disk more or less
white with yellow crests; sepals and petals narrowly
oblong, with a purple median line. E. Ind.
Finlaysom^num, Lmdl (C p^nd«Z«»i, Lindl ) L\s
1 t 111 raceme many fld sepals and petals linear
111 1 tuse dull vellow sometimes, with a reddish
III liiii line lateral lobes of labellum crimson, mid
1 ibe white -tipped with crimson Malajsia— Var atro-
purpilreiun, Hort Lvs narrower, racemes longer, with
1 irger fls sepals and petals purplish front lobe of la
btlliinnhitP ^potted with i ur] le BiintJ

^ O IKtb A-UEs

CYNANCHUM (Greek doq poison) AsclepiadAcem
.\l)ciut 211 species in S. Eu., Africa, Asia and Australia,
herbaceous or sometimes half woody at the base, twin-
ing. Lvs. opposite, entire. Plant very like Vincetoxi-
cum, but the fls. differ in having a scale or ligule on the
inside of each of the 5 parts of the crown.

acuminatifdlium, Hemsl. ( Vincetdxictim aciimin&tiim,
Decne. T. ./a;)(i«(CH»i, Hort. ). Mosquito Plant. Cruel
Plant. Perennial: erect or nearly so, or the tips show-
ing a somewhat twining habit: the stems grayish and
more or less angular: lvs. opposite, broadly ovate and
acuminate, short-petioled, strongly pinnate- veined, en-
tire, usually conspicuously gray-pubescent beneath :
fl. -clusters lateral (1-2 between "the lvs.), shorter than
the Ivs.: fls. white, small, in umbel-like cymes: fr. amilk-
weed-like follicle. Japan. — In the flowers, mosquitoes
and other insects are caught, much as they are in other
asclepiadaceous plants. The native Amsonia Tabernce-
montana is sometimes sold as this plant, and it has
been figured as such. l. jj. b_

CYNABA (involucre spines likened to a dog's tooth).
Comp6sit<e. A half-dozen S. European species, of which
the Artichoke and Cardoon (which see) are cultivated.

CtNODON. See Cipriola.

CYNOGLOSSUM

CYNOGLOSSUM (Greek, hound's tongue, from the

shape and soft surface of the Ivs. of the commonest

species) Borraqin&cece A large and widely dispersed

group of little horticultural interest being mostly tall

CO lr^e weedj herbf» C offui

I I nil F ^ (!) his I bur

1 t I It I 1 t lith

,11 tl II t hiep

iz 1 fi 1.1 thL OH World

lows about 1 ft \i\^h in pas

t lies and waste place* of the

Atlantic states and has soft

I ubescent lanceolate Its and

lull red puiple (sometimes

white) fls. in panicled racemes.

C. grdnde, Dougl. Once cult.

from California as a hardy

639. border perennial ; grows about

Bur of Hound's-tongue 2 ft. high, with lower Ir.s. ovate-

or Stick-tieht. oblong, or somewhat heart-

/w ., ^ * shaped at the base, acute or

gined petioles of about the s^hih- Icim'th : upper Ivs.
smaller, ovate to lanceohiii, ;ilpni|iil> '■ontracted into
shorter winged petioles: Hs. vi.iirt ..i- iilne. For O. Ap-
penn\num, Linn., see Soleini iitlms.

CYN6BCHIS (Greek for dog on-hid). Oreliidicea,
tribe Ophrydew. A dozen Habenaria-like African or-
chids, not in the Am. trade. Culture of Bletia. Not to
be confused with Cycnoches.

CYNOStTEUS (Greek, dogf's totl). Graminew. An-
nual or perennial, cespitose grasses, with flat leaves.
Spikelets of two forms in small friscirlcs. these forming
a dense somewhat unilateral, s]iiki--lil\r panicle; termi-
nal spikelets of the fasi-id. s l'-4 tid., hermaphrodite;
lower spikelets sterile, i-cusistiii^' uf many empty
glumes: flowering-glumes umcrouate or awn-pointed:
stamens ;i Species 4 or 5, in the north temperate re-
gions of the Old World.

cristitus, Linn. Crested Doo's-tail. A slightly
tufted perennial grass, 1-2 ft. bierh. with narrow Ivs.
and a rather slender, ere.-t. spike like |iaiiiele. Int.
from Europe. — Well adapte.I t'ur stinl. i| l:i\\ n- anil wood-
lands. Also recommendeil for ini\-.i pa-iuir-. espe-
cially in hilly regions. The mature stems uvr use. I in the
manufacture of Leghorn hats.

^legans, Desf. Silky-awned Doo's-tail. A pretty
perennial grass varying in height from 6 in.-l K ft. :
Ivs. small and scarce: panicle one-sided and spike-like:
spikelets with long white silky awns !4-l in. long. Int.
from Europe. — Handsome for dry bouquets.

P. B. Kennedy.

CtNTHIA. All referred to Krigia.

CYPfiLlA (application obscure). IridHcece. Eight
species of South American bulbs, inferior to Iris for
general culture because not hardy, and also less showy.
The genus differs from Iris and Mortea in its stigmas,
which are neither petal-like nor filiform, but erect, ami
in the anthers, which are broad, erect, not sloped, bear-
ing the pollen on their edges, also in the plaited leaves.
C. Herhfiii is the ,.ulv s, ies ..trere.l l,v the Ameriean

trade, an.; tl aTai--.a- -:r, I! ,M'. I|-,.,M I', ru. hut,

accordiiiL;- t.. Jla!.. ■ ha; .:^.i.,'. . ',. .,: r. . ,. . from
the wester), , -. ,. ~ , ,1, > . /• : . ,,i„a.

The bull. ^ ^laaiM i , , ;,,n ,, ,:ll. .1 n, lall and

stored .>\ iT w Mii. I I'l ,. . < lis. -ts ..r by see.l, which
should b. -..w II . The blue-flowered spe-

cies are |.i.^ini!,i ithy of culture, though

C.plnmli'ii. laedi.. iiaii ■- I 'aazil and Argentine, is
shown in K.iM.il.Ii), with <iull, le.ad-colored fls. In P.S.
4: 39.5 and 14: 1466 the colors are showier, the latter be-
ing a variety with handsome purple streaks. For the
still showier C. cwriilea, Seub., see Marica.

a. Style appendages spur-like.
Hirberti, Herb. Lvs. about 1 ft. long, linear, acumi-
nate, twice plaited, the angles of the plaits winged :
scape 2-3 ft. high, erect, flexuose, glaucous, branched,

CYPERUS

429

many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, chiefly yellow, odorless, soon
withering ; outer segments bearing a rather long cusp
or tail. South Brazil. Uruguay. Argentine. B. R.
11:949 and B. M. 2.599 show utterly distinct colors, but
Baker says there is a lilac variety.

AA. StijU appendages petal-like, flat.

Peruviina, Baker. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, linear, narrowed
gradually from the middle both ways, glabrous, plaited ;
fls. 2-3 in a solitary stalked cluster, soon withering,
chiefly yellow ; segments with a distinct long claw and
a proportionately shorter and broader blade and a shorter
cusp, at the base spotted brown. Peru. B.M. 6213.

W. M.

CYPEROECHIS (r./,),,a,,sand 0)t7!!s, from the sedge-
like api.tarau. il. Orrli i'h'icew, tribe Viinde<e. Very
closely allie.l t.. ( 'ymbi.Uum, which see. There are only
three species, of which V. Jhistersii, Benth. ( Cymbidium
Masteysii, Griff., of this work, and C. elegans, Blume
iCumbidiiim elegans. Lindl., B.M. 7007) are cult. The
latter does not appear in the Amer. trade.

CYPilEUS (ancient Greek name). Cyperdceie. A large
genus of the Sedge family, inhabiting both tropical and
temperate regions. The species in cultivation are all
perennials from rootstocks or tubers: leaves grass-like;
stem simple and mostly naked above: flowers perfect,
without perianth, borne in small, compressed spikes,
which are variously aggregated in compound umbels,
the latter surrounded by foliaceous bracts; styles and
stamens 3. A few are cultivated in jardinieres, aquatic
gardens and aquaria. Several others are pests in culti-
vated fields.

A. Basal leaf-sheaths without blades.

altemifblius, Linn. Umbrella Plant. Umbrella
Palm. Fig. 640. Strict, 1^-3K ft. high : stem nearly
terete, ribbed, smooth and slender: invohicral lvs. very
numerous, spreading or slightly drooping, linear, 8 in.
long, %~}4 in. broad, dark green, acute, rough-margined;
umbel rays only 1-2 in. long, nearly simple: spikes few,
in a cluster, ovate, very flat, 2 lines long, pale brown;

640. Cype

Umbrella Plant.

scale acute: r.achis winged and pitted. JIadagascar.—
Much used for aquaria and jardinieres. Var. variegAtUB,
Hort. Stem and lvs. striate, sometimes-entirely white.
Var. gracilis, Hort. Involucral lvs. much narrower and
not so spreading.

430

Willd

Ec.-ii

ct till

dark-green stem obtusely 3 an„l I tl )i lucral

Ivs. only 3-10, small, 3-() in loDf; ' i I linear,

acute : primarj ra^ s of the umbel A i i ii i i t lete,
slender, equal and drooping, 10-lb in 1 }uk st^c iiudai>
bracts prominent, filiform, 2-6 m long spikes clustered
and sessile pale chestnut rachis wingless Egypt
Palestine. — For aquaria and damp soil Not hardv
AA Basal il, ,11 nil, i, ,
B. Louei lib fen, i f I 1 1 1 ij 1 rfi

Natal6nsis, Hochst ^t i ill smo th with

1-3 leaf-bearing sheaths ml \ i il I irt ss 4 nes at the
base: involucre 2-3 h d short ia> s of the umbel short,
unequal : spikes much congested, numerous, linear
lanceolate, acuminate, pale brown, 10-12 fld rachis
winged: scales oblong ovate, obtuse South Africa —
Decorative. Not hardy

ffirtilis, Borck Stem short, slender, 4-5 in high,
3-angled: h s numerous, thin and broad, 4-9 lines wide
G in. long, equaliiu' th< st, ni lii.c ir 1 mceol itc f„lded
below, dotted in i m 1 1 i! 1 m 11 n i| 1

rayed: rajs el i 1 ili

apex, 1-2 ft 1. n Its

crowded, obloiu 1 1 1 1 I

white. Central M ] 1 — 1 ml 111 lu I ml Iuk
for hanging baskets , the uiubLl raj » often be u plautkts
instead of flow ers

lilcidus, R Br Rather stout stem 1-2 ft high terete
above: Ivs numeious, large and broad, spongv thickened
at the base, spmulose margined umbel spherical, (>-S m
in diam. : spikelets dense digitate long and linear
scales persistent axis continuous Australia

BB. Louei ?i ^ iiniii I I, 1: Diou and grass hi t
fl ll I , lilll so

^leganB, Linn ii 1 , , 1, I mi and Hort ) Stem
3-angled, 2-3 ft lu^li hs lu^. broadlv linear, nunii r
ous, spreadmg h ilt as long is the culm involucre shor^,
spreading fen hd ra\s long and slender, unequal,
compound spikes small distant oblong, greenish brow n,
blunt, 6-11 fld scales round elliptic, mucronate \\ est
Indies, Brazil & C II 2 99 , UI 13 41 - For table

Stout, 1-3 ft high, sharply 3 angled
s numerous long and grass like,
nb iindn ril siniilir 5-12 in long

I m r I I n_ s| ikcs 4-10 fld ,

I i n_ 1 1] 111 I Lx N Araer —

- 1 I 1 tl] I 1 1 IS t ujuatic gardens

the last root

pale

<ly

BtrigdBUS, Lin
base bulbous
smooth, 2-1 lini
rays very unecin il 1 m r I
awl-shaped, cln ti ui 1 1 in I n
spike-like (1-1 ' m i n- 1 1] 1
Hardy perenni il ns 1 1 1 th I 1 1

esculSntus, Lmn (.iiif\ Jim
stock slender and bearing little tubers spiki
akene obovoid Tropics — Sometimes a weed ]

fields ; also cult
piingens, Bon
long, angled !» I
simple, contr ii t
late, compress 1
lucral I'lM I

edible tubers Not hard j

hort and thick, 1-2 in

- the stem rigid umbel

i ikelets linear lanceo

lored, 10-18 fld invo

n I ng North Africa —

used for hanging baskets

si.ikes hnear oblong scales

"''■'i in','' >!■.. ,ii'">,'Tir,.sfor

trade. (■.■-. \ • I,." :- .i io':„ Ilk.' ..- .1

wickerwi'f .. .;,, ,. ' •■ .,,.- ^. ,.-,1,.. . _ . '"Hftitg,

Linn. Xi ; -i: \ - - • .. - — I . ' ■ < .* -j.ikes

darker ,11:., . ■ W-.. • 'rn-tus,

Hort.= -' 1< ;\|, ^\i, ,:and.

CYPHOMANDRA (lium the Greek, referring to the
hump-sh:ipril :inth'i-s). SoUinAce(s, Two dozen S.
American spin, l.^s ^hmbs or small trees (essentially
herbs in culture in tin- north), distinguished from So-
lanum chiefly by the thickened anthers. The large Ivs.
are entire, 3-lobed, or pinnatisect.

beticea, Sendt. {Soldnum frAgmns, Hook.). Tree
Tomato. Pig. 641. Cult, occasionally for the egg-
shaped, reddish brown, faintly .striped fruits, and un-
der such conditions it becomes a tree-shaped, half-
woody plant 6-10 ft. high : Ivs. large, soft-pubescent,
cordate-ovate; more or less acuminate, entire: fls. small,

pinkish frigrant,in
ters fr about 2 in
and seedj, rausk^ i
able to those who lik
H III "l 4-n ( (

>uper axillarN ( lus
r stalks, 2 loculed
ke m flavor agree
7il B M 3684 J
1 409 —Bears

641 Cyphomandra betacca (

CYPHOPHCENIX [I,„n
mftcce tube AiecKP \
palms of minorimportanci
ringed caudex Leaves
ments coriaceous rloncati
ward the arr th m ir in
the base th
beneath t
the back 1
long sti ut t 1 1

iw ed to
arved at
sparsely scalj

1 hi broad, slightly

1 111 es glabrous, the branches

ut 1 1 lit bractlets scaly , fr dark

I ilium 1 ii„' oT nd or ellipsoid lentiform Spe
cics 2 INew Caledonia

6IeganB, Benth. & [Hook. (K4nt,a ilegant, Brongn
&Gris.). Rachis convex below, flat above; leaflets
alternate, approximate, scaly along the mid-nerve below :
fr. oblong-elliptical, acute.

fnlclta, Benth. & Hook. (Kentia fulcUa. Brongn.).
Stem clothed at the base with smooth aerial roots: fr.
ovoid, attenuate above.

CYPHOSPfiRMA (Greek, hump and seed). Palmh-
ceir. tribe Ai-iriie. Two Australian warmhouse palms,
scarcely known in this country. C. Vielldrdii, Benth.
& Hook., with pinnatisect Ivs., and long-ensiform cori-
aceous segments, is sometimes known as Kentia robusta
and K. Viellardii. Culture of Areca and Ptychosperma.

CYPRESS. See Chamn-cyparis, Cupressiis and Taro-

CYPKESS VINE. See Jpomcea.

CYPRIPEDIUM

CYPEIPfiDIUM (fi;u,s- slipper}. Lady's:
Moccasin Flower. OrcJiidAcece, tribe Cypripedien.
The genus Cypripedium Is widelydistributed,being found
in both South and North America, Asia, Europe. Japan,
and the Malay ArchipelaKo. At preM'ut no species are
reported fromAusti ill 1 ..1 \fii. i. ^. .qi. - usually 1-fld. :
floral sesments Hi -li\ up] , i -. |i il u^u ilh larger than
the petals: ovar\ I i ■ Hi il ti itil. si mi, n, 2; interme-
diate stamen ^terili mil ],i t il ml. nil- I . luiiin short, cer-
miate: a\'fK fnrtil 1 it. i il K 1 . ~ mili. i In iriir.'- pollen
viscid c.riii. il\ n. t . . iii| . im.l sti_iii il. It, nl i u front
of eoluillli III 11. ith fh. stun, iiv , i|i-iil s|i ml, 1 ] ubes-
cent: pi 11 1 lit itMii |i It II I il tin 1,, \ i -i i Is i nuiinnly
coalesei-nt 1 iln llum , u]. tm m, iiitl iti ,1 l\s usu ill\ lig-
ulate, eitlii 1 II ss. II It. iliir uniform green. The structure
of the ciiliiiiiu M,! I SSI nrial organs) of a Cypripedium is
shown 111 li_' iilJ '111, two anthers are at a «. The third
stamen is 1 ,i s, nt ,1 l.N the l.,.d\ . fc Th, sti-ni.i Is at f .
The fl,.i il II ■ I 1 111. ma-

CYPRIPEDIUM

431

jority ,.t 1

from N , 1

!

like s'p. . 1 -

, hi 1

C.acauU .la.l ( .

gardens. C .-.pcL

tabiU

,for coloi .11

the finest species. It i

s a valual.l,

the greenhouse.

Asy,

et. no hybn.

the intercrossing of "c

crossing of tropii

•alwith h.mh s,,.

less. There is a

tende

ne\ ti. 1. sill

several genera.

For

the liuipi.s

old classification

will 1

l,s, , V , ,1

The seiius is ,

Ii.s, U

for C. ..n,l,l,,„

1 1

leya,„n„. r s,,

kia,i„m.< • n.:<

Selen.p'i' '" !■

1

3-loculi il

trast sin
Theg. tin

tha

40.

The species have 1.. en mu, h h\l.riili/.d and modified
by cultivation, however, so that the garden forms are
legion. Most of the names represent horticultural vari-
eties; and these names may be expected to increase. One
section of the genus has been separated recently as a
genus, Paphwpedilum Monogr of Cynripedium and
related genera by P Desbois, bhent, 1898

Oakes Ames.
Nearly all Cypripedium It a-e and may

be readily grown in on, levoting the

cooler portion to C hath it Javanicum,

(7. TO>iH,<(^Hm and the Sel, 1 i The coria-

ceous-leaved evergreen sj , i s i II m more or less

a week will be found of great assistance to keep the
plants in health. The hygrometer should never register
below 60, nor often above 80, as moisture in excess of 80 is
liable to damp off the young growths. Ventilation reg-

643. Cypripedium Charlesworthii.

1 of ovary: of l.%bellum or lip on the right: stigma

1 the left ; colu

the right below.

ulated according to external conditions is essential at all
times to maintain atmosplu-ric tictiou.

During the winter nitniths the thermometer should
register from 00° F. to O.J" F. by night and about 70° P. by
day. With sun heat a few degrees more will do no harm.
On the approach of spring the temperature should be
advanced to prepare the plants for summer heat, and ac-

cordingly de
middle of F.

t stagnation.
j;ht weather,
nee or twice

ajiproaoh of fall. About the

suiil HI II, Willi In .i\ ler shad-

. I\ ,l)-|i. 1I-. .1 with lUiriiiL,' the winter.
' II 1 . . 1, s .;! ,,w best in pots in a
1.1 t.i line part chopped liv-
t I tin iiot room being de-
ll pi'st should be pressed

III. ui 111, i..,.ts. .md the surface left
surplus n ater and to insure the base
1st decay during dull weather. A few
m.ss pricked in over the surface will

, tn.l kindred species should have
,1 to the above mixture (see
Il s Orchid Manual 2: 34).

ture from tiingi, \\iiich ;itf:(. k ti . 1 i tin jilant dur-

ing sultry summer weather. 1 Mil obviate

this, as It allows a better cii, i limugh the

compiist. C. Lou-ei, C. ]'■! , ■ ii i,j>pniense

and allied species, togethei \wii, .^. ,'>>,/" dutm ran-
datum, are truly epiphytic and preferably should be
grown in baskets. By this method the roots are better
preserved and less liable to decay during the winter
season.

Cijpnpf
one-third ,
note on ,
C. villo.tii,

432

CYPRIPEDIUM

The Concolor section requires a warm, moist location
witli free access to the air. The species should be grown
in rather small pots, with at least half the space devoted
to drainage of brolien charcoal or other free material.
The patting compost should consist of equal parts
chopped sod, peat-flber and living sphagnum. Lime-
stone is often recommended as essential in the culture
of this section, but, the conditions being equal, I have
never noticed any beneficial results from it (Orchid
Review 4: 4.5; Veitch's Manual 2: 19-20).

The deciduous tropical species, of which O.Irapeann iii ,
C.Thibeticum and Sehnipedium palmifoUum aSord good

CYPRIPEDIUM

Brownii,25; Bui

right.

1 of the ovary.

examples, require .similar treatment to the evergreen
kinds. They have a long dormant period during which
they should be rested in a temperature of 50° P., with
sufficient water to keep the compost moist until growth
starts, when they must be returned to their proper de-
partment and en.ioy a liberal supply of water until after
the flowering season, when they must be ripened off
and the water supply gradually withheld.

The hardy species do better planted out in the open
ground or in rockeries, where they should be so situated
as to obtain good drainage nivl •'hri'li'. Tli- «"il iiiiitt be

free and porous and cou^i-T ..i tI,,, , ,, ,i i- , ! ,1 turf

and equal parts of peat Mil. I ' I' i lire a

liberal amount of water .111-1 i , . r the

foliage while growing, Imi iIm- - ii'i'; -t M i'- iri'ad-

fiiiiu^'h \v:itir i, L-ivi 11 to keep the soil moist. During
till- wint. r till- plants -liuuld be protected with leaves or
pini- liiiui,'li-i. *'. xi„,l,,hile and C. piibescens grow well
under pot culture. A 7-10-inch pot will hold eight or a
dozen crowns, which should be planted 2 inches below
the surface. Two inches of drainage are sufficient. The
pots should be filled with soil (firmly pressed in) to K
itii-li holoiv flif rim. After a thorough watering they
-li-.iil.l Ih- ~i-.r..il in a coldframe and protected with
I- .1- . . .111-1 i.-iiu-hs. About the middle of February they
iiiiN III 1- 111 -\- ilto a coolhouse, where they should re-
iiLiiii l-M- 11 \v,-i-U, and then be placed in the cool eud of
the t'ypripedium house, where they should 1-t- wiiti n il
sparingly until growth action starts. Thes.- i-lnni^ iimk.
strong growths under this treatment, and tin- il-w. i - nn-
a decided improvement over those produi-i d iii.nniilly
outside.

All Cypripediums are propagated by division.

Robert M. Grey.

Index to species described in the main list: Abbotia-
num. 5; acaule, 40; albens, 2.5; Amesianum, 25; Apple-
tonianum, Ifi; Argus, 6; arietinum, 43; Amoldianum,
25; atropurpureum. 5; auretim, 25; auriculum, 5; bar-
batum, 1; bellatulum, 20; biflorum, 1; Boxalli, 28;

nil, lo; Japouicuiu, 41i; Kim-

l.ingisepalura,25; Lowei,30;
rliinei, 25 ; macranthum, 51 ;
1..5; majus, 1; Mandevillea-

Mastersianum, 14 ; Maulei,
nil, 53; Mooreanum, 25; mo-

riisi-i-ii.,, :>; purpuratuui, y; purpureuiu, 1; I'ynaerti, 25;
ri.si-inii. .5; Rothschildianum, 37; Sallieri, 29; Sanderai,
4, L'-'i ; -Suuderianum, 36 ; spectabile, 50 ; Spicerianum,
2:;; Sti.iii-i,33; Studleyanum, 25; superbiens, 8, 25; su-
perlmin, 1, 5; Sylhetense, 25; Thibeticum, 45; tonsum,
10; Veitchianum, 8 ; venustum, 11; Victoria-Marie, 39;
villosum, 28; virens, 13; virescens, 5; volonteanum, 15 ;
Warnerianum, 1. Many other names are accounted for
in the supplementary lists.

A. Leaves tesselated (or checkered in squares).

B. Pi'laU more or less Ugulate, smaller than the
upper aepil.

c. t'pper sepal veined leith green and purple: spots
on the petals marginal.

1 . barbitum, Lindl. Lvs. oblong, about 6 in. long, pale
bi-ri.-iitli, uiijii-r surface dull green with darker green
luaikiii^'. : v.-a|.i- liiiii,'. ri-iiilish brown: ovary slender,
siilit.-iiili-.| l-\ a >iiiall i'l'iict; upper sepal orbicular,
(■vi-iil\ r. i|. \..l. wliit.-. with a green translucent base;
vi-iii- L-1--II I- III w:i\. I. .■.-limine deep purple: petals

1,1-., -I -. ,ii -'i- :i|ii.-. -. u,.i..-'i-^iKii-L'iii|.r..viiled with
s.-v I -, 'i' I ! I ■ .11-1-: 1, ill. Mm, I I.i-..imi- |.iir|.li., infolded
pi,rli.-ii \-l|..-\i.h ..r [iin-i.h-li willi raisnl dots; lower
sepal iKirrow. gn-etiish, veined with green: starainode
pubescent, broadly crescent-shaped. June and July.
Malay Peninsula. B.M. 4234.— Of this useful species
there are many excellent varieties in which the flowers
are larger or more richly colored. The variation in foli-
age is. very remarkable. In general appearance this
species resembles C. Lawrenceanum. Many vars. in
cult.

The following are varieties of 0. barbatum: Biflbmm. A
chance variation, due undoubtedly in most eases to vigor. See
Crossianum \ie\oyi.— €arulescens.— Crossidnum. Same as
Crossii. — Crbssii. Upper sepal very large, round-orbienlar.
white, veined with green ami ain.ari-ntly traiisversed by a band
of .■li.uson; petals mil. li I- i'- . I I U :- :•_■ ::r --'l .\.F. (5:55.5.

— iiiijant^um='msv\\\n - ' ,,,..., i ,,,, ,,, ri.per sep;il

unusually large.-i/...-' i-' - i .- hly t-olored

and vif^nrous form.— .1.' '- \.'>inn. .-V ilark

,,, ■,..-,- -.11- --■ .. ^- ^1- ^ -111 led by this

2. nigritum, K.-iolib. f. Probably identical with C.pur-
piiratiim, var. obscurum. Dorsal sepal resembles that of
6'. piirpuratum, in other respects very similar to C.
biirbiitiim.

3. purpur^tum, Lindl. Lvs. elliptic-oblong to narrowly
ovate, 4-5 inches long, glaucous, pale green tesselated
with darker dull green, pale beneath : scapes short
(about 5 in. long), purplish: ovary subtended by a

nppeanng as
Hi-ved, outer

h white mar-

atf, greenish

1 the apices,

I brown-purple,

CYPRIPEDIUM

small bract ; upper sepal white, 4-anRl
if inserted at one of its an^Ii -. :ii>"iii
nerves carmine-purple, oth^ . ",
strongly reflexed ; lower s<]ii

gins, veined with green; i i- -u.-i

at base, dotted, becoming j*uii'ii.^;i iw.

veined with deep metallic greuu ; lubellu

infolded portion with raised dots ; staminode crescent

shape. Autumn. China. B. M. 4901. R. H. 1858, p. 182 :

1883, p. 353.

4. calldsum, Reichb. f. Lvs. ovate-oblong, obseurelj
tesselated, pale beneath: scapes reddish brown; upper
sepal about 3 in. across, unevenly reflexed, slightly con-
cave at base, and translucent ; blush ground color
veined with green, upper part white-margined, suffused
with rose mauve ; veins carmine-purple toward the apex;
petals oblique, recurving, pale green at base, pale rose-
mauve at and toward the extremities, upper margin with
several blackish warts, ciliate ; labellum dull reddish
brown, infolded lobes greenish, with red-brown, shiny
warts ; staminodium crescent-shaped. February and
March; also at other seasons. Siam. R. H. 1888:252.

Var. SAndersB, Hort. An albino form of the species,
with no trace of rose-mauve or purple. The fls. are
white and delicate green. J. H. III. 28: 423.

5. Iiawrence4num, Reichb. f . Lvs. oval-oblong, nearly
1 ft. long, tessellated with yellowish and dark green:
scapes tall, reddish brown, sometimes 2-fld. : fls. large;
upper sepal orbicular, white, with broad carmine-purple

srhich are greenish at the base ; lower sepal

CYPRIPEDIUM

433

small bract; petals
itherwise greenish,
margins; labellum
cUy crescent-shape.
1."H. 30:478. F. S.

Abbotidnum.

small ; ovary long,
purplish at and t^w
provided with bla ;
dull brown-pur|il. ;
April-July. Bona-
23:2372. ■G.C.III.2

The following are forms of C. Lawr
Fls. large, with deep crimson veins on the upper sepal.— .Airo-
purpHreum. A dark form, upper sepal with deeply colored
veins.— Auriculun
spaces suffused.—

large size of the fls.— (rnnnir — /i!/<;unnii. upper sepal vemea
with green; petals sii'rii; l;ili. lima Kreen. 0.0.111.21:37.-
Undeni.— Magntficu m .- M,inu,~r,itiim .—Nigrum.— Ptctmn.—
PUcheridnum. — PlewUucuin.. rpi.ii- st^pal white, with only a
few colored veins. — Purpurascn.-:.- /nVsriiai— Suiierhum.—
Virescens.

sli.ihthi if at
iiivre vr less
spotted or dotted.

6. Argua, Reichb. f. (C barbhtum, var. Argus, Hort.
C. Pitcheridnam, Hort.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about
6 In. long, pale green mottled with deeper green: scape
long, reddish brown: ovary subtended by a small bract;
upper sepal broadly ovate, acuminate, dotted at base,
veined with green, the longer veins sometimes purplish:
petals oblong, undulate, deflexed, pale green tinged with
purple at the apices, irregularly spotted with blackish
warts; labellum dull brown-purple, greenish beneath;
infolded lobes purplish, spotted with deeper purple;
staminode crescent - shaped. March, April. Luzon,
Philippines. B.M. 6175. A.F. 3:179.

7. ciliolire, Reichb. f . Lvs. oblong, pale green, tessel-
lated with dark green: scapes tall, reddish brown: ovary
subtended by a small bract; upper sepal broadly ovate,
acuminate, ciliate on the margins, blush white at base,
otherwise white, veined with green; petals ligulate, de-
flexed, recurved, with long marginal hairs, greenish at
base, becoming pale mauve at and toward the extremi-
ties, thickly dotted with blackish warts; labellum dull
brown-purple; infolded lobes yellowish, with reddish
brown warts; staminode reniform. April^uly and
even later. Philippine Islands. l.H. 31:530. G.C. III.
21:348.

8. sup6rbien3,Reichb.f. (C.Fei(cWd«um,Lem.). Lvs.
oval-oblong, about 6 in. in length, yellowish green, mot-
tled with deeper green, pale beneath: scapes tall, green-
ish: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal
broadly ovate, whitish, evenly veined with green; petals
deflexed, almost drooping, ligulate, hairy-margined,
white, suffused with pale rose, tinged with reddish
brown at base, veined with green and copiously dotted

with reddish brown; labellum dull brown-purple; in-
folded lobes brighter, with raised dots; staminode reni-
form-subrotund, horns straight. June, July. Malay
Peninsula. I.E. 12:429. F.S. 19:1996. A.F. 7:707. R.
H. 1871, p. 596.

9. Ciirtisii, Reichb. f. Lvs. broadly oval oblong or
narrowly oblong, pale green tessellated with darker
green, pale beneath: scapes about 1 ft. high, reddish
brown: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal
iisproportionately large, broadly ovate, greenish with a
white margin, tinged with brown-purple at the base, green
veined with brown and green: petals ligulate, deflexed,
dull brown-purple or brownish green at the base, veined
with green, pale along the median vein, and thickly
dotted with red-brown; margins ciliate; labellum large,
dull reddish brown, infolded lobes paler, dotted; stami-
node reniform. May-July. Sumatra. A.F. 6:557. Gng.
1: 41. — (7. ciliolare and C. superbiens ' are very closely
related.

10. t6nsum, Reichb. f. Lvs. ovate-oblong, pale green
conspicuously maculate with dark green, pale beneath
or spotted toward the base: scapes 12 in. or more long,
brownish green: ovary pale green, subtended by a small
bract ; upper sepal broadly obovate, with wide base, ab-
ruptly acuminate, whitish, often with blush rose suffu-
sion ; veins green ; petals broad, devoid of marginal hairs,
oblong ovate or subspatulate, green, median nerve paler
green, with a row of large reddish brown spots, other
veins brownish, giving a tinge of brown to adjacent
tissue ; labellum large, compressed dorsiventrally,
brownish; infolded lobes pale yellowish green, with
raised pale dots; staminode crescent-shaped, the horns
strongly oblique. Autumn. Mountains of Sumatra.

11. venilatum, Wall. Lvs. oblong, dull purple beneath,
upper surface pale green, marbled with dark green:
scapes about 8 in. tall: ovary subtended by a bract
which sheaths it for half its length ; dorsal sepal ovate,
white veined with green; petals green at base, dull
purple toward the extremities, provided with several
blackish warts ; labellum pale green, conspicuously veined
with emerald-green, infolded lobes paler ; staminode
crescent-shaped. January-March. India. B.M. 2129.
ccc. Upper sepal distinctly veined with green: spots

on the petals, if any, few.

12. Day^num, Reichb. f. (C. Petri, Reichb. f.). Lvs.
oblong, pale green, remotely cross-veined with dark
green, pale beneath: scapes reddish brown; upper sepal
ovate, acuminate, whitish, veined with Rrc-u, upper
margin recurved; petals brownish green at base, siihuon-
pink toward the apices, uppermargins oll^.■ur■■ly sjiottid,
ciliate with dull crimson hairs; labellum rou-hisli, dusty-
looking, infolding portion greenish, with dull crinisun-
brown warts ; staminode oblong. Borneo. May, June.
P.S. 15: 1527.

13. Javanicum, Reinw. Lvs. oblong, pale, maculate
with dark green: scape greenish, 1-or 2-flowered: ovary
subtended by a small bract ; upper sepal ovate acuminate,
greenish white veined with green, lower margin reflexed ;
petals oblong, greenish, with fine blackish dots, becom-
ing purplish or pale rose color at the apices, ciliate on
the margins; labellum darker green than the petals, in-
folded lobes pale green, but variously dotted; staminode
reniform-subrotund. Jfava.— Var. vlrens, Hort., is
smaller, the green color more pronounced.

cccc. Upper sepal not ilisti mlhi ftined with green, but
more <//■ /. .-x inlli luu-jile.

14. Mastersianum, li.nhl.. l'. Lvs. oblong, remotely
tessellated: scape tall, browu-puri'le. ovary subtended
by a short bract; upper sepal orbicular, acute," bright
green with a greenish white or yellowish border, veined
with greenish brown; petals spreading, brownish, paler
at and toward the base, and provided with blackish
warts on the upper margin and median vein; labellum
large, brownish, infolded lobes paler, with dull purple
spots ; staminode crescent-shaped, horns converging.
Java. G.C. III. 15: 593; 25: 274. B.M. 7629, asa Paphio-
pedilum.

15. Hodkerae, Reichb. f. Lvs. variegated dull green
and greenish white, pale beneath, ovate oblong: scapes
tall, slender: upper sepal rotund, acuminate, green, with

434

CYPRIPEDIUM

a cream-colored margin; petals subspatulate, purplish
at the apices, with a green stripe toward the base;
labellum greenish brown, infolded portion greenish,
with a few raised warts, stammode oval. Borneo. B.M.
5362

Var Bulleniinum, Hort (C Biilleniclnum,'Reichb.i.).
Lvs not '.o strikingly mottled fls smaller, upper sepal
streaked at the base. Borneo.

\ ar volonteanuin, Hort. Fig.

( 4d Fls larger than in the

t\pe, petals oblong spatulate,

_reen, except at extremities,

where thev are pale mauve,

1 ledian portion richly dotted

w ith crimson-brown ; labellum

.,reenish brown. June and July,

ind eirlier. Borneo.

1< Appletonianum, Kolfe

' ' // iiiAtium, var. Apple-

Hort.l. Lvs. less

I II t 1 than in the preced-

»</ -—»- "—*- , '1 .- ^ miinodium very small,

f 5mJ^^ ^rfem-h This form is some-

y Sm^9KIS^ times considered as a sub-variety

i^fmw' * ^ Bulleni&num. Borneo.

JsIbi'^ "^ Petals and sepals nearly

i^jl^a equal: fls. fleshy.

^ 17 oSncolor, Batem. Lvs.

* o\ al oblong, mottled, dull pur-

ple beneath: scape short: up-
per sepal yellow, dotted with
anum (X '3) purple, similar to the petals;

lahellum yellow, compressed.
Autumn Burma B M 5ol3

18. nlveum, Reichb. f. Lvs. oval-oblong to oblong,
short, mottled: fls. white; petals and upper sepal nearly
equal, finely dotted at base with purple, dots variable in
number and distribution. Burma. B.M. 5922.

19. Gbdefroyae, Leb. Lvs. narrower than in the pre-
ceding: scape short: fls. whitish to pale yellow, spotted
with purple-magenta ; petals deflexed. Early, and as
late as July. Cochin China. B.M. 6876. Gn. 25, p. 39C.

Var. leucochllnm, Hort. Upper sepal white, blotched
with deep purple; labellum white; petals like the upper
sepal, spots smaller. G.C. lU. 15: 815. J.H. IH.SO: 423.
F.R. 1:371.

20. belldtulum, Reichb. f. Lvs. broad, rounded at
apices, slate-green, mottled with darker green, thickly
dotted beneath with brownish purple, except in var.
album, when the lvs. are pale beneath: scapes very short:
upper sepal concave, i-oundish, white, spotted with
brown-purple; lower sepal also spotted; petals orbicu-
lar, tending to be concave, spotted with large, irregu-
lar, brown-purple spots; labellum ovate, finely dotted
with brown-purple. Fls. in summer; also at other
seasons. Shan States. G.C. III. 21:320. J.H. III. 30:513.
A.F.G:557; 13:77, «22; 14: 675. Gng. 7:129.-Var. ilbnm,
Hort. Has white fls. devoid of spots: Ivi
purple beneath.

not brown-

AA. Lvs. coriaceous, ligulate, not tessellated or only

obscurely so.
B. lis. not more than S, except in vigorous plants.

21 yairieinum Lmdl t pper sepal sub rotund whit
ish veme 1 with dirk armme puiple petals oblong
deflexe 1 re ur\ e 1 it the •ipices whitish vemed with
green an 1 1 irj 1p 11 II im 1 r wnish green reticulated
■stamin I I I r u unced beak cr t^oth

from tl 1 1 reen veins Habitat

unkn rls (f this species

in Am ] I ndi 1 h-s brids such

as C \ IX iitlin ainm C

xAm \ ( U 1 till) I n There are several

plants m En^hshcollections There are no living plants
in America. The species is not vigorous enough to be
worth the growing.

CYPRIPEDIUM

22. hirsutissimum, Lindl. Lvs. ligulate, uniform
green: scape greenish: ovary and bracts clothed with
shaggy hairs ; upper sepal narrow at base, broader
toward the summit, nearly ovate, brownish, with a green
margin, finely dotted at base; petals green at base, finely
dotted, becoming purplish; margin sinuate, undulate;
labellum green, finely dotted, downy and eiliate; stami-
node bluntly quadrate or spade-shaped, with 2 white
eyes. March, April and May. Java. B.M. 4990. R.H.
18.59, pp. 182-3.— Int. at same time as C. Fairieanum
(1857).

23. Spiceri&niun, Reichb. f. Lvs. linear-oblong, dark
green: scape about 8 in. long: ovary subtended by a
spotted bract; upper sepal white, strongly reflexed so as
to have a narrow base and broad, incurved summit,
median line carmine-purple; petals short, wavy mar-
gined, yellowish gi*een, with conspicuous mid-veins of
reddish brown; labellum green or brownish; stamino-
dium white-margined, otherwise pale mauve. Oct.-Dec.
Assam. B.M. 6490. I.H.30:473. Gn. 48, p. .304. A.G.
11:159. A.P. 3:226. Gng. 1:242. F. E. 9: 329. -Habitat
unknown when first plants were introduced. Many

CO. Staminodium provided with a protuberance or horn.

24. Chirlesworthii, Rolfe. Lvs. ligulate, obscurely
tessellated, heavily spotted beneath throughout or only
at the base: scapes short, spotted like the lvs.: ovary
spotted, subtended by a small, spotted
bract; upper sepal orbicular, white,
mottled and suffused with pale carmine,
purple rose, brownish at base or clear;
petals short, rarely wavy margined,
yellowish or brownish, veined with
brown; labellum similar in color to the
petals (variable I. spread-
small in comparison
with the upper sepal ;
staminode shiny, pure
white, with an orange-
yellow tipped process.
Autumn. E. Indies. B.M.
7416. R.B. 20:241. Gn.
47:1009 and p. 425. A.F.
13: 430.- A very varia-
ble and beautiful spe-
cies, which should give
rise to interesting hv- £,
brids. ■ (^

25. insigne,Wall. Lvs.
linear-ligulate, uniform
green, usually finely
spotted at the base : scape reddish
brown, about 1 ft. high : upper sepal
oval, arching at the summit, mainly
green, upper margin white, surface
covered with brownish spots ; petals
pale greenish brown, veined with
deeper brown ; labellum also brown-
ish; staminodium longer than broad,
rough and pubescent, with a yellow
projection. Autumn. India. B. M.
3412. G. cm. 18:76.3. A.F.
P.E. 9:327. Gng. 1:243. A.G. 16:73;
19:825.

Var. CMntinii, Hort. Habit as in
type : dorsal sepal larger with larger
spots, broad toward the summit,
mainly green, heavily spotted with
brown, except on the upper portion,
where it is white, with several pale
mauve spots ; labellum colored like
the spots, deep polished brown. R. H.
1878:130.

Var. fimestii, Hort., is a yellow form with faint spots
on the upper sepal, which lack the characteristic brown
and are called "false spots."

Var. SAuderae, Hort. Fig. 646. Foliage pale to the
base: scape very pale green: upper sepal white above,
otherwise primrose-yellow, with minute reddish brown
dots, which vary in number from season to season, and

Cypripedium
var. Sanderx.

cxx.)

CTPRIPEDIUM

in different fls. on the same plant; petals colored like
upper sepal , labellum waxy > ellow spreading at aper
ture, St uiiiniHlt \ ( 11 »u with an orange yellow projec
tion Hii_ ~ ^ >i II 111 1st beautiful Cypripedium

CTPRIPEDIUM

435

petals pale greenish yellow tipper sepal margined with white;
broadly ovate basAl margins finely dotted; spots largest at the
center petals brown veined staminode with a mucro.— Stud-
buanum — \uperbien.s — St/lhetense Large dark'spot, somewhat
confluent in lines ilong the middle of the upper sepal.

^->r

idish brown
I or spotted

sepal spotted ^Mtli
manmtium Sep il
net> Sep lis and pi
flat reflexeu at tlit
lines into the whit
palum Long n ii
greenish abo\e m

somewhat narrowt-r thin usu il 1 imI mir^ins wi\-v uj pel
margin white p issm^ to pile \ ellow spots hiidlj visible s ime
color as the sep il Belongs to the Emesti group of \ iiieties —
Maculatum An nh^imn vMivt\ '- Man i< i dluininn Joim
same as \lbo m irgin itum Pet ils thiekh eo\eied with spi is lu
regular lines — Maul i White portion of the upper sep il pre
dominating extendiiiu' to th tits in either side of the green
disk uppermost sj is m I tioiji < ttierwise the spots are
larger brownish iiul t \\ — U I pper sepal large deep

green — Macfarinn I \lli It i snidei'e Sepal and pet
als narrower, deepei \lII « - 1/ niinn Fls pale yellow

648. Cypripedii

%)

-JR(CTis.— Larger than
very large; nppersepal white-
margined: spots in irregular rovrs.— Pynaerti.— Schroederi-
Anum. Fls. extremely large; upper sepal nearly orbicular, or

26. Exill, Rolfe. Lvs. narrower and more rigid than in
the preceding species: upper sepal greenish yellow at
the base, spotted with brown, upper part white ; petals
and labellum' similar to those of C.Dnirt/i. Siam. B.M.
7510. — Considered by some to be a form of C. insigne.

27. Drilryi, Beddome. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green:
scape about 1 ft. high : ovary subtended by a small
bract ; upper sepal arching at the summit, yellowish
with a dark median band; petals ligulate, yellow, with
a dark median band ; labellum yellowish. May, June.
India I.H. 24:265. A.F. 6:555.

28. Tilldsum, Lindl. Lvs. linear-ligulate, uniform
green spotted with brown-purple at the base : scapes co-
piously long-hairy : ovary subtended by a bract nearly
as long as itself : upper sepal narrow at the base,
broader above, brownish at the base, otherwise greenish
yellow, finely margined with white ; petals spatulate,
broad at apices, wavy-margined, oblique, with a con-
spicuous brown midvein, otherwise brownish yellow ;
labellum brownish yellow; staminode large, oblong, yel-
lowish. Jan., Feb. India. I.H. 4:126. A.F. 6:555.

Var. B6xalli. Hort. (C. BdxalU. Reichb. f.). Upper
sepal spotted with blackish spots, which are more or
less confluent along the median line. Burma. I.H.
26:345.

29. SAllieri, Godef. Petals somewhat resembling
those of the above; upper s^al large, broad at and to-
ward the summit, yellowish green, spotted with brown,
and provided with a broad white border round the up-
per half. Supposed natural hybrid between C. villosum
and C. insUjne.

436

CYPRIPEDIUM

BB. FIs. more than 2.
c. Petals spatulate.

30. Ldwei, Lindl. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green: scapes
often more than 3 ft. long, arching, bearing several fls. :
upper sepal yellowish veined with brownish purple at
the base, broadly oval, basal margins revolute ; petals
fully 3 in. long, deflexed, twisted, spatulate, yellowish,
with numerous brown-purple spots at and toward the
base, the spoon-shaped extremities dull crimson-purple;
labellum brown, infolded lobes paler; staminodium ob-
cordate, with a horn-like projection at base. April, May.
Borneo. F.S. 4:375. A.F. 11:1349. R.H. 1857, p. 402;
1883, p. 352; 1885, p. 473.

31. Haynaldiinum, Reichb. f. Lvs. ligulate, leathery,
uniform green : scapes about 20 in. long, villose, green-
ish brown, 1-5-fld.: upper sepal oval, lower margins
revolute, cream-white above, purplish at the margins,
the base yellowish, spotted with reddish brown; petals
linear, broad at the extremities, and of a dull purple
color, yellowish from the base about half way, with
several large, reddish brown spots ; labellum green
tinged with dull purple; staminodium similar to that of
preceding, but narrower. Jan.-May. Philippine Isls.
B.M. 6296.

cc. Petals linear, usuaUy drooping and twisted.

32. Pirishii, Reichb. f. Lvs.coriaceous, thick, ligulate:

scapes arching, pale green, bearing several fls. : upper

sepal Vflluwish. with jireen veins, narrowly oval, basal

margins i. ;! m ,1 : jm ; ,1s linear, twisted, obliquely pen-
dent, 1^1- ' 'i :t and toward the base, with sev-
eral blari -I , I a row of marginal dots ; distal
ends dull, _'l'i--\. i'i-'>\vnish purple ; labellum dark
green, usu:illy tiMi,'cd with brown-purple; staminodium

CYPRIPEDIUM

obcordate, with a tooth i
5791. Gt. 47:25. I.H.
species.

33. Stdnei, Hooker. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green, de-
cidedly coriaceous : scapes long, greenish brown, 3-5-
fld. : upper sepal nearly orbicular, white, with 4 crimson-
magenta veins or streaks, 2 on each side near the upper
margin, suffused behind with crimson; lower sepal nar-
rower, with several streaks, similar in color to those on
the upper sepal ; petals linear, at first spreading, then
drooping, twisted at the extremities, pale yellow at the
base, becoming deeper and finally reddish brown at and
near the apices, spotted with crimson-brown; labellum
calceiform, dull rose on the front, paler beneath, finely
veined with deeper rose. Autumn. Borneo. B.M. 5349.
—One of the finest in the genus.

34. Philippinfinse, Reichb. f. (C. lavigAttim, Batem.).
Lvs. thick, ligulate-oblong, uniform green: scape brown-
ish, bearing from 2-5 fls. : upper sepals whitish, broadly
ovate, striped with crimson-magenta ; lower sepal
striped with green; petals linear, twisted, drooping ob-
liquely, greenish at base, becoming pale brown-purple
toward the extremities; labellum small, yellowish;
staminodium sub-cordiform. April, May. Philippine
Isls., 1864. B.M. 5508. G.P. 3:309.

35. pristans, Reichb. f. (C. (jlanduUrerum , Blume.
C. Ifeo-&uinet?)ise, Sort.}. Lvs. coriaceous, deep green:
peduncle longer than the lvs.: sepals about equal,
broadly ovate, yellowish white, veined with reddish
brown; petals with marginal warts, twisted, yellowish
green ; labellum calceiform, yellowish ; staminodium
nearly quadrangular, lateral margins inflexed. Aug.
NewGuinea. I.H. 34:26. R.H. 1896, p. 421. -C prresfans,
var. KimballiiniiiiH, Hort., is another form. This is not
to be contounil.-.l with C. Kimballianum (see No. 37).

36. Sanderiiuum, Iiiiolili. f. Lvs. ligulate, thick, uni-
form green: scapt- Imiil^, reddish brown, bearing several
fls.: upper si-pal narn.wly ovate, yellowish, striped with
brown; petals Im. ar, al.^nt 18 in. long, yellowish at the
base, marki .1 \iiili n.l,iish brown, the middle part
barred with mMish 1.i,,\mi and yellow, purplish brown
at and toward th.- l.linii apices ; labellum brownish.
Feb.-Mav. Hiibilat known but not revealed: perhaps
north Borneo. G.C. III. 19:329. Gt. 43:520.

37. EothscMldianum, Reichb. f. Fig. 647. Lvs. thick:
scape reddish brown, bearing several fls. : upper sepal
ovate, acute, striped with brownish (almost black) veins,
ground color yellowish ; petals linear, spreading, ob-
lique, yellowish, striped and spotted with dark brown-
purple; labellum slipper-form, brownish, margin pale
yellow, whitish beneath ; staminode with a projecting
beak. Winter months. Borneo. B.M. 7102. G.F. 6:145.
— C. JSIIiottidmim, O'Brien, is a variety of the above, or
at least very closely allied to it. J.H. III. 32:55. A.F.
6:557; 7:855. — C. ,ff"im6a??i(in«m, from Borneo, is a nat-
ural hybrid of C . JRothschildianum x C. Dayanum: see
A.G. 20:719, Fig. 186.

ccc. Petals much twisted, not drooping.

38. Chamberlainitaum, O'Brien. Lvs. dark green,
ligulate: scape arching, bearing several lis. that open in
succession: ovary not conspicuously ribbed; upper se-
pal pale green, brownish at base, with about 12 veins
which, brown at first, terminate green; margin whitish,
ciliate, dorsal surface hairy; petals narrow, spreading,
reflesed, twisted, green, with lines of numerous red-
brown spots, tinged rose-pink near the column ;
labellum pale rosy mauve, copiously dotted with deeper
mauve ; infolded lolies pale green : staminodium oval.
Sumatra. B.M. 7578, as a Paphiopedilum. R.H. 1892,
pp. 104-5. G.P. 5:413.

39. Victdria-Marlffi, Rolfe. Similar to the above: la-
bellum dull purple ; petals and upper sepal not lined
with brown spots. Perhaps only a variety of C. Cham-
berlain ianum. Sumatra. B.M. 7573, as a Paphiopedilum.

AAA. Lvs. membranaceous, plicate.
B. Foliage of two lvs. upon the ground, or nearly so.

40. acaflle, Ait. Fig. 648. Lvs. ovate, oblong-oval:
scape naked, tall : upper sepal and petals brownish,
lanceolate ; labellum pink-purple to white (variable).

CYPRIPEDIUM

with a fissure In front; staminodium spatuliform. May
and June. Newfoundland to N. C, west to Ind., Mich,
and Minn. G.W.P. 11. A.Q. 13:514; 14:405. Gng.
4:263. A.P. 11:1049.

BB. Foliage of two Irs. above the ground.

41. Megans, Reichb. f. Plant about 4 in. high: Ivs.
opposite, borne on an elongated annual stem: upper se-
pal narrowly ovate, veined with reddish brown; petals
lanceolate, similarin color to the sepals; labellum brown-
ish, corrugated ; staminode elliptic. July. Sikkim.—
Probably not in cultivation in this country.

42. Jap5nicain, Thunb. Lvs. nearly opposite, roundish,
undulately plicate: bract longer than the ovary, fl. ter-
minating the scape: sepals and petals lanceolate, acu-
minate, greenish, dotted with red; labellum white-pink;
staminodium cordate, channeled. April, May. Japan.

BBB. Foliage of several or many ivs. on the stem.
c. Lower sepal divided.

43. arietinum, E. Brown. Plant about 6 in. high, slen-
der: lvs. lanceolate: fls. small, terminal, solitary ; upper
sepal ovate-lanceolate, brownish green ; petals linear;
labellum tapering at the apex, white veined with red-
dish purple, clothed with white, woolly hairs near the
aperture ; staminodium nearly round. May. Maine to
N. Y., Mich, and Minn., and northward. B.M. 1569.
L.B.C. 13:1240. F.S. 20:2095.-Fls. curiously irregular
in shape, resembling a ram's head.

44. HimalMcum, Kolfu. Plant 8-12 in. high: lvs. 3,
elliptic-oblong: u| p i . i.il ,.vnte, brownish, with
deeper colored vri r.iw, oblong, paler than
the upper sepal ; !■ : r^- brown, many-nerved;
staminode heart-ill - . .1,. lUiotan. — Probably not
cultivated in this c..iuiu>.

45. Thib^ticum, King. Lvs. 3, close together on the
stem: labellum larger than in the preceding, and not de-
pressed, br<jwii purple; petals pale brown; staminode
oval-cordatf, angled at the base. July. Sikkim. — Prob-
ably not in cultivation.

CYPRlPEniUM

437

Lower sepal little <

It all di

ded.

46. cindidum, Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. ter-
minal, solitary; sepals broucb.-r than the ])etals, ovate-
lanceolate; petals spreadin:-' like- tin- srpals, greenish ;
labellum white, striped iusidr wiili puiplr; staminodium
lanceolate. May and June. N. V.. l\nu., Minn., Mo.
and Ky.

47. pubfiscens, Willd. Fig. 649. Lvs. oval, acute :
petals usually twisted, much narrower than the ovate-
lanceolate sepals ; labellum pale yellow; staminodium
triangular. Same range as No. 49. May and June.
B.M. 911, as C. parviflorum. A.G. 13:513. Mn. 7:5.

48. Calcedlus, Linn. Fls. usually solitary ; labellum
yellow, slightly compressed, shorter than the lower se-
pal; sepals and petals deep, rich brown; staminoditun
triangular. Yorkshire and other northern counties of
Eng.,Eu. R.H. 1892, p. 392. E.B. 21:210.

49. parvifldmm, Salisb. Lvs. ovate, acute: fls. smaller
than In O. pubescens; labellum flattened from above and
below, not laterally, bright yellow; staminodium trian-
gular. May and June. Newfoundland to Ga., west
to Minn, and E. Kans. A.G. 13:515.

50. spectibile, Swartz. Fig. 650. Plants stout:
oval, acute: sepals ovate, rather roundish, white; petals
oblong, white ; labellum white or pale pink-purple ;
staminodium oval-cordate. June. Maine, western New
Eng. to Minn, and Mo., mountains of N. Car. R.H
1868:410. Gn. 53, p. 77. R.B. 20, p. 198. A.F. 11:1048
Gng. 4:262, 327.

51. macrinthon, Swartz. Lvs. oblong, acute : fls
purple, not spotted ; upper sepal oblong, acute ; lower
sepal smaller ; petals ovate-lanceolate ; labellum
tracted at the aperture. Moist, shady places, northern
Asia, Siberia. R.H. 1877:310.

52. Califdmicum, Gray. Plants either slender or stout,
varying in height, sometimes exceeding 2 ft.: lvs. ovate-
alternate : floral bracts very large, becoming narrowly
ovate: fls. small, from 6-12 open at the same time, an
inch or more apart on the stem ; labellum whitish ; se-

pals oval, yellowish green; petals narrowly oblong, col-
ored like the sepals. Calif. B.M. 7188. G.P. 1:281.

53. montinum, Dougl. One to 2 ft., leafy, pubescent:
lvs. ovate to broad-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long : fls. 1-3,
short-pedicelled, the wavy-twisted petals brownish, the

650. Cypripedii

spectabile. Natural i

grant. Grows in climips. Handsome.

54. Irapeanum, Have et Lex. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate:
fls. large, sevt ral. >.-]iaN ami petals about equal ; label-
lum very lari;r. mtuli in Mated, suggesting the inflated
petal of a t'al. . ulari.i, M \.— This species has not as
yet been stHa-rvsfully -■ulnxated.

Supplementary list, rninprisini; hybrid Cypripediums (for
catalogues of hybrids, see UC. III. 17; ItO and A.G. 16: 118):
Acis = Lawreneeamim X insi:,'ne. var. M&nlei.— Adra8tu8 =
Leeanujn X villosxun, v.ar. Boxallii. — .l?cid^s = insig^leXhi^-
sutissim^un.— jl ^^rc rf HoUinfrt'iii = fi\iol!ireX Philippinense.—
AUanianum= Spicerianuin X Curtisii.— A?7ft«m = barbatumX
li&wrencesLnMm. ~~ Amandum= insigne X venustum. — 4mm-
a»rem = villosum X venitstum (see Measuresianum).— Apicu-
ia(um = barbatiimXvillQsum, var. Boxallii.— 4r(«ni8 = Day-
anumXSwanianum, — ^rtAuriaiium = insigne XFairieanom.

CYPRIPEDIUM

A P 6 5'i--Arlhu
tini X FaineanuMi
turn X msigne I !
= same — Aspa^i i

Chlormi
XHonk
tilde 1/

pulchellum = in'iisnQ Chin

' l( obstiirum) =barba

'/ >iiia \ ti expansum

Dist Icon des O —
.. -i.t«(n<-e=BoxaUuX
in>,iinie — jBr!/anit(Bur
IK hantanum = T>niryi'K
I CrossuXLowii — Cait
ifhscfiiMianum =qaI\o

CYPRIPEDIUM

— Argils X Curtisii, — Hybridum = villosum X barbatum.—
/rto=Haynal(iian\imX Mrs. Cauham.— /nferm^diwm. See Hy-
bndum. — Io = Lawrenceanum X Argus. — Javanico • Spiceri-
See ljxiteseens.~ Javanico-superbiens.— Joseph Donate

— Brur,
var el. . i

Hamsi u.

lare - Harrisunufm -
R B 22 148 Ait.
barbatum X viJlosum

/w. r= Koth

' lirajidt =lo
imm Xinsigne
m — Qerminy

^um X hirsutismmimi — 6^ga8=
'. Lawrenc eanum — Gowenanitm
- Qrninnum =' Dniryi X cilio
im X villosxim F b 22 2289-90
Tnrnsianttm var superbum =
isianum ^-w Dauthiem = h&r

.iihi:

^%^-

inum = Druryi X Ja-

allosum X Fairieanum .

1 ^ ^eUf Memiii. - Macropttriun =
oj:>/ii///i(;/)=HookeraeXbarbatum.

— Fallens -
Lawrence;!!
-P€lia8=\

l>atuin X villosiim. — H. Ballantine = purpuratum X Fairie-
anum. — Hephaestus =callosum X ? — Hnitsnnii = Lawrence-
anum (pistillate) X Philippense. A.F. l+:iuy4. (rng. 7: 242. —
Horniatium = Spicerianum X superbiens. — Hurrellianum

CYPRIPEDIUM

liaerum. var. majus = barbatum X Philippiueuse. A.P. 11 ; 1349.

— Seegerianum = HarrisianiimX Spiceriauimi.— SupercUiare =
barbatum X superbiens. — Sutan Ames = Leeanum X nitens.

— SDnid-BruTm = Lowei X Ourtlsil.— SM>antaimm=Dayanum
Xbarbatum.— A'OTn6M™ei = insigne, var. Maulei X Argus.—
T. B. ffoMioood = Dnuyi X superbiens. — rp«5eio(um = con-
colorX barbatum. \.V. 7:707.— 77m'/crianw7«=Lawrenceanum
Xvillosum. var. n.ixaP.ii.— 77i,V„;K(ion!/7»i= HarrisianuiaXin-
signe.var. Ihmlii— / A. ;/((..// m ^u|i, rbionsXinsigne.— TAoto-
tonii.vur. ISlombrrun niM-nr • ^mi.iliiens. — K(y;ls=Spiceri-
anumXoenanthuiii. \ n ^upi rl'uni — /'o/iso-i-jV/osi/m^tonsumX
viUosum.- Tarpr^ li:a l.,iniiii \i;;iis,- T. W. B(OT,<J = hirsutis-

CYKTOMIUM

439

iXSiv

X Lawrenceanum. — l"" i/.i^'/.^zjM';/; — - ni\ ■tini -. 1 '.nilhieri.
A.F. 6:557.-Fcra;.r".„ - .Xr-ns -^illnsuni - \',nllurium =
barbaturaXFairioiniiiiH.— U'.f//.' i-h'nunn— I I:n-n~i.n\iiiii Xvil-
losum.— Wiganianujn ^ llanisiaiimu ur Iluuki-ni' ■, Ashbur-
ton».— Tri»iams;a)i»»i=HarrisianuinXvenustum or villosum.
O. debile, Reichb. f., a small Japanese species, is offered by
importers of Japanese plants. It is the O. cardlophtjllum,
Franch. & Sav. Pis. very small, not much larger than those of
Calypso borealis.—G. fasciculatum is offered by importers of
Dutch bulbs. The O. fasciculatum, Kellogg, is Californian:
2-6 in. .bearingapair of nearly opposite, ov.ate, somewhat acute
Ivs. : fls. solitary or several, greenish, the depressed lip greenish
yellow with a purplish margin. Oakes Ames.

CYBtLLA (after Dominico Cyrillo, professor of medi-
cine at Naples, 1734-1799). Cyrillclceai. Shrub, rarely
tree: Ivs. short-petioled, entire, glabrous, deciduous or
nearly persistent: fls. small, white, in narrow slender
racemes, 5-raerous: fr. a small indehiscent 2-celled cap-
sule with 2 seeds. Probably one variable species from
N. Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, and in W. India
and S. America. Ornamental shrub, rarely cultivated,
with handsome bright green foliage, and graceful ra-
cemes of white fls., hardy north to New York.
Thrives best in humid sandy soil and shady position.
Prop, by seeds and cuttings under glass, with slight bot-
tom heat.

racemiilora, Linn. Leatherwood. Shrub, occa-
sionally tree to 30 ft. ; Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblanceo-
late, usually obtuse, reticulate-veined, 2-3 in. long,
bright green, turning orange and scarlet in fall, but in
tropical climates evergreen: racemes 4-0 in. long, erect,
at length nodding. B.M. 2456. S.S. 2:51.- The variety
from W. India has been described as C. Antillana,
Michx., and that of Brazil as C. racemifera, Vandelli.
Alfred Kehder.

CYETANTHUS (Greek, carved flowers; from their
pendulous habit). AmaryllidAcew. Twenty species of
tender bulbs from South Africa, known only in a few
American greenhouses. Their culture is presumably
like that of many other bulbs from the same region.
They are suitable for pot culture, or for planting out In
summer. The following analytical key gives an idea of
the group, and its three subgenera.

A. Fls. many in an umbel, pendulous.
E. IA!S. strap-shaped. ( Cyrtanthus proper. )

obliquus, Ait. Bulb ovoid, 3-4 in. thick: Ivs. 10-12,
strap-shaped, distichous, produced after the fls., lJ^-2
ft. long : scape 1-2 ft. long, stout, mottled : fls. 10-12 in
an umbel, entirely drooping, odorless, bright red, with
more or less yellow, and greenish tips 2-3 in. long; pedi-
cels %-! in. long; style not exserted. Cape Colony. B.
M. 1133.

BB. Lvs. linear. (Monella.)

ffiickenii, Hook. f. Bulb 1 K in. thick: lvs. 2-6, ap-
pearing with the fls., linear, 1 ft. long: scape slender,
slightly glaucous: fls. 4-10 in an umbel, pure white,
2 in. long; stvle exserted. Natal. G.C. I. 29:641. Gn.
50, p. 63.

AA. Fls. single, or few in an umhel, erect or sliglith)
curved downward. (Gastronema.)

BaugTiIneus, Hook. Bulb 2 in. thick: lvs. 3-4, appear-
ing with the fls., lanceolate, petioled, 1 ft. long: scape
slender, 6-9 in. long: fls. 1-3, bright red, 3-4 % in. long,
wider funnel-shaped than in the two preceding species,
with a throat 1 in. across. Caffraria, Natal. B.M. 5218.

C. Huttoni, Baker, belongs to Cyrtanthus proper, but its lvs.
appear with the fls., and it has 6-8 or even 12 pale red fls. about
1 in. long, and a much shorter style than in O. obliquus. Cape
Colony. B.M. 7488. Gn. 50:1076. W. M.

CYRTOCARPA {Greek, curved fruit). AnaeardiAcece.
Two Mexican trees, of which one bears a small fruit,
likened to a cherry by the natives of Lower Calif. In-
troduced into S. Calif, by F. Franceschi. Santa Bar-

prOcera, HBK. Very tall tree, with slender, terete,
dark purplish, resinous branches : lvs. alternate, odd-
pinnate: leaflets 5-7 or 9, oblong, entire, with a very
slight silkiness, especially below, very shortly stalked,
1 in. or more long, half as wide: fls. white, inconspic-
uous, in panicles 1-2 in. long; calyx 5-parted, villous,
persistent ; segments roundish ; petals 5, elliptic ; sta-
mens 10; style 1: fr. the size of an olive, edible. Mex.
HBK. 6, t. 609.

CYETOCHtLUM. Referred to Oncidium.

CYRTODfilRA. See Episcia.

CYET6MIUM (Greek, a bow). Polypodictcem. A
genus of Asiatic half-hardy or greenhouse ferns o£
rigid habit, with simply pinnate lvs., anastomosing
veins and firm indusia fixed by the depressed center.
Culture as for Polystichiun, to which it is closely allied.

A. Margins of pinwce entire or slightly undulate.

falcS.tum, J. Sm. Pig. 653. Pinna) ovate, falcate ;
the lower rounded or obliquely truncate at the base, 4-6
in. long, 1-2 in. wide. Japan and India. — The large thick,
glossy foliage makes it an excellent fern for decorations.

F6rtunei, J. Sm. Pinnts lanceolate, opaque, 2-4 in.
long, J-^-1 in. wide. Japan.

B. Margins of pinnce toothed or sometimes lobed.

caryotideum, J. Sm. Pinnfs larger, 5-7 in. long, 1%-
2K wide, often auricled on both sides at the base,
sharply toothed. India. l. m. Underwood.

440

CYRTOPERA

CTKTOPfiEA. Consult Cijrtopodium Woodfordii.

CYBT0P6DIUM (Greek forcurMti fcof, from the shape
of the Up). OrchiddcerK, tribe Vdndew. Epiphytes:
stems fusiform, bearing plicate leaves : sepals and petals
equal, free ; column semiterete : pollinia 2, caudicle
short, gland ovate: scapes radical, bearing numerous
flowers, pure yellow or spotted with crimson. Probably
two dozen species, widely distributed in the tropics.
They are large-growing plants, with large and showy
flowers. They need a rich, flbrous soil with manure.
Grow in a warm or tropical house.

Andersonii, R. Br. Stems 5 ft. high": Ivs. long, lan-
ceolate, sheathing at the base: scape often 3 ft. high,
branching, bearing many yellow flowers: sepals and
petals broad, bright yellow, the labellum brighter, front
lobe slightly concave. Specimens with over 100 fls. have
been recorded. Tropical Amer. B.M. ISOO.

punotitum, Lindl. Habit as above: scape from 2-3 ft.
high, branching about midway, dotted with dull purple,
the branches subtended by membranaceous sheathing
bracts, which are lanceolate, undulating, and dotted
with crimson : sepals oblong-lanceolate, undulate,
greenish yellow blotched with crunson; petals similar,
spotted at the base; labellum yi in. long, fleshy, bright
yellow, lateral lobes crimson, midlobe spotted and
margined with crimson; column green. Extensively dis-
tributed through S. Amer. B.M. 3507. F.S. 22: 2352.-
Var. Saintlegeriinum, Hort. (C. Saintlegeriinum ,
Reich, f. ). Has brighter markings on the bracts and

Woddiordii, Sims {Cyrtopera Woddfordii, Lindl.).
Stems fusiform: Ivs. lanceolate: scape radical, bearing
a many-flowered raceme: fls. greenish, with a purple la-
bellum; sepals linear lanceolate; petals oblong. Trinidad,
Martinique. B.M. 1814. Oakes Ames.

CYETOSPfiRMA (Greek, curved seed). AroXdecc.
This genus includes a handsome warmhouse tuberous
foliage plant, with large, hastate red-veined leaves,
resembling an Alocasia, but t-;isil\' distiniruished by its
spiny stems. It was introilnr, d int.. culr. in 1880 from
the Solomon Islands as ,1 /"'i."/ ./>:;, ;^v/.. hi', but two
years later it flowered, and it iMcanic evident that the
plant was a Cyrtosperma. This plant was once adver-
tised by Pitcher & Manda as Cyrtemeria, apparently a
typographical error, as there is no such genus. Cyrto-
sperma has 9 species, remarkably scattered in the tropics.
They are herbs with tubers or long rhizomes : leaf and
flower-stalks often spiny or warty: Ivs. hastate or sagit-
tate; petioles long, sheathing at the base. Culture
presumably same as Alocasia.

Jdhnstoni, N. E. Br. {Aloclisia Jilinstoni, Hort.).
Tuberous: petiole 2-2% ft. long, olive green, spotted
rose, covered with fleshy, spine-like warts: Ivs. sagit-
tate, depressed In the middle, lJ^-2 ft. long, olive-green,
with prominent and beautiful red veins above. I.H.
27:395.

C. firox, Lind. & N. E. Br., is a second species of this genus,
figured In I.H. 39:153, but not known to be in the Amer. trade.
It has 'narrow-sagittate Ivs. on slender, very prickly petioles ;
spathe rather large, reflexed, greenish while. Borneo.

CYBTOSTACHYS (Greek for arched spike). Pal-
mdcect, tribe Arecem. Three Malayan, spineless, pin-
nate-leaved palms, sometimes seen in choice collections.
They thrive on the treatment given to Areca and Chrys-
alidocarpus. Spadix large, branching and pendent: fls.
monoecious, the two kinds in one spadix— each pistillate
accompanied by two staminates with 6 stamens. Two
species are offered in this country :

B^nda, Blume. Height 25-30 ft. : leaflets linear or
ensitorm, obtuse, unequally 2-toothed, delicate gray be-
neath, the petioles dark, brownish red.

L&kka, Becc. Petioles green : Ivs. broad, boldly
arched, the leaflets unequally 2-toothed.

CYBTACANTHUS (Greek for bladder Acanthus, be-
cause the flowers are inflated). AcanthAcew. B'ive erect,
evergreen herbs of Burma and Cochin China, with
showy, sessile fls. in the axils of bracts, the entire in-

CYTISUS

florescence more or less crowded into a terminal panicle
orthyrse. Corolla-limb spreading, unequally 5-lobed, the
lobes short-rotund : stamens 2 : style filiform, the stigma
2-toothed : Ivs. entire. One species is cult, in the Old
World, but is not known to be in the Amer. trade. This
is C. turqida, Nicholson, B.M. 6043 asMeninia turgida,
Fua. It comes from Cochin China; 2 ft. or less high,
with prominently jointed stems and opposite, elliptic-
lanceolate Ivs. : fls. white, yellow in the throat and pink-
reticulated on the lobes. Cult, as other warmhouse
Acanthads. (See ^pfteto/id-ro for example.) Prop, by
cuttings of young wood.

CYST6PTEEIS (Greek, bladder- fern). PolypodU-
cea. A small genus of hardy native ferns, with deli-
cate foliage, and round sori, covered by a delicate indu-
sium which is attached under one side and opens at the
other, becoming hood-like in appearance and finally
disappearing. The 5 species all grow in the north tem-
perate zone. Of easy culture in shady, rich borders.

C. bulbifera, Bernh. Lvs. 8-24 in. long, widest at the
base, tripinnatifld, bearing on the under surface of the
rachis a series of bulb-like bodies, which germinate and
propagate new plants. Thrives best on luue-bearing
rocks. Canada to North Carolina.

C. Jrigilis, Bernh. Fig. 654. Lvs. clus-
tered, 4-8 in. long besides the slender stalks,
tripinnatifld, widest above the base. Widely
distributed over the world at all altitudes.
L. M. Underwood.

CtTISUS (Greek name for
a kind of clover). Legu-
mindsw. Broom. Mostly low
shrubs, rarely small trees :
lvs. trifoliolate, sometimes uni-
foliolate, rather small, alter-
nate, deciduous or persistent,
sometimes few and minute and
branches almost leafless : fls.
papilionaceous, axillary or in
terminal heads or racemes, yel-
low,white or purple; sta-
mens 10, connate ; style
curved : pod flat, dehis-
cent, with few or many
seeds ; seeds with a cal-
lose appendage at the
base. About 45 species
in S. and M. Europe, Ca-
nary Isl., N. Africa and
W. Asia. Ornamental
free - flowering shrubs,
blooming most in early
spring and summer.
Nearly hardy north are
C. hirsutus,C. capitattiSt
G. scoparius, C. nigri-
cans,V .leucanthus,vr)i\\&
the evergreen species C.
C'anariensis, C. candi-
cans, C filipes are hardy
only south. Most of the
species are well adapted
for borders of shrubberies, and thrive in almost any
well drained soil and in sunny position; they naturalize
themselves often very quickly in dry, gravelly soil,
where few other plants will grow; C. scoparius espe-
cially does so. The Cytisus ought to be transplanted
carefully and when young, as they do not bear trans-
planting well as older plants. Some dwarf species like
C. Ardoini, Kewensis, glabrescens, purpureus and
leucanthiis are very handsome for rockeries. The ever-
green V. Canariensis and racemosns are much grown
in the north as greenhouse shrubs, blooming profusely
in early spring ; also the white-flowering C. albtis and
filipes make handsome pot-plants, and may be had
in bloom in February with gentle forcing. For pot-
plants, a light sandy loam with peat added forms a suit-
able compost. After flowering the plants should be cut
back and repotted as soon as they start into new growth.

654. Cyitopteris fraeilis.

CYTISUS

After repotting thev are kept close and often syringed
until they are establisiied ; tiien they ought to have plenty
of air and only slight shade. When the new growth has
been finished "they may be put in the open air until frost
is threatening. During the winter they should be kept
in a cool greenhouse with plenty of light and carefully
and moderately watered. From January they may be
transferred gradually in a warmer house for forcing.

fl^'^h^^

CYTISUS

441

throws

//^^•-

Cuttings started in early spring, transplanted several
times and then gradually hardened off, can be grown into
flowering specimens for the following spring. Prop, by
seeds sown in spring and by greenwood cuttings under
glass ; they are also sometimes increased by layers or by
grafting. As stock C. nigricans is much used, or La-
burnum vulgare for small standard trees ; for plants
grown in the greenhouse or south, C. C'anariensis is a
good stock. Alfred Rehdee.

Of Cytisus, the young growths root readily in Decem-
ber and January in the ordinary way. They should be
shifted on as they grow. Hood sized plants can be pro-
duced if shifting and pinching is not neglected. By the
following winter, the winter-propagated plants should
be in 5-in. pots, in which size they are most useful.
Keep very cool during winter and withhold any forcing.
They flower in March, or, if kept at a night temperature
of 45°, as late as April. Syringe at all times to prevent
red spider. To produce good sized plants in one year,
it is best to keep them plunged on a bench under the
glass the entire summer, with little shade. Older plants
can be plunged out of doors during July, August and
September. William Scott.

Index : albus, 2 ; Andreanus, 1 ; atropurpureus, 5 ;
Canariensis, 10; candioans, S; capitatus, 7; oarneus, 5 ;
elongatus, 14, and suppl. list ; Everestianus, 11 ; falca-
tus, 6; filipes, 3; hirsutus, G ; incarnatus, 2; Linkii, 2 ;
linifolius, 13; Maderensis, 9; nigricans, 14; Palmensis,
3; pendulus, 5; proliferus,4; purpureus, 5; racemosus,
11, 12; ramosissimus, 10; Schipksensis (which is offered
in the trade as this page goes to press) will be found in
the supplementary list under C. leucanthus; scoparius,
1; stenopetalus, 12. See Laburnum and Adenocarpus.
A. Fls. lateral along the branches.
B. Style very long, spirally incurved at the apex:

fls. large, yellow or partly crimson.
1. Bcopirius, Link. (Sarothdmnus scopirius, Wimm.
Spdrtium scopctrium, hinn.). Scotch Broom. Shrub,
to 10 ft., with erect, slender branches: Ivs.short-petioled,
1-3-folioIate ; Ifts. obovate or oblanceolate, sparingly
appressed-pubescent, H-H in. long: fls. usually solitary,
% in. long ; calyx and pedicels nearly glabrous : pod
brownish black, glabrous, villous only at the margin.
May, June. M. and S. Europe.— Var. Andreanus, Dipp.
{Genista Andredna, Puissant). Pis. yellow with dark
crimson wings. R.H. 1886:373. Gt. 40: 1342. R.B. 19:
129. J.H. III. 32:462. There are also varieties with
double and with yellowish white fls. and a form with
pendulous branches. All the vnrs. are more tender than
the type. — The Scotch Bmnni. ''. smpnriKs, has become
established in this coiiiitiv. :i< :, ii:;! iualized plant, in
waste places from Nova -. .:iiiia; and it is

also reported from Vanri. , i i .■. 1, is also recom-
mended by landscape irai-ii n r- l ■,■ > "Vi-ring raw and
broken places. Its yellow 11^. and nearly bare stems
make a unique combination in the American landscape.

Even when it kills to the ground iu
up its stems again in the spring.

BB. Style not or not much longer than the keel,

slightly curved.

o. Color of fls. white or purple.

D. Calyx short campanulate, not longer than wide:
foliage scarce.

2. 4Ibus, Liuk.( C. Linkii, Janka. Genista dlba. Lam.).
Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender, erect, grooved branches :
Ivs. short-petioled. 1- to 3-foliolate; Ifts. obovate-oblong
to linear-oblong, %-% in. long, sparingly appressed-
pubescent: fls. axillary, 1-3, white, %-% in. long: pod
appressed-pubescent. usually 2-seeded. May, June.
Spain, N. Africa. -Var. incamiltUB, Dipp. Fls. white,
slishtlr blushed. L.B.C. 11:1052 as a Spartina.

:;. lilipes,Webb(Spflr?oci/fisi(sfni>es,Webb). Shrub,
witli si, ii.ler, angulate, thread-like branches: Ivs. slen-
.Icr-pitu.led, 3-foliolate, nearly glabrous; Ifts. linear-
lanceolate : fls. axillary, 1-2, fragrant, pure white ;
wings much longer than the keel. Feb.-May. Tene-
riffa.— As C. Palmensis, Hort., in the Amer. trade.

always S-to-

4. prolifenis, Linn. Shrub, to 12 ft., with long and slen-
der pubescent branches : Ifts. oblanceolate, silky pu-
bescent beneath, green and sparsely pubescent above,
1-1% in. long : fls. white, 3-8 on rather long tomentose
pedicels ; calyx tomentose ; standard pubescent outside;
pod densely tomentose-villous, lM-2 in. long. May.June.
Canary Isl. B.R. 2:121. L.B.C. 8:761. -Recommended
as a fodder plant for California.

5. purpiireus, Scop. Procumbentorerectshrub,to2ft.,
quite glabrous : Ivs. rather long petioled ; Ifts. oval or
obovate, dark green above, K-1 in. long : fls. 1-3, purple;
calyx reddish : pod black, l-Wi in. long. May, June.
S.Austria, N. Italy. B.M. 1176. L.B.C. 9:892.-Var.
dlbus, Hort. Pis. white. Var. oimeus, Hort. Fls. light
pink. Var. atropurpdreus, Hort. Fls. dark purple. Var.
pfindulus, with slender, pendulous branches, is some-
times grafted high on Laburnum.

cc. Color ot fls. yellow.

6. hirsutus, Linn. Shrub,
to 3 ft., with erect or procum-
bent, villous, terete branclii's:
Ifts. obovate or obovati--ob-
long, villous pubescent be-
neath, %-% in. long : fls.
2-3, short,- petioled ; calyx
villous pubescent: pod 1 in.
long, villous. May, June.
M. and S. Europe, Orient.
B. M. 6819 (leaflets erro-
neously shown as serrate).
L.B.C. 6:520 (as C. falca-
tus) B. R. 14:1191 (as C.
multiflorus).

7. capitatus, Scop. Shrub,
to 3 ft., with erect, terete,
villous branches: Ifts. ob-
ovate or oblong - obovate,
sparingly appressed pubes-
cent above.villous pubescent
beneath, %-l in. long : fls.
yellow, brownish when fad-
ing, nearly 1 in. long : pod
vUlous, 1-lK in. long. July,
Aug. M. and S. Europe. L.
B.C. 5:497. I.H. III. 31:161
(as Genista).

Foliage pers

pubescent when young: Ivs. short-petioled, usually gla-

442 CYTISUS

brous above, pubescent beneath; Ifts. obovate or obo-
vate-oblong, Diucronulate, yi-% in. long: racemes 3-9-
fld., short, leafy at the base: fls. fragrant, bright yellow:
pod rufous-villous, slightly torulose. May, June. Medi-
terranean region, Canary Isl.

9. Mader6nsiB, Voss (Gnihta Uaderhisis, Webb).
Large shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., closely allied to C.
candicans and chiefly distinguished by the rufouswooUy
tomentum covering the young branches, petioles and
pedicels, and by the longer petioles. Lvs. crowded; Itts.
obovate, acute or mucronulate, often almost glabrous
above, scabby beneath, }<i-M m long about as long as
petioles: racemes fr-12 lid , short fls biight yellow,
slightly fragrant: pod 5-7 seeded Ma^ , June Madeira

10. Canarifinsis, Linn Gevista of florists Fig 655
Much-branched shrub, to b ft , with villous pubescent
branches : petioles at least half as long as the Ifts , Ifts
cuneate, obovate or oblong obovate, pubescent on both
sides, K-M in. long racemes usually many fld secund
fls. fragrant, bright yellow May-Julv Canary Isl A
P. 6:802.— Var. ramosissimus, Rehder (C ramosisst
mus, Poir. C. Attleyanus, Hort ) Lfts very small

short, but numerous

C 13 1201.

3:217

056 Shrub, to
letioled.lfts
, silky pu
I many fld ,
I ibh of gar

, .,n<s andC

DD. JRiicemes elongated
B, Nichols , nutM 11 n lu
6 ft. : branches pubescent I
oblong-obovate, mucronul
bescent on both sides i
secund and rather loost
den origin and hybrid btt«i a < i /,
stenopetaliis. A.F 6 8U2 , 1 J Hub -Better florists'
plant than the last. Var Everestiinus, Hort Fls of a
deeper shade of yellow, \ ery free flowermg R H

,lus, Voss (C. racemdsiis, Mam.). Shrub,
to 6 ft., with silky pubescent branches : Ivs. slender
petioled; lfts. cuneate, oblong or narrow-oblong, obtuse,
silky pubescent on both sides, K-IH in. long: racemes
many-fld., loose: fls. large, bright yellow. May, June.
Canary Isl. B.R. 26:23 {asGenista braeleolAta}. — Some-
times cultivated as C. splendens, but less desirable as a
greenhouse plant than the two former.

cc. Lrs. nearly sesnile.
13. linifdlius, Lara. Shrub, to 3 ft., with erect, ap-
pressed-sUky tomentose branches: lfts. linear or linear-
lanceolate, acute, revolute at the margin, nearly gla-
brous and shining above, silvery pubescent beneath, K-
1 in. long: racemes short and compact: fls. bright yel-
low: pod torulose. April-June. Spain, N. Air., Canary
Isl, B.M.442,

CYTISUS

BB. Foliage deciduous: branches quite terete.

14. nigricans, Linn. Shrub, 2-1 ft., with erect, ap-
pressed- pubescent branches : Ivs. long petioled; lfts.
obovate or oblong-obovate, glabrous above, appressed-
pubescent beneath, /^-l in. long: racemes very long and
slender, 3-8 in. long. June, July. Germany, N. Italy,
Hungary. L.B.C. 6:570. B.R. 10:802. Var. elongitUB,
Borkh. Blooming again in fall at the top of the elon-
gated fruiting racemes. R.H. 1891, p. 149 (as var.
Carlieri).

C 4 rfami, Poir.=Labuxnuni Adami.— C dlbus, Hacqu.= C.
leui iiithus — O alplnus Mill = Laburnum alpmum — C Ar
diini Fourn Prostrate shrub to 1 ft high Ivs trifoliate,
silk\ lis 1 b ixill iry yellow tihx cimpiuulite Apr , May
South ist I 1 Fl 111 -C iu'.tut N I inn \th d to C capi
t itus I tt ! rr \T II 1 lit silUjnl r nlothsides

fls \ 11 il\ it h \ill I s r] t II 1 1 ( lueasus

Willi Mil it ( s I ini I It I 1

large hriglit \fllow lis p( 1 \ili(ms

brteus Hort =0 scopiiius \ir ptu.

(Tehue congesta Weljb) \llied to L

lous tomentose small le ^^

decumbens, Walp Prosti i

villous fls yellow axillir\ 1-2 S Eu L B (J 8 718 -

Oato pvrpureus Hort =t veisiiolor— C elongatus Waldst i.

Kit =C R itisbonensis, ^ ar elongitus — C elongatus Hort =

C hirisutus — C fragrans Lim \lhed to C filipes Petioles

'Densely vu'
short Teneriffa - C
ilite ]oo<!ely

lfts

s rt r T

July

Southe ist( rn Eu \ ir s
pure white B liiv iii — C nub
prcecox Hort (< ill us X pur^ i
branches h 1 t h 1 it tl

Shrub, to :i ft., .■|],],ri--;rrl-J,nl,..vr,

1-3-foliolate, c.M.,i,i;,.i- l,ii..:,r bm.

ramentaceus, .Si(.b.= IVtt. i i:. 'run
Schaeff. Allied to C.iiirMinis. T.
prossed-pnbescent: lfts, KhiLiMU^ ,
yellow; calyx with apiir.-".-.!, v
June. M. Eu..W. Asia. \',.r • 1"
fls. larger, 3-5; calyx ivirli siin.
4:308 (as C. biflorus).-r l;uii,.,i
hirsutus.— O. sessiliiuUiis l.iun
glabrous; Ivs. nearly s<:-s^ilr, will
cemes short, 4-n-fld. May, .Inn. . ,^
L'Herit. Similar to C.liirsutus
calyx tube short, not tubular. A 1 1 1
der.— O. versicolor. Dipp. (C. I
shrub, with sparingly villous Ivs

■ath: fls. 1-2,
airs. April-
Jlore erect:

irvis*-

DABCECIA (after its Irish name St. Dabeoc's Heath).
More commonly spelled Daboecia. Syn., Borelta. Erich-
cem. Low evergreen shrub with alternate entire Its. and
drooping pedicelled fls. in long terminal racemes : corolla
ovoid, contracted at the mouth and shortly 4-lobed, with
recurved lobes ; stamens 8, included : capsule 4-celled,
dehiscent. One species in western Europe. Very
pretty heath-like shrub, with purple or white fls. in ele-
gant"loose racemi^. wi II ;» liuii 1 f"r rockeries or bor-
ders of evergri. II -1,! ' i Requires protection
north during th. y. .i i ■ rivi-s best in a peaty,

sandy soil. Pr.i|.. ii> ,.i,..,,.il like those of Erica,

and by cuttings ot liali rit-Liicd uuod under glass.

polildlia, Don {D. CantdhrU-u, Koch. Memiisia poU-
mia,3uss.). Irish Heath. To 2 ft. : branchlets glandu-
lar pubescent : Its. elliptic, the uppermost narrower,
revolute at the margin, whitish tomentose beneath,
shining and dark green above, J4-K in. long: racemes
many "(Id.: corolla K-K in. long, purple in the type.
June-Oct. Ireland, W. France, N. Spain. Gn. 52:1142.
Gt. 47:1450. L. B. C. 20: 1907. S. B. F. G. 2: 276. There
are many varieties, as dlba, with white fls. ; bicolor,with
white and purple striped fls. ; rdaea, with pink rts. ; gran-
difldra, with larger purple fls. Alfred Rehdek.

DACTYLIS(1

Graminea. Cd
flat-keeled or f
which expand w]
much flattened.
one-sided clusters.

.ftlir spike

t-red.

A. Fls. dark blue.
nervdsus, T. Anders. (Brdnthemum pulchillum,
Andrews and some dealers, while that of others is S.
blcolor, and of Roxburgh is Z>. purpiirascens. E. ner-
fdsMm.R. Br.). Pig. 658. Lvs. ovate or elliptical, acumi-
nate at both ends, somewhat crenate or entire : spikes
axillary, opposite, overlapping: bracts elliptical, acute:
limb of the corolla as wide as the tube is long. India.
B.M. 1358 as Jms/ic!<i Hpri'osa. Gn. 51:1118. G.C. II.

iugle species in Eu., Asia and
N. Africa, also naturalized in Australia and N. America.

glomer^a, Linn. Orchard Grass. Fig. 657. A some-
what coarse grass forming dense tufts. Culms 2-3 ft.
high, very leafy: lvs. flat, spreading: spikelets com-
pressed. 3-5 fld.: fl. -glumes lanceolate, very acute or
short awn-pointed, ciliate on the keel above. —One of the
best known and most useful pasture grasses, and useful
for lawns under trees.

Var. variegita, Hort., is a dwarf form of neat, com-
pact habit, with beautifully variegated silver and green
foliage. -Well adapted for forming edgings. It grows
l}^-2 ft. high, and is prop, by divisions.

P. B. Kennedy.

DACTYLOCTilNIUM (Greek, daMylos, finger, and
ktenion. comb). Finger -Comb Grass. This genus
closely resembles Eleusine, from which it differs chiefly
in having the terminal spikes shorter and each tipped
with a sharp prolongation of the axis. Annual, with
culms tufted or creeping, and rooting at the joints, IK-
2 ft. high. Spikes usually 3-5 in number, digitate, about
2 in. long; spikelets several-fld., crowded in two rows
along one side of a continuous axis. Species 2, one in
Australia, and the other appearing as a weed in all the
warmer countries of the world.

•ffigyptlacum, Willd. (EUus\ne ^gyptiea. Ci/nosiirus
^gyptius, hinn.). Crow-Foot. Spikelets very closely
packed, spreading at right angles to the rachis, 2 fld.,
with rudiments of two other fls.— An ornamental grass
introduced into N. Amer. from Asia or Africa. Mo.iave
Indians of S. California use the grain for food. In Africa
a decoction is prepared from the seeds for inflam-
mation of the kidneys. p^ B_ Kennedy.

D^aiDALACANTHUS (Greek words, meaning an^lcaM-
thad of curious structure). Acanth&cew. This genus
contains some tender shrubs of difficult culture under
glass, but great favorites in the tropics, particularly in
India. B. nervosus is a popular winter and spring-
blooming shrub in S. Fla. It has blue flowers, an inch
across, 5-lobed, and shaded purple at the mouth of the
tube. The names are much confused with those of
Eranthemum. The kinds mentioned below are, how-
ever, very distinct, from the garden standpoint, from
any given in this work under Eranthemum by the color

657. Dactylis elomerata- Orchard Grass (X H).
21:415.— A very pretty shrub for the warmhouse, its fls.
being of a color that is not very common in winter-
blooming plants. It is an easy subject to manage, re-
quirmg a light, rich soil, full sunlight and plenty of
water. Cuttings of young growth root readily in a warm-

aa. Fls. purple.

purpuriscens, T. Anders. (E. purpiirascens, Wight.

E. pulcMllum, Roxb., not Hort.). Lvs. broadly ovate,

(443)

444 D.EDALACANTHUS

cuspidate-acuminate, repand-crenate : spikes as above
bracts ovate-rhombic, with a slender beak, ciliate. In-
serted for contrast. Probably not cult. India.

W. H. Taplin and W. M.

658. Daedalacanthus

DaMONOBOPS (probably means God-like, of
appearance). PalmdcecB,tTihe Lepidocdrpem. Slender
palms, differing from Calamus in the deciduous, eymbi-
form or open spathes. Species about 40. Tropical
Asia. Same culture as Calamus. D. Draco produces
some of the "Dragon's Blood" of commerce.

calicirpuB, Mart. {Calamus caUcdrpus, GrifE.). Stem
erect or climbing, 1 in. diam. : Ivs. 6-8 ft. long, upper
small with long flagella ; Ifts. very many, 12-13 in. long,
Yi-V-i in. wide ; petiole 1 ft., base not gibbous or puck-
ered. Malacca.

LewisiUnus, Mart. (Cdlamus Lewisihtms , Griff.).
Stem climbing, 1 in. diam.: petiole 1 ft., base much
swollen, armed below with scattered, short, deflexed
spines, and above with straight and hooked spines IM
in. long ; Ifts. 13-15 in. long, 54-1 in. wide ; sheath armed
with solitary or seriate flat back spines. Penang.

Palemb4nicii3,- Blume. Stem erect : Ivs. pinnate,
broadly ovate, bright cinnamon-brown when young, and
Ifts. many, long, narrow ; petioles erect, with stout
spines on the back, which are deflexed and not thick-
ened at the base. Sumatra.

periacAnthuB, Miq. Height 15 ft. Resembles D. Pa-
lembanicus, but the young Ivs. are nearly straw-colored,
and the spines are placed in irregular rings. Sumatra.
—A most graceful species.

melanochsBteB, Blume. Stem erect : Ivs. pinnate, the
pinnae long and narrow, dark green and drooping, the
petioles sharp-spined at the sheathing base. Malaya.
—Very decorative. A small form is Var. microcirpuB.

intermfidiuB, Mart. Lvs. long-petioled, 4-6 ft. long :
Ifts. opposite or scattered, 18-20 in. long, 1-lK in. wide,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins and 3-5 costse
bristly above and below; rachis semi-cylindrical, spa-
ringly armed ; petiole 1 ft. long, with flattened spines;
stems at length 15-20 ft. long, %m. in diam. Malaya.

plumdsus, Hort. Graceful plume-like lvs., with pinnse
4 ft. or less long, petioles with rigid black spines with
white bases. India. Jared G. Smith.

DAHLIA

DAHLIA (named after Professor Andreas Dahl, a
Swedish pupil of Linnaeus, and author of Observationes
BotanicsB, a work of minor importance). Compdsiim.
Dahlias are amongst the commonest and most im-
portant garden plants. The spelling of the word Dahlia
shows that the a should be given the broad sound, but in
England it is everywhere given the long sound, and in
America it is often given the short sound. The long
sound of a makes the word indistinguishable from the
leguminous iT'-uus I):ilfa, nimied after Dale. In Germany
D;iiili:i- ;iiv -Mil r>.i ,hi iiii\ r,,l,,<| (/■ ..i-(/inen, because in

IHi'i: \V , ' i', . I -ma to these plants

un.l^ I I , :, . : I! -cuie very different

phiiit^ li.Li I- ill i-n V i-ii-;;. .:■■-.■)■<<■•■■] as Dahlia. Prac-
tically liil ui Liie iiaiiifU \arn-Lit-s ui l>ahlias have come
from" one immensely variable species, usually known
as D. variabilis. For garden purposes, however, a
second form of great importance, D. Juarezii, the
parent of the cactus forms, must be kept distinct,
as will be explained later. There are 5 other species
cultivated to a slight extent. The genus has many
names of species, but most of jthem are synonymous
and ill-understood names. There are perhaps 8 or 9
fairly distinct species altogether, Mexican almost ex-
clusively, with a very few in Central and South
America. It is curious that these showy plants should
be closely related to a common weed, the beggar's tick,
of the genus Bidens ; but other species of Dahlia have
leaves whose forms pass gradually into those of Bidens.
Other close allies are Cosmos and Coreopsis. Cosmos
flowers are some shade of purple, rarely white in wild
nature, and only one species has yellow fls. ; Core-
opsis has yellow fls. only; Bidens yellow or white; and
none of these genera have produced double-flowered
forms of the first importance. Dahlia has all these col-
ors and more, being far richer in bright reds, and lack-
ing only sky blue and its closely related hues, which are
seen to perfection in the China Asters. Few cultivated
plants have such a wide range of colors as the Dahlia;
even the Chrysanthemum is distinctly inferior in range,
as it lacks the brilliant and vivid scarlet, vermilion, and
other shades of red.

Although Dahlias are popular plants, especially in old
gardens, they are destined to still greater popularity
from the new '" Cactus " and " Decorative " types. There
exists a prejudice against Dahlias in many locali-
ties where these new types have never been seen. This
prejudice is part of a reaiction against formal and
artificial flowers in general. The old -time Dahlias were
as round and hard and stiff as a ball. The new-time
Dahlias are flatter, and tend towards loose, free, fluffy
chrysanthemum-like forms. The possibilities of the
old form have been practically exhausted; those of the
new form seem to be almost as boundless as those of
the Chrysanthemum— which is the most fertile in new
forms of all the garden composites.

DAITODIL. See Nar

ssus.

HiSTORT OF THE Dahlia. — Of the important and very
variable florists' flowers the Dahlia was one of the latest
to come into cultivation. The first break of considerable
importance in the wild type occurred about 1814. Up to
that time there were perhaps a dozen well-marked colors
in good single-flowered varieties. Dahlias had been cuJ-

colors. Lately, for purpu-,
petitions, the followius ai
adopted: A Show Dahlia
the edges of the rays are c
the variety can be exhibil
Fancy Dahlia always has

DAHLIA

tivated in Europe since 1789, and it is a curious fact that
they showed signs of doubling the very first year of their
European residence; but it was not until 25 years later
that a marked gain in doubling was made. The Dahlia
seemed to be undeveloped until 1814, when the era of
doubling began. Before another 25 years had passed
the Dahlia had sprung into the fnnii t;inl.~ -'f Laiden
plants. Inl82Gthere were already lin ,: .ated

by the Royal Horticultural Society. I - - I iL-lish
dealer had over 1,200 varieties. T.ii,, ,, ,- i. i .i.roiu-
mon for the leading tradesmen to kut (. .,uii-l,uiiu di.,liuct
varieties. In the absence of good recurds it is conjec-
tured that over 3,000 different names of varieties have
been published in the catalogues. Most of the varieties
are the Show and Fancy types, which are as spherical and
regular as possible, and differ only In color. At first the
distinction between the two types seems to have been
the same as that between " self colored" and " variegated"
flowers in general, the former prt-seiitiiig to the view
only one_ color, while the lai i in. -. i^ two or more
I in prize cora-
Moii has been

. ...lor; but if

ili.ui liie {.'round color
the Show section. A
more colors, and if the
rays are striped or if the edges are lighter than the
ground color the variety must be ejthibited in the Fancy
section. The two types reached full perfection certainly
by 1840, and after that date the improvements made were
mostly in matters of secondary importance. The im-
mense distance the Dahlia had travelled can be seen in
Pig. 663. These types held full sway until about 1879,
when the first Cactus Dahlia appeared in England with
a promise of new and freer forms. Most of the longest-
lived varieties belong to the Show and Fancy type.
This form is the one which is perhaps farthest removed
from nature, and it is probably so highly esteemed
largely because the most work has been spent on it.

A reaction against formalism in all departments of
life and thought set in about the time of our own Civil
War. It was in the sixties that the Japanese Chrysan-
themums did much to emancipate the floral world.
With Dahlias the reaction came muoh later and has pro-
ceeded more slowly, because the new forms did not come
to us ready made, but had to be slowly evolved against
long-standing prejudice. The first Cactus Dahlia was
so called because of its resemblance in form, hut chiefly
in color, to the brilliant crimson-flowered Ceretis sjie-
ciosissimus, a well-known garden plant. The name is
now highly inappropriate because the color range of the
pure Cactus type has been extended to include all of
the important well-defined colors of which the Dahlia
seems capable. The original Cactus Dahlia was named
Dahlia Juarezii, after President Juarez, the "Wash-
ington of Mexico." It was pictured for the first time in
the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1879, and this interesting
picture is here reproduced in a reduced size in Fig. 665.
The type is still cultivated under the same name, and in
all essentials seems to be unchanged.

The origin of the Cactus type, as of all the other
types of Dahlias, is wrapped in uncertainty, and our
efforts to get full and definite information upon some
of the most interesting points may perhaps always be
baffled. A Dutch dealer got a root from Mexico
that produced one plant, which is the parent of all
the Cactus forms. It Is not known whether the seed
which may have produced the original root came
from a wild or a cultivated flower. Neither is it
known whether any wild single-flowered Dahlia of
the Juarezii type has been found. To prove that D.
Juarezii is at best only a variety of D. variabilis, it
has been said that seedlings of the former have pro-
duced in cultivation forms approximating the Show
type of B. variabilis. The reverse process is also said
to have taken place, but full, authoritative and convinc-
ing statements are laiiientaMv wanting. In the garden
I). Juarezii is exceeilin-ly distinct from the florists'
forms of D. varialni;.-<. It is usually a slenderer, taller
and longer jointed plant, with much handsomer and
more delicate foliage, the leaves being narrower than
in the coarse and almost ugly foliage of the old forms.
It has another peculiarity of growth, which is still one

DAHLIA 445

of the most serious defects in the pure Cactus type.
The plants tend to hide some of their flowers beneath
their foliage. This comes about in a curious way. At
a node between 2 young leaves there commonly appear,
at about the same time, 3 new growths. The middle
one develops into a flower with a naked stalk only 2 or
3 inches long, whUe the side shoots quickly overtop it
and repeat the same 3-fold story indefinitely. The other
most serious objection to the pure Cactus type is that it

does not stand shipment well, and does not last as long
as a cut-flower as the Show Dahlias.

The Decorative or Cactus Hybrid types are numerous,
and their popularity comparatively recent. They have
been largely seedlings from Show fls. Their rays are
rarely, if ever, recurved at the margins. All the other
types of Dahlias are well defined, and a single picture of
each one will represent its type with sufficient exactness.
No one picture, however, can give any cnncrption of the
great variety of forms includfl in tliis Ijnrticnltural sec-
tion. The name Cactus Hybrids in.Mns inartirally "mis-
cellaneous,"and is analogous to tin- ".I apajus." section of
Chrysanthemums, which is purpusely left Ity the National
Chrysanthemum Society as vague and undefined as pos-
sible. It is on this section and the pure Cactus type that
the greatest hopes for the future of the Dahlia are based.

The Pompon type is a small brother of the Show and
Fancy types. It has the same colors and the same form,
but the flowers are smaller and more abundant. As
a rule the smaller the flowers the prettier and more
individual they are. The larger they are, the more they
suffer by comparison with the Show type. Perhaps
their greatest point is their productiveness. When pro-
fusion is the main idea, not great size and quality, the
Pompons are the favorite type of Dahlia for cut-flowers.
The single flowers may be just as freely produced, but
they are not so lasting as cut-flowers.

The Single type has had many ups and downs. In
the reaction against formalism it came to the front

446

DAHLIA

about 1881, and for several years thereafter several
hundred forms were kept distinct, and they were made
the chief feature of the European shows. It is exceed-
ingly interesting to get seeds of wild Dahlias from
Mexico. They give flowers like the star-shaped one in
Pig. 663. When the Dahlia first came into cultivation
its rays were relatively long, slender, acuminate,
notched at the end, and with such wide spaces between
the tips of the rays as to give the flower the stellate
appearance seen in Fig. 663. In the course of the evo-
lution of the single type, the gardeners retained the
most regular and symmetrical forms. Single Dahlias
with always and only 8 rays were preserved. The rays
of Dahlias became broader and rounder, as in Fig. 660,
until finally in pedigree varieties they closed up the
vacant spaces, and the flower presents to the eye one
unbroken picture— one concentrated impression of a
single color. The same mental ideals have produced the

rose-petaled Geraniums and the shouldered Tulips. ;
a high bred single Dahlia there are no minute teeth or
notches at the tips of the rays.

In the wild Dahlia, no matter what the color of the
ray may be, the base of the ray is usually yellow; some-
times this yellow is very ob,iectionable." Two different
policies have been pur.sued in the matter— suppression
and encouragement. Most of the single Dahlias of high
pedigree have rays of uniform coloration with no sec-
ondary color at the base, but a few have a distinct ring
of color at the Ijase, often called an "eye or crown,"
which is sunH-tiiii.-s yellow and rarely red or some other
color, r^ually tii. rays ,,f a single Dahlia are spread
out horizi'iiially. ^uuni inies they bend back, and rarely
they bend iinvunls aiul form a cup-shaped flower. These
three forms can doubtless be separated and fixed dur-
ing those periods when the interest in the Single type
warrants it.

Single Dahlias are likely to lose some of their rays
after a day or two in a vase. In cutting them it is well
to select the younger flowers. A vigorous shake often
makes the older ones drop their rays. It is an easy
matter to keep the seeds from forming and save the
strength of the plant for the production of flowers.

DAHLIA

There are three modem types of minor importance,—
the Single Cactus, Pompon Cactus and Tom Thumb.
The Single Cactus type differs from the common single
type, in having rays with recurved margins, which give
a free and spirited appearance to the fls. Instead of
spreading out horizontally, the rays often curve inward,
forming a cup-shaped flower. This type originated with
E. J. Lowe, Chepstow, Eng., was developed by Dobbie
& Co. about is;n, and was first disseminiitcd in 1894.
The Sincli- <':..-fir-' T):.!iii:r- nre v-rv ji ^v. I, intfTPsting
and pretty I'l . , . - 1... , i i i p ,.,,, .,..,,, f,,rm to

Pompon i^ i!:i> '. li.i . !■: . ■-):i-;- and Show

types. Tl... «ri;.,- h,, . -.■.■;, >.,,!;, l..,, »aii.l„,s vf this

type, "Ponipcn Cai-tus" aii.l "Little Car-tus." Thev have
small fls., with flat, reflexed rays. The Tom Thumb
type is a miniature race of round-rayed single Dahlias,
which grow from 12-18 inches high, and are used for
bedding. The type originated in England with T. W.
Girdlestone, and was developed and introduced by Cheal
& Sons. The "green" Dahlia can hardly be called an
important type, but it is an interesting abnormal
form, in which the rays are partially or wholly sup-
pressed, aii.l thi- clii.f f.atiiic- ,.f intrlist is a confused
mass of Ki-.-i'ii stuir, iM.t r.-srnil.lini,' ii.-fals at all, but
evidently a iiiultipliaaiiMn.it' tiic nutai- niNulucral scales,
which, in tli.- Dahlia, an- '^rrm, l.-afy lira.-ts. This form
is essentially unstable and unhealthy. It can never be
propagated extensively. This freak was pictured as
long ago as 1845 in G.C., p. 626. Several different varie-
ties have probably degenerated into this condition. See
F.S. 19:1994. Another in.,i,resting variation, which
hardly ranks in present importance with the 9 types
contrasted below, is the laciniated form, which makes a
very pretty and novel though rather formal effect.
Examples are Germania Nova, Mrs. A. W. Tait and its
yellow variety among large double forms, and White
Aste-r among the Pompons. In these cases, the notches
at the tips of the rays, instead of being minute and in-
conspicuous, are deepened so much that tlii-v trivn the
laciniated effect. At present this form i a , ilal.l. in a
very narrow range of colors. It is n ' : , j ,1 jt

will be an important factor in pro.lia 1 ■ ilir-

raum-Iike forms. Aiiothi-r form wliiah l.ii'la^ .1. -arip.
tion, but is neverth' ]' -- n- r\ .ji-tMiat, is that of (irand

Duke Alexis. It is la
but is perhaps best •■
tion, simply becan <
Show type the mo-i
hoped that the foi-a
peated in all the \r:..
a very flat flower, ai
leaving a round hoi.
between Grand Duke

iy])e than any other,
I 'actus Hybrid sec-
i^abh- to keep the

Ale^

. : (1. ALaaut mwway
(■ show or cupped type
is an interesting form, the "quilled" Dahlia, a name
which is necessary, perhaps, though unfortunate. In
A. D. Livoni (which is one of the most popular of all
Dahlias, and the nearest approach to a pure pink un-
tainted by any suggestion of purple derivation) the rays
are rather tightly folded for about two-thirds of their
length, leaving a round hole at the tip as in Grand Duke
Alexis, but giving a peculiar whorled effect, which
plainly shows the spiral arrangement of the successive
tiers of rays. Among Pompons, Blumenfalter is an ex-
ample of this rosette-like or quilled form, and many
colors are Jiroi-urabla. Howcvi-r. tin- word ".)nillcil" usu-
ally SUgtrasI - a l-liL- nil..' w nil a llara.l ,1;,, aiina, \'. Ii. leas

in the form ■ ■ a are

merely roll-.. : . _, i1,.t

into a thin, -aama -- IiiLa. r, rhai.- M >-l mil. -a- taut

variation that has not yet appearerl in the Dahlia, is the
wonderful elongation of the disk florets into long, thin,
variously colored tubes which have produced such
charming effects in the China Aster and have culmi-
nated In the marvelous grace of such Chrysanthemums
as lora. Northern Lights and Lillian B. Bird. The Dah-
lia may not be denied such possibilities, for in G.C. III.
20:3.39 (1896) a new Dahlia was described in which the
quills are really tubes for two-thirds of their length.
May we hope for some striking development of this
form within our generation 1

The main types of Dahlias may perhaps be distin-
guished more clearly by the following scheme :

Plate IX.

A modern Dahlia
or Caciu; Hybrid

DAHLIA

A. Plants not very dwarf.

E. Fls. single.

C. Bays flat, not recurred at the margins.

1. The Single Type. Fig. CGO.

CC. Bays with recurved margins.

2. The Single Cactus Type. Fig. 6G1.

BB. Fls. double.

c. Size of fls. small, IS in. across.

D. Bays cupped.

3. The Pompon Type. Fig. 662. Also called "Bouquet"

and "Lilliputian."

DD. Bays flat.

4. The Pompon Cactus Type.

CC. Size of fls. large, 3-5 in. across, averaging 4 in.

D. Bays cupped.

E. Colors single, or the edges darker than the ground

color.

5. The Show Type. Fig. 663.

The Fancy Type.

7. The Cactus Type. Figs. 665, 666.

DDD. Bays various in form.

8. The Cactus Hybrid Types. Also called "Decora-

tive" Dahlias.

aa. Plants very dwarf.

9. The Tom Thumb Types.

Societies and Shotvs. — The Dahlia is one of about a
dozen genera of plauts -whose horticultural value has
been attested by permanently successful special socie-
ties. There are national Dahlia societies in England and
America. Dahlia shows are usually held the second or
third week of September. With the growing mteiest in
nature-study, attempts are being made to make a pel
raanent institution of local fall flower shows which
shall come at a sufBcient interval before the Chr-\san
thenium shows, and in which the children mav exhibit
their own products. The Dahlia and China Aster are
especially suited for such shows.

Harden Evolution of Dahlias.— In the evolution
of Dahlias in general, some of tlie great changes are
as follows: (1) The growing season his been greatly
shortened and the flowering season lengthened In
these and in all other particulars Dahlias weie %\onder
fully variable even in the first decade of their European
culture, but in general they bloomed for onh a few days
before frost. Nowadays, the Dahlia season is m full
force a month and a half or two months before frost
with a good show of blooms in favored localities for In-
dependence Day; and -Tune 15th is a record of extreme
earliness f.ir 'Wiii. A-n. w, after six weeks' growth from
tubers plant. .1 ,,ut .ii .l".rs. (2) The colors of the flow-
ers have bet-n ^acatly improved, as even the most senti-
mental objectur to liie idea of "improvement" in flow-
ers would have to acknowledge if confronted with wild
and cultivated plants. The number of colors has been
greatly increased and the vividness of the colors inten-
sified. Most people can distinguish and enjoy from 12
to 30 colors, and these colors have occun-ed in each type
and been carefully saved, purified and strengthened.
Dull and intermediate shades tend to drop out. (3) Im-
mense numbers of variegated forms are produced.
Broadly speaking, variegation is perhaps later to appear
than pure colors, and is conserved by a formality-loving
class. It is said that the Fancy Dahlia originated later
than the Show Dahlia, and was for many years inferior
in size and outline. It is also said by botanical collectors
in Mexico that wild Dahlias are mostly self-colored,
rarely variegated. Among the bewildering variety of
variegated Dahlias the leading types of variegation are

DAHLIA 447

perhaps only 5: (a) the "tipped" or "shaded" Dah-
lias, a very common form, in which the upper part
of the ray is evenly painted with another color, the
former term being used for the smaller, and the latter for
the greater amount of secondary color ; ( 6 ) the " edged "
Dahlias, in which the secondary color is confined to the
sides of the rays, dut-s not all'ect the tip, and is usually
abroad strip;!, i th.. "mar-hu-d" Dahlias, with a very
narrow strip of .-..iMr w hi.h ■ mi t lines the whole margin of
the rays, and oftiii j.-iv.s a vci y lielicateand dainty effect;
(d) the "striped and banded '" Dahlias, with broad bands
down the middle, and often merging into the " edged"
forms ; (e) the " mottled "Dahlias, which are variously
dotted and splashed. (4) Eetumingnow to the broad fea-
tures in the evolution of the Dahlia, a fourth is the pro-
duction of varieties with long flowering stems suitable
for cut-flowers. Many of the old sorts have thick, short
stems with superabundant foliage, which requires
K'css of doubling has been carried
i. _i. . . 'I'he " yellow center" has
,! I. a-ming variety that the
: ; ).:,- most relentlessly sup-
, ■ I nuor stock. The tempta-
n"\ I li h - IS nJniost irresistible, and

thinning. (5
to an extrao
been the on
florist has h:
pressed. It i

rraptom

occurs with rays of inagt-uta ..r allird shad.-s, as the
colors conflict. There is no question that it breaks the
absolute regularity and unity of a perfect show flower,
but it is a question, especially with white and yellow-
rayed forms, if the yellow disk does not often add a
pleasant variation. Asidn from matters of taste, it is
probal.lr that, nn ..tli.r tlnrists' tluwcr lias had more full,
precise and miiniti- rules laid down t'^r its perfect form
than the Show Dahlia. The i)n>ci-ss of doubling seems
to be associated with a cool climate. Dahlias soon de-
generate to a relatively single condition in our southern
states, and new stock of desired varieties has to be se-
cured from the north. (6) The habit has been vastlvim-

663. The Pompon type (X K).

448

DAHLIA

proved. Wild Dahlias, when brought into cultivation,
soon grew too tall to be self-supporting. An old-fashioned
unbranched Dahlia tied to a large and ugly stake was
often a hopeless and helpless object. Many varieties of
Dahlias can be made to branch at the ground and be-
come self-supporting by successive early pinchings of

663. A Show Dahlia

its wild proeenitor (XX).

the leading shoots, but some varieties .seem to be too
firmly set in the old tree-like habit to submit to pinch-
ing. In the early days the average height of plants
may have been 5 ft. Nowadays 3 ft. is perhaps the
average, but the tendency to retain only dwarf forms
still continues, and the Dahlia must ultimately be freed
from stakis. Tlie main thiiiir is to secure the good
flower liri ■■•>:''' i;i;ir">i ili- i i.i I >i t la*er, if possible. It
is to 1m> li .; i 1 , .: ii. I i.iiids of foliage will give
live forms. The"fem-
ii Mid delicate kind. Ami
L ]purple, finely cut foliage,
present general tendencies
■try differently in each im-
portant case.

The Dahlia has had one difficulty as peculiar to it-
self as the calyx bursting of the C'araation, or the differ-

way to IC""- . ■ .

leaved" t\i- i - r. i
Barillct h:is Iiaiidsi.i
All the above feat
which, however, woi

DAHLIA

The latest bibliography is that by C. Harman Payne
in G. 0.111.21:329(1897). There have been about 25
books devoted to the Dahlia, many of them pamphlets
and cheap cultural manuals. These books were mostly
published from 1828 to 1857, with none at all for nearly
■10 years after that date until 1896, when Lawrence K.
Peacock's book, The Dahlia, which is the best American
book, made its appearance. The first American treatise
was by E. Sayers, published at Boston, 1839, and now
forgotten. Many interesting facts came out in 1889, the
centennial year of the Dahlia. A report of the National
Dahlia Conference is reprinted from the Journal of the
Royal Horticultural Society for 1890, but Shirley Hib-
berd's statements therein regarding the botany of the
Dahlia agree very poorly with Hemsley's revision of

and terminal buds of Chrysanthe-
often troubled with a "green eye."
nd button in the center of a blossom
1. r iiiv..|uri;il bracts, which, at that
ih:iTi till- unopened rays which they
till, ilii^ ■■ L'li (11 eye "is followed by a
ii-< "-ncii (ve" is still considered to
and in exhibitions is often

ent values of
mums. They a
This is a hard r.
formed by the
stage, are lontn
protect. Oftenr
yellow center,
destroy the unit;
surreptitiously removed. The yellow disk can be cut
out with a knife and the innermost rays carefully re-
placed. A fundamental difficulty associated with this
matter is the slowness with which some Dahlias open.
The outer rays open first, and in Fig. (ifiS , where the suc-
cessive stages are shown: the outer ones are the most
expanded ; then comes a series of cupped rays ; then
some that are tightly folded with two creases, and finally
the hard green eye. A poor Show Dahlia opens slowly,
and shows an eye while the outer rays are tumbling out,
withering, or being burned by the sun. A good Show
Dahlia opens its tiers in rapid succession, and shows no
green eye.

Literature.— As in many other cases, the magazine
literature of the Dahlia is the most bulky, and, in some
respects, more important than the books on the subject.

vhich is the

the genus in G. C. II. 12 : 437, 524, 557 ( 1
latest botanical monograph.

A. Height tall, tree-like.
B. Fls. nodding, bell-shaped.
imperi41is, Roezl. Height 6-18 ft. : stem usually un-
branched, knotty, 4-6-angled: Ivs. 2-3-pinnately parted;
leaflets ovate, narrowed at the base, acuminate, toothed,
with a few short scattered soft hairs : fls. nodding, 4-7 in.
across, white, more or less tinged with blood red, espe-
cially at the base: rays sterile or pistillate, lanceolate,
sharp-pointed, not 3-toothed at the apex. Gt. 1863; 407.
G.C. 1870:459; II. 12:437. B. M. 5813. Gn. 12:95; 33,
p. .527. R.H. 1872:170. A.G. 15:313. Mn. 8: 61. -As few
conservatories can make room for so large a plant, it is
common to graft this species on dwarf varieties of Z>.
rosea. The inflated and pointed fl.-buds (3-4 in. long)
are very characteristic. It is not known whether the
original plant collected by Roezl was found in wild or
cultiv,ated surroundings. This species and the next
are mostly cultivated under glass ; the others are grown

jtdoors i

Qd the 1

stored in -

BB. JFls. erect, not bell-sltaped, but opening out flat.

exc61sa, Benth. {D. arbbrea, Kegel). Height 20 ft. or
more: stem usually unbranched, glaucous, marked with
horizontal rings made by the stem-clasping base of the
petioles as the lower Ivs. fall away: Ivs. bipinnate, as
much as 2K ft. long, 2 ft. wide ; leaflets as many as 25,
ovate, those of the upper Ivs. often contracted at the base,
acuminate, toothed, pale green beneath, with a few short
scattered hairs or none: fls. 4K in. across, dilute purple.

664. A semi-double form of Dahlia VKYs).

s one of man.v that have been crowded out in the

ruggle to perfect the Show and Fancy types.

pink. Maund, Botanist 2 : 88 ( 1838 ? ) . G.C. H.
This was described from a cultivated plant with
I a single row, but with considerably elongated
It was almost an anemone-flowered type, and

DAHLIA

i)-c« has never been
are been cultiTated
The tree fonns of

:. suOir

all the florets were sterile.
sufficiently describtd, Imt
for many years u
Dahlias

AA. Seight medium, .u-mnjlmj .-; ft., commonly from
S-5 ft., rarely exceeding these extremes.
B. Lvs. once pinnate: stem not branching from the 60, f
habit erect.
c. Stems not glaucous : rays fertile.
D Bays of the single fls not recurved at the margins
of the double fls neier flat, but cupped
rosea Civ (7) i andbihs , Dest ) Fig 663 The
„ I I |i II llN ill the old fashioned Dahlias,
1 ~ Pompon '^hovi' and Fancy

1 I 1 t ri the piient of the vast

,1 , 1, rtKuItiml vinetus Ivs

DAHLIA 449

often rising 2-3 ft. above the foliage. The rays are very
short and often roundish, with a short sharp point in-
stead of 3 minute teeth. There are no red, yellow or
white forms in nature. The roots of this and D. coccinea,
being slenderer than those of 1). rosea, must be pre-
served with greater care during winter.

D. Zimapani. See Cosmos diversifolius. W.M.

Propagation.— There are four methods by which
Dahlias are propagated : by cuttings (an important
commercial method) ; by division of roots (the amateur's

1885 - 1 1
Some pi 1
at all 1
parts ot I
In doul.l

COUS sti

whether 1

liDUt an entiie pHnt
s usualh have aboi
u forms have glau
rliors have doubted
list met from D cot
s ire very distinct
11 ilthough there are

DD Bays of the single fls with recui 1 1 d m,
gins, of the double fls noteiipjnd 1
long, flat and pointed, and ^oiiu
least uith leiuned maiguis

Juar«zu, Hort (/> Tua)fzu,B.ort 1 li
€65, 666 The parent of the pure C n tiis 1)
has These all originated from oir j 1 i
which was flowered in Europe foi the h
time in 1864, and first pictured m G C
12 433 (1879) P M 1879 383 Gn 18, p 51
19 283, 50, p 23b

cc Stim\ glaucou!, lays not fettile

coccinea, C av Fig 667 , see B M 762
(1804) Alwa\s more slender than Z> josea,
with niriowtr It ifl( ts and in the wild at
least, (1« It II 11 till D rosea The

color nil 1! 1 and does not in

elude Willi t i>f purple or crim

son Til I m scarlet through

orange tu \ 11 1 1 n 1 nl I t ims

and it has bttu ti (ii ni 1 1 1 H 1 il 1 [ t
cies will not h-slm h I lu

named varieties p lui 1 1 nd

533 (1881), which ti. .inihn, ,1 I tn

be varietieb of D comnta iie piobd h „ar
den forms of D rosea The only characters that
tamly distinguish D coccinea from D tosea arc
• glaucous stems and infertile rays of the former,
these characters break down in garden forms. . B. M.
762. Gn. 19: 270. G.C. II. 12: 525.

BB. Lvs. twice pinnate: stems branched from the base:
habit spreading.

MSrckii, Lehm. (D. glabr&ta, Lindl.). Fig. 668;
confer B.M. 3878 (1841). Height 2-3 ft.: roots much

slender than those of I).

and

pinnate: floral bracts
i-iillafr: outer involu-
' . I. II. l;i: 270 (1881).
I I ml. and is worth
111 - Si Ills of species
■ \i. ■• In Pringle have

n Ill station lately.

'lla^T makes it vastly
i"lia-e III' most of the
.( il..-.- stedlings had
liage. The plants are
much dwarf er and wider spreading than most florists'
Dahlias, and show no stem while growing. The branched
flowering stems are remarkably long, slender and wiry,

wholly devoid c.f h

ii-s : Ivs

linear: tls. Mj-i-alh

111:,.-; IM

cralbraii^ ' r

-This Nil

growing' .11. 1. 1;. 1-

gathered liui,, >m,.1

l.l..lll~ 1

been grown at tin

.,ra.-[l

The fine-cut charar

er ..t 11

more attractive thai

tl, :

varieties of D. ms,

Seve

beautiful dark red

.1- purpl

665. The orieinal Cactus DahUa (XK).

Photographed and reduced from the Gardeners' Chronicle,

where it was first pictured.

method); by grafting to perpetuate rare kinds; and by
seeds, to produce new varieties.

Dici.iioii of /("oofs. —This is the easiest and most sat-
isfactory to amateurs. As the eyes are not on the
tubers, but on the crown to which the tubers are at-
tached, care must be taken that each division has at
least one eye, otherwise the roots will never grow. It
is, therefore, best to start the eyes by placing the roots
in a warm, moist place a short time before dividing.
The ront< are sometimes placed in a hotbed, and shoots

thii

'Ills mellii"! is u-eil iiiaiuly liy eommercial

he attention a few cuttings would require
I af that it would be cheaperto buy plants.
I'lanred closely in benches in the green-
.Jaimary, and cuttings are made from the

450

DAHLIA

young shoot? as fast as they form the third or fourth
set of leaves. These cuttings are carefully trimmed
and placed in pure sand in the propagating bench, using
a dibble, and putting the cuttings in rows about 3 in.
apart and K-1 in. between the cuttings.

The propagating bench is made by running a flue, hot
water or steam pipes beneath an ordinary bench, and
boarding up the side to confine the heat. Although
there maybe a difference of opinion among propagators,
yet a bottom of sand heat of 65°, with the temperature
of the house from 5-10° less, will give the best practical
results. With this temperature, the cuttings will root
in about two weeks, and will be far stronger than if
rooted In less time with greater heat. As soon as cut-
tings are rooted, they are potted off into small pots and
grown in a cool greenhouse until danger of frost is over,
when they are planted out in the open ground. Cuttings
made too far below a joint, or too late in summer, will
produce flowerinfi; plants but no tubers.

Grafting. — This is a very interesting, though not
profitable, mode of propagation. The top of the tuber is
cut slantingly upward, and the cutting slantingly down-
ward, placed together and tied with raffia or any soft,
handy material. They are then planted in a pot deep
enough to cover the lower part of the graft with earth,
and they will soon adhere if placed under a hand glass
or in a frame. Grafting is practiced only for the pres-
ervation of rare and weak-growing sorts.

Seeds. — The chief use of seeds is the production of
new varieties. Seeds are also used bythose who chiefly
desire a mass of color, and are not particularly desirous
of finely formed blooms. If planted early enough in-
doors and transplanted to the open as soon as safe, fine
masses of color can be secured before frost, and the
roots of the more desirable kinds can be saved, and will
give even better results the next season.

Position.— Dahlias are easily destroyed by high
winds unless they are given a protected position, and
they need plenty of air and sunlight for best results
shaded, close, airless quarters the growth is sappy and
the flowers are poorly colored.

Soil —The soil is not so important, except in its
ability to hold moisture during severe droughts. Any
rich soU that will grow corn will also grow Dahlias to
perfection, if all other conditions are favorable. They
pill grow equally well in clear sand, clay or gravel.

reasonable to expect Dahlias or any garden plants to
succeed in a hard clay, devoid of humus, easily baked
and never tilled.

Feeding.- It is always best to broadcast the
and plow or spade it into the soil; thorough spading is
absolutely necessary if the manure is not well decom-
posed. On heavy clay or gravelly soils, loose, coarse
manure may be used, but on light or sandy soils, ma-
nure should always be fine and well-rotted.
Commercial fertilizers are also largely used, ,

and are most valuable when used in connec-
tion with manure. Any good fertilizer, rich
in ammonia and phosphoric acid, with a
liberal amount of potash, will answer at the
time of planting, out as a top-dressing later,
nothing equals pure bone meal and nitrate
of soda, 4 parts bone to 1 part soda. ^"//^

Kinds of Stock. — Dahlias are offered in
five forms : large clumps, ordinary field roots,
pot roots, green plants and seeds. The clumps
give the best satisfaction the first year, but
are entirely too large and unwieldy for any-
thing but a local trade and exchange among
amateurs. The ordinary field roots are the
most valuable, as they can be easily and safely
handled, and always give satisfactory results.
Pot roots are largely used in the mailing
trade, and, while they will not always give as
good results the first year, are valuable for
shipping long distances, where larger roots
could not be profitably used owing to heavy
transportation charges. Green plants are
mainly used to make up any deficiency in the
field crops, owins; to unfavorable seasons, or
an unusual demand for certain varieties.

DAHLIA

Planting —There is a diversity of opinion as to tne
proper time to plant Dahlias, but the writer has always
found it best to plant early, and would advise planting
large, strong roots about two weeks before danger of
frost is over. This would be, in the vicinity of Phila-
delphia, about April 15 ; and as it takes from two to three
weeks for the plants to get up through the ground, there
will be no danger, while the plants will bloom that much
earlier. It is best, however, not to plant small roots or
green plants until danger of frost isover— in the vicinity
of Philadelphia, about May 1 to 10, according to the sea-
son. A good rule to follow everywhere would be to
plant small roots and green plants as soon as danger of
frost is over, and large roots about three weeks earlier.

Tillage. — The first requisite of successful garden
cul»-viiticai i^ to tliornughly stir the soil to considerable
depth and i-nricli it, if it is not already rich, by broad-
casting and iilowing or spading in a good coat of well
rotted manure. Too much stress cannot be placed upon
the thorough preparation of the soil, as it not only allows

666. Matchless

DAHLIA

the roots to go down deep afterthemoistiiremort- readily
during dry weather, but affords ^rnuii iltMin^Lr during
excessive rains. Having prepart-d u -■ ' iIm.vc,

marli out rows 4 ft. apart and 6 tu > I i . i hint

the roots from 18 in. to 3 ft. apart m n,. i..,v , a . ■ rcling
as solid rows or spcoiraen plaints are .ii>iicd.

During its early stair.- i.f di-velcipmeiu, the Dahlia
grows very rapidiv, and should be kept thoroughly
tilled. But while di-.]. tillai.'i- is beneficial during its
early stages of devel.ipmeut, it is almost fatal to the
production of flowers if practiced after the plants come
into bloom. Therefore, when the plants commence to
bloom, cease deep tillage and stir the soil to the depth
of 1 to 3 in. only, but stir it often, and never allow the
surface to become hard and baked. This will not only
prevent excessive evaporation of moisture and keep the
under soil cool and moist, but will also prevent the de
struction of immense quantities of feeding roots

As long as the roots supplj more nourishment tl in is
needed to support the plant both the plant >>ud tin
flowers increase in size and beauty but as thi su] i h
gradually becomes exhausted the plants ceise gi wmt,
and the flowers become much smaller This con lition is
■what is generally called " bloomed out but what is reallj
'starved out," and can easily be prevented if the propel
attention is given to the plants As soon as the flowers
commence to grow smaller, broadcast around each plint
a small handful of pure bone meal and nitrate of soda,
in proportion four parts bone to one part soda, and care-
fully work it into the soil.

Wateking.— This is a debatable subject, and, al-
though a judicious application of water during a severe
dry spell is very benefieial, yet in nipe cases out of
every ten where water is applied a thorough stirring of
the surface soil would give better results.

Many people believe Dahlias should be watered every
evening, and as soon as they are up commence watering
them daily unless it rains. This practice is very inju-
rious, as it causes a rapid but soft growth, and as the
soil is seldom stirred, the roots become so enfeebled for
want of air that they are unable to supply the needs of
the plant ; as a consequence, but few buds are formed,
and they generally blast before developing into flowers.
In other cases, as the enthusiasm wears off, watering is
stopped, probably right at the beginning of a severe
drought, and the weak, pampered plants are fortunate
to survive, much less to bloom.

If large, strong roots are planted and the soil is kept
thoroughly stirred, there will be little need of artificial
watering until after the plants come out in full bloom.
However, if it should become hot and dry after the
Dahlias come into bloom, it would be very beneficial to
give them a thorough watering once each week or ten
days during the continuance of the drought. But care
should be taken to stir the soil to the depth of 1-2 in.
the next day, carefully pulverizing it later, in order to
seal the natural capillary tubes by which the moisture
is evaporated.

The best rule to follow is not to allow the plants to
suffer for want of moisture, nor to water them except
where they need it, but to water them thoroughly when
necessary, and not to allow excessive evaporation for
want of frequent stirring of the soil.

Training. — In planting the roots or tubers, place
them on their sides with the eye as near the bottom as
possible, and cover only 2-3 in. deep. As soon as the
shoots appear, remove all but the strongest one, and
pinch out the center of that one as soon as two or three
pairs of leaves have formed, thus forcing it to branch
below the level of the ground. As the plants develop,
the soil is filled in gradually by subsequent hoeings. By
this method the entire strength of the root and the soil
is concentrated on the one shoot, causing it to grow
vigorously; while the pinching back not only causes it
to branch below the surface of the soil, and thus brace
it against all storms, but also removes all of those im-
perfect, short-stemmed flowers that appear on some
varieties. If the plants are pinched back low, as described,
there is no danger of the branches splitting down, as the
soil around themwill hold them securely in place. How-
ever, where they branch above ground and are inclined
to split down, drive a short, stout stake near the stem
and tie the branches to it. These short stakes are not to

DAHLIA

451

hold the plants up. but to prevent the branches splitting
down where the above directions have not been followed
closely.

The writer was the first to use and advocate this
method of training, and by its practice has grown many
thousands of Dahlia blooms
on stems from 18 in. to 2 ft.
long, selling them to florists
by the thousands for four
e ruling price of
carnations, and higher than
that asked for roses.

667. Dahlia (
.See the Botanical Magazin
1804, plate 762.

Storikg the Roots. -As soon as the plants are killed
by frost, lift the roots, and, after removing all the soil
from them possible, allow them to dry in the air for a
few hours, when they should be stored in the cellar or
some other cool place secure from frost. If the cellar is
very dry or is not frost proof, put the roots in a barrel
or box and cover completely with dry sand or some
other suitable and convenient material, such as sawdust
or tanbark, to prevent freezing or loss of vitality by
drying or shriveling.

Va-rieties.- Ji'orciit-nowers, the Decorutife or Cactus
hybrid kinds are the most valuable, and the following
are among the very best : Nymphfea, Clifford W.

E. C. Monroe. The Cactus Dahlias are beautiful
and artistic, but will not last long after being cut. The
best are : Aiger, Austin Cannell, Strohlein Kronne,
Henry P. Michell, Mrs. Bennett, John W. Roach, Geo.
Marlow, Lorelev, Beatrice and Mrs. Peart.

Of the SAow Dahlias, among the best are : Miss May
Lomas, A. D. Livoni, Storm King, Emily, Ruby Queen,
Arabella, Constancy, Queen of Yellows, Willie Garrett,
Lady Maud Herbert.

Fain-q : Frank Smith, Miss Browning, Penelope,
American Flag, Lottie Eckford, Uncertainty. Of the
Pompon or Bouquet Dahlias, the best are Snowclad,
Fairy Queen, Daybreak, Eleganta, Little Prince, Le Petit
Jean, Carol, Litt'le Beauty, Yellow Bird and Red Piper.
The Single varieties are especially adapted for cutting,
but should be cut as soon as opened, otherwise the
petals will fall.

For beddiiig, the plants must be dwarf, of branching
habit, and profuse bloomers. A few desirable kinds are:
Marg. Bruaiit, Magnificent, Triomphe de Solferino,
Colibre, Snowclad, Sunbeams, Mrs. Dodd and Bloom-
enfalter.

For Massing and Banking.- Cactus : Aegir, Stroh-
lein Kronne, Mrs. A. Beck, Cyclops, Baron Schroeder.

Decorative: Wm. Agnew, C. W. Bruton, Perle de

452

DAHLIA

la Tete d' Or, Evadne, Mrs. E. C. Monroe, Iridescent,
Wilhelm Miller, Black Beauty, Grand Duke Alexis,
Nymphsea, Oriental, Orange Scarlet.

Show : Storm King, A. D. Livoni, Model of Perfec-
tion, Willie Garrett, Hone-st John, Ernest Krebig,
Psyche, Bird of Passage, Oakfleld, Arabella, La Prance,
Princess Bonnie,
Queen of Yel-

clad, Carol, Fairy
Queen, Catherine,
Sunshine, Little

ganta. Elfin, Miss
Lou Kramer, Le
Petit Jean, Bes-
.sie, Tom and
Teddy.

Singles are val-
uable for this pur-
pose, especially
St. George, Ami
Barrillet, Ada,
John Downie,
Evelyn, Isaac Pit-

ited

Lady,

For Borders
and Medges. — No
special list of va-
rieties cau be re-
668. Dahlia Merckii. commended for

See the Botauieal Magazine, 1841. this purpose, as

plate 3878. '' *^ largely a

matter oi taste.
Othek Purposes. — Dahlias are used for many other
purposes, and are grown in many other forms with
pleasing effect. Some train the tall varieties on trel-
lises in espalier form; many train them to tall supports,
while others spread them out on the ground and peg
them fast, to give the appearance of a bed of large-
flowering pigmies. The latter form is quite unique and
satisfactory, as plants of some of the varieties grow un-
usually well and bloom profusely. The Fancy Dahlia
Uncertainty and Cactus Dahlia Dellcata are typical
varieties that seem to do better in this form than any
other.

Enemies. — Dahlias are generally remarkably free from
enemies, but in some localities the tarnished plant bug
(Lt/gus pratensis) makes success impossible, as there
practical remedy. This bug is chiefly responsible

for the blasted buds and

669. Bellis perennis.

ded flowers. It pierces
the young buds, shoots, and
sucks the sap. The shoots
curl over, blacken, check the
growth of the plant, and
new side shoots are stimu-
which often meet the
same fate. Consult Bulletin
47, Mo. Esp. Sta.

Lawrence K. Peacock.

recommended
d Higgins :
<r (Ifiifrril Purposes.—
I ■ I>a\\ Ti. Robin Adair,
1 "i' Ailiriis, Madam
/.nlr-. .Madge Wild-
thv, Miss Miller, A.
I). Livoni, Mary D.
" Halleck, Snow, Bird
of Passage. Cham-
pion RoUo, Dr. J. P.
Kirtland.

Fancy .■ Rev C.
W. Bolton, Young
America, Mrs. J.

DAIS

Downie, Rev. J. B. McCamm, John Forbes, Mrs. Brown-
ing, Keystone, Frank Smith.

Pompon: Burning Coal, Eurydice, Daybreak, Phoebe,
Lillian, Purity, Sunbeam, Little Bessie, Brunette, Fash-
ion, .Snowclad, Virginale, Rosalie, Hedwig Polwig, Cath-
erine, Guiding Star, Aillet's Imperial, Alewine, Vivid.

Decorative : Grand Duke Alexis, Wm. Agnew, Juno,
Bowery Girl, Josephine, Lyndhurst, Perle de la Tete
d'Or.

Cactus: Matchless, Bertha Mawley, Mrs. Bennett,
Harmony, Edelcactus.

For Exhibition. — Show: Miss Cannell, Wm. Powell,
Duchess of York, Harrison Weir, John Walker, R. T.
Rawlings, Kaiser Wilhelm, Muriel, Pearl, Alice Emily,
James Vick, Emily Edwards, A. D. Livoni, Wm. Paw-
cett, James Service, Madge Wildfire, Mrs. Langtry,
Hector, John Lamont, J. T. Saltmarsh.

Fancy: S. Mortimer, Dorothv, Sunset, Young Amer-
ica, Champion R..11,,, Cn.ial Grant, Mrs. J. Downie,
Lottie Eekfor.l, S;,!;,,,,:,,!.!. r, Prince H.-nry. Matthew
Campbell, Duchrss .,i AII^■tIl\ .
Rev. J. B. .M.rannn, .1. '
Forbes, Frank Smith, K

Cactus : Matchless, Ernest
Glasse, Mrs. Bennett, John
Welch, Harmony, Gloriosa,
Mary Hillier, Beatrice,
Prince of Orange, Mrs. A.
Peart, Starfish, Green's Gem,
John Roach.

Decorative : May Pictor,
Wm. Agnew, Oban, Juno,
Lancelot, Amphion, Bowery
Girl, White Swan, Marchioness
of Bute, Perle delaTeted'Or,
Rayon d'Or, Wilhelm Miller.

Pompon: Burning Coal, Eu-
rydice , Phoebe, Eleganta, Min-
nie, Lillian, Hilda Searl, Hen-
rietta, Mars, Purity, Ernest,
Sunbeam, Mattie Mourey,
Snowclad, Virginale, Rosalie,
lolanthe, Hedwig Polwig, Lit-
tle Hermon, Golden Gem,
Raphael, Alewine, Aillet's Im-
perial.

For Cut-flowers.- Cactus :
Beatrice, Ernest Glasse, John
Roach, Harmony, Matchless,
Edelcactus, Starfish, Green's
Gem.

Decoranve: Grand Duke
Alexis, C. W. Bruton, Alpha,
Wm. Agnew, Nymphsea, Jose-
phine, White Swan, Lynd-
hur.st. Bowery Girl, Oban,
Perle de la Tete d'Or, Rayon
d'Or, Bennett Goldney.

Pompon : Alewine, Purity,
Eurydice, Sunbeam, Rosalie,
Guiding Star, Phoebe, lolan-
the, Minnie, Lillian, Golden

DAIS (Greek, pine torch ;
application not obvious ) .
ThymelceAcea. This genus
contains a tree that yields a
strong fiber, and is also rarely
cult, for ornament, especially
in Fla. and S. Calif., and pos-
sibly in one or two northern
conservatories. It has* Ivs.
resembling the Smoke Tree,
Ehus Cotinus.and bears long-
stalked umbel-like heads of
starry pink fls., with floral 670. Ox-Eye Daisy or White
parts in 5's. The genus has Weed-Chrysanthemum
half a dozen species, all from Leucanthemum (X H).

DAIS

S. Africa or Madagascar. Tender deciduous shrubs : Ivs.
opposite, often crowded at the ends of branches: fls. in
terminal heads; perianth tube cylindrical, often curved;
stamens 10, in a double series, the alternate ones shorter,
upper or all exserted ; style exserted. The plants are
prop, by cuttings nf half ripened wooil.

cotini£61ia, Linn. Lvs. oppo-
site and ali'TiKiic. nlilong or
obovate, a.'ut.' at hotli ends: in-
volucre a half shorter than the
fls. : head about 15-ttd. : fls. Kin.
across; fragrant. South Africa.
B. M. 147.

DAISY (i. e., (lay's eye, in
allusion to the sun-like form of
the flower). A name which
properly belongs to the Bell is
perennis of Europe, a low
early flowering compo te
which m its doul le f ms
(F w lely known a

Belhs) The

DAMASK VIOLE'I

453

w
u 1 1

N \ner tl
In /Tar.' M '

lie

annual

tl p on

Mch

aelmas Da sy

(X )

th

ana)
try II
Daisj iltl ^1
Whiteweel ai
hirta (Fig 0 1
theCTr^ ait)
sies or Mar.u
smtl ) 11
Daisie 1 1 11 -M
oftlu It. I rt
flowciii ^, E „e 1
Rn r D j n a Ij
Tht \tncan Da \ is a

/ ;

I

/

1 I
(-/ /

1 V t
1 1

1 we
o rec
0 e be
species

F
Di

t t N
Uel D

I fnl a
of Lonas

) ue called
in many parts
\ork Sprng
es The Swan
(I'lgs '55 "56)
L H B

DALBlBGIA (N. Dalberg, a Swedish botanist, 1730 to
1820). Legumiiiisie. About 60 species of trees, shrubs,
or climbers, belonging to tropical regions r.U over the
world. One species only introduced to S. Calif., and
most likely to prove of great interest as a timber tree.
Experiments in Egypt have shown its most remarkable
property of standing severe droughts, as well as sub-
mersion for a long period. Lvs. alttemate, odd-pinnate,
without stipules : fls. small, numerous, purple, violet or
white, in forking cymes or irregular cyme-like panicles.

The Sissoo tree is worth trial in nearly frostless dis-
tricts, especially along sandy river banks. It improves

sterile lands. The wood is very elastic, seasons well,
does not warp or split, is easily worked, and takes a fine
polish. It is also a durable wood for boats. Thr tivi- is
raised easily from seeds or cuttings, -iml is of quick
growth. The demand is greater than tli.- supply in
India, and the tree is cult, for timber. ( F. von Mueller,
Extra Trop. Plants. ) Other species of Dalbergia are of
economic value.

Sissoo, Roxb. A good sized tree, 80 ft. high in India:
lvs. pinnate; leaflets 5, alternate, stalked, obovate, ab-
ruptly acuminate, pubescent beneath : fls. white, in short,
axillary panicles.— In India considered one of the best
timbers, whenever elasticity and durability are required.
P. Fkanceschi and W. M.
'DALECHAMPIA I aftn- till- French savant.Dalechamps,
l.')i:j-l."iHH I . Kiipliurhii'irrir. This genus contains a tropi-
cal sliruli ran ly lultiwitrd for its showy rose-red bracts.

a ve white bracts.

Cult.

Koezliina, Mucll. Arg. Erect shrub, .3-4 ft. high, much
branched, leafy: lvs. 6 in. long, sessile, obovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, entire, or with coarse obtuse teeth above
the middle, narrowed to a cordate base: bracts 2-2K in.
long, broadly heart-shaped, sessile, toothed, membra-
nous, nerved, rose-red, with other smaller bracts: fls.
small, yellow, clustered. Mex. B.M. 5640. Var. dlba,
Hort., has white bracts.

DALIBABDA (after Thomas Dalibard, French bota-
Tiistl. h'lisdeew. A low-growing, native, hardy her-
liacoous j^erennial plant, with foliage resembling a
violet and fls. like those of a strawberry. It is a shy,
modest plant, flowering from June to August in shady
woods. It is rarely cultivated in alpine gardens and
rockeries, being a slow-growing plant, liking a deep
fibrous soil and a sheltered position. Prop, by cuttings.
The genus has lately been referred to Rubus, but it
differs utterly in habit, in the carpels being usually well
defined instead of indefinite and the akenes dry instead
of drupaceous.

ripens, Linn. (Biihus Dalihdrda, Linn.). Fig. 673.
Tufted, creeping: lvs. heart-shaped, wavy-toothed: fls.
white, 1 or 2 on each scape ; calyx ."i-O-parted, 3 of the
divisions larger and toothed; petals 5; stamens numer-
ous; pistils 5-10. Common in northern woods. D. 85.
In Pig. 673, a shows the perfect flower; h, c, akenes of
the cleistogamous fls.

DAMASK HOSE. Bosa Damascena.

DAMASK VIOLET. Besperis malroHalis.

671. Yellow field Daisy, or Brown

U4 DAME S ROCKET

DAME'S ROCTKET and DAME'S VIOLET. Besperis

DAMMAKA. SceAgathls.

DAMNACANTHUS (Qreek, powerful spines). Rubi-
iLcew. This monotypic genus contains a tender, ever-
green, Japanese shrub, chiefly valued for its coral-red
berries, which remain on the bush until the fls. of the
next season are produced. Branches numerous, spiny:
Ivs. small, opposite, leathery, nearly sessile, broadly
ovate, acuminate : fls. small, axillary, in I's or 2's,
white, fragrant; calyx tube obovoid, limb 4-5-cut; co-
rolla funnel-shaped. Prop, by cuttings. This plant may
be obtained from dealers in Japanese plants.

Indicus, Gjertn. (Z>. m&jor, Sieb. & Zucc). Described
above. Himalayas and Jap.— Var. submltis is not so
spiny.

DAMPING-OFF. a gardeners' phrase for a disas-
trous rotting of plant.s, especially of seedlings and cut-
tings, and generally at the surface of the ground. It is
usually associated with excessive moisture in the soil
and air, with high and close temperatures, and some-
times poor light. Such conditions weaken the plants
and allow them to fall a prey to the minute parasitic
fungi which live upon the decaying vegetable matter in
the soil, and can remain alive for months, even if the
«oil is thoroughly dry or frozen. As soon as the disease
is noticed, the healthy plants should be removed to
fresh soil, as the disease spreads rapidly. A whole
bench of cuttings may be ruined in a night. The skill-
ful propagator takes every possible precaution. His
benches have perfect drainage, he uses fresh sharp
sand, and sometimes sterilizes it with steam heat for
several hours. Damping-off is one of the most trying
experiences of the beginner, and nothing can prevent it

DANDELION

ing-off and Burning are also used for ruined flowers.
Burning is often caused by sunlight or by imperfections
in glass, but a flower spoiled by dripping cold water, or
by some unknown cause, is said to have a burned look.

One of the commonest occasions of Damping-ofl is the
sudden flooding of a bed or bench after leaving it too
dry for a long time.

but a thorough grasp of the principles of Greenhouse
Management in general, and Watering in particular.
< Consult articles on these stibjects.) The terms Damp-

DAN.SA (a personal name). Marc
genus of fern-like plants, with synangia sessile, ar-
ranged in rows, and covering the entire under surface
of the leaf. They are rarely seen in cultivation inAmer.

DANDELION (i. e., dent de livn, French for lion's
tooth: referring to the teeth on the Ivs. ). The vernacu-
lar of Tiirdxacum officindle, Weber, a stemless peren-
nial or biennial plant of the Comp6xltiv. It is native to
Europe and Asia, but i^ ii;itur:ilizi-ii in ;ili ti-iiipcr.ite
countries. On the Korky .Mts. ,niil in thr bi^h iiintli
are forms which are ai>]t;iniitlv iiidi^'rnnns. .\ tl.nit fn-m
the head of a Dandelion is >h<jwu iu Fig. Ii74. The oviiry
is at e; pappus (answering to calyx) at u; ray of corolla
at c- ring of anthers at t>; styles at d. The constricted
part at e elongates in fruit, raising the pappus on a long
stalk, as shown in Fig. 67.t; and thus is the balloon of the
Dandelion formed. A Dandelion plant, with its scattering
fruits, is shown in Fig. 676. There is another species of
Dandelion in this country, but evidently not common.
It is the Red-seeded Dandelion (T. erylhrospinmim,
Andrz.), with red seeds, not reflexed involucral scales,
and shorter beak.

The Dandelion is much prized for "greens." For this
purpose it is cultivated in parts of Europe ; also about
Boston and in a few other localities in this country.
There are several improved large-leaved varieties,
mostly of French origin. Some of these named forms
have beautiful curled Ivs. Seeds are sown in the spring,
and the crop is gathered the same fall or the following
spring, —usually in the spring in this country. Com-
monly tht' seeds are sown where the plants are to stand,
although the plantlets may be transplanted. The plants
should stand about 1 foot apart each way, and a good
crop will cover the land completely when a year old.
Sandy or light loamy soil is preferred. The crop is har-
vested and marketed like spinach. The Ivs. or heads
are often blanched by tying them up, covering with
sand or a flower-pot. Thf plants are sometimes grown
more closely in beds, mimI fi^ini.s ;in- i)ut over them to
force them. Roots nv'- ->>u\'^uu\>' rrnioved from the
field to the hotbed or Imu-, i<,r liivini,'. When treated
like chicory (which see i, tin- ro^ts will produce a win-

DANDELION

ter salad very like harhe de cnpucin. Riiots dug in
fall and dried are sold for medicinal purposes in drug
stores under the name of Taraxacum. l. H. B.

DANGLEBERRY or BLUE TANGLEBEBEY. Gaij-

lussacia froudosa.

OAFHNE (Greek name of Laurus nobilis). Thy-
viekedcew. Ornamental evergreen or deciduous shrubs,
with handsome foliage and sweet-scented, white, purple,
lilac or rarely greenish fls.. which, in warmer climates,
often appear during the winter. Lvs. alternate, rarely
opposite, entire, short-petioled : fls. in clusters, short
racemes or umbels, apetalous, mostly fragrant; perianth
tubular or campanulate, 4-lobed, corolla-like, usually
clothed with silky hairs outside ; stamens 8, included;
stigma capitate, sessile or nearly so : fr. a fleshy or
leathery 1-seeded drupe. About 40 species in Eu. and
Asia. Only JD. Meiereum, with very early lilac, fra-
grant fls. and decorative scarlet fr., and some low ever-
green species, like D. Cneorum and D. Btayniiana, are
hardy north, while most of the evergreen species can be
recommended only for warmer climates. D. Pontica and
v. Laiirrnhi. with larffe evergreen lvs., are hardy as far
north as N.w York. Daphnes thrive best in a well
drained, lii_'!it snil jiinl in a partly shaded position, but
some, as 1>. ( ' lu ^•riun and D. Blagayana, which are ex-
ceedingly pritty plants for rockeries, do better in sunny
situations. In the north, D. odora and its varieties are
often grown in pots for their sweet-scented and hand-
some fls. appearing during the winter. A sandy com-
post of peat and loam in equal proportions will suit them ;
they require a good drainage and careful watering dur-
ing the winter, and pots not larger than just necessary
should be given; they may also be planted out in a cool
greenhouse and trained as a wall plant. D. Genkiea,
with ab\iii.lant lilac fls. before the lvs., is sometimes
forced. l'n.|'. I'V sr.ds. sown after maturity or strati-
fied, but unniiiiatiii- very slowly; also by layers put
down ill siiuim ainl t.ik.n off the following year. The
evergrt'i-ii sii.-.i.s may be increased by cuttings of ma-
ture wood ill fall unili-r glass, and kept in a cool green-
house during the winter." If gentle bottom heat can be
given in early spring, it will be of advantage to the de-
velopment of the roots ; softwood cuttings taken from
forced plants may also be used. B. odora is often
veneer-grafted on seedling stock of B. Laumolii in win-
ter, or on roots of B. Mezernim. B. Cneorum and
probably its allies are readily increased in spring liy re-
moving the earth around the plant, pegging down the
branches and filling with fine compost almost to the
tops of the branches. Next spring, if the compost is
carefully removed, a large number of little buds, each
supplied with a white root, are found along the branches ;
they are easily detached and planted in pans or boxes.
In California, according to Franceschi, the species
most commonly grown is D. odora, the plants being
mostly imported from Japan. Many plants are also sent
from Japan for eastern greenhouse culture. A decoction
of the bark of B. Mezeretim is sold in drug stores under
the name of Mezereum. It is stimulant and diuretic. It
is also known as Olive Spurge. Alfred Rehder.

Although hardy Dai.hn.s an- Renerally recommended
to be planted in'inntial slia.l., tliey invariably succeed
in open, sunny )>la.,s. ami . vm in dry sjiots when the
start is made witli stroiii:. wi'll-rooted plants. They
grow very freely in a light, open, well drained soil, en-
riched with thoroughly decayed manure. An annual top-
dressing of the same material is of great benefit to the
plants, young or old.

For propagation by cuttings, half-ripened wood is
best. Layers should not be separated mitil early in the
following spring, and it is advisable to shade the young
plants in their new quarters for a few weeks until the
roots have taken hold in the ground and growth has
started. Cuttings should not be subjected to a very
strong bottom heat before a good callus has formed, as
they are slow to emit roots, and free growth can not be
expected until the young plants attain the age of 2
years. The commonest of the hardy kinds is B. Cneo-
rum; but B. Blagayana, which is still very rare in
America, is a charming species, worthy of greater popu-
larity. Grafts of this species are likely to die without

DAPHNE 455

apparent cause. B. Neiipolifana needs a sheltered
po-sition. J. B. Keller.

Alphabetical list of species described below : D. au-
tumnalis, 1; Blagayana, 5; buxifolia, 7; Cneorum, 4;
collina, 6; Bauphini, 8; Belphini, 8; Fioniana, 7; For-
tune!,3; Genkwa, 3; Houtteana, 3; hybrida, 8; Indies,
9; Japonica,9; Jenkwa, 3; Laureola, 10; Mazeli, 9;
Mezereum, 1, 2; odora, 9; odorata, 9; oleoides, 7; Pon-
tica, 10; sericea, 6; Van Houttei, 2.

A. Lvs. deciduous : fls. axiUary along the branches of
the previous year, appearing before the lvs.

1. Mezereum, Linn. Erect shrub, with stout branches,
to 4 ft.: lvs. alternate, cuneate, oblong or oblanceolate,
glabrous, grayish beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. usually 3,
sessile, silky outside, fragrant, lilac-purple, appearing
much before the lvs. : fr. roundish ovoid, scarlet. Feb.-
Apr. Eu. to Altai and Caucasus. Gn. 29:550.-Var.

676. The Dandelio

456

DAPHNE

41ba, Ait., has white fls. and yellow fr. Gn. 29:550.
Q.C. III. 21:183, 185. Var. Alba pl^na, Hort., has double
white fls. Gn. 29:550. Var. grrandifldra, Hort. (var.
autttmndliSf Hort.). With larger, very early fls., some-
times blooming in fall.

2. Houtteina, Planch. (D. Mezereum, va.r.atropurpu-
rea, Dipp.). Shrub, to 4 ft., with erect, stout branches:
Ivs. alternate, cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous,
coriaceous and often persistent, purple : fls. appearing
before the Ivs., lilac-violet, 2-4, in short-peduncled clus-
ters. Apr. F.S. 6:592. —Of garden origin, and probably
hybrid between X>. Latireola and Mezereum.

3. GSnkwa, Sieb. & Zucc. (2>. Fdrtunei, Lindl. B.
Jinkwa, Hort.). Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender branches :
Ivs. opposite, oblong-elliptic, appressed-pubescent on
the veins beneath, 154-2 in. long: fls. lilac, 3-7, in short-
stalked clusters, scentless, denselv silky, villous outside.
Mar., Apr. Jap. S.Z. 75. Gt. 15:499. F.S. 3:208. Gn.
42:868. E.B. 10:73.

AA. Lvs. evergreen, alternate (see No.S).

B Fls. in terminal heads, rarely axillary and pinkish.

c. Habit low, procumbent or trailing.

4. Ciie6ruin, Linn. Fig. 677. With long, trailing, pu-
bescent branches : lvs. crowded, cuneate, oblanceolate,

mucronulate, finally gla-
brous, dark green and
glossy above, glaucescent
beneath, J^-lin. long: fls.
in sessile, many-fld. heads,
pink, fragrant. Apr., May,
and often again in suni-
Mts. of M. Eu. B.

il3.

C. 18: 1800.

677. Daphne Cneorun

"■^ mC^i*\U Hort. Of more vigorous

growth. Gn. 51, p. 358.
Var. maximum of Euro-
pean nurseries =D. Ifea-

5. Blagayina, Freyer.
Branches often ascending,
glabrous : lvs. cuneate,
obovate or oblong, gla-
brous, 1-lKin. long: heads
many-fld.: fls. white or
yellowish white, fragrant,
nearly glabrous outside,
almost 1 in. long. Apr.,
May. Mts. of southeastern Eu. B.M. 7579. F.S. 22:2313.
Gt. 29:1020. Gn. 14:143. (J. C. II. 13:245 : 17:505 : III.
11:491.

oc. Mahit erect, 1-4 ft. high.
D. Perianth densely pubescent outside.

6. serfcea, Vahl (Z>. cotUna, Sm.). Height 1-3 ft.:
branches pubescent : lvs. cuneate, oblong or oblanceo-
late, obtuse, slightly revolute at the margin, glabrous
and shining above, appressed-pubescent beneath,
1-lK in. long: fls. fragrant, in few-fld. heads, with bracts,
purple, densely pubescent outside, with ovate-obtuse
lobes, 54 in. long. Spring. Italy to W. Asia. B.M. 428.
B.R. 24:56. L.B.C. 14:1348.

7. oleoides, Schreb. (X>. 6Kj-j7o;ia, Vahl). Shrub, to
3 ft.: branches pubescent: lvs. obovate-elliptic to obo-
vate-lanceolate, usually mucronulate or acute, villous-
pubescent beneath, sometimes glabrous at length,
1-1!^ in. long : fls. in few-fld. heads without bracts,
white or pale lilac, with ovate-lanceolate, pointed lobes,
}^ in. long. Southeastern Eu. L.B.C. 3:299. B.M. 1917.
—Very variable in shape and pubescence of flvs. Var.
Fioni^na, Hort., with obovate-lanceolate, obtuse lvs. and

8. hjbrida, Lindl. (D. Daiiphini, Hort. D. De'lphini,
Lodd.). Garden hybrid of i>. foninn X odoi-a. Similar
to JO. odora, but hardier. Erect shrub, to 4 ft. : lvs. cu-
neate, oblong-elliptic, dark green and shining above,
glabrous or slightly hairy along the veins beneath when
young, 2-3 in. long : fls. reddish purple, very fragrant,
rather large, in few-fld. heads. B.K. 14:1177.

DARLINGTONLA.

DD. Perianth glabrous outside, or nearly so.
9. "oddra, Tluinhff. (Z>. .Japinica, Thunhg. D.Indica,
Loisel., not Liuii.i. Slnul^ to 4 ft., with glabrous
branches: lvs. ..l.l.nj^: , llijitic. acute at both ends,
bluntly pointid, -lal.r.iii-, _'-:i in. long: fls. in dense,
terminal head.s, vui\ ti mli :iiii. wliit'- to purple: ovary
glabrous. Winter and -i hl i li ini, .liip. Gn. 28:499.
Gng. 2:211. — Var. Alba, M i: lute. Gn. 28:499.

Var. Mazfili, Hemsl. 11 l l . :ixillary clusters

along the branches, j.iiil, .. ii-ii. , Jiite within. Gn.
14:154. R.H, 1872:392. Har.li.-rtlum the type. Var. punc-
tMa, Hemsl. Fls. in dense heads, white, spotted out-
side with red. B.M. 1587. Var. marginita, Hort. Lvs.
bordered yellow: fls. red. P.M. 8:175. R.H. 1866:251.
Var. rtibra, Don. Fls. purple. S.B.F.G. II. 4:320.
G.C. 111.21:173. D. odordfa, Hort., is a common mis-
print in catalogues for D. odora. D. odorata, Lam.=
D. Cneorum.

10. Laortola, Linn. Shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, obo-
vate-lanceolate, acute, shining and dark green above,
glabrous, 2-3K in. long : fls. in 5-10-fld., nearly sessile
racemes, yellowish green, scentless : fr. black. Mar.-
May. S. Eu., W. Asia.— Var. purpurea of the Kew
Arboretum = i>. Uoutteana.

11. F6ntica, Linn. Shrub, to 5 ft. : lvs. cuneate, obo-
vate or obovate-lanceolate, acute, shining, glabrous, 2-3
in. long: fls. in long-peduncled, 1-3-fld. clusters, green-
ish yellow, fragrant, with linear-lanceolate lobes. Apr.,
May. Southeastern Eu., W. Asia. B.M. 1282. G.C.
11.14:209.

D.alplna, Linn. Erect shrub, to 2 ft.: lvs. deciduous, cu-
neate-lanceolate, sparingly silky; fls. white or blvished, termi-
nal, fragrant. May.June. S.Eu. L.B.C.1:66.— 7>. a/(dica, Pall.
Shrub, to 4 ft.: lvs. deciduous, 'un.;.!! . -.Mon;,' lanceolate,
glabrous: fls. white, in terminal, l-.'.tM 1. :mU, li.imaiit. May,
June. Altai, Songaria, Mongolia. P. M i-:. I. I;.i );:HI9.— D.
au«<raiw. Cyrill.=C. sericea.— Z>. r,i n> ".•-<,■., [■:>'.[ .MliodtoD.
Altaica. Lvs. n.-ii-rowcr: Hs. in :i-'Jii tl-l li. ml- i ;,ii.;isiis BM
TMH-n /I. /,,;,,, ,,„ ll,,rt.'='lJ X.vi|,M|,Tr„i;, - /i. i,l"Men,ltr.

Lodd. (D. Cneorum X si-iir,
cuheate-oblong, obtuse, in-;i
rosy pui-ple, fragrant. Ma
8:7in.~/». j,ap!irifera. Si. I

g;-:

Switzerland and Carpath. Mts. ALFRED ReHDER.

DAPHNlDIUM. See Benzoin.

DAPHNIPHYLLUM (Greek, literally a laurel-leaf).
Fuphorbidcew. A genus of oriental trees, perhaps 15
species. The following species are very rare in cultiva-
tion, and are obtained through dealers in Japanese
plants. The genus has no near allies of horticultural
value. Tropical glabrous trees: lvs. alternate, entire,
stalked, leathery, usually narrow, feather-veined : ra-
cemes axillary, short : bracts minute or none : fls.
stalked, dioecious, without petals : fr. an olive-shaped
drupe.

macidpodum, Miq. Lvs. leathery; petiole 2 in. long;
blade about 8 in. long, 2 H in. wide, elliptic-oblong, with
a very short, hard, abrupt point: racemes of female fls.
3 in. long, slender; pedicels distant. Japan.

glauc6scens, Blume. Tree, often 20-30 ft. high, in In-
dia, Java and Corea: petiole three to four-fifths in. long
in the pistillate plant; in the staminate 8-13- tenths of
an inch long; lvs. obovate-lanceolate, rounded at the
tip; blade 3-tin. long, 12-16-tenths of an inch wide.
—There is a variegated form. -^^ jj.

DARLINUTONIA

pitcher plants. There is only one species in this genus.
The plant was first collected near Mt. Shasta by the
Wilkes Exploring Expedition. Indians attacked the
party, and as the explorers retreated to their camp W. D.
Brackenridge grabbed something, which turned

DASYLIKION

457

be fragraeuti
grows at uii altituMi- "i .1.
of Califonii;.. m spliamn
and rushi-~. I'lic inirlMi
foot or tw.. Iiit'li. 'I'lic pi
twisted and rounded at t
head. From this hangs
with two long flaps. Vi
seen the entrance to the t
sorts of insects, big and
them is not obvious, but t

ig pla

The Darlingtonia

ittlL-

llu

fate

nded top is
death to all
lant attracts
f the insects is clear.

They climb down a long, narrow funnel, guided by nee-
dle-like downward-pointing hairs. Arrived at the bot-
tom, the insects find these needles numerous and con-
verging. As they attempt to escape they are confronted
by an impassable array of lances. The manner of their
death can be easily imagined. They sink into the bot-
tom in a putrid, sticky mass, and the products of de-
composition are presumably Lilisurlnd I'V the ydaiit.

Darlingtonias have been ixvnwn imtd.iiirs in the cast
the year round in a few special l."alifii-s. Ivhvanl (iil-
lett, at Southwick, Mass., srows tin in in a favuicd spot
without artificial protection. F. H. Hursfurd can ]. re-
serve them at Charlotte, Vt., with the aid of a winter
mulch.

Califdmica, Torr. Fig. 678. Rootstock horizontal: Ivs.
forming pitchers as described above, which are curi-
ously veined, and have a wing on the ventral surface
and a crest on top, green, finally becoming a pear yel-
low: scape erect, %-l%tt. high, clothed with obtuse,
erect, concave, half-clasping bracts: fls. solitary, nod-
ding, 3 in. across; sepals 5, pale green; petals shorter
than the sepals, about 1 in. long, converging, greenish
yellow, with broad reddish brown veins, contracted
above the middle; stigmas 5; ovary cylindrical below,
dilated into a broad ,=)-iobed top with a deep depression
in the center, 5-celled: seeds obovate-club-shaped. B.M.
5920. I.H. 18:75. F.S. 14:U40. G.C. III. 7:84, 85;
17:304; 24:339. — Int. to cult, about 1861. w. M.

As greenhouse plants, Darlingtonias require the same
treatment as their allies, Sarracenias, Dioneas and l)ro-
seras. A well grown collection of these plants is not
only very interesting and curious, but also very beauti-
ful. To succeed, they must occupy a shaded position,
and never be allowed to become dry. Give a cool, moist,
even temperature. If possible a glass case should
be provided for them, with provision made for ven-
tilation; a constant moist atmosphere can be more
easily maintained, and at the same time the green-
house in which they are grown may be freely ven-
tilated without injury to these plants. The material
in which they grow best is two-thirds fern root fiber
with the dust shaken out, and one-third chopped sphag-
num moss and silver sand, with a few nodules of char-
coal added. About the first week in July is perhaps the
best time for potting, though one must be guided by the
condition of the plants, choosing a time when they
are the least active. When well established they will
only require potting once in two years. The pots should
be placed in pot saucers as a safeguard against their
ever becoming dry. ami all the space between the pots
should be lille.l wiih .|.|i,i-MiMn nios-i n|i to the rims of
thepots. Aieni[' [ I". ^liirinLT winter, with

a gradual li^. :,- ■ :, n m ^ining, will suit

them admiralily. h n -i^ i . - nnni.i- they should be
kept well shadi-(i. -.r' iIm \ ni,i; n. r.ini.ved to a well
shaded frame out^i.le, in ^..nn' vr.linl..! position free
from hot, drying wimN, rr'|':(-.tii.i!i ""i tin-se plants is
effected by division ol ilir nmis, oi- liy seeds sown on
live sphagnum moss hi \nins, the muss being made very
even and the pans placed either under a bell .iar or glass
case in a cool, moist atmosphere. [For detailed English
experience, see G.C. III. 24:338.]

Edward J. Canning.

Darlingtonia Courlii was named after William Court,
tor many years hybridizer and traveler for James
Veitch & Son. Some say it is a hybrid between a

Nepenthes and Darliiiijloiiia Calitornica. Its Ivs. or
pitchers are shorter and stouter than those of D. Cali-
fornica, and more rounded at the mouth. The stalks of
the pitchers bend out almost horizontally from the base

or crown ot the plant and then be

come erect. The treatment is much
the same as for £> Califoinica, ex
cept that it must be kept indoors in
winter. It thrives well in a house
with OdontngUisum critpum and
Masdevallia It is generallv sus
pended like Nepenthes The writei
has successfully grown it when it
was potted in peat or sphagnum m a

Youne leaves of Darlingtonia

small pot which was inverted into a larger pot, with a
layer of sphagnum packed in between, and the whole
kept constantly moist. It is an interesting and attrac-
tive plant, and enjoys considerable popularity in Eng-
land- Henry A. Siebrecht.
DABNEL. Lolium perenne.

DASYLlEION {Greek, tufted lily). Uli&cea^. Highly
ornamental plants, well adapted for rockeries, for iso-
lated specimens on lawns, decoration of conservatories,
staircases, etc., and eminently suitable for terraces and
vases, in the formal style of gardening. Trunk short or
missing altogether : Ivs. in large number, inserted in a
symmetrical way, so as to form a dome or globe-shaped,
regular head, more or less serrulated, and in some
species ending in a brush-like tuft of dried fibers. The
tall panicles of numberless whitish green, minute flow-
ers are also a striking feature. Dasyliriuns generally
branch after blooming. Tliev ,11. ■•< iIm 1 .isicst pos-
sible culture, and wiU stand s,,t, I i.ist, par-
ticularly if kept dry. Easil^ i : nii seeds

and from cuttings of the Immi I . inced, as

thev i!o tnit ■~nr\fr a-- a riil. - • i-haps more

prism-

much as they desi-rve. r. Fkanceschi.

These plants are inferior to Yucca filamenlosa in
hardiness and in showiness and regularity of flowering,
but they have an individuality of their own which should
commend them to amateurs who like things that every-
body doesn't have. They are especially esteemed in
California, where the great flower-stalks, 8 or 10 ft. high,

458

DASYLIRION

give a strong impression of tlie desert, whicli contrasts
forcibly witli civilized surroundings. The individual
flowers are not highly colored, but the spikes are
several feet long. Three plants sold as Dasylirions be-
long to Nolina, a closely related genus, which is chiefly
distinguished by fruit characters. In Dasylirion the
ovary has 3 ovules, and the fruit is dry and indehiscent,
or splits through the partitions and between the cells.
In Nolina the ovary has 2 ovules, and the fruit is dry,
often 3-winged, and bursts in an irregular fashion. The
latest monograph is in Latin by J. G. Baker in Journ.
Linn. Soc. Vol. 18 (1881).

A. Stems 4-angledf square in section.
quadranffulitum, S. Watson. Trunk 3 ft. high : Ivs.
drooping, dark green, 2 ft. or more long, 2-3 lines broad
at the base, soon narrower and quadrangular, the mar-
gin rough but not toothed. Mex. Discovered in 1878.—
This is the only species with entire, not toothed, leaf-
margins. With Pranceschi the trunk is so short as to
be almost globular ; the Ivs. are 4-6 ft. long, slightly
arching, and not splitting into fibers.

AA Stems not 4-angUd.
B. Tips of Ivs. not splitting into fibers.
glaucoph^llum, Hook. (D. glaiicum, Carr.). Recog-
nized by the above character and by the very glaucous,
bluish green Ivs., of which the inner ones are strict and
rigid, not gracefully drooping, the outer ones recurved,
2-3 ft. long, 8-9 lines wide above the base. Mex. B.M.
5041. K. H. 1872, p. 435. G.C. II. 13 : 205.1

BB. Tips of Ivs. splitting into fibers.
c. Trunk long, 2-5 ft.
D. Teeth on the leaf-margins yellowish.
Tex&num, Scheele. Lvs. light green, 3-4 ft. long, 5-6
lines wide above the base ; margin serrulate, armed
with hooked teeth 1 line long and 3-6 lines apart;
flower-stalk 8-10 ft. high. Tex. and New Mex.
DD. Treth on the leaf-margins broivn.
Whe^leri, s. \V:it~. Lvs. very similar to those of />.
Texan II 1,1. ,-:i I in.- « id.-. The lvs. are shorter than in
D. glaiV''i'li;i!l'i,„. 1111.1 they usually have a spiral twist,
which giv.- till- pliuit a remarkable appearance. Ariz
and N. Mex.

CO. Trunk short.
D. Racemes short, densely fid.
E. Length of lvs. S-4 ft.
graminifdlium, Zucc. Trunk very short : rosette of
lvs. 4-5 ft. across : lvs. 3-7 lines wide above the base,
tipped with 6-8 spreading fibers. Mex. Int. into cult,
about 1835.— This name and V. serratifoliumvreTe given
by Zuccarini without description, and are greatly con-
fused in botanical literature and perhaps also in gardens.
EE. Length of lvs. S-3 ft.
acritrichum, Zn ■ . . P. •irdcile, Zucc). Trunk in gar-
wide.

pX gn
20-30 til
F.S.14:

I ft. high: lvs.
IIS, splitting at the tip into
recurved. Mex. B.M. 5030.

.(.111. l;i;204.
DD. Racemes long, loosely fid.
8errati!61ium, Zucc. Lvs. exactly as in D. acroirichun

Mex. — Can be .

uished 0
DATE.

W. M.

Ira, Phoenix dactylifera, Linn., native
to N. Africa and Arabia, and extensively planted in
I'.mntri.-; \iii.l. r Aral.i.- I'ontrol. It is also grown to some
i-\ii-iiT in vMiuli. rri A^in and southern Europe and in
■ iili.r tr..|in:il nnd MiMrnpical countries. The pulpy
fniif^ iMn-riiiii. mh, ..f the most important articles of
f.""i u( till- Alalia: ami the leaves and other parts of the
plant affunl materials for dwellings and many domestic
uses. Nearly all parts of the plant are utilized in some
way. The Date palm reaches a height of 100 ft., mak-
ing a straight, shaggy trunk, and it continues to bear

for one or tw ntui-ii-i. It is dioecious. See Phoenix.

The Dati |.iiliii li;i^ l.rcn grown in parts of the United
States ajiii a. 1 ji'-nt M''\icr> for many years. In Florida,
California, an.l i-.~ii att-.l areas of a few other states,

DATE

it has been grown for decorative purposes for more than
a century. At the missions founded by the Spaniards
at St. Augustine, and other places in Florida, and that
long line of missions extending from far iuto Mexico,
northward and westward through southern New Mexico,
Arizona and California, it is probable that the Date was
planted wherever the climatic conditions were favor-
able. Within the borders of the United States the
greater number of these early plantings were in Florida
or along the coast of southern California, regions where
the sum total of vummer hfat is not sufficientto perfectly
develop the nai-' fi-uit, I'lie Hatf. as a fruit producer,
being indiiriiKni- n. a .1. — it i-n .immnent, does not take
kindly to humi.l n ^'i.m-. , v. n wu. r- it is not sufficiently
cold to prohibit the gruwth of the tree. For this reason
the greater number of the early plantings in this country
matured little fruit, while that produced was of poor
quality, although in many instances the trees grew luxu-
riantly and to large size. In the more arid portions of
Lower California and Sonera, where there is suflicient
water for irrigation, the early plantings have been con-
tinued down to the present time, and Dates of fair
quality have been grown for many years. Moreover,
each year the area devoted to Dates is increasing. Not
only have sufficient Dates been grown in Sonora to sup-
ply the local markets and the markets of the larger
cities, Hermosillo, Guaymas and Altar, but during the
past year a surplus has been shipped from the state.

The part of the United States suitable for growing
the Date tree, for the profitable production of fruit, is
confined to rather narrow limits; viz., the irrigable por-
tion of southern Arizona below an altitude of 2,500 feet
and the somewhat similar area of southern California
east of the coast ranges of mountains, where the sum-
mer temperature is not lowered by proximity to the sea.
As a tree, however, it will make excellent growth over
a much larger area, including the semi-arid regions of
central and southern California. Over the larger area
it will occasionally bloom and the earlier varieties ma-
ture fruit, but the summer heat will rarely be sufficient
to brinir it to a high degree of perfection. In recent
years [lat.-i hav.. matured in favorable localities in
CalitMinia. ill I... til the San Joaquin and Sacramento
valli y-. lull ii i~ ..illy east of the mountains in the irri-
galil.- r.-.'i.n- ..] the Mojave desert that there is suffi-
cient Miinin.r li. at to mature an annual crop. In the
stri.'tly ,1. V. It r. -n.ns of southern Arizona and south-
east.-rii ( 'a!it'..iiiia the planting of seedling Dates is
■asiiiLr. and the time is n..t far distant when
iiniitalittleattfiith.il v.,]] 1.. -ivcntothe
production of this fruit. Ani.i. .s may be

mentioned those on a rancii < il .11 llanlon,

situated on the California si.l. n. . iii.i.i river a

few miles below Yuma. In Ihi.'i .Mr. Haul. -a received a
box of Dates from La Paz, Lower California, which were
grown at that place, and planted the seed the same year.
Prom these seeds 12 pistillate and several staminate
trees were raised, the trees beginning to bloom at the
age of 5 years. All the pistillate trees have fruited
abundantly each year since 7 years of age, and now vary
in height from 20 to 50 feet, each tree producing yearly
from 6 to 17 bunches of fruit, the bunches varying in
weight from 20 to 38 pounds.

In recent years many seedling palms have come into
bearing in southern Arizona, particularly in Salt river
valley. On the Bartlett, Adams & Co's. ranch at Glen-
dale, several seedling Dates were in bearing in the
fall of 1898, at which time one tree, 8 years from seed,
bore an estimated crop of more than 400 pounds. On
a ranch owned by E. L. Arthur, in the vicinity of
Tempe, a dozen or more palms were in bearing the same
year, several of which bore one or more bunches of fruit
the fourth year after planting. In addition to those
cited above, many seedling palms bore during the fall

rapi

Phoenix
Florence, Yuma, Tu. ■
Arizona, and a nuin!..
An impetus was gi \'.
the importation by tin
in the spring of 1891 at
which were supposed
trees of approved

lendah

Me

.r. Ill tins ...luntryby

.syi', of 74 rooted suckers, 08 of

have been taken from female

while the remaining six were

labeled male. These trees were distributed to various

DATE

points in New Mexioo, Arizona anti California. Those
planted on the Experiment Station farm at Pheenix
have made a much better growth and bloomed more
freely than the plants sent elsewhere, some of the speci-
~ , in the fall of 1H98, measuring more

than 20 feet to the topmost leaf and
producins; 100 to 200 pounds of
fruit to till- tree. A sufficient num-
ber (if the imported palms have
blossomed to indicate that they
are not true to name, more than
one-half of those blossoming to
date being staminate, while those
that have fruited are inferior to a
number of the choicer seedlings
grown in Arizona. It yet remains
for another importation to be made,
when greater care may be taken
that the imported plants are suck-
ers from trees of recognized merit
and approved varieties.

An examination of specimens of
fruit from many of the seedling
Dates grown in tin- riiii. d States,

Mexico, during tin ■ ^in-^.n cif l.-iliS,
and also an ex;uiiiii;tiii'n nf the

679.

fruit of
Experim

the

nsicle

eedline Date.

in the size, flavor, shape, color, and
general desirability of the differ-
ent specimens. Only about 50 per cent of the trees ex-
amined bore edible Dates, the remainder being astrin-
gent even when fully ripe, and little more than a skin
over a pit. Of the remaining 50 per cent only about
one-fifth were especially desirable and worthy of per-
petuating by growing suckers. It must be remembered
in this connection that Dates, like most other fruits, do
not come true to seed ; hence, it is not reasonable to ex-
pect a very large percentage of desirable Dates as a re-
sult of growing seedlings. Some of the best seedling
Dates grown in Arizona in 1898 were light in color and
varied in weight from two-sevenths to one-fourth ounce
to the specimen, with from 10 to 11 parts in weight of
flesh (mesocarp) to one part of pit. The largest of the
imported Dates; viz.. the variety labelled "Seewah," pro-
duced Dates averaging nearly one-third ounce to the
is tiie largest Date yet pro-

ited States,
-.■, th. ic being but 8 parts of
■tli<!-njore, the flesh is covered
■pl. anil there is a firm papery
• the pit. An excessive develop-

specimeu. Althoutrl

duced in Arizcjiia. a

the pit is ixtirm.ly

flesh to nnr ..f pit.

with a thiek skin i .■

covering (endocarp)

ment of either epicarp or endocarp is undesirable.

Choice varieties of Dates should have thin skins and

small seeds surrounded by a thin, papery covering. The

flesh should be thick, of medium firmness, swr^et, and of

agreeable flavor. The Date industry in the Tniteil

States is in its infancy. Approved vari<Ti.s lia\ <■ ni-t a--

yet been introduced and the quantity .>f Iriut i.r.Mlu.iil

has not reached suiScient magnitude to give it a <.oni-

mercial rating.

The Date palm grows upon nearly all kinds of soil. If
it be sufllciently irrigated and has the requisite amount
of heat, the soil seems to be a secondary consideration.
In general it may be said, however, that lean, sandy soils
of the desert, "with a small percentage of clay and
charged with alkaline salts, are preferable to rich and
heavy soils, suitable for growing ordinary crops. The
question of water is of great importance in the culture
of Dates, as it is necessary that the roots of the Date
palm be in moist earth throughout the year. In general,
the atnount of water required for successful culture is
considerable. If sufdcient water cannot be supplied by
natural methods, we must resort to irrigation. Water
should be supplied at frequent intervals throughout the
year. However, the most should be supplied in the
spring before blooming, and in the fall prior to the
ripening of the fruit. The amount of water for each
palm depends so much upon soil and local conditions
that an estimate would be worthless. Care should be
taken not to irrigate to excess at the time of blooming

DATE 459

and immediatelv after, as it will militate against the
successful setting of the fruit. The Date seems not only
to enjoy a high atmospheric temperature, but a high
temperature of the water supplied in irrigation as well.

in order to prevent scalding. Care should be taken, dur-
ing the warmer portion of the year, that the Date pahn
is not subjected to hot water about the roots, rising
above the soil for a considerable length of time, and
later left until the soil becomes exceedingly dry and
baked by the sun. Such extremes may sometimes seri-
ously injure or destroy the tree.

Dates are propagated either by seeds or suckers. As
with the apple and most other fruits. Dates do not come
true to seed, hence the only sure way to obtain good
Dates is to secure a sucker from a tree of established
excellence. Propagation from seed is of ' little value
when we desire to obtain Dates of the same quality as
those from which the seeds were obtained, or when we
wish a correct proportion of male to female trees.
Again, seedling palms are usually very much later in ma-
turing their fruit, and generally the fruit from such
trees have large seeds and little flesh. It is always
preferable to propagate Dates from suckers unless one
desires to originate new varieties, not only on account
of the knowledge of the sex ( it being hardly necessary
to state that the sex of a sucker is the same as that of
the plant from which it is taken) but on account of the
ability to make a election m the variety and quality of
the fruit

rl n^in.. t th -nil Phoenix are diffi
lilt \ nil lilt Mil 1 Frequently as

I 11 t ti I ] ! I t I Dates die even
1 uh 1 1 1 111 1 It I are In plant

All

high

mg utk I Will til
best of ittenti u
large percentage di
while withc ut t are n t
one m a hundred will
grow It 1 due nft
much to the lack of e\
perience in removing
the uckers as to li k
of proper care att i
removal that so lir„
a percentage fail t
grow Suckers may 1
removed at any tim
during the spring i
early summer or even
in the winter if propei
care be given them
after leimval If thev
are to be planted in the
open e:i mnd it i advi
able t lemo-se them
duim., th prmg or
eaih iiiumer April
pri 1 il I\ 1 ingthebe t
nil iitl In winter when

the

at

stand till the sucker
may be remo^ ed with
comparatively small
loss if the bulbs be
not les than 4 mche
in diameter and have
a fe^ roots It is nee
essarv when suckers
are removed at this sea
son to et them m
rather small pots so
that the earth, which
should be given a daily
soaking, may have a
chance to get warm
quickly. The pots
should be kept in a greenhouse, or, better yet, imbedded
in a hotbed of manure, covered with the customary
frame and glass. In all cases the leaves should be
cut back to 6 to 12 inches in length. If proper atten-
tion can be given it is best to plant the suckers where

460

thev are to i

DATE

IS a seeomi chance for loss occurs
wln^Ti ihoy nrp ]>);nittMl in a tmrst^ry and later moved to
til.- )i.i-it]..ii tliiit tht-y :ir.' tiiKilly to occupy. A 2-inch
c-lii-.l. \mII >l!;ii|,rii.',l. ;uMi all appropriate mallet are
til.' iiii|i'.ri:iiii t.ii.N t.i u<c in ri-iiKJVing suckers. The
U-atVtalks -liouM 1.1- rut away, ixposing the bulb of the
sucker, care being taken not to injure the bulb in re-
moving. One should cut in rather deeply at either side,
not being afraid of injuring the old plant, cutting out a
V-shaped portion extending from the Ijase of the bulb
downward for a foot or mon-. ami bcinLT i-arcful to si'-
cure in uninjured condition all tli.- atta. li,.,l r,„,ts. If
the position of the sucker br not too luL^h abo\r tlio
ground the V-shaped portion >lioiiM l.t- .oniitrned ib.wn-
ward into the soil, that all established routs be obtained.

Under proper cultivation the Date palm should pro-
duce from 10 to 14 leaves each year. A well developed
tree will have at one time from 30 to 60 leaves, the old
ones dying away below while new ones are forming at
the top. The different varieties show great variation in
rapidity of growth, form and length of leaves, size of
stem, and general aspect of plant. The stem of the
Date palm is very elastic, and when it reaches a height
of 10 or more feet it is frequently necessary to tie the
growing bunches of Dates securely to the lower leaf-
stalks, that they be not broken and injured by the wind
before maturity.

For further information, consult Bull. 29, Arizona
Exp. Sta. j_ -^^ TouMET.

A successful method of propagation of Date trees is
to bank up earth about the base of the parent tree and
above the base of the suckers, and keep moist by wa-
tering daily to induce formation of roots. Suckers may be
partially severed from the old stock before the banking
is done, or after the roots have started. When the roots

For purposes of pollination the Arabs usually plant
about one male tree to 25 female or fruit-bearing trees.
In order to secure perfect pollination, they cut sprays
of male blossoms, when the pollen is in the best condi-
tion, and tie them to the leaf-stems above the pistillate
flowers at the time they are opening. If this were done
in cases where isolated female Date trees are growing
in America, there would be much perfect and delicious
fruit where now there is that which is worthless, be-
cause of the lack of pollination.

In the earlier importations the agents were imposed
upon by either ignorant or designing natives of Egypt,
by sending seedlings instead of rooted suckers, which
were specifically ordered. The varieties from Algeria
and Arabia were suckers from the best varieties, but un-
fortunately, most of them have died. At least two are
yet living at the California Experiment Station at Tulare.
This year, 1899, the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington has succeeded in importing, through a special
agent sent to Algeria, a number of suckers from the best
bearing trees in that country, and further efforts are b.
ing made to secure more plants from there, and from
other famous Date-growing countries.

H. E. Van Deman.

DATE PLUM. Another name of Persimmon.

DATtKA (Arabic name). Includes Brugmansia.
Solan ("ti-nr. This genus contains the widespread James-
town Weed and several plants cultivated for their
huge trumpet-like flowers, which have an odor that is
very pleasant to some. The genus has perhaps 25
species, widely dispersed in warm and temperate re-
gion- TT.it.-, -lirubs and trees: Ivs. large, entire or
".i'\ t.i. III. .1 IN. large, .solitary, erect or pendulous,
m..-tl> -liii. . «ith more or less violet, rarely red or
>! \\".\ . Ii. -pinx. The most popul.ir kind in northern

2 or 3 well-deflne.l 1 1 ~ .me-

times, however, tl.. n-cd

mass of petalage. I '.ml Iiii[i. i mi- ... in.hto

occur in any of the sp,.,-i,.s .l.-.ril..-,l ).ol,.w. Tin- Horn
of Plenty, D. eornucopia, has been especially piipular
in America since about 1895, when it was found in South
America by an orchid collector of the United States

DATURA

Nursery Company, and soon became widely distributed
in "yellow, white, blue and deep carmine," all double
forms. The "yellow" was probably a dull, creamy shade,
and the "blue," a violet. The disseminators" assert
that seeds started in Januarv, February or March will
produce 200-3(10 fraerant flowers in a season.

Daturas c(.ntain ^ti-.m- nai-.'oti.-. l.arL-.' il..-<i-s are poi-

.Stramoniii

nipi. ! i I .1 \\...l. Its foul, rank herbage and

laiL ■■ ..tt. 11 seen in rubbi.sh heaps. At

llio lii I I . . -Ill -. til.nicnt in America— Jamestown,
Va.. li.o, -11 L- ,,ai.l that tlif men ate these thorn apples
with curious results. Capt. John Smith's account of their
mad antics is very entertaining. It has been conjectured
that this same plant was used by the priests at Delphi to
produce oracular ravings. The seeds of D. sanguinea
are said to have been used by Peruvian priests that were
believed to have prophetic power. The Arabs of central
Africa are said to smoke parts of the dried plant for
asthma and influenza.

Daturas are of easy cultni-.', ^..m. :.i. treated as
tender annuals. In the nortli t' i.^ can be

grown outdoors in summer, ami .r^ during

the winter; in the south ami in >. . .uihrina they are
almost everblooming. Daturas ai.- >oiii,iiijn-s kept
in cool conservatories the year round, iu which case
they should be planted in the border, as Daturas rarely
flower well in pots, their roots being large and spread-
ing and requiring a constant supply of moisture. This
method produces great quantities of bloom in spring.
After flowering, the plants should be cut in to the main
limbs, or a very straggling and unsightly growth will

A. Floicers red.
sanguinea, Ruiz. & Pav. Tree-like shrub, 4-12 ft. high :
branches fragile, leafy at the apex: Ivs. clustered, 5-7
from the same point, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, almost
7 in. long, 2}4--% in. wide, pubescent on both sides,
shining green above, paler beneath, the lower Ivs. wavy
or angled, upper one entire; petioles 2% in. long, chan-
neled, pubescent : peduncles terminal : fls. pendulous,
brilliant oranL-r. md, about .'^ in. Ion-: <-alvx- ovate, 5-
angled, vari.L':.t..l. inHat.-.l. I'.i-u. U.K. ■Jii:17:i9. F.S.

^VA. I''fon-€rs yellow.
chlorAntha, Hook. Shrub, glabrous throughout: Ivs.
broadly ovate, almost triangular: margin wavy, with
short, rather sharp, very distinct teeth : peduncles axil-
lary, very short: fls. pendulous, yellow; calyx tubular,
with 5 nearly uniform, short, triangular teeth. Habitat
unknown. B.M.5128. Gn. 46: 988 and49, p. 379.-Datura
"Golden Queen" is presumably a horticultural variety
of this species. While this species is horticurally dis-
tinct by reason of its yellow fls., it is a very doubtful

DATURA

specie*? botanically. being founded on a very double
garden form of unknown origin. In Vilmorin's Blumen-
giirtnerei it is referred to D. hiimilis. Best., but D. Ini-
milis, according to Index Kewensis, is to be referred to
J}, fastuoxa.

DAVALLIA

461

AA. J'h. tfhite, ;io)netimt!i touched with violet.

B. Plants tall, 7-15 ft. high: blossoms pendtiloiis.
c. Calyx tubular, u-ith 5 obscure teeth.

suayeolens, Humb. & Bonpl. {l>. Gdrdneri, Hools.)-
Angel's Tkumpet. This is the plant which is usually
cultivated as D. arborea. It is said to be very distinct
from the true D. arborea of Linn., but it can be sepa-
rated with certainty only by the calyx. Tree-like shrub,
10-15 ft. high: Ivs. ovate oblong, 6-12 in. long, 2]4-4 in.
wide, I'lifiii, Llilni.n-, iHtioled, often unequal at tht-
base: tis. \> ' ' ' ;ilyx inflated, angled, glabrous,

with 5 ■■li- ■ I wlia tube plaited, the limb witii

5shortl..lir-: in.m- I- iMW, led together. Mex. G.C. III.
11:593; 2^: *1. .^.H. J : 4;iH. — Franceschl says it resem-
bles D. eorniyera in habit and fls., but the Ivs. and
stems are almost glabrous, and the calj-x lacks the char-
acteristic spur-like appendage of D. cornigera. The
double form is much commoner in the gardens than the
single.

cc. Calyx spathe hie, not toothed

arbdrea, Linn. {Brugmdwiia aibbiea Steud.)
Angel's Thumpet. Small tree Ivs n-s itr 1 in( i olite,
margin entire, never wavy or ar_-l H j nl iit m

pairs, one a third shorter than thi tli i i ii I ^ 1 m
or more long: tls. with a musk like <• 1 i l\ ^ lul ul ir,
entire, spathe-like, acuminate; con.ll i tul i tmti the
lobes of the limb very long, anthers <listin(t, not con-
glomerate. Pern and Chile. G.C. II. 11 141. -Most of
the plants cult, under this name are presumably D. sua
veotens. The extent to which the true D. a'lboiea is
cultivated is undetermined.

BB. Plants less tall, only 2-5 ft high

c. Blossoms erect: calyx not spurred.

D. Corolla 5-toothed.

fastudsa, Linn.(Z). and B. corn«cdpia,Hort.). Fig.681.
Annual, 4-5 ft. high, herbaceous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, acute and unequal at the base, toothed or
wavy, glabrous on both sides, solitary, upper ones in
pairs, one of which is larger, 7-8 in. long, 2ii-3]4 in.
wide: petioles \%-2}4 In. long: fls. 6J^-7 in. long, violet
outside, whitish within ; calyx purple, angled, 2 in. long.

5-toothed, the teeth triangular lanceolate,
lines long, 2-3 lines wide. Native of India. Naturalized
in the tropics of both worlds. F.S. 14:1457. Gn. 46:978
and I.H. 42: 25.— There is a variety Huberi&.iia. This is
the commonest of all Daturas In eastern gardens.
DD. Corolla 10-toothed.

meteloldes, DC. (/>. TTrif/Zidi, Hort.). Perennial (cult,
as an annual north): branches slender, forked: Ivs.
ovate oblong, almost entire, acuminate, acute at both
ends, not cordate or angled, upper leaves often in pairs,
the larger 2-2% in. long, 8-9 lines wide; petioles thick-
ened at the base, 4-5 lines wide: calj'x tubular, the teeth
large, ,5-10 in. long, very acute, unequal; corolla about
4-,1 in. !.'!!- "I- fv ii-p as long as the calvx, 10-toothed,
th.. I. - ■!■ -I ■' ' i.lifomia. Gt. 1859:260. R.H. 1857,
I' 1 M I fin talioides, etc. The name means

liki I'M u\\ is a common plant in S.Europe.

■■ /'. //'. '. ' . '' -1-1 I'lTennial, spreading over the ground
in hirge flumps: Ivs. greyish dull green color: fis. stand-
ing erect, white, delicately tinged with light violet-
purple, not quite as fragrant as D. suaveolens. This can
be grown also as an annual, easily blooming the first
year from seed. The common statements that this plant
is an annual are incorrect."- /Vanrcs-c/ii.

cv. Blossoms pendulous : calyx icitJi a long spur.
cornigera, H.,..k, i D.&nd B.Kn)ghtii, Hon.). Height
3-4 ft . ri.in. Ii. - iL.wny : Ivs. chiefly at the ends of
brail : - i i i tjoled, acuminate, margin entire,

wav\ _ i.endulous, white or creamy white,

verv iiii^nii 1 * i::iit. striated, 5-lobed, the lobes ter-
minated liv ;i _ 1 A 1 -!i:i|ii-il spreading or recurved
point; stain. 11- M. \. B.M. 4252. £. £"»!)(/*;!!

seems to hv f for the double form. Gn.

45: p. 549. — < 'i>ri u. m in. .m- horned or spurred, referring
to the ebarat-tir <.i tli.- calyx, which easily separates this
species. "Tliis and D.suaceolens are known as ' Flori-
pondio' to the 8p.inish-Americans, perhaps no other
plant being more popular with them."—/'. Franceschi.
W. M.

DADCUS (ancient Greek name). L'mbelllferm. Per-
haps 25 annual and biennial herbs of very wide distribu-
tion. One or 2 species are native to N. Amer., and the
wild Carrot is an abundant old-field weed in the north-
eastern states. See Carrot.

DAVALLIA (a perso

PnliipndHtc

D. platyphylla, see Microlepia ; D. stricta, see Steno-
loma; h. ienuifolia, see Stenoloma; D. Tyermanni, see
ffumata. L. M. Underwood.

The diverse habits of growth of the many different
species of Davallias, and then good lastmg qualities,
peculiarly fit them under ordiuan care for decorative

purposes, when

1. h. It. iii.i -a 1. . tul pi ints .ire desired

Among the in i

1 1 It 11 1 in. .st often

seen and b. t

D. bul-

lata. B. pa,

1 joung

fronds of .

weU adapt. 1

ind var.

elegans,!)

, -saand

majus, I>

' (syn..

Mooreana) i

, i„i speci-

men plants J>

lu 1 ,1 u 1 I ettchi

1. li.i tcin dishes, b. . lusp of their

dwarbsh habit o

t giowth and the ease with which they

may be nised flora spores.

did plants of D.ivallia may be cut into a number of
smaller ones with a sharp knife. Planted firmly into
shallow pans and placed in a temperature of 60-65° F.,
they soon develop into symmetrical plants. The rhizomes
should be firmly fastened to soil by strong copper-wire
staples, where they will root in a short time. To gain
a large number of small plants, the rhizomes should be
detached, cleaned from all soil and roots, laid on sand
and thinly covered with moss. Placed in a shaded posi-

462 DAVALLIA

tion in a temperature of 65-70° and kept moderately
moist, a number of small plants will develop from the
dormant eyes, which may be separatily iinft.d a^ sunn
as of sufficient size. Spores of Davallia ^lii.ul.l h, x,.\vii
on a fine compost of soil, leaf-moM ..i- |n :it an.l -and in
equal parts, and placed in a slia.l. d |i"~iii>.n m a tmi-

perature of 60-65° F. All il" -i - ::.■ ,.; i i ; ijatiou

of Davallias will be most -;. iming

the spring months. All I '.i i h and

open compost, an abundan...; ..^ lii um; ,i i. , m .i-ture

at their roots, a temperature ul ou-g:. 1 . an. I a ;!,.. rough

syringing every bright day. jj. N. Bkuckner.

A. Lis. once pinnate, with fete linear se<imeiits.

pentaph^lla, Blume. Lvs. scattered from a stout
flbrillose rootstock, with 1 terminal and 4-6 lateral
pinnae, 4-6 in. long. Kin. broad; sori in marginal rows.
Java and Polynesia.

AA. Lfs. trl-qiiadri-pinnatifid, delloitl.
B. Length of Irs. usually less than 1 ft.

bull&ta, Wall. Fig. 68.1. Lvs. scattered from a creep-
ing rootstock, which i.s clothed with light brown flbrillose
scales, often whitish when young ; 8-10 in. long,
4-6 in. wide, quadri-pinnatifld. with deeply incised seg-
ments; texture firm. India to Java and "Japan. F.E.
11:543.

H&riesii, Moore. Rootstock stout, with brownish

scales, which are lanceolate from a broad dilated base:

lvs. deltoid, 4-6 in. each way, with the pinnse cut away at

the lower side at base; segments short-linear, l-nerved;

sori intramarginal. Japan. G.C. III. 13: 571.

BB. Length of leg. 1-2 ft.

c. Foliage commonly tri-pinnaiifid.

ilegans, Swz. Rootstock clothed with woolly fibers :

lvs. ^15 in. wide, with the main rachis slightly winged

DEARBORN

toward the apex ; indusia several to a segment, with the
sharp teeth projecting bevond the cups. Cevlon to Aus
tralia and Polj-nesia.

s61ida. Swz. {D. oniAta, Wall.). Rootstock clothed
witli appressed scales or fibers : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 12-15
in. wiilf. the center of the apex broad and undivided ;
segments broad and slightly cut ; indusia marginal.
Malaya.

cc. Foliage commonly quadri-pinnatificl.

pyxidita, Cav. Rootstock clothed with pale brown
linear scales : lvs. tri-quadri-pinnatifid, 6-9 In. broad,
with olilong segments ; sori with a broad space outside,
which is extended into a horn-like projection. Australia.

Fiji^nsia, Hook. Lvs. 6-12 in. broad, with the lower
pinna> deltoid and the segments cut into narrow, linear
divisions V^-^in. long ; sori on the dilated apices of
the segments, with no horn. Fiji Islands. A.F.6:900;
9: 233. G.C. III. 23: 323. -One of the finest species, with
numerous varieties.

disB^cta, J. Sm. Rootstock stout, with dense, rusty
scales : lvs. 10-12 in. broad, on straw-colored stalks ;
segments oblong, cuneate at base, with simple or bifid
lobes ; sori minute, often with two projecting horns.

BBB. Length of lvs. 3-S ft.

divaricElta, Blume (/>. polydntha. Hook.). Rootstock
with linear rusty scales : lvs. tri-pinnatifid, sometimes
2 ft. broad, with deltoid segments cut into linear oblong
lobes ; sori at some distance from the edge. India to
Java and Hong Kong.

p411ida, Mttt. 1 2). Mooredna, Masters). Rootstock
st<iut, witli lancinlate dark brown scales: lvs. with straw-
col.. r.-.l stalks lJ-18 in. long, quadri-pinnatifld, with del-
toid, stalk.-.l segments, the ultimate obovate-cuneate,
bearing the sorus on the upper side at the base. Anei-
teimi and Borneo. A. F. 6: 901; 9: 231. A. G. 13:143.
L. M. Underwood.

DAY FLOWEK. See Commelina.

DAY LILY. Funkia ami nemerocalli.i.

DEAD NETTLE . Lam i u m .

DEANE, EEV. SAMTTEL, poet and agricultural writer,
was born at Dedham, Mass., July 30, 17.33, and died at
Falmouth (now Portland), Maine. Nov. 12, 1814, where
he had been pastor since Oct. 17, 1764. While vice-presi-
dent of Bowdoin College, he published, in 1790, his "New

1 Farmer.orGeorgicalDic
can encyclopedic work on agriculti
wiiliT i-irculation, probablv, than .1
upon Fii-ld -Husbandry," 1747. If- ■
to III.' mi. Idle of the present .i i
frc-eh- quoted by F. G. Fessen.l i .
The "second edition, 1797, wa- . i.

theflrstAmeri-
This had a much
1 Klii.fs "Essays
■ I tv he traced

. I Hi. in 1837".
■ i I iM lieorgical
shed in 1822.

stage of American horticulture when it was hardly im-
portant enough to be considered distinct from general
agriculture. For biographical details, see Drake's Dic-
tionary of American Biography.

DEABBOBN, HENBY ALEXANDER SCAMMELL,

soldier, statesman and author (1783-ls.'l . »'.i- :il-'> an
ardent horticulturist. He was a moving' i !i or-

ganization of the Massachusetts Hortu ^ \.

and was elected its first president on 1 1 1 . ■ i.iii'i M^nh.
1829. He was partly instrumental in tin- > -labli.-liin, nt
of an "experimental garden and cemetery at Mount
Auburn," the parent of rural cemeteries. The plan of
the cemetery was largely his ( cf . Bigelow ) . He " devoted
himself to this work "most assiduously," writes the
chronicler of the society, "spending the greater part of
the autumn [1831] at Mount Auburn, in laboring with
hands as well as mind, without money and without price."
The Ablie Berlese's Monographv of the Camellia was
translat.-.l l.y him, and published" in Boston in 1838. He
als.. tian-lai.d I'r.un the French, in 1830, an account of
th.' -in..' tani..u- Mnrus mnlticaulis. He left MS.
writing's ..n li..rTi.-ulture. For notes on his horticultural

DEARBORN

labors, see "History of the Mass. Horticultural Society,"
1880, which contains a portrait ; also John B. Ktissel
in Tilton's Journ. Hort. 7:88, 157, 270. Gen. H. A. S.
Dearborn was son of Gen. Henry Dearborn, of Revolu-
tion and later fame. L. H. B.

DfiCODON (Greek, ^.--^"./^..^i. L^ilh, -,),;■„•. A hardy
perennial herb r:ir. h mltiNiit.M l.v ,1. ;,|.rs in native
plants. It has oi.i"iMt.- .n- ulnni. .1 U-., iIm- upper with
axillary, short-st:ilk.,l ,lust,T. ..f iK. AluuLid Deeodon
is usually considi-n-.l a subgenus uf XLsa-a. It is dis-
tinguished from Ly thrum bv havine; 5 (rarely 4) petals
instead of 6, and 8-10 stamens, while Lythrum has
mostly 6 or 12.

verticlUatus.Ell. (Xes(earerflcimta,'aBK.). Swamp
Loose-Strife. Smooth or downy: stems recurved, 2-8
ft. long, 4-G-sided: Ivs. lanceolate, nearly sessile: pet-
als 5. cuneate-lanceolate, rose-purple, Kin. long; stamens
10, half of them shorter. Swampy grounds, N. E. to
Fla., west to Minn, and La. -Int. by H. P. Kelsey.

DECUMAKIA (Latin, decnmus, tenth, referring to the
number of the parts of the fl.). Saxifragdcew. Shrubs
climbing by aerial rootlets : Ivs. deciduous, opposite,
petioled : fls. in terminal peduncled corymbs, small,
white, perfect ; sepals and petals 7-10 ; stamens 20-30:
fr. a 5-10-celled ribbed capsule opening between the
ribs, with numerous minute seeds. Two species in E.
N. Amer. and China, of which only the An

DELAWARE

463

tal

shrub.

rith

handsome glossy foliage and fragrant white Hs., forming
a corymb of feathery appearance, well adapted for cover-
ing walls, rocks, trellis work and trunks of trees, but
not hardy north. Thrives in almost any humid soil.
Prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer under glass,
rarely by seeds.

birbara, Linn. {D. sarmeulosa. Bosc). Climbing to
30 ft., but usually less high : Ivs. ovate, obtuse or acute,
remotely denticulate or entire, glabrous and shining
above, 2^ in. long : corrmbs 2-3 in. broad, semiglobose.
May, June. Va. to Fla., west to La. B.B.2:I8.5. Mn.l:41.
Alfred Rehder.

DEERBEREY. r„rci„inm st,im!,ui,m.

DEERGEASS. Ehexia.

DELABBBEA (after a French naturalist). Araliicea;.
A genus of two species of tall, tender shrubs from New
Caledonia, distinguished from Aralia by the fruits.
Culture same as Aralia.

spectibilis, Linden & And. (ArAliaconetiina, Nichol-
son). Stem ashy grey, with brown, warty spots : Ivs.
odd-pinnate, Ifts". in 8-10 pairs, each 1ft. 3-toothed or

twice cut, sometimes so deeply .•
free segments. New Ciil..l>.ni
the name of Aralia syn ■ /
have been sold. TheEu^li
Aralia filicifolia. The B.l-i;,i
was Delarbrea\spectabilis. (Set

3 entirely
I. -Under
nt plants
plant was

. G.C.IL

iiien

5:603.) The two plants can be distinguished at a glance.
The primary division of the leaf in .dl. filicifolia is long
and narrow, thrice as long as in D. spectabilis, and
tapering to a long point, while in D. spectabilis the pri-
mary division of the leaf is short and has 3 well-marked
segments. In A. filicifolia the secondary divisions are
deeply and irregularly cut ; in D. spectabilis they are
merely serrate. The two plants are also immediately
distinguished l)y the spots on the stem.

DELAWAEE, HOETICUITTJBE IN. The state of
Delaware ( Fig. 084) is situated close to the largest fruit-
consuming cities of the New World. An emphatic com-
mercial advantage in the development of a diversified
horticulture arises from the modifying climatic influence
of the Delaware and Chesapeake bays; from a variety of
fertile soils; and from the ripening of its fruits and vege-
tables between the products of the North and South,
There is probably no area in the United States which, in
its natural commercial advantages, in its climatic en-
vironment, and in the diversity of its soils, is so pre-
eminently fitted for the development of an extensive
and diversified horticulture as the peninsula to which
Delaware belongs.

New Castle, the northern county, is hilly and rolling,
and varies from a dense clay to a clay loam. Horticul-
turally, it is well adapted to plum, pear, apple and bush-
fruit culture, and, in restricted areas, to the cherry,
peach and trucking industries. But the production of

PHILADELPHIA

684.

hay, grain, and dairy products is the leading feature in
New Castle's rural activities. Kent, the central county,
is gently undulating. The soil varies from a clay loam
in the northern part to a sandy loam along the southern
border. The most diversified horticulture of the state,
including tree fruits, bush fruits, strawberries, grapes,
and vegetable products, has been developed here. In
, wlii-li i- iiM.stlv level, a

'•■■''■-■^' '!•'■ ' ■•riving clay

' I ^ liiral areas

.: !.i,.li fruits

.1.. ■! Ill >:i-~i \. tlie horti-

frequently approactn

• loam. The

are most prommenti} '!■ \ ■ i^i" 'i in > i-
cultural areas lying 'in the w.-stern luilf i.f the county.
Delaware horticulture was born in 1832, with the peach
industry, when the first extensive orchard was set near
Delaware City. In a single year the value of its peach
crop was $16,000. Then an era of the most rapid horti-
cultural extension was inaugurated. By 1840, half a
million baskets of peaches were shipped from the county.
But in 1842 the peach-yellows broke out near Delaware
City, and by 1867 more than one-half of the crop of three
million baskets was grown in southern New Castle
county. The orchards of New Castle had largely
disappeared in 1870, and in 1890 it contained less
than 5,000 acres. Kent county, however, in 1890 had
23,000 acres, and Sussex county 20,000 acres. In 1899,
extensive orchards were being planted again in New-
castle county and northern Kent county.

464

DELAWARE

The center of the peach belt in 1890 was along the
southern l.Mnli-r nf Ki-nt county, where the trees were
comparain i l> li.^ihln, Imt in 1890 the yellows had ex-
tendeil im ■ 1 1 i i, -ii,>i-x, where it has remained sta-
tionary I i I , In 1896 the Delaware division
of the riMi.i'i' Hihi I, W ihiiington & Baltimore railroad
-carried mcr iwo million baskets of Delaware peaches,
"which was over yu per cent of the total crop, and esti-
mated that there were between four and five million
beariilg trees in the state.

The peach-yellows has been responsible, primarily, for
the shifting of the peach-growing centers. No sys-
tematic, cooperative effort has been made to suppress
the disease. Yellows legislation is inoperative from
a lack of public and political support. Intelligent grow-
ers remove trees at the first indication of infection, but
the efforts of a few individuals have not been effective
in checking the progress of the disease. The ultimate
remedy for the yellows in Delaware lies in a more
diversifi.n !i-i i i- u'- i.i-. .

The J.r;
Foster. < I

Mountiun i.- -< , i.rc >
Crawford ijau-, .Mutu

Next to the peach
small fruit interests, which are
veloped in the southern half

of peaches are : Hale Early,

Oldmixon, Moore Favorite,

vorite, Elberta, Brandywine,

1 Smock.

commercial importance are the

stensively de-

1 the western

nd 8,000 acres

iiics in these

1 • .f the P. W.

' r 90 per cent

111 is road car-

a still larger

tS of

& B. K. I,
of the tot;,! ,.,,.,1
ried over L'4.I100,
quantity in 1899.

Since 189G, the Lucretia dewberry has been set out in
large quantities in both Kent and Sussex counties, while
the blackberry acreage has fallen off in consequence.

Among the principal varieties of strawberries are Bu-
bach, Tennessee Prolific, Gaudy, Greenville, Michel and
Haverland. The Souhegan, Palmer and Mills com-
prise the prominent black raspberries ; the Miller,
Cuthbert, Loudon and Bi ^nd\^vlno the r(d \ am tits ,
and Early Harvest and \\ iNon thi blackb( rries

In Kent county tlit pear industr\ is a prominent
horticultural featuu The Kiefftr is the leading ^ i
riety. Its adaptability to \arious soils, its earlj and
precocious bearing tendencies, and the cheapness of its
production give it unusual commercial \ alue throughout
the state. In the fill of 1897 nioi. th m 40 000 Kii ff, i
trees were sold in centi il x i n t\

and young orchards iron ~ i\

and New Castle counties ^ iln

Kieffer to a large e\tciii i I- 19

there were about 100,000 K i i . ii.,

old and 60,000 trees o\er J ji ii^ .id m tin ^i iti

Previous to the advent of the Kiiffcr the Bartlitt,
Duchess, Lawrence and Aiijou were the leading Kinds,
the orchards existing m the tno upper uuuntjew.

The introduction of the Japanese plum has opened
the way to plum culture. Scattering orchards of Bur-
bank and Abundance have been set in Sussex and New
Castle counties, but an extensive development is under
way in Kent. In the vicinity of Clayton and Smyrna
there were 6,000 trees in bearing in 1897, since when
10,000 trees have been set. There were 32,000 trees in
the state in 1899. TheJapanese plums, as a class, arc
well adapted to the state. TJIiey are .l.-itin.-.l t.. im.v.-
an increasingly important factor in ih. li. n i. i;;i n m v.
the future, but with their concenti '

hoods, their weak points may be e\ I .

prominently. Burbank, Abundanci- anu i il ^ l.i . i.. . n
the leading varieties, and Red June, Chaljot and Hale
are growing in popularity.

The native plums of the Hortulana and Chickasaw
groups, which ripi-n licfi.ri' the northern Doimstica va-
rieties, ar.- r.i].;.l'., :ill:,Ii,iiK: .I.-i r-, . .1 |.r..n,:ii-ii-. , Tliey
are hai-'l' ' • .' ■" ' ." •,.! re-

DELPHINIUM

150 to 200 acres of grapes, where the history of viticul-
ture began about 1855. Grape culture has been a
profitable industry in this neighborhood, the net income
frequently exceeding $100 per acre. Recently, however,
the profits have been somewhat less on account of the
lower prices and the grape diseases. Many of the vine-
yards are models of intelligent tilling, pruning, spray-
ing and training. The principal varieties are Niagara,
Moore's Early, Concord, Brighton, Agawam and Wyom-
ing Red.

Delaware is widely known, W't onh- tlironeh her ex-
tensive orchards and small tr m i! ii i '-i^. but also

through the products of her en _ . -. In 1895

the tomato output amounted t- - ' - : jteaches

to 50,000 cases ; peas to nearly a hi,, .piini ;i_\ ; corn to
over .50,000 cases ; and a large amount of berries, pears
and other fruits, not separately classified. Since 1895,
the amount of the various canned goods has not fluctu-
ated widely, except with canned peas, which in 1898 had
rearlM .1 111. (inn , a^.s; and with tomatoes, which have

■ \l' I' lie is preeminently a horticultural

Stan , . , M ... i.ni.s in horticulture are largely unde-
veloia.l. li.. i.li>Meal environment makes it a natural
fruit garden. There are several industries that could
be profitably introduced or extended to larger acreages.
Apple culture ; plum culture, of the Japanese and early
native types ; sour cherry culture, especially for can-
ning ; nut culture, on cheap land ; vegetable" growing,
and glass-house gardening-all offer opportunities for a
greater horticultural diversity. The various fruit inter-
ests are gradually extending over wider areas, and it
may be expected that Delaware will not only maintain
its present horticultural prestige but will be an m
creasingly potent factor in American hcrticulture in the
*"♦"'■<'• G HlR LI I «ELL

DELPHINIUM (Greek, a dolphu t I

r

mg natives are worthless for Delaware, as the markets
are then supplied with Domestica plums.
In the vicinity of Smyrna and Clayton there are from

zone. Annual or perennial, erect, branching herbs: Ivs.
palmately lobed or divided: fls. in a showy raceme or
panicle; sepals 5, petal-like, the posterior one prolonged

i sessile, forming many-seeded follicles. Full
i :ii I, I .ii Ills are very common in a number of the spe-
n pare Figs. 685, 686).
1 ' :, i nmras thrive in any good garden soil, but are

iiiih! . I li\' a deep, rich, sandv loam, exposed to the sun.
!>., |. , I. i.,n:n I ;h. -oifi. verv important. The

aiinn.. -,-■ j. "'..'. ■■■■!■:-.-.■. 1, \> liirii ar.' very slow

ill^.!"..' ,.;..,'.' ~' ■ .|M P.. .,,M II III 111., falltopro-
diire ihiM I- . ail;, 11m iM \i ~. a~oii. The ] ren ii iiials may be
prop. : ( 1 1 Hy root division in the fall or spring. (2) By
cuttings, about whicli J. B. Keller says: "Take a few cut-
tings from each plant in early spring, when growth is
about 3 or 4 inches long, or else use the second growth,
which has come after the flower-stems have been re-
moved. Cuttings root readily in a shaded frame, no
bottom heat being required, but an occasional sprinkling
during dry and hot weather is necessary. When rooted

DELPHINIUM

they are treated like seedlings." (3) By seeds, started
in the greenhouse or hotbed in March or even earlier.
The young seedlings should be given plenty of room by
transplanting as they grow, and may be set in the open
garden by June. If started thus early they flower the
first autumn, but the seed may be planted in late spring
or summer, care being taken to wal. r will cluiin^' iliv
weather, and flowers will come tht- lu-xt suiiiiim f. '\\> isri
the best results, the perennials slinuhl \<r ti an^iihintr.!
every 2 or 3 years. Two good crcp^ d l.l..ss,,nis iiuiy
be secured in one season by cutting away Ihc lluwcr-
stems of the first crop as soon as the flowers have
faded, of course no seeds will be produced in this waj
The Delphiniums are much grown in the open garden
and border, and are of great value for cut flower pur
poses Pour species are of much greater popularity than
the others the annual, D Ajacis, and the perennials,
D. grandiflorum, D hybridum &ai D . foi mo^nm Tht
last three have been especially prolific in named a a
rieties

Rocket and Candelabrum are names used to designate
the forms of inflorescence m the two annual species The
"Rocket" or spike like form is more commonly found in
the Ajacis txpp ind the '( indflibnim "with a number
of short s| il I Ilk. h Ills t iliU n iit In i-rlits, is tound
more otti II n ( i hli - \ in \ \ii itti mjit to dis-
tinguish 1 l\ II tl \iii 1 I) 1| 1 II I mis Bot Gaz
12 49-54 iss 1 Until M ii ^i i| Im ,li i (,attung
Delphinium m Eii„' But 1 Uub Jl) i2_'-4'lM 1805

Alphabetical list of species described below A^acis,
1; alpinum,U,, altissimum, U, uzuieum,l&, bicolor, 7,
Biciku, 17, Brunonianum, 8 , cardinale, 4 , Carolinia
num, 18, Cashmerianum, 10, cheilanthum, 24, Chinense,
17; ColumbiaHHm,22; Consolida,2; decorum, 9; elatum,
16; exaltatum,15; formosiim,25; grandiflorum, 17; hybri-
dum,27; Maackianum,26; Menziesii,12; mesoleucum,19;
nudicaule, 3; Nuttallii, 22; occ.identale, 23; pauciflorum,
13; Prsewalskianum, 5 ; Przewalskii, 5; pyramidale,
16; scopulorum, 23 ; simplex, 21 ; Stnense, 17; sulphu-
renm, 6 ; tricome, II ; troUiifolium, 20 ; virescens, 18;
Zalil, 6.

A. Annuals: petals only S, united : follicle 1.

1. Ajicis, Linn. Fig. 687. An erect annual, about
18 in. high, with a few spreading branches : Ivs. of stem
sessile, deeply cut into fine, linear segments; root-lvs.
similar, but short-petioleil : ris. sln.wy, liliu- i.r violet,
varyingto white, morenuiiiiri.iistlKiii iii />. i '.oisuli, In. in
a spicate raceme; petals l', unitiil; cilyN s|iin- about
equaling the rest of the Howi-r: t'l.ilirlr I'mly 1. pubes-
cent; seeds with wrinkled, broken ridges. ' May-Aug.
Eu. R.H. 1893, p. 228. Same figure in S.H. 2: 282.

2. Caiis61ida, Linn. An erect, hairy annual, 1-lK ft.
high: Ivs. similar to D. Ajacis.- fls. few, loosely panicled,
pedicels sliortcr tlian the 1. raits, l.liir i.r violet or white;
petals 2. uiiitr.l: i\,nirl,. 1, ulal.r^ii- ; s,.,.,N with broken,
transversi- liil-i s. .Imii -An::. I'.ii, I'.axtir Brit. Bot. 4,
t.297. K.U. l.s'.i:i. p. -s , var. .., ,i.)/»m ( •,! lulehlbriim).
Var. imperialis, llort. [1). imperial^ fl. pi., Uort.). Fls.
double. From the English gardens.

AA. Perennials : petals 4: follicles S-S.
B. Sepiils red.

3. nudioaMe, Torr. .»c Uiay. St.ni 1-1', ft. lii-li. gla-
brous, branched, frw-lvil.: ivx. riillirr Mirniliiit . l-:i"in.
across, lobed to th.- iiiiil.lli- ut tarilin- :;-7 tiims. the
secondary lobes nnniiliil ami i.ftiii iinn'riiiiati-; pi-tioles
3-5 in. long, dilated at the base: fls. panicled; sepals
bright orange-red, obtuse, scarcely spreading, shorter
than the stout spur; petals yellow, nearly as long as
sepals: follicles 3, spreading and recurved, soon becom-
ing glabrous; seeds thin-winged. April-July. Along
mountain streams, northern Calif. B.M. 5819. F.S.
19:1949. R.H. 1893, p. 259. A good perennial in the E.

4. cardin&le, Hook. Stem erect, 2-3K ft. high, partly
pubescent: Ivs. smooth, fleshy, deeply 5-parted, the parts
cut into long, linear lobes: raceme elongated, many-fld. :
fls. bright red, with petal limbs yellow: follicles gla-
brous, usually 3; seeds smooth. July, Aug. Calif. B.M.
4887. Gt.208. F.S. 11:1105. R.B. 6:101. Gn. 19:273.

BB. Sepals clear yellow or tipped with blue.

5. Przew4l8kii, Huth. [D. Prsewatskidnum, Hort.).
Nearly glabrous, often branched at base, erect, varying

DELPHINIUM

465

much in height: Ivs. 3-5 times deeply parted, parts di-
vided into narrow, obtuse lobes: fls. clear yellow, or
sometimes tipped with blue; spur equaling the sepals:
follicles 3, densely hairy. July, Aug. Asia. Int. 1892.
^ 6. Zaiil, Aitch. & Hems.

,7",,, {D- sulphiireum, Hort. D.

^-_- - ' hjbridum, var. sulphiireum,

'• Hort.). Stem nearly simple,

erect, 1-2 ft. high, rather gla-
brous, or becoming so: Ivs.
of several narrow, linear
lobes, dark green, petioles not
dilating at the base : fls. large,
light yellow, in long racemes:
follicles 3, longitudinally fur-
rowed and ribbed ; seeds with
transverse, fibrous plates.
June, July. Persia. Int. 1892.
B M 7049. Gn. 50:1094; 54,
p 347 GC. III. 20:247. Seed-
lings from tubers and plants
lie down as if dead; but they
nake a second growth after
, short period of rest.

c Reight iH ft. or less.

~~ 7 bicolor, Nutt. Erect,
rather stout, %-l ft. high,
from fascicled roots : Ivs.
687. Delphinium Ajacis-The small, thick, deeply parted
common annual Larkspur a""! divisions cleft, except
perhaps in the upper Ivs.;
segments linear and obtusi : raceme rather few fid., the
lower peducls ascending 1-2 in.: spur and sepals nearly
equal, J^ m long or more, blue; upper petals pale yel-
lo\v u. white, blue-vcincd , lower petals blue: follicles
glabrous or becoming so. May-Aug. Dry woods, Colo.,
west and north to Alaska.

8. Brunoniinum, Royle. Musk Larkspur. Stems
erect, M-l/^ft. high: plant somewhat pubescent: upper
Ivs. 3-parted, lower ones reniforin, 5-parted ; segments
deeply cut, musk-scented : fls. large, light blue with
purple margins, center black ; spur very short ; sepals
1 in. long, membranous and often clinging until the
fr. is mature: follicles 3 or 4, villose. June, July. China.
B.M. 5461. R.B. 1863:34.

9. decorum, Fischer & Mever. Stem slender and
weak, %-l}4 ft. high, sninutli or m-arlv si, : Ivs. few,
bright green; upper i.ii'- -iiiall. :; :. i Miiid intn narrow
lobes; lower and rail i' III I I : i i rminout-
line and deeply 3-.") Jill i , , :. inLTwidely:

fls. in a loose raci-iiH . t^r - \> h ii i.:Mn<l-il: sepals

blue, % in. long, equaling tin- spurs: upjier petals at
least tinged with yellow: follicles 3, thickish, glabrous.
Spring. Calif. Int. 1881. B.R. 26:64.

DD. Petioles hardly dilating at the base,
B. Upper petals never yellow.

10. Cashmeriinum, Royle. Plant pubescent, not very
leafy: stem,simple,erect,slender.l0-18in.high: root-lvs.
orbicular, 2-3 in. in diameter, 5-7-lobed, coarsely, acutely
toothed and cut; petiole 5-8 in. long; stem-lvs. short-
petioled, 3-5-lobed, cut like the radical ones, all rather
thick, and bright green : inflorescence corymbose, the
branches rather spreading: fls. 2 in. long, deep azure
blue; spur broad, obtuse, inflated, decurved, little over
half as long as sepals; upper petals almost black, 2-lobed,
lateral ones greenish: follicles 3-5, hairv. July-Sept.
Himalayas. B.M. 6189. Gt. 1105. Gn. 18:261. R.H.
1893, p. 259. Hardy in Mass., and choice.

Var. WAlkeri, Hook. Stem very short, leafy, many-
fld. : upper Ivs. less lobed or almost entire, small, long-
petioled: fls. very large, light blue with yellow petals.
Suited to rockwork. B.M. 6830.

EE. Upper petals yellow or striped with yellow.

11. tricdme, Michx. Stem succulent, about 1 ft. high :
Ivs. 3-5-parted, with 3-5-cleft linear lobes ; petioles

46G

DELPHINIUM

smooth, hardly dilating at the base : fls. large, blue,
rarely whifi^li : upper petals sometimes yellow, with blue
V, Mi~, l,.,M r . ri.s white-bearded; sepals nearly equaling
Til ' I l.-s 3-4, very long, becoming glabrous,

>i ujiiitr; seeds smooth. May. Northern

sr;ii' - 1. !■ ' . I:;i06.— Very beautiful and much used.
Best for riickwork. The foliage dies down in midsum-
mer and the plant appears as if dead.

simple, slender,
3-5-parted, the di
ceolate lobes; pet
simple, conical r;
cent outside, m
upper petals yellow

ml' ilrft into linear or lan-
i ii iiiir at the base: tis. in
^ ! lui', somewhat pubes-
I'lj till- spurs in length;
u'lfs ;i, pubescent, or some-
times glabrous ; seeds black, winged on the outer angles.
April-June. On hills, Calif, and northward to Alaska.
B.R. U: 1192.

13. paucilldmm, Nutt. Roots oblong or fusiform, fas-
ciculate-tuberous : stems slender, nearly glabrous, K-1
ft. high ; Ivs. small, parted into narrow, linear lobes;
petioles not dilating at base: fls. and fr. similar to those
of D. Memiesii, but on shorter pedicels. May, June.
Colo, to Wash, and Calif. Int. 1892.

cc. Reight usually more than iK ft.

j>. Seeds wrinkled or smooth, not winged nor scaly.

E. Follicles always S.

14. altissimum, Wallich. Plant shaggy-hairy above:
stem tall and slender, branched : Ivs. palmately 5-parted,
the divisions 3-lobed and toothed : bracts long-lanceolate :
fls. blue or purple, in long, branching racemes ; spur
straight or slightly incurved, equaling the sepals; petals
2-lobed : follicles 3, erect ; seeds not winged or scaly.
Aug., Sept. Himalayas.

15. ezaltitom, Alton. Stem stout, 2^ ft. high,
smoothish: Ivs. flat, nearly glabrous, deeply cleft into
3-7 wedge-shaped lobes, which are often trifld; petioles
usually not dilated at the base: fls. blue, with yellow on
the upper petals, mf.ihnii in size, on long, 'crowded,
erect, pyrami.l.il lar. m. s ; sepals nearly equaling the
spur in li-iii,-tli : I'illi.l.^ :;. pubescent or smooth; seed
coats irrcL'ularlN wiinkU-d. June-Aug. Borders of
■woods, Ala. tu -Minn.

16. elitum, Linn. (/>. alphitnn, Waldst. & Kit.
D. pyramidale, Royle). Bee Larkspur. Glabrous,
2-6 ft. high : Ivs. somewhat pubescent, 5-7-parted,
parts rather narrow, cut-lobed ; upper Ivs. .'i-.'.-parted ;
petioles not dilated at the base: ra. . im- uni, 1, lik.- I>.
exaltatum or more spike-like: fls. bin. . witli il nk \ Mkt
petals; sepals ovate, glabrous, ii.arh .,|ualiii;.' tin-
spurs: follicles 3; sccils traiisv.r-i i . .. Dnl.h.l. m.t
scaly. June-Aug. I'.- 1;. _' ; : I*". : i,; 7,., a. .r-.)
F.S.12:1287. (var. i1 ; I; M i- i ■ - - - ; . _',-,8
— A polymorphou ^ a' ' . i : : I , It is
probable that all it iniui, aii ii- i.;,,iii- -..m here
under this name .shipuid he caili-ci J>. , j-nit'itum, which
is a closely allied species.

17. ^andiadrum, Linn. (Z>. S/ii^H-se, Fischer). Figs.
685-6. Stem rather slender, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. rather
small, many times partrd intn n. arly rtivthat. narrow,
linear lobes: fls. larirc. Mn-'. \ai-\ inir To \\liiTr, tin- <pur
and lower petals often \iMlet. u|,|'.rr |,rtal- eftni \elliiw;
spurs long and tai'er |>Miiiteil: i.ilh.lrs ;;. jiiil>e>cent;
seeds triangular, coats wriukkti. not .sialv. JuIv.Aug.
Siberia. Int. 1880. B.M. 168C. Gn. 46:991 and" p. 484.
Var. 41bum, Hort. Fls. pure white. Var. albo-pldno,
Hort. Fls. double and pure white. Var. flore-pl^no,
Hort. (var. hybridum fl.-ph, Hort.). Fls. double, blue,
very pretty. R.H. 1893, p. 259; 1895, p. 379 (same).

Var. Chin^nse, Fischer. Stem very slender, not much
branched: Ivs. and fls. like the type, but fls. more nu-
merous. China. L.B.C. 1:71.— A favorite garden form.
The double blue form has been known as D. Brickii,
Hort.

EE. Follicles varying from S to 6.

18. Caroliniamim, Walt. (D. azureum, Michx. D.
vir^scens, iiutt.). Plant somewhat pubescent : stem IK-
2H ft. high, not much branched : Ivs. 3-5-parted, the di-
visions 3-5-cleft into usually linear lobes: racemes spi-
cate, usually many-fld. : fls. azure blue, but varying to

DELPHINIUM

whitish or white ; sepals often with a brownish spot:
follicles 3-5, oblong, erect; seeds transversely wrinkled.
July. N. C. to 111., west and south. P.M. 16:258. Var.
Alburn, Hort. (var. dlbidum, Hort.). Stems 2-3 ft. high:
Ivs. larger than the type and with broader divisions:
fls. creamy white. — The double form of this is not much
used.

Var. vimineum, Gray. Stem 2-4 ft. high, sometimes
branched, broader-lvd., looser-fld.: fls. violet or white.
Tex. B.M. .3593. B.R. 23:1999 (as X>. azureum).

19. mesoleiicum, Link. Stem 3 ft. high, pubescent
above: Ivs. 3-5-parted, the segments wedge-shaped and
deeply serrated ; petioles somewhat dilated at the base :
fls. blue, with pale yellow or whitish petals : seeds not
seen. June. Nativity not known.

DD. Seed u-inged.
E. L'pper petals never yellow.

20. trolliifdlium, Gray. Stem 2-5 ft., leafy, often re-
clining : Ivs. thinnish, large, often reniform at base,
.3-7-parted: lobes wedge-shaped, incised : racemes in
larger plants 1-2 ft. long and very loose: fls. blue, with
upper petals white : spur and sepals each % in. long :
follicles glabrous; seeds with thin wing or crown at the
end. Apr. Moist grounds, Columbia river. Int. 1881.

EE. Upper petals often yellow.

21. simplex, Dougl. Stem nearly simple, 2-3 ft. high,
soft - pubescent throughout :
Ivs. many-parted, into linear
divisions and lobes: racemes
dense, little branched : fls. pale
blue, with upper petals yellow,
lower petals white -bearded ;
sepals equaling the spur: fol-
licles 3, pubescent ; seeds
dark, with margins white-
winged. June. Mountains of
Idaho and Oregon. Int.

22. Niittallii, Gray (D. Co-
lumbiinum, Greene). Stem
erect, simple, nearly glabrous,
leafy, iy^-2% ft.: Ivs. thin-
nish, 3-5-parted, parts divided
into many linear-oblong lobes :
racemes long, many-fld. : se-
pals deep blue, ovate,
sparingly pubescent,
shorter than the spur ;
petals blue or upper
ones yellow, lower ones
H bite- bearded : fol-
licles 3, pubescent,
rather erect ; seeds
thin, dark, with yel-
low wings. Summer.
Low, open woods, Co-
lumbia river. Int. 1892.

23. scopulorum.Gray.
Stem 2-5 ft., glabrous,
at least below : Ivs. 5-
7 -parted, the upper
ones the more nar-
rowly cleft ; petioles
dilating at the base :
racemes simple, dense-
ly many-fld. : fls. blue
or purple, rarely white, ^^§^
upper petals often yel- ^^^^
low ; spur K in. long
equaling the sepals
follicles 3, pubescent;
seeds large - winged.
Aug., Sept. Moist
grotmd, west of Rock-
ies.—A polymorphous

Var. Bubalplnum,
Gray (D. occidentdle,
Wats.). A smaller
plant, pubescent above
shorter racemes, larger
licles glabrous, Wasatch mountains.

#

DELPHINIUM

Fischer. Stem
branched, 2-3 ft.: Ivs. e-lii))r..n-^ r.r ■
5-parted, the lol.e^ |i.iiiitr.l. siil.tri
toothed: fls. dark Mm-, iln' u|i|i.r \;t
yellow, the lower imm>~ iiiili\iii. '"
rather long, straight ..r <..iii.uliat ci
either glabrous or jmbescent ;

. <ii :ii, . fiitire ; spur
It .uiv,-,! : follicles 3,
seeds 3-comered, 3-
winged, not scaly. June, July. Siberia. B.B. 6:473.
Gt. 13:253. P.M. 16:258 i&s D/mngnificum).
DDD. Seeds scaly.

25. formdsum, Boiss. & Hult. Fig. 688. Stem strong,
2-3 ft., hairy below, rather glabrous above : lower Ivs.
5-7-parted, long-petioled ; upper ones 3-5-parted, short-
petioled or sessile, all alternate: racemes many -fid.:
fls. blue, with indigo margins; spur long, violet, bifid at
the tip: follicles 3, pubescent ; seeds scaly. June, July.
Asia Minor perhaps, but its origin is disputed. P.S.
12:1185. Vick's Mag. 2305. B.H. 1859, p. 528. -The most
permanent form for naturalizing.

26. Maackiinum, Kegel. Erect, 3 ft. high, pubescent
or glaltroas, branched above : Ivs. pubescent on both
sides, base often truncate or reniform, 3-5-parted, the
parts serrate; petioles dilated at the base: peduncles
yellow-hairy, with the bracts often inserted above the
base: fls. in loose panicles, sepals blue, ii as long as the
spurs; petals dark violet : follicles often glabrous, % in.
long; seeds small, distinctly scaly.

July. Siberia. Gt. 344.

27. hybridum, Steph. Stem 3-t
ft., pubescent above : root some-
what bulbous : Ivs. S-niany-
parted ; lobes linear ; petioles di-
lated and sheathing at the l.ase :
racemes dense: fls. blue, lower limbs
white-bearded; spur straiirlit,
longer than the sepals: foUiibs 3,
hairy; seeds ovate, with transverse
scales. June-Aug. Mountains of
Asia. R.H. 1893, p. 258 ; same out
in S.H. 2: 282. -There are many
double and semi-double vars. of
this type.

Var. Birlowi, Paxt. Very large,
semi-double fls., deep blue, with
brownish center. A supposed hy-
brid with B. grandiflorum. B. R.
23:1944. Int. 1892.

DEMAZfiEIA [Df^mazrnu).
Graminete. Annuals or peren-
nials, with narrow, involute leaf-
blades : spikelets peculiarly dis-
tichous on two sides of a 3-sided
rachis, many-fld., sessile, or some
of the lower spikelets pedicellate.
Four species knowTi. Mediterra- ^X J^.J

nean and S. African.

sioula, Dum. {BHzopi)rum Slculum, Link.). Spike
Grass. Fig. 689. A smooth, erect annual, 8 in. to 1 ft.
high: Ivs. few: panicle spike-like, 2-3 in. long ; spike-
lets ovate to linear, 8-20-fld. Mediterranean. -Fre-
quently used for edging. p_ g. Kennedy.

DEMEEARA ALMOND. Consult TerminaUa.

DENDROBIUM {Ine and life: they are epiphytes).
Orchid (I' in .trilie A' pi, I. 'nd rem. A genus containing many
species i.f i;ieat li.irticultural merit. Flowers racemose,

fasciculat - SMlitary : perianth usually spreading;

labelluni aiti.ulate ..r .-.mnate with the base of the
column: ei.luinii vle.ir. semiterete; base produced con-
spicuousl\ ; jM.lliiija i : stems cane-like, in some species
deciduous, si. that diniiiir the resting season the plants
appear like a group ot dried sticks. The species (more
than 300) are distributed through the tropical countries
of the eastern hemisphere. Australia, Japan, China,
India and the Philippine Islands furnishing a large

DENDROBIUM 467

number. They are particularly abundant in parts of
India. No species are known in Africa. The term
pseudobulbs has been used throughout this article for
the sake of uniformity, but these members are very
variable in the genus, ranging from very large (several
feet long) to very small and thin. The flowers are of
many sizes, forms and colors. Some of the species re-
semble Epidendrums, Cattleyas, and other genera.
Oakes Ames.

The growing of most of the commercial Dendrobiums
can generally be understood and accomplished in observ-
ing three steps: (1) The season of rain, that produces
the abundance of growth. (2) The season of colder
temperature, to ripen the wood. (3) The dry season, pro-
ducing the flowers.

In the seleeti.m of varieties, tliere are very few that
will not res]H.iHl h> the treatment suggested by this
sclienie. 7>. th i ii:-:,fl<'>-niii , fi nihri>itmn, chrysotoxumj
Fiun:. , ". :ei.; ,11 \ a liet les ..f t his group, respond most
geie ' , ' • -I inainaait in tli.^ warm glasshouse.
Tit. I ■ - !■: ' — I -e li-aut iliil in tlie orchid family.

'I'll- i..|.,,,..l IS e,|inii parts of clean peat and

mos.-. lix Uie i.lani;. very iiianl\- in jiots or baskets.

While growing, au titiutelan' t watei-mnst l»e given,

with syringing on all lite .la\-. \\ in n tlie growth is
well made and develojM .1. tie n e.ne ^ lie ^ra^on of rest,
and water can be withheM gra.liiail\. nut 11 tinally none
is given, ('ommereiallv spetiking. I iiinlrol.imiis can be
flowered in any ordinary glasshouse, tiinl with only
partial sha.le. Another nn-tliod is to give more shiide at

The propagation of these species is by division of
the growths, either in the resting season or the starting
of the growing season. Pruning is not to be practiced,
as, being of slow growth, they require the leaves for the
furnishing of the plant. Shading should be adopted.
With all Dendrobiums, care should be taken not to over-
pot. Grow in small pots or baskets, so as to confine the
roots. D. Dearei may be grovvm continuously, with-

The comm
Phalcenopsis,
laying the ste
by means of i
practiced exi
growth the s

■ conservatory Dendrobiums, as D.
Aiiisworthii, etc., are propagated by

Hat on baskets, attaching them firmly
Pruning of these varieties was once

ively, but when there is plenty of
and flowers can be cut at the same
time; this adds more beauty to the flower. D. nobile
and I). JVardiciiHin are easy to grow, only care should
be taken not to be too severe on all classes of this sec-
tion, after the growth is made, until midwinter. They
bloom best when the late autumn sun partially ripens
the stems. See Orchids. COLDJ Ogston.

Index; aggregatum, 14; Ainsworthii, 43; albiflorum,
10; albo-sanguineum, 48; amoenum, 58; anosmum, 68;
Aphrodite, 63; aqueum, 53; aureo-flavum, 10; aiireum,
,50; Balleanum, 43; Barberiamim, 60; bnrhnliihim. 19;
Bensoniie, 67; bicameratum . 1 '2 : I'tLnhlmm. '_'"_': }-t'.\alIii,

61; Bryraerianum, 16; Cab Iiiae '.": (',/.,;.. iii;

capillipes, 41; cariniferum, '■'<-. , :■ i ' / v-

sofi,5, 27; chrysotoxum,17: cla- : , - : I in.

43; crassinode, 60; crepidiifnni, ' ,, .,;,,' tie
entum,33; crumenatntti. t; ; e.i , m.

65 ; Dalhousianuni .:.]:'> ! - I t . ■ i

florum, 8; Devouitiittt: ' I ;-.

37; erythroxanthtiiit. : : I 'i ' : ' ' I ■ 'utit. In;
Findleyanum, 40; tint! :i ,,;,.; i-ree-

inanii, 69; fuscatuni. J' I I e eitsouii, 28;
giganteum, 02,68, 71 : ■' i ; . : ; . . < . tilithianum,
9; heterocarpum, 4!i: li ■ ■!■ e .. l t: I i .eniiii, 27; in-

Palpebrse, 5 ; Parish 1 i . le /' '. I . ' t-.

23; Pierardi, 73; piiti , i i , i i,.,-

dopterygliim, 49; Rneix.at. .M : - aKt ttttiLif. :;- : .--.hio^-
derianumj23; Schroederi, fs; seeuntiuni, 1 ; suavissmuini,
17; sulcatum, 11; .superbiens, 21; superbum, 68; thyrsi-
florum,7; tortile, 47; transparens, 71; ['eifcftianjim, Ifij
Wardianum, 59.

468 DENDROBIUM

A. Inflorescence racemose (fl. usnallij solitary hi Jeti-

B. Racemes densely flowered.
c. Petals pinkish or purplish.

1. secundum, Wall. Pseudobulbs terete, nearly 2 ft.
long: Ivs. ovate-oblong: fls. all on one side of peduncle,
crowded; petals smaller than sepals, rose-mauve; la-
bellum paler, with an apical blotch of orange. Sumatra.

2. cumulitum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs tufted, slender,
erect, about 18 in. long: Ivs. oblong: fls. 1 in. across,
purplish, suffused with white; inflorescence globose.
Burma.

cc. Petals white.

3. D^arei, Reichb. f. Fig. 690. Pseudobulbs tall: Ivs.
about 2 in. long, oval-oblong : fls. about 2 in. across,
white; sepals lanceolate; petals nearly orbicular; label-
lum oblong, with a pale, yellowish green blotch in the
throat. Philippine Isls. Gn. 54, p. 237. G.C. III. 2-1:193.

4. leucolophdtum, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs stout, erect :
racemes many-fld. : fls. white, lateral lobes of labellum
greenish; midlobe narrowly oblong. Malay archipelago.

5. F&Ipebree, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, 4-angled:
Ivs. oblonK- lanceolate : raceme loosely fld. : fls. white,
with a yellowish disk near the base of the labellum.
Burma.

6. crumenitum, Swartz. Pseudobulbs erect: Ivs. ovate-
oblong: raceme terminal, many-fld.: sepals and petals
ovate; labellum white. Malay archipelago.

7. thyrsifldrum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs terete,
jointed: Ivs. oblong: racemes pendulous, ample: sepals
and petals white ; labellum yellow, downy-pubescent.
Burma. B.M. 5780. I. H. 22:207. Gn. .50, p. 28. A.F.
3:155. P.E. 9:329. J.H. III. 31:229. G.C. II. 15:46:i.-
Much like the next, and by some united with it.

< "1

\ J .

VJn„y^

ccc. Petals yellow.
8. densiSlbnun, Wall. Pseudobulbs jointed, about 15
in. high: Ivs. oblong : racemes pendulous, ample: fls.
l!^-2 in. across ; sepals and petals yellow ; labellum
orange-yellow, downy-pubescent. Nepal. B.M. 3418.
G.C. II. 17:7.37; HI. 14:123 and 24:185.

DENDROBIUM

Var. Schr<ideri, Hort. (var. album, Hort.), haswhitish
sepals and petals. A.G. 20:5.

9. Griff ithitaum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : Ivs.
lanceolate-oblong : fls. in drooping, flexuose racemes ;
petals ciliate, yellow. Burma.

10. Fdrmerii, Past. Pseudobulbs round, attenuate at
base, thickening above : Ivs. oblong : racemes ample,
pendulous: fls. 2 in. across, tinged with pink; throat of
labellum orange-yellow ; sepals oblong ; petals oval.
Khasia Hills. B.M. 4659. -Var. albifldrum, Hort. (var.
album of catalogues), lias white fls., the labellum
marked with yellow. F.S. 23:2461. Var. ailreo-fl4vum,
Hort. {at'irea of catalogues 1). Fls. golden yellow; disk
of labellum deeper yellow.

11. Bulcjltum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, com-
pressed: Ivs. ovate-oblong: racemes 10 or more fld. : fls.
yellow, crowded. Khasia Hills. B.M.69C2.

12. bicameratum, Lindl. {D. brevifldrum of cata-
logues). Pseudobulbs fusiform or clavate, about 18 in.
long: Ivs. elliptic, oblong: fls. yellow, marked with red,
clustered on a short rachis, forming a capitate raceme.
Sikkim.

13. erythroxAnthum, Reichb. f. Fls. in dense racemes,
yellowish striped with crimson-purple. Philippine Isls.

BB. Racemes loosely flowered.
c. Pseudobulbs one-leaved.

14. aggregatum, Roxb. Lvs. oblong, coriaceous, at the
summits of ovate pseudobulbs: fls. yellow, numerous, in
lateral drooping racemes; sepals ovate; petals broadly
ovate; labellum broader than long, with orange throat;
disk pubescent. Burma. B.M. 3643. -Var. mMuB,
Hort.. is a larger-fld. form.

15. J6nldnsii, Wall. Pseudobulbs short, compressed:
lvs oblong, coriaceous: fls. orauge-yellow, solitary ; se-
pals o\ al , pttalsbroadly ovate. Assam. B.R. 25:37.-
\ ery like 1> mjijtejatum.

(r P',(Hdobiilbs leafy at summit.

D. Flowers yellow.
t Labellum pectinately fringed.
Ih BrymenAnum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs jointed,
blender, about 2M ft. high, sometimes much shorter:
lvs several, lam colate: fls. fleshy, golden yellow; upper
sepal oblong, petals and lateral sepals very similar; la-
bdlum ri. flexed at apex, disk downy; margin provided
\Mth a conspu uously long and pectinate fringe. Burma.
H M (.381 A F 0:609. G.C. II. 11: 475; 16:689.

F I Lain Hum not pectinately fringed.
17 chrysotdxum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : lvs.
st\eral, 4in long, coriaceous: racemes arching, many-
fld petals and sepals about equal, golden yellow ; la-
btllum of similar color, deeper in the throat. Burma.
HM 505! G F 5:533. Gn. 48, p. 239.- Var. suavissi-
mum, Hurt P-,eudobulbs stout : fls. delightfully fra-
1 lilt, 1 ibellum with blotch deeper-colored than in the

Di). Floicers greenish.
\> macrophyllum, Rich. (D. Veitchianum, Lindl.).
IScudobulbs tla\ ate, compressed: lvs. oblong: racemes
man\ fld tU large; sepals greenish, hairy behind;
petils whitish, lateral lobes of labellum greenish,
shadtd with purple; midlobe greenish, with purple-
dotted line-. I II 35:57. — Sold as D. Veitchianum, liot
n maciophyllum of gardens (see B. superbum). Java.
Dayinmn, Hort., is said to be a better form than the
type.

ceo. Pseudobulbs more or less leafy to base.
D. Flowers white.

19. Fytchi^num, Batem. (Z>. barbdtidum, Hort.).
Pseudobulbs slender: lvs. oblong -lanceolate, acute:
racemes 10-15-fld. : fls. white; lateral lobes of the label-
lum tinted with purple. Burma. B.M. 5444.

20. Macfdrlanei, Reichb. f. Fls. several inches across,
white; labellum marked with purple, 3-lobed; sepals
lanceolate; petals narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
New Guinea.

DENDROBIUM

DD. Floivrs purple.

21. Bup6rbieii3, Eeichb. f . Pseudobulbs cylindric: Ivs.
linear-oblong: racemes remotely fld. : fls. rich mageuta-
purple; sepals and petals undulate-margined; labellura
similar in color, 3-lobed, lateral lobes incurved; disk
with raised white lamella?. North Queensland.

22. bigibbum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs elongated, erect,

1 ft. or more high : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate : racemes sub-
erect: fls. magenta-purple; sepals oblong-lanceolate;
petals spreading, reflexed ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes
incurved, deeper colored than the petals, with a white
crest. Torres Straits. B.M. 4898. I.H.30:47G.

23. Phalaen6pais, Fitzg. Pspudobull.s tall, terete: Ivs.
lanceolate: fls. on slender j.. air, I-, |i:il.- mauve; sepals
lanceolate, spreading, pal.r ih^m ilir jutMls; petals
orbicular, spreading; lab.lluiu :; lo!,, ,1. lateral lobes
incurved. Australia. B.M.CslT. A,i i . LIU ; :.. G.F.5:440.
A.P. 13:1224. For var. Schroederlinum, see G. C. III.
10:642-3; 15:339. R.B. 23:85. A.P.10:401. For var.
hololeiica, see G.C. III. 18: 397. J.H. III. 31: 149.-One of
the most useful Dendrobiums for cut-flower purposes.
There are many fine varieties, pale in color or even
white.

DDD. Flowers yellow.
E. Labellum not slipper-like.

24. clav4tum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs cylindric, 20 or
more in. long: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes few-fld. :
fls. orange-yellow ; labellum brighter yellow, with a
maroon blotch, denticulate on the margin. Nepal.
B.M. 6993.

25. fimbritltum, Hook. Pseudobulbs 2 or more ft. high,
slender: Ivs. lanceolate, dark green: racemes lax, pen-^
dulous: sepals and petals orange-yellow, ciliate; label-
lura yellow, with an orange-yellow throat, margin irregu-
larly fringed. Nepal. G.C. 1X1.25:305. Var. ocul4tum,
Hort. (D. Pilxtfini, Paxt.). lias smaller fls., with a deeper
colored blotch on the labellum. B.M. 4160. G.C. III. 14:97.

26. fuscitum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs cylindric or nearly
so: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes with a zigzag rachis,
drooping: fls. yellow, with 2 maroon spots on the label-
lum. Sikkim, Himalayas.

27. Hookeriinum, Lindl. {D. Chrysdtis. Reichb. f.).
Pseudobulbs .slender, swollen atthebase: Ivs. lanceolate
to oblong: fls. large, in pendulous racemes, golden yel-
low ; labellum with 2 deep maroon blotches, margin
fringed. Sikkim. B.M. 6013. J.H. III. 33: 221.

28. Gibsonii, Paxt. Lvs. lanceolate: racemes from the
upper nodes of the stems: fls. 5 or more, yellow, with
maroon spots on the labellum. Khasia Hills.

29. dixAnthum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs clavate, about

2 ft. long: lvs. linear-lanceolate: fls. yellow, in racemes
from the upper part of the stems. Burma.

EE. Labellum slipper-like.

30. moschitum. Wall. Pseudobulbs several ft. high,
leafy from the base : lvs. oblong-linear, striate: fl.-stem
radical, longer than the pseudobulbs: racemes pendu-
lous: fls. 2-4 in. across; sepals and petals about equal,
oblong, orange-yellow; labellum inflated, colored like
the petals, with crimson markings at the base. Burma.
B.M. 3837. Var. Calceolaria, Hort. (D. Calceolu.<:, Hort.).
Fls. smaller, orange-yellow.

31. Dalhousiinum, Wall. Pseudobulbs elongated, rod-
like, spotted with purple when young: lvs. clasping,
narrowly ovate : racemes pendulous, lax : fls. large ;
sepals spreading, yellow, tinted with rose; labellum con-
cave, orbicular, blotched at base with maroon-purple.
Burma. B.R. 32:10. I.H. 28: 423. Gn. 48:1032, p. 223.
G.C. in. 21: 157.

AA. Inflorescence not racemose.

H. P.iiiitlobulbs black-hairy.

c. L'dves deciduous.

32. cariniferum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs subcylindric,
6-9 in. long: ivs. narrowly oblong: fls. IHin. across, soli-
tary or in 2's or 3's. near ajiex of stem; sepals lanceo-
late, acute, strongly keeled at back, pale fawn-yellow,
fading to ivory white; petals ovate, white; labellum
3-lob6d, spurred at base, side lobes triangular, reddish

DENDHOBILTM

4G9

orange, midlobe spreading, undulate, tufted, with long
woolly liairs along the veins on the upper surface, red-
dish orange at base, usually white at apex. Burma.
B.M. 6715 (var. Wattii).

33. cru6ntum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs erect, terete,
1 ft. long, swollen at base: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, decidu-
ous: fls. solitary or in pairs, lJ^-2 in. across; sepals tri-
angular-ovate, keeled at back, pale green, longitudinally
veined with darker green; petals linear-acute, colored
like the sepals; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes oblong,
erect, crimson-scarlet, midlobe ovate, apiculate, pale
green, with red border, and a large warty crest, below
which are 5 raised red lines, the 2 outermost being most
developed. Malay Isl. G.C. III. 18: 91.

34. longicbmu, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender, 8-12 in.
high: lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-2's in. long: fls. solitary
or in 2's or 3's, not fully expanding; sepals and petals
sub-equal, elliptic-oblong, transparent white; labellum
funnel-shaped, anterior portion fimbriate, white, with a
broad raised orange-red central band, with divergent
lateral streaks of same color; spur slender. Burma.

CC. Xr.v. not ,leri,Juou.s.

35. fonndsum, lioxb. I'scudubulbs stout, erect: lvs.
ovate-oblong: peilunoU- from the summit of the stem,
3-5-fld.: fls. 3-4 in. across, white; sepals oblong-lanceo-
late, apiculate; petals nearly orbicular; labellum large,
the small basal lobes clasping the column, throat with a
yellow band, which expands in a large yellow blotch
near the distal end. Khasia Hills. B.R. 25: 64. Var.
gigantdum, Hort. Fls. measure 4-5 in. across. G.C. III.
24:471. Gng. 1:118-9. F.E. 10:1240.

36. infundibulum, Lindl. Fls. white; sepals spread-
ing, elliptic-oblong; petals broad; labellum large, with
an orange-yellow blotch in the throat; basal lobes infold-
ing the column. Burma. B.M. .5440. I.H. 21: 172. Var.
Jamesiinum, Hort. Pseudobulbs stouter and more rigid :
labellum of flower differently formed, especially the side
lobes, which are roughened on their inner surface; disk
cinnamon red.

37. Dracdnis, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs stout, erect,
12-18 in. long: lvs. lanceolate, 3-4 in. long: fls. in fas-
cicles from the uppermost joints of the stem, IK in. in
diam., ivory white, striped with orange-red at base of
labellum; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals oblong-lanceo-
late, reflexed at tips ; labellura 3-lobed, lateral lobes
small, rotund; midlobe oval, oblong, crisped and mi-
nutely toothed on the margin, with 3 longitudinal raised
lines. India. B.M. 54.59.

38. scabrillngue, Lindl. Pseudobulbs stout, erect,
slightly attenuated below, 9-12 in. high : lvs. oblong:
fls. li^in. in diam., in fascicles from the uppermost
joints of the stems; sepals and petals similar, sub-equal,
ovate-lanceolate, ivory white; labellum 3-lobed; lateral
lobes oblong, erect, yellow-green ; midlobe oval-oblong,
reflexed, yellow, with .5-7 orange-yellow sunken lines on
disk; spur small, conical. Burma.

39. L6wii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: sepals and
petals pale yellow; labellum marked on the side lobes
and midlobe with crimson. Borneo. B.M. 5303. F.S.

BB. Pseudobulbs not black-liairy, upright.

r. Leaves persistent.

V. Petals and sepals white.

40. Japdnicum, Lindl. [D. monilifdrme, Swartz).
Pseudobulbs tufted, 6-12 in. long, attenuated below :
lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute : fls. fragrant, 1}^ in. across,
solitary or in pairs, white, dotted or speckled with
mauve at the base of the labellum. S. Jap.

DD. Petals and sepals yellow.

41. caplUipea, Reichb. f. Dwarf, tufted plants, with
fusiform pseudobulbs: lvs. lanceolate: fls. in pairs or
solitary, golden yellow, with a deeper blotch on the
labellum. India.

42. lutSolum, Batem. Pseudobulbs erect, about IK ft.
long: lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. about 2 in. across,
yellowish or creara-white ; labellum with a few reddish
lines. Burma. J.H, III. 32:143. G.C, IL 19:340 (var.
chlorocentrtim).

470

DENDROBIUM

Diiu. Petals and sepals rose-color.

43. ndbile, Lindl. Fig. 691. Stems stout: Ivs. oblong
sepals and petals white, suffused with rose at the apices ;
labelluni white, with a blotch of amethyst-purple at dis
tal end, throat dark crimson. Himal., China. G.C. II
11:565; III. 23:.S41. J. H. III. 34:295. R.B. 23:25. A.F
4:415; 13:620.

Var. nobllius, Hort.. has larger fls., which are more
intense in color, the sepals and petals pale only
base. I.H. 42:36.

Var. Cookaoni&num, Hort., is a pelorian form, the
petals having acquired at the base the rich coloring sc
cliaracteristic of the labellum. Gn. 55, p. 445.

Var. Balleinum, Hort. Sepals and petals white; la-
bellum yellowish, with pale crimson blotches on eilhei
side of the throat. Silikim.

the

,^J^-.

D. Ainsworthii, Moore, is a be
brid of 1). heterocarpum and /
small, lateral racemes ; sepals and peta
with a featliered, purple blotch, white. <
G.C. II. 16:624.

44. LintvwiAnum, Reichb. f. Stems long, clavate: Ivs.
narrow, several inches long: sepals oblong; petalsovate,
white at base, otherwise rosy mauve; distal end of la-
bellum pale mauve, anterior portion white, with 2 mauve
spots. China, Jap. B.M. 4153.

DENDROBIUM

45. P4risMi, Reichb. f. Stems thick : Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate: sepals and petals rose-mauve; labellum or-
bicular, amethvst-purple, blotched on each side with
maroon. Burma. B.M. 5488.

46. Findleyanum, Parish cS; Reichb. f . Stems shining,
yellowish, internodes slender : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate :
lis. large, in pairs; lateral sepals and petals ovorlapping,
pale pink-lilac ; labellum yellow margined with wuite-
Burma. B.M. 6438. Gn. 49:1070.

47. tbrtile, Lindl. Stems clavate, irregular when old:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, about 3 in. long : fls. 3 in. across ;
sepals and petals pink-lilac; labellum pale yellow, with
a deep crimson blotch in the throat. Burma. B.M. 4477.
-Var. rbseum, Hort. Fls. delicate rose color. The next
is very similar.

rr. Lvs. decidttoiis.

48. albo-sanguineum, Lindl. Stems ahout 1 ft. high,
stout: lvs. line:u-Ianceolate: fls. 2 or 3 together, 2-3 in.
ici ss nhitisli I et lis streaked with red at the base ;
lalielhim with Ml ti hes m the middle. Burma. A.F.
11 13% B M Tl II

41 rhodopterygium, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs cylin-
dric erec t al mt 1 ft long : Ivs. linear-lanceolate :
fls about ^ HI across ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ;
petals o\ate loth r<<le purple mottled with white;
labellum crimson purple, striated, bordered with
white

BBB Pseitilobitlbs drooping.
< il ■! persistent: fls. yellow.

50 heteroc&rpum, Wall. (i>. aitreum,
Lmdl 1 Stems erect, attenuated at base,
or nearlv so Ivs. oblong-lanceolate; sepals
and petals pale yellow ; labellum orange-
yellow blotched and streaked with crimson.
Assam, Khasia Hills, Nepal, Philippine
Isls B M 4708.

51 Kucken, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender,
about IH ft long, attenuated below: lvs.
line-ir lanceolate : fls. either solitary or in
pans lateral sepals triangular; sepals and
petils\tlIowish; labelluni with white lateral
Icl PS streaked with rose, yellow. Philip-

pillP Isls

)_ lasiogl698um, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs
about 1*2 ft long, attenuate above and be-
low lvs lanceolate : fls. I'.J in. across, in
2 s or 3 s white ; lateral lobes of labellum
lined with red. Burma.
5S iqueum, Lmdl Pseudobulbs decumbent: lvs.
long fls solitary or in pairs, yellowish
3ite with a vellow disk on the labellum; upper
pal elliptic oblong acute; lateral sepals falcate;
petals ov<ite Nilghri Hills, India.
Leaies deciduous.
D Flowers yellow.
54. chrysAnthum, Lindl. {D. Pdxtoni
dobulbs slender, tall, flexuose, leafy t
ovate-lanceolate : fls. yellow ; sepals
broader, oval, denticulate; labellum orbicular, fringed,
maroon-purple, base infolding the column.
Burma. B.R. 15:1299. G.C. III. 15:565.

.55. ochre&tuin, Lindl. Pseudobulbs with swollen
joints : lvs. narrowly-ovate : fls. in pairs; sepals and
petals about equal, golden yellow ; labellum orbicular-
yellow, with maroon-purple blotch. India.
B.M. 44,50.

DD. Fls. white or pinjcish.
E. Labellum glandular, eiliate.

56. L6ddigesii, Rolfe (D. pulch^lluni,hodd.). Habit
dense, dwarf : stems very slender, 3-4 in. long: lvs. ob-
long-lanceolate: fls. on slender pedicels, solitary ; se-
pals and petals pale pink or rose-lilac ; labellum with
an orange-yellow disk bordered with rose-lilac. India.
NotZ>. pulchellum, Roxburgh, for which species it often
passes in gardens. B.M. 5037.

57. DeToni&num, Past. Stems pendulous, about 3 ft.
long: lvs. linear-lanceolate : sepals and petals white.

, Lindl.). Pseu-
the base. Ivs.
oblong ; petals

DEXDROBIUM

tipped with amethyst-purple; labellum cordate, with an
amethyst-purple blotch in front, otherwise white, with
2 oranse-yellow blotches in the throat, the margin deli-
cately fringed. Khasia Hills. B.M. 4429. J. H. III. 34:
197. G.C. III. 7:680.

&E. Luhdlumnot glandular, ciliate.
F. Pseiidobiilbs conspUuoasl!/ nodose.
5S. amfenum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: 1 vs. linear-
lanceolate: lis. usually solitary, otherwise in 2's orS's;
sepals and petals white, tipped with violet-purple; la-
bellum violet-purple bordered with white and blotched
with yellow. Nepal. B.M.G199. G.C. II. 16:625.

59. Wardianum, Warner. Stems 2, 3 or more ft. high,
pendent : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate : fls. usually 2 or 3 to-
gether, 3-4 in. across ; sepals and petals tipped with
rose-mauve (amethyst-purple); labellum with an apical
blotch of same color, otherwise yellow shading into
white at the margin, and blotched with maroon in the
throat. There is a variety in w'iich the apical blotches
are wanting. Burma. B'.M. 5Ub8. I.H. 24:277. P.R.
1:231. Gn. 47, p. 84. R.B. 23:25. J.H. III. 30:454:
32:237.

60. crassindde, Reichb. f. Stems pendulous or nearly
so, 1-2 ft. long, swollen conspicuously at the contiguous
internodes : Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. 2 or 3 together,
about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with
rose-mauve; labellum similarly tipped with rose-mauve,
otherwise vellow with a white border. Burma. B.M.
5766.-Var." Barberianum, Hort., is a stronger-growing
form of the species, with brighter colored fls., the col-
oring at the tips of the petals covering more surface.

61. Bdxallii, Reichb. £. Pseudobulbs pendulous, about
30 in. long: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. 2Hin.
across, usually in pairs; sepals and petals white, tipped
with pale mauve ; labellum yellowish, bordered with
white, tipped with pale mauve. Burma.

62. Falconeri, Hook. Stems slender, knotted, branch-
ing above : Ivs. linear: fls. solitary, about 3 in. across ;
sepals and petals white, tinged with rose and tipped
with :iniethyst-purple; labellum spreading in front, ma-
roon-purple, with 2 deep orange blotches, tipped with
amethyst-purple.bordered with white. India. B.M. 4944.
I.H.23:243. — Var. gigant^um, Hort., is a stronger-grow-
ing form of the species, with larger fls.

63. Aphrodite, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 0-12 in. tall :
Ivs. linear-lanceolate : fls. 2 in. across, often in pairs ;
sepals whitish; petals similarly colored ; midlobe of 1:»-
bellum large, yellowish, with 2 maroon blotches at base.
Burma.

FF. Pseudobulbs not conspicuousli/ nodose.
G. Zip yellow at base.

64. giatiosissimum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs slender
at base, thickened above, swollen at the nodes : Ivs.
lanceolate : fls. in 2's or 3's, from the leafless stem,
about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with
pale crimson-purple ; labellum white, blotched with
crimson-purple at the apex and marked with yellow on
the disk. Burma.

65. erystalUnum, Reichb. f. Stems about 1 ft. long,
slender, striated, nearly pendulous: Ivs. narrow: fls. m
pairs or solitary ; sepals and petals white, with amethyst-
purple apices;' labelluin yellow, with an amethyst blotch
on front, margin whitish". Burma. B.M. 0319.

06. crepidatum, Lindl. Stems 1 ft. long, slender,
striated: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: lis. 2 or 3 in a group,
about 1 in. across, white, tinted with lilac ; labellum
yellow, with a white border. Assam. B.M. 4993. — Var.
rdseum, Hort., occurs in catalogues.

07. BAnsoniae, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs cylindric: Ivs.
linear : fls. 2Hin. across, in 2's or 3's, white, disk of
labellum orange-yellow, with 2 maroon spots at base.
British Burma. B.M. 5679. I.H. 35:47.-Var. majus,
Hort., is a larger-fld. form.

GG. Lip not yellow at base.

68. superbum, Reichb. f. (D. macrophyllum, Hort.).

Stems stout, pendent : Ivs. ovate : sepals lanceolate ;

petals ovate-lanceolate, delicate rose-mauve ; labellum

of same color, with deep crimson-purple throat. Philip-

DENDROPANAX

471

pine Isls. B.M. 3970. -Var. an68mum, Hort. Fls. scent-
less or nearly so. mostly solitary ; sepals and petals
shorter, not undulate. J.H. III. 28:275 (var. Houttoni).
Var. gigantfeum, Hort. Fls. larger.

69. lituUIdrum. Lindl. Stems about 2ft. long, grey-
ish: Ivs. linear: lis. in pairs or sometimes 4 or more in
each group, amethyst-purple ; sepals oblong-lanceolate;
petals ovate-oblong; labellum funnel or trumpet-shaped,
deep maroon, anterior portion white. Burma. B.M.
6050. — Var. FieSmanii, Hort. Labellum with a pale yel-
low zone, sepals and petals deeper colored than in the
type. Very similar in habit to Dendrobium nobile, but

70. MacCarthisB, Thwaites. Fls. bell-shaped, rosy
mauve and white; sepals and petals only slightly
spreading; labellum pale mauve, striped and blotched
with purple, a maroon spot on the disk: racemes pendu-
lous. India. B.M. 4886.

71. transpirens. Wall. Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. lin-
ear-lanceolate: Hs. 1 J^ in. across, in 2's and 3's; sepals
white, tinted with pale mauve; petals similarly colored:
labellum white with mauve spots, tinted with mauve at
the apex. India. B.M. 4663.

EEE. Labellum cucullate, wholly or in part, pale sulfur
yellow.

72. primulinum, Lindl. Stems drooping, slender,
about 1 ft. long, greyish: sepals and petals about equal,
pink-lilac ; labellum yellow with deep crimson margin.
Nepal. B.M. 5003 (as B. no6i?c, var.).— Var. gigan-
ttum, Hort. Pseudobulbs longer and more slender: fls.
much larger.

73. Pierardi, Roxb. Stems long, slender, pendulous:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate : sepals and petals pink-lilac ; la-
bellum yellow, marked with deep crimson at base.
Burma. B.M. 2584. Gn. 55, p. 405.— Var. latifdlium,
Hort.. is very similar to this.

74. cretaceum, Lindl. Stems about 1 ft. long: Ivs. ob-
long-lanceolate : fls. solitary, whitish, disk of labellum
vellowish, with crimson marking, margin fringed,
khasia Hills.

Hybrids : D. Ain3worthii=D. helerocarpum XD. nobile (see
No.42).— X>. Z)ommta)ii(»i=D. nobileXD. Linawianum.— fl.
Cffs*i'ope=D. JaponieumXD. nobile, v:ir. albiflonim.— D. splejt-
didissitmtm = !>. aureum X nobile.— Var. grandiflorum =D.

D. JoAonnis, Beichb. f., and I), rnhuatum .ire not in cult, in
the United States, but have appeared in trade catalogues.

Oakes Ames.
DENDROCALAMUS. Consult Bamboo.
DENDEOCHlLUM. Compare Platyclinis.

DENDROMECONI Greek f;,.|»!/«»,tree;»ifCOH,poppy).
The only genus of Paparnaci known to have woody
stems. California. Probably nnlv one species. D. rigi-
dum, Benth. Dry. rocky hills of the Coast Range, mainly
in the south: 3-10 ft. high : stems up to 1 in. thick:
bark whitish : branches stiff, erect: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, not cut, coriaceous, reticulately veined, very acute
and mucronate : fls. bright yellow, 1-3 in. in diam., on
pedicels 1-4 in. long: capsules linear, nerved. lJ<-2}^
in. long; seeds black, almost globular. Hardy in some
parts of England. Propagated from seeds, that take
very long to germinate. B.M. 5134. F.S. 14:1411. Gn.
50:1087. J.H. III. 29:92. -D. Hirfordii, Kell., and D.
flexile, Greene, from Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands,
are now considered as forms of above, varying mainly
in the habit, more drooping and graceful, and in the
much larger, ovate, more glaucous leaves. These differ-
ent forms occur also in the mountains near Santa Bar-
bara. Considerable variation in size of flowers appears
to depend mostly upon the conditions where plants are
growing. Outdoor shrubs. p. Fkanceschi.

DENDEOPANAX (Greek, tree Panax). Aralidcea.
A genus of about 20 trees and shrubs from tropical
America and Asia, also China and Japan. D. Japonicus,
Seem., may be obtained from dealers in Japanese plants.
The leaves have been compared to Fatsia Japonica, but
are smaller and mostly 3-lobed. The floral parts are in
5's. Berry globose.

472

DENDROPHTLAX

DENDEOPff?LAX (Greek, groicitig on a tree). Orchi-
ddcew, trihf> Vrhnlnr. Epiphytes : sepals and petals
spreadinfr. iatn'Iliiin H-I<>h»*d, lateral lobes small, angular,
middle inn- witli ^incailiTii; lobes; spur long, filiform:
column shori ; |".lliiii;i L'. Near Phalrenopsis. The fol-
lowing are iiitr<Hlucfd into American horticulture:

Lindenii, Reichb. f. Scape leafless, bearing a single
white tiower : sepals and petals lanceolate ; divisions
of midlobe of labellum lanceolate; capsule smooth. On
Oreodoxa Megia, and live oaks, S. Florida.

funilis, Hort. { Oi^coclMes funilis, Lmd\. Angrwcum
fitndle, Lindl.). Leafless, roots numerous, fleshy: pe-
duncles 2-fld.: fls. white; sepals and petals oblong-lan-
ceolate ; labellum 3-lobed, with a long horn. Mts. of
Jamaica.

DENNSTaiDTIA (e

Oakes Ames.

onal name). Polypodidcetp-
A genus of hardy or greenhouse ferns of wide distri-
bution, often referred to Dicksonia but belonging to a
different family from the antarctic or southern hemi-
sphere tree ferns of the latter genus. Indusiura inferior
cup-shaped. For culture, see Dicksonia

punctil6bula, Moore {Dicksbnia pilosiiis-
cula, Willd.). Figs. 692,693. Lvs. light
green, from a slender, creeping rootstock,
1-2% ft. long, 5-9 in. wide, usually tri-
pinnatifld, under surface minutely glandu-
lar, giving the dried lvs. a somewhat pleas-
ant fragrance ; sori minute, on
small, recurved teeth. Canada to
Tennessee.

^W

-^

'n

Smithii, Moore. Lvs. thick, the under surface almost
woolly, glandular, tripinnate; lower pinnae 9-12 in. long,
3^ in. wide; sori 2-8 to each segment. Philippines.

diss^cta, from the West Indies, often 6-7 ft. high,
with broad (2-4 ft.) lvs. is sometimes seen in cultivation,
and is well worth a place in the trade.

L. M. Underwood.

DENTAEIA (Latin, dens, tooth ; referring to the
toothed rootstocks). Cruel ferie. Toothwobt. Dealers
in native plants sometimes cultivate a few of these hardy
herbaceous perennials, which have pleasant tasting root-
stocks, 2 or 3 lvs., mostly with 3 leaflets, and corymbs
or racemes of large white or purplish fls. in spring.
The European and eastern American species are readily
told from Cardaniine by habit and many obvious differ-
ences, but the western American of the two genera
converge so that some botanists have merged Dentaria
into Cardamine. (See E. L. Greene, Pittonia. 3:117-124.)
The genus contains no arctic or alpine forms. About 9
species are cultivated in Old World rockeries. They are
of easy culture in light, rich soil and moist, shady posi-
tions. Usually prop, by division, as seeds are not
abundant.

A. Sootstock not tuberous.

diphylla, Michx. Pepper-root. Rootstock several
in. long, often branched, strongly toothed at the many
nodes : stem-lvs. 2, similar to the root-lvs., close to-
gether ; leaflets 3, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely cre-

UESCHAMPSIA

nate, the teeth abruptly acute; petals white inside, pale

purple or pinkish outside. Nova Scotia to S. C. , west

to Minn, and Ky. B.M. 1465.— Rootstocks 5-10 in. long,

crisp, tasting like water-cress. Pretty spring flower.

AA. Bootstock tuberous.

B. Lvs. 3-parted, but not into distinct leaflets.

c. Tubers usuully not jointed or prominently tubercled.

laciniilta, Mubl. Tubers deep-seated; stem-lvs. 2 or 3,

with lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong

to linear, more or less sharply toothed; petals pale rose

to white. Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

cc. Tubers with joints about 1 in. long.

macrocArpa, Nutt. (C gemm&ta, Greene). Lvs. 1-3,
palmately or pinnately 3-5-parted or divided, segments
linear to oblong, entire : fls. purple or rose. N. Calif,
to B. C.

BE. Lvs. cut into 3 distinct leaflets.
c. Leaflets linear, entire.

ten^Ua, Pursh. Tubers small, irregular: stem-lvs. 1
or 2, nearly sessile, sometimes bulbiferous ; leaflets
linear-oblong or linear, obtuse, entire : petals rose.
Washington.

cc. Leaflets not linear or entire.

Califdrnioa, Nutt. Tubers mostly small : stem K-2 ft.
high ; lvs. very variable ; stem-lvs. 2-4, mostly short-
petiolate, and above the middle of the stem, with 3-5
leaflets, rarely simple or lobed; leaflets mostly short-
petiolulate, ovate to lanceolate or linear, entire or
toothed; petals white or rose. Mts. of Calif, and Ore.

mAxima, Nutt. Tubers near the surface jointed,
strongly tubercled : stem-lvs. 2 or 3, usually alternate;
leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed and
somewhat cleft or lobed. Vt. to western N. Y. and
Peuna. w. M.

DEODAE. Cedrus Deodara.

DEPAEIA (Greek, depas, a beaker or chalice; refer-
ring to the form of the involucre). A small genus of
Hawaiian and South American ferns related to Denn-
stiedtia, rarely seen in cultivation in America. The
sori are marginal and usually on stalked projections
from the margin of the leaf. l. jj. itnderwood.

S^EEIS (Greek, n leather covering). Legumindsw.
A genus of tropical, tall, woody climbers, one of which is
cult, in S. Calif. About 35 species, mostly Asian. Lvs.
alternate; Ifts. opposite, the odd one distant; stipules
none: fls. violet, purple or white, never yellow.

8c4ndens, Benth. Climbing; Ifts. 9-13, lK-2 in. long,
oblong, obtuse, mutiious or retuse, glabrous or minutely
pilose beneath: racemes 4-G in. long, unbranched: fls.
purple: jiod Imit;. l:iuceolateacuteat both ends, narrowly
win-'liti I L' l.i ; ovules 6-8. S. Asia and Indian Ar-
chil" ■ I ■ - i'-'-n offered in this country, but has
not I" . . . I y cultivated. The above description
is Til 111 1 1 I : i'lM - [M ■iitii-ns contributed by Dr. Franceschi,

DESCHAMPSIA (after Deschamps, a French bota-
nist). Perennial grasses with small, shining spikelets,
like Trisetum and Aira. The plants are usually stouter
and the spikelets longer than in Aira, from which it dif-
fers in the prolongation of the rachilla. Lvs. flat or con-
volute: spikelets 2- (rarely 3-) fld., in terminal, usually
spreading panicles : awn slender, twisted below. Spe-
cies about 20, inhabiting cold and temperate regions, a
few occurring in the high mountains of the tropics.
About 8 species are found in N. America.

caespitdBa, Beauv. (A'ira caispitdsa, Linn.). Tufted
Hair-Grass. Hassock-Grass. A native perennial hav-
ing a tendency to form tufts or tussocks. Panicle
pyramidal or oblong, 2 in. long ; rays slender, bearing
spikelets above the middle ; awn variable in length.—
Abundant in the Rocky Mt. region, where the tufts
help to bind the spongy soil and prevent land-slides.
In England it is sometimes used by the farmers to
make door mats. Also used for ornament.

DESCHAMPSIA

flexudsa, Trin. {Alra flexttdsa, Linn.). Wood Hair-
Grass. A slender, perennial gra.ss, 1-2 ft. liigli, with
numerous very fine root-Ivs., and a delicate capillary
panicle. It grows in tufts like the above, and can be
distinguished by the much longer and twisted awn. N.
Amer., Eu. — Valuable for woodland pastures, as it will
grow well in the shade. Also used for ornament.

P. B. Kennedy.

DESIGN. The "design-work" of florists refers to
formal arrangement of material as opposed to informal
arrangement of cut-flowers. Funeral designs are per-
haps the commonest. Dried grasses and everlasting
flowers are used in funeral designs. The term design
is borrowed from the language of art, and can also be
applied to formal styles of bedding as opposed to the
informal border. Design work is less popular in America
than in parts of the Old World, the distinguishing
feature of our floriculture being the general taste for
cut-flowers and for their free arrangement. Many pic-
tures of designs may be seen in the florists' trade
papers.

DESMAZfiRIA. See lUmazeria.

DESMODIUM (Greek, a band or chain; referring to
the jointed pods I. By some called 3/ei6omia. Legumi-
ndsiF. Tick Trefoil. Mostly herbs, of l.iO or more
species, in temperate and warm regions of America,
Asia, Africa and Australia. Lvs. pinnate, with 3-5
(rarely 1) leaflets: fls. small and papilionaceous, in ter-
minal or axillary racemes in summer, mostly purple:
pod flat, deeply lobed or jointed, the joints often break-
ing apart and adhering to clothing and to animals by
means of small hooked hairs. Fig. G94. A number of
species are native to N. America, and are sometimes
grown in the hardy border, where they thrive under or-
dinary conditions. One hothouse species, D. garaiis,
is sometimes cult, for its odd moving leaflets. 1>. pen-
duHflorum and D.Japonicum will be found under Les-
pedeza. Several of the native spe ies are worthy of
cult., but are practically unknown in the trade The
following have been offered b\ coUec-tirs Ciinadense
DC; cuspidatum Hook Dill m Diil Maiilandi
cum,Boott;nudifloium DC pn)n ulaliim DC pan i
Worum, DC. seiSthflonim Torr i, Graj The Florida

DEUTZIA

473

Ph

^,

Beggar-weed is Desmodiiim lorliiosum. DC, of the W.
Indies. It is coming into prominence in the south as a
forage plant (see Farmers' Bull. 102, U. S. Dept. of
Agric. ) .

gjrans, DC. Telegraph Plant. From 2-3 ft. high,
with 3 oblong or elliptic leaflets, the small lateral ones
(which are almost linear) moving in various directions
when the temperature is congenial, and especially in
the sunshine : fls. purple or violet, in a many-fld.
panicle. S. Asia. Grown occasionally as a curiosity,
particularly in botanical collections. See Darwin's
Power of Movement in Plants, and various botanical
treatises, for fuller accounts.

Desmodium gijrinis is of tolerably easy culture. It
requires stove temperature, and, although a perennial,
it is best treated as an annual. The be.st method of
propagation is by seeds. These should be sown in Feb-
ruary in a light, sandy soil, in 4-in. pots, and placed in a

nate. 'The seedlings sli..ul,l 1,,. |init,:i sin-ly into small
pots as soon as large c-ii..n-li u< IiiumIIi', :iimI Ih^ grown on
as rapidly as possible, usm:; :i imMur i* ni ;,'i.u,l, tibrous
loam and leaf soil in about equal pnipuiiiuiis. By mid-
summer they will be bushy phiuts, aud, though not
showy, they will be very interesting.

L. H. B. and Edward J. Canning.

DEtJTZIA (named by Thunberg in honor of his friend
and patron, Johann van der Deutzl. Saxifragdeem.
Very ornamental shrubs with showy white or blush fls.
appearing in spring or early summer. Lvs. deciduous,
opposite, petioled, serrate, usually with rough stellate
pubescence : fls. in racemes or corymbs, white, some-
times purplish, epigynous; calyx-teeth 5; petals 5; sta-
mens 10, rarely more, shorter than the petals; filaments
usually winged and toothed at the apex : capsule 3-5-
celled, with numerous minute seeds. About 15 species in
E.Asia and Himalayas and 1 in Mexico. i>. pto-ri flora and
D. Lemoiiiei are the hardiest, but />. scabra, tlieboldiana
and gracilis are also hardy north in somewhat sheltered
positions or with slight protection, while most of the
others are more tender and can not be grown safely
north of New York. The Deutzias thrive in almost any
well drained soil, and are well adapted for borders of
shrubberies. Potted plants forced with a temperature
not exceeding 50° develop into beautiful specimens for
the decoration of greenhouses and conservatories, es-
pecially D. Lemointi, I>. gracilis and discolor. The
same plants cannot be forced again. Prop, readily by
greenwood and hardwood cuttings, also by seeds sown
in pans or boxes in spring.
A. Fls. in racemes or panicles: petals valvate in
the bud.
B. Longer filaments narrowed toward the apex,
without teeth.
SieboldiAna, Maxim. (Z>. scdbrn. Sieb. & Zucc). Low
shrub, to 2 ft. : lvs. short-petiole. 1, the pair below the
panicle sessile, ovate or ovate. Miptir. i.Hiinle.l or cor-
date at the base, rough and rug..~.- aii'H . . ^t.ll:ite-pubes-
cent beneath, light green, 1-2 in. b.ii^'; ].aiii.'les erect,
loose, 2-3 in. long: fls. white, rather small, with spread-
ing petals ; calvx lobes persistent. June. Japan. S.Z. 7.
-Graceful low shrub, but less showy than the two fol-
lowing species.

BB. All filaments with 2 large teeth below the
anthers.
Bcibra, Thunb. Shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. all petioled, ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, rounded at thebase, crenate-dentate,
with rough pubescence on both sides, dull green, 1-3 in.
long: panicles erect, 2-4 in. long: fls. white or blushed,
with erect petals; calyx lobes deciduous. June, July.
Japan, China. S.Z. 6. B.M. 38.38. B.R. 20:1718. S.B.F.G.
11.4:393. A. G. 18:356. Var. angustifolia, Voss. Branches
reddish brown : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, rougher. Var.
crenata, Voss {D. crenata, Sieb. & Zucc). Branches
brown: lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, less rough. This var.
is less common in cultivation than the former. Var.
marmorata, Hort. Lvs. spotted with yellowish white.
Var. pl^na, Maxim. With double fls. R.H. 1867:70. F.S.
17:1799; 18:1850. I. H. 11:389. -Cult, in different forms
as Candidissima, with pure white double fls. lA.F.
6:263. J.H. III. 34:153. G.C II. 18:173) ; Pride of Roches-
ter, with very large white double fls.; Purpurea Plena,
double outside purplish ; Watereri, with large double
fls., tinged rose.

DEWBERRY

lis ovate or lanceolate
I )ug acimnnate fis larger
ill filaments toothed
Himalayas — 2> dentata
Hort =D !,cabri — D For
tunn Hort CD scabraX
•Meboldiana) Lv
oblong fls large pure
white filament's
inctly toothed
\anety of D scibra
lit under this

? Hort =D scabr i \ ar
r n ita — /> rdsea Hort
0 gr leilis ro<!ea Lemoine)
hi 111 between D discolor

with campanulite

griciUs, Sieb. & Z;icc. Pig. C95. Shrub, to 3 £t., with
slender, often arching branches: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply serrate, with sparse stellate hairs
above, nearly glabrous bi-malh, bright green, 1-2 in.
long: fls. pure wim^ , irj i r . m. . ; i- i ,!■< erect or some-
what spreadiuf.', " I: Inirter than the
petals; calyx-ti.i'i ; i I i ,i, .lapan. S.Z.8.
P.F.G.2,p.7. l.-.ii"i. I, ii 1-H, |..L'ii:(. Thereare
vars. with yellow ami wiiu \ ariegateil ivs.; see, also,
B.rosfci (Suppl. list).

AA. Fls. in ctirijmbs.

discolor, Hemsl. Shrub, to 7 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, denticulate, dark green above, much paler beneath,
coated with stellate hairs, sparingly altove, densely be-
neath: corymbs loose, 10-20 fld. : fls. white, with spread-
ing petals, valvate in the bud; filaments with large teeth.
China. Var. purpur&scens, Franch. Three-4 ft. : Ivs.
ovate, less stellate-hairy, 1-2 in. long : corymbs rather
few-ad.: petals pinkish outside ; calyx red, with large
teeth. June. China. R.H. 18'.»5:C4. G.F. 7:287. U.C.
III. 20:45.

Lem6inei, Hort. (D. gracilis x parvitldra). Fig. 696.
Spreading shrub, to 3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, finely
serrate with appressed teeth, with sparse stellate hairs
above, nearly glabrous beneath, lK-3 in. long: fls. in
large corymbs or broad panicles, pure white ; petals
broadly ovate, spreading, partially valvate and partially
imbricate in the bud; filaments with large teeth. G.F.
9:285. A. F. 11:457. Gt. 44, p. 507 and 46, p. 383. Gng.
4:135. J.H. 111.34:77. G.C. III. 18:389. On. 48, p. 317.
—A very desirable shrub, more vigorous and with
showier fis. than D. gracilis. Excellent for forcing.

parvilldra, Bunge. Shrub, to 6 ft. , with erect branches :
Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, finely serrate, with stellate
hairs on both sides, often grayish green beneath, 2-3 in.
long: fls. in many-fld. corymbs; petals roundish obovate,
spreading, imbricate in the bud; longer filaments with-
out teeth. June. N. China, Mongolia. G.F. 1:365. Gt.
11:370; 43, p. 05 and 46, p. 362. R.H. 1892, p. 223. G.C.
III. 14:153.

D.angustifoUn. Dim' =t>. Lemuim-i.-I>Iln,nm,!a„a.R.BT.

-D. Watsoniund Wellsi. Hort.=D. scabrav

Alfred Rehdek.
DEVIL-IN-A-BUSH. mgella.

DEWBERRY. The Dewberry is one of the most recent
acquisitions among garden fruits. As a cultivated fruit,
it is American, and the varieties are forms of native
species. It is distinguished from the blackberry chiefly
by its low, trailing habit, its method of propagating by
tips instead of suckers, and its few-flowered cymose
clusters. Four distinct species are found in cultivation.
(1) The northern Dewberry (Ruhus viUosits, Ait., until

lately known as B. Cini,i,lf}isis). In this species the
leaflets are thin and deciduous, the stems sparsely and
lightly prickly, and the flower-stalk slightly fuzzy but
not glandular. A well marked sub-type has been set off
from this species, comprising the Luoretia Dewberry

DEWBEKRY

(var. rorihaceus, Bailey), which is a stronger plant,
with weilge-ovate, jagged leaflets, long flower stalks,
large flow'ers and leaf-like sepals. Figs. 697, 698. (2)

The Bartel t\pe (if inii
stems straight reflexed ] 1 1
simple teeth and ha\ ing th
by a tip formed hv the |
(3) ThesouthernDewhiiM (/
has round shruht \ ti iilnu t
curred oi leflexed piickles gla
bristles The lejves are ev

prickles on the vein and pt
flower stems It is represent
Manatee and a fev, others (4
iB. tittkliu Cham ^ Schl
woody stems usualh weak am
upright the fruiting liianche'
slender prickle often rende

:ig th.

ilin iti 11 b\ the
we teiu Dewberry
This has round
ng but sometimes
■rou armed with

densely setose It includes the Skagit ( hief m 1 other
Still another species bettei known as the cut leived
blackberrj has been ling in cultivation chiefli for or
nament Its stems aie irtiied with stron^ re urred
prickles and its leaves lie much parted and dm led

The culture of tne Dewberry is much the s ime i
that of the blackberrj except m the matter of tr lining
though It IS thought to thrne better on lulit an 1
sandj soils than the blackbeirv No summer \ imiin,
of the canes is needed although the old cane m i\ 1 e
removed as soon as done fiuiting \ irious nieth
ods of training are emplcNed the object of all be
ing to keep the bearing cane ofi the ^round so that
they will not interfeie with cultivation and the fruit will
be kept clean. For this purpose the single stake and
the wire trellis methods are best known. Tying the
canes to stakes (Fig. 699) is perhaps the be.st method.
The fruiting canes are tied to the stake or trellis in
spring, being shortened to from 3 to 5 feet in length.
The young canes are allowed to grow upon the ground
at will, or at most are turned in the direction of the row
If they interfere with cultivation. They remain in this
position during winter, where they can be very con-
veniently protected, and take their place upon the trellis
or stakes the following summer.

The Dewberries have proved successful and profitable
with some and a failure with others. Different varieties
should be planted together to insure proper fecundation
of the blossom.s. Their chief value lies in their season
of ripening, which is in advance of the blackberries.
Lucretia and Bartel are the most important varieties.

For histovy and botany, see Bailey, Evolution of Our

DIANELLA i I .J

Native Fruits; for culture, see Card's Bush-Fruits, and
Cornell Bulletins 'M and 117. Consult Blackberry, Lo-
ganberry and Riibus. fr^d W. Cakd.

DIACKIUM (through and point; the stems are sur-
rounded by sheaths). Urchidicece, tribe Epidindrea.
Four tropical Amer. epiphytes, closely allied to Epi-
dendrum, with which they have been included. Differs
from that genus in the fact that the column and lip are
not united. Fls. showy, in loose racemes : Ivs. few,
sheathing : pseudobulbs slender. Culture of Epiden-
drum and Cattleya.

bicomitum, Benth. (Epidendrum fticojiiiifion.Hook.).
Pseudobulbs 1-2 ft. long, hollow, bearing dry sheaths:
Ivs. short and leathery: raceme slender, 3-12-fld. : the
Hs. white, with small crimson spots on the 3-lobed lip,
fragrant. B.M. 3332. G.C. III. 16:337. J. H. III. 33:29.
— A handsome orchid, requiring high temperature.

D. bidentatum. Hemsl. (Epidendrum bidentdtum, Lindl.),
of Mexico, has been listed in trade catalogues, but it is practi-
cally unknown to cult., and is probably not now in the Amer.
t"de. L. H. B.

DIAMOND FLOWER.

DIANELLA (diniinuth

/..»«

Tender

perennial fibrous rooted id^aits. with hard, linear, sheath-
ing, grass-like Ivs., often 2-3 ft. long, large, loose
panicles of blue fls. on delicate, pendent pedicels, and
great numbers of pretty blue berries, which remain at-
tractive for several weeks, and are the chief charm of
the plant. There are about a dozen species of world-
wide distribution. They perhaps succeed best in the
open border of a cool greenhouse. Prop, by divisions,
or by seeds sown in spring in mild heat. A few plants
have lately been imported, but the species are not ad-
vertised. Latest monograph by J. G. Baker, in Journ.
Linn. Soo. 14:574 (1875).

A. Stems entirely wanting.
B. Anthers 1 line long.
Tasm^nica, Hook. Height 4-5 ft. : Ivs. numerous, in
a rosette, broadly ensiform, 2— i ft. long, %-l in. wide,
margined with small reddish brown
spines, that cut the hand if the leaves are
carelessly grasped : panicle very lax, sur-
passing the Ivs. 1-2 ft., with as many as
60 fls. : fls. pale blue, nodding, }•<-% in.
\\ acioss segments finally reflexed

ISBVis, R. Br. Lvs. X-VA ft. long, 6-9 lines wide, less
leathery and paler than in D.caruha andatlirst slightly
glaucous : panicle deltoid, the branches more compound
than in D. revoluta: outer segments of the perianth with
5 distant veins, inner ones densely 3-veined in the
middle third. Eastern temperate parts of Australia.
B.R. 9:751. L.B.C. 12:1136.

476

DIANELLA

oc. [''ehts of the perianth-segments crowded into a

revoltlta, R. Br. Height 2-3 ft.: Ivs. in a rosette, 1-
IX ft. long, 3-4 lines wide, dark green, purplisb at the
base and margin, not spiny at the margin : panicle
branches short, ascending: fls. later than D. ceeriilea.
W. and E. Australia In temperate parts. Tasmania.
B.R. 9:734 and 13:1120.

AA. Stems present but short.

caertlea, Sims. Subshrubby, with a short stem in age,
branching : Ivs. about fl, clustered at the ends of branches,
9-12 in. long, 6-9 lines wide, dark green, rough on the
back and margin: outer perianth-segments with 5 distant
veins, inner ones with 3 closer veins. Eastern temper-
ate Australia. B.M. 505.

ensifdlia, Red. Caulescent herb, 3-6 ft, high, the Its.
never in a rosette, numerous, hard, linear, 1-2 ft. long,
9-12 lines wide, lighter colored on the keel and margin:
fls. blue or greenish white. Trop. Asia, China, Aus-
tralia, Hawaiian Islands. B.M. 1404. yf ji

DIANTHUS (Greek for Jove's flower). CaryophyllA-
ceie. Fink. About 200 species of Old World small herbs,
many of them prized for their rich and showy flowers.
Nearly all of them are perennials; they form tufts and
have grass-like Ivs., and jointed stems with terminal
fls. and opposite Ivs. From kindred genera Dianthus
is distinguished by the sepal-like bracts at the
base of a cylindrical calyx (cf. Pigs. 366, 367); petals
without a crown; styles 2. They are temperate-region
plants. The flowers are usually pink or red, but in
garden forms white and purple are frequent colors.
Most of the cult, species are hardy in the north and are
easy of culture. The perennial species are excellent
border plants. The chief care required in their cultiva-
tion is to see that the grass does not run them out.
Best results in flowering are obtained usually from 2-
year-old seedling plants. Two weedy species', D. pro-
lifer, Linn., and J). Armeria, Linn., are naturalized in
the eastern states. Monogr. by P. N. Williams, Journ.
Linn. Soc. 29 (1891-3). L. H. B.

Dianthus is essentially a European genus, there being
but one species found native on this continent (/>.n(;)i«Hs,
found in high northern regions and in Europe), though
others are escapes from gardens, such as D. deltoides
and D. barbalus. Among the gems of the genus are
various pretty little alpine tufted sorts as D. neglectus,
D. glacialis and B. alpinus, all of which are of dwarf,
close habit, not exceeding 3 in. in height and having
very large single flowers of brightest colors. These are
suited only for rock gardening, as on level ground they
often become smothered with weeds or swamped with
soil after a heavy rain storm, and to these two causes
are attributablethe failures tocultivate them. Dianthuses
like a warm soil, and one that will not become too wet
at any time, especially in winter, where the perennial
kinds are grown, as they are often killed not so much
from cold as from too much ice round them. Snow is the
best possible protection, but ice is the reverse.

All Dianthuses ai-e readily propagate*! from seeds
sown in rich soil, but the double kinds are reproduced
from cuttings alone to be sure to have them true, and in
the fall months cuttings are easily rooted if taken with
a "heel" or a part of the old stem adhering to the
base of the shoot; so that to make cuttings it is best to
strip them off rather than to make them with a knife. It
will be found also that, if cuttings made from plants
growing in the open ground do not root readily but seem
to dry up in the cutting bench, if the plants to be in-
creased are carefully lifted and potted, placed in a tem-
perature of say 50° until young growth shows signs
of starting, every cutting taken off at this stage will
root easily. The transition from outdoors to the propa-
gating house should not be too abrupt. Another method
of propagation is by layering, and with the garden
Pinks, or forms of />. plumarius, it is the easiest and
surest. After hot weather is past stir the soil round
the parent plant, take the branches that have a portion
of bare stem, make an incision half way through and
alongthe stem for an inch, and peg this down in the soil
without breaking the shoot off ( Fig. 370 ) . Roots will be

DIANTHUS

formed and good strong plants be the result before
winter. The layering method is specially suitable to such
species as D. plumarius, D. Caryophyllus and double
forms of others, such as Sweet William, e. O. Orpet.

Index: alpinus, 11; atroruhens, 2; ha.rb&tus, 5; cajii-
tatus,3; Carthusianorum,2; Caryophyllus, 8; Chinensis,

700. Sweet William -Dianthus barbatus (X}4).

13; Cincinnatus, 13; cinnabarinus, 1; cruentus, 4; del
toides, 10; dentosus, 13; diadematus, 13; glacialis, 12;
Heddewigi, 13; hybridus, 13; imperialis, 13; laciniatus,
13; latifolius, 14; macrosepalus, 13: plumarius, 6; punc-
fatu.i, 8 ; semperflorens, 13; Sinensis, 13; superbus, 7;
sylvestris,9; viscordalis, sub 14.

A. Flowers in dense cymes or in heads, the cluster often

subtended by involucre-like Ivs.

B. Petals not bearing hairs or barbs : bracts dry.

1. cinnabarinus, Sprun. A ft. high, woody at base,
perennial, blooming in Aug. and Sept. : Ivs. linear,
sharp-pointed and rigid : petals fiery red above, paler
beneath, glandular: stamens included. Greece.— Hand-
some little species; useful for hardy border or rookery.
BB. Petals with hairs or barbs on the lower part of the

blade.

2. Carthusianfirum, Linn. (D. atrdrubens, Willd.).
Hardy perennial or biennial, glabrous, scarcely glaucous,
12-18 in. high, the stem angled: Ivs. short, linear and
pointed, without prominent nerves when fresh : lis. in
a dense, 6-20-fld. head, in shades of red, the petals
sharply but not deeply toothed, the cluster subtended

DIANTHUS

by very narrow or even awl-like Ivs. Denmark to Portu-
gal and Egypt. B.M. 1775, 2039.- Very variable. Little
known in Amer. gardens.

3. capitatus, Balb. Much like the last: plant glaucous,
conspicuously pube.scent, taller: petals purple-spotted.
Siberia, Servia.

4. cruSntus, Griseb. Cespitose. glaucous, glabrous :
stem 1-2 ft., terete, forking: Ivs. linear or lance-linear,
sharp acuminate: tls. deep blood-red, small, numerous
in a contracted cyme ; petals red-hairy towards the
base. July. Greece.

5. barb&tus, Linn. Sweet William. Fig. 700. Per-
ennial, but readily grown from seed, and flowering well
the second year, glabrous, the stems 4-angled, 10-18 in.
high: Ivs. broad and flat or conduplicate, 5-nerved: fls.
several to many in a round-topped, dense cyme, in many
colors, the petals not hairy. Russia to China and S. to
the Pyrenees. B.M. 207. -The Sweet William is one of
the oldest garden flowers. It is sure to be found in the
old-fashioned gardens. The cult, forms run into many
colors. Sometimes found along roadsides as an escape.
There are double-Ad. forms. R.H. 1804, p. 277.

AA. t^lou'ers solilat-y, or in S's or S's.
B. Calyx-bracts short and broad, appressed.

c. Petals fimbriate.
plumirius, Linn. Common Grass or Gardes Pink.

DIANTHUS

477

Scotch Pink. Pheasant's Eye Pink. Lo
blooming in spring and early summer, ver
Ivs. narrow and short, blue-glaucous : tl<. in
rphsh

uttv

hue,
the blade of the petal
fringed one-fourth or one-
fifth its depth ; calyx cUin-
drical, with short, broad-
topped mncronate bracts.
Austria, Siberia. — A uni-
versal favorite. Hardy.
Much used in old-fash-
ioned gardens as edging
for beds. There are double-
fid, forms.

7. supSrbUB, Linn. Fig. 701.
Taller, the stems forking, less
tufted. later-lid., broader-lvd.;
calvx longer: petals lilac, dis-
sected below the middle. Nor-
way to .Japan and Spain. Vari-
able. B.M. 297. -A handsome
species, growing 16-24 in.,
fragrant. Perennial.

8. Caryophyllus, Linn. Car-
nation. Clove Pink. Pico-
tee. Grenadine. F'igs. 3li6-8,
370-5. Plat« IV. Cespitose,
glabrous, 1-3 ft., the stems
hard or almost woody below,
the nodes or joints conspicu-
ous : Ivs. long-linear, very
glaucous: fls. on long stems,
particularly inAmeriean cult. ;
calyx - bracts very broad,
abruptly pointed : Vars. soli-
tary, large, very variable in
size, form and color, but origi-
nally pain lilac, fragrant.
B.M. 39 (Bizarre Carnation);
1622 (var. imbricatus); 2744
(Picotees). - Generally sup-
posed to be native to the
Mediterranean region, but
^^ ^''■' Williams gives its geograph-

ical limits as "north and west Normandy" and "south
and east Punjab" (northwestern Hindoostan). Long
cultivated. In Europe it is largely grown as an outdoor
Pink, but in this country it is chiefly known as the
greenhouse Carnation. The American forcing type is

701. Dianthus superbus.

distinguished by very long stems and a continuous
blooming habit. Garden varieties of i). Caryophyllus
are numberless, and they often pass under Latinized
names (V.punctAtus, Sort. ,isoDeoitbesenames). For
studies in the history and evolution of the Carnation,
see Bailey, Survival of the Unlike, Essay 28. SeeCarjia-

702. Dianthus Chinensis (X J^).

9. sylv^stris, Wulf (D. virgineus, Hort.). Slender,
1 ft. high, the stem angular compressed and bearing 1-3
odorless fls.: Ivs. tufted, linear and sharp-pointed,
scabrous on the margins : fls. rather small, red, the
petals obovate and shallow-toothed. Eu. B.M. 1740.—
Pretty perennial border plant.

BB. Calyx-brad.': luilf the Iitigth of the calyx, mostly
narroii-i": n', <1 1 : . slmrt and spreading, the
radla,! . ,...,rly so.

10. deltoides. 1. , i ; ) n Pink. Tufted, 6-10 in.,
blooming in spring ml .mix summer, creeping: stems
ascending, forkiiii.', witli solitary fls. on the branchlets:
stem Ivs. an inch long, sharp-pointed : fls. small ( K-?i
in. across), the petals toothed, deep red with a crimson
eye, the petals bearing an inverted V-shaped pocket at
their base (whence the name deltoides). Scotland to
Norway and Japan. — One of the prettiest border Pinks,
making neat mats of foliage and bearing profusely of
the little bright fls. There is a white-fld. variety.

478

DIANTHUS

11. alplnus, Linn. Very dwarf, the 1-fld. stems rarely
reaching inoi-e than 3-4 in. high, more or less prostrate:
foliage dark shining green: fl. 1 in. or more across, deep
rose or purplish and crimson spotted, a darlier ring
around the eye. Russia to Greece and Swiss Alps. B.M.
1205. Un. 26:4,55; 47, p. 292; 45, p. 53. -One of the choic-
est of alpine and rockwork plants.

BBB. Calyx-bracis Jeafi/ and spreading.

12. glacUlis, Htenke. Three to 4 in. high, the stems
tufted and usually 1-Hd.: Ivs. green, narrow-linear and
pointed, somewhat serrulate: fls. small and odorless,
red-purple; the petals toothed. Mts. of S. Eu. G.C. II.
21:809. —A pretty species, but difficult to establish.
Grown among alpine plants.

13. ChinfinBiB, Linn. {D. Sinensis, Hort.). Fig. 702.
Perennial, cespitose, glabrous, more or less creeping at
base: stem forking, angled aud more or less grooved,
pubescent: Ivs. broad and nearly flat or slightly trough-
shaped, 3-5-nerTed: fls. large, solitary or more or less
clustered, pink or lilac; the petals (at least in the wild)
barbed or hairy towards the base; calyx- bracts 4, in
some cult. vars. short. — China and Japan ; but recent au-
thorities consider a European Pink to be but a form of
it, and thereby extend its range west to Portugal. The
Amocr Pink (/>. dvtitdsvs, Fisch.) is a form known as
var. maoros§palus, Franch.: it is a hardy border plant,
1 ft. high, with bright nd lis. and ;i sput nt Iium- ..f each
petal. Z>. Sf/H/). / /;.') . J. ., I I'lii .. 1- :i L.if'iv jMicjiiiial
form, 12-18 in., « nil , ■ i ■ . , r..-d-
eyed, fragrant I1-. /' ' , i to a
beautiful and vaniiM- 11. I Ml L-:M.irii r;i,i^,\;,i Hed-
dewigi, Regel \.li. Jima, ,ri,j,, Ht.rt.). Ihe-i- arc ex-
tensively grown from seeds, and are practically an-
nuals, although plants may survive the winter and give
a feeble bloom in the spring in mild climates. The
flowers are scarcely odorous. They are single and
double, of many vivid colors; and many of the garden
forms have bizarre markings. In some forms, var. la-
ciniitus, Regel (D. hicinidtus, Hort.), the petals are
slashed and cut. D. imperi&liB, Hort., is a name applied
to a strain with strong habit and rather tall growth,
mostly double. C. diademitus, Hort., is another garden
strain. D. Cmcinnd.tUB, Lem., is a red form with
shredded petals. I.H. n:.188. D. h^brldus, Hort., is

DICENTRA

13:1380-1. Gn. 49:1051. The garden Pinks are of
easy culture. Seeds may be sown in the open where
the plants are to stand, but better results are obtained,
at least in the north, if plants are started in the house.

f|t.t;1 fi,P^^A

3t. This name {D. lujbridKs) is also applied
to a dentosus-\\k% form, which some regard as a hybrid
of dentosits and some other species. For portraits of
garden Pinks, see B.M. 5536; F.S. 11:1150; 12:1288-9;

704. Dicentra formosa (X

Plants bloom after the first fall frosts. They gr

16 in. high, and should be planted 6-8 in. apart. They

are very valuable for borders and flower gardens.

14. latifdliUB, Hort. Perennial, 0-12 in. high, of doubt-
ful origin, but in habit intermediate between D. Chi-
nensis and I>. barbatus. Fls. large, double, in close
clusters or even heads: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate.— A good
border plant.

D. viacorddlis is a name which once was advertised by Man-
ning, hut is not now in the trade. The seed was obtained from
an English firm. It is probably a garden form of some old
species. L. H. B.

DIC£NIBA (Greek, dis, keutron, two-spurred, but
originally misprinted Dictytra, and then supposed to be
Dielytra). Fumariicem. A genus of charming hardy
perennial plants with much cut foliage, and rose, white
or yellow fls. of interesting structure. The Squirrel
Corn and Dutchman's Breeches are two of our daintiest
native springtime flowers, and the Bleeding Heart is
one of the choicest memories of old-fashioned gardens:
it is also the most widely cultivated of all the plants of
this delightful order. Though long known to herbaria,
plants of BleedingHeart were not introduced to western
cultivation f rotu Japan until the late forties. Robert For-
tune saw it on the Island of Chusan, where he also got
DUrvilld rosea and the epoch-making "Chusan Daisy,"
the parent of pompon Chrysanthemums. The first live
plants seen in England flowered in May, 1847. It rapidly
spread into every garden in the land, and is now rich
in home associations. It is an altogether lovely plant.
There are about 15 species of Dicentra, mostly N.
American. Sepals 2, scale-like : petals united into a
2-spurred or heart-shaped nectai-iferous corolla : stamens
diadelphous.

Dicentras are easily cultivated in borders and wild gar-
dens. Two kinds can be readily secured from the woods
in the E. Try to reproduce the natural conditions, espe-
cially the degree of shade. They like a rich, light soil.
Prop, by dividing crowns or roots. It is a singular fact
that the forcing of Bleeding Hearts, though practically
unknown in America, is said to be commoner in England
than outdoor culture. According to Nicholson, the fore-

DICENTRA

ing must be very gentle and the plants kept as
glass as possible. It is best to have fresh pla
year, and return the forced ones to the border.

A. Fls. rose-purple.

B. Jiucmes simple.
speotAbilis, Hem. (Dle'U/tru spectdbilis, C

Bleeding Heart. Fig. 70H. Height 1-2 ft. :

DICHOKISANDRA

creamy yellow; crest of the inner peta
Scotia to L. Huron, S. C. to Mo. I.H.
A. G. 13:516. D. .S.5. B.M. U27 {as Fiinu

479

rosy red; corolla heart-
shaped ; inner petals
white, protruding. Late
spring. Jap. F.S. 3:258.

I. 4458. R.H. 1847:461. Gn. 40:820. -The wbite-fld.
variety has a weak growth and sickly appearance.

BB. Eacemes compound.
c. Inner petals protruded.

eximiat Torr. Fls. deep rose, heart-shaped, tapering
to a neck, which is longer and narrower than in B. for-
inosa, the tips of the outer petals much longer. Rocks
of western N. Y. and Mts. of Va. Var. multipinnata,
Hort.,has Ivs. still more finely cut. "The handsomest
foliaged hardy plant in our entire collection."—!/. W.
Manning.

cc. Inner petals scarcely protruded.

formfisa, Walp. Fig. 704. Fls. pale rose, with a short,
thick neck, the tips of the outer petals shorter than in
n. ezimia. According to Gray, Syn. Flora, the fls. are
cordate, but B.M. shows 2 pronounced spurs, with tips

pointing toward each other. Mn " "" ""

Fiimaria formosa). Calif, north.

5. Mn. 6:41.
Cttetillaria).
W. M.
DICHORISANDRA (Greek words referring to the di-
vision of the stamens into two series). Commeli-
nicece. About 28 species of tropical perennial herbs,
with handsome foliage, often beautifully variegated,
and rich blue fls. borne in thyrse-like panicles. Sepals
distinct, ovate or oblong, green or colored, about equal;
petals distinct, wider than the sepals; stamens 6. C. B.
Clarke in DC. Mon. Phan. 3:272 (1881). The following
are in the trade but not sufiBciently described : X>.
gata^ D. Zanoni. ^^ j|^

Dichorisandra tJiyrsiflora is a sat-
isfactory plant of unusual and inter-
esting appearance, which requires lit-
tle attention when once well estab-
lished, and may be relied upon to
flower regularly year after year. It
needs careful repotting every year at
first until a good-sized pot (say 8 in.)
is well filled with roots. It then throws
up a strong shoot each year about 6 ft.
high, unbrauched, and with perhaps 8
or 9 Ivs. near the top. The handsome
thyrse of dark blue fls. gives a color
that is rare in the greenhouse. This
plant may be the only representative
of its interesting order in a private collection. It is wil-
ling to be crowded into the background, where its bare
is hidden, and where the light may be poorest.
The stem dies down in the winter time, when water
should be gradually withdrawn. Water should be given
liberally during the growing season. Of the foliage
plants of this genus, i>. mosaica is commonest. It is
dwarfer, and does not flower so regularly.

Cult, by Robert Shore.
A. Foliage not variegated.
thyrsiJiara, Mikan. Distinguished by its large Ivs.,
which are lanceolate, narrowed into a distinct petiole,
glabrous, 6-10 in. long, 2 in. wide, green on both sides:
stem about 3 ft. high, scarcely branched, robust, gla-
brous: racemes subpanicled, pubescent: sepals glabrous,
blue or somewhat herbaceous. Bra?.. B.R. 8:682. L.B.C.
12:1196. P.M. 3:127.

B.M. 13351

Flou

llou

chrysAntha, Walp. Pale and glaucous: inflorescence
thyrsoid-paniculate: fls. numerous, as many as 50 in a
thyrse, erect, golden yellow; corolla deciduous; outer
petals hardly larger than the inner, the tips soon recurv-
ing to below the middle. Dry hills, Calif. F.S. 8:820 (as
Capnirchis ehrysdntJia) . — Rare in cult.

AAA. Flowers chiefly white.

b. Corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs being short

and rounded.

Canadensis, Walp. {Diilytra Canadensis, G. Don).

SQtJiKREL Corn, from the scattered tubers resembling

grains of maize. Fig. 705. Lvs. finely cut : raceme

simple, few-fld.: fls. white, tipped with rose; crest of

the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. Nova Scotia

to Mich., south to Penn. andKy., but chiefly northward

in the vegetable mold of rich woods. B.M. 3031.

BB. Corolla not heart-shaped, the spurs longer and

divergent.

CucuI14ria, Bern. (Dielytra CuculUria, G. Don).

Dutchman's Breeches. Fig. 706. Easily told from i?.

Canadensis by its loose, granular cluster of tubers: lvs.

finely cut : racemes simple, few-fld. : fls. white, tipped

I's Breeches (X%).

AA. Foliage variegated.
m03S.ica, Linden (iJ. wmsdica, Koch & Lind.). Dis-
tinguished by its large, broadly elliptical lvs., which are
roundish at the base, sessile, glabrous, about 6 in. long.

480

DICHOBISANDRA

3-4 in. wide, with a short, sharp, rather abrupt point:
stem uubranched, robust, spotted: racemeshort, densely
thyrsoid: sepals white or greenish. Gt. 18(J8:593. P.S.
16:1711. — Its chief beauty is the mosaic appearance of
the foliage, due to numberless short, ti-ansverse, whitish
lines, which do not pass by the longitudinal veins of the
leaf. The under side of the Ivs. is a rich purplish color.
Var. gigantda, Hort., is cult, abroad.

Var. und4ta (D. ,ni,h;i,i. C. Koch & Linden). Foliage

without any nio^al. ,,|,iM.,,i;i , tlie varicK':ition beiug

entirely longitu'li: ' 11 : '^'1' I \t.-iii lies in tin- mid-
dle of a long, win: li.lMi^' the full l.-iii;th of
the leaf. F.S. 17 , i ;.-,; ( ,.,.,,. n^U-v^ J>. nn.l.ih, xo D.
mosaica, but hortu uluuiillj ibty aru very distinct.

SWbertii, Hort. A little known plant with white mid-
rib and margins.

D.acaitlis, Cogn. Stemless: Ivs. in a rosette, almost sessile,
narrowly oblong, wa^-y, acxitish. short-cune,ite at the base,
sparsely pilose on both sides: panicles terminal, sessile, much
shorter than the Ivs. Braz. I.H. 41:19. Handsomely varie-
gated with countless short, longitudinal lines.— Z>. aniiustifblia,
Lind. & Rod. Stem purple, spotted green: Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, sessile, glabrous, roundish at the base, aciite. about 6 in.
long, 2 in. wide at the middle, purple below, marked above with
short, transverse, white lines. Equador. I.H. :J9:1.18.— />. /cm-
cophthdtmos, Hook., differs from all here described in having
radical inflores.-en.'O, its fls. hum fl:it ..n flic gr..nli,l Lvs. el-
liptic, acumin-it.- -r,. „ l.ntli .-vl...- tls 1,1,,,. will. ,, „,hite

M. tilil

W. M.

DICHKOA (Greek, (Us, two, and chros, color). In-
cludes Adamia. i><ixifiagdctii'. This genus contains a
rare greenhouse shrub in habit resembling a Hy-
drangea, with violet-blue fls. in a pyramidal panicle a
foot across, and handsome blue berries, instead of the
capsular fruit of Hydrangea. Lvs. persistent, alternate,
stalked, widest at middle, tapering both ways, serrate:
panicles terminal, many-fld.: fls. blue, lilac, or violet;
petals 5 or G, valvate ; styles 3-5, club-shaped. The
genus has only 2 species, the commoner and more vari-
able one, D. fehrifuga, which is glabrous, being found
in the Himalayas, Malaya, and China, while i>.pu6csrdi.s-
is native to Malaya only.

febriKiga, Lour. (Ad&mia versicolor, Viort.). Later
writers aUso include AdAmia cyAnea, Wall., which
Lindley distinguished by its smaller lvs. and fls., 5
petals, and 10 stamens, while A. versicolor hud 7, or
sometimes G petals, and 20 stamens. Plants are still
cultivated abroad under the name of A. cyanea, but it
cannot be stated here how distinct they are for horti-
altural purposes. A. versicolor, P.M. 16:322. A. cy-

inea, B.M. 3046.

W. M.

DICKSdNIA (named for James Dickson, an English
botanist, 1738-1822). Cyalhe&cece. Tree ferns with a
distinctly 2-valved inferior indusium, the outer valve
formed by the apex of the leaf segment. A small genus,
mostly of the southern hemisphere. For D. pilosius-
ctila, punctilobiila and Smithii, see Pennstwdtia.

Dicksonias are amongst the most important tree ferns,
both for their beauty and because of their relative hardi-
ness. In their native countries some of them are occa-
sionally weighted with snow, and Z>. antarctica has to
endure frosts. They can be grown in coolhouses, and
should be tried southward outdoors in sheltered places.
Their trunks are more tiliVMiis tlmn tle.se of most tree
ferns, and hence more retentive ••( ineistnre, so that
they need less care. Agned inink in. Mimes 30^0 fronds
a year, and retains them until tli.> next set is matured,
unless the trees suffer for moisture in winter. Although
they rest in winter, the fronds soon shrivel up if the
trunks are allowed to get too dry. Dicksonias should
have their trunks thoroughly watered twice a day dur-
ing the growing season. These waterings should be

DICTAMNUS

gradually decreased until winter, when the trunks
should be kept merely moist all the time. Only in the
hottest summer days is slight shade needed. It is a
pity to grow tree ferns in pots, but if this must be done
several principles should be ob.served. The lapse of a
single day's watering will often cause serious damage.
As a rule, the pots should be of the smallest size con-
sistent with the size of the trunk. Three or four inches
of soil all round the trunks is enough. The above points
are taken from Schneider's Book of Choice Ferns, as
tree ferns are little grown in America.

antdrctica, Labill. Scales of the short leaf-stems
dense, dark purplish brown : lvs. 5-6 ft. long, the central
pinnfe 12-18 in. long ; segments oblong, the sterile in-
cised. Australia and Tasmania. G.C. III. 9:81. -Trunk
sometimes 30-35 ft. high. A very useful decorative
plant.

squarrdsa, Swz. Scales of the short leaf-stem fibril-
lose, light colored: lvs. 3-4 ft. long, the pinnfe 9-15 in.
long; segments lanceolate, the sterile toothed, the ribs
scabrous. New Zealand and Chatham Island.

L. M. Underwood and W. M.

for

DICTAMNDS (old (ireek name, supposed to indicate
foliage like the ash : hence Fraxinella, diminutive of the
Latin Fraxinns. an ash), liutrte,,,. Gas Plant. Burn-
ing Bush. FuAXiNELi.A. Dittany. This genus includes
an old garden favorite which has a strong smell of
lemon, and will sometimes give a fla.sh of light on sultry
summer evenings when a lighted match is held near
the flowers. It is also one of the most permanent and
beautiful features of the hardy herbaceous border. In-
stances are known in which it has outlived father, son
and grandson in the same spot. The genus has only
2 species, and is distinguished from allied genera (none
of which have garden value) by the 5 unequal petals,

707. The Gas Plant— Dictamn

10 (leolineil stamens, and short stipe, on which the ovary

'I'll.' 'ills Plant makes a sturdy, bold, upright growth,
an. I a .liimii :; f.et liiijb and as much in thickness makes
a I. raw- si^-lit when in Hower. A strong, rather heavy
soil, ni.ideralely rich, is best for these plants. They are
not fastidious as to situation, succeeding as well in par-
tial shade as when fully exposed to the sun, and drought
will not effect them when once fairly established. Old,
strong clumps are good sub,iects as isolated specimens
on a lawn, and a large patch, planted in the border, is not
only effective while in full flower, but the dark, persis-
tent foliase is ornamental throughout the season. It is
not advisable to disturb the plants very often, as they
improve with age, producing taller flower-stems and
more of them as they grow older. They are excellent for
cutting, especially the white variety. Prop, with diffi-
culty by division, but easily by seeds, which are sown in
the open ground in fall as soon as ripe, and covered an
inch or so. They will germinate the next spring, and,
when two years old, the seedlings may be removed to
their permanent positions, where they will flower the fol-
lowing year.

DICTAMNUS

klhas, Lhm. {D.FmxiiiHla.Pevs. }. Fig. 707. A vig-
orous, symmetrical, hardy herb, with glossy, leathery
foliage surmounted by long, showy terminal racemes of
good-sized, fragrant fls. Lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate;
Ifts. ovate, serrulate, dotted with oil glands: fls. white.
Eu., N.Asia. Gn. 35:701. A.F.5:328. Gng.5:321. Var.
rilbra, Hort., has rosy purple fls., the veins deeper
colored. Var. gigantSus, Hort. (/>. giganleus, Hort.),
was recently introduced. j. b. Keller and W. M.

DICTYOGEAMMA (Greek, «e»e(Z lines). PolypodiA-
ce<e. A genus of a few Japanese and Pacific Island
ferns, with naked sori, which follow the course of the
reticulated veins. The species are sometimes referred
to Gymnogramma. Strong-growing indoor fern, useful
for specimen plants.

Japfinica, F^e. Lvs. simply pinnate or bipinnate at the
base, lK-2 ft. high, the piunse ti-V2 in. long and an inch
wide ; sori extending from the midrib to the edge.
Japan and Formosa. Also known as Gijmnoiimmma
Japonica. An interesting fern of rather strong growth,
and very distinct in appearance. Grows best in a mod-
erate temperature— for example, 55-60°— and requires
an open and well-drained soil of peaty character.

L. M. Underwood and W. H. Taplin.

DICTYOSPfiKMA (Greek, Kc/ffrf seed). PalmAeea;,
tribe Areceie. This genus of Areca-like palms contains
a few species of considerable commercial importance,
the young plants being used chiefly for house and table
decoration. Slender spineless palms, with a ringed
trunk: lvs. equally pinnatisect; segments linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate or bifid, the apical ones confluent; mar-
gins thickened, recurved at the base; midrib and nerves
prominent, sparsely clothed with persistent scales
beneath, or naked; rachis and petiole slender, scaly,
3-sided, furrowed, sheatli elongated, entire: spadix on a
short glabrous or toraeutose peduncle, the branches erect
or spreading and flexuose, the lower ones with mem-
branaceous bracts at the base: spathes 2, complete, dor-
sally compressed, papery, the lower one 2-crested ;
flower-bearing areas much depressed: bracts and bract-
lets scaly: pistillate fls. rather large, white or yellowish :
fr. scaly, small, olive-shaped or subglobose. Species 2
or 3. Indian Archipelago. Jared G. Smith.

Dictyosperma is a genus of medium-sized palms of
slender habit, and having pinnate leaves. At least two
s-pecies of Dictyosperma {rubra and alba) have been
included among commercial palms for some years past,
though not grown in such quantities as the popular
Kentias, Arecas and Latanias. D. aiireii is also occa-
sionally set-n ill cininiprcial collections.

The cultiv;iti(.ii [if tlipse palms does not present any
great ditliruliiis, similar conditions to those required by
Chr!isiili,l.,.,nj,„.s l„t,sr,ns answering well. These
conditions UKiy be briefly summarized as follows: A soil
consisting of well rotted sod, to which has been added
about one-sixth, in bulk, of good stable manure, firm
potting, and an abundance of water both at the root and
overhead, a night temperature during the winter of 60
to 6.5° F., and moderate shade on the glass from March 1
to November 1. This treatment applies especially to
young stock, and may be modified somewhat with old
and well established specimens, the latter enduring a
slightly lower temperature without injury, providing
they are not overwatered. Dictyospermas are rather
susceptible to the attacks of some insects, notably red
spider and various scale insects, and, if allowed to be-
come very dry, are liable to lose their lower leaves, the
most satisfactory species being D. rubra. Propagation
by seeds, which germinate in 6 to 8 weeks, when sown in
a warm greenhouse. ^ g Taplin.

Alba, Wendl. & Drude {Areca alba, Bory. Ptycho-
spArma alba, Scheff. ). Distinguished by the whitish
petioles and the whitish green veins of the lvs. Caudex
40-.50 ft. high, 8-9 in. iu diam., dilated at the base: lvs.
8-12 ft. long; petiole 6-18 in. long, grooved down the
face; segments 2!-^-3 ft. long, 2-3 in. wide, 7-nerved;
veins and margins green or reddish: branches of the
spadix 6-18 in. long, erect or slightly reflexed, zigzag
when young.

DIDYMOSPERMA

481

aiirea, Wendl. & Drude (Areca aitrea, Hort.). Dis-
tinguished by the yellow or orange petioles and veins
of young plants. Caudex about 30 ft. high, smaller and
more slender than the preceding: lvs. 4-8 ft. long; peti-
ole 8 in. long; segments l]4-2 ft. long, 1 in. wide; sec-
ondary veins scarcely visible: branches of the spadix
rigidly erect, 9-U in. long.

furfuricea, Wendl. & Drude {Areea fitrfurAcea,
Hort.). Like JO. rubra, but the petiole and leaf-sheath
of the young plant tomentose.

rubra, Wendl. & Drude (Areca rubra, Hort.). Re-
sembling D. alba, but the lvs. of the young plants
darker green, the primary veins and margins dark red,
the redness disappearing very much in adult plants:
branches of the spadix longer and more reflexed.

Jared G. Smith.

DICYETA is a gesneraceous genus closely allied to
Achimenes, but with smaller fls. and different anthers.
It has 2 species, both from Guatemala. D. Candida is
cult, abroad as Achimenes Candida.

DIDlSCUS. See Trachymene.

DIDYMOCHiaiNA (Greek, twincloak; alluding to the
indusium). PolypodiAcew. A small gemis of greenhouse
ferns of rather coarse foliage. Indusium elliptical,
emarginate at the base, attached along a central vein,
free all round the margin.

Iunul4ta, Desv. {D.truneuldta, Hort.). Lvs. clustered
from an erect caudex, bipinnate, 3-6 ft. long ; pinnules
almost quadrangular %-\ in. broad, entire or slightly sin-
uate, each bearing 2-6 sori. Cuba to Brazil; the same
or an allied species in Madagascar and Malaya. — Z). lu-
nutata is a very attractive fern while in a small state,
but its articulated ]'in"iil'"* '■"'<■ ^i 'Irawback as a com-
mercial species, renil.Tiiiir ii "I littlr value for house
decoration. l. m. rM.i:uw a.i.l W. H. Taplin.

The following points are cuiuU-used from Schneider's
admirable work. The Book of Choice Ferns: D.lunulala
is one of the most distinct ferns in cultivation. It looks
like a tree maidenhair, but the stems, instead of being
black and slender, are thick and fleshy and the leaves
are fleshier than any Adiantum. In cult, the trunk is
only a few inches high, but the fronds are 4-6 ft. long
and densely covered with long, brown, chaffy scales.
The metallic color of its young fronds is a fine feature.
This is a warmhouse fern, and may be used for subtropical
bedding. It has a bad trick of droppine its pinnules if
allowed to get too dry at the root, but soon rallies under
liberal treatment.

DIDYMOSPfiEMA (Greek, double-seeded). Palmdceai,
tribe Arecece. Low or erect palms with slender trunks.
Leaves terminal, unequally pinnatisect, silvery-scaly be-
low ; segments opposite, alternate, solitary, or the
lower ones iu groups, cuneate at the base: obovate-ob-
long or oblanceolate, sinuate-Iobed and erose, the ter-
minal one cuneate; margins recurved at the base; mid-
herve distinct, nerves flabellate; sheath short, fibrous:
spadices with a short, thick peduncle and thick branches :
spathes numerous, sheathing the spadix: fls. rather
large : fr. ovoid or oblong. Species 6. India and Malay
Archipelago.

porphyrocArpon, Wriiill. \- linulr {Walliclna por-
phyrocarpa. Mart.). Si. ins iv. .ly. :;-li ft.: lvs. 5-8 ft.
long; leaflets 9-15 in. l.iii". .Iistaiit, narrowly oblong,
long cuneate, blunt, m- si i in ah- 1 y 'J-:; loljed, truncate, den-
ticulate, glaucous beneath. Java.

Didymosperma is a genus of East Indian palms of
moderate growth, containing possibly 8 species, most
of which are stemless or else forming but a short trunk,
the pinnate leaves risiiit; fnnii a mass of coarse brown-
ish fibers that siun.iiii.l tin- l.asr ..f the plant. Theleaf-
lets are of irn-u'ular sliapn, biaiiiiu' some resemblance to
those of Carvnta. and th.' i.laiiis frequently throw up
suckers from tin- lias,., 'riir miinl.rrs of this genus are
not verycomiiiiin in .nltiv ai inn. Tin- species that is most
frequently sf.n is tin- jilani kimun to the trade as
D. caryoioidi X. an attra.tivr warinli.nise palm that has
also appeared niiih-r the svimiiyni Ilarina caryotoides,

and ha<i latrlv I
While y.iuiiL-. :.t

houseaii.l i-i

shine, Ihmul. ^^
folia (or ir.,//,.
an elevation of :

482 DIDYMOSPERMA

referred to Wallichia, which see.
. till- Didymospermas enjoy a warm
i^phire with shading from full sun-
i.ilil that one species, B. ohlongi-
. is frequently found in Sikliim at
feet above the sea. Prop, usually
by seeds; occasionally by suclsers, which are kept rather
close for a time after their removal from the parent
plant- Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.

DIEFFENBACHIA (Dieffenbach, a German botanist).
Aroldete. Low, shrubby perennials: stems rather thick,
inclined or creeping at the base, then erect, with a leafy
top: petioles half cylindrical, sheathed to above the mid-
dle, long, cylindrical at the apex ; blade oblong, wiili u
thick midrib at the base; veins very numerous, the lirM
and second parallel, ascending, curvingupwards at tlieir
ends : peduncle shorter than the Ivs. Differs from i
Aglaonema in floral characters. Central and South
America. Perhaps a dozen species. Engler (in DC.
Monogr. Phaner. vol. 2) recognizes 6 species, with many
varieties. Dieffenbachias are popular hothouse plants,
being grown for their handsome and striking foliage.

For Dieffenbachias, similar rooting material to that
mentioned for Anthuriums, combined with a high and
moist atmosphere, will produce a very healthy and
luxuriant growth of foliage, especially after the plants
have made their first few leaves in ordinary light pot-
ting soil. Unless it be the very large-leaved kinds, like
trinmphans, nobilis and Banmanni, three or four plants
may be placed together in large pots, keeping the balls
near the surface in potting. Jenman i, S!i uttU worth id iik ,
Leopoldii and ebumea are all well suited for mass-
ing together in large pots. When above a certain
height, varying in different species, the plants come to
have fewer leaves, and those that remain are small;
they should then be topped, retaining a considerable
piece of the stem, and placed in the sand bed, where
they will throw out thick roots in a week or two.
The remaining part of the stems should then be cut
up into pieces 2 or 3 inches long, dried for a day or
so, and then put into boxes of sand, where, if kept warm

DIEFFENBACHIA

piota, Schott. Blade oblong, or oblong-elliptical, or
oblong-lanceolate, 2H-4 times longer than wide, rounded
or acute at the base, gradually narrowing to the long
acuminate-cuspidate apex, green, with numerous irregu-
lar oblong or linear spots between the veins; veins 15-20
on each side, ascending. L.B.C. 7:608.

708. Dielfc

and only slightly moist, every piece will send out a
shoot, and from the base of this shoot roots will be pro-
duced. These can be potted up as soon as roots have
formed.

709. Dieffenbachia Sea

Var.Baiisei, Engl. (i>.iJ<i«.'ici, Kegel). Fig.708. Blade
nearly or completely yellowish green, with obscurely
green-spotted margins and scattered white spots. l.H.
2C:338.

Var. Shuttleworthiina, Engl. {D. Shutlteworthictna,
Bull). Blade pale green along the midrib.

Segulne, Schott. Lvs. green, with white, more or less
continent stripes and spots, otdoiig or ovate oblong,
nded or slightly cordate or suliarnto at the base, nar-
ed toward the apex, short o'j^iti'lair : primary veins
1-1."), the lower spreading, tin- iip|M i r.iiictr. and as-
ending. Lowe 14 (as var. uninihi/.i i . W.Indies.—
'ailed "Dumb Plant " because tliosu who chew it some-
inies lose the power of speech for several days.

Var. BarraquiniJlna, Engl. (Z).i?arra4MJn!"i}«n,Versch.
& Lem. C. (jigantea, Verscb.). Petioles and midribs al-
most entirely white; blade with scattered white spots.
l.H. 11:387; 13:470,471.

Var. n6bilis, Engl. (Z>.ji(5Ji!7e,Hort.). Fig. 709. Blade
elliptical, acute, dull green with dirty green spots.
Brazil.

Var. liturata, Engl. {D. Leopoldii, Bull. D. Wallisi,
Lind.t. Blade dark green, with a rather broad, yellowish
green, ragged-margined stripe along the midrib; spathe
glaucous. l.H. 17: 11. S.H. 1, p. 455.

Var. irrorita, Engl. {D. irrordta, Schott. D. Bau-
maiini, llort.). Lvs. large and bright green, blotched
and sprinkled with white. Brazil.

The above are the recognized type species. The fol-
lowing are in the Araer. trade. Probably some or all of
them belong to the foregoing species:

CWlsoni, Bull. Lvs. deep, satiny green, the middle
gray-feathered, and the blade also blotched yellow-green.
Colombia.

Cdrsii, Hort. See B. Parlatorei.

ebfimea, Hort. Compact : lvs. light green, freely
spotted with white, the stems reddish and white-ribbed.

illustris, Hort. See B. late-maeulata.

imper4tor, Hort. Lvs. 16-18 In. in length, 5-6 in. wide,
olive-green, fantastically blotched, marbled and spotted
with pale yellow and white. Colombia.

insignis, Hort. Lvs. dark green, with irregular,
angular blotches of pale yellowish green, 6 or more in.
wide. Colombia.

DIEFFENBACHIA

late-macul4ta, Lind. & Andr^ {D. ilhistris, Hort.).
Lvs. glaucous-preen, profusely white-barred and white-
spotted. Brazil. I. H. 23:23-1.

Jfinmani, Veitch. Lvs. rich, bright, glossy green, re-
lieved by a milk-white band at every lateral nerve, and
by a few white spots interspersed between the bands.
Guiana.

ma^fica, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, large,
dark green, blotched and spotted with white along the
veins. Venezuela. LH. 30:482. S.H.2,p.383.

marmdrea, Hort. See Parlatorei.

Parlatdrei, Lind. & Andr^, var. mannorea, Andr6
{!}. memoria and monnora and Corsii, Hort.). Lvs.
long-oblong, acuminate, the midrib white and the blades
blotched white, the green deep and lustrous. Colombia.
I.H. 24:291.-Engler refers this plant to the genus
Philodendron.

Beglna, Bull. Lvs. oblong-elliptical, greenish white,
mottled and blotched with alternate light and green
tints. S. Amer.

K6x, Hort. Compact: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the two
sides not equal, deep green, but the white angular
blotches and midrib occupying more space than the
green. S. Amer.

splfindens, Bull. Stem faintly mottled with dark and
light green: lvs. have a thick ivory white midrib, and
the ground color is of a deep, rich, velvety bottle green,
with a resplendent, lustrous surface, freely marked
with whitish striate blotches. Colombia.

triiimphans. Bull. Lvs. dark green, ovate-lanceolate
and acuminate, a ft. long, irregularly marked with angu-
lar yellowish blotches. Colombia.

Jared G. SmTH and G. W. Oliver.

DIlLTTKA. See Dicentra.

OIEBVtLLA (after Dierville, a French surgeon, who
took D. Lonicera to Europe early in the eighteenth
century). Capri folidceie. Weigela. Shrubs of spread-
ing habit, with more or less arching branches, and, es-
pecially the Asiatic species, with very showy fls. from
pure white to dark crimson, appearing late in spring.
Lvs. opposite, petioled, serrate : fis. in 1 to several-fld.
axillary cymes, often panicled at the end of the branches,
yellowish white, pink or crimson, epigynous ; calyx 5-
parted; corolla tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed, some-
times slightly 2-lipped ; stamens 5 : fr. a slender, 2-
celled capsule, with numerous minute seeds. About 10
species in E. Asia and N. Amer. They thrive in any
common humid garden soil, the Amer. species pre-
ferring moist and partly shaded positions. The Asiatic
species require protection north during the winter, or
sheltered positions. Prop, readily by greenwood cut-
tings or hardwood cuttings ; the Amer. species usually by
suckers and by seeds sown in spring.

Index of species {some of the names in italics were
described under Weigela): amabilis, 3; arborea, 4;
arborescens , 6 ; Canadensis, 1 ; Coraeensis, 4 ; flori-
bunda, 6 ; ilorida, 3 ; grandiflora, 4 ; Groenewegeni . 7;
hortensis. 5; hybrida, 7; Japonica,5; Lonicera, 1; Mid-
dendorfiana, 8 ; muUiflora, 6; rosea, 3; sessilifolia, 2 ;
SteUzneri, 7; trifida, 1; Van Houttei, 7.

A. Fls. yellow, slightly S-lipped, small, %-% in. long.

I iervilla proper.

1. LonicSra.Mill. (D. trifida, llceuch. D. Canadensis,
Willd.). Shrub, to 3 ft.: branchlets nearly terete,
glabrous: lvs. distinctly petioled, ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, serrate, nearly glabrous, finely ciliate, 3-4 in. long:
cymes usually 3-fld.; limb nearly equal to the tube.
June, July. Newfoundland to Saskatschewan, south to
Ky. and N. C. B.M. 1796. D. 44.

2. sessilUdlia, Buckl. Shrub, to 5 ft.: branchlets quad-
rangular : lvs. nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolafe, serrate,
nearly glabrous, of firmer texture, 3-6 in. long: cymes
3-7-fld., often crowded into dense, terminal panicles:
limb shorter than the tube. June, July. Carol, and Tenn.
G.C. III. 22:14.-Hardy in Canada.

DIERVILLA

483

AA. Fls. showy, white, pink or crimson, rarely

yellowish.

B. Anthers not connected with each other. {Weigela.)

r. Calyx lobes lanceolate, connate at the base, often to

the middle; stigma S-lobed: seeds wingless.

3. fl6rida, Sieb. & Zucc. ( Weigela rdsea, Lindl. IT.
amabilis, Hort.). Shrub, to 6 ft.: branchlets with 2
hairy stripes : lvs. short-petioled, elliptic or ovate-ob-
long, serrate, glabrous above except at the midrib, to-
mentose on the veins beneath: calyx nearly glabrous:
ovary slightly hairy: fls. 1-3, pale or deep rose, IH in.
long; corolla broadly funnel-shaped, abruptly narrowed
below the middle. May, June. N. China. B.M. 4396.
F.S. 3:211. B.H. 1:577.-This is one of the most culti-
vated species, very free-flowering and rather hardy.
Var. alba. Fls. white, changing to light pink. R.H.
1861:331. Var. Candida. Fls. pure white. Var. IsoUne.
Fls. white or slightly pink outside, with yellowish spot
in throat. F.S. 14:144.5. Var. Kosteriina variegata.
Dwarf: lvs. bordered yellow: fls. deep rose. Var. Si6-
boldi alba-marginilta, Lvs. bordered white : fls. rose.
Var. nina variegata. Dwarf. Lvs. variegated with
white: fis. nearly white.

cc. Calyx lobes linear, divided to the base: seeds
winged: stigma capitate.
D. Plant nearly glabrous.

4. grandiflora, Sieb. & Zucc' {D. Coraeensis, DC.
D. amabilis, CsiTT.). Shrub, 5-10 ft. : lvs. rather large,
obovate or elliptic, abruptly acuminate, crenately ser-
rate, sparingly hairy on the veins beneath and on the
petiol.-s : lis. in 1-J-fld., peduncled cymes ; corolla
broadly tunnel form, abruptly narrowed below the mid-
dle, cl]:iiiging from whitish or pale pink to carmine.
May, June. Jap. S.Z. 31. F.S. 8:8.55. — Vigorously grow-
ing shrub, with large lvs. and fls., but less free-flower-
ing, and the type not common in cultivation. Var.
arbdrea, Hort. ( W. arbdrea grandifldra, Hort.). Fls.
yellowish white, changing to pale rose ; of vigorous
growth.

DD. Plant more or less pubescent : corolla finely
pubescent outside.

5. Japdnica, DC. Shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. oblong-obovate
or elliptic, acuminate-serrate, sparingly pubescent

710 Diervilla hybrida (

above, tomentose beneath: fls. usually in 3-fld., shori-
peduncled cymes, often crowded at the end of short
branchlets; corolla broadly funnel form, narrowed below
the middle, whitish at first, changing to carmine; style

484

DIERVILLA

sbmewhat exserted. May, June. Jap., China. G.F.
9:405.— Var. horWnsis, Rehder (D. hortinsis, Sieb. &
Zucc). Lvs. nearly glabrous above, densely grayish
tomentose beneath : cymes usually rather long-pe-
Quncled: fls. white or carmine. S.Z. 20, .'!0. Mon- tender
and slower-growing than the type. Offspring's i.f this
variety are the following: Var. gratissima. Fls. light
pink. Var. nivea. Pure white fls. X-.vr. Looyminsi
ailrea, with yellow lvs.: of slow growth.

G. floribrinda, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. multlfUra, Leraaire).
Shrub, to 8 ft. : lvs. oblong-ovate or elliptic, acuminate,
serrate, sparingly pubescent above, more densely be-
neath: tis. 1-3, usually sessile, mostly crowded at the
end of short branchlets; corolla rather gradually nar-
rowing toward the base, brownish crimson in the bud,
changing to dark or bright crimson ; lobes about 5 times
shorter than the tube ; style exserted. May, June. Jap.
S.Z. 32. I.H. 10:383. — Vigorously growing shrub, with
rather small but abundant tis. Var. ^andifldra, Hort.
(W. arborfscens, Hort.). Fls. rather large, brownish
Var, LavAllei, Hort. Fls. bright, deep crim-
r. Var. L6wei, Hort. Fls. dull, purplish
a, small. Var. yersicdlor, Rehder (D. versicolor,
Sieb. & Zucc). Fls. greenish white at first, changing
to crimson. S.Z. 33.

7. hybrida, Hoii. i i'i:- 7I'> . niay be used as a collec-
-tive nauM- U>r tin i i liMs between i>, florida,

floribiiii'la . .hi I.,', . : ^i /flora, which are now

.more coniiiinnlv rnin .1 ihun the typical species.

■Some of the best ami iimsr disimet are the following:
A. CarrUre, rose-carmine, changing to red, with yellow
spot in throat; Congo, of vigorous growth, with abun-
dant large, purplish crimson fls.; Conqtiete, very large,
deep pink fls,— the largest fls, of all varieties ; Desbolsi,
fls. deep rose, abundant; £. Andri, fls, very dark,
brownish purple; i'ra Rathke, fls, deep carmine-red,
erect, very free-flowering, R.B. 19:126; Groenewegeiii,
fls, red outside, whitish within, somewhat striped with
yellowish r.-.l; (/iisl.ir Mullet, fls. light pink, bordered
white; Mml. C'ul.ni ,u r, yellowish white, changing to
pink; Mml. /..,/..//;., white, with delicate blush,
changing to ]>iiik: Mml. Tellier, large white fls., with
delicate blush; Othello, fls. carmine, brownish outside;
P. Vuchartre. fls. deep amaranth, very dark, free;
P^cheur fits, fls. violet-red, abundant; Van Houttel, fls.
carmine, P.S. 14:1447; iVci^jKcrt, fls. dark red, abundant.

BB. Anthers connected with each other. (Cah/ptro-
stigma.)

8. Middendorffiina, Carr. Shrub, to 3 ft. : lvs. short-
petioled, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate,
glabrous at length: fls. in 2-3-fld. axillary and terminal
clusters ; corolla campanulate, funnel form, yellowish
white, spotted orange or purplish inside ; calyx-teeth
partially connate. May, June. E. Siber., N. China, Jap.
Gt. 0:183. R.H. 1854:201. P.S. 11:1137. I.H. 4:113.
•G.C. III. 7:581.

D. arbdrea, Hort. = D. floribunda.— D. panciflbra. Carr. D.
-aorida—O. precox, Lemoine. Allied to D. florida. Pis. large,
pink, with yellow in throat; early and free-flowering. Jap.
Gt.46:1441.— />. riliMidrt's, Gattinger. Allied to D. sessilifolia.
Lvs. and, branchlets pubescent; tis. in large, terminal panicles.
Georgia. ALFRED Rehder.

DifiTES, See Moraa.

DIGITALIS (Latin, digitus, a&ager; referring to the
shape of the flowers). Scrophularidcem. Foxglove.
A fine genus, numbering several species and some hy-
brids of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants, famous
for their long racemes of inflated flowers, which suggest
spires or towers of bells. They are old-fashioned and
dignified, clean of growth and wholesome company in
the choicest garden. The strong, vertical lines of their
flower-stalks, rising from rich and luxuriant masses of
cauline leaves, give always an appearance of strength to
the rambling outlines of the usual herbaceous border.
The genus is a very distinct one, its nearest ally being
Isoplexis, which contains a few greenhouse plants rarely
cultivated. About 18 species, natives of Europe and
middle and western Asia. The flowers are corapanulate
or ventricose, 4-5-lobed; calyx 5-parted : seed pod ovate,
5-valved; seeds numerous. For a week or two the Pox-

DIGITALIS

gloves usually dominate the whole border. The com-
monest species in cultivation is D. purpurea, which is
one of the commonest English wild flowers. The name
"Foxglove" is so inapprofiriate that much ingenious
speculation has beiu ;m..(i-. i. l.ni iis origin is lost in
antiquity. The wor.l ' . , ;ii.l to be a corrup-

tion of "folk," meaiiii:. ■ I ik" or fairies. Un-

fortnn.atelT.etvmnlciiii-.- ..i -< i, hm i ;,is pretty suggestion.
In t!i;- rinu- ^--t'nrr-^. s.\,.-r,.l i,i.;|.ai..iiuus of 1). purpurea
ai-i- I ! 'I'l.. ■!!■(. diuretic, sedative, narcotic. For
111.. I I ! I : . -. the leaves of the second year's

I'.i. ;1 .. :.:. ..f the easiest culture. The common
species and hybrids can be grown as biennials from
seed. The perennial species are propagated by seeds or
by division. J. B. Keller says: "A light, well enriched
soil, not too dry, suits them admirably. They succeed
in partial shade or in open places."
A. Middle lobe of the lower lip longer than the others.
B. fls. rusty red.

lemiglnea, Linn. {D. aurea, Llndl.). Biennial, 4-G ft.
high : stems densely leafy : lvs. glabrous or ciliate :
racemes long, dense : fls. rusty yellow, reticulate-
marked, downy outside ; lower lip of corolla ovate, en-
tire, bearded. July. S. En. B.M. 1828.

BB. Fls. gray or creamy yellow.

lanita, Ehrh. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high : lvs. oblong,
ciliate: fls. rathersmall, 1-lK in. long, grayi-sh or creamy
yellow, sometimes whitish or purplish, downy, in a
dense, many-fld, raceme, with bracts shorter than the fls,
July, Aug, Danube river and Greece, B.M. 1159 (poor
figure). —A fine species.

■^r\

711. Digitalis purpurea, var. eloxiniceflora.

Sibirica, Lindl. Has the habit of D. ambigua, with fls.
like those of D. lanata. Lvs. downy, ovate-lanceolate:
fls. ventricose, villose ; calyx segments linear, villose.
Siberia. - This is a rare trade name, and it is doubtful it
this little known plant is really in cultivation.

DIGITALIS

EBB. JFls. purplish.

Thapsi, Linn. Plant much like -D. ;»(»•/)«/•«(. Peren-
nial, 2-4 ft. high: Its. oblong, rugose, deourrent: fls.
purple, throat paler, marked with red dots. June-Sept.
Spain.

AA. Middle lobe of the lower lip shorter or hnrdUj

longer than the others.

B. Fls.yellou-ish.

ambiffua, Murr. (i>. grandifUra, Lam. V. ochro-
leuca, Jacq.). Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, toothed, sessile, downy below : Hs.
large, 2 in. long, yellowish, marked with brown;
low er bracts about as long as the fls Eu W Asia
B R 1 04

BB tU uhite to piiiple, !,eldom yellonish

purpurea, Lmn {D tomentosa, Link &j
Hoffmgg ) Common Fo-s.GLO\E The species most
conimonlj cultivited Mbstly biennial but some
times peiennnl Height 2-'! ft h s rugose some
whitduniiN fls lii^. Jill l.mf, rim,ing fT..in

DIMORPHOTHECA

stigma: fr. edible, acid, the size of an apple,
and many ovuled. Trop. Asia. B.M. 5011)
Bibbertia voUtbiUs).

DIMORPHANTHUS. Included in Aral

Ho.V'"(/' "/'/" nu ,1

Hoit ) I 1 II 1

longer i i i i i

nearly il

variety

punctatf

and spotted varieties

ptirea

D laciniata Lmdl Perenni
Jigged lis, yellow dowuv witli
much shorter thin the pedKf 1
gata Wildst & Kit Perenni. I
late ridicil ones Dbo\itelii
yellow Dinubeind Cxreece — /'
very dowii\ o\ ite oblong 11 i
D monstroia Hort ininteits
piirei P (t 4 111 Monstrositit
Roth Bieiinn
spotted at th

71 \ 11 gloxmiaefldra
ui n gin, u, union,
»f more robust habit,
^ which open widei
sl>otted though a sub
is offered J> alba and
presumabh white
alba, fechrank = Z) pm

mouth lower 1

DILIVAKIA See Ai

ntho

DILL \inethnin graieohns, Lunn ) an annual or
biennial plant of the Umbellitnte Native of S Eu
the seeds of which aie used as a seasoning as seeds of
Caiawaj and Coriander are It is of the eisiest culture
from seeds. It should have a warm position. The plant
grows 2-3 ft. high : the Ivs. are cut into thread-like di-
visions: the stem is very smooth: the fls. are small and
yellowish, the little petals falling early. It is a hardy
plant. The foliage is sometimes used in flavoring, and
medicinal preparations are made from the plant. The
seeds are very flat and bitter-flavored.

DILL£NIA (named by Linnfeus for J. J. Dillenius,
botanist and professor at Oxford). Dillenidceep. A ge-
nus of handsome East Indian trees, thought by some to
be as showy as a magnolia. One species is cult, in S.
Pla. and S. Calif., but it takes too much room and
flowers too rarely for northern conservatories. It has
gorgeous white fls. fully 9 in. across. Tall tropical trees
from Asia, Indian Archipelago and Australia. Lvs.
large, with pronounced pinnate, parallel venation: fls.
white or yellow, lateral, solitary or clustered. D. Indica
is said to be the showiest of the whole order, being at-
tractive in foliage, flower and fruit. Dillenias may be
grown in light, sandy loam. Prop, readily by seeds, but
with difliculty from cuttings.

Indica, Linn. (D. specidsa, Thunb.). Trunk stout,
not high: branches numerous, spreading, then ascend-
ing: lvs. confined to the ends of branches, on short,
broad, channelled sheathing petioles, the blade 6-12 in.
long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed
at the base, strongly serrate: sepals 5, thick, fleshy, en-
larging and inclosing the fr. ; petals obovate, white; sta-
mens very numerous, forming a large yellow globe
crowned by the white, slender, spreading rays of the

712 Border of Foxgloves

DIMOKPHOTHfiCA ((,reek In i i,t I , ,,ptacU,
the disk florets of two kinds) ( oi i ,1 i \ charming
genus of plmts from the tape < 1 i d II. | h ^^hlch is
almost totally neglected here, Kirgely because the cli-
matic conditions of that wonderful region are not gen-
erally understood. This genus contains about 20 spe-
cies,"some of which rival the Paris Daisy and others vie
with Cinerarias. Annual or perennial herbs, or even
somewhat sbniliby: lvs alternate or radical, entire,,
toothed, or incis. .
rays yellow, cuai
colors except wlii
lendula,buthasst
fls. are usually s;
unless they have
a variety of colori
in. across, and thf

■. 'I'iii' genus is closely allied to Ca-
iiigbt instead of incurved seeds. The
d to close up, like those of Gazania,
iinlight. Their backs have as great
g as their faces. The fls. are often 3
long, slender rays (20 or more) give

nd charming effect. A dozen kinds are grown
abroad, representing a wide range of colors and foliage.
They are wintered in coolhouses and flowered in spring,
or else transplanted to the open, where they flower freely
during summer. The shrubby kind, D. JScklonis, has
been grown at Kew as a summer bedding plant, flower-
ing from July to frost, and was a surprising success a&
a coolhouse plant, making a much branched plant 3 ft.
high, and flowering freely all spring. Monograph by
Harvey and Sonder, Flora Capensis 3:417 (1864-65).
Sometimes called Cape Marigolds.

Annua, Less. {CetKiiditln pliiriAlis, Linn.). This is
the only white-fld. annual kind and the only species
sold in America at present. Erect or diffuse, simple or
branched, rough with jointed and gland-tipped hairs
(seen with a small lens) : lvs. narrowly oblo
vate-oblong, tapering

base, with a few distant

48C

DIMOKPHOTHECA

teetb, pilose, the uppermost smaller and narrower: pe-
duncles terminal, nodding in fr. : fls. wbite above, pur-
ple or discolored beneath. Var. liguldsa, Voss (Calen-
dula Pdnr/ei, Hort.|, is a double form — the heads full of
rays— with heads white on upper side and yellow or
violet beneath.

Seven species have been pictured under various
names in the Botanical Magazine — all perennials, and
worth importation.

J), auraiitlaca, DC. Lvs. slender, entire: fls. yellow. B.M.
408.— i>. Bdrberioi, Haw. Perennial: fls. purple above, paler be-
neath; disk all purple, with corollas of 2forms. B.M. 5:o7.—
D. chrysanthemifolia, DC. Lvs. cut like a Chrysanthemiira:
fls. yellow, rovorsr. rc.Wi-ih, H,.-\r. -ms-D. cunedta. DV. Lvs.
strongly <ut tls s,,ii l.-t ,,r:iii:;.-, 1! M l:',i:i.— D. Ecklonis, DC.

Differ

strongly Vfi
/>. nitdicuii

pUsh.

l.M. laSL

II ii^ ^li[iiM.> -t,tii itiiil branches, and is per-
iiirMi-in:,' Hi ;ill TU wliite, violet-blue. and
II til.' I.,irk: thr .li.k ;izure-bhie. B.M. 7535.-
,r, ,,,,i,„„i,Mia. Uaiv. & ,Sond. Fls. white,
g ;it the l';ise, and orange-brown on the back,
B.M. r,-2r,i.-D. Tragus. DC. Lvs. narrower
is, linf.'tr: fls. white, veined purple, the rays
base, reverse orange purplish, the disk pur-
W. M.

DIOCLEA (after Diodes Carytius, said to be second
only to Hippocrates amongr the ancients for his knowl-
edgeof plants). Legumhiosw, About 16 species of tender
shrubby twiners, mostly tropical American, with delicate
trifoliolate leaves and blue, violet, scarlet or white fls.,
sometimes nearly an inch long, and borne in clusters
which have been roughly compared to Wistaria. Calyx
bell-shaped, 4-(*iit, '2 lobes shorter and narrower, stan-
dard wider than long: ovarv nearly sessile; pod wide,
the upper sulnre tliii-kciied or 2-winged. The following
species is cult, in S. Ctilif., where it has a moderate
growth, shining foliage, and clusters of 10 or more hirge
fls. of a splendid scarlet.

glycinoldes, DC, from Rio de la Plata basin, is prob-
ably the only species grown in European gardens and
in California. Fls. 1 in. long, bright scarlet, in racemes,
somewhat like Wistaria: will stand some cold. Propa-
gated by seeds, cuttings, or suckers, freely produced
on grown up plants. (Syn. Camplosema rtibicundum,
Hook. & Am.) F. Pbanceschi and W. M.

DION. SeeBino,,.

plies. If kept in the sun the leaves take on a reddish tinge, but
when grown in the shade they are always green. Flowers will
develop about the middle of June, but they should he nipped oflf
as they m<%ke their appearance, for they are apt to weaken the
plant.

"The Dionsea has been grown successfully in a dwelling
house by a very different method. The plants were in a wide,
shallow dish, without any drainage, and simply placed, not too

muscipula (XX).

firmly, in loose live sphagn
Water w:\s given ever>- otli^-i

DI0N21A (an unusual name for Venus). Drosericece.
Venus' Fly-trap. This insectivorous plant is one of
the wonders of the vegetable kingdom. See Fig. 713.
It closes its trap with remarkable quickness. The plant
grows wild only in the sandy savannas of North Carolina.
It is a perennial lierb.tbe lvs. all radical and in a rosette,
the spatulate portion being regarded as petiole, and the
trap as the bliide: t\s. good sized, white, in a bracted
corymb, borne on a leafless scape. It is allied to the
sundews, other famous insectivorous plants which are
also cultivated, but has about 15 stamens, a columnar
style, and seeds at the base of the pod. Many famous
naturalists have studied and written about this plant,
and it has a large special literature. At times it is sold
widely throughout the north, often at high prices, but
the plants are soon "worked to death." It is difficult to
keep it more than a year in the north, but it ought to be
furnished in large quantities at low rates, so that all the
school children may see it. It is mostly grown in con-
servatories associated with botanical institutions.

"It is sf|,I()ni fh;it Ihiswondfrful little plant is seen in a good

St''*'' "t" 'iili i\ ,ii ;,,;i ,11.. !, iiu-iii ,,r r rifter removal from its

ti' ' ' ' " ■ '■■ L-r.,-iihouse is usually at-

t' I ■ ■ iii^'to uusmtable condi-

'1"'^ Ill . ' . !,■ -ir unfriendly soil. It

<l<li-iii. ill ., , . , , ,y humid atmospliere.

When till. ,.■,■ ■ ,:• I, , ,. , ,,. : .|,,,,-|,l;,,il,,l u;il „

siderablt.' ni ' •• • • • '.-,.: ,.■■, : ■■ , •',, ,; i.. : ' , I. il!

pots, then smaller piei'es, and the upper layer is yiute tine.
Some chopped fibrous peat is placed above this, when the plants
are bmlt in, \vith live sphagnum moss used to fill the spaces
between the clumps, .\rranged in this way. it is hardly possible
to give them too much water, and they revel in abundant sup-

muscipula, Kilis. li;
785. F.S. -6:260. Mu.
species.

DIdON (Gi

[described above. B.M.
Lie genus has only one
W. M.

and egg; each scale covers two
ovul.- titi.l till- sci-ils are in pairs). Cycaddcece. Hand-
soiiir t"li:i::i phiiit^ suitable for warm or temperate palm
houses. 'I'lits i.ii.,. powerful order is nownearly extinct,
and til.' fiw nijuiiiiing species are of the greatest scien-
tific interest and also decorative value. J), edule has a
flat, rigid frond which is more easily kept free from
scale insects than C'yeas revoluta, the commonest species
of the order in cultivation. A specimen at Kew had a
trunk 3-A ft. high and 8-10 in. thick, the crown spread-
ing 8-10 ft. and containing 50 fronds, each 4-5 ft. long
and 6-9 in. wide. Both sexes make cones frequently,
the male cone being 9-12 in. long and the female 7-12 in.
The seeds, which are about the size of Spanish chest-
nuts, are eaten by the Mexicans. Many Cycads yield
arrowroot. This genus is said to be the closest to the
fossil forms of any living representative of the order.
The genus has the cones and twin seeds of Zamia and
i;ii.'i|ihal;irtus, with the flat, woolly scales of Cycas,but
uitliimt the marginal seeds and loose inflorescence of
till- latti r. Prop, by seeds. Culture same as Cycas.

§dule, Lindl. Lvs. pilose when young, finally gla-
brous, 3-5 ft. long, pinnatitid, rigid, narrowly lanceolate
segments, about 100 on each side, linear-lanceolate, sharp-
pointed, widest at the base, rachis flat above, convex
beneath: male cones cylindrical, female cones ovoid.
Mex. B. M. 6184. Gn. 55, p. 365. Gt. 48. p. 157. Var.

^

DIOON

lanugindsum, Hort., is a very woolly kind. Gt. 48, pp.
154, 155.— A variable species.' D. tonientosum, once sold
by Pitcher and Manda, was probably woollier than the
type. D. spinulosum. Dyer, differs mainly in having the
segments margined with small sharp points. Mex. A. P.
7:461. W. M.

DIOSCOBfiA ( Di6scorides, the Greek naturalist).
Bioscoredeece. The type genus of a small family (of

DIOSMA

487

about f
of 151)
them !

Lvs. broad,

Tt contains upwards

■i L'li.ii-. >i( IN. lu-rbaceous and
M-iit, ii-uall\ 1 r-iiii a large tuber-
•s ),,.:,rin- ml., r^ i,i tlie axils.
etted-veinrii, i- ii-Lm , iJimiate
or opposite, sometimes compnun h . Fls.

small; calyx 0-parted, anthers 6 ; st . : i "iiled

and calj-x adherent to it. Pr. a .l-w ihl 'I . i; -u :. . Seeds
winged. The great subterranean tuliiTs of some- species
are eaten in the manner of potatoes. Por an inquiry into
the prehistoric cultivation of Dioscoreas in America,
see Gray & Trumbull, Amer. Journ. Sci. 25:250.

A. Sfems stronghj winged.
aiata, Linn. Pig. 714. Stem 4-winged or angular : Ivs.
opposite, cordate-oblong or cordate-ovate, with a deep,
basal sinus, glabrous, devoid of pellucid dots, 7-
nerved (sometimes 9-nerved ), with the outer pair united:
stamiuate spikes compound, special ones wborled, short,
flexuose : pistillate spikes simple : Hs. distant, anthers
subglobose, about as long as the filament : capsule
leathery, elliptical. India and the S. Sea Islands.
— Widely cult, in the tropics under many vernacular
names. Tubers reach a length of 6-8 ft., and some-
times weigh 100 lbs.; edible. The roots continue to
grow for years. Variable.

Showing foliage (

small tuber.

AA. Stems terete (cylindricul).
B. I/VS, plain green.
divaricata, Blanco. {D. Batatas, Vleene.). Yam. Chi-
nese Yam. Chinese Potato. Cinnamon Vine. Very tall
climbing (10-:J0 ft.), the Ivs. 7-9 ribbed, cordate-ovate
and shining, short-petioled, bearing small clusters of
cinnamon-scented white fls. in the axils: root tubers

deep iu the ground, 2-3 ft. long, usually larger at the
lower end. Philippines. P.S. 10:971. R.H. 1854, p.
247, 451-2. — This is often grown in the tropics for its
edible tubers, which, however, are difficult to dig. In
this country the word Yam is commonly applied to a
tribe of sweet potatoes (see Sweet Potato). The Yam
is hardy. The root will remain in tlie tjniiind over
winter in New York, and sendup handsonn- t:ill, twining
shoots in the spring. The plant bears little tubers in
the leaf -axils, and these are usually planted to produce
the Cinnamon Vine; but it is not until the second year
that plants grown from these tubercles produce the
large or full grown Yams. A form with short and potato-
like tubers is D. VecaisneAna, Carr. (R.H. 1865:110).

^

715 A r Potato— .«;

shape ) These t 1
They aie palatal le
tubers are usuall}
villdsa Lmn Stei

id te .

bulb fera (X 4)

1 I nerved

II 18 49 -

t tb ei) large

■>tl 1 ze and

1 several pounds

flavor The root

li tte 1 lootstocks
idte 9 11 ribbed
tb alt u te oppo
m nate i irooping
pie racen es cap

so ue h t 1 ube ent or 1 vnj

te or w boiled fls green b 1
panicles the pistillate m Iroop

sules very strongly winge 1 — Oomm n in th ckets from
N Eng to Fla Perenn al Tw nmg 8 10 or even Id ft
Offered in the trade as a hardj bolder and art or plant.
BB. it's, variously marked and colored, at least beneath.

discolor, Hort. Lvs. large, cordate-ovate, cuspidate,
with several shades of green, white-banded along the
midrib and purplish IteTieath; fls. greenish and incon-
spicuous: rent tnliereu^, s. AiHcr. Lowe 54. — Useful
for the eoiiserx :(Im!\ . su:::;estive of Cissus discolor.

multicolor, Liml. ct Aiehe. Probably only a form of
the last: Ivs. vaiiou.sly iiiaiked and blotched and veined
with silvery white, red, green and salmon. S. Amer.
I.H. 18:53.— Very decorative glasshouse plant.

Other species are cult, in the Gulf region. One, with 2-
winged stem and 3-lobed lvs, (tlie "Yampie"), is perhaps Z>.
tnbihn. I. inn. One with pricklycjiimlriral stems and opposite

apical eul-

ti\aleil ^]]e<'ies, and the name slit iiiM lie Wrepiieil — J'er Japanese
culti\ate(i species, see Georgeson,-\.'i. 1:;;mi, witii iilustr.itions.
L. H. B.

DI6SMA (Greek, dijjiBeotJor). Butctcece. Small, ten-
der, heath-like shrubs from southwestern Africa. Of
the 228 species described, barely a dozen now remain in
this genus, the rest being mostly referred to allied
genera, especially Adenandra, Agathosma and Barosma.
Lvs. alternate or opposite, linear-acute, channeled, ser-
rulate or sometimes ciliate, glandular dotted: fls. white
or reddish, terminal, subsolitary or corymbose, pedicel-
late ; calyx 5-parted; hypogynous disk, 5-sinuate, 5-
plaited; petals 5; style short ; stigma capitate. Latest
monograph in Flora Capensis, vol. 1 (1859-60). -^^ jj_

Diosma ericoides is more or less well known in
America, and is put to various uses in floral decora-
tions, in spray, or branchlets cut to the required length,
and stuck in formal designs as a setting for other flow-

488 DIOSMA

ers in the same manner and for the same purpose as
Stevia is used, to give that necessary grace and artistic
effect to the whole. Thisspecies.likemost of the genus,
has an agreeable aromatic fragrance in the foliage. It
is a strong grower, loose and heath-like in habit and

DIOSPYROS

and even in a different subclass of the Dicotyledons. It
is a heath-like shrub 2-3 ft. high, with erect branches,
and somewhat whorled, mostly clustered branches: Ivs.
spirally arranged, stalkless, overlapping, linear,3-angled,
roughish, with 2 grooves beneath; fis. crimson (accord-
ing to Flora Capensis ), crowded into oblong, spike-like,
terminal heads. Generic characters are calyx adhering
to the ovary, 5-cleft, segments large, overlapping: petals
with a long, 2-keeled claw, and
spreading, roundish limb ;

Jded:
lled,cells2-.

vary half

Kled.

Pith

included;

allyth.
large. Ah'

■e Persimmon—
Diospyros VirEinian

foliage, as the specific name indicates ; flowers white and
small, one or more on the points of tiny branchlets. While
Diosmas undoubtedly do best in soifsuitable for heaths,
that is, soil composed largely of fibrous peat, they are not
nearly so exacting in their requirements in this respect,
and can be grown in good fibrous loam and leaf-mold in
equal parts, with considerable clean, sharp sand added
thereto.

The plants should be cut back rather severely after
flowering to keep them low and bushy; this refers more
particularly to the above species, other members of the
genus being of more compact growth and needing
very little corrective cutting to keep them in shape.
Viosma eapilafa (now Ardoiiinia cnpitata) is a fine ex-
ample of the latter class, and is a much better one than
jD. cci'coirffs for exhibition and show purposes; flowers
pinkish lilac, in corymbs of many flowers. The propa-
gation of Diosmas by cuttings is similar to that of
heaths, but much easier with the same amount of care.
The best material for cuttings is young wood, when not
too soft or too hard. Kisx! rii I'im ^^-..^•

The Biosmn capitata referred i" :i ■ , , - i il.ed

by Linnaeus, but is now referred t.. I infn,

Brongn., which belongs in adiffei-t-m ..:.!ri- /:,„ „.,)rf(e)

papilla-like stigmas. This plant
is not advertised for sale in America.

ericoldes, Linn. Much-branched ; branches
and twigs quite glabrous : Ivs. alternate,
crowded, recurved-spreading, oblong, obtuse,
keeled, pointless, glabrous : fls. terminal,
2-3 together, with very short pedicels; calyx
lobes ovate, obtuse; petals elliptic-oblong, ob-
B.M. 2:iH2 under this name is in realty J), vut-

D. frdgrans, Sims. = Adenandra fragrans.— D. vulgaris,

.Sehleeht., has narrower Ivs. than D. erieoides, and they are

branchlets minutely pubescent: Ivs. scattered, rarely

opposite, linear, convex-carinate, subulate-acuminate. There

W. M.

DIOSP'?EOS {Dius. .Jove's, jnjros, grain; alluding to
I edible fruit). Kbiiulreer. Persimmon. Ebonv.
•ees or slinihv. ^vitli alternate, rarely opposite, entire

e pistillate (.It, II v(,!it,,rv. yellowish or whitish; calyx
.Nil' ; l.ihed; stamens usually 8-16,
I berry, 1-10-seeded, bearing

It the base; seed flat, rather
■II -[.•'■!• - ill the tropics, few in colder
few cultivated species are ornamental
dsome, lustrous foliage, rarely attacked
s and with decorative and edible fr. The only
hich is tolerably hardy north is/). I'lrt/iniana,
while J}. Kttki, much cultivated in Japan for its large,
edible fruits, is hardy only in the southern states.
Most species have valuable hard and close-grained wood,
and that of some tropical speciel is known as ebony.
They thrive in almost any soil, but require, in cooler
climates, sheltered and sunny positions. Prop, by seeds
and by cuttings of half-ripened wood or layers ; the
tropical species by cuttings of mature wood in spring,
with bottom heat; the fruit-bearing varieties are usually
grafted or budded on seedling stock of />. Vivffifnana.
See Persimmon.

Virgini4na, Linn. Common Persimmon. Fig. 716.
Tree, to 50 ft., rarely to 100 ft., with round-topped head
and spreading, often pendulous branches: Ivs. ovate or
elliptic, acuminate, shining above, glabrous at length or
pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long : fls. short-stalked,
greenish yellow, staminate in 3's, M in. long, with 16
stamens; pistillate solitary, larger.with 4 2-lobed styles,
connate at the base; fr. globose or obovate, plum-like,
with the enlarged calyx at the base, 1-1 J^ in. in diara.,
pale orange, often with red cheek, edible, varying in
size, color and flavor. June. Conn, to Fla., west to
Kans. andTex. S.S. 6:252, 253. G.F. 8:265. Mn.4:21.

Ldtus, Linn. Round-headed tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. ellip-
tic or oblong, acuminate, pubescent, often glabrous above
at length, 3-5 in. long: fls. reddish white, staminate in
3's, with 16 stamens, pistillate solitary: fr. black when
ripe, globular. K-K in. in diam., edible. June. W.Asia
to China. A.G. 12:460.

K4ki, Linn. f. Kaki. Fig. 717. Tree, to 40 ft., with
round head : Ivs. ovate-elliptic, oblong-ovate or obovate,
acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous and shining above,
sparingly hairy or glabrous beneath, 3-7 in. long : fls.
yellowish white, staminate with 16-24 stamens, pistil-
late to % in. long; styles divided to the base, pubescent:
fr. large, 1^-3 in. across, very variable in shape and
size, mostly resembling a tomato. .Tune. Jap.. China.
E.H. 1870, pp. 412, 413 ; 1872, pp. 254,255 (as J). Box-

DIOSPYROS

burghi). — Va,r. costata, Mast. Pr. large, depressed,
globular, orange-red, with i furrows. R.H. 1870:410.
G.C. 11.4:777; III. 9:171; 13:51. Gn. 49, p. 171. Var.
Haz61i, Mouillef. Fr. orange-yellow, with 8 furrows.
R.H. 1874:70. Other varieties are floured in R.H.
1872, p. 254; 1878:470; ISST::!-"; l-:-:i:n, and A.G.
12:331-8,459-62. A very^L ! ' autiful fruit-

bearing tree for the soutlur! I. r a number of

different varieties introdu.. .i , , ■■n- cultivated,

but the hardier varieties In.iii iliciiuiiUof Jap. and
China, which are likely to be hardy north to New England,
seem hitherto not to have been introduced. Fig. 715 is
from Georgeson's articles in A.G. 1891.

AA. Zii'S. small, obtuse or emarginate : corolla and
cali/x o-lobed.

TexAna, Scheele {D. MexicAna, Scheele MS.). Small
tree, intricately branched, rarely to 40 ft. : Ivs. cuneate,
oblong or obovate, pubescent below, 1-2 in. long: fls.
with the Ivs., pubescent, on branches of the previous
year, staminate with 16 stamens, pistillate with 4 pu-
bescent stvles, connate at the base: fr. black, %-l in.
indiam. SpriiiL' T. \ . N. Mex. S.S. 0:254.

D.Elif II If I , I 1.1 to 50 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-oblong,

bluntly .11 Us. white, staminate. in short ra-

cemes. L I 1 1 I lilt, in hothouses or tropical cli-

mates. Thi-^i<i 1 1 - 111 1 1) yield the best ebony.

Alfred Rehder.

DIPCADI (meaning uncertain). Zilidce<r. Tender
bulbous plants of minor importance, allied to Galtonia,
with radical, thickish, narrowly linear Ivs. and loose
racemes of odd-colored fls. on leafless scapes. About 20
species in southern Europe, tropical and south Africa
and India. During the winter, their resting time, the
bulbs should be kept dry. A compost of light, sandy
loam and leaf -mold has been recommended. Latest mon-
ograph in Latin, 1871, by J. G. Baker, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. 11:395: the South African species in English by
Baker, in Flora Capensis, vol. f, (1896-7).

A. All perianth-segments equalli/ long. [Tricha

is.)
a, Medio. Lvs. 5-G, fleshy-herbaceous, gla-
brous, narrowly linear, 6-12 in. long, 2-3 lines wide near
the base, channeled on the face: scape 4-12 in. long: ra-
ceme loose, 4— 12-fld.: bracts lanceolate, 4-6 lines long,
longer than the pedicels: perianth greenish brown, 5-6
lines long: ovary sessile or subsessile. S. Eu., N. Afr.
B.M. 859.

DIPLADENIA 4»y

AA. Outer perianth-segments longer tint n the inner and
tailed.

filamentdsum. Medic. {D. vlride, Mceuch). Lvs. 5-6,
fleshy-herbaceous, narrowly linear, glabrous, 1 ft. long,
1^2-3 lines wide near the base : scape 1-2 ft. high:
raceme loose, 6-15-Hd. : bracts linear-acuminate. 4-0 lines
long: perianth green, 12-15 lines long, outer »ei;n,ents
4-6 lines longer than the inner: capsule sessile. S. Afr.
W. M.

DIPHYLLfilA (Greek, double leaf}. Berberidctcem-
Umbrella Leaf. An interesting hardy perennial herb
with thick, creeping, jointed, knotty rootstocks, send-
ing up each either a huge peltatf, lut-lobed, umbrella-
like, radical leaf on a stout sfiil!-. i- :i fn;.;,.ring stem
bearing two similar (but smalii i I - ' . Ii ft) alter-
nate lvs., which are peltati- ii ,i lIii, and a

terminal cyme of white fls. : m [ li ' . ; iis: petals

and stamens 6: ovules 5 or G: IjMin - ^l"Liuse, few-
seeded. This is one of many gi-nera having only 2 spe-
cies, one of which is found in N. E. North America, the
other in Japan. There is awonderful similarity between
the floras of these 2 regions, and few areas have pro-
duced so many plants esteemed in cultivation.

cymosa, Michx. Root-lvs. 1-2 ft. across, 2-cleft, each
division 5-7-Iobed; lobes toothed: berries blue. May.
Wet or springy places in Alleghanies from \'a. south.
B.M. 1(306. -Int. into general trade by H. P. Kelsey.
Grows readily in dry soil under cultivation, but is dwarf.

DIPLADfiNIA (Greek, double gland, referring to the
glands of the ovary, which distinguish this genus
from Echites). Apocynhcece. A
charming genus of coolhouse twiners,
mostly from Brazil, with large, showy
more or less funnel-shaped fls. having
a remarkable range of color, rarely
white or dark red, but especiallv rich
m rosy shades and witli thruats"otten
brilliautlv col. .rid with v. -How. The

It garden inii-n-st are Echites,
t^ J I mtadenia, Mandevilla and Urechites.
^ 1 ^niiie species are naturally erect
I ushes, at least when young, and
many can be trained to the bush
form. The group is a most tempting
one to the hybridizer. An all-yellow-
flowered kind is desirable. Many names
appear in European catalogues, but
y^ they are l.a.lly miM-i, ..- tlie genus

greatly ne.-.l- ;■ ' ' n.i.ical re-

vision. Verv I, I : , are found

in the Eur(.|..-..ii l.m ■ :. n.i n :.l periodi-
t of Kaki "*'^- Severalprizesf.irAmcrican seed-

lings have been taken at Boston, by Geo.
^^^ McWilliam, Whitinsville, Mass.. who

has given a full account of his cultural
methods in Gardening, 5:18 (1890).
W. M.
Although Dipladenias are natives of the tropics, they
grow at high altitudes, and it is a mistake to keep them
in close, steaming hothouses, as many gardeners do in
the Old World. The writer has kept them in a house
whose temperature was never above 50° P., and fre-
quently went down to 40° on winter niglits. Cuttings
should be rooted in winter, and the youiiL' I'laiito ,,];,„tr.ri
outdoors during the summer, being cat. 1 1 I " ' i- Kury

the crowns deep in the soil. They can -^

of frost without losing their foliag.-, 1 .
degrees of frost and complete loss of ('..liiy. , iIm- i lants
have been lifted, brought into the greeidiouse, and
flowered with success. A good specimen will have
50-80 open fls. at one time. Tufts of fern root are ex-
cellent for potting soil, with some sharp sand added, A
fine specimen may be grown in a pan 2 ft. across and
9 in. deep. Plants never need shading. In late fall, as
the nights get cooler, the water supply maybe gradually
reduced until the middle of November, when water Is

DIPLADENIA

DIPLADENIA

usefl spariug-ly until it is ile
fresh growth. B'or point:
pruning, consult Gn. 5:18.

•t the plants into
g training and
McWiLi-IAM.

Few tropical plants excel the Diplaeienias as green-
house twining plants, their hamlsome sprays of flowers
being produced in profusion from May to November,
when well grown. The usual method of propagation is
by 1- or 2-jointed cuttings of the well ripened growths
inserted in sand with brisk bottom heat, when they will
usually root very readily. Seeds are not often produced
in this genus, though occasionally well grown plants
will produce seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe,
in pans of light, peaty soil, with a goodly proportion of
silver sand mixed with it, and the pans placed in a
warm, moist atmosphere. If given good attention the
seedlings will flower the first year. Dipladenias thrive
best when potted in fern or kalmia root fiber only. The
potting should be attended to in early spring, just before
active growth commences. Care must be taken not to
injure their tuberous roots, as this will result in weak-
ening very materially the vitality of the plants. Great
care must also he exercised in watering until the plants
are in active growth, when they will require an abun-
dance of water at the roots; they are also greatly bene-
fited by an occasional watering of clear liquid cow- or
sheep-manure water. Frequent spraying of the foliage
will also be necessary to keep down the attacks of in-
sects. Dipladenias do best when grown in full sunlight,
the roof of an unshaded greenhouse being well suited
to them. The pots should be covered with some non-
conducting material, however, such as sphagnum moss,
to prevent injury to the roots by the heat of the sun.
As soon as the season of blossoming is past, the plants
should be cut back, and allowed to rest by gradually
withholding the water, keeping them rlurini tho winter
almost dry in a temp, of 55°, EitwMh.T 'xnmnc

The following kinds sold in Ain.-rh-,, :,,.■ pr. -numbly
horticultural varieties which h:ive Ihih in-ulliciently
described:

D. amdbilis. Lvs. short-stalked, oblong, acute: fls. rosy crim-
son, 4-5_in. across; corolla lobes yerj- round and stiff. See Gn.

pink' at t- '."'■''''•'■''''' ■ '■ • ■ " '.',''':,,;' ■'',., '.' ','.': "',■' "-1 ^'

226.-7I, .:.:-,,.. ■,/..• . - I, ,,,,^...

StOUt'gnnMi,_:' |m:i:,:;.. -!,■„:,:; )'- ,..-1 |. irpL

A. >7s. dark purple.
atropurpdrea, DC. Glabrous, Iv.s, ovate, acute: ra-
cemes axillary, 2-fld. : peduncles a little longer than the
lvs.; pedicels twisted, bracted; calyx lobes lanceolate-
acuminate, a little shorter than the pedicel, and a third
as long as the cylindrical part of the corolla; corolla
tube funnel-shaped above the middle; lobes triangular,
wavy, spreading, shorter than the dilated part of the
tube. Brazil. B.R. 29:27. Gn. 44:937. I. H. 42:33. Gt.
43. p. 548. — Lvs. about 2 in. long, acute at the very base:
petiole K in. long; corolla dark purple inside and out;
tube 2 in. long. None of the pictures cited above show
the fleshy, spreading, scale-like stipules nearly as long
as the petioles which De CandoUe says are characteristic
of the subgenus Micradenia. F.S. 1 :.'S3 is said to be D.
afroviolacea of the .subgenus Eudipladenia, in which the
stipules are absent or else small and erect. The plate
shows a strongly ribbed corolla-tube and lvs. cordate at
the base.

ris.

nside.

fhite: throat yello
Bolivi^nsis, Hook. Glabrous: stems slender: lvs. pe-
tioled. 2-3 K in. long, oblong, acuminate, acute at base,
bright green and glossy above, pale beneath; stipules
none: racemes axillary, 3^-fld. : peduncles much shorter
than the lvs., about as long as petioles and pedicels:
bracts minute at the base of the twisted pedicels: calyx
lobes ovate, acuminate, 3 lines long: corolla almost sal-
ver-shaped, tube and throat slender and cvlindrical, the
former % in. long, the latter twice as long and half as
broad again: limb 1% in. across; lobes broadly ovate.
,more acuminate than in D. atropitrpnrea. Bolivia.
B.M. 5783. Gn.-44:922, Gng. 7:342.

Fls

thr

vhitish i

ide.

■purpi

ithi.

splfendens, DC. Fig. 718. Stem glabrous: lvs. sub-
sessile, elliptic-acuminate, cordate at the base, wavy,
pubescent, especially beneath, veins elevated, numer-
ous: racemes axillary, longer than the lvs., 4-a-fld.:
calyx lobes red-tipped, awl-shaped, as long as the cylin-
drical part of the corolla tube, which Is half the length
of the funnel-shaped portion : lobes of the limb rotund,
subacute, almost as long as the tube. Brazil. Lvs. 4-8
in. long, lK-3 in. wide, pedicels J-i-l in. long: corolla
tube 1 % in. long, white outside, lobes rosv, throat
deeper, almost purple. Brazil. B.M. 3976. F.S. 1:34
shows a yellow throated form. Var. profitsa. Rod. {D.
profusa, Hort. ). has larger and brighter rosy fls., lined
with yellow inside, the outside of the tube rosy except

-H

u

%5

'■'' -v-

?-:

Z>. crassinoda andZ>. splendens

12-fld. raceme with exceptionally bright red 1

AAAA. Fls. salmon-colored: throat yello

uiophylla. Hook. Named for the long, narrow apex of
the leaf. Glabrous, erect bush, not a vine : branches
numerous, swollen at the joints: lvs. ovate-oblong, ob-
tuse at the base, suddenly narrowed at the apex into a
narrow point % in. long; peduncles long, drooping, flex-
uose: racemes axillary, 4-6-fld.: calyx segments awl-
shaped: corolla dull yellow outside, deeper and brighter
yellow within; tube cylindrical in lower third, then
swelling into an almost bell-.shaped throat; lobes of the
limb salmon inclined to purple, acute. Brazil. B.M.
4414. P.M. 1C:G6. F.S. 5:425.

D. cras.-^hioda. DC. GI:il)ious: stem niuoli branched, with

" ' 1 i'.i !.. ; -h;iped ,ibove

■ II I I"- .i: I- ilie oriKin.il

'■ :M.l- th:,t 111.. 1^,, :,r(- 3-:ikin.

111.- jihuit pi.tur.-a in B.R. 3o':(>i
..■jLi;tirf<lu'ii,v ti-rit-s pilose stera
LuUl- :iulkoritiu6 rulLer B.R. 30:64

DIPLADENIA

DIPSACUS

491

tt t-n -.1 nil W M

DIPLAKKHfiNA(Otreek iuoanihtu the third being
imperfect) Iiidicew Only 2 species of tender plants
trora Australia and Tasmania They belong to the same
subtribe with our native Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium.
Rhizomes short: stems terminal, erect, simple or some-
what branched: Its. in a tuft, narrow, rigid, acuminate,
equitant: spatheterminal, rigid, acuminate: fls. whitish;
perianth without any tube over the ovary; segments un-
equal, inner ones shorter, coiiniveut: upper stamen im-
perfect. This plant is advertised in the American edi-
tion of a Dutch bulb dealer's catalogue.

MoTsa, Labill. Stems VA-2 ft. long, with a single
terminal cluster, and several sheathing bracts : Ivs. 6-8
in a tuft, 1-1 V^ ft. long, H-K in. wide: spathes cylindri-
cal, 2-3 fld., 2 in. long.

DIPLAZIUM (Greek, doubled). PohjpodiHeea-. A
genus of rather large, coarse ferns allied to Asplenium,
but with the indusia often double, extending to both
sides of some of the veins, which are unconnected.
Eighty or more species are found, mostly in the warmer
portions of the world. For culture, see Ferns.
A. Lis. simple: low plants.

Unceum, Thunb. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, H-1 in. wide,
narrowed upward and downward, the margin mostly en-
tire: sori reaching nearer to the edge than the midrib.
India, China, Japan.

AA. Jjvs. pinnate, witji. the pinnm deeply lobed: rootstock
not rising to form a trunk.

arbdreum, Willd. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-8 in. wide,
with a distinct auricle or lobe at the base. The habit is
not arboreous, as originally supposed, and as thi
would indicate; quite near the next, but less deeply cut.
West Indies and Venezuela.

ShSpherdi, Spreng. {Aspli him,, Sl,,',ij,,i-di, Spreng.).
Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-9 in. >t',:„\. ,1, ,.|,|y lohed, the lobes
at the base sometimes rL-ai-lmii; .lown to ilii- racliis, some-
what toothed and often S in. Inoail ; sori

long-linear. Cuba and Mexico to Brazil.
AAA. ics. bipinnate: trunk somewhat

mum which IS found along the coast of Brazil, is but 10
feet m height when f ullj de\ eloped. This genus is with-
out spines the lei\eb being pinnate, very dark green on
the upper side ind usualh co\ered with white tomentum
on the under side the pinna being clustered along the
midrib in lujst instances In i very young plant of this
genus the ultim ite cbaiiLtei is not at all apparent from
the f ict that the seedling plants h ive undivided or simple
leaves this ch-ii icteustic fiequently obtaining in the
use ot /' I ( ( s (Hi until the plant is strong enough
t5 produie lea^es 4 or 5 feet long A warm greenhouse,
ri b s il md a plentiful supplj of water are among the
hief requisites for the successful culture of Diplothe-
miums D ( tudi n is the 1 est known of the genus,
and wheie space 11 \ I I it i iis free development it
IS one of the hand I .■iiltivation.

oaudfiscens, Jlait n-r„m, Hort.). Wax

Palm btem 12 _( 1 I i I lii in. thick, remotely
ringed often swollen it the lui I lie: lvs. 9-12 ft., short
petioled, segments 7U-9U on each side, ensiform, densely
waxy white below, the middle ones 2-4-28 in. long, 15^
in. wide, the upper and lower ones shorter and narrower,
all obtuse at the apex. Brazil. R.H. 1876, p. 23.5.

Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.

DlFSACUS (to thirst, from the Greek: the bases of
the connate lvs. in some species hold water). Dipsdeeff.
Teasel. Perhaps 15 species of tall, stout biennial or

latifdlium, Moore {Asplenium latifolium,
Don). Caudex erect, somewhat arborescent:
lvs. .3-4 ft. long, 12-18 in. wide, with about
12 pinna} on either side. India, China and the Phil
P'°^*- L. M. Underwood.

DIPLOTHfiMIUM (Greek, double sheathed). Pal-
m&ceie, tribe Cocoinew. Spineless palms, low or stem-
les.s, or often with ringed, stout, solitary or fa.scicled
trunks. Lvs. terminal, pinnatisect; segments crowded,
lanceolate or ensiform, acuminate, glaucous or silvery
beneath, margins recurved at the base, midnerve promi-
nent : rachis 2-faced, strongly laterally compressed ;
petiole concave above: sheath fibrous, open: spadices
erect, long or short-peduncled, strict, thickish: spathes
2, the lower coriaceous, the upper cymbiform, beaked,
ventr.ally dehiscent: bracts short, coriaceous: fls. rather
large, cream colored or vellow: fr. ovoid or oboroid,
small. Species 5. Brazil.

Diplothemium is a small genus of very handsome
palms. In size the members of this genus seem to vary
as much as those included in the Cocos group. D. maritl-

719. Fuller's Teasel— Dipsacus

perennial herbs of the Old World. The fls. are small
and in dense heads, like those of compositous plants,
but the anthers are njt Qnited (or syngenesious) as they
are in the Compositfp. One species, D. syli-e'stris.
Mill., is an introduced weed along roadsides in the
northeastern states and Ohio valley. It is biennial,
the stem arising the second year and reaching a height
of 5 or 6 ft. It is said to be a good bee plant. The Fuller's
Teasel, i). Fullonum. Linn. (Fig. 719), is probably de-
rived from the former, and differs from it chiefly in the
very strong and hooked floral .scales. These scales give
the head its value for the teasing or raising the nap on
woolen cloth, for which no machinery is so elBcient. This
plant is grown commercially in a limited area in central
New York. l. h. B.

492 DIRCA

DtECA (Greek, from dirke, a fountain; referring to
the plant as growing in moist places). Thymelaciuea;.
Two species of North American shrubs, with tough,
fibrous barls, alternate, thin, short, entire, petiolate, de-
ciduous lvs.,apetalous perfect lis. in peduncled fascicles
of the previous season's growth, the branches develop-
ing subsequently from the same nodes : calyx coroUa-lilse,
yellowish, campanulate, undulately obscurely 4-toothed,
bearing twice as many exserted stamens as its lobes
(usually 8) : ovary nearly sessile, free, 1-loculed, with a
single hanging ovule; style exserted, filiform: fr. berry-
like, oval-oblong. Hardy deciduous branching shrubs,
often with the habit of miniature trees. Bark of inter-
laced, strong fibers, and branches so tough and flexible
that they may be bent into hoops and thongs without
breaking. So used by the Indians and early settlers.
The Leatherwood is not one of the showiest of hardy
shrubs, but its small, yellowish flowers are abundant
enough to make it attractive, and it deserves cultivation
especially for the earliness of its bloom in spring. It is
of slow growth, and, when planted singly, makes a com-
pact miniature tree; planted in masses or under shade
it assumes a straggling habit. It thrives in any moist
loam. Prop, by .seeds, which are abundant and germi-
nate readily; also by layers.

720. Leatherwood— Dirca palustris (

paliiBtris, Linn. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Fig.
720. A shrub, '2-G ft. high, with numerous branches
having scars which make them appear as if jointed, at
the beginning of each annual growth, and with yellow-
brown glabrous twigs: Ivs. oval or obovate, with obtuse
apex, 2-3 in. long, green and smooth above, whitish and
downy below, becoming smooth, the base of the petiole
covering buds of the next season: fls. yellowish, abun-
dant enough to be attractive, nearly sessile, Jiin. long,
falling as the Ivs. expand: fr. hidden by the abundant
foliage, egg- or top-shaped, J^ In. long, reddish or pale
green. Woods and thickets, mostly in wet soil N. and S.
B.R. 4: 292. -Common.

D. occidentdlis. A. Gray. A similar species found on the Pacific
coast, differs mainly in the Tdeeper calyx-lobes, lower insertion
of the stamens, sessile flowers, and white involucre. Not in the
trade, but worthy of cult. a. Phelps Wtman.

DtSA (origin of name unknown). OrchiclAcece, tribe
Ophrt'idew. One hundred or more terrestrial orchids,
mostly S. African, of which several are known to fan-
ciers, but only one of which is in the Araer. trade.
Sepals free, spreading, upper one galeate, produced in a
horn or spur at the base; petals inconspicuous, small,
adnate to the base of the column. The species described
below is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful of known
orchids, but as yet difficult to manage under artificial
conditions.

gn^andifldra, Linn. Flower of the Gods. Rootstock
tuberous: stems 1 ft. or more high, unbranched: Ivs.
dark green: fls. several; upper sepal hood-like or gale-
ate, 3 in. long, rose-color, with branching crimson veins;
lateral sepals slightly shorter, brilliant carmine-red;
petals and labellum orange, inconspicuous. S. Afr.
B.M.4073. G.C.II. 18:521; 111.9:365. Oakes Ames.

DISEASES

William Watson, in Garden and Forest 9: 284, says of
Disa : "They all require cool-greenhouse treatment,
plenty of water, an open, peaty soil and shade from direct
sunshine. As soon as the plants have flowered, tbev are
shaken out of the soil, the suckers taken off, an. I parted
singly in small pots and watered iiljerally. In NoviniI.er
they are again potted into :t-!in'li imi-. in whirh iticv
remain until they flower. They in.iki- a .li-iilay ..i t|.,w. i-s
for about two months.'" In tr.l-'. 7 : :;:.' I, Wai^-in w iiirs uf
D.Kewense: "This is a iH-autiful h> linM. whi.l, i- a^

itself by means of olT^.i- wiih all tli- |.r...lii::ilii v <.f
Couch Grass. Many (•<.iini.N-,,.urv drrlai-.- it i-iln' lust
of all Disas. * • »" D. i'i_-it,-li, ' \< .i n IN i [..i • n:.\
almost &s free Rs -D. Kewen-st. I wmhIi ,i|1

growers of orchids to procure t"'tli ari i m

as rapidly as possible. * * * Tlir Ki . i i.,;.; i^ m
4-inch pots, and each bears a spike l5 imln ■, hi^h uiih
from 10 to 20 flowers, each 2 inches across." For portrait
of D. Kewense, see G.C. III. 18: 273.

Hiilhos, flower;

''''"•". Shrub,

: 'I Ivs.: fls.

DISANTHUS (Greek, dis, ti-
the fls. bein^' i;i J iM IichI- ■. /
with alteniaii ■ ■ . . :

similar to il ; ! n i i " i • i;i pairs on

sule 2-celled, wirh s.-veral seeds ]ii earh cell. The only
species, D. cercidifblius, Maxim., is a slu-ub. with slender
branches, 8-10 ft. high: Ivs. roundish-ovate, palmately
nerved, 3-1 in. long: fls. dark purple, in October. G.F.
6:215. Hardy ornamental shrub of elegant habit, with
distinct, handsome foliage, turning to a beautiful claret-
red or red and orange in fall. Prop, by seeds, germi-
nating very slowly, and by layers ; probably also by
grafting on Hamamelis. Alfred Rehder. '

DISEASES of plants are of many classes. The word
disease as applied to plants is commonly associated with
those manifestations which are the result of seriously
disturbed nutrition, rather than with mere attacks of
devouring insects. We might classify diseases, for hor-
ticultural purposes, as those due to parasitic fungi (or
fungous diseases), those due to bacteria or germs, those
due to nematodes or eel worms, and those which are as-
sociated with disturbed or imperfect nutrition. To
these four classes we shall now give our attention:

FfNoous Diseases are those that are due to the inva-
sion of tissue by fungi (see Fungus). All crop plants
are more or less subject to the attack of these insidious
foes, and the havoc they bring is rarely fully appre-
ciated.

The chief lines of treatment with plants subject to
injury from fungi are, first, to reduce the number of
spores to a minimum, and, secondly, to surround the
plants with conditions unfavorable for their develop-
ment and yet not to interfere with the growth of the plant
itself. Fungi as a rule are fond of moisture and, there-
fore, dry weather is an ally of the cultivator, while a sea-
son with high humidity and a large rainfall is asso-
ciated with an abundance of plant diseases. So long,
therefore, as the weather is without man's control there
will be an uncertain quantity in the problem of plant
healthfulness.

The growing season for crop plants is practically the
same as that for fungi, and during the winter inactivity
prevails for both host and parasite. In other words,
there are several months of the year when the fungi are
either inactive in the host plant or lying dormant out-
side of it, ready to l.cijin their destructive work. When

nial, and every knot, unless the branch is dead, is the di-
rect starting point for new growth. Along with this
fact is the equally important one that in the hard, black
crust of the excrescence there are innumerable spheri-
cal pits in which countless spores pass the winter, and
are ready to spread the disease to new, healthy twigs as
the knot breaks up and fresh growth starts in the tree
in spring. In the light of the above tacts, there are
many reasons for destroying the knots upon a plum or

DISEASI

493

duiM tipe Tin iiuihs iffetteil are practically worth-

I I i „ them the disease is kept from

l>iancli and the forming spores

I 1 \ have an opportunity of get-

1 1 tlie h )i tK uitunst iiiuierstands the methods of growth
anil propagation of a destructive fungus, he is better
able to take the step that may lead to the eradication of
the pest. Let another example
be taken, namely, the apple-
leaf rust, which in some parts
of the country is a serious
menace to the orchardist. It
is recognized as yellow
blotches upon the foliage, fol-
lowed by groups of deep cups
in the under half of the leaf
tissue, where orange-colored
spores aro pr-i^Iiii-. I in great

■■•'^-,.^:v

the CO

NatiiTil size '''"^e Upo

Natural size. ^^^^^ ^^^ .^ ^^^^ ^^^^ .^ .^^^^^^

the apple tree. Upon the cedar the fungus, forms galls
of a chocolate color half an inch or more in diameter,
which during the spring rains become swollen and have
a gelatinous exterior. In this .ielly the spores are pro-
duced that find their way to the apple tree and there
form, after vegetating for a few days, the destructive
rust. It is seen that in a case like this the most impor-
tant thing is to destroy the cedar-galls, for in them the
fungus passes the winter; and this can be done
by picking and burning. To those who do not
set a high value upon their cedar trees, the end
mav be accomplished by removing the cedar
trees that stand at all near the infested
orchard.

But there are many destructive fungi

that piss tliiii whole life upon the

sinie III ml and the method men

tinntd tc I the apple lUst would not

' 1 ,..od

III Jill liiiii.,i~both

:af and tht fruit, caus

ing irregular blotches upon

722. Peaches of last year's crop still hanging on the tree,
by monilia (X K).
The branch is dead from the effects of the fungus.

both, and frequently destroying the crop. Many ex-
periments have demonstrated that this scab-produc-
ing fungus can be kept down by the use of the Bordeaux
mixture and various other similar substances. The fun-

gus thrives below the skin of the fruit and the epider-
mis of the leaf, producing spores in abundance upon the
surface. The fungicide, when left in a thin film upon the
susceptible surface, prevents the germination of the
spores and the extrance of the fungus. It likewise may
kill the spores in the places where they are formed and
before they have been transplanted to another part of
the plant.' The fungicide cannot act as a cure in the
sense of replacing the diseased, by healthy tissue, but
may. by destroying the spores, so prevent the spread that
the healthy parts may predominate. In the case of foli-
age, the spraying is chiefly preventive and should be
particularly directed to the younger leaves the older
ones, with "the fungus ilready established m them, in
time falling away. \\ itli the ordmai\ fruits there is no

723. Effects of the leaf

K).

h apple

such succession, and the aim is
pear coated with the fungicide.

As a rule a fungus that attacks the fruit also infests the
leaves, and may likewise thrive in the stems. From this
it is gathered that the spray should be very thoroughly
applied to all parts of the plant, in order that the foliage
may be kept in vigor and make the required food sub-
.staiices for the growth of the fruit, and the latter saved
from decay due to direct attack of the fungous germs.
But this is not enough. From what has been remarked
concerning the hibernation of fungi, it goes without long
argument that much can be done by thorough sanitation
in the orchard and fruit garden when the crop is off and
the plants are at rest. In short, the foliage of a blighted
orchard or vineyard is too important to be overlooked
in considering the subject of fungous diseases. The pear
leaves, for example, may be infested with the leaf-spot,
Eiitoinosporhim HmciiZa^Hm, and spraying may have kept
them from falling prematurely and a good crop saved
thereby, but the old leaves, as they drop in autumn, are
more or less infested with the disease, and, as far as pos-
sible, should be destroyed before the winds have scat-
tered them. In the same way the black-rot of the grape
(Livstadia BidwiUii) maybe carried over in the foli-
age and the mummy berries that are left upon the vines.
Here, again, the spray pumps can.be largely supple-
mented bv picking, pruning and burning. In the winter
care of vineyards we can take a lesson from the grape
growers of Europe, where much care is taken to clean
up after every crop. They do not stop with the gather-
ing of the refuse, but spray the leafless vines in win-
ter, and the trellises as well, with Bordeaux or plain
solution of cupric sulfate. The subject of remedies for
fungous diseases would be slighted were not emphatic
words used iu this connection. It is folly to delay the

DISEASES

494

use of remedial measures until after the f^^l^'i nre in
evidence. With many quiek-actinir il [■-.-ii^.-s ir is tlien
too late, andiu fact with some the spr:iv |.uii]| , » lnii the
trees are in full leaf and fruit, is .if -.r.m.laiy luipor-
tance. The fruit-rot or gray mold {Jfn,nli,i fni.-li,j,iia)
of the cherry, plum and peach is of this type. To eradi-
cate this pest, it is not enough to wait until the disease
is in the trees, for then, if the weather is warm and
moist, the crop is destroyed. Here, again, the work of
preveiiti.iii -Ii.inl-l l.iL-iii" tlie winter before; by destroy-
ing all iiiu' >! !i I'i::. 722) and blighted branches
the dis. :i-c i : : . i :.i its weakest point.

Anotijtr 1 1 i (1 1 - ' I'liiiection that must be kept in

mind is the Kthci..! licalth of the plant. Every tree or
shrub should be well nourished and come to its ap-
pointed task in good health. This means the best
form of the plant for the purposes intended, obtained
by the use of the pruning knife or other means. Fungi
do not love the sunshine half as well as the shade, and
an open-topped tree needs less spraying than one with
the branches crowded. This will also obviate in some
measure another point of weakness, namely, overload-
e attempting to carry a double comple-
1 breed more decayed fruit aud foliage
.re not overloaded. Thinning, in other
I essential to healthfulness as spraying,
soil and situation are more important
I either. Naturally, the question of remedies for fun-
gous diseases comes in only after all the conditions for
the best growth of the plants have been met.

The number of fungi injurious to the horticulturist is
large, and spacepermits of the iiieutidii of l.ut a fi-w
under the several crops. Apples: A~.)'\r fi"i:i iIm- rust
and scab used above for general illu-traihiii. tin n- are
the ripe-rot {Glceoxporium fnictig, hh „, \ pi.u.l.rv mil-
dew {Podosphwra Oxittirmilh., i, au.l iIm- liv.-l.litrh't {Ba-
cillus amylovonts) . Tlie lii-r nt' tli-- tln'-'- grows also
upon the grape, and the lin- lili-lit :(ti nk- the pear and
the quince, upon the fi.Dm r h. m- a -i i i-us , n.-mv. In
this fire-blight we ha\-.. a liartni ,1 ' ^. ,^,. in |.)a7its,
that resides durinL' th.- V, int. ■!■ Ill i!m ■ . ,• I . .-..n-

veyed to flowers l.y ill-.. t- w III. 'li ^ I- /.-of

cracked, blighted st. m^ in -inin:. - , . :i~ed

branches should havi' 1.. ■ n p. i ,.,\..il.

Quinces: The black-rot . ^ , . , ,„„|

rust (Rcestella auraiilii ,.ii\,-.

Plums, in addition to tli.- i . i I : Mi^'ht

(GylindrosporiumPadi), whil.- tli. .Ii. rr> 1. .- ili.' 'sh.it-
hole" fungus { Septoria eerusiiu:]. Peaches arc some-
times much afflicted with the \e&t-c\iT\[ExoaitCitii deform-
ans, Pig. 723), and the scab or "gray back" (Cladospo-

ing. A peach tre
ment of fruit wil
than many that a
words, is often as
and a congenial

724. Currant

cdby

DISEASES

The afliected trees produce tufts of small branches upon
the older branches, with slender leaves, known as "Pen-
nyroyal sprouts" or "willow shoots." Trees with these
"bushes" are fit subjects for the burn heap.

Of the small fruits, the grape leads in the number of
fungi, the black-rot and ripe-rot previously mentioned
being among the chief, while the anthracnoae (i

rium carpophiliim). The most obscure disease of the
peach is the "yellows," a name given to a contagious
disorder that manifests itself in a premature ripening of
thefruit, which takes on au unnatural spotting of red or
purple, with the flesh streaked and the taste insipid.

lotna atnpelinum) and downy mildew {Phtsmopara viti-
cola) are quite destructive. Blackberries and raspber-
rise suffer from similar diseases, the leading ones be-
ing the rust {Puccinia Peckian a), requiring the destruc-
tion, root aud branch, of the infested plants, and the an-
thracnose (Glceosporhim wnc^im I, amenable to spray-
ing. Currants and gooseberries are similarly akin, and
have nearly the same fungi ,asleaf-.spot( Septoria Hibis,
Fig. 724) and anthracnose {Glceosporium liihis), in ad-
dition to which the gooseberry is badly troubled with a
mildew {Sphwrothi-ca 3fors-L'i-(t], that may be kept off
by sulfide of potassium, one ounce to two gallons of
water, as a spray. Strawberries have the leaf-blight
{SplKerelhi Fragariw, Fig. 725) as the leading fungous
trouble, and this sometimes requires heroic treatment,
even to the burning over of the bed in autumn to de-
stroy the infested leaves and the germs they contain.

Annual Plants. In the previous discussion, peren-
nial crop plants only have been considered. With the
annuals the treatment is in large part the same, except
that there are no live plants in winter to be considered,
no stems and branches to be cleansed, and there is the
very important difference that it is possible to grow the
annuals upon new ground each season. While it is im-
possible to move the vineyard or fruit garden, it should
be the rule not to grow an annual upon the same piece
of soil continuously. In one sense the grower can move
away from his troubles by practicing a judicious rota-
tion of crops. However, the truck grower and the gar-
dener in a small way should not trust entirely to this
itinerancy, but instead should place the spraying ma-
chine upon the same footing as the plow or planter as a
necessary implement; and as insects compete with fungi
for the possession of his crops he should spray for both,
and usually this can be done at the same time. The

DISEASES

spraying of crops like potatoes, beans, egg-plants and
celery, can be done with great rapidity with the cart
machines.

With the atmual crops the idea of cleaning up and
burning the rubbish should be enforced as thoroughly
as with the tree crops. The burn heap is a successful
ally of the spray pump, and with the rotation suggested,
growers of vegetables and vegetable fruits should hope
to be exempt from serious fungous attacks, except when
the weather is unusually favorable for the excessive de-
velopment of blights and rots.

Some of the leading fungous enemies upon the vege-
table fruit plants are the anthracnose (Oolletotrichum
Lagenarium) and bacteriosis {Bacillus Plmseoli) of the
bean, both held in check by Bordeaux; the leaf-spot
(Asi-OL-kijta Pisi) and mildew (Enjxiphe Marlii) of tlir
pea; leaf-spot (Septoria Ai/co/JO-.siti ), biai'k-rot ( J/m ■
rosporiitm Tomato) and bacteriosis {Barilhis ^'>"l<i)n-'-
arum)oi the tomato; leaf-spot (PltijUostUta hoilDium)
and stem-rot (Nectria Ipomoea) of the egg-plant; and
anthracnose (Colletotrichum Lagenarium) of melons and

Among vegetables strictly so-called, there is the leaf-
blight (Ceirospoca Apii) au'l 111. !,!],. ^1- ,.( celery; mil-
dew (Peronospora effnuu] "\ :i . , - i;r ( Crocffstis
Ceptihe) ot onions; Tust { l'" i , - ;.) of aspara-

gus; club-root {Pahmoilioi,h.,,-.f /.■.<..,,, i of cabbage,
and mildew (Bremia Lactxar) of lettuce.

The root crops have their subterranean fungous ene-
mies, and for these a soil treatment is necessary. For
the club-root of turnips and cabbage, named above, and
allied plants, lime is a preventive when added to the
soil, 35 bushels per acre; while the scab (Oospora
scabies) of the round potato is checked by soaking the
seed in a weak solution of corrosive sublimate, or by
flowers of sulfur added to the soil, 300 pounds per
acre. The same treatment is effective for onion smut
and the fungous diseases of the sweet potato. Use a
new field each year whenever possible. In short, feed
and care for the crops well, so that the plants will be
perfectly at home in the place assigned them, and then
use fungicides as an enlightened judgment dictates,
not forgetting to destroy the autumn rubbish, the win-
ter hiding places of the insidious germs of disease. See
Pungkide^

Bacterial Diseases. — There is much damage done
to higher plants by infesting bacteria. These low or-
ganisms may fiourish in leaf, stem or root, and with
some crops they are widespread and destructive. One
of the most prominent of the bacterial diseases is the
iire-blight of the pear, apple and quince, due to the
Bacillus amylovoriis,the germs of which multijily in
the nectar of the blooms with great rapidity, and are
carried from one flower to another by insects, and in
this way an orchard may become infected. From the
blossoms the disease extends downward into the
branches or runs in from lateral fruit-spurs and girdles
the limbs. The blight also enters through the tips of
growing branches, as in the nursery when plants are too
young to bear flowers. This is "twig-blight," as dis-
tinguished from "flower-blight," while a third form is
a "body-blight," where the germs attack the main
stem of the tree through the buds that may be found
there. Warm, moist weather, with frequent showers,
favor the spread of the disease, and with opposite con-
ditions the germs may die out, even when in the cam-
bium and protected by the bark. The germs, when they
live over winter in the branch, may reach the surface as
ooze from the blighted parts in spring and be carried
by insects to the flower and other buds. As yet there is
nothing better for a remedy than the removal of the
blighted twigs, cutting well below where the dead ad-
joins the living bark. Trees highly fertilized with ni-
trogenous manures are especially subject to blight and,
therefore, over-stimulation with manure is to be avoided,
and upon very rich soil an orchard may do better in sod.

The above is a fair type of the bacterial diseases of
ligneous plants. Among the many upon herbs, there is
one that is very destructive to tomatoes, the Bacillus
solanacearnm, which is recognized by a sudden wilting
of the foliage, followed by a yellow or brown color.
Here, again, the germs are transmitted by insects as
Colorado and flea beetles. One of the chief preventive

DISEASES

495

, therefore, is to protect the tomatoes by insec-
ticides, and when any plant is diseased it shouhi be de-
stroyed. Other plants allied to the tomato, as potato,
egg-plant, petunias and the common weeds, as James-
town weed, nightshade aud ground cherry, are affected
with the same disease; and, therefore, clean culture i»
demanded, and also a wi<le rotation of crops upon soil
liable to bear infected plants.

A similar bacterial disease is met with in sweet corn,
due to Pseudomoiias Steirarti; while other species at-
tack sorghum and a long list of field and garden crops,
particularly the roots like beet, carrot, turnip and simi-
lar plants, as the bean, onion and celery. Sprays do not
seem to materially check these diseases, and the chief
means of combating them are through soil sanitation
and a judicious rotation.

Xi;maT(>i>es. — There are many troubles experienced
by plants tliat are due to animals. None of these are
more al->undant and destructive than the nematodes,
namely, microscopic worms, that infest various parts of
plants, but the roots in particnhir, when they cause en-
largements known as root-galls. As the conditions of
continued warmth and moisture favor these eel worms,
they are more frequently found in destructive numbers
in the plant house. Roses are particularly subject to
nematodes, which upon their roots cause a multitude
of small swellings. The same is true of violets, with
which they have been very serious at times. Cucumber,
tomato, cyclamen, coleus (see Fig. 518, p. 351), and
other plants are likewise attacked.

It is thought that lime added to the soil has been bene-
ficial, but the most effective method of exterminating
these pests is by heating the soil by steam up to at least
180°-212°F.for one hour or more before being used in
the pots or benches. The nematodes are killed by freez-
ing, and probably on this account the number of these
worms in field crops is kept within bounds at the north,
while they are a menace to field crops at the south. In
greenhouse work, take care that no soil is used which
has not been thoroughly frozen since it bore a crop of
indoor stuff.

IMPEEFECT Nutrition. — There are doubtless many
ills of plants due directly to lack of proper physical con-
ditions. Some are overfed, others are starved, some are

nV/

\:r/

Sits

726. Disease of Cucumber leaf (X K).

The dying margin indicates that the trouble is due to some
interference with the food supply.

drowned, and many perish from protracted thirst. Aside
from all this, plants will sicken even when the ordinary
conditions seem satisfactory. For some reason not
easily assigned, a change will come over the plant, the
activities of growth are checked or cease, and the plant
dies and without any cause that falls under the previous
heads. Some physiological defect is charged with the
cause, and various terms have been used to conceal the
manifest ignorance. The "yellows" of the peach seems.

496 DISEASES

to be one of this class, and is as interesting to the vege-
table pathologist as it is destructive to the orohardist.
The latest view o£ this particular form of disorder is
that of the unorganized ferment, which by causing cer-
tain chemical changes in the substances of the cells brings
about the peculiar and well marked malady of the "yel-
lows." If we start with the premise that there is a cer-
tain small amount of chemical ferment in all plants, it
is only necessary to have this increased to get the re-
sults in question; and how to prevent this augmentation
is the practical point at issue. This ferment in active
form might be communicated f ri.ni one plant to another
by budding or grafting, and. instead of introducing liv-
ing germs, it is a transmission of a gerraless ferment
like diastase, that is found in seeds, and does its ap-
pointed work as a solvent, in the period of germination.
There are other disorders that are called " CEdema," or
a dropsical form of disease. The tomato is subject to
this, and pelargoniums likewise. Tumors are formed, or
the leaves bear translucent dots along the veins. This
trouble is most apt to appear with greenhouse plants in
early spring, and may be favored by lack of sun-
shine, especially if the warm soil is wet and root action
is excessive. The remedy lies in furnishing, so far as

DISPORUM

possible, the conditions opposite to those above named.

In general, it may be said that diseases which are
due to germs or to malnutrition show the disorder
more or less generally spread over the plant, rather than
confined to local areas. For example, if the foliage
shows a general wilting, it is evident that the trouble
lies farther back than the leaves themselves. If one
leaf begins to die all around the edge (as in Fig. 72G), it
is indication that the trouble is a cutting off of food
supply in the entire leaf; the trouble may be near the
base of the leaf, or farther back. After a time, the leaf
becomes dry and brittle, and the winds break it. In Fig.
727 it is evident that the trouble is in the whole branch.
Btron D. Hai.sted.

DISHCLOTH GOUED. See Luffa.

LiUAcea. Per-
our much-loved
iiii^iiished by an

a .'apsule that

. 'W:

Pel

nth

ely cot date at base stigma S-cleft.
et 1/ broad and unequally rounded t
the base

M^nziesu, Nicholson (P Menzie ii Don). More or
le^s woolly pubescent stem 2-J ft long forking, arch-
mg above Ivs ovate to ovate lam ( olate narrowly acu-
mraate or the lowe t acute e ile 2-3 in. long, often
resin dotted fls l~i greeni h from the topmost axils,
nodding 7-9 lines lon^ peditels puberulous; perianth
segments nearly erect acute 6-11 lines long; stamens
a third shorter anthers included lH-2 times shorter
than the filaments berry 3-fa seeded cells 1-2-seeded :
fr oblong obovate narrowed to a short beak. Calif.

i Pcnanthnatiouandii
lanugindsum Nicholson

jieuedge shaped at the base.
Wooll> pubescent: Ivs. ob-
inin ite peiiauth-segnients

S-, pubescent stem 1-1 Htt higB, forking,
U tolia^e on the upper half Ivs ovate to oblong-lan-
latt acute or rarely acuminate 2-4 in long : pedicels
use perianth segments whitish slightly spreading,

I re nai rowlr oblanceolate than in J) Memiesii, acute,
I I lint 1 ni, al out as lcn„ as the stamens: berry

II 11 -I 1 1 tr broadly obovate, ob-

II I [I It 1 ] [ ill Saskatchewan to

\\ / ) tl J J if lamping.
Oreganum {P Oitgaua h Wats ) More or less
woolU pubescent Ivs o^ ate to oblong lanceolate, long-
acuminate perianth segments spreading, acute, nar-
I wtd below very distinctly net vemed 5-7 lines long,
1 11^ I or shorter than the stamens : fr. ovate,
iti 1 mewhat pubescent cells 1-2 seeded. Oreg.
I I I ih to B C
[ 1 1 II mt, kind tre nit abroad D Sohkeri, Nicholson

II II k 1 B ker) Betore D. Oregannni in
' short, usnally

robust form of

DISPORLTM

D. lanuginoKura, less pubenilous. with Ivs. wider, more deeply
cordate at the base, and clasping the branches.— -D. Leschenaut-
tianum, D. Don. differs from the others here described by hav-
ing white fls. India, Ceylon. B.M. 6935.— D. puUum, Salisb.
Readily told from American forms by its browu or purplish

DODECATHEON

497

green lis

Indi:

,M. 910.

W.

DiSTICHLIS ( Greek, ^co-i-aHtcrf). Gramineoe. Salt-
grass. Marsh Spike-gbass. D. spicAta, Greene, is an
upright, wiry grass, 10-20 in. high, with strong, exten-
• • ... . "alt-grass found on the

lirivis cM-n in ground
tlhiNali-. Prospectors

l.iii.liiiu' luuse sands or
P. B. Kennedy.

heavily crusted with alkali
and miners consider its pr
near the surface. Good gra
soils subject to wash. Not (

DISTtLIUM:( Greek, two styles}. HamamelidAcea.
An oriental genus of two species of evergreen trees, one
of which has variegated foliage, and is used for hedges
in China and Japan. The genus is very unlike our Witch
Hazel, as it has no petals, a superior ovary and 2-8
stamens. Lvs. alternate, thick, leathery, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, entire : fls. small, polygamous. Seeds and
young plants of D. racemdsum, Sieb. & Zucc, may be
obtained through dealers in Japanese plants.

DITTANY is an old English word which in England
often means -Dic^J »■)'"*■ '»^'"'', n jilnnf .>f tlu' ru.- funnily.
The name is supp"- -i t, , i„. j, ,-,, , ,| r,-,,,,, \|i iii.i...iii
Crete, where the aih ■ I ' ■ i i . t : . I lir-

tany is supposed i" i ' . ," I n; ,,f

the mint family, ami "r tin- -jm^- -i mu- wiih il;>' wild
marjoram. The plant comni(.nl> ■•:dli-(l Dittany in the
eastern U. S. is Cunila Mariana, Linn. (C origa-
noides, Britton), another mint. It has been used as a
substitute for tea, and is a gentle aromatic stimulant.
All these plants yield an oil used as a mild tonic.

DOCK. A name applied to various species of Rumex
(of the Poli/gonAcea). The commonest species — grow-
ing in fields and yards — are the Curled or Narrow-leaved
Dock(i?. crispits, Linn. 1 . and the Bitter or Broad-leaved

Belleville are amongst the best kinds. The former
( Fig. 72b ) is the better of the two, perhaps, and it has
the ail> iiiiai;- "1 1m ing a Week or 10 days earlier. The
cri>i>i ' ■■'.' I tt. long) appearearly in April, when

I n to be had in the open, and they

can 1 u. r..;i:i,n"H.uMvforamoutho

rmore. This Dock

is the Herb Patience iff«»„.r n,i:.„

llu. Linn.), it has

long been an inhabitant ..f uai'lrn-;, ;

lid it has sparingly

run wild in some part^ mT tin. ,mumii

V. It is a native of

Europe. The Bellpvill. i Ki-. 7l'"

s also a European

plant, and is v.-aM- a s-aa- 1 i /,' •, .

.■ .l^./o.s-rt, Linn.).

It has als.. 1 -:.■ ■ - -i -

ana of the eastern

portions of 1 1 i 1

ncr, lighter green

and longer-sia : .

lanage Dock, with

spear-like h.ii. - ai iL. Im^, . 11,. I

ios tire very sour,

and will probably not prove t" 1" -.i

.a,„.,ally agreeable

as those of the Spinage Dock ; l.ut

ilav afa later, and

afford a succession. In some .a.uni i i

si Ills Sorrel yields

oxalic acid sutficient far ami ,a

al la.i-poses. The

round-leaved ..r tna- Fr. ,„■!, Sarial

/.'„,„. J- .Kriifatns,

Linn ) would ln-aLal-lv I.,- iirrfn al.l,

1" laost parsons.

All these Dorks ala laan^ |..,a„„,.

ceptable plants to il,osa « la. ai.^ lo„

of aafl\- "greens."

DOCKMACKIE. I',
DODDER. See Cus

ceous plants, with fluwa
the first sight. Shoot i
flowers have been com
for they are pendulous
(see Fig. 730). The st:
em species come to a ^
ing ahead, while the p

•r forgotten after
lital name. The
uitive cyclamen,
e full of motion

of

et. The lis

white, through lil

Spinage Dock.

Belleville Dock.

Dock (i?. ohtiisifoJius, Linn.). These are introduced
from the Old World. Several species are native.

Various species of Docks and Sorrels have long been
cultivated as pot-herbs. Some of them are very desir-
able additions to the garden because they yield a pleas-
ant food very early in spring, and, once planted, they
remain for years. The Spinage Dock and the Large

all one species, because niunutypic genera are con-
sidered, as a rule, to be comparatively inflexible or
invariable. Dodecatheon belongs to the same order
with Primula and Cyclamen, but in a different tribe
from the latter, while its reflexed corolla lobes dis-
tinguish it from the 10 other genera of its own tribe.
For the honor of American horticulture, it is a
pity that the improvement of these chai-ming Ameri-
can plants should have been left to English and
French horticulturi.sts. An Important era in their
amelioration was probably begun with the introduction
of the D. Jeffrcyi from the Rocky Mts., first pictured
rniiger-eri-owiiig than the oora-

ire of the most advanced
ther pictures, see B.M. 12.
.■29.'). Mn.4:f.5.
■r says : "All tliay require
ot too ,|r\-, an. I inoderately

about 1860., whic

mr

n or Atlaiiti..

en

wded in a tiat

of

them. Til. i

types :
Gn. 10

bord.a- tin:- lis. aiv of short ,lurali..n. Tlir ro.-kary with
a nortlioru or eastern aspect suits thi-m to a dot. They
are prop, by division of the crowns, or by seeds, the
latter method being rather slow." J. W. Manning ad-
vises a cool spot in rich loam. The lvs. disappear

498

DODECATHEON

after flowering and do not appear again until the next
spring. Shooting Stars are said to be easily forced. The
best varieties at present are obtained from Europe.

The genus Dodecatheon is much confused : that is,
it is differently understood by different authors. In
the Synoptical Flora, 1878, Gray accepted but one spe-
cies, D. Meadia, and referred all the known forms to

DODECATHEON

EBB. Capsule obtuse, thin, more or less cylindrical,
surpassing the calyx, dehiscent by a circutri'

HenderBoni, Gray. About a foot high: Ivs. small, obo
vate: Hs. like those of D. ellipticum. Idaho to Calif.
and north.

AA. Anthers seemingly sessile, the very short filaments
inserted below the orifice of the corolla.

frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht. (D. Meadia, var.
Irigidum, Gray). Lvs. oboTate to oblong, very ob-
tuse, mostly entire : calyx-lobes longer than the tube :
capsule oblong. Behring straits to Rockies and Sierras.
B.M.5871.

Var. dentitum, Gray (Z>. rfenYddon, Hook. D. Meadia,
var. liitilobum, Gray). Larger: lvs. with blade 1-1 in.
long, oval or ovate to oblong, repand or sparingly den-
tate, abruptly contracted into long winged petioles.
Utah, west and north.

six varieties of it. Later (Botanical Gazette 11:2.11) he
revised Ills view of the genus, and recognized five spe-
eies. .V synopsis of this latter view is here given, and
it is followed by a conspectus of the latest view of the
genus by Professor Greene. Various garden names are
not accounted for in either sketch, nor is it possible to
refer them to their proper places without studying the
plants themselves; and these forms are Old World pro-
ductions, and are not known to be in the American trade.
A. Anthers on evident filaments, the latter being in-
serted at the very orifice of the short corolla-tube
and distinctly monadelphous: lvs. with tnperina
base.
B. Capsule acute, opening at the apex by valves.

Meadia, Linn. Common or Eastern Shooting Star.
Roots tilr..,;- : iv^ < fl in. long, crowded on a thickish
crown. -1' iii|i I, ..I, I.., ..J ,,r oblanceolate, entire or nearly
so, S"iie I . I I .ilituse, below tapering into more

or less _ i petiole: scape 9-21 in. high : fls.

fewtn 111111% 111 111 iii!il"-l. Penna. south and west.— /).
integnfiiliiim, Miehx. (B.M. 3622) is regarded by Grayas
probably synonymous, but in European horticulture it
seems to be loosely used to distinguish an entire-lvd.
from a dentate form.

BB. Capsule obfttse, opening at or from the apex by
valve's.

Jfiifreyi, Moore. Large : lvs. from narrowly or elon-
gated to obovate-spatulate : capsule oblong or cylindri-
cal, usually much surpassing the calyx. Pacific coast.
P.S. 16:1662, which represents a strong plant with erect
root-lvs. 1 ft. long, and purplish red fls. twice as large
as any cultivated before 1865-7. The name is sometimes
spelled Jeffrayi and Jeffreyanum. To this species.
Gray provisionally referred his vars. alplnum and
frigidum. The former appears to be the Z>. alpinum,
Hort.

elUpticum, Nutt. (Z>. Meadia, var. brevifdlium, Gray).
Distinguished by its globular or short-ovoid capsule,
barely equaling or slightly surpassing the calyx ; also
by the short and blunt anthers : lvs. short, obovate or
oval, with cuueate base. Cal. and north.

r;ir the base:

W . _M.

another trart of roiinii I , :■ i -
Erythe.i, 3:40 (IKO.-.i I : . ; i..

F. H. Horsford in Iwi:..

Another View of DoDECATHEo.v.-The speeies fall
into two well-marked groups : lowland species, which
flower in winter and rest during the long, dry summer;
and subalpine species, which rest in winter and flower
in the subalpine spring of July and August. Species of
the lowland group propagate by bulblets formed on the
crown of the root. In the following notes, only some of
the leading species of different regions are taken up.
They are not all in commerce.

A. Ijvs., roots and scapes from a short, vertica I crown.

B. Anthers long, sharp, convergent; capsules ralvately

oiHuiiitj from Ihr top.

ir spatulate-oblong,
regularly, of a light
11 pinkish. Ranges

els. equally

M§adia, I. inn. l,i-.iiM:u

6-9 in. li.n- i i ■

green: IK- .

from Maine i., [.. rh .,- i
The Allegheny in..ui,t:nii iii;
B. integrifolium of .Mieii\.

cren4tum, Raf. St ut.i.
than the last ; f,.Iia-e ili . ,
dentate: fls. incie nunuriii
riable in (-..Icr. liili:il.it- i
woodland imnlei- .if tlie iiii]i.r Mississippi prairie
region.

cord&tum. Rat'. Very light green, thin foliage, each
leaf made up of broad, subcordate, crenate blade and
distinct though broad petiole twice the length of the
blade : fls. very few in the umbel, pale pink or white,
but with very dark purple ring at base. Cult, at Phila-
delphia early in the nineteenth century, and named and
described by Raflnesque, the habitat not then known,
but it is now known to inhabit the limestone region of
southern Illinois and ad.iacent Missouri, along with a
few other equally rare and local plants. A most distinct
species by its foliage.

BB. Anthers obtuse, forming a column [not convergent).

c. Capsules opening valvately : alpine species, or at

least subalpine, blooming in summer, resting in

paucifldrum, Greene. Fig. 730. Variable in size, 6-18 in.
high, but slender; hairs oblanceolate, entire, suberect,

DODECATHEON

3-5 in. Inni;: fls. often few in the umbel, sometimes many,
h;iii III. -i i "1 1 1 1, ise of i>. .Jf cad j«, usually deep purple:

til I'litfd into a slender tube ; column of

111 I III III 'I iiively short. Exclusively of the Rocky
m MiKiiim fi _'iiiii rinil subalpine.

alpinum, Greene. .Smaller than the last, but with fls.
twice as large and always with parts in I's; filaments
very short, wholly disconnected : Ivs. narrowly ob-
lanoeolate or almost linear: corolla of a rich, dark pur-
ple. Peculiar to the high Sierra Nevada and Cascades.

JSflreyi, Moore. Lvs. oblanceolate, erect, entire, mu-
cronate, 5-10 in. long: scape I-IK ft. high: fls. 4-merous;
pedicels and calyx hairy and glandular : segments of
the large corolla dark purple; stamens disconnected,
dark p\irple : capsule not exceeding the calyx. High
Sierra Nevada and Cascades.

CO. Capsules eiretimscissile at top, this part falling off
as a lid. Californian lowland, winter-blooming
species, with broad, depressed lvs. except in D.
Cleveland I.

. very obtuse, entire,
^ .'i-12 in. high: seg-

H6ndersoni, Gray,
depressed, thick unc
ments of corolla i"

length of the cal) \. i i , i olumbia.

cruciitum, Greene. i"ili.it;e as in the last: scapes
taller, more slender, few-dd. ; parts of fl. in 4's; corolla
of a darker purple ; anthers more elongated ; capsule
longer. Coast Range of Calif.

p4tulum, Greene. Lvs. a^ in tlv f 1 1 .r i i ' ii il\
liut stout scapes (.nlv .;-7 in hi Ji i '

roon purple: autlii rs m r\ s|,,,it n I i| . i 1 j.

blue-purple: capsul. sul._li.l..is, ImhIK -hi p issmg ihc
calyx. Plains of tin- iiiii I H'l I'l nn Mli ' ilit

These three spci' s li u, mi u _ . iIm i j.. i-uliarities,
that of propagating; l.\ tin ir mi.ts i;,i li root, after
flowering time, thickens and short) iis, detaches itself
from the ground and forms a bud at the end, thus be-
coming a new plant.

ClSvelandi, Gi-.-ene. Lxs. more elons;ati-,l. not d.

-M

like

DOGBANE is Apocgniim.
DOG'S-TAIL GRASS. Eleiisine ludi-

DOGTOOTH VIOLET. See Er;ilU>

DOGWOOD. Co

DdLICHOS I.
from Phaseolu-
roUa narrow an
distinctly coilr.l
is terminal; si i
perhaps 40-50 .s
in this count

but not propagating by root-metamorphosis.
AA. Lv. anil srapes from a horizontal rootstock, tin ,
rooting from beneath. Ji^ar northwestern species.

dentatum, Hooker. Pale green, white-fld. species,
with broad, subcordate lvs. as in D. cordatum of the
southeastern states, but anthers blunt : lvs. coarsely
dentate, but the horizontal rootstock must, as well as
the blunt stamens, prevent its being confused with I).
cordatum. Washington and Brit. Columbia. — Appa-
rently rare.

frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht., is a similarly rhizoma-
tous species, but with purple fls., from the shores of
Behring sea. Is net in cult., nor likely to be.

viviparum, Greene, is a very large and handsome,
purple-fld. species ; subalpine on Mt. Rainier. In the
axils of the lvs., along the thick rootstock, bulblets are
produced, by which it propagates. Its capsule opens by
a lid, as in many far-western species, e. L. Greene.

DODONaiA ffi-on, thn Cvih Tinrnn nf n f-niinn, oraole

Australia. Lvs. alt.-rnai.-. ■,> / ., ,,., Min|i|r or

abruptly piuuate, ilicousiiicuiiii-, .-"lUar;, . ..a- in raft-mcs,
corymbs or panicles. Reasoner Bros., Oueco, Fla., in-
troduced D. remotiflora and D. divia. Switch Sorrel, from
Australia, in 18S9. These names are not found in Index
Kewensis.

it.,, .A .Wil.li ill.:,! ioiui., .ue iUCult.

D. Japunicas, a most worthy orna-
mental vine, will be found under Pueraria. For the
Velvet or Banana Bean, D. multiflorus, see Mucttna.
For D. unguiculatus, see Vigna.

Ldblab, Linn. (D.cwltrcitus, Ihunh.
D. purpiireus, Lindl.). Hyacikth
Bean. Tall-twining (often reaching
10-20 ft.): leattets broad-ovate,
rounded below and cuspidate-pointed
at the apex, often crinkly : fls. pur-
ple, rather large, 2-A at the nodes, in
a long, erect raceme : pods small
(2-3 in. long) and flat, usually
smooth, conspicuously tipped with
the persistent stvle ; seed black,
small. Tropics. B. M. 890. B. R.
10 :830. A. G. 14 : 84. - Cult, in this
country as an ornamental climbing
bean, but in the tropics the seeds
are eaten. Annual. It is easily
grown in any good garden soil. Like
common beans, it will not endure
frost. It is very variable. A form
with white fls. and seeds is D. albus,
Hort. A form of very large growth,
also white-fld., is D.giganteus, Hort.
(Fig. 731). A perennial form (per-
haps a distinct species) is D. lig-
ndsus, Linn., the Australian Pea.
.M. 380.

sesquipedalis, Linn. Asparagus

BAN. French Yakd-Long. Tau-

KOK. Fig. 194. Long-

vtiinMintr or twining an-

'iiiil [ila'it, wiih (leltoid-

■ I .;i lioi.l-oblong

;..iiiiti.l leaflets:

Tlio a.xils, the peduncles
elongating and bearing
■ the pods at their sum-
mits : pods compressed

III- lie:n-Iv tel-ete, slCUder

II. Mi Mryli.,i:iiiiften2ft.)
; anil^-.i,„eti,i,i.,,.,iriously

, ' lung, more or less trun-

x^wU' cato or squared at the

^*^ ends, usually reddish or

dim-colored. S. Amer.—

I

r

Lablab (form

Cult.

oth«

and dry beans being eaten. As easily grown as
r beans. L. H. B.

D6MBEYA (after Joseph Dombey, (1742-1793),
French botanist and companion of Ruiz and Pavon in
Peru and Chile). Sterculi&cea;. About 24 species of
shrubs or small trees of minor importance from Africa or
Madagascar: lvs. often cordate, palniately nerved: fls.
rosy or white, numerous, in loose axillary or terminal
cymes or crowded into dense heads; calyx ."i -parted, per-
sistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 1.5-20, 5 sterile, the rest
shorter: ovary 3-5-celled.

Hatal6nsis, S..1I.1. PisfinL'uisli.il l.y iis r.mlate, acute
lvs. and the iiarnnvix ii\\ l-slnq-.M liail.ts ..< the invo-
lucre. Lvs. Ion;;, ]i..ti.il.-.l, s.iiii.wliiii aii;,'iil;(r, toothed,
with minute stellate imbesr.-nc.., r.-7 rilil.e.l : umbels
4-8-fld. Natal. -Cult, in S. Fla. and north under glass.
" Very rapid growing, foliage poplar-like : fls. pure white,
large, sweet-scented ; a very good winter blooming
plant."— -Francescfti.

500

DOODIA (after Samuel Doody). Poli/podidceic. A
small genus of greenhouse ferns from Ceylon, Malaya
and New Zealand. Sori curved, placed in one or more
rows between the midribs and the margins of the pinnse.

4spera, R. Br.

pinnatifid, the lowe
sori in 1 or 2 rows,
cultivation.

•Lvs. 6-18 in. long, 2-4 in. wide,
r pinnae gradually becoming smaller:
Australia. Crested varieties occur in

/;., I.,

hair.

mSdia, R. Br. I. i. i- I > i-. with pinniB 1-2 in.

long, the lowi-r ■ ' -mdlir. Australia and

New Zealand. //. /i -. »/ A - . » < , i iiiKl., frnni the Hawaiian
Islands, has close rfiitnd jiinnip. I). stipfrba,RoTt.,ix
a larger garden form.

cauda.ta, K. Br. Lvs. G-12 in. long, with pinna; about
an inch long, the spore-bearing ones shorter; apex often
terminating in a long point. Australia and New Zealand.
L. M. Un'derwood.

According to Schneider's Book of Choice Perns, all
Doodias, except />. bleehnoides, are of dwarf habit, and
are useful for fern-cases and for edgings of window
boxes, especially for northern aspects, where flowering
plants do not prosper. Cool and intermediate tempera-
tures are best. They iire i-xi-i-Ilent for forming an under-
growth in cool li.'M-. ., .1 , li:. 1 ,ir. ~. M..i,i iiit.-sti'd with

liidoes. They
id do not like

ids. They lose the bright tint much more
I lowed to get too dry. Being of slender
ould be taken not to over-pot. They like
nold and peat in the compost, and good

DOOK-WEED. Poli/rjonii
DOEONICUM (1

ila,

inized Arabic name). CompisUce.
Leoi-aki>s Hank, llurdy herbaceous plants, 1-2 ft.
hi^'h. with vlIIcu- tluwurs, mostly one on a stem and 2-3
in. acru.ss, borne- high above the basal crown of foliage,
from April to June. Prom 10-24 species, natives of
Europe and temperate Asia. Stems little branched or
not at all : lvs. alternate, radical ones long-stalked, stem-
Ivs. distant, often clasping the stem. The genus is al-
lied to Arnica.and distinguished by the alternate lvs. and
by the style. The plants are of easy culture in rich loam.
The flowers are numerous and good for cutting. Doroiii-
cums have been strongly rfc-ummended for forcing.

tthe

long. :
round i
about

■ "I- oval, wavy-
'T ones narrowed

• ■ues sessile, ob-
it i/.ume tuberous,
■f the root-lvs.

high. G.C. III.

DORSTENIA

17:229. Var. excfelsum, Hort. {D. excilsum, Hort. D.
"ffarpur Crewe," Hort.), is more robust, grows about
5 ft. high and is probably more cult, than any other
kind of Doronicum. Pis. sometimes 4 in. across. Gn.
47, p. 209, and 28:,J1S. G.C. II. 20:297.

Clilsii, Tail, li, \.\- "v:it(- or oblong; stem-lvs. half
clasping, w i : ' ■ ili or many small ones. One

subvarict\ I, inii-s on its lvs., while another

has none. >\'. i— uni Ai. i niui Alps. — "Soft, downy foli-
age," J. \V. .Manniii-. i/irows 2 ft. high," Woolson.
"Larger and later fls. than O. Caucasicum," Ellwanger
and Barry.

AA. Hoof-Irs. notched at the base, heart-shaped.
B. Boot tuberous.

Pardali4nches, Linn. Hairy : lvs. toothed ; lower stem-
lvs. eared at the base of the stalk, sub-ovate, upper ones
spatulate-cordate, highest ones cordate-clasping, acute.
Woods of lower mts. of Eu.— While all species are typi-
cally 1-fld., any of them may have now and then more
than 1 fl. on a stem, and this species particularly may
have 1-5 fls.

BB. Soot not tuberous.

Cauc&sicum, Bieb. Glabrous except as noted above:
lvs. crenate-dentate, lower stem-lvs. eared at the base
of the stalk, the blade subcordate, highest ones cordate
to half-clasping. Shady woods of Caucasus, Sicily, etc.
B.M. 3143, which shows stems with 1 fl. and 1 If.-Fls.
2 in. across.

Austrlaciiin.Jacq. A trifle hairy: lvs. minutely toothed,
lower stem-lvs. spatulate-ovate, abruptly narrowed at
the base, half-clasping, highest ones cordate-clasping,
lanceolate. Subalpine woods. Eu. w. M.

732. Dorstenia Contrajerva (XM).

D0BST£NIA (an early German botanist, Theodor
Dorsten). i'rlictlceir (or Mordcea). Between 40 and
50 tropical herbs, remarkable for the dilated receptacle

DORS'reXIA

in which the unisexual fls. are borne. The plants are
not in the Amer. trade, but they are often grown in
botanical establishments to illustrate morphology. The
fig is a hollow receptacle; the Dorstenla bears a flattened
or cup-like receptacle, and is an Intermediate stage be-
tween the tig and other plants. One of the common spe-
cies is D. Contrnjerva, Linn. (Pig. 732), which is native
to trop. Amer. Both staniinate and pistillate tls. are
without perianth ; stamens 1 or 2 : ovary 1-loculed ;
stigma 2-lobed. Dorstenias are easily grown in warm,
shady glasshouses. L. H. B.

DOBYANTHES (Greek, spear-flower; the flowering
stem 8-25 ft. high, crowned by a spike of fls. 3 ft. high ) .
AmurylUddcece. A genus of 4 species of gigantic desert
plants from Australia, with 100 or more Ivs. 6 ft. long
when full grown. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif.,
writi-s,"Thev are iniin-essive plants for large oon'serva-
toiii^. ,11- r.ii"i.|" n -I iuii'l ill the South, where they will
.;i:r i ' ' I " 'V'vv lielong to the same family

«];: I , :i,id are the only ones in the

tiiii '", .'1 The roots are fibrous and

clii.-l. red. Ilic ui uK „ aiul seeds, thontrli in«frtr.,l i„ two
series, are so placed above one an..tlM i :i^ i- i-mh .m,.
row in each cell. The Ivs. have a cm !■ lUu-

tip, which is especially long in P. I' ' i ' lii

says,"!). Gicilfoylei a,ni V. La, -kii,: . ■■.. . ihIn ,|..„ii1..,1
from Queensland, are yet to be introduced to this coun-
try." A plant of i?. J'ndHO-i remained at Kew 16 years
before flowering. Plants of Doryanthes are prop, by
suckers, which are produced only after flowering. The
process is very slow. The young plants must be repotted
for several years until they have attained a large size.
They are said to do best in a compost
mold in equal parts.

A. Lis. not ribbed.

excelsa, Correa. Lvs. sword-shaped, smooth, entire,
with a very narrow cartilaginous margin, lower ones re-
ourved. others erect: scape clothed with lanceolate lvs.,
whioh sheath the stem at their base : fls. in a globular
head, deep crimson or maroon inside and out. B.M. 1685.
R.H. 1865, pp. 466,471 ; 1891, p. 548. 6.0.11.11:339.
AA. IJi's. sUglitJy ribbed.

F&lmeri, W. Hill. Even more gigantic than D. excelsa,
lvs. longer and broader, and a longer brown point: fis.
in a thyrsoid panicle, bright scarlet outside, whitish
within. B.M. 6665. F. 8.20:2097. R.H. 1891:548. G.C.
II. 17:409.— "This has been flowering and fruiting sev-
eral times in southern California."— fVnitcesc/ti.

DOWNING

501

W. M.

Pnh/poditicew.
iiliouse ferns,
i'Misly anas-
-. which .see

DOKYOPTEEIS (Greek. ln,,e
A genus of small sagittate lii [i
with continuous marginal
tomosing veins. Sometim.-^
for culture. Not to be coufu^^ l v n n I in ..|ii.-ris.

palmita, J. Sm. Lvs. 4-9 in. ench war, with 5 or more
triangular lobes or the fertile still more divided; ribs
black. West Indies to Brazil.

n6bilis, J. Sra. Larger: lvs. sometimes 1 ft. long, pe-
dately bipinnatifid; ribs chestnut. South Brazil.

D. deelpiens. with lvs. resembling ^ ger.-minm le.-if . 3-6 in. each
way, is sometimes eiiltivate<b :is is I), ih'n^m. witli more divided
lvs. Both are natives of the Hawaiiiiu Ishmds.

L. M. Underwood.

DOSSlNIA ( E. P. Dossin, Belgian botanist, 1777-1852) .
Orcli iddcece. A genus of 2 species of terrestrial orchids,
allied to Anoectochilus, but lacking the bearded fringe
on the lower part of the labellum. The species described
below may possibly be cult, by a few amateurs who
are skilled in the cultivation of dwarf warmhouse foli-
age plants.

D. viarmordta, C. Jlorr. (Ancectochilus Lowei, Hort.). Lvs.
golden-veined or marbled. 4-5 in. long, elliptic; scape pubescent,
10 in. high: spike 5 in. long, with many white, pubescent lis.
Java. P. S. 4:370.— There is a stronger-growing var., with
foliage better colored.

DOITGLASIA (after D.avid Douglas, the tireless Scotch
botanist, who explored California. Oregon and British
Columbia in 1823 and 1829. introduced many splendid
plants to cultivation, and perished in the Hawaiian

Islands, at the age of 34, by falling into a pitfall made for
wild animals). Primtil&ceiv. Five species of tiny prim-
rose-like plants, one of which has yellow fls. and dwells
in the mountains of middle Europe; the rest have rosy
purple fls. and are found in the Rocky mountains and
the shores of the Arctic ocean. The genus is closely
allied to Androsace and Primula, but in those two genera
all the lvs. come from the root, while Douglasia has
branches, though very short ones, which are densely
clothed with lvs. Donelasia has a corolla-tube longer
than the calyx, and ihr ( m|imi1i' is 1-2-seeded. Androsace
has a corolla luln ,in Inn- as ,,r shorter than the calyx,
and its capsiil.- hi:i\ liav. i.w or many seeds. Primula
is usually loiiir nil, .1, al\.;.. - many-seeded. The secret
in the culture ni alinii.- plants is a steady supply of
moisture. "Likn all tin- haialy PrimulaceiE," writes J. B.
Keller, "Dou^'la>ia iaa|uiris half shade and a certain
amount of nmi-iur.- .Ihimil; tin' hot summer months.
Frequent and •■'•\.\.',r~ ■.:■.,■, in;;, mflit he administered.
A light mul'li I'l i 1 ■ the ground from

drying outt^n ; ^ nm of evergreen

boughsisindi I i ,n i ,:, a r^ prop, by division

or by seed." Smm- ui ihn AniLiicau species can be ob-
tained of forei:;ii dealers.

Vitaliana, Bcntb. and Hook. (Aretia rttaiidno, Willd.
Grtijuriii r/''(/i.)mi. Dnby). Height2in.: stems numer-

Ivs.'al :... ,la,i ;,i i ' , ,■ i 1 n - ,■ 1 , a !n , 1 v. r 1 1 - ' -rlapping,

line.aT , 1 . solitary,

yell.n'. ■■ ! I . '■ -' ■■■,, ,; ,, ,!,, •; . ,:.,m.s longer

than I alvx.n.a .hlanM ai iln' 1 1- r. iai , 1 1,- l^ .1 .as ovate-

lancec.l:H.-. ..htu-.-. Alps, Pvrenees.

1 leaf- DOUGLAS SPRUCE. Pseiidotsuga Dourjtusii.

DOWNING, ANDREW JACKSON ( Plate III . the first
great landscape gardein r of .Vnnrica. «;.s hum at New-
burg, N. Y., Oct. 30, bsi."., aii-l pnnslnal hv.lruivningjuly
28, 1852, at the early at.-n nf :;7. .\s a l,.,y. In w:,s quiet,
sensitive, and much ainn.' wii h liinisrif anil Tmture. The
Catskills.the 1 1 n.l-> n, m ; !, . - I aiher's nursery had much
todowithliis,! :, ;m . , , I Ins "Treatise on the Theory
and Practirn ' i I. i nirileniug,"published 1841,

when he w:is i ; ■ , ,1. is. in many respects, a

unique proihn I i lii-i.an,! i- n, ,la\ one of

thebestAmmn- an i , . ^.a, ,:,. :;',■,■ a ; ;,,^ . xerteda

greater in flu. an a. ■ n is said,

than anvotbi-r . ... i; ai ■ . , 1.-11. also

had gre;it p(i]Hiniri,\ . In i - 1;, apiLaia,! sin,.,,ianeously
in London and Ni^w \ ni L thn lirst ndn i.m nf •' Fruits and
Fruit Trees of Anmriaa.- an.l in Isp; In- fnumled, at Al-
bany, "The Ilnriiaulinrisi." nhiah |i,. ,alit.al from hls
home .at Newhuri; until liis nniinnh draih His edi-
torials in this excellent perin.ln ad na; ,, . :. .nted in
succession by American Gar.l. I n ihlished

after his death, with a letter tn I - i : I'lcderika

thetitle'of "Knial Ts-a'. - ]'"■..,.> l.s.-,n that
he had an opp.. ..f Eng-
land,and to -a. in harden-
ing of EurO]ir. . hi nn; I . a n ni ni n-a i . Iir u a ~ i liaagedtO

lay out the groul.a^, u.-ar iln C.ipn.jl, W lute Ihmse, and
Smithsonian Institution at Washington. On July 28,
1852. he left Newburgon the steamer Henry Clay for New
York. The Clay took Are near Yonkers, while it was
racing, and Downing's life was lost in an attempt to
save others. It would be difficult to overestimate the
influence of Downing. He created American landscape
gardening. His only predecessor, Andrg Parmentier, is
little known, and his influence was not of a national
character. Downing's quickuninu ualan a ;i:i,,i,,i
country life in its every aspect. II. ; . . i . .

natural, and permanent as ..pi - I ..
artificial, and ephemeral. H.- \. i a ,i,..,a

can practitioner of what it l;i.. ii.ai,iiM-a|

literature as the Entrli I ar n;ai.. . i lau.iscape

gardening in distini-i i-. : . . : . h.iols, as

the Italian and Dutch. I' _ iir.ny,and

his spirit still lives. Ha ;,'a. ... i la-derick

Law Olmsted, our next great a. a a m . . i .ajie gar-
dening, who, by his early w.n 1; • ink. New
York.aroused that papular entlii: a-aulrai-
nated in the American idea of ^.t. ai niam ipai |iar!i sys-

terns, as opposed i
sive pleasure kim
books have hail li
editions. His inii

Old World idea of exclu-
\ate parks. Downing's
li.i\'e gone through many
^s.ir iu his purely pomo-
rii;irles, whose modest

they do iiul ci,;>if pru^ru.^s. l\-vv of our horticultural
hooks areepoch-makiug. Downing's writings, however,
started a great popular mo-rement in America toward
beautiful homes and home grounds. By many persons,
Andrew Jackson Downing is considered the greatest
single figure in the history of American horticulture,
and one of the few persons who can be said to have had
real genius. An appreciation of Downing's personality
will be found in Prederika Bremer's "Homes of the
New World." (See Powningia, for the genus of plants
named after him.) -^ jj

DOWNING, CHAELES (Plate H), distinguished po-
mologist and elder brother of Andrew Jackson Downing,
the landscape gardener, was born at Newburg, N. Y.,
July 9, 1802. He was educated at the local academy,
and from the age of 13 to 18 worked part of the time in
his father's nursery. At the age of 20 he started in the
nursery business on his own account. From 1834 to
1839 his brother Andrew was a partner in this busi-
ness. About 1850, he sold out his nursery business and
devoted himself to the study of varieties of fruits, on
which subject he was the leading- ,iiiili..i II \ until his
death. The Fruits and Fruit Tr.. -■( \im m ,. is the
monumental American work on ^:l( ■ ! ■ : i -. The

book was projected by Andrew, but : .. j i,,,;^..fthe

work was done by clKn-b-s in c-.intniuiiii,' ainl in miiigit.

His test orchari

rieties of appb

portion. In 18b'.

Downing was v«

make a public s

■ ■! ti. , s and grafts of 1,800 va-
i"l other fruits in pro-
put through it. Charles
I irnl ntiring. Hewouldnever
lut he wrote many pomological
articles over the signature "CD." All his work is marked
by conscientious accuracy. He was married, but, like his
brother, had no children. He died Jan. 18, 1885.

W. M.
DOWNINGIA (after Andrew Jack.son Downing, of
whom a sk.t.h is f;iven above). LobeUhcem. Three
species I. f annual herbs, 2 from western America, 1 from
Chile, much branched, diffuse, with pretty and charac-
teristic fls. Lvs. alternate, entire, passing above into
bracts : fls. blue or violet, marked with yellow and
white; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lobes much narrower
than the 3 lower ones ; tube of stamens free from the co-
rolla: seeds numerous, small, oblong to spindle-shaped.
This genus has no near allies of much garden value. It is
still known to the trade as Clintonia. David Douglas
(see Dnn,,h,sia) named it after DeWitt Clinton in 1829,
but iu I'sIS I -, iin- ..f (he lily family had been named
after tli. < !. i ; ,.■. 1 ' -.\ rrnor of New York and projector

of the I
In l.s.

J),ilch. I

of re.-.,
that it .
est, f.T
ble plat

: . . ill the Botanical Register, of C.
IS little plant more for the sake
-I. iiee than from any expectation
.1. an object of horticultural inter-
' > . a far hardier and more cultiva-
- .1 I . i.i. d. there can be little hope that
■; it is, will be preserved." Nevertheless,
pulchella is still cultivated, while elegaus is unknown to
the American trade. In Lindley's time, pulchella was
grown in a fl.iwer pi.t and treated as a tender plant.
Nowacla>v if i, , 1 --.i, i-,.,l perfectly hardy, the seed be-
ing s..\mi I, I jiv.und. The credit of simplifying
theeiilii ■ lit is given to Haage & Schmidt,

Erfurt, M.ii have fixed varieties that are

chieHy I.Ku au.i .In. ily violet, though in each case the 3
lower lobes of the corolla have a 3-lobed spot of white
iu the middle, and a 3-lobed spot of yellow at the base.
The plants grow about (> in. high, and have been recom-
mended for edgings. For culture, see Annxials.
K. Fls. large, nilh a 3-lobed spot of yellow : les. obtuse.

DRABA

divisions of the upper lip ovate-lanceolate or oblong and
strongly diverging. Calif. B.R. 22:1909. R.H. 1861: 171.
R.H. 1895, p. 19, shows its straggling habit as a pot-plant.
Many of the branches fall below the top of the pot.
AA. Fls. half as laryr as tlir ahnre, and no yellow spot :

§legans, Torr. ('. .
I'eolate; the broad li|.
[»f the smaller lip la
white, but no yellow

■J, fron

l.s. without bract

e of the lvs.).

I. iii.ist impor-

-.1 the alpine

. .1 genus of

aall, white.

'-. I^..UL^1. Lvs. ovate to Ian-
rat. ly ;:-!.. bed; the 2 divisions
ate. parallel; lower lip with a
IV spot;. Calif. B.E. 15:1241.

W. M.
DEABA (Greek, a
Crueiferw. WmrL-'V
tant groups of s|.ii'
garden. It is a l:.i
tufted, hardy herl.-.
rosette, mostly uneut
cemes short or long
yellow, rosy or purple.

Drabas are very pretty, dwarf, compact alpine plants,
with small but numerous fls. ; admirably adapted for the
rockery or front part of a sunny border. They require
a sunny position and an open soil. It is important
that they be well matured by the autumn sun. The
plant forms a dense little rosette of lvs., and has a neat
appearance at all times. In spring, Drabas are thickly
covered with their little fls., and when planted in masses
are decidedly effective. Prop, chiefly by division; also
by seed, which may be sown in the fall "if desired.

Cult, by J. B. Keller.
Of the species described below, only the first, second,
fourth and sixth are advertised in Amer. at present.
The rest are worth introduction, and can be procured
abroad under their names or synonyms.
A. Flowers yellow.
B. Lfs. rigid, keeled, ciliate.
c. Scape not hairy.
D. Style as long as the pod is wide.
aizoides, Linn. About 2-3 In. high : lvs. lanceolate-
linear : stamens nearly as long as the petals. March.
Eu. B.M. 170.

DD. Style half as long us the pod is wide.
Alzoon, Wahl. About 3 in. high : lvs. linear. April.
Europe.

cc. Scape hairy {rillons or pubescent).
D. Pod lanceolate, bristly.
cuspidjtta, Bieb. Lvs. linear : style a little shorter
than the pod. Asia Minor.

DD. Pod oval, ptibescent.
Olympica, Sibth. {D. briiniafdlia. Stev.).
high : lvs. linear, a trifle keeled : petals twi
the calyx and stamens : style very short. Jc
Orient.

BB. lAis. not rigid or keeled.

hiapida, Willd. (P. /,,.?.,.'/,/., Hfi. About 3 in.
high: lvs. obovafe. iiarr..\i . I int.. ,i L.tn' petiole, ob-
scurely 3-toothed at tin- a).. \. ~..ni. what bristly: pods
oblong, not hairy. Scotland, e autasus.

cc. Scape more or less hairy.
D. Hairs long, soft and slender, i.e., pilose.
alplna, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, flat: pods oblong: style
very short. April. Arctic regions.

DD. Hairs short, soft and downy, i.e., pubescent.
ai^ea, Vahl. Doubtfully perennial or biennial: lvs.
ovate-lanceolate, entire or remotely serrate : pods ob-
long-lanceolate. Arctic regions. B.M. 2934.
AA. Flowers white.
B. Plants biennial or annual.
cinirea, Adams. Lvs. oblong-linear: pods oblong, pu-
bescent, shorter than the pedicel. Early spring. Siberia.
— Closely related to />. conftisa. but has a looser, weaker,
less leafy stem, the stejn-lvs. 5-6, scattered, entire.

About 4 in.
te as long as
ne. Greece,

DRAC^NA

503

BB. PliuUs ])ireiiniiil.
c. Leaves rigid.

M&wii, Hook. Forming low, densely tufted, bright
green patches : stem much branched, densely clothed
with spreading, rosulate Ivs. : Ivs. linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, bristly , with a prominent midrib below : scape very
short, woolly, 2— 4-fld., very short-pedicelled : petals
thrice as large as the sepals, obcordate, white : pods el-
lipsoid, compressed. Spain. B.BI. 6186.
cc. lyvs. not rigid.

Fladnizfinsis, Wulf (i>. nivdlis, DC. X). Lappdnica,
Willd.). Lvs. oblong-linear to lanceolate, ciliate: pods
elliptic-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, not hairy. Arctic re-
gions.—According to De CandoUe, these three names
were distinct species.

AAA. Fls. rose or purple.

Pyreniica, Linn. Height 2-3 in. : lvs. inversely wedge-
shaped, 3-lobed at apex: fls. white at first, changing to
rosy pink. May. Pyrenees. B.M. 713. -Said to be
easily prop, by cuttings.

violicea, DC. Lvs. obovate-oblong, obtuse, equally
woolly on both sides : scapes leafy: petals obovate,
dark purple. Andes of Equador at elevations of 13,000-

15,000 ft.

5650.

W. M.

DRAC^NA {female dragon; the dried juice supposed

11 clus
spread i

a Ih D „

IS 0 ft 1 gh

So e A ner

T e to
bo 1 Drac
Lv

It e f I

r heal f,r 1 wl te r el

■ form or corapanulite lobes

a 3 eel e 1 1 err D ffers from

fl 1 n t ad of

ntal

eB ker

I s See Cord J
s art ole also for
ably Co dj! tie Neo

2-3}^ft.bylK-2i
hraculifera. .
Green, costa obscure, 3-4 ft. by
13-18 lines. C. australis.
white-pellucid. 1). Boolt-

AA. Lvs. oblanceolate, broadly petioled or sessile.

B. 3^ in. by lK-2 in., opposite or whorled. D.

Godseffiana .

BB. 12-15 in. by 18-21 lines, alternate. C. rubra.

BBB. 1)4-3 ft. by %ii-i in., alternate. D. fragrans.

L4.A. Lvs. ovate, lanceolate, or elliptical, petioles narrow.

Lvs. 4-8 in. by 2-23^ in., oblong-falcate, green.

C. Haageana.
Lvs. 7-8 in. by 4-5 in., oblong, white-spotted.

V. Goldieana.
Lvs. 7-10 in. by K-1'4 in., lanceolate, white-

raareined. D. Sanderiann.
Lvs. 111-18 in. by 1-3K in., elliptical. C. termi-

The following Dracaenas are in the American trade:

Boerhavii, 1; Draco, 1; fragrans, 4; Godseffiana, 7;
Goldieana, 5; Hookeriana, 3; Knerkii, 4; latifolia, 3;
Lindeni, 4; Massangeana, 4; Rothiana, 4; Sanderiana, 6;
umbraculifera, 2.

1. Draco, Linn. Dragon Tree. Arborescent (60 ft.
high), branched : lvs. very numerous, crowded, sword-
shaped, erect or the outer recurved (1^2-2 ft. x 1.5-21 in. ) ,
scarcely narrowed below, long-attenuate at the apex,
glaucous-green: pedicels .3-6 lines long: bracts minute,
lanceolate : perianth 4 lines long, greenish; filaments
flat: berries orange. Canary Isl. B.M. 4571. R.H.
1869, p. 416; 1880, p. 196. G.C. U. 14:749.-Fine forcon-
servatory. D. Boerhavii, Tenore, is a garden form,
with elongated lvs. all recurved.

2. umbraculifera, Jacq. Arborescent (3-10 ft. high),
simple : lvs. very numerous, crowded, sword-shaped
(2-3K ft. X lK-2 in. ) , outer recurved, all green and shin-
ing, attenuate at the apes, scarcely narrowed toward the
conspicuously undulate base, costa distinct on both
faces: pedicels 4-6 in. long: bracts minute, deltoid:
perianth large, 2 in. long, white, tinged with red; fila-
ments filiform. Mauritius. L.B.C. 3:289.

3. Hookeriana, Koch. Trunk 3-6 ft. high, sometimes
branched : lvs. numerous, densely clustered, sword-
shaped (2-2M ft.xlK-2 in.), outer reflexed, all long at-
tenuate at the apex, scarcely narrowed below, margin
white-pellucid, lower face concave, indistinctly costate
' ea" ' ri s "' 3 n 'ong wh'e je" els 3-4 in.

f, p r jn h green hi Id n 1 nf, f laments fili-
for er e orinf,o Cape Cood Hop D. latifdlia,

R s a 1 o cul ral var tv w h 1 . 3-3K in.

V do C C '0 30 ar a da B M 4 9 as Cordy-
IneB ,1 ^

4 fragrans Ker G wl (ill frdj Linn. San-^

f S. ore ent 0 ft. high or

ore 1 3 ft x2K-4 in.),

e 1 prea 1 ng or recurved,

fli i gr e n 1 t nctly costate :

rac u p d 1 IK in. long:

733. Dracaena fragrai

fls. glomerate ; perianth 0-8 in. long, yellow : berry
orange-red. Guinea. B.M. 1081. A.G. 18:389. F.R,
4:189. — Much used for erpenhoii5;p and table decoration.
D. Knerkii, Hort. F"rm v iM, -'.--v li-bt green, less
pendulous lvs. D.Hothi a in ii.M, \ _.:,nl. n f..nii. I.H.
43,p. 97. R.H. 1877. ji.' Li , !• in, I l-n . i /'. Ain-

deni, Son.). Fig. 7:;:; ; i r:i\ . r^id from

base to apex by creaim ' li t- t :; •;-. \'t r\- dicorative.
I.H. 27:384. F.R. 4:191. Var. Massangeana, Hort. (Z). t
Massangedna, Hort.). A broad, yellow stripe along
the center of the leaf throughout its entire length
F.B. 4:193.

DRAC^XA

tant. spr. :Ml,r :. ll,;.':, .-M..i,:j ,7-,- iii. x I ■ ', i,,. , .Mi,,ii-

dately i--, .!■ ', i • ...' -. , .•• : .-. , jh.,vv

green, r ■.. " . ,,,:,,, ,..,1,1-

Ivs. i.rtr,, I,,,,, ■, -,,nh I.-;: ]...,,. .1, - . r,.,'i j ,, 11, . |..iii.'i,
deeplv Ki'"n.-.l: il>. unkiiuMi I J], W. ir.ji.. Air. B.M.
6630. R.H. 1878, p. 15. I. H. 25:300; i2, p. 257. G.C. II.
17:49.-A fine foliage plant.
^^G. Sanderiana, Hort. (Z>. thaloldes, var. rariefidfa,
Hort. ?). Slender: Ivs. distant, alternate, spreading or
recurved { 7-10 in. x K-IH in. ) , narrowly lanceolate, acu-
minate, on rather broad petioles (1-3 in. long), glossy-
green, broadly margined with white. Congo. A. P. 8;
1281; 11:235. I.H. 40:175. G.C. III. 13:445.-Int. bv
Sander & Co. in 1893.

7. Godseffi&na, Hort. Woody. I.ut viiy -;Uii.l( r. niilif-r
diffuse: Ivs. at many nodes small, .-i-.-.t. scali-Iiki- ami
lanceolate, the others opposite or in whurls of 3, ohluiig
or obovate, spreading, cuspidate, sessile (3—1 in. x i;-2-2
in.), firm, green, with copious white spots : raceme
short-peduncled ; bracts small: fr. globular, greenish
yellow or red, nearly 1 in. in diam. Congo. G.C. III.
21:347. Gn.50,p.27e;51:111.5,andp.299. A.F.13:1340.
F.E. 10, supp. 2:12. Gng. 6:294.-Int. by Sander & Co.
Fine for decorative purposes.

B. arblirea. Link. Lvs. f;ri.-c>ii, swonl-shaped. ilense. sessile.
Gt.46, II. -J-i; ,.,.! 11::^: !) /:;.„■,,„.-;, ^,^■ II,, n ,1 TI TTT n:!:541.

G.C.III ■-•" ■■■<■'- ■• ■'■' -/• |.'' I,' ,.M;,nceo-

late.gi 1:, [-1' |. ■-.',,.. . . , ^,1 iiI;IS64.

-D.ri//.,r,: . •, I., . I , , , . ,.,. lanceo-

late, l)riu-i I " , ■

(var. in:i

veined with r.-il.— i/, ;«.///
nioldes. Hook. Lvs. poti*.

ceous, spotted with yeUowisIi \\liii- 1- I ",1..">352.

— D. r««(!a;o, Lam. Lvs.lan.-.-..lat..,i^ m. .con-

tracted into a petiole.— /)..>;«;„-.».•/,„,/, , 1:, _•, : I., -word-
shapfed, crowded, green. Gt. 70,'t.— />. Snuifm, l-iaKcr. i^vs. large,
narrowly sword-shaped, crowded bright grten. B.M. U169.

K. M. WiEGAND.

Draoienas should be divided into two sections or
types for practical purposes :

(1) The Tropical type: This includes the colored fo-
liage sorts and the garden hybrids, all of which can be
propagated from both root and stem-cuttings or joints.
All of them require a stove or warmhouse temperature,
and must be grown quick, and never allowed to get pot-
bound until they are as large as required; then they can
be allowed to get pot-bound, and with liquid or other
stimulant and plenty of light will color well.

(2) The Conlylii r Sul.rr(i|,ical or Australian type:

This enitirai'i .^ liir kimK known to gardeners as a«»-
iralis, iinlirix.i. I, in, 'I,,. .'iiHiiiinea, atiren -striata,
Doucetiinia.,imh,;u',il,i, n: . l,'"M/ihii. Nearly all of these
are propaijatid Iroin seeds, and require a cooler tem-
perature.

Following are some popular current Dracffinas: San-
deriana makes not only a perfect center plant for table

makes a flue Ian;.' .l.T..r:n '-, - i,|:in; !,',■ miti in _- fmni :■;-
5 in a 4-5 in. jiot, ami |, 1 n _ • , , ■ 1 . ■ , !' poi-
bound until each |ii,inl lln' - 1: , ..;,•, I.:,,,.;
then repot, and .■in- will lia\ . a iin< . lai--.' -jm •■nu. II in a
short time. Godseffiana is a valuable plant for a hang-
ing basket, easily propagated from top shoots. Other
popular kinds are: Iforwoodiensis, ulbo-marginata,
terminalis alba, Gladstonei (one of the most brilliantly
colored of the broad-leaved type), Guilfoijlei, Aner-
leyensis, Scottii, hybrida, ' "'
iana, Victori<B - Beginir ,
gracilis.

DBACOCfiPHALUM (T,
wide-open mouths of 1 :
genus contains a few liar-
of the mint familv. of •
portance. The whorls of il
spikes or heads, the colors

pie. The genus has altogether about 30 species, from
Europe, especially the Mediterranean region; also As
outside the tropics. All the species described below ai

DRACOCEPHALUJI

otliers are diffuse : up]

1- r.Mhn-cl to l,i-a.-lN. Y,

metallic

a.

fer>-ea, De-Smet

Sandei

mj

Godseffiana

n

A

SlEBKECHT.

■ some shade of pur

Euyaohiinum, Linn. Stems slightly pubescent: lvs.
linear-lanceolate, glabrous: bracts ovate-lanceolate, en-
tire; whorls in somewhat interrupted spikes: fls. 1 in.
long, purplish blue or purple; anthers villous. Siberia.
Var. JapAnicom, Hort., has white fls. shaded with blue,
and is a distinct improvement. G.C. II. 12:167. — Ac-
cording to Vilmorin, this species has been sold as D.
Altaiense (see J>. grandiflorum).

AA. Lvs. deeply S-5-cleft.

Austriacum, Linn., has the habit of the above, and be-
lon:.-v t,, the same subgenus Ruyschiana, but the lvs.
arc .li\ mIciI and more distinctly revolute at the margin.
Aljuut 1-1^ ft. high: fls. blue, IX in. long and more.
July, Aug. Eu., Caucasus.

AAA. Lvs. cut only at the margin, mostly crenate.

B. 117ioWs crowded together into spikes or lieads.

e. Color of fls. blue: lvs. not wrinlled.

grandiflbrum, Linn. {D. Altaiinse, Laxm., but plants
in trade under this name are said to be D. Ruyschiana),
.\bout I ft. high. Root-lvs. long-stalked, oblong, notches
at base: stem-lvs. few, short-stalked, ovate, not notched
at base, the uppermost still more rounded: whorls in
s|iikes 2-3 in. long, the lowest whorl usually at some dis-
tance: fls. 2 in. long. June, July. Siberia. B.M. 1009.
P.M. 13:51.

ce. Color

' fls. purple

inkled.

DRACOCEPHALUJI

broadly heart-shaped, and all Ivs. pubescent beneath in-
stead of nearly glabrous: fls. purplish to deep purple.
June, July. Himalayas. B.M. 62S1.

B. Whorls distant, hi long racemes.

C. I'^lowcrs erect,

Moldavicum, Linu. Lvs. lanceolate, inciso-crenate,

the floral ones narrower and saw-toothed at the base.

DRAINAGE

505

]u„ N. As
Raprechtu, Kegel. Lvs.

-lanceolate,

ad toothed: fls. rosy purple or lilac, about 1 in.
long, in axillary clusters. Turkestan. Gt. 1018.
cc. Fls. someivliat nodding,

niitans, Linn. Lvs. ovate, crenate, the floral ones ob-
long-lanceolate and more nearly entire: fls. blue. May-
July. N.Asia. Mn. 4:137. B.R. 10:811. -Vai-. alpina,
Hoi-t., is commoner.

D. Tiraimdnnm. Linn. See Physostegia.— Z). Canadense of
Bridgeman's Catalogue is a misprint (or D. Canariense=Ce-
droneUa triphylla. j. B. KELLER and W. M.

lillle dragon). Ardcece.
l.irtured 'in Fig. 734. It
has uncanny, iliau-"ii liiiu'ri-.M h s. and a terrifying odor
when in Howrr. It^ iuIm rs ar-- ~''[t\ by bulb dealers tin-
der the nail 1' -I lain I irttrmnnliis. "The latest monog-
rapher of this ..i-,l, 1- ( Kn-ltr. in DC. Jlon. Phan., vol.
2, 1879) put- till- jilauf into tiie genus Dracuneulus be-
cause the n\ 111.- ail' attarlied to the base of the ovary,
while in Arum tin y an- attached to the side. The lvs.
of the true Arums are always arrow-shaped, while in Dra-
cuneulus they are sometimes cut into finger-like lobes.
For culture, see Arum.

There are only 2 species. The common one is an en-
tertaining, not to say exciting, plant. When it flowered
in the forcing-houses at Cunirll Iniv. r-ity, iimoi-eut
visitors thought there must 1.. a .1. a. I in malri tlir tlunr.

It is well worth growing fur tin- .xii. i i tliin-li its

stench is not quite as bad as tliai ot a I lili."-iafros,
sold as Arum erinifum. which maki-s any house un-
bearable in which it flowers. Nearly all Arums are ill-
smelling.

vulgaris, Schott. Fig. 734. Sheath of Ivs. livid, spot-
ted': stalks green: blades with 10 finiror- prnjr-i'tiii:^
from a bow-shaped base: tube of spathr strcakiil witli
purple except at the bottom: spatlie ;iiiipli- all i>\iv ami
much darker along the wavy bonlir. .^lidinrraiaaji
regions. -^y. jj.

DRAGON PLANTS. The Dragon Arum, Dragon Root
or Green Dragon, is the native Arisiemii Dracontium.
The Dragon Plant of Europe is Dntcuneutus vulgaris.
The Dragon's Head is not an Aroid, but a Dracocepha-
lum, a genus of mints. False Dragon's Head is Physo-
stegia. The Dragon's Blood of commerce is a dark red,

astringent, resinous secretion of the fruits of a palm,
Diimonorops Draco. Other kinds of Dragon's Blood
are jirodiiced by Dracwna Draco and Ecastaphyllum
Moniltiriii, "Sticks," "reeds," "tears" and "lumps" of
Dragon's Blood are known to commerce. The resin is
used in coloring varnishes, dyeing horn in Imitation of
tortoise shell, and n the composition of tooth-powders
and various tinctures.

—/--DRAINAGE. Underground or sub-drains ser
ly I lieve the land of free water, which is harmful

plants if left to stagnate in the surface soil or subsoil.
They serve not only to dry the land in early spring, but in-
directly to warm it, for if the water is removed the sun's
heat warms the soil instead of cooling it by evaporating

r"

the surplus water. Tenacious lands devoted to garden-
ing and small fruits are made more productive, warmer
and earlier by sub-drainage. Drains promote nitrifica-
tion, assist in liberating mineral plant-food and cheapen
tillage. They serve not only to remove deleterious stag-
nant water, but they promote aeration as well, and this
hastens beneficial chemical changes in the soil. Drainage
promotes the vigor, healthfulness
plants. Tenacious soils aremadru
thereby giving easier access t" |
percolation through the soil of i-i
some plant-food, is hastened. K' a
is warmer than the soil; in nii.l- .
the soil: therefore, percolation mi
soil in the spring and cools it in
Drains serve not only to relic■^ • i
they impart to it power to hold ailoi
ture, which materially benefits |ila
Drainage is of two kinds, surta
On land on which large outlav- "
pendo.l. as i" liortionltural I'laii

.litfulness of
.Ir l)v drains,
t-, while the

the

ivrather.
itor, but
• le mois-
roughts.
rainage.
to be ex-

greater depth of (Irainod feo.lii
ture the planting may often pre
10 vears, while with many farn
lows the planting in a few mon
loses one crop, an annual, by ]>
loss is not great, but if the orclu
of labor by planting on undi-
mistake is discov

^rim:.

1 ',

1

' ^^"^

o

Son

be 1

far asnial. v n- il" r.^- - -i' ; ;- - are to be
placed. Btit it is only rarely that surface
drainage fully prevents serious damage
from surplus moisture. Surface drainage

may t
porari
tions.
Fig. 7

cheap way of tem-

the

Sub-drainage consists in placing con-
duits of tile or other material in the
irrounil at dopths varying from 2H-4 feet,

■ I : I a ,::-.:il ■ - ajsirt aSWlll SCrve tO

:. -I. -terious Stagnant
-i.nies are at hand
' , ,, ^,,ni iiiM - ii-i-il instead of tile
for forming drainage conduits. If such
use is made of them, the drains should be
somewhat deeper than tile drains, since
the stones which form the drain occupy

50C

DRAINAGE

foot of tlie depth r.f tbr- ditch

the Slirf:irr, iIkui :ir.- til-- '■. ■■ I''- ■!■-,• -r 'ii..-ii-

ingS of -l"IH' .lr:i)ri- ,ir. :- : - . , . i.. . Ohis,. ,.|'

tile drains ;lit mjiciIIi a:i.; .i,.|..|i!i i;. ■.,., :.i;M an-,
thereforu, most doll-abk. \-.a- n-'j. Min-.i- llatbot-
tomed tiles (Kig. 7:ili) wen- used, but the <.iily style in
general use at present is the cylindrical unglazed tile
shown in Fig. 737.

In some sections drains are placed 200 to 300 feet apart,
and serve their purpose well. In others they should not
be placed farther apart than from 20 to 30 feet. Where-
ever the subsoil is composed of tenacious, fine clay,
through which the water mores upwards or downwards
with difSculty, the narrower in-
tervals are necessary. In some
instances the surplus water in
the subsoil is underpressure by
reason of water which finds its
way into it from higher levels,
and if this is not removed, the
water has a constant tendency
to rise to the surface. In many
such cases drains placed at wide
intervals may serve to relieve
the pressure and drain the land.
Since sub-drains are designed
to be permanent, are expensive
to construct and difticult to re-
pair, the principles of drainage
should be well understood, and
the work shnulil li.> undertaken
only afti-ra III.. -r .ar. r\il inspec-
tion of til.' Ian. I an.l after the
fundaTin-.ital |.ini.ii.l. s of the
subjei-t liavi- 111. n mastered.

be avoided so far as possible,
since they greatly increase cost,
tend to become obstructed, and
are often unnecessary. The
three long mains in Fig. 738 are
not drains, strictly speaking.

lie : and a scoop for
the tile.

since the land may be as fully drained without them, as
shown in Fig. 739 ; therefore, they only serve to conduct
the water of the drains proper. Tiles of 3 to 4 and 5 inches
diameter should be used when the drains are infrequent
and the flow of water considerable. Smaller ones, 2 to 3
inches in diameter, will suffice when the intervals be-
tween the drains are narrow. Drains should have as
uniform a fall as possible, and no abrupt lateral curves
or sharp angles should occur as are seen in many places
in Fig. 738. If the drain has a rapid fall in its upper
reaches, as is often the case, and but slight fall in the
lower, a silt basin should be constructed at the point
at which the rapid changes into the slight fall, if obstruct-
ing silt is present. All drains which may be necessary
should be placed before the planting occurs. Orchard
lands may be drained in the spring, fallowed in the sum-
mer, and planted in the fall or the following spring.
Drains placed at frequent intervals because of the te-
nacity of the soil should be comparatively shallow, for
if placed deep or at wide intervals, the water will be too
long reaching them. If drains are placed at wide inter-
vals they should be at least 3M feet deep to be most effi-
cient. If the parallel system is adopted (Fig. 739), there

may be more outlets to construct and maintain than is
desirable; if so, the system might be modified by con-
structing a sub-main, one side of which will serve also

738. Improper method of draining

as a drain, and but one outlet will be required (Fig. 7-10).
Drains through which water runs for the greater part
of the year are likely to become obstructed by roots, if
water-loving trees, such as the willow, soft maple and
elm, are allowed to grow near them. If floating silt is
present the joints of the tiles should be protected for
two-thirds of their upper circumferences by a narrow
strip of tarred building paper, or collars should be used.
Stone drains should receive a liberal covering of straw
before they are filled. i. p. Roberts.

DBEER, HENRY A. Seedsman, and founder of one
of the (ddest American horticultural establishments;
was born in Philadelphia, Aug. 24, 1818, and died there
Dec. 22, 1873, at the age of fifty-five. His parents were
Frederick Dreer, of Hanover, and Fredericka Augusta
Nolthenius, of Grossakenheim, Germany. They were
married in America. The Nolthenius family emigrated
to the United States in the Last decade of the eigh-
teenth century, and were closely coimected with the
Lutheran Church. Henry A. Dreer's education was
largely in German, and obtamed in Philadelphia. He was
fond of gathering seeds and plants in the country, and
would bring them home to cultivate. He was trained in
hisfather'sbusiness, that of a cabinet-maker. In 1838, at
the solicitation of a friend, he began as a florist in a
small way, near Front and Chester Sts. About 1870 be
removed to Seventh and Chestnut. In 1869 he enjoyed
a 5 months' trip to Europe, where he met business cor-
respondents of 30 years' standing. He was married
.lune 22. 1847. to M"arv Leavenworth, of Reading. Pa.,

739. Best method of draining a field.

DREER

and had six children. Of the two sons, one died in infancy,
and the other, William F. Dreer, conducts, at 7U Chest-
nut street, the business which is incorporated in the
name of his father. Henry A. Dreer died of a nervous af-
fection of the heart. He was of modest temperament
and frail constitution, and confined himself to business
rather closely. He was liberal in public matters, but
always kept out of political life. He compiled several
small works in connection with the business, and wrote
frequently for the Weekly Saturday Evening Post, of
Philadelphia, and for Godev's Ladies' Magazine.

W. .M.

DRYMOPHLCEUS

507

DB6SEKA (Greek, dew; referring to the dew-like
drops on the glandular leaves). Droserdcew. SxTSDEvr.
Dew Plaxt. A very interesting group of insectivorous
plants. About 100 species scattered throughout the
world, except the Pacific islands, and most common in
Australia outside the tropics. Perennial bog herbs with
basal Ivs. clothed with glandular hairs, which secrete a
fluid that holds insects fast. Foliage and inflorescence
differ widelv. The 3 species described below may be ob-
tained through dealers in native plants. For culture,
see DarUnglonia.

A. Lvs. thread-like, ii-itli no distinct stalk: petals
purple.
Hlifarmis, Rafin. Lvs. 6-15 in. long, glandular-pubes
cent throughout, at the very base woolly with brown
hairs: racemes 1-sided, 10-30-fld. :
fls. 4-12 lines broad. July-Sep.
Wet sand near the coast. Mass. to
Fla.
AA. Lvs. with an oblong blade :

petals white.
longrifdiia, Linn. Lvs. longpet-
ioled; blade 8-15 lines long, 1 !i-2
lines wide, the petiole glabrous.
Summer. Bogs, northern and arc-
tic regions.

AAA. Lvs. with a blade that is
wider than long: petals white.
rotundifdlia, Linn. Fig. 741. Lvs.
with a blade 3-6 lines long, glan-
dular above, petiole ^._;-2 in. long,
pubescent but not glandular : ra-
cemes 4-12-fld. : fls. about 2 lines
broad, opening in sun-
shine. July, Aug. Bogs,
Labrador to Alaska,
south to Fla. and Ala.,
and in the Sierra Ne-
vada to Calif.

Other Droseras are to be
expected in fine collections,
and some of them are more
showy than those men-
tioned above. Some of the
best are as follows: X). bi-
ndta, Labill., of Aostral.

DKtA5

Prunus there

ovules, but usually only

one matures.

and X. Zeal., with lvs. deeply parted into 2 long, linear lobes.
Prop, by root-cuttings. B..M. ■.m-2.-l>. Capensis, Lmn., of S.
A£r., has linear or str:,i>-sliai..- l,:il lil;i.l.s ms long as the petiole,
and large (1 in. in .li;ii.i. i, v.^y ■•■■l iN I'i"I>- hy root-cuttmgs.
B.M. 65.'*3.-/' ,/,.•;„./,.,„.. II... t !■ l.in;ita.-Z). tiveans
Goldie. Lake Sui..ri..i- :.n.l W.. li..- I.i,..;ir ..l.tuse lvs. on naked,
erect petioles aii.l ;Mir].l.- rl^.— />. sfithulata, Labill. , ,\ustral.,
N. Zeal., has short, olilong-sp.itulate lvs. in a rosette, narrowed
into short petioles, and purpUsh fls. G.C. 1881, 16:852

DETTPE. A fleshy fruit containing a single seed with

a bony covering or "stone,"
as a plum. Fig. 742. A Drupe
resembles an akene in being
1-sided, aud not splitting, but
an 5kene is dry instead of
pulpy or fleshy. The most
important drupaceous or stone
fruits are peaches, plums,
apricots, cherries and rasp-
berries. Each of the fleshy 742 Young dn
parts of a raspberry is a cots), cut in two, show-
drupelet, ing ovules. Nat. size,
drupes of the genu
genus of

2..r : -^ : . ,.,f. hardy,

til It. ; - . _ -..mewhat

slinii.!.. i;.;;- . ith oblong lvs. half an inch long,
recurve. I iir Tin- margins, shining above, snowy white
beneath, and large white or yellow fls. borne singly on
slender scapes : cah-x glandular-hairy : petals 8-9,
broadlv ohovate: stamens many. The genus is close to
Geura.but the species of Geum are herbs with deeply
cut foliage. J. W. Manning recommends a soil well
furnished with peat.

Lrijas octopetala requires a well drained, porous soil, a
sunny but not dry position. It is well to sliade the foli-
age from bright sun during tlio wiiit.r months with
evergreen branches to prevent tin- f..li;iLO. ir. .in having a
scorched appearance. A capit:il ].l:iiit l'..r tin- rockery.
Prop, by cuttings, division, or l.y ><■.-. 1.

octopetala. Linn. Lvs. oblong, deeply and regularly
crenate, downy beneath: scapes 2-3 in. long: fls. white:
seeds with a feathered awn over 1 in. long. North tem-
perate and arctic regions. j. B. Keller.

DKTMOGLfiSSTTM. A genus of small ferns from
Japan, with wide creeping rootstalks, and small, entire
leaves : sori resembling those of Polypoditim. None
are advertised in America Three or four kinds are
cult abroad L, M Uxderwood.

DEYMOPHLCEUS (Gieek words meanmg oak and

smooth inner biik) Piilmm eir tribe 41*^?* This

genus ( outams a tropu il p iliii w itli m i \ <li-tnRt wedge-

■ - ■ ' • * iits borne

high, and

ti.ect, the
li.iue, sub-

i-ins re-
I Ith long:
luanches :
jpecies 12.

V known to

spathes 2 or mdn> the lower one 2 tie
Australasia and the Paciflc islands
The < hancps are that most of the pla

the \m ri, ,, t, ,le 1^ /» / . .f.n.n-

f.nmi IS .xi.lmiMl in P "*1 72(12 H( adds 'Like
all the pUms ot this section of the order, Drymophloeus
reipiires a tropu d moist house with abundance of water
It \\\ times Thi plant figured was about 14 years old,
3 ft high with lvs about 3 ft long The plant takes
about SIX months to mature its fruits

appendiculata, Sc heff \.Aieea giacilis, Guseke, not
Roxh or Thou ) Leaflets wedge shaped raggedly cut,
serrate Moluccas New Guinea B M 7202 G F 4 331.

D oluwformis Mart has narrower leaflets than the above,
and the fruit half immersed in the greatly enlarged perianth.
Jaked G. Smith and W. M.

vein

spur 1
querciJol
' 3 ft I
bw (/

111 the A

tidl k -
h b the

ipuie 1 eiiing

nest species D rigidula

Br ) a similar but largei

u also appeared at one time

tl e 'ii ecies are seldom seen

1 c lit V tl n in tl c iti D muiwfdlia is oeca

n 1I\ pe n tii e 11 t where it is grown

It t k t, 1 1 t 1 g:e w hich reminds one

t tl e B 1 1 Ne t r n (Tl amnopteris) It is reallv a

1 I 1 1 1 1 h s f 1 iLstription

L M Underwood

DKY6PTERIS ( r ek oth.fe>n) Poljpod tcea;

^ I \ I 1 li tributed genus of hand ome

II I t 1 age and bearing round son

I ! 1 I t H 1 or reniform ludusia which

1 tl e m The veins

1 II 1 \ consider

1 ng to this

I own under

1 m Other

Poly I
Amen
te>>6

rth

I m U i It

A T ems enttielj f ee

B / I bed less than ot e third to n 1 t

lurtipes K 11 tze ( 'Vephiddium hhtipes, Hook ) Lvs

2-3 ft. long, 8-l() in. broad, on stalks clothed with dense

black scales ; pinn* with broad, blunt lobes, the lower

ones not reduced in size : sori medial on the lobes. In-

BB. Piniiip cleft nearly to midrib, or h\i. bipinnnle

or tripinnatifid.

c. Texture thin, membranous ; reins simple or once

forked.

D. Loic, r p'liiinr ijr.nUially reduced to mere lobes.

NoYeborac6nsis,(;ray(,l.s'pWiHm NoveboracSnse, Sw.).

Lvs. soiuiwhat ilustiii-a from creeping rootstocks, pale

green, 1-2 ft. long, tav>priug both ways from the middle.

Canada to N. C. and Ark.

Fischeri, Mett (Lastria opdea, Mett). Lvs. 6-8 in.
long, 2-3 in. wide, bipinnatifld, cut into close, entire
lobes, the lowest much reduced; surfaces smooth. Braz.

DD. Lower pinncB scarcely smaller than those above.
E. Veins forked.

Thelypteris, <ir:iy t As,,;, Hum Thelypteris, Sw. 1.
Marsh Fern. i-\s. -> at;^ ni ,,ii wide creeping black
rootstocks, 1-2 ft. Inni; : ihm^ho of the spore-bearing
pinnse often stroiiu'ly .(.iiv.ilui. : sori 10-12 to each seg-
ment. Canada to Fla. and Tp-\.

EE. Veins simple.

simul&ta, Dav. Lvs. scattered from a creeping root-
stock, 8-20 in. Inns:. 2-7 in. wide, with 12-20 pairs of
lanceolate pinnie : ^"ii lailn i- large, somewhat distant,
4-10 to each segiii. nt. Xati.. iii N. Y. and N. Eng..
where it is often ii^ul ii-, .1 -.miIi I}. Thelypteris. G.F.
9:485.

p4tens, Kuntze. Lvs. clustered at the end of a thick
rootstock, 2-3 ft. long, 4-10 in. wide, soft-hairy be-
neath ; pinnfe cut three-fourths to the midrib, the basal
segments usually longer. Fla. to Tex. and Trop. Amer.
A.G. 20:25.

cc Textu

: 2-i times

DRYOPTERIS

are much wider at base. Var. Clintonijlna is larger,
with pinna! 4-B in. long, and with the sori rather near
the midvein. Canada to Ark.; also in N. Eu. Hybrids
are described with I), marginalis. G.F. 9:445.

GoUiekna, Gray (Aspldi urn Goldieinum, Sw.). Lvs.
growing in large crowns, 2-4 ft. long, 12-18 in. wide, the
pinnee broadest at the middle : indusia very large.
Canada to Ky. — One of our largest and most stately na-
tive species.

DD. lyvs. mostlij bipinnate: indusia convex, rather
firm.

Filix-mAs, Scbott (Aspidium FMix-mds, Sw.). Male
Fern. Lvs. growing in crowns, 1-3 ft. long, sori near
the midvein. Used as a vermifuge, as is also the next
species. N. Eu., Canada and Colo.

743. Dryopteris marginalis.

marginilis. Gray {Aspidium maryindle, Sw.). Fig.
743. Lvs. 6 in. to 2 ft. long, growing in crowns, mostly
in rocky places: sori close to the margin. Canada and
southward.— One of our commonest ferns.

E. Zeaf-slalks naked, polished.

viridfiscens, Kuntze. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, on stalks
two-thirds as long; lower pinnae largest: sori near the
midribs. Japan.

EE. Leaf-stalks scaly.

spinuldsa, Kuntze {Aspidium spinutdsum, Sw.).
Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, with a few pale, deciduous scales
at the base: indusia smooth, without marginal glands.
Var. intenn^dia, Underw., has more persistent scales,
with a brown center, and the margins of the indusia
with stalked glands. One of our commonest wood ferns
in the northern states.— Var. dilat&ta, Underw., has
similar scales to the last and tripinnate lvs. In woods,
from Canada to Ore. ; also in Europe.

Bodttii, Underw. (Aspidium Bodttii, Tuckm.). Lvs.
elongate-lanc.i.Iatr, Willi l.ro.adly oblong pinnules: in-
dusia minui. I. :;l:iii.liilai-. (.'anada, N. Y. and N. Eng.

I'le. 4-i-pinnatifid.
t ft. long, 2 ft. or more wide,
short, creeping rootstocks :
ifteri without indusia. Cuba

eHusa, Kiiiii .1 . I
with polishiil ~i. Ill

to Brazil.

diss^cta, Kunt/..' [Lastr'ea membranifdlia, Hort.).
Lvs. 1-5 ft. long, 1-3 ft. wide, membranous, decompound ;
segments broad and blunt; surfaces nearly naked: sori
near the margin, abundant. India and Madagascar to
Australia.

AA. Veins not entirely free, the lower reinlets of adjoin-
ing segments united.

Ot&ria, Kuntze (ias^j-^a aristAta, Hort.). Lvs. 1 ft.
long, with a long terminal pinnas an inch or more wide,
with lanceolate lobes, and 6-12 similar lateral pinnse;
texture thin ; surfaces naked ; veins united half way
from the midrib to the edge. Ceylon to the Philippines.
—Good for table ferneries, but slow of growth.

DRYOPTERIS

mdllis, Kuntze. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, S-12 in. wide, bipin-
natiad, the pinnaj cut into bluut lobes; lower piuniB dis-
tant from the others aud somewhat shorter ; surfaces
Hnely villose. Trop. regions of both hemisplieres.
Probably several species are confused under this name.

PUUppinfiiisis, Baker. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 12-18 in. wide,
bipinnatifld, smooth, with a naked raehis; lower pinnaa
scarcely smaller: sori midway from midrib to margin,
with firm, smooth indusla. Philippines.

L. M. Underwood.

DUCHfiSNEA. See Fragaria.

DUCK-WEED, Lemna.

DUCKWHEAT. Some years a«o, as
a man in New England shot a wild du^
crop found strange seeds. These seeds
and the flour from the grain was found
pancakes. He increased his st."k t..
busliels. The grain was offri, .1 1:, -.■..'.-
wheat. It seems not to h;n( I 1 i i

the :

tlogU

Itt

Tartarian buckwbuai. J' ■./.:/. i/hiul l\i!,i,uinii.
an Asian grain, which has been known in this country
for some time. It is earlier than buckwheat, but is very
similar to it. See JBuckivheat and Fagopyrnm.

DDDAIM MELON. .S. < Cucumis. ^' ^' ^'

DUFOUR, JOHN JAMES. A Swiss vigneron, who was
at tlu' lit-:ul of ;i ('..l.,iiy to grow the wine grape in Ken-
tucky. :nid til,- :iiitli,,i- .,1 "Vine Dresser's Guide," pub-
lislieil in ( iiM iii!i:i:i ::i \-:i\. The Kentucky experiment
failed, :uhl : ,. . j .i settled in southern Indiana,

onthel.:ii,l river; and this settlement is

nowthrrii .. ilireDufour died in 1827. This

l)Hli!t I I i-lit out the merits of the

A I' , aud thereby did much to es-

tai , , iilture. For detailed account

ol i[H i'l; ' 11- Ml I i; r associates, and the results of
their Hoik. Me iiaiky, Evolution of our Native Fruits,

DUGUfiTIA (prob.ably made from a personal name).
Anoiificew. A dozen South American trees differing
from Auona in technical characters, particularly in the
imbricated petals, which are wi(le-s|. reading in flower
(in AiK.ua the petals arc valvate). D. longiJ61ia, Baill.
(AniDvi lomiifuli,! . Aubl.), is a small tnc: lvs. oblong-
acuMiiuate, uuicr"uate anil smooth : lis. axillary and
stalked, the 2 s,.rirs ,,f p.-tals murl, .ali!;,- : inti.roM'pnce

uuthe

t, but

DULICHHTM (old Latin name). Cyperdcece. One
perennial species (D. SpathAcenm, Pers.), in eastern
N Amer Grass-like with terete leafy culms '> 3 ft,
till gro vs u ponds ind swale Has been offere 1 by
oUecto a a 1 og plant

DUKANTA (ifter Castor D rante phvs c an and
bota till ) I / About 10 spe es of

trot I

11 km Is are cul i-

i 11 n a and u a few

tl 1

1 vn k nd has long

! 1

11 1 bj yellow berr es

1 1

1 U 1 d fo orna-

u r

0 SI 1 lal rous or

1 wth

11 1 1 oppo te

or t

tl 1 1 and ter-

u \ 1 u 1 as U

fl 11 1 I el celled

m th X of ■>, s nail br

t 11 1 I ead ng

obi que or equal lobes st

A <?/ m

// /

Plumer T ,

L L Uk H Sh 1 O-lo ft.

11 1 11

1 llou 1 ppo te ell p-

t

1 and unequ lly aw toothed

1 1 mill

1 lue or 1 lac w tl purple

St 1 1 1 11!

f he n aller and narrower

11 Th 1 1 1

t B R 3 '44 where

It a d tl t 1 1 1

It vated wh eh 1 ad

Ion 1 n eoHte 1 1 1

1 1 aw teeth and green

branches There 1

til et

DYPSIS 509

AA. stems with a few pricklt's or spines.
ElUsla, Jacq, This is at least horticulturally distinct
from the above by reason of the lighter color of its fls,,
but it has been lately referred to B. Plumieri. B.M.
1759 shows the lower half of each lobe white, and a few
short spines on the stem. It adds, "two kinds [of
Durauta], one with thorns and one constantly without, ,
are * ■'' * cultivated. The lvs. of the smooth are larger
and more coarsely serrated, and- the branches more
rounded than in the prickly Duranta." \y_ jj_

aria ; also species

DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Dicentra CucuUaria.

DUTCHMAN'S PIPE is AristolocJtia.

DUVAUA. A synonym of Sehinus.

D'i'CKIA (after Prince Salm-Dyck, German botanist,
aud author of a great work on succulent plants).
Broineliih-ea-. About '>7 spei-ies of succulent plants

from S--111I1 Aniiri-a. - -aL.iI r-i-.-nililini,- century

plant-. 1 :'- ■ I " - il. , aiMl lluwering

regnia- , ' . . , . :,i,,i ihr |vs. form

rarely culii-.alc.l in l'l..n.la au.i ( '..Uluiliia, aud iuafew
northern collections. The fullowiug have showy yellow
fls. Latest monograph in Latin by C. Jlez in DC.
Monogr. Phan. vol. 9 (189C1.

A. r..:''-'-- .--' ..'- ..,.,,,■', '-,-,'-.' '.. ! ;,■ panieUd.

altis.-i;:ii, 1. . 1. - ■ margin: floral

bran- : I ii-au the fls. Braz,

Bakc-i- - I- III --! Ill- 'I, III. ,- i.ii />. encholirioides,

i-li--,i lis uir liiaments. Beyond

I, 11,1- If.-.- /', „/^,-,-s!»m, while in

t;i-..wii t..u.-tlii-r about a twelfth

lie i.lituM- in Liudley's plant, but

Mez. which IS ili-iiii-ui-l,.-
the tube they an- tr.-,- m 1I,
Baker's plant. tle-\- an- t,M-'
of an inch. The .-Jpals an- .
acute in Mez's.

AA. Inflorescence not branched, a raceme or spike.

B. Fls. with scarcely any pedicel; filaments forming

a tube.

rarifldra, Schult. Lvs. with small spines on the mar-
gin, shorter than in D. altissima : sepals not emargi-
nate at the apex : upper sheaths of the scape shorter
than the internodes. Braz. B.M. 3449, B,R, 21:1782,

c, Fls. loosely disposed, erect.

gemellaria, Morr, This is the plant which Baker calls
1>. siilphiirea, not Koch's plant.

cc. Fls. more densely disposed, spreading.

sulphiirea, C. Koch, not Baker. Lvs. with small spines
at the margin: sheaths of the scape longer than the in-
ternodes, the higher ones entire: bracts lanceolate, the
lowest conspicuously longer than the pedicelled fls. :
blades of the petals wide and longer than the stamens.
Brazil. -w. M.

DYER'S -WEED. Bcseda Luteolu.

DtPSIS (obscure name). Pa I iinln,,.. trilie Arecete.

Perliai-- liiill' ;i -i-- 'I'll ■ i-iTi, - .( M.-HJii-.i-rar l-alms that
have I-' . :-- --.:,-•,- I :i- i. - Ml. They

areall - ' -''■■ . , h •, : . - . i 1 - ■ - 111-. Lvs.

ones confluent: sheath short: spadices long, loosely fid. :
fruit small, oblong or ovoid, straight or curved, oblique
at the base.

No species of Dypsis are common in cultivation, as
they possess but "little beauty. They are among the
easiest and quickest to germinate. All of them require
a stove temperature. J). Madagascarifusis, Nicholson,
is also known as Areca Mndagnscarii^nsis, Mart. D.
pinnatifrons. Mart. (.4. gracilis, Thou.), is one of sev-
eral plants that have been known as Areca gracilis. It
is a pretty palm, now grown in large quantities by some
dealers. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Olives,

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