UUASS/AMHERST * i''fii!Pip'ii''''ii'i'iiii'iPii'iii'i'iipin 31EDbb D1D3 fl7^^ 5 :,:'kM; ^;;>^,-..;..;;;-;;.;;.;v ^^,-;^^j...... , v,:^;v;;,,. ^■:, :,:7S ■■ '":"•■!' '■VjllggJI b ■l^^aittite?-:' ii feiiiiSSS i.^^i;r:;jji;,<- 3<'^:ww-"Xt::s:iiM;r;:;,;': »HF''^9vr;:- liyfi'vti^wSffc ^^.tJiSk] This book may be kept out TWO WEEKS only, and is subject to a fine of TWO CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on the day in- dicated below. \L'-^0^{,l(O % Huvo Cyclopedia of American horticulture ^ /■ 'i\'^K .j4'^ \\%\Mt^' ' J5. ^#-> x-,. ''. 2i-j.ujii x . College of Agriculture of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, December SO, 1S99. NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION In the second edition several changes have been made for the purpose of reducing typographical errors and inconsistencies, a class of shortcomings which is to be found chiefly in the first volume. Perhaps a half-dozen changes have been made in statements of fact in the first volume. There has been no attempt at a revision, since it is the purpose of the Editor, as explained in the preface to Vol. IV of the original issue, to let the work stand as an expression of American horticulture at the time it was made. This expression is very imperfect, as the Editor is well aware, but it can- not be greatly improved by mere changes in the plates. Therefore, Crataegus and other subjects which recently have been much studied are left as they were understood by their authors in 1900. In typographical matters the Editor desired to use such forms as he thought would help the reader in consulting the ai'ticles, without making viii PREFACE any strenuous efEort at mere uniformity or so-called consistency in the vari- ous entries. For example, the entry-word or caption is usually capitalized in its own article, as Cabbage in the article Cabbage, Sti'awberry in the article Strawberry . This enables the reader readily to catch the word — and therefore the leading thought — wherever it occurs. In other articles in whicli the same word occurs, but when it is a minor note, it is not capitalized. In some instances of general - language terms which are used repeatedly, this rule is not followed (except, perhaps, at the beginning of the article), as it would be of no distinct service to the reader. The article Bulbs is an example. In general, generic names of plants, when used in a semi- technical or botanical sense, have been capitalized; when used in a general- language or incidental way they have not been cajiitalized. In all cases, mere rules have been considered to be of very secondary importance, and they have been broken whenever the interest of the reader seemed to demand it. The Editor cannot hope that all the errors and shortcomings have been eliminated in this second edition. He will be glad to have readers advise him of needed corrections. L. H. BAILEY. August 12, 1902. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION It was never intended that a complete revision should be made of this Cyclopedia. I hoped that its publication would establish and concrete the horticultural activities of its time and become a measure, even though a very imperfect one, of the progress that we had made. Two reprints have been called for, and now a third is wanted. In the two repi'ints I have corrected such errors as have been called to my attention or as I have discovered, but even these changes have been much fewer than I had anticipated. In the present edition I have made a very few other changes in the plates, after having asked for corrections from practically all the contributors. In addition, I have inserted the conspectus of families and genera (or "key") that was prepared by Wilhelm Miller for the original edition but which was omitted for lack of space; aud I am writing this preface, at the request of the publishers, in order to suggest some of the lines of current horticultural progress. Of course I cannot hope that the mere technical errors are eliminated from the work, — these will develop with the further use of the book; but I trust that the num- ber of serious mistakes is proportionally small. Perhaps it is not out of place^ for me to say that these years intervening since the work was published have only strengthened the wish that I might have the opportunity to make the Cyclopedia all over again from start to finish, so short does it seem to fall of the plans and hopes that I had made for it; but this cannot be, and it must remain for other hands in other years to complete a better and more harmoni- ous efEort. This effort, however, must wait for the development of exacter studies in the various fields. Before passing to the proper subject of my preface, I must repeat that the Cyclopedia does not attempt to include all native wild plants that have merit for domestication, nor even all domesticated plants; it aims to comprise only those that were "in the trade" at the time of the compilation of the book, and the reasons for restricting the work to this field are set forth in the preface to the original Vol. IV. I feel obliged to call attention to this plan in order to answer the questions of many correspondents as to why this or that plant was omitted . I still hope that the. supplementary volumes that are suggested in the original preface may be prepared, in order to keep the horticultural annals (ix) X PREFACE abreast of the times. The increasing multiplicity of horticultural interests and writing seemsto call for a cumulative record; whether such a record is attempted will depend in great part on the desires of the persons who use such a work as this. THE RECENT PROGRESS IN HORTICULTURE As I see it, the horticultural progress in the few years since the Cyclopedia was projected lies in the continuous steady evolution of the already established lines of development, rather than in the appearing of wholly new movements or enterprises. What some of the emphatic lines of development are I shall try briefly to indicate. The most distinct progress that is now making in the general agricultural field is in placing country life subjects on a true pedagogic basis and in adapt- ing them directly to the schools and the lives of the people. In this general progress, horticulture partakes. In fact, horticulture is bound to have a large part in this development because the growing of plants, in school gardens and elsewhere, is easily adaptable to secondary school work and the pedagogical results are direct and certain. Closely allied to this pedagogical work is the increased effort to place horticultural and country life subjects before the people in an attractive way by means of periodicals and books. Even if this effort is expressed chiefly in pictures, examples and episodes, the effect is bound to be good; and we may expect a larger production of really artistic literature as one result of it. The extension work of the agricultural colleges and the United States Department of Agriculture is a similar effort, and it is producing most far-reaching results. A very marked advance has also been made in civic improvement, whereby towns and cities are to be made to appeal to the esthetic tastes of sensitive persons. Along with all this interest in education, there has been a satisfactory growth of societies devoting themselves to the many kinds of horticultural interests and to the artistic improvement of cities and villages. The Society for Horticultural Science has been organized for the discussion of technical scientific questions as they affect horticultural thought and practice. As these pages go to press, a National Council of Horticulture is in process of organi- zation as a result of a movement set on foot at the Louisiana Purchase Expo- sition. This organization will not be a society, but it will attempt to codrdiuate and concrete the work of the existing national societies, to discuss questions of public policy and administration that are common to them all, and to serve as PREFACE xi a bureau of publicity in the interest of true and useful horticultural informa- tion. Aside from the immediate work that this Council hopes to accomplish, the organization is of unusual significance because it is really an effort to unify and harmonize the various societies that lately have come into existence and thus to represent horticulture as a single and somewhat homogeneous subject. It is an experiment to be watched with the keenest interest. In educational, scientific and literary lines, horticultural progress is now being made in North America chiefly by the horticultmnsts connected with the agricultural colleges, experiment stations, and United States Department of Agriculture. How large their contributions are may be judged by the fact that my index (no doubt incomplete) shows 576 bulletins issued by them from 1900 to 1904 inclusive, classified roughly as follows: Fruit subjects 263 bulletins Pests aud diseases 125 bulletins Vegetable gardening 89 bulletins Gi'eenhouse subjects 20 bulletins Ornameutal gardening 19 bulletins Miscellaneous 60 bulletins In technical horticultural practice, the most definite progress seems to be making in the general subject of plant-breeding. Many persons, particularly in the agricultural colleges, experiment stations and national Department of Agriculture, are devoting a good part of their energies to this work. The sub- ject is passing out of the stage of mere amateurism into serious quest for large economic results ; the important large-area crops are being experimented with ; we are hoping to pass from fruitless empiricism into the discovery and application of laws that govern more or less definitely the making of new kinds of plants. In distinctly commercial directions, there has been a remarkable era of development of horticultural regions. This is particularly true of what we are in the habit of calling "the South," comprising the great area from the Atlantic coast to eastern and southern Texas. Peach-tree planting has proceeded on a scale of unprecedented magnitude. The strawberry is also partaking in this extension, particularly in those regions that hope to supjily the great eastern markets before the New York and New England fruit is ripe. Strawberry planting is developing with great i-apidity in Texas, Arkansas and Missouri, notwithstanding the risks attendant on efficient refrigerator car and transpor- tation service. The interest in pecan culture is extending very rapidly in the Gulf states. Trucking is extending farther and farther southward, with the construction of better transportation service. This is well illustrated in xii PREFACE the growing of Bermuda onions in Texas, a business that is now assuming large ijroportions. Extreme southern Florida is developing with remarkable rapidity; the orange region is moving farther south; the grape-fruit interest is enlarging; winter trucking is becoming still more important. A few j'ears ago, there was an era of new development in the interior West and on the Central Pacific coast; later came the development of the Atlantic seaboard region; now the farther South (southern and eastern Texas, Louisiana, the Oulf coast) is undergoing great exploitation. With this development in the Gulf region, there has continued a steady filling up and maturing of the great horticultural Northwest (Oregon, Washington and contiguous regions). The governmental control of irrigation work will no doubt still further accelerate the remarkable development in the arid -region states. The great Canadian Northwest is developing with remarkable rapidity, and much of this area, in British Columbia, is already coming to be known for its fruits. Fruit-growing can be extended 300 or 400 miles north of Vancouver. There is no part of the continent which, so far as my knowledge goes, is falling away in its general horticultural activities. Coordinate with the development of great horticultural regions has come an •enlarged and quickened knowledge of the principles underlying the handling and transporting of fruits, flowers and vegetables. The relation of cold stor- age to the handling of fruits has taken on new significance. Green or unripe fruit is undesirable for storing. It does not mature, remains undeveloped in quality, and is liable to "scald." It is now found that if ripe fruit is put ■directly into proper cold storage, having been very carefully handled, it will keep a very long time. Examination of the California methods of picking and handling citrous fruits has developed the fact that carelessness in clipping stems, in handling the individual fruits, and delay in putting the fruit into storage, result in a relatively short life and a high percentage of decay. It is natural to extend these findings to other regions and other fruits. In the East, «ven the shippers of apples are beginning to appreciate in a new way the value of carefulness in growing and handling the fruit and the importance of resort- ing earlier to cold storage. The fact that low temperature can be utilized for the keeping of fully ripe fruit was demonstrated at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis. Such fall apples (in the mid- continental region) as Grimes and eJonathan, gathered when ripe, iu southern Missouri, were kept in ■excellent condition for one year from the date of picking. Firmer varieties, as Gano and Ben Davis, were exhibited after having been kept for one, two, thi'ee and four years, and even the four -year fruits were thoroughly edible. PREFACE xiii The general propaganda for better quality and choicer packing in fruits is beginning to have its effect, aided by the gradual increase of wealth and -the elevation of taste on the part of consumers. All this is evidenced in the increasing use of small packages and the growing difference in price between fruits of low and of high quality. Even in the large apple-growing regions of the middle West, where we have thought of the Ben Davis as the representa- tive product, this tendency to put up special grades of dessert fruit is becoming marked. This growing demand for better individual quality is also well exhibited in the flower and plant trade. The increasing importance of the best grades of flowers in the flower stores is evidence of this. The cut-flower trade is now seeing a remarkable development, also, of the wholesaling business. Probably three-fourths of all the cut-flowers reach the retailer, at least in the East, through the commission houses. The recent progress of orange -growing in California is illustrative of sev- eral phases of development in American fruit-growing. The following account of the recent developments in the orange industry in that state is written for this preface by Professor E. J. Wickson, of the University of California: "In this progress may be mentioned, first, increase in investment and pro- duction. The shipments of oranges beyond state lines during the year ending November 1, 1904, was nearly 30,000 car-loads — an increase of about twenty per cent within five years. The increase in investment was iwrhaps not quite so great because the growth of product is, in part, a realization from eager planting of the preceding decade, but still planting is continued, and the area devoted to orange -growing has largely increased, and it has been distributed through districts widely separated geographically though similar in conditions of soil and climate. In this respect orange -planting in California is an epitome of American fruit-planting generally. "Second. — Imjirovement in the commercial aspects of the industry has been very marked in the progress of the orange in California. Organization of growers into cooperative associations for packing the fruit and for placing it on sale in distant markets has accomplished great things and has, in fact, saved the industry from demoralization. While it is true that these organiza- tions have had some sad experiences and have in some cases been deceived in those chosen as organizers and promoters, the scores of cooperative packing houses, the accommodation of growers with needed advances without extortion, the regulation of transportation by appeals of growers' organizations to the Inter- State Commerce Commission, the cooperation of growers' organizations xiv PREFACE with dealers' interests on a mutually fair basis, and other similar achievements are plain indications of the effectiveness of intelligent, organized effort among growers which should be instructive to all groups of producers of horticultural merchandise. "Third.— The orange industry also exhibits the effort which is general in American fruit-growing to improve cultural operations, and to adapt them to local requirements of the trees on various soils and under various climatic con- ditions. The California orange -growers are probably better cultivators than any other group of fruit-producers, and have become so by the terms of their problem, which is to grow an evergreen tree, which is practically always active, with a combination of rainfall and irrigation, and this necessitates the recourse to tillage in nearly all its forms, and for many different specific pur- poses. During the last few years the desirability of deeper tillage to admit water to the subsoil, to prevent formation of liardpan and to check surface evaporation, has been widely demonstrated. It is clear that adequately deep tillage must be, at intervals, secured, although the most frequent sui-face working may be shallow. The orange-growers are also foremost among Cali- fornia horticulturists in large scale insecticidal operations, and in original devices and materials. They also lead in the use of fertilizers, and in the recourse to cover crops to enrich the soil in humus, which the dry climate and constant cultivation, under a hot sun, have a tendency to reduce. "Fourth.— The orange -growers of California have perhaps gone farther than auy other orchardists in holding strictly to a commercial standard in restricting vai'ieties to the smallest number which the market favors, and in producing them in the largest quantity which the trade can profitably handle. This has led, during the last five years, to the rejection of many and the increase of a few — the change being rapidly accomplished by the process of top-grafting, or by budding in the old bark, which is very successful if well done. The result is a vast increase in the acreage of the Washington Navel and the Valencia Late (syn. Hart's Tardif). These two varieties nearly cover the year — the former extending from November until May, and overlapping the latter, which continues by itself during the summer and early autumn, and commands the highest prices of the year. These sales have popularized the Valencia, and the present danger is in excessive production of it, for the con- sumption of oranges during the height of the deciduous fruit season must needs have limitations. The fact is, however, that all other varieties of oranges have shrunken to very small acreage compared with the two mentioned." Distinct advance has been made in the treating of insects and diseases. PREFACE XV Sterilizing the soil in greenhouses has come to be a practicable process. The fumigation practices have been steadily perfected. Increased attention is being given to the introduction of beneficial insects of predaceous or parasitic habits. In California, experiments are being made with a parasite of the codlin-moth. San Jose scale continues to spread with virulence along the Atlantic seaboard, but the first fear of this pest is beginning to pass away. In sprays, the lime-and-sulfnr mixture has come into use over a great expanse of the country. It is doubtful, however, whether this material will gain or hold a paramount place. It is relatively expensive, hard on pump and operator, and difficult to make. There is a marked rise of confidence in the ability of man to control pests and diseases. A good many special methods and special crops have come to the fore. The growing of plants under shade of cheese-cloth has received much atten- tion. The growing of dwarf apples and other special forms of garden fruits has aroused new interest. The interest in ginseng continues to spread. Grolden-seal and snakeroot have come to rank as commercial plants. The whole subject of specialty -fai'ming seems to be receiving increased attention. It is evident that there is a growing taste for ornamental plantings and a rising appreciation of what constitutes intrinsic beauty in plants. This prog- ress is of course most marked in what we formerly considered as the West, — the states of the prairies and the plains. These countries are maturing; the epoch of pioneering has passed; physical wants are being met; the old houses are being replaced: consequently, there is reason and opportunity for giving attention to the environs of the home- seat. Throughout the country I think that I see a distinct tendency to better treatment of the home -grounds, — the gradual giving up of mere "beds" and meaningless scattered plants, and the making of an open-centered lawn with attractive border planting. There is increasing appreciation of our native plants, as distinguished from imported "novelties" and from merely curious and striking horticultural varieties. The interest in native plants is well illustrated iu the great attention that has been given recently to the hawthorns, or members of the genus Cratfegus. These bushes and small trees are peculiarly characteristic of eastern North America. The botanists have always been confused as to the number of species, and the tendency has been to regard them conservatively. Now, however, the freest interpretation of specific lines has come into vogue, as a result of more careful study, and it is considered that we have several hundred species in our flora. The present interest in the genus is bound to call attention xvi PREFACE to the forms that have horticultural value aud to result in au iucreased planting of them. This will be a great gain, for the Cratasgi are bold and attractive plants throughout the year. These plants have been recognized in Europe as having first-rate ornamental value, and most of the American species have been first described from plants cultivated in European gardens. Of late years the Cratsegi have been extensively raised from seeds in the Arnold Arboretum, and the collection at that institution is probably the largest in existence. The plants are being studied as to their horticultural values and also to determine what botanical characters hold in parents and offspring. These seedlings have been distributed to European and other gar- dens, and especially to the Park Department of Rochester, New York, where, next to the Arnold Arboretum, there is the largest collection in America. S) far as the introduction of beautiful hardy American trees aud shrubs is concerned, the general dissemination of native Cratfegi is the best work that has been done at the Arnold Arboretum. Perhaps this is the proper time to call attention to the very high -class work that is being done at the Arnold Arboretum, and to express the wish that every American might have the opportunity to visit the place. Year by year the hardy trees and shrubs have been collected with a patience and completeness that command the utmost confidence and respect; and these diverse materials have been assembled with the finest sensitiveness to their artistic merits. This Arboretum has come to be a great proving ground and exhibition ground, from which the entire country is sure to draw very important horticultural as well as dendrological lessons. INTRODUCTIONS OF PLANTS There has been a steady introduction of good horticultural novelties, although I do not recall the introduction within the last three or four years of any botanical species not heretofore in our trade that promises unusual results. The novelties have been disseminated through the usual sources, — the plants- men and seedsmen, — and these concerns ai'e constantly giving greater scrutiny to the acquisitions; but aside from these agencies, there are now several others that are introducing new plants or testing old ones in a new way. These other agencies are the botanical gardens, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the private establishments of many wealthy persons. Amongst the semi-public scientific gardens the Missouri Botanic Garden and the New York Botanic Garden should be very prominently mentioned as doing horticultural work of the greatest value. These and similar institutions nre PREFACE xvii certain to exert a profound influence on public taste, as well as to extend the knowledge of tJie subjects that they represent. Two years ago Professor Sargent, of the Arnold Arboretum, paid a visit to Pekin for the purpose of securing various trees and shrubs either indigenous to northern China or cultivated in the neighborhood of that city. Out of this journey there are now growing in the Arboretum the true Catalpa Bungei, which has long been sought by American and European dendrologists, the very fine forms of Vitis vinifera cultivated at Pekin and almost hardy there, a new wliite-flowered lilac, the hai'dy persimmon of northern China (a first-class fruit tree), the flat peach of northern China, Diospyros Lotus, the wild form of Juglans regia which it is thought will be hardy in the northern states, the very fine edible chestnut of northern China, and a number of other plants important from an economic and ornamental point of view. For the last two or three years, also, an unusually large number of novelties have been received from Manchuria. Many new plants have come to the Arboretum from western China; and every effort is being made to increase the collections of Chinese plants, which promise to prove more successful here than any other exotic trees or shrubs. Probably the most striking horticultural discussion of the past few years has been the exploiting of Luther Burbank in the periodical and other press. The breeding work of Mr. Burbank is remarkable and significant; but it has often been sensationalized and over-stated. The number of new forms that Mr. Burbank has produced is very large and varied, and we may expect that some of them will be of permanent value. He gives me the following run- ning list of some of the old and new plants that he is now working with: "There are a great number of new plants, trees, shrubs, vines, fruits, nuts, grains, grasses, vegetables and flowers. The following may be mentioned: a series of hybrids of Japanese and English walnuts, California black and English walnuts, the American black and California black walnuts, many of which grow with very great rapidity, some of them having very many curious kinds of foliage; some strange hybrid forms of Fapaver orientale and P. somniferum, the tulip poppy, meconopsis, Shirley poppy and P. pllosum, of very numerous crosses and recrosses producing some wonderful results; some remarkable crosses among solanums, especially the different species of potatoes; a double Shasta daisy and some greatly improved forms of the Shasta daisy; improved grasses; a great number of new stoneless plums having different qualities; a number of new plumcots; some gigantic, improved multiplying amarjdlis and crinums; some entirely new hybrids of hippeastrum and amaryllis; new forms xviii PREFACE of fragrant verbena and fragrant dahlia; improved Australian star-flower (Cephalipternm ?) ; many thousands of new hybrid plums and prunes, not only those in cultivation but many not in cultivation; some strange hybrid forms of delphinium; new hybrid watsonias; new cherries, peaches, plums, apricots, nectarines, quinces, ekeaguus; very remarkable hybrid grapes, among them seedless varieties and the earliest grape known; numerous mes- embryanthemums ; some very striking new hybrid cacti, among them some entirely new opuntias which have lost the bristles as well as the spines; and also some unusual novelties in pentstemons, trifoliums, brodia^as, etc." It is not my purpose to make a record here of all the new horticultural plants that have been introduced to North America since the Cyclopedia was written. If such an attempt were made, it should really call for a new study of the cultivated plants of southern Florida and California in order to determine the horticultural status of those regions. The horticultural plants of California, in particular, are not completely represented in the Cyclopedia, chiefly because very many of them are not definitely "in the trade" in the sense of being listed in catalogues, partly because they have not been carefully studied, and partly because I had not myself visited California until the initial plans for the Cyclopedia had been completed. I cannot close this part of my preface, however, without making a brief record of the work that the national Department of Agricultui'e is doing in the introducing of new agricultural and horticultural plants, for the enterprise there under way is probably the most distinct and methodical effort now making to enrich our cultivated flora. I have asked Mr. David Fairchild, the agricultural explorer in charge of foreign explorations, to make a report on this work; and his statement now follows: "The government Department of Agriculture has an organized office for the introduction of new plants. This office, called the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, has a corps of botanists, agricultural explorers, plant distributors, plant propagators, record clerks, field aids and a photographer, who are engaged in the work of discovering, in different parts of the world, new and valuable plants, and of importing these into America and placing them in the hands of trained experimenters throughout the country. "Since its organization in 1897 under the direction of the writer, this office has grown, and become a prominent feature of the Departmental work. Although the very limited funds appropriated by Congress have made impos- sible a proper working out of a comprehensive plan of Government Plant Introduction for the whole country, much has been done by those to whom the work has been successively entrusted, — Mr. O. F. Cook, Mr. Jared G. Smith, PREFACE xix Mr. Ernst E. tiessey and Mr. A. J. Pieters, — to organize this promising branch of the Clovernmeut's activities. "Over fourteen thousand selected entries appear on the Inventory of the Office, the majority of them representing new or untried varieties, or strains, of species already in America. Agricultural explorers have been sent to Africa, Asia, South America, Europe and the Pacific Islands, and, through the beneficence and keen interest of Mr. Barbour Lathrop, of Chicago, a remark- able tour of reconnaissance of the whole world was made, with the writer as his agricultural explorer, which has established correspondents for the Office in all the most important countries in the world. "Every new plant introduced is properly catalogued and numbered, and of every seed or plant sent out to the thousands of ex]3erimenters scattered through the country a careful record is kept for reference in future years. It is fair to say that no government in the world has inaugurated and carried out such a system of systematic plant introduction as that now in operation in this Office. The plan, as here begun, is capable of great extension, and, it is believed, will result in materially increasing the permanent agricultural wealth of the country. "To the ordinary mind, the principal i-eason for the introduction of useful plants into this country is to establish in America the profitable plant indus- tries which already exist in foreign countries. The establishment of the Algerian and Arabian date palm in California and Arizona, and the trans- planting of the Smyrna tig industry, are examples of this feature of the work. Through this class of introductions it is expected that the United States will become independent of other nations, in so far, at least, as concerns all the important plant cultures, since within its boundaries are to be found almost all possible ranges of climatic and soil conditions of the globe. "There are, however, other objects fully as impoi'tant as the transplanting of new industries, in whicli the work of introduction will play as lai'ge a role. The average American has knowledge of only about a dozen vegetables for his every-day use, and, although the number of species of plants now cultivated and used by the average American farmer is greater than it was ten years ago, it is 5'et ridiculously small when compared with the number that could be grown and utilized. The chief reason why the number of plants upon which we depend for subsistence remains limited lies in the persistent and unreasoning conservatism of taste, which is extremely difficult to surmount. It is against this conservatism that the efforts of plant introduction are directed, and the history of former successful introductions shows conclusively that it can be XX PREFACE overcome, and that a new and valuable fruit, vegetable or grain can be so brought before the American people that they will learn to use it, and give it a permanent place in the plantation. The quick appreciation of such new fruits as the grape-fruit, or pomelo, which has become popular since 188(.), the grow- ing favor of the Japanese persimmon, and the established popularity of the tomato, are proofs of this fact. One factor which is more important than any other in this part of the work is the growing interest of the wealthy classes in agricultural pursuits. It is well-nigh impossible to interest the general farm- ers in the cultivation of a new fruit, vegetable or grain for their own con- sumption; but the wealthy classes, accustomed to a wider range of foods, are, as a rule, interested in the cultivation of new forms for their own table use. It is they who set the fashion in all new foods, rather than the farming classes, and it is to them that we must look for the most valuable assistance in bring- ing into common use the hundreds of new plant foods which can be, and are, rapidly being introduced and grown in this country. "Still another, and, perhaps, the most rapidly growing need for plant- introduction work, has arisen from the demand, created by the increasing numbers of plant- breeders of the country, for plants to' be used for crossing purposes. Some of the most remarkable hybrids which have been produced by Luther Burbank combine in their parentage plants gathered from as widely separated regions as Siberia, France and California. The Office of Seed and Plant Introduction, with its agricultural explorers in various foreign countries, and its correspondents all over the world, is in a better position than any other organization in the world to secure for plant- breeders seeds which will assist them in their work of creating new and valuable plant forms. "The Office of Plant Introduction is located in Washington, D. C, and its green -houses, trial grounds and seed building are under the general super- vision of Mr. A. J. Pieters. It has a Plant Introduction Garden at Chico, California, to which Oriental shipments are made, and at which plants are pro- pagated for distribution; as also date gardens at Tempe, Arizona, and Mecca, California, in cooperation with the Experiment Stations of these respective states ; and it is carrying on very numerous cooperative experiments in the dif- erent states of the Union." WHAT IS HORTICULTURE? Perhaps I cannot do better, in closing this preface, than to define and explain the field that we in America consider to belong to the domain of horti- culture. In doing this I shall use a paper that I read as the presidential PREFACE xxi address before the Society for Horticultural Science at Philadelphia, December 27, 1904. This paper follows, aud concludes the preface: The members of this Society are interested in horticulture from its so-called "professional" side, — from the point of view of teaching and research. In this sense, the subject has been born, in this country, within the past thirty years. So far as I know, the person who has had the longest con- tinuous teaching service with horticulture as his leading profession is W. R. Lazenby, who, now in the prime of life, occupies a seat before me. He began his professional woi'k in IST-i in Cornell University. The states that first gave horticulture a distinct and separate place in teaching and research are Michi- gan, New York, Iowa, Ohio and Massachusetts. I do not know what teaching institution first established a full chair in which horticulture was the only sub- ject in the title, but there are few such chairs even yet. The first Experiment Station to engage a "horticulturist" was probably the State Station at Geneva, New York, and the lamented E. S. Goff was the person chosen. In most of the early professorships, horticulture was associated with botany, entomology, forestry or landscape gax'dening. I make the above remarks not for the pur- pose of I'ecoi'ding history — for I have made no careful survey of the field, — but only to call attention to the newness of these subjects in the curricula of our colleges. We are forcibly reminded of the novelty of the subject from the fact that we just now record the first death among our veteran colleagues, — the death of Professor Budd, which occurred on the 20th of this month. Pro- fessor Budd was a pioneer in a pioneer country. He made us to enlarge our horizon and helped to open the gates of iiromise. As a college subject, the origin of horticulture has been various. In the early days, it was associated oftenest with botany and split off from that sub- ject. One of my old teachers told me, as a student, that "botany and horti- culture" was a good professorship because I could gradually magnify the botany. When I was asked to take the chair of horticulture at the Michigan Agricultural College, a prominent botanist, who is now known personally or by reputation to every one of you, said to me that he did not see "how under heaven any man can take such a professorship as that." My dear old pre- ceptor Asa Gray was surpi'ised, and I think, disappointed. When I sought to minimize the disgrace of it by saying that a horticulturist needs to be a botanist, he replied, "Yes, but he needs to be a horticulturist, too." Latterly, horticulture has been correlated with agriculture rather than with botany. It has taken hold of affairs and is no longer a "chair," — for the professorial "chair" typifies the old sit- still method of teaching. xxii PREFACE Agriculture has divided by fissiou into a half dozen or more organisms, and each of these now shows signs of further segmentation. If pigs, cows, horses, machinery, underdrains, and field crops lack pedagogical and scientific harmony, what shall we say of orchids, onions, oranges, greenhouses, canning factories, cover-crops, plant- breeding, landscape gardening and cold storage? What is horticulture ? Although horticulture touches affairs at every point, it is primarily a biological subject. It rests on a knowledge of plants. Its fundamental rela- tionship, therefore, is with botany. Its biological i^hase is botany; its busi- ness phase is agriculture. Botany, however, has declined until recently to extend its sphere to subjects that come too near to real human affairs, and therefore has left a very large part of its domain uncultivated. Horticulture has seized some of this territory. It should hold the territory. Botany has not been alone in holding itself aloof from subjects that are made unclean by serving a direct purpose in the lives of men. All academic subjects have considered themselves worthy in proportion as they serve no concrete purpose. We even yet speak of "pure science," as if some science were impure. It is curious that subjects sought by human minds and hands are not "pure" when they sei've those minds and hands in the affairs of life. Howbeit, a working and practicable knowledge of plants must be had by those who engage in the developing of plant industries. A few days ago I saw a professor of botany in a commercial greenhouse, asking the florist many ques- tions about the growth and behavior of plants. I asked him why. He replied, "Those men know more real plant physiology than we do." Those men were horticulturists. I have not the least desire to confine any person's efforts to so-called "applied science." On the other hand, I have no desire to confine it to "pure science." I object to the classification of the ideas and to what this classifi- cation connotes. All knowledge is knowledge. Botany must escape its integuments of the laboratory and find part of its sphere in the field and the garden and on the farm. This is precisely the trend of its development to-day. Yet so great practical knowledge of plant- growing is required for this work that it would seem to demand the skill of one who is trained as a plantsman as well as an investigator. Horticulture would seem to stand in some such relation to botany as electrical and other engineering stands to physics. The engineer must be somewhat of a physicist, but he must also be an engineer. The multiplicity of botanical subjects and the intricacy of subject-matter are inci'easing with great rapidity. There will PREFACE xxiii be an opportunity foi' several teaching and investigational professions in the realm now known as botany. I should not be surprised if we should give up the term botanist as designating the occupant of a professorship. There is now a tendency to return to unit courses in biology, with special biologists employed in various phases of the subject. Of these special biologists, the horticulturist will be one of the remoter groups, connecting plant biology with the affairs of men. But even so, there must be horticulturists and horticulturists; and I doubt whether the term horticulturist will long persist in highly developed schemes of education and investigation. There will be fruit-growing horti- culturists, flower-growing horticulturists, nursery -growing horticulturists, and others. The manufacturing interests will be segregated, such as canning industries, manufacture of fruit wines and juices and the like, as dairy manufacture has now been separated from animal husbandry. I once edited a cyclopedia of horticulture. I do not know that it has left any impression on the mind of the very select public that chanced to hear of it; but the one strong impression that it left on my mind is its heterogeneous- ness. The most perplexing problem in its preparation was what to include. No doubt the reader is impressed with what might have been omitted. My own conclusion was that we should never see another large cyclopedia of horticulture; for such a work marks an unspecialized age. Just how the field will divide itself in the colleges and experiment stations it is yet too early to predict. As the reason for its division rests on its touch with affairs, and as affairs differ in every great geographical region, I see no reason why it should divide everywhere into identical parts. In New Yoi'k we need a professor of pomology ; another of jilant propagation ; another of greenhouse business; another of ornamental gardening; another of seed- growing, drawing from both agriculture and horticulture; another of fruit manufacture. Horticulture is contributing greatly to the national wealth. It supplies much important food; but these foods are to a large extent non-necessities, and their increasing use is a good criterion of the development of our civiliza- tion,— for the progress of the refinement of civilization is marked by the transferal of articles from the class of occasional luxuries to the class of essentials. Practically all the fruits, particulai'ly in temperate climates, belong to the class of non-necessitous foods; yet their consumption is increasing with enormous rapidity. All the growth of floriculture and of ornamental garden- ing— largely the work of one generation — stands in a very intimate relation xxiv PREFACE to the broadening sensitiveness of our lives. The number of fruit and forest trees grown in nurseries in 1900 was neai'ly twice as great as in 1890. In 1900 there were more than sixty- eight millions of square feet of glass in florists' establishments in the United States. The increase of the staple food-stuffs must bear a fairly definite ratio to the increase of population, but the increase in nearly all of the horticultural products is conditioned on our attainment of relative ease and the growth of ideals. Horticulture also represents intensive tillage and high- class effort at farm- ing. In 1900 the earning power of laud devoted to vegetables and small fruits in the United States was four times as great as the average earuiug power of all other crops. The perfection of tillage is the pot-growiug of the florist, who produces as great results from a handful of soil as the general farmer pro- duces from a bushel. It is no mere accident that one of the staple phrases of our language is, "As rich as a garden." How the subject of horticulture shall be divided and classified is of far less importance than what the subject shall include. Neither is it important what a man is called who does a certain piece of work. What is to be done in that field now indefinitely covered by the American term horticulture, in that domain of plant knowledge as related to the lives of men 1 Everything is to be done, for everything is yet unfinished. There is not one subject that we can say is even fairly completed. We need to know the bases of every existing condition in which plants grow. The conditions under which plants grow will be new and perhaps revolutionary in time to come, for wholly new plant industries are no doubt to develop. Our veiy civilization depends on man's relation to plants, and a good part of this relationship falls in the domain of the horticulturist. The opportunities of the horticulturist are just beginning to be recognized. Some years ago a person who had been made horticulturist in one of our insti- tutions wrote me asking whether I knew of any subjects that could be investi- gated and what he would better do. I told him that he would better quit. It is needless to say to this company that we have not yet lived up to our oppor- tunities. Most of our work has been of a temporary and superficial character. Real horticultural reseai'ch is ouly begun. The field is concreting itself and trained men are coming to the work. On the biological side, the concern of the horticulturist is twofold: to make two blades of grass grow whei'e only one grew before; to make each blade better than its parents were. Our definite and methodical work has been directed chiefly toward the former end. We have tried to increase production PREFACE XXV by augmenting the capabilities of the soil, and by extra care of the plant. We shall now attempt similar effort by making better plants. Of course there has been remarkable progress in varieties of plants; but for the most part it has been fortuitous and unpredicted. The new plant- breeding is more important than the old insistence on fertilizing of the land. But we are even yet mostly concerned with the production of concrete varieties, following the age-long conception that species and varieties are entities. Very likely we shall find that the best plant- breeding is that which produces gradual improvements inside the variety, until a variety shall develop into something better than itself. We seem now to care more for something that we can name, than for something that we can measure. We shall work out such constants that each grower will know how to increase the efficiency of a crop, as well by breeding the plant as by manipulating the soil. The grower will not need to rely solely on a professional maker of new kinds. Plant- breeding will be valuable in proportion as it gives every man the power to breed plants for himself. We need a new plant physiology, — a broader, keener, more vital body of knowledge than the laboratory alone can give us; for physiology is the science of life, and this life relates itself to every condition in which the plant lives. It includes ecology and ethology and other special fields. Part of this new knowledge will come from the botanists, part from the horticulturists, and there will be no clear line of demarcation. Suppose the botanists give us the funda- mental histological and physiological data: we horticulturists will work them out in plant forms that will help the race in its progress. In working out these practical breeding problems we will also be recon- structing the route by which the vegetable kingdom has arrived at its pi'esent stage. The plant- breeder and the animal -breeder are exponents of the organic evolution idea. They participate in the progress. They see the pageant. Working forward for definite ends, they also work backward to the beginning. I know of no persons who so much need to be philosophers. Inevitably they will contribute much to the discussion of evolution, for these discussions must tend to emerge from speculation into definite experiment. Up to this time, the evolution of plant forms has been essentially undi- rected by man. If such marvelous transformations have taken place in cultivated plants under such conditions, what may be expected under the explicit efforts of the future? We have every reason for saying that the progress will be remarkable. We shall work on the species that we now cul- tivate, and we shall extend our effort to species not yet domesticated. All xxvi PREFACE plants are ours. All forms, all colors, all perfumes, all flavors shall appeal to the senses of mau; and we cannot tell what shall be. But the horticulturist's work is not alone biological. He touches the art- impulse. Rob the race of the art- suggestions that it has had from plants, and you rob it of its architecture and its decoration. Once, furniture was not a part of the home — only mere rude benches and chairs. Decoration was not a part of the home. Nor was music — the Greek ideal of music was music in the fields or in the meeting places, rather than in the homes. Books were not a part of the home. Every generation sees some great addition to the depth and meaning of the home. Plants are a part of the developing centralized idea of home. I do not mean plants in vases alone, nor cut-flowers alone, — but plants in gardens outdoors and indoors in their proper places, as books are in their proper places on tables and library shelves. Every perfect home has its library; so in time it must have its garden, — a room, perhaps out of doors, in which plants grow. Last summer I drove through a beautiful well -wooded road in south- eastern England. At one place the rear of a house stood close against the highway, presenting no unusual point of interest to the passer-by. I drove in at the gate, and behold! a garden such as poets dream of ! And in truth it is a poet's garden. An open space of velvet lawn, sides piled high with lusty growth of tree and shrub and herbaceous plants, in the distance wide sweep of farm lands, at its back the fine old English residence set with pleasant vines — this was the picture. I thought I had never seen so choice a l)it, and yet there was nothing over-wrought or high-strung in it. I saw many beautiful plants, but the effect of the whole was supreme. It was as truly a picture as if the image of it had been put on canvas. If you have read "In Veronica's Garden," or "The Garden I Love," you will know what garden I mean. This garden illustrates a fundamental difference, I think, between the English and the American garden. The Englishman's garden is well-nigh as essential as his house. It is like an extra room to the residence. It is for the family rather than for the public. It therefore works itself into the develop- ing consciousness of children, and garden-love becomes as much a part of the person as books and furniture and music do. An English teacher recentlj' inspected our nature-study work. 'What surprises me,' she said, 'is that you need to do this work. The English child loves nature as if by instinct.' The American garden is likely to be all in the front yai"d. It is usually of the look- at-me kind. It is made for the public to see. This may contribute to public PREFACE xxvii spirit and civic betterment, but it loses in originality and vitality and in homefulness. Oue-third of our city and village improvement work is horticulture. Another third is architecture ; and the other third is common cleanliness and decency. We are gradually developing toward social community. All public and quasi-public property belongs in a very real sense to every one of the people who comes into relationship with it. It is your concern and mine how the streets look, and what is the esthetic character of churchyards, highways, railway property, open spaces, vacant lots. It is the work of the artist to touch all these commonplaces into life ; but the horticulturist must furnish part of the materials, and if he rises to his opportunities he himself will be in some important sense an artist. As a teaching profession, horticulture has two great phases: it must teach the things of the art and the craft ; it must aid in bringing the child into rela- tions with its environment. In all these generations we have been training the reflective and passive faculties. We shall now train also the creative and active faculties. It is the development of the active and constructive faculties that makes the farm boy so effective when he goes to the city. The coming school will deal with live objects and real phenomena. It will not be confined within walls. Growing plants will be prominent among these objects. The child will be trained to use his hands, to plan and to reason from actual prob- lems. Then he will be resourceful and will have power; for no man who lacks power is an educated man even though he knows all languages and has the finest academic manners. I have now suggested the three phases or sides of the field that we know as horticulture: I. The biological or science side. (a) Physiolog}' of plants, in its broadest phases — relations to the place iu which the plant grows and to the artificial conditions imposed upon it. (&) The modification of plants, — acclimatization, breeding, evolution. II. The affairs side. (a) The manipulation of plants, — grafting, pruning, training. (b) The rearing and sale of plants and plant products as a commercial enterprise. (c) The manufacture of certain plant products, — the canning, evapo- rating and similar industries. xxviii PREFACE III. The art and home side. (a) The love of plants. (6) The love of gardens. (c) The use of plants to heighten the beauty and meaning of the landscape. It would be violence, no doubt, to draw conclusions from this rambling discourse; but if I were asked what is the domain of the horticulturist I would reply in some such way as this: the horticulturist is one of the men who join hands with the plant biologist on one side and with affairs on the other, and whose energies are expended in every way in which plants appeal to men L. H. BAILEY. ■July 26, 1905. COLLABORATORS I. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CYCLOPEDIA *The asterisk designates the contribidors to the fourth volunn and in other ways . *Adams, Geo. E., Asst. Horticulturist, R. I. Exp. Sta., Kingston, R. I. {Rhode Island. Rhubarb.) *Adams, J. W., Nurseryman, Springfield, Mass. {Stephanandra. Viburnum.) *Allen, C. L., Author of "Bulbs and Tuberous- rooted Plants," Floral Park, N. Y. (Tiilipa.) Ames, Oakes, Asst. Dir. Botanic Garden, and Instructor in Botany in Harvard Univ., Cam- bridge, Mass. {Screral genera of orchids .) Andrews, D. M., Nurseryman, Boulder, Colo. (CEnothera. Opuntia. Help on native western plants, especially hardy cacti.) Archdeacon & Co., Commission merchants, New York, N. Y. (Mushroom.) Arnold, Jr., Geo., Gardener (formerly grower of aster seed), Rochester, N. Y. {China Aster.) Atkins, P. L., Florist, Rutherford, N. J. (Platy- ceritim . ) Atkinson, Geo. F., Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Mushroom.) *Balmer, Prof. J. A., formerly Horticulturist, Wash. Exp. Sta. (Washington.) *Bakclat, F. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. {Herbaceous Perennials, Rhexia, Sanguinaria, Silphium, Sisyrinchium , Smilacina, Statice, and many others, mostly hardy herbs.) *Barker, Michael, Editor of "Gardening" and "American Florist," Chicago, 111. {Solandra. Vallota. Many suggestions.) *Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, 111. {Fertilization. Flower. Teratology. Has read jiroofs of physio- logical subjects.) Barnes, William H., Secretary Kans. State Hort. Soc, Topeka, Kans. {Kansas.) *Barron, Leonard, Editor "American Garden- ing," New York, N. Y. {Rose. ) Bayersdorfer, H., Dealer in florists' supplies, Philadelphia, Pa. {Everlasting Floicers.) *Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. {Corn. Tliimiing Fruit.) Beadle, C. D., Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt- more, N. C. {Bamboo.) Many of the contributors have also assisted in reading proofs Beal, W. J., Prof, of Botany, Mich. Agric. Col- lege, Agricultural College, Mich. {Grass. Has read proofs of many genera of grasses.) Beckert, Theo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa. {Bougainvillma.) *Berckmans, P. J., Pomologist and nurseryman, Augusta, Ga. {Lawns for the South. Magnolia. Melia. Michelia. Persimmon. Pomegranate- Trees. Vines. Has read proof of many groups of importance in the South.) *BEssEy, Charles E., Prof, of Botany, Univ. of Nebr., Lincoln, Nebr. {Plant. Trees for the Plains. Has read several articles on grasses and native plants.) Blair, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, 111. Exp. Sta., Champaign, 111. {Greenhouse Glass. Illi- nois.) *Brandegee, Mrs. Katharine, Botanist, editor of Zoe, San Diego, Calif. {Several genera of cacti, as Mammillaria, Melocactus, Pelecyphora, Pereshia, Phyllocactus, Pilocereus, Rhipsalis.) Brandegee, T. S., Botanist, San Diego, Calif. {Nolina.) *Braunton, Ernest, Landscape gardener, and editor of "California Floriculturist," Los Angeles, Calif. {Nerium, Palms, Phmnix, Pittosporum, Richardia, Rose, Schinus, Trees, Vines, and other plants cultivated in southern California.) *Bruckner, Nichol N., Dreer's Nursery, River ton, N. J. {TJw article " Fern." Many groups of tender ferns. Selaginella.) *Budd, J. L., Prof. Emeritus of Horticulture, Iowa Agric. Coll., Ames, la. {Roses for the Prairie States. Has read proof of Iowa and of articles on important fruits.) *BurFUM, Prof. B. C, Horticulturist, Wyo. Exp. Sta., Laramie, Wyo. ( Wyoming.) BuRBANK, Luther, Plant -breeder, Santa Rosa, Calif. {Nicotunia. Has read proofs of Gladi- olus, etc.) Burnette, Prof. F. H., Horticulturist, La. Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. {Louisiana.) BuRRiLL, T. J., Prof, of Botany and Horticulture, Univ. of 111., Urbana, 111. {Protoplasm.) (xxix) COLLABORATORS BuTZ, Prof. Geo. C, Horticulturist, Pa. Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. {Carnation. Penn- sylvania.) *Cameron, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. {Various arlides and much help on rare plants. Alpinia, Campanula, Echinocactus, Nemophila, Primula, Ramonda, Urceolina, etc. ) *Canning, Edward J., Gardener, Smith College, Botanic Gardens, Northampton, Mass. {Many articles and much help on rare and difficult plants. Antliurimn. Echinocactus. Epiphyllum. Gloxinia. Peat. Puya. Soil. Stocks. Stove Plants. Vines. Zingiber. ) *Card, Prof. Fred W., Horticulturist, E. I. Exp. Sta. Kingston, E. I. {Nebraska. Botany and culture of bush-fruits, as Amelanchier, Bcrheris, Blackberry, Buffalo Berry, Currant, Loganberry , Raspberry, Ribes. ) Clinkaberry, Henry T., Gardener, Trenton, N. J. {Certain orchids, as Lmlia.) *Clinton, L. a., Asst. Agriculturist, Coi-nell Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. {Soy Bean. Sparry.) *Close, C. p.. Horticulturist, Del. Exp. Sta. (for- merly Horticulturist Utah Exp. Sta.), Newark, Del. {Utah.) CoATES, Leonard, Fruit-grower, Napa, Calif. {Olive. Orange. Has helped on other fruits.) Cockerell, T. D. a., Entomologist, East Las Vegas, N. M. (iVew Mexico.) Collins, John S., Fruit-grower, Moorestown, N.J. {Pear.) *Conard, Henry S., Senior Fellow in Botany, Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa. {Xym2>ha'a. Victoria.) Cook, O. F., Botanist in charge of investigations in Tropical Agriculture, Div. of Botany, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Coffee. Pa- ritium. Help on Porto Rico, Sechium, Zingiber, and tropical plants.) *Corbett, Prof. L. C, Horticulturist, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, formerly Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp. Sta., Morgantown, W. Va. {Storage. West Virginia.) *CoULSTON, Mrs. M. B., Formerly assistant editor of "Garden and Forest," Ithaca, N. Y. {Va- riotis native plants. Stiles.) Coulter, John M., Professor and Head of the D6pt. of Botany, Univ. of Chicago, fChicago, 111. {Echinocactus.) *Cowell, Prof. John P., Dir. Buffalo Botanic Gar- den, West Seneca, N. Y. {Odontoglossum . Phormium. Rhus. Robinia. Sambucus. Sym- phoricarpos. Tilia. ) *CowEN, J. H., formerly Assistant in Horticulture, Colo. Exp. Sta., died 1900. {Certain Colorado plants, as Lepachys, Leucocrinum. Verbena, i See personal note under "Verbena." *Craig, John, Prof, of Extension Teaching in Ag- ric, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Canada. Gooseberry. Kale. Kohlrabi. Pomology. Quince. Rape. Spraying. Tliinning Fruit.) Craig, Egbert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. {Arau- caria. Ardisia. Codiceum.) Craig, W. N., Gardener, North Easton, Mass. {Mushroom.) Crandall, Prof. C. S., Div. of Forestry, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Colo- rado.) *Cropp, Carl, Seedsman, Vaughan's Seed Store, Chicago, 111. {Stocks.) CULBERTSON, H., El Cajon Packing Company, El Cajon, Calif. {Peach. ) Cushman, E. H., Gladiolus specialist, Sylvania, Ohio. {Gladiolus.) *Darlington, E. D., Superintendent of Trials, Fordhook Experimental Farm, Doylestown, Pa. {Sweet Pea. Helped on Pea.) Darlington, H. D. , Wholesale florist, specialist in heaths and hard-wooded plants. Flushing, N. Y. {Epacris. Leptospertnum. Pimelca. Has read proof of many articles on hard-tvooded jdants.) *Davis, K. C, Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp. Sta., Morgantown, W. Va. (All genera in Ranuncu- lacecE, e. g., Clematis, Nigella, P(E0nia, Ranun- culus. Help on West Virginia. ) *Davy, J. BuRTT, Asst. Botanist, Univ. of Calif. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. {Trees and Vines of California, various Myrtacece, and many important subtropical subjects, as Acacia, CalUstemon, Eu- genia, Eucalyptus, Maytenus, Pittosj)orum, Psid- ium, Romneya, Schinus, Sollya, Streptosolen, Trislania, TJmbeXlula'''ia. Washingtonia, Wind- breaks, and others.) *Dawson, Jackson, Gardener, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. {Rose. ) Dean, James, Florist, Bay Eidge, N. Y. [Nephrol- epis. ) Deane, Walter, Botanist, Cambridge, Mass. {Herbarium. Has read many proofs and helped on various botanical problems. ) Dewey, Lyster H., OfBce of Botanical Investiga- tions, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Mentha- Phytolacca.) DoRNER, Fred, Carnation specialist, Lafayette, Ind. {Carnation.) *DoRSETT, P. H. , Associate Physiologist and Pathol- ogist, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Violet.) Douglas, Thos. H., of E. Douglas' Sons, nursery- men and specialists in conifers, Waukegan, 111. {Larix. Picca. Pscudotsuga.) Drew, E. P., Manager Rocky Eiver Nursery, Clif- ton, Park, O. {Picea.) COLLABORATORS DuGQAR, B. M., Div. Veg. Phys. & Path., U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Photosynthe- sis. Physiology of Plants. Pollen.) Dunning, D. M., Amateur, Auburn, N. Y. (Grapes tinder Glass.) Dupuy, Louis, Wholesale florist and specialist in hard-wooded plants, Whitestone, N. Y. {Erica. Has read other articles on heath-like j^lants.) *Eakle, Prof. F. S., Botanist at N. Y., Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y., formerly Horticul- turist, Ala. Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. {Alabama. Packing. Storage.) Earle, Parker, Horticulturist, Eoswell, N. M. {Xew Mexico.) ''Egan, W. C, Amateur, Highland Park, 111. {Ere- murus. Rose. Eudbeckia. Winter Protection. Has helped on hardy jylants.) ElSELE, Jacob D., Manager of Dreer's Nursery, Riverton, N. J. {Cordyline. Pandanus. Has read proofs of several important subjects. ) Elliott, William H., Florist, Brighton, Mass. {Asparagus j^lumq^sus. ) Emery, S. M., Dir. Mont. Exp. Sta., Manhattan, Mont. {Montana.) Endicott, John, Bulb - grower. Canton, Mass {Littunia. ) Endicott, W. E., Teacher, Canton, Mass. {Achim- enes. Acidanthera. Ixia. Has made important corrections in many articles on bulbs.) *EvANS, J. C, Pres. Olden Fruit Co., Kansas City, Mo. {Storage.) Evans, Walter H., OfBce of Exp. Stations, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Alaska.) *Falconer, William, Supt. Bureau of Parks, Pitts- burg, Pa. {Romneya.) *Fawcett, Wm., Director Dept. Public Gardens and Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. {Tlie article ^^ Tropical Fruits;" also Cherimoya, Cin- chona, Marmalade Plum, Egg Fruit, Mango, Mangosteen, and others. Fernow, Prof. B. E., Director College of Fores- try, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Conifers. Forestry. Pine.) Finlatson, Kenneth, Gardener, Brookline, Mass. {Diosma. ) Fletcher, Prof. S. W., Horticulturist, Wash. Exp. Sta., Pullman, Wash. {Ipomcea and va- rious other Convolmdacece . Helianthus and re- lated genera. Nemophila. Nierembergia. Nolana. Pollination. ) FooRD, J. A., Asst. in Dairy Husbandry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Neie Hampshire.) Franceschi, Dr. F., Manager S. Calif. Acclima- tizing Ass'n, Santa Barbara, Calif. {Rare plants grown in S. Calif., as Dasylirion, Fla- courtia, Fouquiera, Furcrcea, Ha:ardia, Park- insonia, etc. Has corrected many proofs. Galloway, B. T., Dir. of Bureau of Plant Indus- try, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Florictdture. Has read various important articles, including Violet.) Gannett, Frank E., Editor, "The News," Ithaca, N. Y. ; formerly Sec'y to President of the U. S. Philippine Commission. {Philippine Islands.) Garcia, Prof. Fabian, Horticulturist New Mex. Exp. Sta., Mesilla Park, N. M. {New Mexico). Garfield, Chas. W., Horticulturist, Grand Rap- ids, Mich. {Michigan. ) Gerard, J. N., Amateur, Elizabeth, N. J. ( Various articles, especially on biilbous plants, as Crocus, Iris, Muscari, Narcissus.) Gillett, Edward, Nurseryman, Southwick, Mass. {Hardy Ferns. Liparis. Has read numerous proofs on native plants, especially hardy orchids.) *GoFF, Prof. E. S., Horticulturist, Wis. Exp. Sta., Madison, Wis. {Wisconsin.) *GoOD, Jessie M., Organizer, American League for Civic Improvement, Springfield, O. ( Village Improvement.) Gould, H. P., Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Brussels Sprouts. Celeriac.) Gould, Mrs. Thos., Petunia specialist, Ventura, Calif. {Petunia.) Green, Prof. S. B., Horticulturist, Minnesota, Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. {Minne- sota.) Green, Wm. J. Horticulturist, Ohio Exp. Sta., Wooster, Ohio. {Ohio. Greenhouse sub-irriga- tion.) Greene, Edward L., Prof, of Botany, Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D. C. {Dode- catheon. Help on Viola.) Greenlee, Miss Lennie, Bulb - grower. Garden City, N. C. {Ilia.) *Greiner, T., Specialist in Vegetables, La Salle, N. Y. {Garden vegetables, as Artichoke, Aspara- gus, Bean, Cress, Corn Salad, Kohlrabi, Lettuce, Onion, Parsley, Parsnip, Rhubarb.) *GREy, Robert M., Gardener, North Easton, Mass. {Numerous important orchid grou^is, as Cypripe- dium, Epidendrum, Lycaste, Maxillaria, Masde- vallia, Odontoglossom, Oncidium, OrcMd, Phaloe- nopsis, Saccolabium, Stanhopea, Zygopetalum.) Groff, H. H., Gladiolus specialist, Simcoe, Out. {Gladiolus.) GuRNEY, James, Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Cacti.) *Hale, J. H., Nurseryman and pomologist. South Glastonbury, Conn. (Connecticut. Peach. Storage.) Halsted, Prof. B. D., N. J. Exp. Sta., New Brunswick, N. J. {Diseases. Fungus.) COLLABORATORS Hansen, Geo., Landscape Architect and botanist, Berkeley, Calif. [Epidendrum .) ♦Hansen, Prof. N. E., Horticulturist, S. Dak. Exp. Sta., Brookings, S. Dak. (South Da- kota.) Harris, Frederick L., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. [Lisianthus . MediniUa.) *Harris, W., Supt. of Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. (Certain tropical fruits, as Mammee Apple, Persea, Pomelo, Tamarind, etc.) Harris, W. K., Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Ficus elastica. Help on Lilium Uarrisii.) Harrison, C. S., Pres. Park and Forest Soe. of Neb., York, Neb. (Paeudotsuga.) *Harshberger, J. W., Instructor in Botany, Univ. of Penn., Philadelphia, Pa. (Bust. Sapro- phyte. Scilla. Smut. Symbiosis.) *Hart, J. H., Supt. Botanical Department, Trini- dad, W. I. (Theobroma. Tropical Fruits.) *Hasselbring, Heinrich, Asst. Pathologist, 111. Exp. Sta., Urbana, 111. {Iris. Tlie article "Orchids," and botany of most orchid genera from Gongura to Zygopetalum. Several acan- ihads, as Schaueria and Thunbergia. Also Bust, and has helped on plant diseases. ) Hastings, G. T., formerly Asst. in Botany, Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. ; now Science Teacher, Santiago, Chile. (Some tropical plants, as Ber- ria, Bertholletia. A few grasses, as Hiernchloe, Uolcus, Hordeum . ) *Hatpield, T. D., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. (Numerous and varied contributions, as Gesnera, Gloxinia, Lachenalia, Leca, Macrozamia, (Enoth- era, Oxalis, Pelargonium, Beinwardtia, Bkexia, Bichardia, Eondeletia. Has read many proofs. ) Hedrick, U. p., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture, Agri- cultural College, Mich. (Evaporation of Fruit. Prune. Help on Utah.) *Heinz Co., H. J., Manufacturers of pickles and canned goods, Pittsburg, Pa. (Tomato.) Henderson & Co., Peter, Seedsmen, New York, N. Y. (Bulbs. Eccremocarpus. PoUanthes. Much help on proofs and many suggestions.) Henderson, Prof. L. P., Botanist, Idaho Exp. Sta., Moscow, Idaho. (PhaceVta.) Herrington, a.. Gardener, Florham Farms, Madison, N. J. (Chrysanthemum coccineum. Hollyhock.) Hews, A. H., Manufacturer of earthenware, North Cambridge, Mass. (Pots.) *Hexamer, Dr. F. M., "American Agriculturist," New York, N. Y. (Several biographical sketches, as Fuller, Harris, Thurber.) *HiCKS, G. H., late of U. S. Dept. Agric, Wash- ington, D. C. (deceased). (Seed-testing.) *HiCKS, Henry, Nurseryman, Westport, L. I. (Li- gustrum. Transplanting.) HiGGiNS, J. E., Horticulturist and teacher Hono- lulu, H. T. (Hawaiian Islands.) Hill, E. G., Florist, Richmond, Ind. (Begonia.) *HiTCHC0CK, A. S., Agrostologist, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington D. C. (Most of the genera of grasses from E to Z.) Hollister, E. J., Celery cultivator, Holley, Colo. (Celery.) HooPES, JosiAH, Nurseryman, West Chester, Pa. (Hedges.) HoRSFORD, Fred H., Nurseryman, and specialist in lilies, Charlotte, Vt. (Alpine Gardens. Lilium. Has read proof of many articles on native plants and hardy herbaceous peren- nials.) *Huey, Robert, Amateur rosarian, Philadelphia, Pa. (Bose.) *Hunn, Charles E., Gardener, Cornell Exp. Sta. Ithaca, N. Y. (Forcing of Vegetables. Mign- onette. Strawberry.) Huntley, Prof. F. A., Horticulturist, Idaho Exp. Sta., Moscow, Idaho. (Idaho.) *HUTCHINS, Rev. W. T., Sweet Pea specialist, Springfield, Mass. (Sweet Pea.) *IRISH, H. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Botanical Gar- den, St. Louis, Mo. (Capsicum. Lactuca. Pepper. Tetragonia.) *Jacob Chas. W., & Allison, Importers, New York, N. Y. (Baffia.) *Jackson & Perkins Co., Nurserymen and spe- cialists in Clematis, Newark, N. Y. (Clem- atis. Bose.) Jaenicke, Adolph, Manager propagating dept., J. L. Childs, Floral Park, N. Y. (Primula.) Jeffers, a.. Editor "Cornucopia," Norfolk, Va. (Kale. Potato.) Jordan, A. T., Asst. Horticulturist, New Bruns- wick, N. J. (NeiD Jersey.) *JnNGHANNS, R. L., San Juan, Porto Rico. (Be- seda. Help on Mignonette.) *Kains, M. G., Horticulturist, School of Practical Agric. and Hort., Briar Cliff Manor, N. Y. (Minor vegetables, as Horse-Badish, Okra and Boquette. The article Sweet Herbs, also Sage, Savory, Scurvy Grass, Tansy, and other sweet, pot or medicinal herbs. Also Chicory, Ginseng and Glycyrrhiza.) Kearney, T. H., Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Three orchid genera, Grammangis, Grammatophyllum, Hahenaria.) *Keller, J. B., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. (Many groups of hardy herbaceous perennials. Article on Herbaceous Perennials.) Kelsey, Harlan P., Nurseryman, Boston, Mass. (North Carolina plants, as Galax, Leucothoe and Paronychia. Help on proofs.) COLLABORATORS Kennedy, P. Beveridge, Horticulturist, Nev. Exp. Sta., Eeno, Nev. (Many genera of grasses in Vols. I and II. Begonia.) Kerr, J. W., Nurseryman, Denton, Mel. (Mary- land. Help on Plum.) KiFT, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Cut- flowers.) Kinney, L. F., Horticulturist, Kingston, R. I. (Celery.) Knapp, S. a.. Special commissioner U. S. Dept. Agric, Lake Charles, La. (Philippine Islands.) Lager & Hurrell, Orchid cultivators. Summit, N. J. (Cattleya.) Lager, John E., Orchid specialist. Summit, N. J. ( Oncidium . ) Lake, Prof. E. R., Horticulturist, Ore. Exp. Sta., Corvallis, Ore. (Oregon.) Landreth, Burnet, Seedsman, Philadelphia, Pa. ( David Landreth . ) Lauman, G. N., Instructor in Hort., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (^Geranium. Impatiens.) *Le Moyne, F. J., Amateur in orchids, Chicago, 111. (Sobralia.) Lewers, Ross, Fruit-grower, Franktown, Nev. (Neradri.) *Linton, S. H., Nurseryman, Des Moines, la. (Rhuharh.) Lonsdale, Edwin, Florist, Wyndmoor, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. (Conservatory.) Lord & Burnham Co., Horticultural architects and builders, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. ( G-reenhouse Construction . ) Lothrop & HiGGiNS, Dahlia specialists, East Bridgewater, Mass. (Dahlia.) IjVON, T. T., Pomologist, South Haven, Mich. (Died 1900.) (Pear.) *MacDodgal, D. T., Dir. of the Laboratories, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. {Sa}). Transpiration.) Macomber, J. T., Fruit-grower, Grand Isle, Vt. (Peach.) MacPherson, James, Landscape gardener, Tren- ton, N. J. (Euphorbia. Has read proofs of several orchid genera.) McFarland, J. Horace, Horticultural printer and expert in photography, Harrisburg, Pa. (Bor- der. Photography . Help on illustrations.) McKay, Prof. A. B., Horticulturist, Miss. Exp. Sta., Agricultural College, Miss. (Potato. Strawberry.) McMiLLEN, Robert, Wholesale grower of migno- nette, Pearl River, N. Y. (Mignonette.) McWiLLlAM, Geo., Gardener, Whitinsville, Mass. (Dipladeyiia. Luculia.) *Manning, J. Woodward, Landscape Architect, Boston, Mass. {Pacliysandra. Pyrethrum. Eho- dodendron. Hardy herbs. Many proofs.) *Manning, Warren H., Landscape Architect, Boston, Mass. (Herbaceous Perennials. Sock Gardens.) Mason, Prof. S. C, Dept. of Horticulture and Forestry, Berea College, Berea, Ky. (Labeling. Layering.) Massev, Prof. W. F., Horticulturist, N. C. Exp. Sta., Raleigh, N. C. (Fig. North Carolina.) Mathews, ProJ. C. W , Horticulturist, Ky. Exp. Sta., Lexington, Ky. (Kentucky.) Mathews, F. Schuyler, Artist, Boston, Mass. (Color.) *Mathews, Wm., Florist and orchid grower, Utica, N. Y. (Various orchids, as Gongora, Grammato- phylluin, lonopsis, Limatodes, Miltonia, Pholi- dota, Selenipedium, Sophronitis. Has read many proofs on orchids. ) *May, JohnN., Wholesale florist. Summit, N. J_ (Hose. Help on florists' flowers.) Maynard, Prof. S. T., Horticulturist, Mass. Hatch. Exp. Sta., Amherst, Mass. (Mas- sachusetts. ) Mead, T. L., Horticulturist, Oviedo, Fla. (Cri- num. Orange. Has helped in matters of southern horticulture.) *Meehan, Joseph, Nurseryman, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. (Idesia. Toxylon.) Meredith, A. P., Gardener, South Lancaster, Mass. (Humea.) *MiLLS, Et. Rev. Edmund M., Amateur rosarian, Elmira, N. Y. (Rose.) *MISCHE, Emil, Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Landscape Architects, Brookline, Mass. (Quisqualis. Toxy- lon.) Moon, Samuel C, Nurseryman, Morrisville, Pa. ( Oak. ) Morrill, Roland, Fruit-grower, Benton Harbor, Mich. (Peach.) Morris, O. M., Horticulturist, Okla. Exp. Sta., Stillwater, Okla. (Indian Territory. Okla- homa.) *Mott, Jr., Samuel R., Manager of Genesee Fruit Co.'s Freezing and Cold Storage Dept., Roch- ester, N. Y. (Storage.) *Munson, T. v.. Nurseryman and grape hybridist, Denison, Tex. ( Grajje culture in the South. Texas. ) *Munson, Prof. W. M., Horticulturist, Me. Exp. Sta , Orono, Me. (Maine. Vacciyiium.) *Murrell, Geo. E., Fruit-grower, Fontella, Va. ( Virginia.) *Nehrling, H., Milwaukee, Wis. (Phrnnix, Sabal, Screna-a, Tabernwmontana, Tecoma, Thunbergia and other plants cultivated in his garden at Gotha, Fla.) Newbury, H. E., Specialist in tuberose culture, Magnolia, N. C. (Polianthes.) COLLABORATORS Newell, A. J., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. (Certain orchids, e.g., Odontoglossum.) *Newman, J. S., Vice Dir. S. C. Exp. Sta., Clemson College, S. C. (South Carolina.) *NoRTON, Prof. J. B. S., Pathologist Md. Exp. Sta., College Park, Md. (Genera of Euphor- biacea. Phyllanthtis . Numerous botanical pmsles.) Ogston, Colin, Gardener, Kimball orchid collec- tion, Rochester, N. Y. (Dendrohium.) *Oliver, G. W., Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Many articles on palms, aroids, succulents and rare plants, and much help on j)roofs. Alstroemeria. Amaryllis. Nepenthes. Ochna. Pennisetum. Petrea . Sarracenia . ) Olmsted, Jr., F. L., Landscape Architect, Brook- line, Mass. (Park. Help on Landscape and Railroad Gardening.) O'Mara, Patrick, of Peter Henderson & Co., New York, N. Y. (Polling. Has read rarious important articles, suggested contributors and given other aid.) Orpet, Edward O., Gardener, So. Lancaster, Mass. (Border. Cyclamen. Dianthus, and certain orchids. ) Parsons, Jr., Samuel, Landscape architect. New York, N. Y. (Laicn. Help on Park.) Peacock, Lawrence K., Dahlia specialist, Ateo, N. J. (Dahlia.) Pennock, p. M., Horticulturist, San Juan, Porto Eieo. (Porto Bico.) *Peterson, Wm. a., of the firm of P. S. Peterson & Sou, Nurserymen, Chicago, 111. (Pceonia. Transplanting of large trees.) *Pierce, Newton B., Pathologist Pacific Coast Laboratory, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agric, Santa Ana, Calif. ( Walnut.) •PlETERS, A. J., Botanist in charge of Seed Labora- tory, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Seed Testing.) Powell, Prof. G. Harold, Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept. Agric. ,Washingtou, D. C. (Cherry. Delaware. Help on Peach, etc.) Powell, George T., Dir. School of Practical Ag- riculture and Horticulture, Briar Cliff Manor, N. Y. (Pear. Has read proofs of other impor- tant fruits.) *Price, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Texas Exp. Sta., College Station, Texas. (Texas.) Prince, L.B., Pres. Board of Regents, New Mexico Agric. College, Santa Fe, N. M. (The article "Prince.") *PuRDy, Carl, Specialist in California bulbs, Ukiah, Calif. (California native plants, as Brodia^a, Calochortus, Erythronium, Fritillaria, Stropho- lirion. Help on Lilium.) Rane, F. W., Horticulturist and Prof, of Horti- culture, N. H. College, Durham, N. H. (New Hampshire.) Rawson, Grove P., Florist, Elmira, N. Y. (Lan- tana.) Rawson, W. W., Seedsman and market-gardener, Boston, Mass. (Cucumber. Lettuce.) *Reasoner, E. N., Nurseryman and horticulturist, Oneco, Fla. (Many articles, and much help on extreme southern horticulture. Coesalpinia. Co- cos. Guava. Kumquat. Lemon. Lime. Mango. Musa. Orange. Sabal. Tamarindus.) *Rehder, Alfred, Asst. at the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Botany and culture of most of the hardy trees and shrubs. The article "Trees.") Roberts, Prof. I. P., Dir. College of Agric, Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Drainage. Fertility. Manure. Potato.) Rolfs, Prof. P. H., Botanist, S. C. Exp. Sta., Clemson College, S. C. (Eggplant. Florida. Okra. Onion. Pineapple.) Rose, J. N., Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. (Agave. Prochnyanthcs. ) Rose, N. Jonsson, Landscape Gardener, Dept. of Parks, New York, N. Y. (Various exotics.) Roth, Filibert, Chief of Div. of Forestry, De- partment of the Interior, Washington, D. C. (Fagus.) *Rowlee, Prof. W. W., Asst. Prof, of Bot- any, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Liatris. Salix.) RoTLE, Mrs. Emily Taplin, Asst. Ed. "Rural New-Yorker," New York, N. Y. (Nepenthes.) *Sandsten, Prof. E. P., Horticulturist Md. Exp. Sta., College Park, Md. (Self -sterility.) Sargent, Prof. C. S., Dir. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Abies. Has read proofs of Picea, Prunus, etc.) *Scott, Wm., Florist, Buffalo, N. Y. (Important florists' plants and flowers, as Acacia, Conval- laria. Cyclamen, Cytisus, Smilax, Metrosideros , Peperomia, Perilla, Piqueria, Stephanoiis, Syringa, Verbena, etc. Also Packing Flowers.) Scott, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y. (Ber- tolonia and other tender foliage plants. ) ^Scribner, F. Lamson, Dir. Dept. of Agric, Philippine Islands, formerly Chief Div. of Ag- rostology, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Teosinte.) *Sears, Prof. F. C , Dir. Nova Scotia School of Horticulture, Wolfville, N. S., formerly Horti- culturist Utah Exp. Sta. (Utah. Help on Canada.) *Seavey, Mrs. Frances Copley, Landscape Gar. dener, Chicago, 111. (Railroad Gardening.) COLLABORATORS Semple, James, Specialist in China asters, Bellevue, Pa. (Aster.) Sexton, Joseph, Founder of the pampas grass industry, Goleta, Calif. {Gijnerium.) ^Shepard, Charles U.J Special agent V. S. Dept. Agric. in charge of experiments in tea culture, Summerville, S. C. (Ten.) ^Shinn, Charles H., Inspector of Experiment Stations, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. {CaUfornia, Fig, Loganberry, Sequoia, etc.) *Shore, Kobert, (iardener, Botanical Dept., Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Various articles, as Acalypha, Bedding, Dichorisandra, Episcea, Fittonia, Hymenophylluni, Tliyrsacanthus, Tra- chelosperm u »i , Vases . ) ■*Siebrecht, Henry A., Florist and nurseryman, New York and Rose Hill Nurseries, New Eo- ehelle, N. Y. {Much help on rare greenhouse plants, particularly orchids and palms. Draccena. Ficus. Fuchsia. Gardenia. Ixora. Lapageria. Latiriis. Nerium. Nepenthes. Puya. Sonerila. Tococa, and others.) *SlMONDS, O. C, Landscape Gardener, Buena Ave., Chicago, 111. (Landscape Cemeteries. Shruhhery.) Slingerland, Prof. M. V., Entomologist Cornell Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. (Lnseetieides. Insects.) Smith, A. W., Grower of cosmos and moonflower seed, Amerious, Ga. (Cosmos.) Smith, Elmer D., Chrysanthemum specialist, Adrian, Mich. (Chrysanthemum.) Smith, Irving C. , Market-gardener, Green Bay, Wis. (Onion. Help on Kohl-Eabi and Strawberry.) "^Smith, Jared G., Dir. Hawaii Exp. Sta., Hono- lulu, H. Terr. (Nearly all palms, some aroids and various other genera, as Centaurea, Cerastiuni, Cotyledon.) *Smith, J. M. (deceased). Fruit-grower and market- gardener. Green Bay, Wis. (Strawberry .) Spencer, John W., Fruit-grower, Westfield, Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y. (Grapes in the North. Help on important fruits.) *Staley, Arthur, Walnut-grower, FuUerton, Calif. ( ITalnut.) *Starnes, Hugh N., Prof, of Agriculture and Horticulture, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. (Georgia. Stveet Potato. Tomato. Watermelon. Steele, E. S., Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Perfumery Gardening .) *Steele, W. C, Fruit-grower, Switzerland, Fla. (Talinum. Help on floriculture in Florida.) Stinson, Prof. John T., Dir. Mo. Fruit Exp. Sta., Mountain Grove, Mo. (Arkansas.) Strong, Wm. C, Nurseryman, Waban, Mass. (Eenrick.) Stitbbs, W. C, Dir. La. Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. (Orange.) *Stubenrauch, Arnold V., Instructor in Hort., Univ. of III., Urbana, 111., formerly Calif. Exp. Sta. (Olive, Plum and Eaisin in Calif. Pilo- carpus. Pimelea. Platycodon. Sequoia. Tulipa.) Taber, G. L., Nurseryman, Glen St. Mary, Fla. (Persimmon.) Taft, Prof. L. R., Horticulturist, Mich. Agric. College, Agricultural College, Mieh. (Green- house heating. Hotbeds.) *Taplin, W. H., Specialist in palms and ferns, Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. (Culture of many pahns, ferns and foliage plants.) Taylor, Frederic W., Dir. Dept. of Horticul- ture, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, N. Y. (Nebraska.) Taylor, Wm. A., Asst. Pomologist, Div. of Po- mology, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Articles on nuts, as Hickory, Pecan.) Thilow, J. Otto, of H. A. Dreer, Inc., Philadel- phia, Pa. (Leek. Muskmelon.) Thompson, C. H., formerly Asst. Botanist, Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Some genera of cacti, as Echinocereus, Epiphyllum .) *Thorburn & Co., J. M., Seedsmen, New York, N. Y. (Hyacinth. Seed Trade. Have read many proofs of bulbs, annuals, vegetables, herbs, etc.) *TouMEY, Prof. J. W., Yale Forestry School, New Haven, Mass. (Arizona. Date. Opuntia. Boot- Galls.) Tracy, S. M., Horticulturist, Biloxi, Miss. (Mis- Si6'syy)(.) *Tracy, W. W., Seedsman, D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich. (Cabbage. Lettuce. Michi- gan. Pea. Eadish. Seedage. Help on many vegetables.) *Trelease, Dr. Wm., Dir. Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Certain desert plants of the lily family, as Aloe, Apicra, Gasieria, Haworthia, Yticca. Shall). Sturtevant. Oxalis.) *Tricker, Wm., Specialist in aquatics, Dreer's Nursery, Riverton, N. J. (Aquarium. Aquatics, Most aquatics, as Limnanthemum, Limnocharis, Nympheea, Nelumbo, Ouvirandra, Victoria.) Troop, Prof. James, Horticulturist, Ind. Exp. Sta., Lafayette, Ind. (Indiana. Persitnmon.) *Tucker, Gilbert M., Publisher and editor of "The Country Gentleman," Albany, N. Y. (J. J. Tliomas. Luther Tucker.) Turner, Wm., Gardener, Oceanic, N. J. (Forc- ing of Fruits. Mushroom.) TuTTLE, H. B., Cranberry-grower, Valley Junc- tion, Wis. (Cranberry.) *Underwood, Prof. L. M., Columbia University, New York, N. Y. (Botany of all ferns. Selag- inella and some other flowerless plants. ) *Van Deman, H. E., Pomologist, Parksley, Va. (Date. Nut Culture. Strawberry.) COLLABORATORS Vaughan, J. C, Seedsman auJ florist, Chicago and New York. (Christmas Greens.) ViCK, James, D. Landreth's Sons, Philadelpliia, Pa. (ilalraviscus. Melothria.) VooRHEES, Prof. Edward B., Dir. N. J. Exp. Sta., New Brunswiels, N. J. {FeriiU::ers.) Waldron, Prof. C. B., Horticulturist, N. Dak. Exp. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak. {Norih Dakola.) *Walker, Prof. Ernest, Horticulturist, Ark. Exp. Sta., Fayetteville, Ark. (A)innals. Basl'et Plants. Heliotrope. Wateriny.) Ward, C. W., Wholesale florist. Queens, L. I. [Pelargonium. Help on Carnation.) *Warder, E. H., Supt. Lincoln Park, Chicago, 111. ( Warder. ) » *Watrous, C. L., Nurseryman and pomologist, Des Moines, lo. (lowii. Pear. Trees on Plains.) *Watson, B. M., Instructor in Horticulture, Bus- sey Inst., Jamaica Plain, Mass. {Colcliieuvi. Cuttage. Forcing Hardy Plants. House Plants. Rhododendron. Rose. Winter Protection.) *Watts, R. L., formerly Horticulturist of Tennes- see Exp. Sta., Scalp Level, Pa. (Tennessee.) *WAUGn, Prof. F. A., Horticulturist, Vt. Exp. Sta., Burlington, Vt. (Beet. Carrot. Cucumber. Greens. Lilium. Plum. Salad Plants. Vermont.) *Webber, Herbert J., In charge of Plant Breed- ing Laboratory, Veg. Phys. and Path. Inves- gations, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Citrus. Pomelo. Murraya, Triphasia, and other citrous genera. Plant- Breeding. Help on Zamia.) Wellhouse, Fred, Fruit-grower, Fairmount, Kans. (Kansas.) Wheeler, C. F., Asst. Prof, of Botany, Michigan Agric. College, Mich. (Pyrola.) Wheeler, H. J., Chemist, R. I. Exp. Sta., Kingston, R. I. (Lime.) *WHiTNEy, Milton, Chief. Div. of Soils, U. S. Dept. Agric, Wasliington, D. C. (Irrigation. Soils.) Whitten, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Exp. Sta., Columbia, Mo. (Missouri.) Whyte, R. B., Amateur, Ottawa, Ont. (Hemero- callis. Lilium. Narcissus. Papaver. Help on Tagetes, Tulipa, Zinnia, etc.) *WicKSON, Edward J., Prof, of Agricultural Prac- tice, Univ. of Calif., an.' Horticulturist, Calif. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Almond, Apricot, Cherry, Grape, Lemon, Lime, Nectarine, Piiir, Strawberry, Walnut and Vegetable Gardening in Califortiia.) *Wiegand, K. M., Instructor in Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Coreopsis. Cordyline. Cyperus. Dracoena. Juncus. Lysimachia. Musa. Myosotis. Potentilla. Scirpus. Steironema.) *WooDS, Albert F., Chief of Office of Veg. Phys. Investigations, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washing- ton, D. C. (Variegation.) WooLSON, G. C, Nurseryman, Specialist in hardy herbaceous perennials, Passaic, N. J. (Mer- tensia. Has read numerous proofs.) Wortman, S. W., Mushroom-grower, Iselin, N. J. (Mushroom.) Wright, Charles, Fruit-grower, Seaford, Del. (Peach. Help on Delaware.) *Wyman, a. p., Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Land- scape Architects, Brookline, Mass. (Dirca, Epigcea, Exochorda, Halesia, Hypericum, Kerria, Liquidambar, and other hardy trees and shrubs. Also Lathyrus, Lupinus, Ver- onica.) *Yeomans, L. T., Fruit-grower, Walworth, N. Y. (Pear. Help on Evaporation of Fruits. Rasp- berry.) ZlRNGiEBEL, Denys, Florist, Needham, Mass. (Pansy.) LIST OF THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED BY READING PROOF, AND IN OTHER WATS Abraham, Charles, Nurseryman, San Francisco, Calif. (Trees in Calif.) Allen, R. C, Fruit-grower, Bonita, Calif. (Olive.) Alver.son, a. H., Growb.. of cacti, San Ber- nardino, Calif. (Cacti.) Apgar, Austin C, Prof, of Botany, N. J. State Normal School, author of "Trees of the North- ern U. S.," Trenton, N. J. (Trees.) Bailey, W. W., Prof, of Botany, Brown Univ., Providence, R. I. (Rhode Island.) Ball, C. D., Wholesale florist, Holmesburg, Phila- delphia, Pa. (Palms and decorative plants.) Barker, Charles, Fruit-grower, Milford, Del. (Peach.) Bassett & Son, Wm. F., Nurserymen, Hammon- ton, N. J. (Native plants, as Hibiscus.) Beal, W. H., Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Vigna.) Berger & Co., H. H., Importers, New York, N. Y. (Japanese and Californian plants.) Betscher, C, Florist, nurseryman and seeds- man. Canal Dover, Ohio. (Gladiolus.) Blanc, A., Seedsman and plantsman, Philadel- phia, Pa. (Cacti. Canna. Novelties.) BoARDMAN, S. L., Sec. Maine Hort. Soc, Augusta, Me. (Maine.) Brackett, G. B., Pomologist, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. [Hicoria. Hickory. Jug- lans.) I COLLABORATORS Breck & Sons, Joseph (Corporation), Seeds- men, Boston, Mass. {Portrait of Joseph Breck. ) Breese, J. S., Nurseryman, Fayetteville, N. C. North Carolina. ) Brotherton, Wilfred, Mieh. Wild Flower Co., Rochester, Mich. (Nalii-e hardy herbaceous perennials.) Brown, O. H., Amateur, Bordentown, N. J. {Aquatics. ) BuDLONQ & Son Co., J. A., Manufacturers of pickles and vinegar, market-gardeners. Provi- dence, R. I. {Cucumber. Marlynia.) Bruqgerhof, F. W., Seedsman, Pres. J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y. {Seed Trade. Various suggestions. ) Burpee, W. Atlee, Seedsman, Philadelphia, Pa. {Seed Testing.) Bush & Sons, Viticulturists, Bushberg, Mo. {Grapes.) Caldwell, Geo. C, Prof, of Agric. Chemistry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Fertility. Ferti- lisers. Lime.) Chamberlin, John, Journalist, Buffalo, N. Y. (Native plants. Ranunculus. ) Clark, Miss Josephine A., Librarian, U. S. Dept. Agric, and author of a card index of new species of North American plants, Washington, D. C. {Information as to species after the date of Index Eewensis.) Clark, J. C, Dreer's nursery, Riverton, N. J. {Pansy.) CoviLLE, Frederick V., Botanist, Dept. of Agric. Washington, D. C. {Juniperus . Suggestions on various matters. ) Cranefield, Frederic, Asst. Horticulturist, Wisconsin Exp. Sta., Madison, Wis. {Irri- gation.) Dailledouze Bros., Wholesale florists, Flatbush, Brooklyn, N. Y. {Mignonette.) Dailey, Charles L., Fruit-grower, Salem, Ore. {Prune.) Danby, Charles E., Prune-grower, Salem, Ore. (Prune.) Dandridge, Mrs. Danske, Amateur, Shepherds- town, W. Va. {Hardy plants.) Davenport, Geo. E., Botanist, specialist in ferns, Medford, Mass. {Several genera of ferns.) Day, Miss Mary A., Librarian, Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. (Rare books.) Devol, W. S., Editor and agriculturist, Redlands, Calif. {Vegetables in California.) Devron, Dr. G., Amateur of bamboos. New Or- leans, La. {Bamboo.) Dock, Miss M. L., Lecturer on plant life, for- estry and village improvement, Harrisburg, Pa. {Bartram. Village Improvement.) DOSCH, H. E., Sec'y. State Board of Hort., Hills- dale, Ore. {Oregon.) Downer's Sons, J. S., Fruit-growers, Fairport, Ky. (Kentucky.) Dreer, Henry A. (Inc.), Seedsmen and Plants- men, Philadelphia, Pa. (Many and varied ser- vices, especially in aquatics, ferns, foliage plants and rare annuals.) EiSEN, Gustav, Author of Gov't, bulletins on i3gs and raisins, San Francisco, Calif. {Fig. Rai.sin.) Elliot, J. Wilkinson, Landscape Architect, Pittsburg, Pa. {Kochia, Oak, and some herba- ceous perennials.) Ellwanger & Barry, Nurseryman, Rochester, N. Y. (Hardy i)lants.) Emerson, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Neb. Exp. Sta., Lincoln, Neb. {Nebraska.) Farnham, J. E. C, Ex-Pres. R. I. Hort. Soc, Providence, R. L {Rhode Island.) Fernald, M. L., Asst. in Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. (Salvia.) Fields, John, Dir. Agr. Exp. Sta., Stillwater, Okla. {Oklahoma.) Fisher, Dr. Jabez, Fruit-grower, Fitehburg, Mass. (Massachusetts.) Ganong, W. F., Prof, of Botany, Smith College, Northampton, Mass. {Cacti, and many proofs of physiological subjects. ) GiFFORD, John C, Asst. Prof, of Forestry, Col- lege of Forestry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N, Y. (Poinciana.) Goodman, L. A., Fruit-grower, Kansas City, Mo. (Missouri. ) Greenman, J. M., University Museum, Cam- bridge, Mass. (Zinnia.) Halliday, Robt. J., Florist, Baltimore, Md. (Azalea. Camellia.) Harris, J. S., Fruit-grower, La Crescent, Minn. (Miniiesota.) Hays, Willet M., Prof, of Agric, Univ. of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn. {Plant- Breeding.) Heiges, S. B., Pomologist, York, Pa. {Penn- sylvania.) Heiss, J. B., Florist, Dayton, Ohio. (Palms.) Heller, A. A., Botanist, Lancaster, Pa. {Porto Rico.) Herbst, J. L., Fruit-grower, Sparta, Wis. {Strawberry.) Hewson, Wm., Orchid-grower for Wm. Scott, Buffalo, N. Y. {Odontoglossum. Oncidium.) Hicks, D. C, Fruit-grower, No. Clarendon, Vt. ( Vermont.) Hill, Robert T., U. S. Dept. Agric, Washing- ton, D. C. {Porto Rico.) Hosmer, A. W., Botanist, Concord, Mass. {Po- lygala, and some other native plants.) COLLABORATORS Howard, A. B., Seed-grower, Belchertown, Mass. (Verbena. Zinnia.) HuTT, H. L., Prof, of Horticulture, Ont. Agrie. College, Guelph, Ont. (Kale. Kohlrabi.) Jack, Mrs. Annie L., Chateauguay Basin, Prov. Que. {Native Plants.) Jepson, Willis L., Botanical Dept., Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Calif. (A few Californian sub- jects.) Jennings, E. B., Specialist in pansies. South - port. Conn. (Pansy.) Jones, Rev. C. J. K., Los Angeles, Calif. ( Vari- ous Californian plants.) Jordan, W. H., Dir. N. Y. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. [Fertility. Fertilizers.) Katzenstein, Otto, Manager Pinehurst Nurser- ies, Pinehurst, N. C. (Stillingia.) Kedzie, Dr. R. C, Prof, of Chemistry, Mich. Agrie. College, Agricultural College, Mich. (Fertility. Fertilizers. Lime.) Kellogg, Geo. J., Pomologist, Lake Mills, Wis. ( Wisconsin.) Kerman, John, Market-gardener, Grimsby, Ont. (Tomato). KiNNEV, T. L., Fruit-grower, South Hero, Vt. ( Vermont.) King, F. H., Div. of Soils, U. S. Dept. Agrie, Washington, D. C. (Irrigation, Mulching, etc.) Ladd, E. F., Prof, of Chemistry, N. D. Agrie. Coll., Agricultural College, N. D. (North Dakota.) Lake, D. S., Nurseryman, Shenandoah, Iowa. (Trees on Plains.) Latham, A. W., See. Minn. Hort. Soc, Minne- apolis, Minn. (Minnesota.) Leib, S. F., Prune-grower, San Jos6, Calif. (Prune.) LiNDLET, J. Van, Nurseryman, Pomona, N. C. (North Carolina.) Luke, Fred K., Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (South Dakota.) Lupton, J. M., Market-gardener, Gregory, L. L (Cabbage. ) Lyon, Wm. S., Census Bureau, Washington, D. C. (Palms.) MacDowell, J. A., Nurseryman, City of Mexico, Mex. (Cacti.) Macfarlane,' Prof. J. M., Dir. U. of P. Botanic Garden, Philadelphia, Pa. (Hybridization. Nepenthes. Pinguicula.) Mackenzie, R. R., Sec. J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y. (Many important bulbs.) Makepeace, A. D., Cranberry-grower, West Barnstable, Mass. (Cranberry.) Manda, W. a., Horticultural expert, South Orange, N. J. (Orchid pictures.) Manning, C. H., Sheridan, Wyo. iWyoming.) Manning, Jacob W., Nurseryman, Reading, Mass. (Dried specimens of herbaceous perennial plants.) Manning, Robert, Sec. Mass. Hort. Soc, Boston, Mass. (Biographical sketches. Horticulture.) Maxwell Bros., Fruit-growers, Geneva, N. Y. (Quince.) McDowell, Prof. R. H., Agriculturist and horti- culturist, Nev. Exp. Sta., Reno, Nev. (Nevada.) McTear, John, Gardener, Montecito, Calif. (Some plants cult, in Calif.) Mead, Prof. Elwood, Cheyenne, Wyoming. (rryoming.) Meehan, Thos., Nurseryman, Germantown, Pa. (deceased). (The article "Horticulture.") Meriam, Dr. Horatio C, Salem, Mass. (Pwonia. Papaver.) Merrill, L. H., Prof, of Chemistry, Me. Agrie. Coll., Orono, Me. (Maine.) Miller, E. S., Specialist in Bulbs, Floral Park, L. I. (Many articles on bulbs.) Miller, H. H , Paw Paw., W. Va. ( West Virginia.) Moon, Wm. H., Nurseryman, Morrisville, Pa. (Pennsylvania.) Moorhead, James R., Grower of Cacti, Cactus Farm, Moorhead, Texas. (Cacti.) Moses, Wallace R., Fruit-grower, West Palm Beach, Fla. (Orange. Pineapple.) MuDGE, W. S., Fruit-grower and melon raiser, Hartlaud, N. Y. (Muskmclon.) Nanz & Neuner, Florists, seedsmen, and nursery- men, Louisville, Ky. (Kentucky.) Nash, Geo. V., Gardener, N. Y. Bot. Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. (Genera of grasses.) Nickels, Miss Anna B., Grower of Cacti, Laredo, Texas. (Certain genera of Cacti.) Ohmer, Nicholas, Fruit-grower, Dayton, Ohio. (Ohio.) OsTERHOUT, W. J. v.. Botanical Dept., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. ( Variegation.) Parsons, Samuel B., Nurseryman, Flushing, L. I. (Tlie articles "Horticulture" and "Po- mology." Pendergast, W. W., Pres. Minn. Hort. Soc, Hutchinson, Minn. (Minnesota.) Pennock, C. J., Florist and Gardener, Kennet Square, Pa. (Tomato.) Pericat, Alphonse, Gardener, West Philadel- phia, Pa. (Lwliocattleya.) Pierson, F. R., Nurseryman, Tarrytown-on- Hudson, N. Y. (Bulbs.) Ragan, W. H., Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept. Agrie, Washington, D. C. (Indiana.) Rams.w, F. T., Nurseryman, Austin, Tex. ( Texas. ) Rea, Frederic J., Nurseryman, Norwood, Mass. (Polemonium.) COLLABORATORS Eebmann, Jeremiah, Lincoln, Neb. (Philippine Islands.) ElCHAKDSON, E. A., Landscape gardener, Boston and Albany, 40 Austin St., NewtonvlUe, Mass. {Railroad Gardening.) Eider, Prof. A. J., Philadelphia, Pa. (Cran- berry.) EOBINSON, Prof. B. L., Curator, Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. (Furious articles on native plants.) EoBiNSON, Charles Mulford, Author of "The Improvement of Towns and Cities." Roches- ter, N. Y. ( Village Imjjrovement.) EOBINSON, John, Author of "Ferns in their Homes and Ours," Salem, Mass. (Several articles on ferns.) EocK, John, Fruit-grower and nurseryman, Niles, Calif. (Plum. Prune.) EoHNERT, Waldo, Specialist in sweet peas, Sar- gent, Calif. (Stveet Pea.) EooT, A. I., Dealer in bee-keepers' supplies, Medina, Ohio. (Tomato.) Eoss, J. J., Fruit-grower, Seaford, Del. (Peach.) EoTHROCK, J. T., Commissioner of Forestry, Westchester, Pa. (Rothrockia.) Eyals, G. M., Market-gardener, Savannah, Ga. (Tomato.) Saltford, Wm. G., Florist and specialist in violets, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Violet.) Sander & Co., Nurserymen of St. Albans, Eng. (A. Dimmock, New York agent). (Recent im- portations, particnlarhj orchids and palms.) Sandiford, Robert, Specialist in pelargoniums, Mansfield, Ohio. (Pelargonium.) ScHNECK, Jacob, Amateur botanist, Mt. Carmel, 111. (Vitis.) ScHULTHEis, Anton, Florist, College Point, N. Y. ( Woody plants from Australia and the Cape, as Erica.) Scoon, C. K., Fruit-grower, Geneva, N. Y. (Cherry.) Scott, Alex. B., of Robert Scott & Son, Sharon Hill, Pa. (Rose.) Shady Hill Nursery Co., Boston, Mass. (Herba- ceous perennials.) Shaw, Thos., Prof, of Animal Husbandry, Univ. of Minn., St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Medicago. Melilotus.) Shinn, J. C, Fruit-grower, Niles, Calif. (Pear.) SiEVERs, John H., Specialist in pelargoniums, San Francisco, Calif. (Pelargonitim .) Simpson, J. H., Botanist, Braidentown, Fla. (Vitis, Zamia and some Florida subjects.) Slaymaker, a. W., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del. (Delaivare. ) Small, John K., N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. (Polygonum.) Smith, Archibald, Manager Joseph Breek & Sons Corporation, Boston, Mass. (Seeds.) Stewart, W. J., Sec. Soc. American Florists, Boston, Mass. (Syringa.) Soltau, Chris, Grower of pansy seed, Jersey City, N. J. (Pansy.) Stanton, Geo., Ginseng specialist, Apulia Station, N. Y. (Ginseng.) Stockbridqe, Prof. H. E., Dir. Fla. Exp. Sta., Lake City, Fla. (Tomato.) Storrs & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville, Ohio. ( Various plants. ) Sturtevant, Edmund D., Specialist in aquatics. Station E., Los Angeles, Calif. (Victoria and other aquatics.) Suzuki & Iida, Yokohama Nursery Co., New York, N. Y. (Japanese plants.) Thompson, Mrs. J. S. R., Spartanburg, S. C. (Perfumery Gardening.) Thurlow, T. C, Nurseryman and specialist in peonies. West Newbury, Mass. (Pceonia.) Todd, Frederick G., Landscape Architect. Mon- treal, P. Q. (Hardy trees and shrubs.) Troth, Henry, Photographer of plants and land- scapes, Philadelphia, Pa. [Photography.) Vick's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y. (Various plants.) Watson, H. D. , Farmer and fruit-grower, Kearney, Neb. (Trees for the Plains.) Webb, Prof. Wesley, Dover, Del. (Delaware.) Wedge, Clarence, Fruit-grower, Albert Lea, Minn. (Minnesota.) Whilldin Pottery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Pots.) White, J. J., Cranberry-grower, New Lisbon. N. J. (Cranbeiry .) Willard, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y. (Important fruits, as Cherry.) WiTTBOLD Co., The Geo., Florists, Chicago, 111. (Palms and ferns. Nephrolepis Wittboldi.) Young, B. M., Specialist in nut culture, Morgan City, La. (Pecan.) ABBREVIATIONS /. OF GENERAL EXPEESSIOXS cult cultivated, etc. diam diameter. E east. fl feet. in inches jV north. S south. irop tropics, tropical. W west. //. OF BOTANICAL TERMS ft flower. fls flowers. fld floweruJ. fr. h. If- Ift. Ivs. fruit, height. leaves. St stem. sts stems. sijn synonym. far variety. III. OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS To aid the student in the verification of the work, and to introduce him to the literature of the various subjects, citations are made to the por- traits of plants in the leading periodicals to which the American is most likely to have access. These references to pictures have been verified as far as possible, both in the MS. and in the proof. A uniform method of citation is much to be de- sired, but is extremely difiBeult, because periodi- cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc- tance it was decided to omit the year in most cases, because of the pressure for space, but the student who lacks access to the original volumes may generally ascertain the year by consulting the bibliographical notes below An arbitrary and brief method of citation has been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi cate whether the cited picture is colored or not. This accounts for the two ways of citing certain publications containing both kinds of pictures, as The Garden, Revue Horticole, and Gartenflora. The figures given below explain the method of citation, and incidentally give some hints as to the number of volumes to date, and of the number of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes. A few works of the greatest importance are mentioned elsewhere by way of acknowledgment (p. xv). The standard works on the bibliography of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's Guide to the Literature of Botany; also, Jackson's Catalogue of the Library of the Koyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A.F. . The American Florist. Chicago. A trade paper founded August 15, 1885. The vol- umes end with July. Many pictures re- peated in" Gng." (14 :1524^vol. and page.) . American Gardening. New York. Represents 14 extinct horticultural periodicals, includ- ing The American Garden (1888-1890). Founded 1879(?) (20:890=vol. and page.) . The Botanist. Edited by Maund. No years on title pages. Founded 18^9. 8 vols., 50 colored plates in each vol. (8:400= vol. and col. plate.) Cumulative index. . Britton & Brown. An illustrated Flora of the Northern U. S., etc. New York. 1896-1898. (3:588=vol. and page.) . See F. . La Belgique Horticole. Ghent. 35 vols. (1851-1885.) . Curtis' Botanical Magazine. London. Founded 1787. The oldest current peri- odical devoted to garden plants. The vol. for 1899 is vol. 125 of the whole work. Index to first 107 vohimes by E. Tonks. London. (7C90=coI. plate.) . Botanical Register (1815-1847). Vols. 1-14 edited by Edwards: vols. 15-33 by Lind- ley. In vols. 1-23 the plates are num- bered from 1-2014. In vols. 24-33 they are numbered independently in each vol. There are 688 plates in vols. 24-33. "An Appendix to the First Twenty-three Vol- umes" (bound separately or with the 25th vol.) contains an index to the first 23 vols. An index to vols. 24-31 may be found in vol. 31. (33:70^vol. and col. plate. ) . Dana. How to Know the Wild Flowers. New York. 1893. (298=page.) . Emerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Mas- sachusetts. Boston. 2 vols. 149 plates. . The Florist. London. 1840-1884. (1884: 192^year and page opp. col. plate. (Edi-' tors and title pages changed many times. Known as the Florist, Florist's Journal and Florist and Pomologist. Sometimes improperly called British Florist. . Floral Cabinet. Knowles & Westcott. Lon- don. 1837-1840. (3:137 vol. and col. plate). (xli) xlii ABBREVIATIONS F.E. . . . The Florists' Exchange. New York. A trade paper, whose pictures sometimes are repeated in "A.G." Founded Dec. 8, 1888. (ll:1298=vol. and page.) F.J. . . .See F. F.M. . . . Floral Magazine. London. Series I. 18G1- 1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to. (1881:450=year and col. plate.) F.P. ... See F. F.R. . . . Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper. Vol. 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 20, 1898. Two vols, a year. (4;CG0^vol. and page.) F. S. . . .Flore des Serres. Ghent. (1845-1880.) Inconsistent in numbering, but the plate numbers are always found on the plate itself or on the page opposite. Valuable but perplexing indexes in vols. 15 and 19. {23:2481=vol. and col. plate.) G.C. . . .The Gardeners' Chronicle. London. Se- ries I. (1841-1873) is cited by year and page. Series II. or "New Series" (1874- 188G), is cited thus: II. 26:824=series, volume and page. Series III. is cited thus: III. 26:416. Two vols, a year, be- ginning 1874. A select index is scattered through 1879 and 1880. Consult II. I2:viii (1879), and similar places in sub- sequent vols. ■t3. F. . . . Garden and Forest. New York. 1888-1897. (10:518=vol. and page.) ■G.M. . . . Gardeners' Magazine. London. Ed, by Shirley Hibberd. Founded 1860. Vols. 31-42 are cited. (42:872=vol. and page.) >Gn. . . . The Garden. London. Founded 1871. Two vols, a year. (56: 1254^ vol. and col. plate. 56, p. 458=vol. and page contain- ing black figure.) An Index of the first 20 vols, was separately published. Com- plete Index of Colored Plates to end of 1888 in vol. 54, p. 334. Gng. . . . Gardening. Chicago. Founded Sept. 15, 1892. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:384=vol. and page.) Gt Gartenflora. Berlin. Pounded 1852. (Gt. 48: 1470= vol. and col. plate. Gt. 48, p. 670=vol. and page containing black figure.) G.W.F. . . Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos- ton, 1886. (50=col. plate.) HBK. . . Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova Genera et Species, etc. Paris. 1815-25. 7 vols. Folio. 1. H. . . . L'lllustrationHorticole. Ghent. (1854-1896.) (43:72=vol. and col. plate.) The volumes were numbered continuously, but there were 6 series. Series I. =1854-63. Se- ries II. =1864-69. Series III. = 1870-80. Series IV. = 1881-86. Series V. = 1887- 93. Series VI. =1894-96. The plates were numbered continuously in the first 16 vols, from 1 to 614: in vols. 17-33 they run from 1 to 619: in series V. from 1 to 190: in Series VI. they begin anew with each vol. Valuable indexes in vols. 10 and 20. Series V. in 4to, the rest 8vo. J.H. . . . Journal of Horticulture. London. Pounded in 1848 as The Cottage Gardener. Series III. only is cited, beginning 1880. (III. 39:504=series, vol., page.) K.W. ... See F. C. L In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means Lindenia. sometimes Lowe's Beautiful Leaved Plants. See"Lind." and "Lowe." L.B.C. . . The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817- 33. 100 plates in each vol. Complete index in last vol. (20:2000=vol. and col. plate. ) Lind. . . . Lindenia, Ghent. Founded 1885. Folio. Devoted to orchids. Lowe . . . Beautiful Leaved Plants. E. J. Lowe and Howard. Loudon. 1864. (60=col. plate. / M A. B. Freeman-Mitford. The Bamboo Gar- den. London. 1896. (224=page.) M.D.G. . . MiJller's Deutsche Gartner-Zeitung. Erfurt. Founded 1886. ( 1897:425=year and page. ) Mn. . . . Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Phila- delphia. Founded 1891. (9:192 = vol. and page opposite col. plate.) N Nicholson. Dictionary of Gardening. Vols. 1-1 (1884-1887). Vol. 5 in preparation. P.F.G. . . Lindley & Paxton. Flower Garden. Lon- don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4to. P.G. . . . Popular Gardening. Buffalo. 1885-90. (5:270= vol. and page.) P.M. . . - Paxton's Magazine of Botany. London. 1834^9. (16:376 = vol. and page oppo- site col. plate.) Vol. 15 has index of first 15 vols. R Reichenbachia. Ed. bv Fred. Sander. Lon- don. Founded 1886". Folio. R.B. . . . Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et Etrang^re Ghent. Founded 1875! (23:288=vol. and pageopjM)sife col. plate.) In the first vol. of the Cyclopedia "R.B." sometimes means Belgique Horticole, but the confusion is corrected in later vols., where Belgique Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H." R.H. . . . Revue Horticole. Dates from 1826, but is now considered to have been founded in 1829. ( 1899 :596=year and page opposite col. plate. 1899, p. 596=year and page opposite black figure.) S Schneider. The Book of Choice Perns. London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol. 2, 1893. S.B.F.G. . Sweet British Flower Garden. London. Series I., 1823-29, 3 vols. Series II.. 1831-38, 4 vols. S.H. . . . Semaine Horticole. Ghent. Founded 1897 (3:548=year and page.) S.M. . . . Semaine Horticole. Erroneously cited in this fashion a few times in first vol. S S. . . . Sargent. The Silva of North America. 13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898. (12:620= vol. and plate, not colored.) S Z. . . . Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. Vol. 1, 1835-44. Vol. 2 by Miquel, 1870. (2:150=vol. and plate.) V. or V. M. Vick's Magazine. Koche.ster, N. Y. Founded 1878. Vols. numbered continuously through the 3 series. Vols, begin with Nov. (23:250=vol. and page.) Some- times cited as "Vick." Additional iihhrrvlations and explanations will be found in the introductory pages of Vol. I. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. By WILHELM MILLER. The following Synopsis attempts to supply what is probably the greatest deficiency in cyclo- pedic works on Horticulture published in the English language. It fills a twofold need : (1) It helps the botanist find out the name of any plant cultivated in America, including the wild flowers and other plants native to the United States and Canada that are offered for sale. (2) It helps the student towards a scientific knowledge of the plant world, since it gives a condensed and orderly account of tliat part of the vegetable kingdom which is of interest to gar- deners, farmers and foresters. No merely alpliabetical work can accomplish either of these results. For example, suppose you have a flower that you know to be an Iris, but of what species of Iris j'ou do not know and wish to find out. Consult the best works in which tlie species of Iris are arranged alphabeti- cally. It might take you hours to read the pages of description, comparing the items with your specimen, and the chances are that in the end you would not be sure of your determination, since related species are not compared and contrasted. It was to furnish a short-cut to .such informa- tion that every group of plants described in the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture was classified according to shape, color, size, season, height or other character of interest to the gar- dener. Tliese short-cuts or ' ' keys " liave long been in common use among students of botany, but the introduction of them into a work designed pri- marily for gardeners marks an era in horticul- tural literature printed in the English language. No valid objection can be made to keys, synop- ses or other classified arrangements, since they do three things more clearly and briefly than any other device. (1) They help one find out the name of a plant. (2) They sliow the difference between tliis species and every other species of the same genus. (3) They show the relation of each species to every other, i. e. the points of likeness. But classified schemes alone have one serious limitation. They are not so convenient for readj reference if one knows one's plant and merely wishes to find out the native country or how to spell the name. The Cyclopedia of Americak Horticulture met tliis need by numbering the species and providing an alphabetical list or index in each large genus. It therefore has the unique distinction, among cyclopedic works on Horticulture printed in the English language, of possessing both systems — the classified and the alphabetical — one for science, the other for con- venience. All this supposes that you know the genus to wliicli the plant belongs, — vehether it is an Iris, Pieonia or Rhododendron. But you may not know the genus ; the Synopsis will aid you to determine it. The Synopsis leads you to the family and the genus ; having the genus, you can run down the species in the Cyclopedia itself, for tlie genera are arranged alpliabetically. This Synopsis, therefore, deals only with fam- ilies and genera, since the species are described and distinguished elsewhere. It ties the whole work together and makes it an organism instead of a series of detached articles on Iris, Rosa, etc. In otlier words, the Synopsis is not merely sup- plementary ; it is fundamental. It must be confessed, however, that the prep- aration of the Synopsis was undertaken with serious misgivings. During the preparation of the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, the editor was often importuned for something of the kind, by students, botanists and others who made increasing use of the volumes as issued. In response to tliese urgent appeals it was neces- sary to point out three objections: (1) Such a Synopsis would necessai-ily be highly technical. (2) It would have to use a scheme of arrange- ment wliich will pass with another generation. (3) The labor and expense would be great. In response to this demand the following Synopsis has been prepared and the occasion of a new edition makes it possible to publish it. It is based upon tlie system of Benthani and Hooker as set forth in their "Genera Plan- A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. taruiii," a work in Latin published in parts from 1863 to 1S83. Only those families are included which contain cultivated plants described in this work. The system of Bentham and Hooker is not the latest one, but it is the only one that was practicable at the time this work was prepared, because it was completed. The system of Engler and Prantl was not then complete. The pha- nerogamic part of tin's great work is now com- plete. " Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien " no doubt presents the best system for tlie present genera- tion, but in its turn it is likely to be superseded. In Engler and Prantl's system the plants are ar- ranged, as far as possible, in the order in which the various families probably have made their ap- pearance on the earth's surface, or at any rate in accordance with the evolution from simple to complex. Broadly speaking, the new system is better adapted for showing relationship or like- ness, while the old system is well adapted for bringing out differences. This furnishes an addi- tional reason for the use of the older system on the present occasion, as most of those who use this part of the Cyclopedia will probably be in search of differences. For an example of the new ar- rangement, see Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora of ,the Northeastern United States and Canada, Vol. III. pages viii to xiv. For a con- densed statement of many different systems of botany, see the appendix to Warming's System- atic Botany. The author of this Synopsis has no credit for the work other than tliat of translator and editor, but it should be explained that the sys- tem of Bentham and Hooker has been modified in some details to harmonize with those parts of the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture that represent later views. For example, tlie lobelias are here treated, not as a mere tribe of the Cam- panulacece but as a distinct family. Also, the distinction between the different genera of the Spiraea and apple tribes of the rose family were prepared by Mr. Alfi'ed Rehder, and for the orchid family by Mr. Heinrich Hasselbring. HOW TO USE A SYNOPSIS OR KEY. Anyone who will devote a few minutes to care- ful study of a key will find himself richly repaid, for it will unlock many treasures of scientific and practical knowledge. A synopsis is designed chiefly to show relationships ; a key to show differences. Two examples will illustrate how both may be used for eitlier purpose. To find the name of a species. Let us suppose you have a branch of the com- mon smooth sumach and you wish to know what species it is. Consult Sumach and you are re- ferred to Rhus, where you v?ill find under the index a kej' to sixteen species. Choose first be- tween A and AA. Is the foliage simple or com- pound ? A glance at the plant shows that it has com- pound leaves. Therefore, your plant belcngs under AA, and four of the sixteen species have been dismissed from consideration at one str jke, viz, those under A. Next choose between B and BB under AA. Are the leaflets normally three or are they many ? The plant answers the questions at once. It has more than three leaflets. Now choose between C and CC. Are the leaves smooth on both sides or pubescent beneath? (Pubescent means minutely hairy.) Look closely at the leaf and run your finger over it. It is smooth. Therefore your plant is one of three species, Nos. 8, 9 or 10. It does not take long to read the descriptions of these three species and to come to the conclusion that the scientific name of your sumach is Rhus glabra. With a little practice you can often determine a name in two minutes with the aid of a key which might take you half an hour if you had to read sixteen descriptions arranged in alphabetical order, even if the alphabetic descriptions were contrasted. To comprehend a genus. Suppose now that you veish to understand a large and complicated group in the shortest pos- sible time. You know enough about lupines to pique your curiosity ; you want to know how many species there are in cultivation, what they are good for and which ones you would like to grow. Consult Lupinus and in the usual place (under the index) you find a key to twenty species. Observe A and AA. There are eight species of perennials and twelve of annuals. This shows at once that there are two cultural groups — a point of great value to the gardener. This bit of information alone justifies a key. Now compare B and BB under A and you will see that one species is a shrub while the other seven jierennials are herbs. Compare C and CC and j'ou learn the interest- ing fact that in a certain species the leaflets are reduced to one. Under AA, compare B, BB and BBB, and you will see that the twelve annual species can be thrown into three groups based on color. The surprisingly wide color range among lupines thus conies to light. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. With a little practice these dry sj'iiopses can be transformed into revelations of scientific truth that are as interesting as stories. In no other way can you grasp a genus and hold it as in the hollow of your hand. To maiiier a family. Suppose you know enough about rhododendrons and laurel to wish to know more about the wliole family to wliieh they belong. This is natural, because the heath family happens to be a cultural unit as well as a botanical one. That is, the members of this family are mostly shallow-root- ing, lovers of moisture and shade and leaf mold ; and usually need to be mulclied both summer and winter. Turn to page 38 and you will see how many genera compose the familj', what they are, how they are related to one another and how they differ. By studying them further you may satisfy yourself as to their relative importance in horticulture, tlieir different requirements, and the like. The distinctions between families. Although no apology for a synopsis or key is required by the botanist it has seemed neces.sary to make such a defense, because experience has shown that the general public lias not been using its volumes of the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture to their full value, apparently from a feeling that a key is an unnecessarily technical affair and that the information it con- tains could be better expressed in paragraph form. We are compelled to admit that the distinctions between families are highly technical, in many cases depending on microscopical characters, but there is no help tor it. The more species there are to be be differentiated, the smaller the distinctions must be, and there are thousands of species described in the Cyclopedia. There are several hundred families in the vegetable king- dom. TECHNICAL TERMS. Ver3' few technical terms ai-e used in the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture which are not explained in the popular text-books of Botany, such as Gray's Slanual. Therefore, it has not seemed worth while to add a glossary of botanical terms. Only one arbitary sign is used : " oo " means ■' indefinite." FRAMEWOBK OF THE WHOLE PLAN. VEGETABLE KINGDOM Families Division 1. Flowering Plants or Phanerogams. 1-161 Subdivision!. Dicotyledons or Exogens. .. . 1-140 Class 1. Angiosperms 1-137 Subclass 1. PoIypetaliE 1-73 Series 1. Tlialamiflora? 1-29 Cohort 1. Kanales 1- 8 Cohort 2. Parietales 9-17 ( ohoit 3. Polygalales 18- 20 Cohort 4. Caryophyllales 21- 23 Cohort .1. (iuttiferales 24- 26 Cohort (J. Malvales 27- 29 Series 2. Discifiorse 30- 50 Cohort 1. Geraniales 30- 38 Cohort 2. Olacales 39- 41 Cohort 3. Celastrales 42- 46 Cohort 4. Sapindales 47-50 Series 3. Calyciflora; 51- 73 Cohort 1. Rosales 51- 58 Cohort 2. Myrtales 59- 64 Cohort 3. Passiflorales 65- 68 Cohort 4. Ficoidales 69- 70 Cohort 5. Umbellales 71- 73 Subclass 2. Gamopetalce 74-110 Series 1. Infers 74- 80 Cohort 1. Rubiales 74- 75 Cohort 2. Asterales 76- 79 Cohort 3. Campanales 80- 80 Series 2. Heteromerse 81- 89 Cohort 1. Ericales 81- 83 Cohort 2. Primtilales 84- 86 Cohort 3. Ebenales 87- 89 Series 3. Bicarpellatie 90-110 Cohort 1. Centianales 90- 94 Cohort 2. Polemoniales 95- 99 Cohort 3. Personales 100-105 Cohort 4. Lamiales 106-110 Subclass 3. Apetalce or Monochlamvdeae.l 11—136 Series 1. Curvembryea; 111-116 Series 2. Multiovulatae Terrestres. .117-118 Series 3. Micrembrve^ 119-122 Series 4. Daphneae 123-126 Series 5. AchlamvdosporeiB 127-127 Series 6. Unisexuales 128-134 Series 7. Anomalous Families 135-136 Class 2. Gymnosperms 137-1,39 Subdivision 2. Monocotyledons or Endogens. 140-162 Series 1. Microspermce 140-141 Series 2. Epigynie 142—148 Series 3. Coronaries 149-151 Series 4. Calvcinse 152—153 Series 5. Nudiflorse 154-158 Series 6. Apocarp» 159-160 Series 7. GUimacea> 161-102 Division 2. Flowerless Plants or Cryptogams — Bryophvta I-IIT Pteridophyta IV-XVII PART 1.— SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS OR FAMILIES. Division 1. Flowering Plants or Phanerogams : those producing real flowers and seeds. Subdivision 1. DiroxYLEDONS or Exogkn's. Stems formed of bark, wood and pith ; the wood forming a zone between the other two, and increasing when the stem continues from year to year by the annual addi- tion of a new layer to the outside, next the hark. Leaves usually netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons or in Subdivision 2 often 3 or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives. Class 1, Angiospekms. Pistil consistin!- of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules : cotyledons only 2. Subclass 1. PoLYPETAL-E. Calyx and corolla both present, the latter of separate petals. (Certain forms without petals or without perianth must be ranked here instead of with the Apetalje. ) Series 1. Thalamifloe.e. Calyx mostly free from ovary : petals often in 2 or more series, sometimes 1 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. series : stamens oo or definite, inserted on the often small or raised or stipitate receptacle : ovary very generally free. Cohort 1. Ranales. Stamens <» or if definite then the perianth in 3- oc series: carpels distinct from each other, or immersed in receptacle : endosperm usually abundant, fleshy. A. Sepals 5 or fewer : petals in about 1 series B. Seeds not arillate : sepals deciduous, usually col- ored. Herbs or shrubs.l. Ranuncclace^. BB. Seeds arillate : sepals per- s i s t e n t herbaceous. Shrubs or trees 2. Dilleniace.e. aa. Sepals or petals in 2- x se- ries : perianth of 3- oc se- ries, sometimes wanting. B. I*Iants not aquatic c. Perianth wanting : sta- mens numerous : fls. polygamous, dicecious or perfect 3. Teochodendrace.e. cc. Perianth present D. Petals and stamens mostly indefinite. . B. Torus tubular, in- closing carpels : albumen 0 : leaves opposite. Shrubs. 3a. Calvcanthace.e. EE. Torus short or long, bearing carpels outside : albumen copious : Ivs. alter- nate. Woody plants 4. Magnoliace.e. DD. Petals and stamens mostly multiples of 3 or 2 : leaves al- ternate e. Stamens and car- pels usually nu- merous. Shrubs or trees •'>. Anonace.e. ee. Stamens usually (! : ovule solitary : carpels 3. Mostly woody or herba- ceous Tines 6. Meni.spei!Mace.b. EEB. stamens 4 or 6 : ovules anatropous with an inferior micropyle, or or- thotropous : c a r- pels 1 or 3. IIiM-bs or shrubs 7. Berberidace.e. BB. Plants aquatic 8. Nimph.eace^. Cohort 2. Parietales. Stamens or definite ■ ovary 1-celled, or divided Into cells by spurious parti- tions; placentae parietal: endosperm absent or fleshy. A. Embryo minute, near the base of the fleshy albu- men B. Pitcher plants 9. Sarraceniace-E. BB. Not pitcher plants c. Petals all alike, or nearly so 10. Papaver.ice.e. cc. Petals in two series, the inner unlike the outer 11. Fumariace.e. AA. Embryo curved : albumen 0 B. Stamens 6. tetradyna- mous, rarely 4 ....'...12. CRticiFER.E. BB. Stamens Indefinite or If few not tetradynamous.l3. Capparidace.S). EBB. Stamens usually indefi- nite, not covered in festivatiou by the small „ petals 14. RESEDACE.E. AAA. Embryo rather large : albu- men fleshy E. Radicle remote from hi- lum : ovule generally orthotropous 15. Cistace.e. BB. Radicle very near hilum : ovule anatropous, or In No. 16 sometimes am- phitropous 0. Anthers dehisce in- trorsely 16. V10LACE.E. cc. Anthers dehisce by api- cal cracks or pores. Woody plants IT. Bixace.e. Cohort 3. Polygalales. Stamens as many or twice as many as petals : carpels usually 2 : ovary usually perfectly or Imperfectly 2-celled : micropyle superior : endosperm very often abundant and fleshy. a. FIs. regular or slightly ob- lique B. Stamens .5. as many as sepals or petals. Woody plants 18. PiTTOSPORACE.E. BB. stamens twice as many as sepals or petals, which are usually 4-5, rarely 3. Woody plants 19. Tremandrace«. AA. Fls. irregular ; herbaceous or woody 20. Polvgalace.e. Cohort 4. Caryophyllale.s. Stamens definite, rare- ly 00 : ovary 1-celled or Imperfectly septate : placenta central, rarely parietal: micropyle inferior; embryo curved, rarely straight : endosperm farinaceous. A. Petals as many as sepals or rarely 0 : sepals free or calyx gamosepalous. . 21. Cabyophyllace.e. AA. Petals more numerous than sepals, 4-5. rarely tx : sepals commonly 2, rare- ly 0 22. PORTt'LACACE.E. AAA. Petals as many as sepals, free or grown into a tube : sepals 5, rarely 4. Mostly woody plants... 23. Tamabi.scace.e. Cohort 5. GUTTIFERALES. Scpals Imbricate : sta- mens usually 0= : ovary septate : placentae on the In- ner angles of the cells : endosperm absent or fleshy. Cohort 6. Malvale.s. Sepals valvate : stamens usu- ally 00 or monadelphous : ovary septate: placentae on inner angles of cells : endosperm absent or fleshy. a. Inflorescence commonly tri- chotomous, c y m 0 s e, or panicled E. Fls. hermaphrodite 24. IIypericace.e. EB. Fls. unisexual or polyga- mous. Woody 25. Guttifebace.e. AA. Inflorescence commonly race- mose, rarely panicled. Woody 26. Ternstrcemiace.e. A. Anthers 1-celled 27. Malvace.e. AA. Anthers 2-celled B. Stamens monadelphous above, opposite the petals, anthers single or in clusters : ovules ascending or horizon- tal. Mostly woody... .28. Stehculiace^. EB. Stamens free or connate only at base : ovule often pendulous. Most- ly woody 29. Tiliace.e. Series 2. Disciflor.e. Calyx usually free from ovary : petals in 1 series : stamens usually definite, inserted within or upon or around receptacle, which is usually expanded as a disc : ovary usually free, or imbedded in disc. (See Nos. 4!) and 00 for ano- malous families.) Families 30-49. Cohort 1. Geraniales. Disc usually a ring be- tween stamens, or adnate to stamlnal tube, or reduced to glands alternating with petals, rarely 0 : gynoecium commonly lobed, or entire or suhapocarpous : ovules usually 1-2 in each cell, pendulous: raphe ventral. A. The disc absent in family 30, usually inconspicuous or confluent with the stamina! tube In 31 ; In 32 the torus is hardly ex- panded into a disc but is usually more or less prom- A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. iuent ia the center of the ovary B. Albumen fleshy, rarely 0 : ovules solitary in cells : sepals not glandular on back : five glands usual- ly adnate to staminal tube 30. LiNACE.E. BE. Albumen 0, or scant. . . . c. Calyx lobes, 5 all or mostly with 2 glands outside. Woody. ...31. JIalpighiace^. cc. Calyx of 5 sepals rarely fewer ; torus often with 5 glands 32. GERANIACE.E. AA. The disc present or in Ochnacese the torus broad- ens after anthesis : disc usually fleshy in Zygo- phyllacefB (33) : rarely ab- sent between stamens of RutacesE (34) : ring- or cup- shaped in Burseracese (38) : various in Melia- cese (37) but usually a ring. tube or sheath, sometimes in the form of a stipe or cushion B. Ovary usually lobed, sometimes merely an- gled or grooved. Woody. C. Anthers elongate. ...'.33. OCH.XACE^. CC. Anthers normal D. Foliage glandular- dotted : ovules 2 in a cell ; Ivs. mostly opposite 34. Rutace.e. DD. Foliage not glandu- lar-dotted E. Ovules 2- 00 -in a cell : ivs. usually opposite 35. Zygophyllace.e. EE. Ovule 1 in a cell : Ivs. mostly alter- nate. Woody. ..36. Simaeubace.e. BB. Ovary entire c. Stamens usually mona- delphous. Mostly woody. 37. Meliace.e. cc. Stamens free. Woody. 3S. Burseeace^. Cohort 2. Olacales. Disc cup-shaped or ring- shaped, free, or bearing the stamens and petals on Its edge: gynoecium entire: ovules 1-3 in 1-celIed ovaries, or 1-2 in each cell,, pendulous, raphe dorsal: Ivs. simple. A. Petals or corolla lobes usu- ally valvate. Woody. ...39. Olacace^. AA. Petals or corolla lobes im- bricate or convolute .... B. Calyx .3-6-parted : fr. drupaceous, slightly fleshy, 3-18-stoned, stones 1-seeded. Woody. 40. AquifoliacE/B. BE. Calyx 5-parted : fr. small, crustaceous or spongy : 2-4-celIed, 1-4-seeded. Woody 41. Cyrillace.e. Cohort 3. Celasteales. Disc tumid, adnate to calyx or covering its base : stamens inserted round the disc or affixed to its margin : gynoecium usually en- tire : ovules usually 2 in each cell, erect, raphe ven- tral: Ivs. simple or rarely compound. A. Calyx valvate: petals small, concave : stamens opposite petals. Woody 42. RHAMNACEiE. AA. Calyx imbricate B. Stamens alternate with petals: petals imbricate. c. Petals spreading : calyx small. Woody ...'..43. Celastrace^. cc. Petals erect, often con- nate : calyx tube hem- ispherical 44. Stackhoosiace^e BE. stamens opposite petals : petals valvate, dropping oft early c. Ovary 2-celled : cells 2- ovuled : stamens free. Wood.v 45. VITACE.E. CC. Ovary 3-6-celled : cells 1-ovuled : stamens and petals connate with disc. Woody. . . 46. Leeace,e. Cohort 4. Sapindale.s. Disc various; stamens variously inserted on disc : gyncecium entire, or more often lobed, or subapocarpous : ovules commonly 1-2 in each cell, ascending with ventral raphe, or reversed, or solitary and pendulous from an ascending funicle, rarely co horizontal : Ivs. pinnate, rarely simple or digitate. A. Petals 0, or 3-3, rarely more : stamens 8, rarely 5-10 or otherwise 47. Sapindace.b. AA. Petals 3-7, rarely 0 : sta- mens usually twice as many as petals. Woody. . 48. Anacardiace.h. Anomalous families, which should probably be con- sidered genera of doubtful position. Disc 0 ; sepals and petals 5 : stamens 10 : carpels 5-10, distinct : ovule solitary, pendu- lous, raphe dorsal. Approaches Thalamiflorac. (Series 1.) 49. Coeiaeiace.e. Disc investing calyx tube : stamens 10. of which 5 have no anthers : ovary 1-celled. with 3 parie- tal placent.ie : ovules oo. Approaches Calyci- florae. (Series 3.) 50. Moring.ice.e. Series 3. Calyciflor.e. Calyx tube usually sur- rounding ovary, or adnate to it : petals in 1 series, in- serted on calyx tubes : stamens oo or definite, inserted on calyx tube, or raoi*e commonly on the disc lining the calyx tube : ovary often inclosed by calyx tube, or inferior. Families 51-73. Cohort 1. Hosales, Carpels solitary or free or united at base, sometimes at apex : styles distinct, rarely united in a column and easily separated. A. Ovules aflixed to parietal placentae 51. Deoserace.e. AA. Ovules ascending or affixed by a central angle B. Albumen rare c. Fls. irregular or regu- lar : stamens definite or 00 : carpel 1. ex- centric : ovules oo or 1-2, amphitropous or anatropous 52. LEGOMINOS.B. cc. Fls. generall.v regular : stamens mostly cc ; carpels oo or 1 : ovules generally 2, anatropous. .IS. Rosacea. BE. Albumen usually copious or fleshv c. Stamens usually defi- nite : carpels coalesced or free at apex, some- times wholly free. . . 54. Saxifragace.e. CC. Stamens 1, petals, 1 or 2 series of stamens and carpels usually free and isomerous. . 55. CrassTjLACE.s:. AAA. Ovules pendulous from apex of cell, usually free or solitary E. Fls. with sepals and petals various or 0 : sta- mens few or 00 : car- pels 2. free at apex. 56. IIama5Ielidace.e. BB. Fls. regular: calyx lobes, petals and stamens is- omerous : ovar.v syn- carpous : ovules 1- x..5'. Brcniace.b. BEE. Fls. small, usually in- complete, 2~4-merous : ovary 1-4-celled : st.vles 1-4, distinct 58. Oalor.^gace.e. Cohort 2. llYBTALE.s. Ovary syncarpous. inferior or inclosed in calyx tube, usually divided into cells : style undivided ovules 2- x in the cells. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. B. Ovary 2-6-ceIIed. Woody.SQ. Rhizophoeace.e. BE. Ovary l-celled. Woody.. 60. Combeetace.e. AA. Ovules affixed to the inner angle of the cells or to basilar placentas, ascend- ing, horizontal or pend- ulous B. Stamens oo rarely defi- nite ; woody 01. MYRTACE.E. BB. stamens definite, rarely 00 c. Calyx lobes usually im- bricate, anthers xisu- ally open by pores at apex ; connective us- ually appendaged or thickened 62. Melastomace.e. cc. Calyx lobes usually val- vate : stamens not ap- pendaged ; anthers open longitudinally. . D. Petals corrugated. ..6.3. L\thhaeiace.s;. DD. Petals convolute 64. Oxaghace.e. Cohort S. Passifloeales. Ovary syncarpous, in- ferior, semi-inferior or enclosed in calyx tube, rarely exserted, l-celled with parietal placentation or divided into cells : styles, entire or distinct from base. A. FIs. hermaphrodite; (see also AA.) petals unlike sep- als: crown 0 63. Loasace^. -AA. FIs. unisexual, often her- maphrodite in Passiflor- aceae B. Crown inserted on calyx tube or within petals, single, double or mul- tiple 66. PASSIFLOEACE.E. BE, Crown 0. cc. The fls. symmetrical : petals various, often confluent with calyx : stamens usually 3. ..67. Cucuebitace.e. cc. The fls. unsymmetri- cal : perianth seg- ments all petal-like or outer sepal-like : sta- mens 00 68. Begoniace.e. Cohort 4. FicniDALES. Ovary syncarpous, inferior or superior divided, into cells with sub-basilar pla- ceutfe, or rarely 1-celIed with parietal placentrT? : styles distinct, or divided at apex : embryo curved or ex- centric. A. Calyx lobes, petals and sta- mens usually 00 : ovary 1- celled 60. Cactace.^. AA. Calyx lobes usually 4-5 ; ovary 2- oo -celled 70. Mesembry- ANTHACE.E. Cohort .5. TTmbellales, Ovary syncarpous, in- ferior, crowned by the disc, divided into cells or 1- carpelled : styles distinct or divided at apex : ovules solitary and pendulous in the cells. dry n. UMBELLIFEK.E. A. Fr. separating into indehiscent carpels. AA. Fr. usually drupaceou stones distinct but not separating naturally B. Raphe ventral 72. Akaliace.b. BB. Raphe dorsal 73. Cornace.e. Subclass 2. Gamopetal.e. Calyx and corolla both present, the latter usually more or less united. Stipules present only in Rublacefe and Loganiaceie, rarely in Caprifoliacea>. Exceptions : Corolla poly- petalous in some Ericacese, Styracace.'e, and Oleaceje, Galax, Statice and Lysimachia. Series 1. Infee.^. Ovary inferior : stamens as many as lobes of corolla, rarely fewer. Cohort 1. RnBiALES. Stamens affixed to corolla ; ovary 2-QO-celIed: cells 1— oo -ovuled. A. Fls. regular or irregular : stipules usually absent. . . 74. Capeifoliace.e. A. Fig. regular ; stipules inter- or intra-petiolar, various in form, sometimes like the leaves and disposed in the same whorl witli them 75. nuBiACE.B. Cohort 2. AsTEEALES. Stamens affixed to corolla : ovary of the 2-merous pistil, l-celled, 1-ovuled. A. Anthers free B. Seeds without albumen.. 70. VALEEiANACEa;. BB. Seeds albuminous 77. DiPSACACEiE. AA. Anthers united in a ring around the style 78. Composit.e. Cohort 3. Campanales. Stamens usually free from corolla: ovary 2-6-celled ; cells usually ^o-ovuled. A. Anthers united in a ring... 70. I.obeliace.e. AA. Anthers not united 80. Campanulaceae. Series 2. Heteeomee.t;. Ovary usually superior : stamens free from corolla, or opposite the lobes, or twice as many, or oo , or if borne on the corolla then alternate with its lobes and equal in number: car- pels more than 2. Cohort 1. Eeicales. Stamens twice as many as corolla lobes or opposite them: ovary 2-ijo -celled, fr. fleshy or berry-like. A. Anthers 2-celled, produced above into tubes which dehisce by a pore or crack : fr. usually capsu- lar 81. EEICACEiE. AA. Anthers dehisce longitud- inally by a single 2-valved crack fr. capsular or drupaceous 82. Epaceidace.1;. .AAA. Anthers 2-ceIled, dehiscing by longitudinal or trans- verse cracks : fr. capsu- lar .83. Diapensiace-e. Cohort 2. Peimulales. Stamens as many as corolla lobes and opposite them : ovary of the oo-merous pistil, 1-ceIled. A. Ovary 1-ovuled 84. Plumbaginace.e. AA. Ovary 2— oo —ovuled B. Fr. capsular: herbs 85. Pri.mulace.e. BB. Fr. indehiscent ; trees or shrubs 86. Myesinace.e. Cohort 3. Ebexales, Stamens as many as lobes of corolla and opposite them or twice as many, or indefinite: seeds usually *few and rather large. A. FIs. usually hermaphrodite ; stamens aflSxed to corol- In B. Radicles interior : carpels 1-ovuled. Woody 87. Sapotace.e. BB. Radicles inconstant look- ing towards hilum : car- pels 1— f e w-o V u I e d. Woody 88. SiTRACEiE. AA. FIs. dicpcinus. rarely her- maphrodite : stamens often free from corolla : cells of ovary with ns many ovules as carpels, oi- divid- ed into 2-locell!P which are 1-ovuled ; radicles super- ior. Wood.V SO. EBENAC.T5. Series 3. Bicarpell.at.e. Ovary usually superior : stamens alternate with corolla lobes, as many as them or fewer : carpels 2 or rarely 1 or 3. Cohort 1. Gentianales. Corolla regular: stamens alternate with corolla lobes and equal in number, or if fewer usually alternate with carpels: Ivs. usually opposite. A. Stamens 2. alternate with carpels, rarely 4 : stigma terminal : ovary 2-ceIled : ov\iles affixed to septum. Rarely herbaceous 00. OLEACE.S}. AA. Stamens and corolla lobes usually 5, sometimes 4, rarely oo B. Ovary usually compound, A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. with 2 or 3 (rarely 4 or 5) cells or placeutje. . . . c. Capsule mostly -- celled : Ivs. connected by transverse lines or stipules 91. Loganiace.i:. cc. Capsule mostly 1-celled with parietal pla- centie : Ivs. not con- nected as above n2. Gentianace.e. BB. Ovaries 2, usually becom- ing follicles c. Anthers permanently attached to a large stigmatic body : pol- len mostly in waxy masses 93. Asclepiadace.;e. cc. Anthers distinct or merely connivent ; pollen ordinary 94. APOCYNACEiE. Cohort 2. POLEMONiALEs. Corolla regular : stamens as many as lobes of corolla ; Ivs. usually alternate. A. Pistil 3-merous : corolla lobes convolute 95. Polemoniace.e. AA. Pistil not 3-merous B. Corolla lobes imbricate, or rarely convolute. . . . c. Style usually deeply 2- cut or even split into 2 distinct styles : cap- sule 1-celled 2-valved with 2 parietal or in- troflexed placent,i> or sometimes 2-celled.. ..96. nYDBOPHYLLACE.E CC. Style usually entire or shortly 2-cut. rarely otherwise : ovary 4- ovuled usually 4-lobed and maturing as 4 separate or separable nutlets : or not lobed, 2^-ceIIed and sepa- rating when ripe in- to 2 or 4 nutlets. . . .97. BOKEAGINACE.E. BE. Corolla limb more or less plicate, or rarely im- bricate c. Ovary 2- (sometimes 3- or sp u r i o u sly 4-) celled becoming a globular. 4-6-seeded capsule : embryo var- iously plaited or strongl.v incurred in scant or no albumen. OS. CoxvOLTCLACE.E. cc. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celledK with num- erous ovules or axil- lary placentfp. becom- ing a pod or berrv : embryo circular, spir- al or straight in fleshy albumen 99. Solanace.e. Cohort 3. Peh.sonale.s. Corolla usually irregular or oblique: posterior stamen smaller than the others. abortive or even absent : carpels oo -ovuled or of 2 ovules one above the other. A. Seeds usually albuminous ; ovary perfectl.v 2-celled. placentae central 100. Scrophola- riace^e. aa. Seeds not albuminous B, Plants insectivorous mostl.v aquatic or marsh-like; ovary 1- celled, globose. with a central, basilar pla- centa 101. Lextibula- EIACE.B. BB, Plants not insectivorous, land-loving c. Mostly large flowered trees or tall climbing shrubs : ovary some- times 1-celled with parietal placentje, oftener 2-celled with placentae adnate to septum : embryo hori- zontal : radicle centri- fugal 102, BiGNONIACEiE. cc. Mostly herbs or sub- shrubs D. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentae or imperfectly 2- celled by the in- trusion of placentae. 103, Gesnerace^. DD. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentiB, or 2-celled, rarely 4-c e 1 1 ed : calyx rarely deeply part- ed : endocarp of fr. hardened about seeds 104, Pedaliace-e. DDD. Ovary 2-ceIled : calyx often parted to base : capsule locul- icidally 2-valved, valves opening elas- tically from apex... 105. Acanthace.e. Cohort 4. Lamiales. Corolla usually irregular or oblique : posterior stamen smaller than the others, usu- ally aljortive or quite deficient : carpels with 2 ovules placed side by side, or else 1-ovuIed. A. Radicle superior : Ivs. usual- ly alternate B. Fls. axillary : trees or shrubs 106. Myoporace.'e. BB. Fls. in spilies or terminal heads : heath-like suh- shrubs or perennial herbs 107. Selaginace.e. AA. Radicle inferior : Ivs. usu- ally opposite B. Ovary entire : fr. usually 2- or 4- stoned 108. Veebenace,e. BB. Ovary 4-lobed or 4-grooy- ed at apex : fr. usually composed of 4 nutlets. ..109. Labiat.e. Anomalocs Family. Remarkable for its scarious corolla : stamens alternate with corolla lobes and as many as them, or fewer : ovary entire, 2-lobed. 110. PLANTAGINACE.E. Subclass 3. Apetal.e or Monociilamvde.b Corolla wanting (except in some Euphorhiaceie and one genus of Phytolaccacejp) and sometimes also the calyx. Perianth simple, the lobes or segments in 1 or 2 series, similar among themselves and usually calyx-like, sometimes minute or wanting. Series 1. Crr.vEMBRVE.E. Albumen usually farin- aceous, embryo curved, excentric, lateral or periph- eral, rarel.v straightish. subcentral and narrow : ovule solitary in the ovary or in each carpel or in the Amarantaceae more than n few ovules erect in the center of the cell : fls. hermaphrodite or in a few genera unisexual or polygamous : petals very rarely present : stamens as many as the perianth segments or fewer, rarely more. a. Fr. the hardened or mem- branous closed base of the corolla-like perianth in- closing a utricle 111. NVCTAGINACE-E. aa, Fr. a utricle : perianth mostly persistent, small, 4-5-lobed or parted or none B, Perianth herbaceous, or scarious at the margin, persistent ; stamens per- Igynous : style branches or styles 2-3 : stipules scarious 112. It.LECEBKACE.iE. BB, Perianth dr.v, not herb- aceous, raised on a stipe with a bract and 2 bractlets : stamens hy- pogynous or perigyn- ous : filaments connate at base : style simple or 2-3-fld. : stipules 0 113. AMABANTACE.J:. BOB, Perianth lobes or seg- ments membranous or herbaceous : stamens A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. hypogynous or perigy- noiis : stamens nearly al- ways free; style simple or 2-3-lobetl or styles 2-5 : stipules 0 114. Chexopodiace^. AAA. Fv. composed of several carpels which are crowd- ed or connate in a ring: styles simple: stamens hypogynous ; p(M-ianth herbaceous or coriaceous, rarely membranous, per- sisting entire in the fruit nr deciduous. 115. Phytolaccace-e. AAAA. Fr. an akene triangular or lens-shaped : perianth herbaceous, membran- ous or colored, rarely adherent to base of ovary : style branches or styles 2-3 110. Polygoxace.t:. Series 2. Multiovulate.e Terrestres. Terres- trial herbs or shrubs, often climbers: ovary syncar- pous : ovules in each cell or placenta numerous. A. Fls. dicecious : ovary su- perior : Ivs. bear tendrils : pitcher plants 117. Nepexthace.e, AA. FIs. hermaphrodite : ovary inferior : Ivs. do not bear tendrils or pitchers 118. Aristolochia- CE.E. Series 3. Micrembrte.e. Ovary syncarpous. mono- carpous or apocarpous; ovules in each carpel solitary, rarely 2 or few : albumen copious, fleshy or mealy ; embryo minute. A. Ovary syncarpous, 1- or few- ovuled : styles or stigmas 2—4, rarely coalesced into a cushion-shaped stigma.. 119. Piperace^. AA. Ovary carpels solitary or several, distinct and 1- ovuled : stigmas as many as carpels, simple and usually oblique B. Perianth 0, or adnate to ovary : stamens 1-3 : ovule pendulous, or- thopterous 120. Chloranthace^ BB. Perianth calyx-like c. Carpel, solitary : fls. unisexual : perianth 3-lobed, rarely 2 or 4- lobed : stamens mona- delphous in bottom of perianth : ovule erect, anatropous. Woody. . 121. Myristicace^:. cc. Carpels several : fls. hermaphrodite or uni- sexual : perianth c a I y x-I i k e. 2-x) - toothed or 1 o b e d, bearing the stamen- tube on its inner face : ovule erect or pen- dulous, usually an- atropous. Woody. . ..122. Mommiace^. Series 4. Daphne.e. Ovary monocarpous. rarely syncarpous with 2-4 cells; oviiles in the ovary or iii each cell solitary or twin and side by side, rarely a few pairs superposed. A. Radicle superior : ovules pendulous B. Anthers dehiscing by uplifted valves, rarely laterally dehiscent : per- ianth lobes 6 or 4, in 2 series: ovary 1-celled : ovule solitary. Woody. 123. Laurace.e. BB. Anthers normal : per- ianth lobes 4-5, imbri- cate: ovary 1— 2-celled : ovule solitary. M'oody. .124 ThymeleacE-E. AA. Radicle inferior B. Perianth lobes 4, val- vate: stamens as many and opposite : ovule erect or pendulous 125. Proteace.e. BB. Perianth constricted above ovary, persistent at base, deciduous above, lobes 2 or 4 : stamens twice as many as the lobes, alternate and opposite : ovule erect. Woody 126. Eleagxace.e. Series 5. Achlam ydospore.e. Ovary 1-celled, cells 1-3-ovuled, cell and ovules often inconspicuous before anthesis : albumen of seed without a coat, either free in the pericarp or attached to its walls: mostly parasitic. 127. Loranthace.e. Series 6. Uxisexuales. FIs. unisexual : ovai-y syncarpous or monocarpous : ovules solitary or in pairs side by side in the ovary or in each cell : trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. A. Ovary 1-celled. B. Ovule solitary c. Radicle inferior : fls. of both sexes in globose heads : s t a m e ns in male heads and ovaries in female heads crowded very densely on a central receptacle. Woody.. 128. Platanace^. CC. Radicle superior D. The male perianth free from the bract : stamens as many as its lobes and opposite or by a b o r t i on fewer, rarely numerous.. .129. URTICACE.E. DD. The perianth want- ing, sometimes grown to the bract i n Juglandacere : stamensoo , often 2 in Myricacea*. . . E. Lvs. pinnate : male fls. in catkins. Woody 130. Jt'GLANDACE^. ee. Lvs. simple ; male inflorescence spi- oate, subamenta- ceous. Woody. . . 131. BB. Ovules 2 : male inflores- cence spicate : stamen 1. Woody 132. AA. Ovary 2-3-celled. rarely with more cells B. Albumen usually cop- ious : fr. usuall.y sepa- rating into 2-valved berries, sometimes fleshy and indehiscent, or vari- ous: inflorescence var- ious 133. EUPHORBIACE.E. BB. Albumen 0 : fr. a nut : male inflorescence usually in catkins. Woody 134. Cupulifer;b. Families. Somewhat re- Fls. in catkins : capsule 2-4-vaIved. Woody 135. SalicacEvE. Fls. axillary or rarely in a terminal head : drupe 2- 00 -stoned, stones 1- seeded. Low shrubs 136. Empetrace.e. Class 2. Gymxosperms. Ovules naked upon a scale, bract or disc; cotyledons 2 or more: fls. uni- sexual. A. Lvs. or scales opposite, un- divided : fls. in catkin- like or interrupted spikes : male perianth membranous. 2-lobed ; female bladdery 137. Gxetace.e. AA. Lvs. undivided, reduced to Mykicace-e. CASUARINACEiE. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. scales or needles, rarely flattened out : male fla. in catkins ; female in a catkin or cone, rarely solitary 138. CONIFER.E. AAA. Lvs. ample. pinnatisect, crowded at apex of woodv caudes : fls. of both sexes in cones. . . . 139. Cycadace^. SubdiTision 2. Moxocotiledons or ENDor.EN.s. Stems witliout central pitli or annular layers, but having the woody fibres distributed irregularly through them (a transverse section showing the fibres as dots scattered through the cellular tissue). Em- bryo with a single cotyledon and the early lvs. al- ways alternate : parts of the flower usually in 3's. never in 5's, and the lvs. mostly parallel-veined. Series 1. Microsperm.?5. Perianth corolla-like, at least inside : ovary inferior. 1-celled with 3 parietal placentie, or rarely 3-celled with axile placentae : seeds very small and numerous, not albuminous. A. Fls. regular, usually uni- sexual : stamens usually 3, 6 or 9 : aquatic herbs.140. HvDROCnAKI- DACE.E. AA. Fls. usually very irregular : andrcecium and gynoe- cium connate in a col- umn : anther 1. rarely 2 : terrestrial or epiphytic herbs, rarely climbers. ..141. Orchidace.e. Series 2. EpifiYN.E. Perianth corolla-like, at least within : ovary generally inferior : albumen copious. a. I Is. normally unisexual and regular ; stamens 6, or those opposite the in- ner perianth-lobes im- perfect or deficient. . . . 142. DIOSCORACE.E. AA. Fls. normally hermaphro- dite, sometimes polygam- ous or otherwise B. Embryo small, included in albumen c. Ovary 1 celled: albu- men solid: embryo minute : stamens 6, hooded: fls. regular. . 143. Taccace^. cc. Ovary usually 3-celled. D. Stamens 3 opposite outer lobes ; albu- men horny ; fls. regular or oblique- ly irregular 144. iRiDACEa). DD. Stamens 6. rarely 3 opposite inner lobes or oo : albu- men fleshy : fls. regular or slightly irregular 145. Amartllidace.e. BB. Embryo in a central canal of albumen, straight, incurved or horse-shoe- shaped : perfect sta- mens 1 or 5. the other 5 or 1 variously changed into antherless staminodes 146. Scitaminace.e. BBB. Embryo in a small mar- ginal cave or pit of albumen, rarely long- intruded, never wholly included c. Albumen mealy : per- ianth calyx-like out- side: stamens 6 147. Bromeliace.e. cc. Albumen fleshy : per- ianth corolla-like or woolly outside : sta- mens sometimes 6 and equal, sometimes 1-3 slightly dissimilar, or 3 opposite the inner lobes 148. H.EMADORACE.E. Series 3. CORONARIE.E. Perianth corolla-like, at least inside : ovary free, rarely shortly adnate at the base : albumen copious. A. Embryo minute or more or less elongated, included in fleshy or horny albu- men 149. LiLIACE.E. AA. Embryo straight. in a central canal of mealy albumen 150. Pontedeeiace.e. AAA. Embi'yo marginal under The " embryostega " in mealy albumen, or little intruded. (An " em- bryostega," literally em- bryo-cover, is a callosity in the seed coat of some seeds near the hilum, and is detached by the protrusion of the radicle on germination) 151. Commelin'ace.i:. Series 4. Calycinae. Perianth calyx-like, small, somewhat rigid or herbaceous : ovary free : albumen copious. A. Fr. a 3-valved capsule : em- bryo included in more or less fleshy albumen. . . . 152. JUNCACE.E. AA. Fr. berry or drupe-like. 1- seeded, rarely 2-3- seeded : embryo im- mersed in a small pit near the periphery of the albumen. Mostly woody. 153. Palmace.e. Series 5. Nudiflor.1;. Perianth 0 or reduced to scales or bristles : ovary superior : carpels solitary, or if more syncarpous ; 1- go — ovuled : seeds usually albu- minous. A. Plants aquatic : fls. solitary or in pairs from mar- ginal fissures 154. Lemnace.e. AA. Plants terrestrial : fls. in spadlces B. Fls. dioecious : perianth 0 : carpels usually con- fluent in clusters: spadices clustered or panicled 155. Pandanace^. BB. Fls. dicecious or monoe- cious In different spa- dices : perianth 0 : or the short segments distinct or connate : spadices solitary 156. Cyclanthace.i;. BBB. Fls. monoecious in differ- ent spadices. rarely dioecious : perianth re- duced to membranous scales or thread-like chaff. Aquatic and marsh plants 157. Typhace^. BB6B. Fls. hermaphrodite or moncecious in same spadix. rarely diceci- ous : perianth 0. or of 4 membranous, imbricate scales : spadices soli- tary 158. Araceje. Series 6. Apocarp.e. Perianth in 1-2 series or 0 : ovary superior ; carpels solitary, or if more, distinct ; seeds not albuminous. A. Embryo complicate or horse-shoe-shaped : per- ianth segments 6, in 2 series 159. Alismace.1]. AA. Embyro macropodous : per- ianth segments 2. 3, 4, 6 or 0 160. Naiadace.e. Series 7. GLUMACEiB. Fls. disposed in heads or spikelets solitary and sessile under bracts (or glumes) which are usually imbricate: perianth segments small, scale-like, glumaceous or 0 : ovary 1-ovuled or divided into 1-ovuled cells : seeds albuminous. A. Fr. an indehiscent nut : seed free from pericarp : palets and lodicules 0... 161. Cyperace.b. AA. Fr, an indehiscent caryop- sis : seed usually adher- ent to pericarp : palets and lodicules present... 162. Gramine^. 10 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. PART II.— SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 1. UANUNCDLACE.E. A. Sepals usually valvate. . . . 1. Clematis. «A. Sepals Imbricate B. Carpels one-ovuled : fruit an indehiscent akene c. Ovule pendulous ; raphe dorsal D. retals conspicuous. ..i. Adonis. DD. Petals none or very small E. Fls. not subtended by involucres. ... 3. Thalictbl'M. EE. Fls. subtended by in- volucres remote from the calys or close under it. ... F. Involucre remote from calyx 4. Anemone. FF. Involucre of 3 simple, sessile Ivs. closer under the fl 5. Hepatica. FFF. Involucre of 3 compound ses- sile Ivs 6. Si'NDESMON. cc. Ovules ascending D. Petals wanting 7. Thai'tvetteria. DD. Petals 3-many. ....8. Ranunculus. BB. Carpels several- or many- ovuled : fr. usually de- hiscent at maturity, rarely berry-liiie c. Petals large and showy. 9. P.EONIA. cc. Petals medium small, deformed, or 0 D. Fls. irregular E. Posterior sepal forms a spur. ... 10. Delphinium. EE. Posterior sepal forms a hood 11. ACONITUM. DD. Fls. regular E. Inflorescence race- mose F. Stamens 5 or 10 ; shrubs 12. Xanthobrhiza. FF. Stamens numer- ous : herbs 0. Fruit a berry. ..13. Act.ea. GG. Fruit consisting of f o I 1 i cles, dehiscent 14. Cimicifoga. EE. Inflorescence panicu- late, or fls. solitary. F. L V s. palmately veined or cut : not ternate. . . . G. Petals wanting.. H. Ovules many in two ser- ies a I o n J? the ventral suture. . . . l.'>. Caltha. HH. Ovules only 2.16. Hydrastis. GG. Petals small or narrow ; mostly nectar-bearing. H. Sepals common- ly deciduous : petals not 2- lipped, nor scale bearing. 17. TROLLins. HH. Sepals persistent : broad petals 2-Iip p e d or bearing a scale 18. Helleborus. HHH. Sepals deciduous, narrow : petals bearing a scale. 19. Eranthis, FF. Lvs. ternateiy or subpinnately de- compound G. Sepals 5-6. . . . n Petals spur- red 20. Aqdilegia. HH. Petals not spurred : of- t e n small or 0 1. The carpels connate at the base or higher. 21. Nigella. II. The carpels free J. Carpels stalked. .22. CopTis. JJ. Carpels not stalked. .23. Isoptrom. GG. Sepals and pet- als numerous.24. Anemonopsis. 2. DILLENIACE^E. Lvs. large, pinnately veined or cut. Arborescent 1. Dillenia. 3. CALYCANTIIACE.E. Woody plants 1. Calycanthus. 3a. TROCEIODENDUACE.E. A. Fruit capsular : dehiscent : with numerous seeds ; fls. dioecious, Ivs. oppo- site 1. Cercidiphyllum. iA. Fruit a winged nutlet with 1 or few seeds : fls. polyg- amous : Ivs. alternate. ..2. Ecptelea. 4. MAIINOLIACE.E. A. Fls. hermaphrodite B. Stipules 0 1. ILLICIUM. BB. Stipules present, inclos- ing young Ivs. in the bud c. Anthers face out 2. Liriodendron. cc. Anthers face in D. Striicture bearing the carpels stalked. ...3. Micheha. DD. Structure bearing the carpels sessile e. Dehiscence circura- scissile 4. Talauma. EE. Dehiscence 2- valved 5. Magnolia. aa. Fls. unisexual B. Carpels after anthesis spicate. 6. Schizandra. BB. Carpels after anthesis globose-capitate 7. Kadsura. 5. ANONACE.E. A. Ovules solitary B. Petals connate into a globose ,3-6-lobed tube, the inner lobes very small or wanting 1. Rollinia. BB. Petals 6, subequal, over- lapping, spreading dur- ing anthesis 2. Dcguetia. BBB. Petals usually 6, valvate, connivent or somewhat spreading, the inner ones subsimilar unless smaller, or rarely want- ing 3. Anona. AA. Ovules 2 4. Artabotrys. AAA. Ovules numerous B. Seeds immersed in the general pulp .5. Cananga. (See article Philippines). BB. Seeds arillate 6. Asimina. 6. MENISFERMACE.ii;. a. Filaments coalesced into a column which is subpel- tate at apex B. Sepals 6: petals 0 1. Anamirta. (See article Cocculus.) BB. Sepals 4 : petals grown to- gether making a small cup 2. CiSSAMPELOS. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLK KINGDOM. 11 AA. Filaments free eitlier at base or apex B. Stamens 12-24 3. Menispermum. BB. Stamens 6 c. Petals 6: shorter tlian sepals : stamens high- monadelphous 4. CoccuLUS. cc. Te'als 0, unless the 3 inner and larger sep- als are regarded as petals: outer stamens free .">. Abuta. 7. BERBERIDACE.E. A. Fjs. unisexual or polyga- mous : carpels 3 B. Stamens monadelphous. . 0. Sepals 6 : petals 6, much smaller j. L.\I!DI7,ab.\la. cc. Sepals 6: petals 0. ...2. Stauxto.nia. BB. stamens free \ . . c. Sepals 6 : petals 6, minute 3. Holrcellia. cc. Sepals 3: petals 0. ...4. Akebia. ccc. Sepals and petals 9-15 5. BERBEEIDOrSIS. AA. Fls. hermaphrodite : car- pel 1 B. Venation or lobing pin- nate : Ivs, penninerved. pennatisect, pinnately 2-3-ternate or decom- pound c. Ovules few, erect from the base D. Plants are shrubs.... E. Lvs. simple or pin- , nate fi. Berberis. EE. Lvs. 2-3-pmnate... .7. Nandina DD. Plants are herbs E. Petals 6. reduced to small nectaries... .8 Leonticb EE. Petals 6, scarcely smaller than se- pals and flat 0 Boxoardia. cc. Ovules placed ventrally in 2 series D. Sepals 12-15 : petals 0. reduced to nec- taries 10. Va.ncouveeia. DD. Sepals 8 : petals 4, reduced to necta- ries 11. Epijiediom. DDD. Sepals 7-8 : petals 4, a little smaller. flat 12. Aceraxthcs. BB. venation or lobing pal- mate : lvs. p a Im i - nerved, palmilobed, or 2-parted c. Sepals 0: petals G: ovules in 2 series. ... 13. Dipiiylleia. cc. Sepals 6 : petals 6-0 : ovules in many series.l4. Podophyllum. ccc. Sepals 4: petals 8 1."). .Ieffersonia. cccc. Sepals and petals 0. ...16. Achlys. 8. nympii.ioace.t;. A. Fls. smallish : sepals and petals 3 B. Stamens 6 : submerged lvs. dissected 1. Cabomba. BB. Stamens 12-18: lvs. all peltate 2. Brasenia. AA. Fls. large and showy : sepals 4-G ; petals and stamens indefinite B. Carpels scattered without order near the top of a torus 3. NELtJMBO. BB. Carpels grown together in rings c. Plants prickly D. The inner stamens sterile 4. Victoria. DD. The stamens all fer- tile 5. Edrtale. cc. Plants not pricltly D. Carpels placed on the torus, the sepals. petals and stamens inferior 6. Nuphar. DD. Carpels more or less immersed in the torus, the sepals and outer petals somewhat inferior : the inner petals and stamens gradu- ally more adnate to the torus 7. Nymph.ea. 9. s.\rraceniace.i;. A. style umbrella-shaped 1. Sarracenia AA. Style 5-cut at apex 2. Darlingtoxia. 10. papaverace.e. A. Stigmas distinct : lvs. main- ly opposite or wliorled : sepals usually 3 : petals usually 6, in 2 series : placentte never separate from the valves B. Lvs. lobed 1. Romneya. BB. Lvs. entire c. Filaments dilated : stig- mas indefinite, linear : fr. not capsular 2. Platystemon. cc. Filaments slightly di- lated : s t i g m a s 3, broader: fr. capsular. 3. Platystigma. AA. Stigmas confluent : Ivs, al- ternate : ternately decom- pound : sepals 2 : petals 4 : placentae remain attached to the margin of the valves B. Sepals coherent and cov- ering fl. like a candle extinguisher 4. EscnscHOLZiA. BB. Sepals separate. c. Lobes of stigma 2, erect 5. Dendromecon. cc. Lobes of stigma 4, spreading 6. Hunnemannia. AAA. Stigmas continent : Ivs. al- ternate or mainly so ; fls. rarely 3-merous : cap- sule dehiscing Ijy pores or valves, the placentae remaining as a frame al- ternate with and free from the valves B. Capsule dehiscent by pores near the top .... 7. Papaver. BB. Capsule shortly dehiscing bv valves c. Stigmatic lobes radiat- ing on the depressed summit of a very short style 8. Argemone. CC. Stigmatic lobes radiat- ing on the club- shaped top of a dis- tinct style 9. Meconopsis. BBB. Capsule dehiscing by valves to the base or nearly so c. The capsule long and linear D. Seeds pitted 10. Glaucium. DD. Seeds crested 11. Chelidonidm. cc. The capsule ovoid, ob- long or cylindrical . . D. Petals 4.' 12. Stylophorum. B. Style distinct, but short EE. Style long 13. EOMECOV. DD. Petals S-12 14. Sangcinaria. DDD. Petals 0 15. BOCCONIA. 11. FUlIARIACE.i:. A. Corolla 2-spurred or bigib- bous. the 2 outer and larger (lateral) petals similar B. Seeds orestless : petals permanently united into a subcordate persistent 12 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. corolla which incloses the npe capsule 1. Adlumia. B8. Seeds mostly crested : petals less or slightly united into a 2-spurred or higibbous corolla. ... 2. Dicentea. . Erodium. cc. Glands 0 D. Fr. a loculicidal cap- sule 7. OXALIS. DD. Fr. an indehiscent berry **. AvRiiiiHOA. 33. ochnace.t:. Ovary .3-10-loculed : locules 1-ovuled ; seeds without albumen : stamens numer- ous : panicles lateral 1. Ochna. 34. RUTACE.E. A. Ovary entire or sliKbtly 2- 5-lobed : style terminal, entire at base : fr. drupe- like or berry-like, but leathery, usually indehis- cent : carpels of the male fls. sometimes 4, and free B. Fls. hermaphrodite : pe- tals and stamens free or connate : ovules 1, 2 or many : fr. usually with a cortex outside and pulpy within : seeds ex-albuminous.... c. Ovules numerous in each locule D. Stamens 1 0-1 2 : ovary imperfectly 5-G-loculed : Ivs. odd-pinnate t Citrus. DD. S t a m e n s 3 n-6 0 : ovary imperfectly 8-to-many loculed : ivs. with 3 Ifts. ..2. ..^^GLE. CC. Ovules solitary or twin in each locule D. riant spiny : Ivs. with 3 ifts. : calyx 3-loI)ed : stamens 6..3. triphasia. DD. Plant unarmed : ivs. pinnate: calyx 5- cut or 5-parted : stamens 10 4. Mdrraya. BB. Fls. usually polygamo- dioecious : petals and stamens free : ovules 2 except in the first two genera : seeds usually albuminous D. Ovules solitary E. Petals 4-5, valvate : stamens 4-5 : drupe 2-4-stoned..r,. Skimmia. EE. Petals 5, valvate : stamens 5 : ovary 5-lobed ; stigma sessile 6. Casimiroa. DD. Ovules twin E. Petals 2-5, valvate or Imbricate : sta- mens 2-5 : fr. 4-7- loculed 7. Toddalia. EE. Petals 5-8. valvate: stamens ,5-6 : fr. a 5-stoned drupe. ..8. Phellodexdron. EEE. Petals 4-5, imbri- cate ; stamens 4- 5 : f r. a 2-3-loculed samara 0. Ptelea. AA. Ovary deeply 2-5-lobed, styles basilar or ventral or the stigmas connate : fr. capsular or 3-5-ber- ried B. Ovules 3 or more in each locule c. I'etals 4-5, equal : sta- mens 8-10, straight.. 10. Uuta. cc. I'etals 5. unequal : sta- mens 10 declinate. ..11. Dictamncs. BB. Ovules 2 in eacn locale. . c. Fls. irregular 12. Ravexia. CC. Fls. regular d. The fls. unisexual or polygamous e. Lvs. alternate F. Foliage pinnate: fls. polygamous.13. Xaxthoxtlum. FF. Foliage simple ; fls. unisexual 14. Orixa. EE. Lvs. opposite : fls. unisexual 15. Evodia. DD. The fls. hermaphro- dite E. Albumen fleshy (un- known in Chois- ya) F. I'etals erect, long, connate or con- nivent, forming a cylindrical tube ..16. Cohrea. FF. Petals free, spread- ing G. The petals im- bricate H. Stamens 8 : petals 4 lvs. oppo- site, 17. BORONIA. HH. stamens 8- 10: petals 4-5; lvs. alternate. .18. Ebiostemojj, HHH. stamens 10 : petals 5 : Ivs. oppo- site 19. CIIOISYA. GG. The petals val- vate 20. I'lLOCABPDS. be. Albumen 0 F. The capsule 5-lo- culed 21. Calodexdrum. FF. The ovary lobes 1-5 free G. Staminodes 0. .22. Diosma. GG. Staminodes 5... H. Style short ; stigma cap- itate : fls. terminal. ..23. Adenaxdra. HH. Style long : stigma sim- ple ; fls. ax- illary 24. Barosma. 35. ZYGOPIiyLLACE;E. A. Ovary sessile ; lvs. with 2 Ifts. rarely 1 1ft 1. Zygophvlll'M. AA. Ovary stalked : lvs. abruptly pinnate '.2. Guaiacdm. 36. SIMARUBACE.E. A. Stamens 10, twice as many as petals 1. Ailaxthds. AA. Stamens 4-5, as many as petals 2. I'lCRASMA. 37. MELIACE.E. A. stamens free 1. Cedrela. AA. Stamens coalesced into a tube B. Locules of the ovary many-ovuled 2. Swietexia. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 17 BB. Locules of the ovary 1-2 ovuled c. I, vs. simple 3. Tinn.EA. cc. Lvs. 3-foliolate or 1-3- pinnate D. Anthers 10-lL' 4. Welia. DD. Anthers D 5. Aglaia. 38. BURSERACB.T3. 4. Cal.vx tube liroadly urn- shaped, covered by the torus 1. Oakuga. i. Calyx small, 4-G-parted. ...2. BUKSEKA. 39. OLACACE.E. Stamens twice as many as the petals, all fertile 1. Xuien'Ia. 40. aquifoliace.t;. A. Petals connate at base : ovary 4-5-loculed 1. Ilex. V. Petals free, linear : ovary 3- 5-loculed 2. Nemopanthus. 41. CYRILLACE.E. 42. RHAMNACE.E. A. Calyx lobes persistent, the often star-shaped disc joining its tube to the en- tire surface of the ovary : fr. dry, 3-winged 1. Gouania. AA. Calyx lobes deciduous B. Disc lining the shallow calyx-tube, nearly or quite free from the ovary ; fr. drupaceous, mostly fleshy and often edible, with a single 1- 4-celled stone inclos- ing as many seeds, or 1-seeded b.y abortion ; seed coats membran- ous c. Petals 0 : albumen copious, ruminate. . .2. Reyxosia. cc. Petals 5 D. Fr. winged, dry, leathery : plants p r i c Ic 1 y : lvs. 3- nerved 3. Palii;rus. DD. Fr. a flesh.v drupe : plants prickly : lvs. 3-nerved 4. Zizypiius. DDD. Fr. a drupe with leathery sarcocarp : plants unarmed : lvs. penninerved. . ..5. Beiiche.mia. BE. Disc lining the calyx tube, or both adherent to ovary; fr. drupace- ous or becoming dr.v, inclosing 2-4 nutlets or cocci c. Fr. a fleshy drupe free from calyx, contain- ing 2-4, separate, nut-lilte stones 6. Rhamxos. cc. Fr. becoming nearly or quite dry, partly in- ferior separating in- to 3 nutlets : ovary adnate to disc at its base 7. Ceanothcs. ccc. Fr. a capsule with mem- branous covering, in- ferior, separating in- to 3 cocci whicli are dehiscent inside. ...8. Pomaderris. cccc. Fr. indehiscent, pea- shaped, 3-celied. 3- seeded ; ovary free. ..0. IIovexia. 43. CELASTRACE.E. A. Fruit indehiscent 1. El.i;odendron. AA. Fruit a dehiscent capsule. B. Lvs. opposite C. Ovules 1-2, in the axis2. Euonymus. of the locule cc. Ovules 2 in the locules, erect 3. Pachi.stima. BB. Lvs. alternate c. Ovary confluent with the disc DD. Locules generally 1- ovuled : plants un- armed : fls. solitar.v, clustered or cy- mose 4. Maythenu.s. DD. Locules 2-ovuled ; plants often armed : fls. cymosc'i. CiYhino.si'okia. cc. Ovary free t>. Celasthus. 44. stackiiousiace.t;. Genus unique 1. Stackhou.sia. 45. VITACE.15. A. Plants climbing, mostly by adhesion of dilated and disc-shaped tips of the tendril-branches : no dis- tinct disc or free nectari- ferous glands, but a nec- tariferous and wholly con- fluent thickening of the base of the ovary, or even this obsolete 1. Ampelopsis. AA. Plants climbing by the pre- hension and coiling of naked-tipped tendrils : nec- tariferous disc or glands surrounding the ovary or its base, and at least partly free from it B. Berries edible ; petals cast off from the base while cohering by their tips: hypogynous disc of 5 nectariferous glands al- ternate with the sta- mens 2. VlTIS. BB. Berries inedible : petals expanding: disc annu- lar or cup shaped, en- circling the base of the ovary and adherent to it below 3. Cisscs. 46. LEEACE.E. 1. Leea. 47. SAPINDACE.T3. a. Fls. irregular B. Seeds albuminous : sta- mens inserted at the base of the disc inside : lvs. alternate, pinnate.. c. Calyx suljsaccate the segments narrow very unequal at base : ovules in the locules 2-4 1. Melianthds. cc. Calyx of 5 free, round- ish sepals: ovules numerous in 2 series on the placentae 2. Grevia. BB. Seeds not albuminous : stamens inserted at the liase of the ovary inside the disc or unilateral : lvs. rarely onnosite ex- cept in Aesculus c. Lvs. opposite 3. Aesculos. cc. Lvs. alternate D. Ovules solitary in the locules (rarely 2 in Pauilinia) ; plant climbing E. Fr. bladdery, mem- branous, loculi- cidal 4. Cardiospermcm. ee. Fr. a pear-shaped, septicidal capsule. .5. Padllinia. DD. Ovules 2 or more in 18 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. the locules ; plant erect E. Sepals valviite: pet- als 3-4. G KOELREUTERIA. EE. Sepals imbricate : petals 4-5 7. Uxgnadia. AA. Fls. regular or nearly so. B. Lvs. rarely opposite : sta- mens inserted at the base of the ovary inside the disc unilateral. . . . c. Ovules - or more in the locules D. Disc produced into 5 horns : fr. a cap- sule S. Xanthoceras. DD. Disc 4-') lobed : fr. a drupe 9. Melicocca. e or cup : radicles inflexed, accum- bent or rarely very short ana straight. (Compare AAA. ) A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 19 SUBORDER II.— PAriLIONE.Ti. B. Lva. simple, or else digi- tately compound. (Ex- ^ ceptions : A few mem- bers of the Trifolium Tribe are disitately compound and some of the Phaseolus Tribe are subdigitately compound. Some Ivs. that appear to be simple have been reduced from several leaflets to one, gener- ally leaving a gland, .joint or other indica- tion of the reduction.) . c. Stamens 10, free; shrubs, rarely herbs. .5. roD.vLVBH Thibe. cc. Stamens 10. monadel- phous, rarely dia- delphous ; racemes terminal or opposite the leaves, or tbe fis. solitary or subfas- cicled at the axils. ..fi. Genista Tribe. BB. Lvs. pinnate, rarely digi- tate in the Trifolium Tribe or subdigitate in the Pbaseolus Tribe or the Ivs. sometimes re- duced to a single 1ft... . c. Stamens 10. free ; Ifts. 5 or more, sometimes reduced to one large Ift.. rarely S 7. sophora Tribe. cc. Stamens monadelphous or diadelplious D. The pod jointed, rare- ly l-,iointed and 1- Seeded by abortion. Otherwise like the Lotus, Galega and Phaseohis T r i b es. An artificiai divis- ion S. IIedysarum Tribe. DD. The pod not .iointed. E. Pod i n d e h i scent, larger than calyx, membranovis leath- ery, wood.v or drupaceous : Ifts. 5 or more, rarely .S- 1 : trees or tall shrubs or climbers.9. Dalbergia Tribe. EE. Pod dehiscent or if Indehiscent usual- ly of small size, generally 2-vaIved. F. FIs. in heads or umbels. rarely solitary : Ifts S or more, entire : alternate fi I a - ments usuall.y dilated at tbe apex ; herbs or subshrubs 10. Lotus Tribe. FF. FIs. solitary or racemose, some- times panicled or fascicled. . . . o. Plants typically climbing herbs, raising them- selves by means of tend- rils at tlie tips of the petioles. Sometimes there is a mere bristle : 1ft. often den- ticulate at GG. pTnU •twining"- '^''"^ Tribe. or erect, not climbing by tendrils H. Lfts. general- ly .f I. Plants most- ly twining herbs 12. Phaseolus Tribe. II. Plants most- I y erect herbs 13. TniFOLiDM Tribe. HH. Lfts. mostly 5 or more. ..14. Galega Tribe. AAA. FIs. more or less irregular, hut not truly papilionace- ous. When they seein to be so, the petal answer- ing to the standard will he found within tbe other petals instead of outside as in aa. :radicle straight, very rarely slightly oblique SUBORDER III. C.i;SALPINE^, B. Calyx gamosepalous be- yond the disc or val- vately parted ; Ivs. simple and entire or 2- lobed, or rarelv cut in- to 2 Ifts. ; stipe of ovary free or adnate to calyx tube 15. Baohinia Tribe. BB. Cal.yx usuall.y parted to the very disc and the segments imbricate. ... c. Stipe of ovary adnate to the disc hearing calyx-tube : Ivs. most- ly abruptly pinnate. 16. Amherstia Tribe. cc. Stipe of ovary free in tbe bottom of the calyx D. Anthers versatile : Ivs. mostly bipin- nate 17. C^salpinea Tribe. DD. Anthers liasifixed. erect but longitudi- nally dehiscent by 2 pores or short cracks 18. Cassia Tribe. 1. Acacia Tribe. Sole genus 1. Acacia. 2. INGA Tribe. a. Lvs. once pinnate 2. Inga. AA. Lvs. mostl.y twice pinnate. . B. Shape of pods circinate, arched or variously twisted c. Pod usually 2-valved : seeds generally sur- rounded by a thin pulp, .'5. PiTHECOLOEIU.M. cc Pod indehiscent, usual- ly septate lietween the seeds 4. En'Terolobidm. BB. Shape of pods straight, or at most slightly sickle- shaped c. Valves separating from the persistent sut- ures 5. I.TSILOMA. cc. Valves elasticall.v dehis- cent and revolute from apex to base. ..fl. Calliandra. ccc. Valves not elastic : pod often indehiscent.. ..7. Albizzia. 3. Adexaxtheea Tribe. A. FIs. short-pedicled 8. Adexaxthera. AA. FIs. sessile B. The pod indehiscent (presumably so In Strypbnodendronl C. Pod straight, thick-com- pressed, transversely septate inside be- tween the seeds 9. Stryphnodexdron. CC. Pod straight, falcate or variously twisted. 20 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. thick-compressed or subterete, usually septate inside be- tween the seeds. ... 10. Prosopis. BB. The pods 2-valved. See also BBB c. Pod straiRbt or arched, flat: valves entire, continuous within : shrubs or trees 11. Piptadenia. cc. Pod obliquel.v oblong, deflexed from the stipe : herbs or dif- fuse suli-shrubs. pros- trate or floatins. ... 12. Neptunia. r!BB. Pod flat, with thickened persistent continuous sutures, the valves transversely .iointed be- tween the sutures, the joints 1-seeded 13. Entada. 4. Mimosa Tribe. \. Pods provided with a rep- lum, i. €, a frame-liiie placenta, which remains after the valves have fal- len away from it B. Valves wider than rep- lum 14. Mimosa. BB. Valves narrower than the replura or hardly wider.15. Schrankia. aa. Pods 2-valved in the ordi- nary fashion. 16. Leucena. 5. PoDALYRiA Tribe. A. Keel petals free or slightly connate : foliage herbace- ous BB. Pod linear or oblong- inflated 17. Thermopsis. BB. Pod globose or ovoid, turgid or inflated 18. Baptisia, AA. Keel petals connate on the back : foliage mostly leathery. . B. Ovules 4 or more c. Keel about as long as the wings 10. Oxtlobium. cc. Keel much shorter than wings 20. Chorizema. BB. Ovules 2 c. Pod indehiscent : calyx shortly .5-toothed. ...21. Viminaria. cc. Pod 2-valved : calyx 5- fld. or bilabiate 22. Pulten.ea. 6. Genista Tribe. a. Stamens coalesced into a sheath which is split above the middle B. Seeds strophiolate. c. Lvs. simple or reduced to mere scales. ....23. Templetonia. cc. Lvs. pinnate: Ifts. 3.. 24. Goodt.a. BB. Seeds not strophiolate. .. .25. Crotalaria. AA. Stamens coalesced into a closed tube B. Seeds not strophiolate.. . . c. Calyx lobes or lips much longer than the tube 26. LupiNUS. cc. Calyx lobes or teeth shorter than the tube, rarely somewhat longer D. Lfts. 3 B. Pod stalked 27. Laburnom. ee. Pod sessile p. Claws of petals adnate to stam- inal tube 28. Petteria. FF. Claws of petals free G. Shrubs un- armed : upper cal.vx lobes distinct 29. Adenocarpds. GG. Shrubs usual- 1 y spines- cent : calyx short, trun- cate 30. Calvcotome. DD. Lfts. rarely 3 or 1 : shrubs with spiny or rush-like branches E. Shrub with rush-like branches 31. Spartiom. EE. Shrubs spiny or un- armed : lfts. re- duced to 1 or U, rarely 3. ...... 32. Gexista. BB. Seeds strophiolate c. Calyx colored, 2-parted : the upper segment 2-toothed. lower 3- toothed : leafless shrubs, the branch- lets and petioles transfor med into spines 33. Ulex. cc. Calyx with the 2 upper lobes or teeth con- nate or free, the 3 lower connate into a lower lip 34. CvTisns. 7. SoPHORA Tribe. A. Flower with petals all near- ly alike. 35. Cadia. AA. Flower distinctly papiliona- ceous B. Pod 2-valved 36. Castan'O.speumcm. BB. Pod indehiscent or at most tardily dehiscent to a slight extent c. Pod moniliform 37. Sophoba. cc. Pod not moniliform, linear D. FIs. yellow in axil- lary racemes 38. Calpurnia. DD. FIs. white, panicled..39. Cladrastis. 8. IlEDVSAncM Tribe. A. Stamens all free among themselves 40. Adesmia. AA. Stamens all connate in a closed tube 41. Arachis. AAA. Stamen nearest the stand- ard free or connate with the others only at the base or at the middle. . . B. Filaments all dilated above or only alternate ones 42. Oenithopds. c. Keel obtuse cc. Keel acute or beaked.. .43. Coronilla. BB. Filaments normal c. Wings short or very short, rarely as long as the keel : lfts. not provided with min- ute stipules D. Pod flat or com- pressed E. Joints many, rarely 2 : standard-sta- men free 44. IIedy.sarcm. ee. Joints 2 : standard- stamen connate with others at middle 45. Onobrvchis. DD. Pod thickish, sub- terete. 4G. Aliiaoi. cc. Wings as long as or longer than the keel : partial petioles of lfts. bear minute stipules (except in Lespedzza 0) D. Pod indehiscent. rare- ly opening at the lower suture : ioints flat 47. Desmodidm. DD. Pod of about 4 small, distinct, 1-seeded, smooth, veined joints included in A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 21 the calyx 48. Uraria. DDD. Pod 1-seeded, indehis- cent : no Joints. . . .40. Lespedeza. 9. Dalbehoia Tribe. A. Fruit drupaceous, slobose or ovoid, indeliiscent, the endocarp woody .jO. Andiea. AA. Fruit not drupaceous B. Lfts. mostly alternate. . . c. Anthers versatile, the locules parallel, long- itudinally dehiscent. 51. Tipuana. cc. Anthers small, erect, didymous, the locules placed back to back : generally dehiscent at apex by a short crack 52. Daleergia. BB. Lfts. opposite c. Pod longitudinally 4- winged 53. Piscidia. cc. Pod with a narrow wing along the upper suture or both sut- ures 54. Derrls. 10. LOTU.s Tribe. A. Pod indehiscent or tardily 2-valved 55. Anthvllis. AA. Pod 2-valved B. Calyx lobes usually longer than tube ; keel ros- trate 56. Lotus. BE. Calvx teeth shorter than tube : keel obtuse. 57. Hosackia. 11. ViciA Tribe. A. Stem woody : inflorescence subtermin'al : stamens 0, the standard-stamen ab- sent 5S. ABKCS. AA. stem herbaceous : fls. soli- tary or racemose in the axils : stamens 10 E. Wings adherent to the keel 50. Lens. (See article Lentil.) BE. Wings free or only slight- Iv adherent c. Sheath ot stamens ob- lique at the mouth : style slender, beard- ed or hairy only at the apex or all round the upper part 60. VICIA. cc. Sheath of stamens equal at the mouth. D. Calyx lobes leafy : style rigid, dilated above and the mar- gins reflexed and joined together so that it becomes flattened laterally, bearded down the inner edge 61. PisuM. DD. Calyx lobes not leafy : style flat- tened above on the back and front, bearded down one face 62. Lathyrcs. 12. PiiASEOLrs Tribe. a. Style longitudinally bearded above on the inner side or rarely pilose only around the stigma ; petals normal or the keel long- beaked or spiral : inflores- cence nodose-racemose. . . B. Calyx tube not longer than lobes c. Keel spiral. . . . cc. Keel obtuse or arched, beaked 63. Phaseolcs. D. .Stigma strongly ob- lique or introrse. . 64. Vigna. DD. Stigma subglobose on inner face : style flattened out at apex. 65. PAcni'RUiztis. DD. Stigma small, termi- nal : style filiform or subulate at apex.66. Dolichos. BB. Calyx tube c y I i n d r ical longer than lobes 67. Clitoria, AA. Style not bearded B. Standard stamen free only at the very base, thence connate with the rest into a closed tube : calyx mostly 4- lobed c. Calyx bell-shaped D. Pod broad, the upper suture tliickened or 2-winged 68. Dioclea. DD. Pod linear, narro\v or flat 69. Pueraria. CC. Calyx bilabiate, the up- per lip larger, entire or 2-lobed or 2- parted 70. Canavalia. BB. Standard stamen free or connate only at the base c. Calyx 4-lobed 71. Galactia. CC. Calyx not 4-lobed D. Inflorescence usuall.v racemose, the rachis of the raceme joint- ed E. Standard much larg- er than the wings and keel 72. Erythrina. EE. Standard smaller than the keel. . . F. Pod 2-valved G. Anthers of 2- kinds 73. Muccna. GG. Anthers uniform.. 74. Apios. FP. Pod not dehiscent, except at the top 75. BUTEA. DD. Inflorescence some- times racemose but the rachis of the raceme not jointed. E. Lvs. especiail.v be- neath with minute resinous dots ; in- florescence race- mose or sulmmbel- late or the fls. so- litary F. Ovules 2 76. Flemingia. FF. Ovules 4 or more. G. Pod turgid : seeds strophiolate. . ..77. Fagelia. GG. Pod compressed : seeds not stro- phiolate 78. Cajaxus. EE. Lvs. without minute resinous dots ; fls. clustered or race- mose in the axils, solitary or twin along the rachis. . F. Fls. showy ; stand- ard large, flat- tened out; bracts persist- ent 79. Centrosema. FP. Fls. medium sized ; standard, erect, compli- cate : sides of- ten r e fl e xed : bracts persistentSO. AMPHiCAEPiEA. FFF. Fls. small (showy in Kennedya^ ; standard spread- ing or reflexed : bracts persistent or small and de- ciduous G. Seeds not stroph- iolate 81. Glycine. 22 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. GG. Seeds strophio- late H. Fls. small ; keel usually mucli smaller than wings 82. Hardenbekgia. HH.Fls. showy ; keel usually equal- ling or sur- passing the wings 83. Kennedya. 1,3. Teholium Tribe. A. Standard-stamen connate with the others into a closed tube: keel beaked. 84. Ononis. AA. Standard-stamen free : keel obtuse or in Parochetus acutish. B. Lfts. digitate (rarely pin- nate in Trifolium). . . . c. Pod 2-valved : keel acutish ; petals not adnate 8.'3. PAROCHExns. cc. Pod usually indehis- cent : claws of all or the lower petals adnate to the stami- nal tube SO. Trifolidm. BB. Lfts. .3, pinnate c. Pod straight, sickle- shaped or arched, sometimes tliick and beaked, sometimes linear, sometimes broad and flat, inde- hiscent or folliculate- Iv saping or rarely o'-valyed 87. Trigonella. cc. Pod spirally falcate, circinate or coch- leate 88. Medicago. ccc. Pod small, suhglobose or ovoid, thick, in- dehiscent or tardily 2-valved SO. MELiLOTns. 14. Galega Tribe. A. Connective of the anthers appendaged with a small gland or mucro : ovules mostly indefinite. 1-2 in a few species : pod 2- valved 00. Indigofeka. AA. Connective not appendaged. E. Ovules 1-2, rarely 3-4, (See also EB. ) C. Ovule 1 01. r.SORALEA. cc. Ovules 2. rarely 3-4. . . D. Stamens 10 02. Amoepha. DD. Stamens ,5 93. Petalostemon. BB. Ovules indefinite, (1-2 in a few species of Teph- rosia) c. Inflorescence terminal or opposite the Ivs., mostly racemose. (In (Jalega both ax- illary and terminal, in some Tephrosias axillary) : pod 2- valved D. Stvle longitudinally bearded on the in- ner side : calyx 1 o n g-tubular : pe- tals very 1 o n g- elawed. [,4 Barbieria. DD. Style glabrous (or merely penicillate at the stigma in some Tephrosiasi . . E. S t a n d a r d-stamen connate with the rest from the base.ng galega. EE. Standards t a m e n free or connate with the others from the middle.. F. The pod narrow or slaort with slen- der valves and nerviform or hardly thickened sutures. ........ gg tepheosia. FF. The pod thick, leathery or woody g. Pod usually tard- ily dehiscent : i n fl o r e s cence mostly panlcled.97_ Milletia. gg. Pod easily dehis- cent: inflores- cence racemose. Qg Wistaria. CC. Inflorescence axillary, except where noted below D. Pod flat, except where the seeds finally make it turgid. . . . 00. Robinia. DD. Pod inflated, turgid or terete, longitudi- nally septate or un- divided, rarely flat and when so always longitudinally sep- tate E. St.vles variously bearded above. . . F. Petals accuminate.ioo. CuAXTHHS. FF. Petals not acumi Date g. Standard erect. . . 101. Sutherlandia. GG. Standard spread- ing or reflexed. . H. Stigma small... 102. Swainsona. HH. Stigma promi- nent 103. COLUTEA. EE. style not bearded. . F. L V s. eve n-p i n- nate : shrubs or trees. G. Pod stipitate. ob- ovoid or oblong.104. Halimodendron GG. Pod linear, usual- ly acute 105. Caragana. FF. L V s. odd-pinnate or with a spiny petiole instead of an odd Ift.. . G. Anther cells con- fluent at apex. ..106. Glycyerhiza. GG. .Anthers uniform. H. Petals not all narrow. the standard obo- vate or orbic- ular. 107, Calophaca. HH. Petals narrow.. I. Keel blunt 108. Astragalus. II. Keel acute. . . . 100. Oxytropis. 15. Bauhinia Tribe. a. Petals erect or spreading, only slightly unequal .... 110. Bauhinia. AA. Petals falsely pea-like, the standard inmost 111. Cercis. 10. A51HERSTIA Tribe. A. The petals absent: sepals 4.112. Saraca. AA. The petals present b. Bractlets persistent, in- closin.g the hud c. Petals 5. slightly un- equal. 113. Brownea. cc. Petals unequal, 1 very wide, 2 narrow, 2 minute and rudi- mentary 114. Amherstia. BB. Bractlets small or decidu- ous c. Lfts. 1 pair 115. Hymen.ea. cc. Lfts. 2 or more pairs.. D. Petals 5 ; 3 perfect, 2 rudimentary 116. Tamarindds. DD. Petals 5, slightly un- equal 117. Schotia. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 23 17. C.ESALPiNiA Tribe. A. Cal.vx lobes sti-ongl.v im- b f i c a t e : disc-bearing tube short : seed not al- buminous B. i'od indeUiscent : stig- ma peltate 118. Peltophorum. BB. Pod li-valved : stigma not peltate 119. C-esalpinia. AA. Cal.vx tube long, or top- shaped or bell-shaped ; segments short or n a r- row and open : seeds, where known albumin- ous B. Pod turgid or subter- ete 120. GVMNOCLADUS. BB. Pod flattish 121. Gleditschia. AAA. Cal.vx segments valvate. . B. Segments 4. the upper ones connate : high- est petal widest, low- est, narrow 122. Colvillea. BB. Segments 5 : petals roundish, about equal 123. Poinciana. aaaa. Cal.vx segments slightly imbricate or valvate : seeds albuminous B. Ovary adnate to calyx tube 124. SCHIZOLOBIUM. BB. Ovary free In bottom of calyx 125. Parki.nsonia. 18. Cassia Tribe. A. Petals 5: fls. hermaphrodite. 126. Ca.ssia. aa. Petals 0: fls. polygamous. . .127. Cekatoxia. 53. ROSACE.E. Summary of Tribes. (Exceptions ignored for the sake of clearness). A. Ovary superior : carpels when mature not included in the calyx tube B. Calyx or calyx lobes us- . ually deciduous, with- out bractlets : carpels 1 : fr. drupaceous c. Fls. often unsymmetrl- cal : style basilar : ovules ascending : radicles inferior. ... 1. Chrtsobalanus. Tribe. cc. Fls. symmetrical : style subterminal : ovules pendulous : radicles superior 2. Prunus Tribe. BE. Calyx lobes usually per- sistent, with or with- out bractlets : carpels usually indefinite : . . . . c. Ovules 2 or more : calyx lobes without bract- lets D. Stamens 10 or more : carpels 1 or inde- finite : ovules gen- erally pendulous. . .3. Spir.ea Tribe. DD. Stamens 5, 10 or in- definite : carpels us- ually 5 ; ovules us- ually ascending. ...4. Quillaja Tribe. ODD. Stamens and carpels indefinite : ovules 2, pendulous 5. RuBns Tribe. cc. Ovule 1 : calyx lobes usually accompanied b.v bractlets. 6. Potentilla Tribe. aa. Ovary inferior or included by the calyx tube : carpels when mature connate with the calyx tube into a composite fruit B. Carpels or locules of the ovary 1-5. 2-ovuled : fr. pomaceous, con- taining 2-5 locules or stones 7. Apple Tribe. BB. .Carpels 1-ovuled c. Petals usually 5 : car- pels indeflnite : calyx lobes without bract- lets: akenes sur- rounded by the fleshy calyx tube : shrubs with odd-pinnate foliage 8. Rose Tribe. cc. Petals usually 0 : car- pels 1-3 : calyx lobes often with bractlets : herbs or shrubs: foliage various 9. Potebium Tribe. 1. ClIRVSOBALANCS TKIBE. Anthers small, short, didym- ous : ovary 1-loculed, in- serted in the base of the calyx tube : stamens 15 or more 1. Chbt.sobalanos. 2. Prunus Tribe. A. Carpels 5 2. Nuttallia. AA. Carpel 1 3. PRt;NUS. 3. SPIR.EA Tribe (by A. Rehder). A. Carpels ripening into dehis- cent follicles B. Seeds wingless: fis. small, c. Pistils opposite to the petals or less than 5. D. Lvs. simple: shrubs.. E. Stipules large, ca- ducous : staminate disc wanting: seeds shining, crustaceous F. Follicles dehiscent along both su- tures, often in- flated, 1-5 : fls. in terminal corymbs 4. PHYSOCARPDS. FF. Follices dehiscent only along the ventral suture, 1-2, not inflated. G. Fls. in terminal panicles ; style terminal ; pis- tils, 2. rarely 1 ; follicles us- ually 5-seeded.5. Neillia. GO. Fls. in small terminal co- rymbs ; style lateral ; pistil 1 ; follicles 1- or rarely 2- seeded 6. Stephanandra. EE. Stipules wanting: staminal disc usu- ally present : seeds dull 7. Spir^a. DD. Lvs. 2—3 pinnate : fls. dioecious, in ample panicles composed of slender spikes : herbs 8. Aruncus. CC. Pistils opposite to the sepals, 5 D. Petals roundish, im- bricate in the bud ; carpels connate at the base : lvs. pin- nate or bipinnate : shrubs 9. Sorbaria. DD. Petals strap-shaped, convolute in' the bud : carpels dis- tinct : lvs. ternate : herbs 10. GiLLENlA. BB. Seeds with narrow wing : fls. over 1 in. across : fr. a 5-Iobed and 5- celled capsule : lvs. sti- pulate, simple 11. ExocHORDA. AA. Carpels ripening into inde- hiscent akenes or fol- icles 24 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. B. Pistils 2-5 : calyx cup- sbaped or fiat c. Foliage pinnate : fol- licles 5—15 : fila- ments narrowed at the base : herbs 12. I'LMARIA. cc. Foliage simple: akenes 2-5 : shrubs D. Fis. very small in large terminal pan- icles : carpels 2- ovuled : akenes dry, villous 13. SCHIZONOTCS. DD. Fis. solitary or ia corymbs : carpels 1- ovuled : akenes gla- brous E. Petals wanting : fls. in few-fid. cor- ymbs : akenes. 2-5 drupaceous 14. NEVIUSA. EB. Petals present : lis. solitary, large. . . F. Lvs. alternate ; fls. 5-merous. yellow. akenes drupaceous, yel- low 15. Keeria. FP. Lvs. opposite : fls. 4-merous. white : akenes dry, black 16. RHODOTiPi'S. BB. Pistils one : calyx more or less tubular 17. Adenostoma. 4. QuiLLAj.v Tribe. A. Radicle superior IS. Eucrtphia. a. Radicle inferior B. Follicles spreading 19. Quilla.ta. DB. Follicles slipper-shaped. ..20. K.igeneckia. 5. Ki'Bt^s Tribe. A. Drupelets pulpy AA. Drupelets nearly dry. closed by calyx. .21. RtBis. .22. Dalibarda. 6. POTENTILLA TRIBE. A. Style not elongated after an- thesis B. Carpels solitary : shrubs... c. Fls. corymbose : lvs. 3- plnnatisect 23. Cham.ebatia. cc. Fls. solitary: lvs. 3-fld.24. Pi'RSHIA. BB. Carpels 2 or indefinite : herbs, rarely sub- shrubs. c. Receptacle very pulpy in fruit 25. Fragaria. cc. Receptacle not fleshy, even in fruit D. Pistils only 1-12. . . E. Stamens 5 : petals minute 26. Sibbaldia. EE. Stamens numerous ; petals conspicu- ous 27. Waldsteixia. DD. Pistils very numer- ous e. Petals white or yel- low, obtuse or emarginate 28. Potextilla. EE. P e t a I s purple, abruptly accumi- nate. much smal- ler than calyx. ..29. Comardm. aa. Style elongated after anthe- sis, often plumose or gen- iculate ,30. Cercocarpus. B. Pistil 1 BE. Pistils indefinite c. Lvs. simple : styles long and plumy 31. Dryas. cc. Lvs. pinnatisect : styles moderately long, straight or genicu- late, glabrous, pilose or villous 32. Geum. 7. Apple Tribe (by A. Rehder). A. Carpels bony at maturity ; fr. hence with 1-5 stones. b. Pistils with 2 fertile ovules : lvs. entire or crenate c. Lvs. entire ; spineless shrubs: styles 2-5.. 33. Cotoxeaster. cc. Lvs. crenate, persist- ent : usually spiny shrubs: styles 5.... 34. PvraCaxtha. BB. Pistils with only 1 fertile ovule : lvs. usually doubly serrate or lobed. c. Ovules, 2, one fertile and one sterile : lvs. simple, often pin- nately lobed D. Carpels 5. wholly connate and covered at the top by the flesh of the fr. : fls. solitary, 2 in. across : lvs. entire or occasionally den- tate 35. Mespilcs. DD. Carpels 1-5, more or less distinct at the ventral suture and free at the top : fls. 1 in. or less across. usually in corymbs : lvs. often lobed. ..36. Cr.ataegus. cc. Ovule but one : stones 5: lvs. pinnate (in the cultivated species) 37. Osteomeles. aa. Carpels with leathery or paperv walls at matur- ity ; fr. hence, 1-5-celled, eacli cell with 1 or 2, rarely many seeds B. Fls. in compound cor- ymbs c. Styles 1-5, distinct or connate ; carpels partly free D. Fruit solid and point- ed at the top : walls of cells leathery : lvs. deciduous, sim- ple or pinnate 38. Sorbus. DD. Fruit hollow and rounded at the top. small 1 or 2-seeded ; walls usually pa- pery : styles usually 2 : lvs. simple, de- ciduous or ever- green 39. Photixia. cc. Styles 5, distinct ; car- pels wholly con- nate : fr. pear- shaped, rather large, yellow : lvs. evergreen 40. Eriobotrya. BB. Fls. in umbels, racemes or solitary c. Carpels many-seeded : fls. solitary "or clus- tered 41. Cydoxia. cc. Carpels 1-2-seeded D. Cells of the ovary as many as styles, each with 2 ovules E. Ovary 2-celled : fr. 1-2-seeded, black : fls. in upright racemes some- times panicled ; lvs. evergreen ..40. Raphiolepis. EE. Ovary 3-5-ceIled : fls. in umbels : lvs. deciduous 43. Ptrus. DD. Cells of the ovary twice as many as styles, each with 1 ovule E. Styles usually 5 : fls. in racemes : lvs. serrate, or crenate at the apex 44. Amelaxchier. A SYNOPSIS OF THE EE. Styles 2-3 : fls. in few-fld. umbels : calyx tube cylin- di'ic : Ivs. entire or denticulate, nar- row 45. rEIUrHVLLOM. 8. Rose TiiinE. Sole genus -tC. Rosa. 0. PoTEnirM TiiiBE. A. Calyx witli 5-6 bractlets or 10-lii-cut in 2 series or in Agrimonia witli a se- tose limb B. retals (1 47. Alchemilla. BB. Petals 4 or 5 48. Agrlmonia. AA. Calyx witbout bractlets: petals 0: Ivs. pinnate. .. B. Fls. axillary, solitary, .. .40. Makgyricakpus. BB. Fls. spicate or capitate. . c. Calyx valvate: stamens 1—10, short : carpels 1-2 50. Ac-ena. CC. Calyx imbricate D. Fls. usually berm- aphrodite : carpel 1 : stamens 4-12 ; fr. rarely rugose 51. Sanguisorba. DD, Fls. polygamo-diffic- ous rarely herma- phrodite : carpels 2 ; stamens indefinite : fr, often rugose. ..32. Poterium. 54. saxifragace.i:, Sdmmart of Tribes. A, Plants are trees or shrubs.. B, Lvs. opposite c. The lvs. simple 1. IIi'draxge.^ Tribe. CC. The lvs. simple, or com- posed of 3-5 Ifts. or odd-pinnate 2. Cuxo.ma Tribe. BB. Lvs. alternate c. Stipules absent : ivs. often coriaceous or glandular-s e r r a t e : stamens usually isomerous with pe- tals ."!. Escalloxia Tribe. CC. Stipules absent or ad- nate to petiole at base : fls. generally racemose : ovary 1- locular, 2-merous : seeds immersed in pulp 4. Ribes Tribe. aa. Plants are herbs B. Lvs. bear pitchers. The anomalous genus BB. Lvs. do not bear pitchers, c. Fls. 4-merous 5. Francoa Tribe. CC. Fls. generally S-merous.G. S.ixifrage Tribe, 1. Hydrangea Tribe. A. Ovary superior 1. Cephalotus. B. No. of petals 4 : stamens 10 ; filaments 2-lobed : styles a 2. Fexdlera. BB, No. of petals 5 or 6 c. Ovules solitar.v : sta- mens 4-12 : styles 3- 5 ". Wiiipplea. cc. Ovules 4 : stamens 15 : carpels 2. separate., 4, Lyoxothamnus, ccc. Ovules numerous D, Petals 5, convolute : stamens 10 : styles ,?-5 5. Jamesia. DD. Petals 5 or G, imbri- cate : stamens num- erous : style 1, with a .5-7-lobed stigma. G. Cabpexteria. aa. Ovary inferior or semi-supe- rior B. Stamens 8, 10 or 12 c Petals induplicate or VEGETABLE KINGDOM, 25 imbricate : fr. capsu- lar 7. Deutzia. CC. Petals valvate D. Fr. a capsule E. Styles 4 or 5. free or connate at the base ; petals 4 or 5 8. Hydrangea. EE. Style 1, with a 4-5- lobed stigma : pet- als 5 9. Schizophragma. DD. Fr. a berry : petals 5 or 6 : styles 3-5, club-shaped 10. Diciiroa. BB. Stamens numerous, inde- finite c. Petals induplicate, 7- 10: style 1 11. Decumaria. CC. Petals imbricate: styles 1-3 12. PHILADELPH0S. ccc. Petals valvate D. Styles 2: petals 4. ..13. Platycrater. DD. Styles 3 : petals 5. . . 14. Cardiandra. 2. CONOxiA Tribe, Pis. cymose : cal.vx valvate : stamens hypogynous. very long: styles divaricate. ... 15. .AlCROPhyllcm. 2. Escalloxia Tribe. A. Petals imbricate: style 1: ovary 2- or 3- loculed. . . . 16. Escallonia. AA. Petals valvate: styles divi- sible into 2 : ovary 2-lo- culed 17. ITEA. 4. Ribes Tribe. Sole genus .18. Ribes. 5. Fraxcoa Tribe. Sepals and petals equal 19. Fraxcoa. 6. Saxifrage Tribe. A. Ovar.v 1-loculed B. Placentae basilar or near- ly so 20. Tiarella. BB. Placentre parietal opposite the stigmas 21. Parnassia. EBB. Placentre parietal, alter- nate with stigmas c. Stamens 3 : petals 5, capillary 22. Tolmiea. CC. Stamens 5-10 d. Capsule not beaked, superior : petals 5. 3-cut or pinnatifid.23. Mitella. DD. Capsule 2-beaked. . . . E. No. of stamens 5 : petals 5 or 0 : cap- sule inferior. ....24. IIecchera. ee. No. of stamens 8 or 10 : capsule semi- superior F. Petals 0 : sta- mens 8 or 10 : fls. solitar.v. . ..25. Ciirysosplenicm. FF. Petals entire or lobed : stamens 10 : fls. race- mose 26. Tellima. AA. Ovary 2- or 3- loculed, the placent.'E in the axis of the fruit, rarely composed of distinct carpels B. Stamens 5. (See also BB. 1 c. Carpels united at base. adnate to calyx tube.27. SCLLIVANTIA. CC Carpels united and wholly adnate to calyx tube 28. Suksdorfia. CCC. Carpels 2, united at base, free from but included in the in- flated calyx 29. BOLANDBA. BB. stamens 10. rarely 8, (sometimes 5 in Boy- kinla) 26 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. c. Calyx lobes valvate. . . . D. Petals 0 30. Rodgeesia. DD. Petiils 5. defiduous : stamens 5 or 10... .31. Boykinia. cc. Calyx lobes imbricate.. D. Styles erect ; petals 5 or 0 : stamens 8 or 10 32. ASTILBE. DD. Styles mostly re- curved in frnit : petals 5 .'io. Saxifhaga. 5.5. CR.^SSULACE.E. A. Stamens usually as many as tbe petals B. Petals tree or connate only at the base : tioral parts in 5's. 1. Cbassula. BB. Petals usually connate to the middle or beyond. . c. Calyx bell-shaped, as long as the corolla tube 2. GliAMMANTHES. cc. Calyx many times shorter than the cor- olla tube 3. RocHEA. AA. Stamens usually twice as many as tbe petals B. Petals free or connate only at the very base. . C. Fls. usually 4-3-merous 4. Sedum. cc. Fls. 6-merous or more..O. Sempeevivcm. EB. Petals usually connate to the middle or beyond.. . c. Calyx large, inflated. shortly 4-fid fi. BnYOPHYLLUM. cc. Calyx 4-parted 7. Kalanchoe. ccc. Calyx 5-parted S. Cotyledo.x. 56. UAMAMELIDACE.E. A. Ovary locules 1-ovuled. . . . B. Petals 0 c. Lys. evergreen ; stamens 2-8, the connective elongated : ovary superior 1. Distylium. cc. Lvs. deciduous D. Stamens 5-7 2. PARRriTiA. DD. Stamens about 24. ..3. Fotheegilla. BB. Petals as many as calyx lobes c. Fls. borne in catkins, 5- merous 4. Corylopsis. cc. Fls. not borne in cat- kins, 4-merous 3. Hamamelis. AA. Ovary locules 2- or more ovuled B. Fls. unisexual G. Liquidambar. BB. Fls. hermaphrodite c. The fls. 5, in a head, surrounded by an in- volucre of which tbe outer bracts are small, tbe inner gradually larger. ...7. Rhodoleia. cc. The fls. 2 together with very short bracts at the base 8. Disanthcs. 57. BRDNIACE.T3. Ovary 3-locuIed : petals not connate into a tube 1. ArtDOtiixiA. (See article Diosma.) 58. halor.\gace.t:. A. Stamens 1-2 : calyx 3-4- lobed : ovary 1-loculed. . . . 1. Guxxera. AA. Stamens;2-8 : calyx truncate or 4-tootbed : ovary deep- ly 2 or 4-grooved. ' 2. Myeiophyllum. 59. RniZOPnORACE.i:. style 1 : embryo not albumin- ous : calyx 4-merous. ... 1. Rhizophora. 60. COMBRETACE.13. A. Petals 0 : calyx tube not pro- duced beyond ovary 1. Terminalia, AA. Petals 5 ())in a few species of Combretum) B. Calyx tube straight, con- stricted above ovary... c. Cotyledons convolute. .. 2. Poivrea. cc. Cotyledons deeply fur- rowed or twisted and plaited 3. Co.mbretum. BB. Calyx tube produced to a great length beyond the ovary 4. Quisqualis. 61. MYRTACE.T3. A. Ovary 1-loculed 1. Theyptomene. AA. Ovary 2— or more loculed. B. Fr. a capsule which is loculicidally dehiscent at apex, rarely 1-2- seeded and subindehis- cent c. Anthers basiflxed 2 Calothamnos. cc. Anthers versatile D. Individual fls. pedi- celled E. Stamens 5-adelpb- ous 3. Teistania. EE. Stamens free F. Fls. in globose heads. 4. Syxcaepia. FF. Fls. in forking cymes 5. Metrosidebos. DD. Individual fls. not pedicelled. B. Fls. solitary in tlie axils of tbe floral lvs. or bracts. . . F. Stamens free, not larger than pet- als 6. Lepto.spermdm. FF. Stamens free, long-exserted.. .7. Callistemon. FFF. stamens in clus- ters 8. JlELALEDCA. EE. Fls. in cymose or nmliellate heads.. F. Petals distinct. . . FF. Petals wanting^. Angophora. (or adnate to the calyx lidK.lO- Eucalyptus. BB. Fr. a berry or rarely an indehiscent drupe : lvs. opposite, punctate c. stamens straightish in tbe bud: seeds albu-.. „ mlnous 11- Feijoa. cc. Stamens inflexed or In- volute in the bud : seeds not albumin- ous D. Calyx limb closed in hud, deeply divided,- „ in anthesis ^-- PsiDiUM. DD. Calyx 4-5-lobed or parted in the bud, not cut deeper in anthesis ,„ ^ e. Ovules pendulous., .l-*- Pi"ENTA. EE. Ovules not pendu- lous F. Embryo thick and, , p,„„„,, fleshy "• EUGENIA. FP. Embryo curved, circular or spir- al. G. Ovary 2-3. rare- ly 4-Ioculed ; locules with indefinite no. of ovules. ... 15. Myetus. GG. Ovary theoreti- cally l-3-lo- culed, but lo- cules divided by spurious septa, the numerous lo- cellse 1-seed- ed 16. Rhodomyrtus, A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 27 SONERILA TKIEE. Bektolonia Tribe. Rhexia Tribe. BBB. Fr. woody or fleshy, inde- liiscent oi- opening at tbe top by a lid C. Tbe fr. gloliose. woody, opening by a lid: caiyx imbricate.17. Bertholletia. cc. The fr. fleshy : caiyx valyate 18. Napoleo.na. 62. melastomace.t;. Sdmmary of Tribes. (Excluding 5 tribes not represented in this worii, and following Cogniaux in D C. Monog. Phaner. vol. 7 (1891). A. Fruit capsular, (rupturing regularly in Melastoma) : stamens usually unequal.. B. Ovary and capsule 3-5- angled or winged, much dilated and hollowed out at apex C. Ovary cells as mauy as petals 1. cc. Ovary 3-locuied : petals 5, rarely 4 2. BB. Ovary and capsule terete or angular, convex or conical at the top C. Connective rarely pro- duced below the lo- cuies, usually with posterior spur or ap- pendage 3. cc. Connective usually elongated at the base, produced be- vond the insertion of the filament into an appendage or wing on the anterior side. D. Seeds shaped like a snail-shell E. Ovary generally ad- herent to calyx : calyx lobes usually alternating with long, stellate hairs 4. EE. Ovary generally free : no stellate hairs 5. DD. Seeds oblong or ovoid. 6. AA. Fr. berry-like or leathery, rupturing irregularly : stamens generally equal... E. Lvs. not striolate between the primary nerves. . . . c. Connective usually ap- pendaged or spurred on the posterior side. 7. cc. Connective rarely pro- duced at the base, usually not append- aged 8. BB. Lvs. striolate between primary nerves with very numerous trans- verse nervelets 0. Blakea Tribe. 1. SoNEiiiLA Tribe. A. Fls. 5-merous : stamens equal : connective with a posterior spur but no anterior appendage: ....1. Gravesia. AA. Fls. mostly 3-merous : sta- mens unequal, those op- posite petals smaller. ...2. Sonerila. AAA. Fls. mostly 4-merous : sta- mens equal : connective not produced 3. Piivllagathis. 2. Bertolonia Tribe. A. The connective not appen- daged on the anterior side B. Connective tuberculate on the posterior side at the base 4. Bertolonia. BB. Connective with a short Osbeckia Tribe. DissocH.ETA Tribe INIicoNiA Tribe. posterior spur and a long ascending appen- dage 5. gALPINGA. AA. The connective with a spur on the anterior gide and a tubercle on the poste- rior side 6. MONOLENA. 3. Rhexia Tribe. Stamens equal or subequal : ovary glabrous 7. Rhe.xia. 4. OSBECKIA Tribe. Stamens unequal : connective of the larger ones long- produced at base : fr. bac- cate : fls. not involucrate. . 8. Mela.stoma. .5. TinnucHi-NA Tribe. A. Stamens unequal : ovary 2- 4-celIed, usually gla- brous : petals not acute ; connective of larger sta- mens with a long, club- shaped, 2-fld. appendage. . 9. Heeria. AA. Stamens equal : ovary setose at apex : connective with 2 lobes or tubercles on the anterior side, and no posterior appendage 10. TiBOUCHINA. 6. MicROLiciA Tribe. Stamens unequal ; anthers short, not beaked : calyx lobes shorter than tube 11. Centradenia. 7. DiSSOCHAETA TBIBE. stamens equal or nearly so : fls. mostly 4-5-merous. . ..12. Medinilla. 8. MicONiA Tribe. A. Inflorescence terminal B. Lvs. provided with 2-Iobed bladders at base 13. TOCOCA. BB. Lvs. not provided with bladders : outer calyx lobes none or inconspic- uous 14. INIlCONIA. AA. Inflorescence lateral or ax- illary: petals obtuse: connective not produced at base 15. Clidemia, S). Blakea Tribe. The plants described as Amar- aboya are now referred to the genus Blakea 16. Amaraboya. 63. LYTIIRACEAE. A. Ovary inferior 1. Ponica. AA. Ovary superior B. Calyx tubular, curved or gibbous at base 2. Cuphea. BB. Calyx straight c. Capsule and ovary all included by calyx tube D. Petals 5, rarely 4 : stamens S-10 3. Decodon. DD. Petals 6 : stamens mostly 6 or 12. . . .4. Ltthrcm. cc. Capsule not all includ- ed in calyx tube. . . . D. The calyx 4-parteti : petals 4 : stamens 8. .5. Lawsonia. DD. Tbe calyx 6-fld : pet- als (j : stamens numerous 6. Lagerstr(emia. 64. ONAGRACE.E. A. Ovary 1-4-celIed : cells 1. ovuled, rarely 2-4-ovul- ed : fr. nut-like, 1—4- celled, 1-4-seeded 28 A SYNOPSIS OF THE V B. Fls. 2-merous : ovary 1-2- celled 1. CincEA. BB. Fls. 4-merous : ovary 2- ceMed 2. Tkapa. EDB. Fls. 3-4-merous : ovary 4- celled. rarely 3-celled..3. Gauha. AA. Ovary 2-6-celled. cells many -ovuled: fr. a capsule (in Fuchsia a berry) B. Stamens 1 or 2 4. Lopezia. BB. Stamens 4-8, rarelv 3. . . c. Seeds bearded D. Calyx broadened out above ovary into a funnel-shaped tube.r>. Zauschnekia. DD. Calyx hardly pro- duced beyond ovary. 0. Epilobicm. cc. Seeds not bearded or winged D. Calyx usually long- produced beyond ovary (except in some Oenotheras) . E. Stamens 4 7. Elchabididm. EE. stamens 8 F. Fr. a capsule ... 8. (Enothera. FF. Fr. a berry 9. Fuchsia. DD. Cal.vx not or bardl.v produced beyond ovary E. Capsule loculicidal. . 10. Clabkia. EE. Capsule septicidal. . F. Stamens 8-12. ...11. JussiEUA. FF. Stamens 3-G. ... 12. Ludwigia. 65. LOASACE.E. A. Petals hooded B. Capsule 3-5-valved at apex, rarely twisted... 1. Loasa. BB. Capsule longitudinally 5- 10-valved. usually twisted spirally 2. Blumenbachia. AA. Petals not hooded B. Seeds very numerous, ar- ranged in many series. .3. Efc.xiDE. BB. Seeds few or if numerous arranged in 2 series... 4. JIentzelia. 66. PASSIFLORACE.E. a. Fls. mostly unisexual, male fls. tubular, females 5- petaled ; corona 0 1. Carica. .\A. Fls. hermaphrodite : corona single or double B. Calyx tube long: petals and stamens 5 2. Tacsonia. BB. Calyx tube short : petals 4-5, rarely 0 : stamens 4-5 3. Pas.siflora. 67. CUCURBITACE.E. SOMMABY OP Tribes. A. Series I. Ovules horizontal.!. Cucumber Tribe. AA. Series II. Ovules erect or ascending, rarely horizon- tal B, Fruit ruptures elastically. 2. Cyclanthera Tribe. BB. Fruit does not rupture elastically 3. Abobea Tribe. AAA. Series III. Ovules pendu- lous 4. Sicvos Tribe. 1. Cucujiber Tribe. A. Anther cells straight, rarely curved, not flexuous. ...1. Melothria. AA. Anther cells flexuous or con- duplicate b. Corolla bell-shaped. 5- lobed to the middle or a little below c. Anthers free 2. SiCANA. cc. Anthers coherent D. Filaments connate. . ..3. CocciNIA. DD. Filaments free 4. Cucurbita. BB. Corolla rotate and 5- petaled or bell-shaped EGETABLE KINGDOM. and 5-parted to the base c. Petals fimbriate or tendril-bearing D. Seeds large, fibrous. . 5. Telfairea. DD. Seeds small. not fibrous 6. TniCHOSANTHES. CC. Petals entire D. Calyx tube of male fls. long ; anthers coherent in an ob- long head, usually included. E. Pistillodes 1-3. sub- ulate or setitorm.7. Gy.mxofetalum. EE. Pistillode absent or reduced to a gland F. Anthers coherent. ,s Peponia FF. Anthers free. . . . . y'. Lagenaria. DD. Calyx tube of male fls. short : anthers free or slightly co- herent, usually ex- serted E. Stamens inserted in the mouth of the calyx F. Scales in bottom of calyx 1 10. Thladiantha. FF. Scales in bottom of calyx 2-3. ..-n. Momordica. EE. stamens inserted in calyx tube F. Male fls. In ra- cemes G. Fruit, dr.v, fi- brous, dehis- cent b.v lid at top. .JO I^cFFA. GO. Fruit fleshy, not fibrous.. H. Female fls. soli- tary •■•13. Ecballiom. iiii. Female fls. racemose or clustered. ^ Bkyoxia. FF. Male fls. solitary or fascicled. . . . G. Calyx lobes somewhat leafy, ser- rate, ieflexed.i5. Be.mscasa. GG. Calyx lobes awl- shaped, entire, erect n. Pollen minutely m u r i c ate : pistil lode. none 16. Bryonopsis. nil. PoUou smooth ; p i s t i I I ode reduced to a small gland.. 1. Tendrils not b r a n c bed : conn ective usually pro- duced up- wards beyond locale 17. CucuMis. II. Tendrils 2-,3- fid : connec- tive not pro- duced 18. CiTiiuLLr:s. 2. Cyclanthera Tribe. A. Fr. oblique, gibbous, ruptur- ing elastically 10. Cyclanthera. AA. Fr. not gibbous, opening by 1 or 2 pores at the top or by irregular rupture. . . . 20. Echixoctstis. (Including Megar- 3. Abobra Tribe rhiza). Anther cells flexuous : stamens free 21. Abobra. 4. SiCYOs Tribe. Fls. 5-merous. monoecious ; fr. fleshy 22. Sechium. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 29 68. BEGONIACE.E. Ovary inferior ; fv. rarely a l)erry, generally a capsule dehiscinf; below the per- ianth limb 1 . BEGONIA. GO. cactace.t;. For synopsis of genera see article " Cacti " also Leuth- tenbergia and Nopalea 70. mesembryantiiace.t; or FIC0IDE.?5. A. I'etals numeroHs : capsule .'i or more valved 1. Mksembkyanthe- MUM. AA. retals 0: drupe 3-8.stoned.2. Tetkagonia. 71. fMBELLIFER.T;. Summary of Tribes (omitting tico not in culti- rutiun). a. Umbels simple or irregularly compound, rarely regular- ly compound (Eryngium has fls. in heads) : oil tubes absent B. Fr. laterally compressed or constricted on the commissure which is usually narrow 1. Hydrocotyle Tribe. BB. Fr. with a broad or sub- terete commissure or the commissure com- pressed on the back. ...2. Saxiccla Tribe. AA. Umbels compound : oil tubes present E. The intervals thickened above the oil tubes or provided with second- ary ridges •". Cat'calis Tribe. bb. The primary ridges only are conspicuous c. Fr. laterally compressed or constricted on the commissure. -4. AMMiNUJi Tkibe. cc. Fr. subterete in trans- verse section or dor- sally compressed : commissure broad : lateral ridges either distinct or coalesced into a margin which is not dilated but nerviform or sub- erose thickened .5. Seseli Tribe. ccc. Fr. strongly compressed dorsally ; lateral ridges dilated into winged-shaped or broadly tumid mar- gin which is entire before dehiscence. ...6. TEncEDANUM Tribe. 1. Hydrocotyle Tribe. A. Stipules small, scarious. ...1. Hydrocotyle. AA. Stipules absent 2. Trachymene. 1.'. Saxicula Tribe. A. Fls. in heads, all sessile r!. Eryngium. AA. Fls. in umbels, the males or all pedicelled : fr. densely bristly or tuberculate. . . .4. Sanicula. 3. Caucalis Tribe. A. Fr. prickly or bristly ."). Daucus. AA. Fr. glabrous : ridges obtuse, smooth or wrinkled b. Shape of tr. subglobose : Involucre 0 6. Coriandrdm. BB. Shape of fr. narrowly ob- long: involucre com- posed of slender bracts.7. Cuminum. 4. ,\MMiNUM Tribe. A. Fr. Broadly ovate or didy- mous : seed deeply grooved or excavated on the face margins often involute B. Carpophore U or adnate to carpels 8. Erigenia. BB. Carpophore undivided or shortly 2-fld c. Calyx teeth obsolete. . .0. Conium. cc. Calyx teeth conspicu- ous 10. MUSENIUM. AA. Fr. ovate, didymous or ob- long : seed flat or convex on the face or hardly concave : (B x c eptions : seed deeply grooved in many species of Bupleu- rum, slightly concave in a few species of Carum and Pimpinella) B. I'etals broad, yellow, in- flexed or induplicate at the obtuse apex. ■•••■•n. BUPLEURUM. BB. Petals white or yellow, sometimes inflexed — acuminate at apex, sometimes flatfish or concave with apex ob- tuse or acute c. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals D. Petals white, entii-e.^o. Apicm. DD. Petals white or yel- low, refuse, emargi- nate or 2-lobed. . . . E. Stylopodium conical. 13. Carum. EB. Stylopodium flat or wanting 14. ZiziA. cc Oil tubes more than are in the intervals. . D. Carpophore 2-fld or 2-parted. 15. Pimpinella. DD. Carpophore obsolete or undivided Ifi. SiuM. ccc. Oil tubes absent 17. .Egopodidm. AAA. Fr. oblong or linear, rarely ovate and never didy- mus : seeds grooved on the face B. Oil tubes more than one. 18. Osmorhiza. BB. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals or 0 c. Fr. subrostrate : ridges much elevated, al- most wing-shaped. . . 19. Mybbhis. cc. Fr. long beaked : ridges not very prominent. . 20. Scandix. 5. Seseli Tribe. A. Fr. transversely subterete : primary ridges subequal, not winged 21. Fcexiculum. AA. Fr. dorsally compressed dorsal and intermediate ridges slightly prominent hut not winged or only ver.v narrowly winged, the lateral ridges expand- ed into distinct wings. . . B. Oil tulies solitary c. Lateral wings thickish ; bracts of involucre connate at base 22. Levisticum. cc. Lateral wings membran- ous : bracts of invol- ucel bristle-like or 0.23. Angelica. BB. Oil tubes more than one.24. Aechangelica. AAA. Fr. dorsall.v compressed or subterete ; all ridges or only the keel-ridges more or less expanded into thickish wings : wings equal or the lateral ones wider B. Oil tubes more than one. BE. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals 25. LioosTicuM. c. F'Is. yellow 26. Tha.spium. cc. Fls. white or yellowish green 27. Selinum. 30 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 6. Peiicedanum Tri.be. A. Oil tubes more than one or obscure, rarel.v solitary : carpels hardly convex. ..28. Ferula. AA. Oil tubes solitary, rarely in 2's or 3's. . . . ; B. The oil tubes often short- er than the tr. rarely touching at base 29. Heracleum. BB. The oil tubes touchin,^ at the base, rarely shorter than the fr 30. rEi'CEDANUSi. Note. Under Peuccdnnnm In this work are men- tioned Anethum, I^omatium. I'astinaca, Petroselinnm Tiedemannia and Tommasinia. all of which are best considered separate genera. Some of these are dis- tinguished by Coulter and Rose as follows : c. Fr. not strongly flat- tened dorsallv. usu- ally more or less lat- erally flattened ^1. Petboselixum. cc. Fr. strongly flattened dorsallv, with lateral ribs more or less prominently winged.. D. Oil tubes solitar.v in the intervals e. Stylopodium conical. 32. OxvroLi.s. EE. Stylopodium flat or wanting 33. Pastixaca. DD. Oil tubes more than one in the intervals.34. Lo.matidm. 72. arai.iace.t;. A. Petals more or less imbri- cate, broadly affixed at base B. Gynoecium 2-merous : f r. transversely subterete. . 1. Delarbrea. BB. Gyncecium 2-5-merous : fr. angled when dry... 2. Aralia. AA. Petals valvate B. Albumen ruminate c. Styles free or con- nate at base .^. Oreopaxax. cc. Styles connate in a cone or short column 4. Hedera. BB. Albumen equable c. Gynoecium 5-merous or more, rarely 3-4-mer- ous : carpels as many as or more than the petals D. Styles distinct from the base or a little aliove it e. Fls. dioecious : petals of females contin- uous with calyx tube. ....... ....rj iielwixgia. EE. Fls. hermaphrodite nr polygamous. . q polyscia.s. DD. Styles coalesced at the base or all the way into an umbo- nate cone or col- umn E. Pedicel jointed un- „ 'I?'' fl ■ 7. Electherococcds. EE. Pedicel continuous with fl F. Fls. 8-12-merous.s. Trevesi\ FF. Fls. 5-merous. ...r,'. Dendropanax. CO. Gynoecium 2-m e r o u s (rarely 1- 3- or 4- merous) : carpels as many as or fewer than the petals : styles distinct at or above the base. . D. Pedicels .I'olnted un- der fl IO.Panax. DD. Pedicels continuous with fl B. Styles filiform dis- tinct from base up : stigma small, terminal 11. Fatsia. EE. Styles very short, placed on a cone, or longer and con- nate beyond the middle, introrseiy stigmatose 12. Acaxthopaxax. 73. CORNACE-T:. A. Fls. hermaphrodite B. I'etals strap-shaped, val- vate : anthers long, basiflxed : style long...l. Alaxgium. BB. Petals short, valvate : an- thers short, affixed on back: style short. ..2. Corxl'S. AA. Fls. unisexual B. Lvs. opposite c. I'^ls. panicled : petals 4 : ovule 1 3. AUCUBA. cc. Fls. in aments or spikes : petals 0 : ovules 2 4. Gabrta. BB. Lvs. alternate, c. Stamens 4 : petals in male fls. 4 5. Griselixia. cc. Stamens 4 or more : petals in male fls. 0, 4 or more 6. Nyssa. 74. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. a. Corolla rotate or nearly so; limb regular: style short, deeply 2-.'5-cut B. Lvs. pinnately cut 1. Sambucus. BB. Lvs. simple 2. ViBDRNCM. AA. Corolla tubular or bell- shaped ; limb nsually ir- regular : style long usu- ally with capitate stigma. B. Ovary 2-.5 celled : all the cells 1-ovuled 3. triosteum. BB. Ovary 3-4-celled : one or two cells 1-ovuled, the others with numerous ovules c. Calyx limb cup-shaped. 4-5-toothed : lierry 4- celled, 2-seeded 4. Stmphoricarpos. cc. Calyx tube narrow, lobes long : fr. leath- ery, long, 3-celled, 1- seeded 5. Abelia. ccc. Calyx lobes lanceolate: f r. leathery, s u h- globose, 3-ceIled, many-seeded 0. Linx.ea. BB. Ovar.v 2-5-celled ; cells all man.v ovuled c. Fr. a 2-3-celled, few- seeded berr.y 7. Lonicera. cc. Fr. a 2-celled, many- seeded capsule S. Diervilla. -5. RUBIACEAE. (Ignoring exceptions and omitting eight tribes not within the scope of this work. ) i. No. of ovules in each locule indefinite B. Fr. dry, capsular or 2-5- berried or nutlike c. Fls. compacted or con- fluent into a splieri- cal head. 1. Nacclea Tribe. cc. Fls. not disposed In a spherical head D. Seeds winged or appendaged, album- inous : capsule 2- celled 2. CixciioxA Tribe. DD. Seeds not winged.... E. Corolla valvate. . . . F. Seeds albumin- ous : capsule 2- eelled 3. CoxDAMiNEA Tribe. FP. Seeds minute : fr. indehiscent. 2- A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 31 berried or capsn- liii-. i;-4-celled. .4. IIedyotis Teibe. EE. Corolla irabi'icato oi' convolute : c a p- sule 2-c e 1 1 e d : seeds albuminous. 5. Uondeletia Tribe. BB. FI. flesh.v, bursting ii-reg- ularl.v or dehiscent at apex, or a drupe witli 2 or more stones, the stones man.v-seeded. . . . c. Corolla valvate : seeds numerous minute. angled 6. Md.ss.exda Teibe. cc. Corolla imbricate or convolute : seeds nu- merous, minute often angled 7. n.iMELi.\ Tribe. . ccc. Corolla strictly convo- lute : seeds numerous or few, large and compressed or small- er and angled 8. Gardenia Tribe. A. No. of ovules in each locule B. Radicles superior c. Stamens inserted at base of corolla : cor- olla valvate or im- bricate 0. Chiococca Tribe. cc. Stamens inserted at tliroat of corolla. . . . D. Corolla strictly con- volute 10. Alberta Tribe. DD. Corolla valvate n Vangueria Tribe. bb. Radicles inferior c. Corolla strictly con- volute 12. ixoRA Tribe. cc. Corolla valvate D. Ovules affixed to sep- tum, rarely basilar, generally amphitro- pous ; trees and shrubs 13. Morinda Tribe. DD. Ovules affixed to sep- tum, amphitropous or auatropous : herbs 14. Galium Tribe. DDD. Ovules basilar, erect, anatropous e. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla : fr. inde- hiscent ; style en- tire or witli short branches 15. Pstchotria Tribe. eb. Stamens inserted on the throat, rarely at base of corolla : fr. capsular or 2-berried : stylo branches filiform. 16. P^deria Tribe, eee. Stamens inserted at base of corolla, rarely on throat : fr. berry-like or indehiscent ; style entire or with long branches. ...17. Anthosperma Tribe. 1. Nai^clea Tribe. Calyx tubes confluent ; fr. a globose. fleshy syncarp : ovary 2-celled : ovules sol- Itary. pendulous 1. Cephalaxthus. 2. Cinchona Tribe. A. Corolla valvate b. Placentae ascending from the base of the septum or erect 2. Manettia. bb. Placentae adnate to the middle of the septum : c. Capsule septicidal ."!. Cinchona. cc. Capsule loculicidal. ...4. Bouvardia. AA. Corolla imbricate : stamens inserted in the throat or tube 5. LccuLiA. 3. CONDAMINEA TRIBE. One calyx lobe dilated into an ample colored blade fi. Pinckneya. 4. Hedyotls Tribr. A. Calvx lobes unequal : capsule loculicidal 7. Pentas. AA. Calyx loties equal : capsule loculicidal at the top . . . S. IIoustonia. 5. RONDELETIA TRIBB. Corolla imbricate, lobes equal or nearly so 0. Rondeletia. 6, MUS.S.ENDA Tribe. Inflorescence terminal corym- bose : ovary 1-2-celled : calyx lobes 5. one dilated and colored. 10. Muss.end.*. 7. IlAMELiA Tribe. A. Corolla imbricate, Sriljbed : berry .'i-celled 11. IIa.melia. AA. Corolla Imbricate, 4-5- lobed : berry 2-3-celled. . 12. IIoff.\(annia. 8. Gardenia Tribe. a. Inflorescence usuall.v termi- nal B. Corolla tube short 13. Burchellia. BB. Corolla tube long c. Calyx .^-toothed 14. Posoqderia. cc. Calyx lobes large and leafy 15. Leptactinia. AA. Inflorescence usually axil- lary B. Style has a spindle or club-shaped stigma, en- tire or 2-toothed c. Seed coat membranous. D. Calyx limb various : ovary 2-celled. ...16. Randia. DD. Calyx limb often tubular : ovary 1- celled 17. Gardenia. cc. Seed coat fibrous or sub- fibrous. d. Corolla tube long and slender 18. Oxya.nthcs. DD. Corolla tube short... E. Calyx 5-parted 19. Mitkiostigma. EE. Calyx truncate or 5-toothed 20. Genipa. BB. Style branches 2, distinct, (except sometimes in Kraussia. ) c. Throat of corolla beard- ed 21. Kraussia. cc. Throat of corolla gla- brous 22. Tricalysia. 9. Chiococca Tribe. Corolla valvate : inflorescence axillary, racemose: an- thers dorsifixed : stigma club-shaped 23. Chiococca. 10. Alberta Tribe. Inflorescence terminal : the 2-4 calyx lobes dilated : an- thers pilose on back 24. Alberta. 11. Vangceria Tribe. A. Drupe 1-2-stoned 25. Plectronia. AA. Drupe 3-6-stoned 26. Vangoeria. 12. IxoRA Tribe. a. Fls. clustered in axils 27. Cofpea. AA. Fls. in 2-3-forking corymbs. B. Style branches 2. short, rarel.v connate ; Ivs. leathery 28. IxOKA. BB. Style very far exserted, 32 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINUDOJI. the slender spindle- shaped stigma usually long: Ivs. usually mem- branous 1:0. r.VVETTA. 13. M'2. AsrERtiLA. BB. FIs. 4-5-merous. bracted and with 2 bractlets : style branches unequal. S.'?. Crl'CIAnella. AA. Corolla rotate or rotate-com- panulate B. FIs. 5-merous S4. Rubia. BB. FIs. 4-merons :i'>. Calium. ir>. I'svcHOTRiA Tribe. Inflorescence terminal : calyx usually 5-toothed : corolla 5-lobed, rarely 4-Iobed. tube usually short .''.O. Psvciiotria. 1(1. r.EDERiA Tribe. Ovary 2-celIecl : stigma 2, ca- pillary, twisted :^7. PJ3DEKIA. 17. AXTHO.SPERMA TRIBE. A. Stamens insertei in throat : style branches 4 .'18. Mitc-hella. AA. Stamens inserted at or near base of corolla B. FIs. hemaphrodite : style shortly 2-cut : shrub...:!!). Seris.sa. BB. FIs. unisexual or her- maphrodite : style 2- parted to the base or near it : herbs c. riants are creeping herbs 40. Nertera. cc. Plants are shrubs or small trees 41. Coprosma. 70. VALEniANACE.T:. A. Stamens 4 1. Patrixia. aa. Stamens 1, rarely 2 : corol- la tube spurred 2. Centranthos. AAA. stamens usually 3 B. Calyx limb finally pappi- form ."i. Valeriana. BB. Calvx limb various but not pappitorm 4. Valerianella. 77. DIPSACACE.E. A. Stigma terminal, straight: fls. densely crowded in the axils of the floral Ivs. forming whorls Mfter the manner of the mint family 1. Morina. AA. Stigma oblique or lateral, rarely straightish : fls. in terminal heads B. Bracts of involucre gen- erally herbaceous: chalf of receptacle rig- idl.y awl-shaped-acumi- nate or spinescent : corolla 4-fid 2. Dipsacos. BB. Bracts and chaff rigidly paleaceous, rarely sub- herbaceous : corolla 4- Cephalaria. BBB. Bracts leafv. in about 2 series : chaff short, or very narrow or abor- tive: corolla 4-ri-cut..4. Scabiosa. 78. COMPOSIT.E (Summary of Tribes). Series 1. Tubuliflor.e. Corollas tubular and regular in all the hermaphrodite flowers. a. Heads composed entirely of disc flowers which are all perfect and never truly yellow B. Style Itranches awl-shaped, acute, minutely hairy. Ivs. generally alternate : anthers sagittate at base 1. Vernonia Tribe. BB. Style branches subterete, obtuse, covered witli minute papillie : Ivs. opposite or alternate : anthers subentire at base 2. Eupatorium Tribe. aa. Heads with all perfect or some imperfect flowers with or without rays and often yellow B. Anthers tailed c. Style branches linear : heads with or with- out rays 3. invla Tribe. cc. St.vle branches united or short : heads with- out rays. Tvpically with spiny or scar- ious a p p e n d a ged, man y-b r a c ted in- volucre and fleshy receptacle 4. Cynara Tribe. BB. Anthers not conspicuous- ly tailed c. Style branches in disc fls. flattened out, and with a distinct thou,gh sometimes very short terminal appendage 5. a.steb Tribe. cc. Style branches not flat- tened out Note. It is impossible to make a key to separate the following tribes from one another. Some of the important characters are italicized: Receptnrle clinffii or rarely naked under the sterile disc fls. : style branches truncate or annendage(i or the stvie of the sterile fls. undivided : pappus sometimes absent but generally of 2-4-nir)is which are slender or somewliat chaffy and with or without intermed- iate scales which are free or connate at base: Ivs. opposite, rarely alternate. 6. IIeliaxthus Tribe Receptacle naked; s t .v 1 e branches truncate or ap- pendaged : pappus usually chaffy, rarely of awns or bristles, or absent: /('.?, opposite or aJteniate: in- voHicval hi'ocis in 1 or 2 series, rarely 3-4. lier- haccniis or menihrnnoiifi. Herhat/e often resinoits- dntti'i], 7. Helexidm Tribe. Receptacle chaffy or naked : style branches truncate : pappus when present croun-shapc'l, rarely of Short chaff: Ivs. most- ly alternate: invotucral hracts in 2 or more series (Irii or scnrinus at apex. 8. A.vTHEMis Tribe. Receptacle usually, naked : A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 33 style branches truncate or appendaged : pappus usually of bristles: Ivs. mostly alternate : inner involucral bracts in one series, subequal, the outer ones smaii or wantinn, or rarely all Imbricate in numerous series 9. Se.necio Tkibe. Receptacle naked : style branches truncate or the style of the sterile tls. un- divided : pappus absent or wool-like: Ivs. usual- Ill alternate or ratliral: involucral bracts in 1-- series, subequal. narrowAO. Calendila Tribe. Receptacle naked, chaffy or alveolate : style i>ranches rounded at apex, obtuse or rarely truncate or the style of the sterile fls. undivided : pappus ab- sent, or chaffy or crown- shaped : Ivs. radical or al- ternate: involucral bracts in an indefinite number of series, often scarious at apex or spinescent. . . . 1 1. Arctotis Tribe. Series II. L.abiat.eflor.h. Corollas of all or only of the hermaphrodite fls. bila- biate 12. Mi'TisiA Tribe. Series III. Liolliilor.t;. Corollas all ligulate and flowers hermaphrodite 11. Cichorium Tribe. 1. Ver.noxia Tribe. A. Genus anomalous with en- larged palmately quasi- ligulate outer corollas...]. Stokesia. AA. Genus normal with tubular 5-lobed corollas 2. Verxoxia. 2. EuPATORiriM Tribe. A. Anthers truncate at apex, not appendaged : akenes 5-angled. secondary ribs not prominent 3. Piqueria. AA. Anthers appendaged B. Akenes .5-ribbed. no secon- dary ribs visible c. Pappus wholly of capil- , lary bristles. D. Involucral bracts 4.. 4. Mikania. DD. Involucral bracts more than 4 o. Ei'patorium. (see also Con- oclinium.) cc. Pappus chaffy, awned, blunt or crown- shaped 0. Agerato.m. bb. Akenes 10-ribbed, (rarely 7-S-ribbed ) , secondary ribs conspicuous C. Involucral bracts not herbaceous, striate- nerved, conspicuously so when dry 7. Brickellia. cc. Involucral bracts some- w-hat herbaceous or partly colored, in- conspicuously striate if at all D. The outer bracts suc- cessively shorter. ...S. Liatris. DD. The bracts nearly all equal in length. . . . 0. Trilisa. 3. I XI' la Tribe. A. The fls. containing both stamens and pistil all sterile : heads monoecious or dioecious b. Pappus bristles united at the base in a ring c. Heads strictly dioecious : corymbose : rarely solitary .10. Axtenxaria. cc. Heads containing one or both sexes, monre- c i o u s or dioecious. crowded in a small cluster or cyme sur- rounded by a long conspicuous i n V 0 1- ucre 11. Leontopodium. BB. Pappus bristles free 12. Anafhalis. AA. The fls. containing both sta- mens and style usually fertile b. Heads composed only of disc fls., few fld. in a head and the heads crowded into a head- like glomerule 'which has an involucre 13. MVRIOCErHALCS. BB. Heads composed of disc fls. only, but the in- voluci'al bracts often petal-like, sometimes scarious c. Pappus 0 14. IIUMEA. cc. Pappus crown-or cup- shaped ]•"). Ammobium. ccc. Pappus bristly D. Akenes not beaked. . . E. Bristles often plu- mose at base. ...ifl. Helipterum. EE. Bristles smooth, scarious, barbed or plumose at apex 17. Helichrysum. DD. Akenes beaked 18. Waitzia. BBB. Heads composed of both rays and disc fls C. Style branches trun- cate 19. PODOLEPIS. cc. Style branches linear, a little wider, round- ed or obtuse at apex, D. Involucral bracts not all alike, the outer usually herbaceous. 20. Bi'PHTHALMUm. DD. Involucral bracts all alike 21. Ixi la. 4. CVNARA Tribe. A. Heads 1-fld.. aggregated into larger heads 22. Echixops. AA. Heads several-fld B. The heads separate 23. Xeraxthemum. BB. The heads aggregated. ... c. Parts of the pappus in 1 series 24. Carlixa. cc. Parts of the pappus in several series D. Akenes affixed b.v a straight or hardly oblique ai'eola. . . . e. Filaments glabrous : pappus bristles falling off sepa- rately 25. Arctium. EE. Filaments papillose- pilose : pappus bristles inserted at the base of a ring which falls off with them. .. . F. Involucral bracts ending in a simple spine or short awn 26. Cxicns. G. Receptacle se- tose GG. R e c e p t a c le ha r d I y se- tose 27. OXOPORDON. FP. Involucral bracts ending in a lan- ceolate or broad rigid appendage which is usually spinescent 28. Ctxara. DD. Akenes affixed by an oblique or lateral areola E. Outer involucral bracts foliaceous, spiny-dentate. . .. F. Pappus in 2 series : outer of 10 awns, inner 34 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. of 10 slender bristles 29. Carbenia. FF. Papp.v chaffy or 0 30. Caethamds. EH. Outer invol. bracts not foliaceous. . . 31. Centaobea. 5. A.sTr:u Tribe. A. Heads dicecious and com- posed wholly o£ disc fls.32. Baccharis. AA, Heads not dioecious B. Color of fls. yellow c. Rays absent 33. Bigelovia. cc. Rays present D. The pappus composed of long pale;e. which are some- times reduced to a crown 34. GcTiEnnEZiA. DD. The pappus not as in D E. I'appus bristles few, (4-8) F. Involucral bracts 1 n 8 series. 1 e a t h e ry, or scarious at apex 35. Grindelia. FF. Involucral bracts in 2-3 series, scarious at mar- gin 36. PENTACH.BTA. EE. Pappus bristles co- pious, in 2-8 series, sometimes few in ray tls. . . F. Bristles of 2 kinds, the inner series capil- lary, outer very short and setu- lose or squamel- late 37. Chrtsopsis. pp. Bristles mostly alike G. T h e b r i s ties broad at base, aris- tate 38. Xanthisma. GG. The b r i s 1 1 es capillary. .. H. Heads usual- ly man\-fld. I. .-Vkens raany- nerved. . . 39. Aploppapds. II. Akenes few- nerved. . . 40. Hazardia. HH. Heads u s u- ally few-fld. I. Bristles rudi- m e n t a ry. shorter than akene 41. Brachtch^ta. II. Bristles longer than akene 42. Solidago. EB. Color of fls. not yellow.. . c. The pappus 0, or form- ing a more or less conspicuous ring of short bristles or hairs D. Bracts dry or scari- ous at margin. ...43. Brachvcomb. DD. Bracts herbaceous. ..44. Bellis. CC. The pappus composed of numerous bristles in 1 or more series. D. Involucre with outer bracts partly leafy, inner bracts mem- braneous or scari- longer : pappus more copious. ..47. Vittadima EE. Bracts usually in several series, sometimes 2 series in Aster and Feli- .45. Callistephos. DD Involucral bracts all nearly alike E. Bracts in aboxit 2 series p. Akenes u s u a 1 ly small 4G. FF. Akenes larger cia. p. Akenes strongly compressed. . . . G. Bristles in 2 or more se- ries 48. Aster. (See also Callmeris and Linosyris.) GG. Bristles in 1 series 49. Felicia. FF. Akenes not com- pressed or slightly G. 1' 1 a n t s are herbs 50. Sericocarpos. GG. Plants are shrubs or sub- shrubs 51. Olearia. cc. The pappus anomalous or absent from the rays D. P a p p n s b r i s ties shortly plum ose : style branches broad 52. Charieis. (Consult Kaulfussia.) DD. Pappus bristles in 1 series, unequal, rigid, thickened or dilated toward the base 53. Townsendia. DDD. Pappus of the ray composed of very short paleip : disc- pappus of copious slender bristles in 1-2 series 54. IIeteropappus. DDDD. Pappus bristles very short, usually ac- companied by 2-4 awns not longer than the akene. . ..53. Boltonia. 0. IlELIANTHUS TRIBE. Subtribe I. Melampodie.e. Ravs fertile: disc fls. sterile : akenes usually with coriaceous or thicker pericarp : style mostly entire : receptacle chaffy throughout : pappus none. A. Involucre of the many-fld. heads broad ; inner bracts concave, embracing and half inclosing the thick, turgid, ohovoid akenes. . .56. Poltmnia. A.i. Involucre broad, of plane or barely concave bracts; innermost subtending ob- compressed akenes, but not inclosing nor em- bracing them B. Rays, or rather their ovaries and akenes. in more than one series. .57. SiLPHIUM. BB. Rays and akenes in a single series. c. Heads nearly discoid. or rays short 58. Partiienidm. cc. Heads conspicuously radiate, mostly of 5 fertile and rather numerous sterile fls. .59. Chrysogoncm. Sabtribe 2. Amehosie.e. Fertile fls. apetalous, or with corolla reduced to a tube or ring around base of 2-parted style: disc fls. staminate, with 4-5-lobed corolla : anthers slightly united : style abortive, hair.y only at the somewhat enlarged and depressed summit. 60. IVA. Subtribe 3. Zinxie.b. Rays fertile : the tube absent or very short, persistent on akene and at length papery : disc fls. fertile, subtended or embraced by chaffv bracts : Ivs. opposite. A. Receptacle flatfish. 61. Sanvitalia. aa. Receptacle conical, cylindri- A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 35 cal or elongated E. Akenes. at least inner ones. 1-3-awned 62. Zinnia. BB. Akenes without pappus. ..63. IIeliopsis. Subtribe 4. Veubesixe.e. Ra.vs fertile, or neutral becoming papery and persistent : disc fls. fertile : anthers often blackisli : akenes various, but those of disc never obcompressed : pappus various. A. C b a ff of receptacle p e r- manently investing akenes as an accessory covering. 64. AA. Chaff of receptacle concave or complicate, loosely em- bracing or subtending the discakenes, mostly persistent B. Rays sometimes absent. Certain species of ....65. BB. Rays usually present. . . . c. Receptacle high, from conical to columnar or subulate, at least in fruit D. The rays, if present, fertile 65 DD. The rays sterile B. Color of rays rose or rose purple. .66, EE. Color of rays yellow or partly brown- purple, ( s 0 m e- tlmes wholly so).. F. Akenes 4-angled, prismatic 67 FF. Akenes short and broad, com- pressed. 68 cc. Receptacle low. flat to convex, rarel.v be- coming conical D. Akenes not winged nor very flat, when flattened not mar- gined nor sharp- edged E. Rays fertile. EE. Rays sterile. F. Akenes pubescent. 70, FF. Akenes glabrous. .71^ DD. Akenes of the ray or margin often tri- quetrous, of the disc either flat- corn p r e ssed and margined or thin- edged, or if tur- gid some of them winged E. Rays neutral. F. Pappus none, or an awn or its rudiment answering to each margin of the wingless akene 72. FF. Pappus of deli- cate squaraella? between the 2 chaffy teeth or awns which surmount the 2 acute mai-gins SCLEIiOCAKPUS. Spilanthes. Spilanthes. echixacea. rodbeckia. Lepachts. 69. B.vlsamokrhiza. of the akene.. 73. Heliaxthella. FFF. Pappus of 2 s 1 e n der-subu- late naked awns, at length divergent, sometimes with 2 or 3 inter- mediate awns. 74. ACTINOMEKIS. EE. Rays fertile, rarely neutral in Verbe- sina F. Pappus of cc dis- tinct squamel- liB 75. Pascalia. like pale» on the angles of the akene. with 2 small inter- mediate squa- mellas on each side 76. PODACH.ENinM. FFF. Pappus of 2 awns, sometimes 1-3 or 0. and no inter mediate squamellse. ...77. Vehbe.sina, Subtribe 5. Coreopside.e. Rays fertile or neu- tral: disc fls. fertile: receptacle chaffy; chaff flat or hardly concave : akenes more or less dorsally com- pressed, often 2-awned. A. Involucral bracts distinct, the outer herbaceous, in- ner somewhat like paleEe.78. Guizotia. AA. Involucre double : inner bracts membranous, sub- equal, connate at base or often higher ; outer bracts few and small or minute. B. Plants are all climbers with fertile rays, akenes much enlarging and sterile disc fls. with un- divided style 79. Hidalgoa, E. Plants not climbing : rays usually sterile. c. Style branches with long hairy appen- aages 80. Dahlia. cc. Style branches trun- cate, penicillate or with short ap- pendages D. Rays always neutral : akenes not beaked, * rarely contracted at apex : pappus of 2 short awns, or hairy, or absent, never re- trorsely barbed ... .81. Coreopsis. DD. Rays fertile, neutral or wanting; pappus awns when present retrorsely barbed... E. Bracts of inner in- volucre united in- to a cup 82. Thelespekma. EE. Bracts of involucre distinct, or united only at the com- mon base P. Akenes beaked, slender : rays purple or rose, in one species yellow ; white vars. in cult, awns mostly deciduous 83. COSMOS. FF. Akenes not 1 leaked : rays yellow or vhite G. Pappus of 2-5 a w n s, re- trorsely his- pid, mostly persistent. ..8-1. Bidens. GG. Pappus V a r i- ous : tube of disc fls. with a ring near the top. 85. Leptosyne. Subtribe 6. O.^lin'soge.e. Heads rayless and homogamous ; (in Marshallia). Pappas of 00 dis- tinct palese. S6. Makshallia. Subtribe 7. Madie.e. Rays fertile, each sub- tended by an involucral bract which partly or com- petely incloses its akene : disc fls. with both stamens and styles, but some or all sterile. Glandular, viscid and heavy scented herbs. a. Akenes laterally compressed. 87. Madia. AA. Akenes not laterally com- pressed 88. Latia. 36 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 7. riELENiUM Tribe. A. InvoUioral bracts united nearly througboiit into an oMong cup or tube.. . .89. Tagetes. (See also Lasthenia.) AA. InvoUicral bracts hardly at a 1 1 imbricated ; when broad nearly equal or in 1 series B. Receptacle mostly high- conical, and acute. beset after the akenes have fallen by project- ing points (as if pe- dicels on which they were inserted) c. The involucre a single series of bracts con- nate by their edges into a 5-15-toothed green cup OO. Lasthema. cc. The involucre of loose. distinct bracts !)1. B.eria. (Including Actinolepis coronaria.) BB. Receptacle flat or convex, rarely obtusely coni- cal : akenes from linear to obpyramidal. rarely 5-angled. See also BBB c. Herbage mostly woolly : Involucral bracts erect not membran- ous ^-- Ekiophyllum. cc. Herbage usually not woolly D. Disc fls. deeply 5- cleft : involucral bracts mostly ap- pressed 93. Polypteris. DD. Disc fls. with long and narrow throat and 5 short lobes or teeth E. Akenes merely pube- scent 94. CHiENACTIS. EE. Akenes villous 95. Hulsea. BBB. Receptacle from convex to oblong : akenes short, obpyramidal or top- shaped, 5-10-ribbed or angled, mostly silky hairv : disc fls. all fer- tile c. The receptacle destitute of awn-like fimbrillae among the fls 4 D. Involucre erect or nearly so 96. Actinella. DD. Involucre spreading or soon reflexed . . . 97. Helexiu.m. cc. The receptacle beset with bristle-like or awl-shaped or rarely dentiform fimbrillre among the fls 98. Gaillardia. 8. Antiie.mis Tribe. . Receptacle chaffy B. Heads usually discoid. . . c. Corolla with a hood like appendage at ..0 such .99. Santolixa. cc. Corolla without appendage 100. Lonas. BB. Heads usually radiate. . . c. Akene compressed, with 2 narrow margins. ..101. Achillea. cc. Akenes 4-5-cornered or 00 -ribbed D. Heads peduncled at tips of branches. .. 102. Anthemis. DD, Heads sessile in forks, surrounded bv 5-6 dissected floral Ivs 103. Cladanthus. A^. Receptacle naked or alveo- late-fimbrilliferous B. Involucral bracts in many series c. Rays present 104. Chrysanthe- mum. (Consult also Pyreth- rum.) cc. Rays absent 105. Tanacetum. BB. Involucral bracts in 1 or 2 or few series c. Rays present. 106. Matricaria. cc. Rays absent or incon- spicuous D. Involucre top-shaped. 107. Cenia. DD. Involcure ovoid or broadly bell- shaped 108. Artemisia. 9. Senecio Tribe. A. Involucral bracts in 1 series and connate at the base or beyond the middle in a cup ; no outer bracts : style branches of the fer- tile hermaphro lite fls. truncate at ape.x, usually peniciliate b. Style undivided ; disc fls. sterile 109. Othonna. BB. Style bifld : disc fls. all or some fertile HO. Gamolepis. AA. Involucral bracts in 1 or 2 series, not connate in a cup but free, at least fin- ally B. Style branches of herma- phrodite fertile fls. roundish obtuse or at least not truncate and wholly without appen- dage or hariness at summit c. Heads composed entire- ly of hermaphrodite and fertile fls. homo- gamous. discoid. . . . iH. Cacaliopsis. cc. Heads submonoecious or subdioecious. the fls. containing both sta- mens and pistils, sterile D. Fls. solitary, yellow. .112. Tussilago. DD. Fls. racemose or corymbose, white or purplish 113. Petasites. BB. Style branches (of herma- phrodite fls.) either truncate or capltellate at summit, which Is either peniciliate. hairy or naked and not rare- ly bears a short conical or flattened appendage. c. Bracts of involucre herbaceous, acumi- nate 114. Arxica. D. Receptacle flat DD. Receptacle hemispher- ical 115. DORONICDM. CC. Bracts of involucre nar- row, strict, usu- ally ribbed or keeled. D. Apex of style usually truncate and peni- ciliate E. Involucral bracts numerous F. Akenes subterete. 116. Sexecio. FF. Akenes dorsally compressed. ..117. Cixeraria. EE. Involucral bracts few, 4-5 : heads homogamous US. Tetradymia. DD. Apex of style with long, subulate hairy appendages : heads homogamous. 119. Gi'XURA. DDD. Apex of stvle with appendages .short and obtuse or long and acutish : heads homogamous 120. Emilia. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 37 10. Calendula Tkibb. A. Akenes of the rays thick, hard and bony ; those of ttie disc usually all empty 121. Osteospermdm. AA. Akenes straight, those of the rays usually triruie- trous : disc-akenes often flattish or 2-winsed. ...122. Dimorphotheca. AAA. Akenes incurved, heterom- orphous 123. Calendhla. 11. Abctotis Tribe. A. Involucral Iiracts free, the inner ones broadly scari- ous, at least at the apex. B. Herbs glabrous or p\ibe- scent : receptacle chaf- fy 124. Ursinia. BB. Herbs tomentose : recep- tacle naked or alveo- late c. Akenes usually villous, crowned by hyaline pale.T? which are often convolute 125. Arctotis. CC. Akenes glabrous, with or without a crown of minute paleoL-e. . . 126. Ven'IDIUM. AA. Involucral bracts grown to- gether at the base B. I.vs not spinescent : al- veoli short 127. Gazaxia. BB. Lvs. spinose-dentate : al- veoli including akenes. 1 28. Berkheya. (Consult Stobwa.) 12. MfTisiA Tribe. 129. Chaptalia. 13. CicHORH-M Tribe. A. Pappus none, or of 2-3 long-hristles which soon fall away 130. Scolymus. AA. Pappus paleaceous or part- ly so, or aristiform, or plumose B. Involucre of equal bracts and no short cal.vcu- late ones at base c. Akenes long beaked. ..131. Tragopogon. CC. Akenes truncate BB. Involucre either calycu-132. Krigia. late or imbricate, i. e. principal bracts equal add some short ones at base, or less unequal bracts in 2 or more series C. Akenes (at least inner ones) tapering into a beak 133. Hypochceris. CC. Akenes usually short, with summit trun- cate or only a trifle contracted below apex 134. Catananche. D. Receptacle chaffy. . . DD. Receptacle not cbaffy.13.5. Cichorium. E. Kls. normally blue. .136. Scorzonera. EE. FIs. yellow AAA. Pappus of capillary bris- tles, scabrous, rarely bar- bellulate, never plumose nor paleaceous-dilated : receptacle naked (except in 1 species of Troxi- mon> B. Akenes flattened ; pappus of copious, fine soft, capillary bristles 137. Lactcca. BB. Akenes not flattened : pap- pus persistent or bris- tles tardily falling (ex- cept 1 or 2 species of Crepis) c. Beak distinct and slen- der (except in 1 or 2 species of Troxi- mon ) D. The akenes 10-ribbed or 10-nerved, not muricate 138. Troximon. DD. The akenes 4-5-ribbed or angled, muricate. 139. Taraxacum. CC. Beak none, or akene merely narrow at apex D. FIs. whitish or cream- color to violet or rosered 140. Prenanthes. DD. FIs. mostly yellow, sometimes orange- red or white E. Pappus of rather rigid, scabrous, fragile bristles which are usually rather dirty or neutral colored. ..141. IIieracidm. EE. Pappus of copious white and usually soft canillary bris- tles 142. CREPIS. 79. LOBELIACE.E. A. Corolla open down to the base on one side 1. Lobelia. AA. Corolla with a closed tube. B. Stamens in a tube free from the corolla 2. Dow.ningia. BB. Stamens more or less ad- nate to the corolla up to near the throat, then monadelphous and free or farther adnate on one side only 3. Palmerella. BEB. Stamens affixed at top of corolla tube or above the middle : capsule 2- valved at apex 4. Lsotoma. BBBB. Stamens affixed at base of corolla tube c. Fr. an i n d e h i s c e nt berry r>. Centkopogon. cc. Fr. a capsule, 2-valved at apex 6. Siphocampylus. 80. CAMPANULACE.E. Note. Cextropogon and Isoto.ma usually placed in this family are best referred to Lobeliacese. A. Fr. an indehiscent, fleshy berry 1. Canarina. AA. Fr. a capsule B. Capsule dehiscing loculi- cidally by apical valves. c. Corolla 3-parted nearly to base 2. Jasione. cc. Corolla broadly bell- shaped, 5-lohed 3. Platycodon. BB. Capsule closed at apex, dehiscing laterally be- tween the ribs by small lids or small solitary valves c. Corolla 5-cutlobed, o r -parted D. Ovary linear or nar- rowly oblong 4. Specclaria. DD. Ovary hemispherical or top shaped. . . . e. Anthers connate in a tube 5. Symphyaxdra. EE. Anthers not connate in a tube F. Style girt at base by an epigynous fleshy disc which is cup- shaped or tubu- lar 6. Adenophora. FP. Style without such disc g. Corolla 5-parted to the base, lobes narrow, either long- 38 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Pni'TEUMA. cohering above or ro- t a te-spread- ing ' GG. Corolla 5-c u t. shortly or to the middle, rarely farth- e r, b e 1 I ■ shaped, tub- ular, funuel- shaped or subrotate. .8. Campanula. cc. Corolla narrowly tubu- lar, shortly 3-cut at apex 0. Tkachelium. ccc. Corolla rarely 5-c'Ut. .. D. No. of lobes 5-9, usu- ally 7: fls. bell- shaped 10. OsTIiOWSKIA. DD. No. of lobes 8-10. lobes narrow and spreading 11. Miciiauxia. 81. ERICACEAE. (Including Vacciniace^.) (Synopsis of subfamilies and tribes.) a. Calyx adnate to ovary: fr. a berry or drupe to tlio liter ovary part of it), which in fruit is not a capsule but a berry or drupe crowned with the calyx-teeth : co- rolla always gamopetal- ous. and disc epigynous : anthers erect, introrse : pollen-grains compound, of 4 united grains. Shrubs or subshrubs with alternate leaves AA. Calyx free from ovary : fr. a capsule, except in tribe 1 of sub-family 2 B. Pollen-grains com pound, (except in Cletbra). ... c. Corolla usually gamo- petalous : disc gen- erally annular or 8- 10-lobed Subfamily 2. ERICINEiE. Corolla gamopetalous rarelv polvpetalons or umilv so: anthers upright in trorse. Shrubs or smnii Irt'.s. Tribe 1. Akisute.i:. Kruit fleshy, a berry oi drupe. Tribe 2. Axdromede.e. Fruit a loculicidal cap sule. chiefly 5-celled : corolla deciduous. Tribe 3. Erice.e. Fruit a capsule, with locu licidal or sometimes septicidal dehiscent and 4 or 5 cells: corolla marcescent-persistent. Tribe 4. Rhododendre.e. Fruit a septicidal cap sule : corolla deciduous. cc. Corolla polypetalous, (see also Uhododen- drese) : disc obsolete or obscure Subfamilj 3. PYROLINE.ffi:. Anthers erect and extrorse in the hud. with apex often pointed, emargi- nate or 2-horned at base, where each cell opens by a pore, in anthesis mostly introrsely resupinate on the filament so that the really basal pores become apical and the point or apex basal. Tribe 1. Clethre.t:. Ovary of the 5-merous flower 3-ccIled : pollen-grains simple, shrubs or trees. Tribe 2. Ptrole.e. Ovary cells 5 or 4, as many as sepals or petals: pollen-grains compound; herbs or nearly so. BB. Pollen-grains nple. Subfamily 1. VACCINIE^. A. Filaments connate 1. Macleaxia. A. Filaments usually free B. The ovarv wholly inferior, c. Ovary 10-celled, 10- ovuled 2. Gavlussacia. cc. Ovary 4-5-celIed, or by false partitions from the back of these ceils 8-10-ce lied, ovules numerous. ...3. Vaccinium. DB. The ovary at first 1-3-1-2 superior 4. Chiogenes. Subfamily 2. ERICINE.ffi. Tribe 1. AiiitrTE.i:. a. The anthers have a pair of awns on the back B, Ovary cell many-ovuled. .5. Arbutus. BB. Ovary cells 1-ovuled 6. Arctostaphylos. \. The anthers blunt on back.. 7. Perxettva. Tribe 2. Axdromede.t:. A. Anther cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged : stigma 5- lobed, the lobes adnate to a surrounding ring or cup. 8. AA. Anthers opening only at the top : stigma usually en- tire B. Calyx becoming fleshy in fruit forming a berry and inclosing the small capsule J>- BB. Calyx unchanged and dry under the capsule. . . . c. Sepals or calyx lobes valvate or open in the hud, never over- lapping D. Anthers destitute of a p p e nd a g e s or Gaultiieria. Subfamily 4. MONOTROPE.ff:. Herbaceous root-par- asites or saprophytes, scaly, destitute of all green herbage. DD. Anthers short and ob- tuse, with 2 pores topped by slender, ascending awns: corolla urn-shaped. .11. Axdromeda. DDD. Anthers lanceolate, produced into 2 small tubes, each surmounted by a pair of slender, as- cending awns : cor- olla bell-shaped. . . 12. Zenobia. DDDD. Anthers with 2 spreading or deflex- ed awns or teeth, on the back, of the filament or at its junction with the anther 1.3, Pieris. cc. Sepals or calyx lobes imbricated, at least in the enrly bud. . . . D. Lvs. heath-like, small, thick or needle like. * mostly overlap- ping : anthers fixed near apex 14. Cassiope. DD. Lvs. not heath-like, usually larger, flat, broad and leathei-y. E. Corolla cylindrace- ous to conical-ur- ceolate : anthers fixed near base. . F. Seeds imbricated in 2 rows. ...15. Cham.edaphnb. FF. Seeds pendulous or in all direc- tions 16. LEUCOTHOfi. FFF. Seeds all ascend- ing or erect. ..17. Oxydbndhum. EE. Corolla bell-shaped or urn-shaped.. ..18. Exkiaxthus. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 39 Tribe 3. Erice.e. A.AntliPis 2-awDed on back at base 19. Calllina. AA. Anthers 2-parted, blunt or awned, usually cristate or lamellate at base. . . 20. EniCA. AAA. Anthers blunt ou back, not cristate 21. Bkuckbnthalia. Tribe 4. Uhododexdre.e. A. Seed coat lax, produced at l>oth ends B. Corolla polypetalous or nearly so 22. Ledtim. BB. Corolla gamopetalous. . . . c. Stamens usually 5 : style more or less exserted 23. Azalea. cc. Stamens usually 10: style rarely exserted. 24. Rhododexkon. AA. Seed coat firm and coriace- ous B. Corolla polypetalous or nearly so c. Inflorescence terminal.. D. Fls. corymbose ; pet- als 5-fi 2,5. LEIorHYLLUM. DD. Fls. racemose ; petals H-5 26. Elliottia. cc. Inflorescence axillary : fls. solitary 27. Cladotiiamn'US. BB. Corolla gamopetalous c. Stamens 10 D. Fls. corymbose 2.S. Kalmia. DD. Fls. solitary 29. Rhodothamnus. cc. Stamens 8 30. Dabcecia. ccc. Stamens 4-6 in the first case. 5 in the next.. . d. Anthers open h.y apical pore .31. BRYANTHns. DD. Anthers open from apex nearly to base. 32. Loiseleuria. Subfamily 3, PYROLINE.ffi;. Trilie 1. Clethfe.e. 33. Clethra. Tribe 2. Pyrole.e. A. Style very short, obconical : stems leafy 34. Chi.maphila. AA. Style mostly elongated : scape naked, or leafy only at base B. Fls. solitary 315. Moneses. BB. Fls. racemose 36. Pyrola. Subfamily 4. MONOTKOPE.S:. Anthers introrse from the first: corolla bell-shaped, rather fleshy 37. Sarcodes. 82. EPACRIDACE.E. Style inserted in the Intruded vertex of the ovary : sta- mens epipetalous: anthers 1-celled ; corolla Iol}es quin- cunciately imbricate : bracts numerous, passing into sep- als 1. Epacris. S3, diapensiacb.t:. A. Corolla persistent: stami- nodes 0 1. Pyxidantheba. AA. Corolla deciduous: stami- nodes 5 B. Staminodes small, scale like separate, corolla lobes crenate 2. Shortia. BE. Staminodes long, linear separate ; corolla lobes fimbriate 3. Schizocodon. BBB. Staminodes s p a t u late, connate with stamens ; corolla segments entire. 4. Galax. 84. PLFMBAGINACE.E. A. Calyx limb usually spread- ing, scarious and colored.. B. Lvs. usually needle-like: styles distinct at angles of ovary ; stigmas sub- capitate 1. ACANTHOLIMON. BB. Lvs. flat : styles as above ; stigmas capitate, ob- long or linear : inflores- cence cymose or dense or scape 1-few-fld. ... 2. Statice. BBB. Lvs. flat or linear — subu- late : styles shortly subconnate at vertex of ovary : stigmas linear : scape 1-headed 3. Armeria. AA. Calyx lobes or teeth erect with merely scarious sin- uses n. Stamens tree : calyx glandular 4. Phisibago. BB. Stamens adnate to middle of corolla : calyx not glandular 5. Ceratostigma. 85. primulace.t:. A. Corolla lobes imbricated in quincunx fashion IS. Ovules anatrophous ; um- bilicus basal 1. HoTTONiA. BB. Ovules semi-anatropous ; umbilicus ventral c. Capsule dehisces by a lid at top 2. Soldanella. cc. Capsule dehisces by valves. d. Corolla loljes bent back 3. Dodecatheon. DD. Corolla lobes spread- ing or erectish. . . . E. Stamens affixed to base of corolla : anthers long a- cuminate 4. Cortcsa. EE. Stamens affixed to corolla tube ; an- thers obtuse F. Corolla tube us- ually longer than calyx G. Capsule many- seeded 5. Primula. GG. Caps ule 1-2- seeded 6. DoDGLASiA. FF. Corolla tube as long as calyx or shorter : cap- s u 1 e f e w— o r many-seeded. .7. Andkosace. AA. Corolla lobes convolute in the bud : ovules semi-ana- tropous : umbilicus ven- tral . . B. Capsule circumscissile. . ..8. An'AGALLIS. BB. Capsule longitudinally dehiscent by valves. . . c. Lobes of corolla bent back. 9. Cyclamen. cc. Lobes of corolla not bent back D. Testa of seed with a firm epidermis. . . . E. Staminodes none. ..10. Lysimachia. EE. Staminodes 5, each corolla-lobe curv- ed round its sta- men 11. Steironema. EEE. staminodes 5, tootb- Naumeergia. Tkientalis. DD. Testa of seed with lax epidermis 13. 86. MYRSINACE.E. a. Staminodes 5 : corolla gam- opetalous B. Corolla cylindrical, short- 40 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Iv 5-lobed : fr. many seeded 1. Theophkasta. BB. Corolla rotate-campanvi- late, deeply D-cut : fr. few-seeded 2. Jacquinia. A. Staminodes 0 : corolla gamopetalous or poly- petalous : fr. 1-seeded. ... B. Corolla imbricated : fls. fascicled, lateral or ax- illary. 3. MVRSINE. BE. Corolla convolute: pan- icles terminal or termi- nal and axillary 4. Aedi.sia. 87. SAP0TACB.13. A. Corolla lobes, salyx seg- ments, stamens and stam- inodes (when present,) is- omerous B. Staminodes t) : seeds usu- ally albuminous : tls. 5- merous, rarely 6-7-mer- ous 1. Chrysophyllcm. BB. Staminodes small usually affixed higber than sta- mens, sometimes few or 0 : seeds not albumin- ous : fls. 4-5-merous. . . 2. Luct:MA. EBB. Staminodes alternate with stamens, rarely af- fixed higher : seeds al- buminous 3. SiDEROXYLON, AA. Corolla lobes and calyx seg- ments isomerous : sta- mens twice as many or more 4. Isonaxdra. AAA. Corolla lobes usually 2 or 3 times as many as calyx segments B. Calyx segments 1 series. 5. Bumelia, BB. Calyx segments 2 series. .6. MIMUSOPS, 88. STYRACACE.E. A Stamens numerous, in sev- eral series 1. Symplocos. AA. Stamens 10, in 1 series B. Fr. becoming Icelled: seed mostly solitary filling the cell 2. Styrax. BB. Fr. 1-4-celled, pointed with the persistent base of the style : seeds single in each cell, im- perfectly filling the cell c. Inflorescence panicled drooping, subtermi- nal ; fls. 5-merous. ..3. Pterostybax. cc. Inflorescence often lat- eral : fls. often 5-mer- ous 4. Halesia. 80. ebenace.t; A. The fls. usually hermaph- rodite: stamens in 1 ser- ies 1. ROYENA. AA. The fls. dioecious B. Fls. usually 3-merous : stamens 3- 2. Maba. BE. Fls. usually 4-,'5-mer- ous : stamens 4-8, us- ually In 2 series : styles or style branches 1-4. .3. Diospyros. 90. oleace.t:. (Summary of Tribes) 1. JASMINK Tribe. Fruit didymous or septici- dally divisible into two: corolla lobes strongly imbricate:: ovules laterally affixed near base: seeds erect, not albuminous : radicle inferior. 2. Lilac Tribe. Fruit terete or compressed parallel to the septum, locullcidally dehiscent: ovules pendulous from apex of cells : seeds winged, pendul- ous : radicle superior. 3. Ash Tribe. Fruit entire, dry, indehisccnt, winged, a samara, compressed contrary to the sep- tum: ovules twin, pendulous irom apex of cell: seeds pendulous, albuminous ; radicle superior. 4. Olive Tribe. Fruit fleshy and indehisccnt, a drupe or rarely a berry, not lobed : ovules twin, laterary aflixed near apex: seeds solitary, suspended or pendulous, albuminous; radicle superior. 1. Ja.smi.ne Tribe. Fr. fleshy, indehisccnt, didy- mous or by abortion . 1. JA.SMINCM. 2. Lilac Tribe. A. Corolla lobes imbricate. . . . b. Ovules 3-4 in a cell : seeds albuminous: corolla lobes shorter than tube 2. Schrebera. BB. Ovules 4-10 in a cell : seeds albuminous: lobes many times long- er than tube 3. Forsythia. AA. Corolla lobes induplicate- valvate : tube long or short : ovules 2 in a cell : seeds albuminous 4. Syringa, .1. .\sii Tribe. A. Lvs. usually pinnate: fr. elongate, with a terminal wing, generally 1-seeded liy abortion 5. Fraxinds. AA. Lvs. undivided : fr. ovate or orbiculate surround- ed by a wing, usually 2- celled and 2-seeded 6. Foxtanesia. 4. (5LIVE Tribe. A. Corolla of nearly distinct petals which are long and linear 7. Chionanthus. AA. Corolla lobes imbricate, lu'oad and obtuse B. Endocarp of drupe thinly crustaceous 8. Phillyrea. BE. Endocarp of drupe bard and somewhat woody.. 9. Osmanthds. AAA. Corolla lobes in duplicate- valvate B. Fr. a drupe ; endocarp hard, thick or thin : in- florescence a X i 1 1 a r .v rarely terminal 10. Olea. BB. Fr. a berry hardly drupa- ceous ; endocarp mem- branous or thinly cori- aceous : panicles termi- nal 11. LlGUSTRDM. 01. LOGANIACE.E A. Style 2-fid. branches linear, 2-fid 1. GEL.SEMIUM. AA. Style simple B. Corolla lobes valvate. ...2. Spigelia. BE. Corolla lobes imbricate... c. Anthers exserted 3. Chilianthcs. cc. Anthers included 4. Buddleia. 92. GENTIANACE.E. A. Lvs. alternate or radical, (Menyanthes Tribe) B. Fr. indehiscent 1. Li.mnanthemum, BB. Fr. dehiscent c. Capsule usually 4- valved at apex 2. Villarsia, cc. Capsule irregularly sub- 2-valved at apex. ...3. Menyanthes. AA. Lvs. opposite (sometimes the lower ones alternate in Swertia Tribe) B. (>vary perfectly 2-celled ; placent.'p solitary in each cell, often thick, A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 41 adnate to septum ; lib- erated by dehiscence of capsule 4. Exaccm. BB. Ovary 1-celIed : placeuti- ferous margins of car- pels more or less in- truded within or even touching but not con- nate in the middle of the cell, spuriously 2- celled. (C h i r onia Tribe) c. Style often deciduous : anthers usually erect. D. Anthers spirally twisted finally. ...5. Erythk.i;a. DD. Anthers finally re- curved at apex. ...6. Sabbatia. cc. Style usually persis- tent : anthers versa- tile, finally recurved. 7. Lisianthus. EBB. Ovary 1-celled : margins of carpels rarely in- truded : ovules and seeds affi.xed at each side of the suture in 1 series or more or less extended over the parietal surface: pla- centae adnate very thin. iSweiUa Trihe) C. Corolla has 1-2 pits at base of each lobe. . . D. Style short or scarce- ly any 8. Swertia. DD. Style subulate 9. Fraseea. cc. Corolla has no such pits 10. Gentiasa. 93. ASCLEPIADACE.T':. (Si-mmary of Tribes Con- concerned. ) A. Pollen granular loosely ag- gregated in 2 masses in each anther cell (Subfamily 1. Teriploce.e.) Tribe 1. Pekiploce.e. Character of subfamily. AA. Pollen waxy, the masses solitary in each anther cell. (Subfamily 2. Eua- sclepiadese) Tribe 2. Cynanche.e. Anthers tipped by a membrane, which is inflexed or sometimes erect, and usually hyaline, rarely opaque or petal-like: pollen masses suspended, attached in pairs (one in each adjacent cell of different anthers) to the corpuscle or gland. Tribe ,3. JIarsdenie.e. Anthers usually tipped by an inflexed or suberect membrane which is hya- line, rarely opaque : pollinia solitary in eacii cell, erect or very small. Tribe 4. Ceropegie.e. Anthers obtuse at apex, not appendaged or rarely the connective produced: pollinia solitary in the cells, erect. Tribe 5. Stapelie.e. Anthers like those of the Ceropegiese or more incumbent abo'-e the top of the stigma or subimmersed. Stems thiclt and fleshy, leaf- less or with a few Ivs. at top. Tribe 1. PERirLOCE.E. A. Scales of corona distant from staminal tube B. Corolla tube short : scales linear or club-shaped. .1. Cryptolepis. BB. Corolla large. funnel- shaped : scales acumi- nate or 2-fld 2. Cryptostegia. AA. Scales of corona close to stamens B. Corolla lobes valvate. ...3. Chlorocodon, BB, Corolla lobes imbricate, . .4. Periploca. Tribe 2, Ctxanche.e. A, The outer or single crown either simple and com- posed of 5 scales or ring- shaped, adnate to the cor- olla and not the staminal tube or rarely adherent to both B. Stigma depressed 5. M.1CR0SCEPIS. BB, Stigma umljonate at apex or 2-beatted 6, Araujia. (Consult Physianthus.) iA, The crown of 5 scales affixed to base of corolla and staminal tube : caudicles of pollinia appendaged with an erect fuscous tooth 7. OXYPETALCM. AAA. The crown of 5 scales which are distinct, af- fixed or adnate to the staminal tube or the back of the anthers, . , B, Scales concave or hooded, with a ligula inside, , , 8, Asclepias, BB, Scales (5 outer ones) car- i n a t e-complicate a t base of staminal tube : the 5 scales at the apex of the long staminal tube, short, obtuse, spreading, a 1 t e r n a te with anthers 9, PODOSTIGMA. aaaa. The outer or single crown affixed to the staminal tube, ring or cup-shaped. entire, lobed or parted.. B, Corona villous inside, .,,10, Morrenia. BB, Corona with ,5 scales or ligulip inside 11, Cynanchum, BBB, Corona naked inside 12. Vincetoxicum. EBBB, Corona of 5 short pro- cesses opposite anthers and 10 liguife alternate with anthers in pairs,, 13, ROTHEOCKIA. Tribe 3. Marsdenie.!:. A. Corolla lobes strictly val- vate 14. HOYA. AA. Corolla lobes usually over- lapping dextrorsely B. Els. not pure white, urn- or salver-shaped : small or medium-sized l.->. Marsdenia, BB, Els, white salver-or fun- nel-shaped, large 16, Stephanotis. Tribe 4, Ceropegie.e. Corona double, aflJxed to stam- inal tube 17, Ceropegia. Tribe 5. Stapelie.e. Corona double, outer spread- ing, inner ol! 5 scales 18. Stapelia. 94. APOCYNACE.E. A. Anther cells not appendaged at base B. Ovary entire iCnrissa Tribe): fls. .5-merous. .. c. Fr. a 2-valved capsule : ovary 1-celled 1. Allajianda. cc. Fr. a berry, indehis- cent : ovary 2-celled. cells 1-4-ovuIed d. Ovules laterally affix- ed : cymes terminal, few-fld : spines axil- lary 2. Carlssj DD, Ovules erect from base: c,vmes axil- lary dense : spines 0 3, Acokantheka. BB, Ovary w-ith carpels dis- tinct under style, (Plti- mciia Tribe) c. Calyx with several glands inside or a ring of hairs D, Carpels 2-ovuied, ,,,4, Thevetia. 42 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. DD. Carpels many-oyuled.5. Tabern.emon- CC. Calyx without glands i inside D. Carpels 2-ovuled. ...6. Rauwolfia. DD. Carpels 6-many-oviil- ed E. Ovules iQ 2-serles... F. Disc 0 G. Seeds truncate..?. Amson'ia. GG. Seeds winged.. ,S. Gonioma. FF. Disc of 2 scales. ..9. Vinca. EE. Ovules in many ser- ies. Pn^MEniA. Alstonia. Pbestoxia. Nerium. DiPLADENIA. Odontadema. F. Stamens near base of tulie 10. FF. Stamens above middle of tube.. 11. A. Antlier cells prodneerl at base. (Echites Tribe).. B. The cone of anthers ex- serted at apex 12. BB. The anthers included. . . . c. Lvs. usually in whorls of 3 13. cc. Lvs. opposite D. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 squamellie alternating with stamens 14. DD. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped ; the throat without scales E. Disc of 2 scales. ... 1.5. EE. Disc many-toothed or crenulate 16. EEE. Disc of 5 lobes or scales, often tiHiu- cate in Trachelos- permum F. Fls. salver-shaped. G. Inflor. lax cor- ymbose cymes.17. GG. Inflor. r a c e- mose : rarely shortly di- chotamous. .18. FF. Fls. funnel-shaped G. In cymes 19. GG. In racemes 20. 95. rOLEMONIACE.E. A. Capsule 3-yalved, deeply lo- culicidal : herbs or sub- shrubs B. Stamens unequally af- fixed to corolla tube : not declinate 1. Phlox. BB. Stamens equally affixed to tube or throat c. Stamens not declinate. .2. GiLIA. cc. Stamens declinate D. Filaments pilose-ap- pendaged at base. .3. Polemonidm. DD. Filaments not ap- pendaged 4. LOESELIA. AA. Capsule 3-valyed, shortly loculicidal at apex : trees or shrubs 5. CANTtJA. AAA. Capsule 3-valved, deeply septicidal : tall climbers. 6. Cob.ea. 96. HYDROPIIYLLACE.E. A. Styles 2, distinct from base : corolla lobes imbricate...!. Wigandia. AA. Styles 2-cut, rarely undi- vided B. Corolla lobes usually con- volute c. Stamens exserted 2. Htdrophyllum. cc. Stamens included 3. Ne.mophila. EB. Corolla lobes imbricated., c. Fls. raarcescent, bell- sbaped 4. Emmenaxthe. cc. Fls. deciduous D. The peduncles 1-fld. .5. Hesperochirox. dd. The fls. cymose or in 1-sided racemes. . . 6. Phacelia. Ehretia Tribe. Heliotrope Tribe. 97. BORAGINACE.li;. (Sum. MARY OF Tribes. > A. Ovary undivided (or only laterally 4-lolied> and sur- mounted by the style. . . . B. Style twice bifid : stigmas not annular : cotyledons plaited or corrugated. . 1. Cordia Tribe. BB. Style once bifld or 2-part- ed (the divisions some- times coalescent to the top) : stigmas more or , less capitate : cotyle- dons plane 2 BBB. Style entire, sometimes wanting : stigma shield- or ring-shaped, forming a complete ring sur- mounted usuallv by a tip or appendage which is entire or 2-lobed and varies from hemispher- ical to subulate 3 AA. Ovary 4-parted (rarely 2- parted) from above into one-celled, one-ovuled di- visions surrounding the base of the undivided (rarely 2-lobed > style: stigma not annular 4. Borage Trie 1. CORDiA Tribe. 2. Ehretia Tribe. Calyx 5-parted : style 2-fid...2. Ehretia. 3. Heliotrope Tribe. A. Plants sarmentose or twin- ing 3. TOURNEFORTIA. AA. Plants are herbs or sub- shrubs 4. Heuothopium. 4. Borage Tribe. Subtribe 1. Nutlets with a flat scar on the inner face which is usuall.y broad, rarely linear, and affixed to a gynobase (which may be flat, convex, conical or ovoid, rarely columnar), the apices not or hardly prominent beyond the scar. a. The nutlets divergent or di- varicate (either radiately or in pairs), extended out- ward or backward much beyond the insertion (w'hich is by a roundish or oblong scar) ; gynobase little elevated or broadly conical B. Stamens included c. Nutlets covered with small cups or cavi- ties 5 Omphalodes, cc. Nutlets covered with small warts or barbed bristles 6. Cynoglossum. BB. Stamens exserted c. Corolla tube longer than spreading lobes 7. Lindelofia. cc. Corolla tubular, lobes short, erect or some- what spreading. ....8. SoLE.\ANTHn.s. AA. Nutlets adnate by the inner face or keel to an elevated conical or columnar gyno- base, forming a more or less globose or pyramidal fruit 9, Myosotidutm. Subtribe 2. Nutlets with a scar on the Inner face which is flat, (rarely concave), narrow, linear or short, affixed to an elevated gynobase which is conical, ob- long or columnar, the apices erect, free, more or less prominent around the style. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINUDOM. 43 A. Nutlets affixed liy a short areola below the middle of the gynobase, which is conical or strongly con- vex 10. EEITIilCHIUM. AA. Nutlets affixed above the middle or almost at the apex of the gynobase, which is narrowly con- ical or columnar 11. Kkynitzkia. Subtribe 3. Nutlets placed on a flattish. rarely shortly conical, gynobase, scar excavated or often girt by a ring. A. Throat of corolla has 5 scales inside B. F i 1 a m e nts appendaged with a scale 12. Borago. BB. Filaments not appendaged. c. Corolla lobes very short and suberect l.'i. Svmpuvtum. cc. Corolla lobes spreading. 14. Anchi:sa. AA. Throat naked or pilose 15. Pul.monaiiia. Subtribe 4. Nutlets erect or incurved, placed on flat or slightly convex (rarely shortly conical) gynobase. the basilar scar flat, either small at the inner angle or oblique. A. Racemes without bracts (rarely a few bracts at base) : anthers obtuse at apex B. Throat of corolla scaly... 16. Myosotis. BB. Throat almost naked 17. Mertensia. AA. Racemes bracted B. Anthers obtuse at apex or hardly mucronate c. Lobes of corolla erect.. .18. Onosmodium. CC. Lobes of corolla spread- ing D. Corolla tube cylindri- cal ; throat naked or 5-gibbous and subsquamate in. Lithospehmdm. DD. Corolla tube slender ; throat naked 20. Arnebia. DD. Corolla tubular or salver-form ; throat naked : loties usu- ally unequal :;l Echium. BB. Anthers linear, often acu- minate, arrow-shaped at base c. Nutlets distinct 22. Ono.sma. cc. Nutlets connate in pairs 23. Cerinthe. 0.8. CONVOLVCLACE.E. A. Corolla lobes small, imbri- cate : plants parasitic, leafless ; stems thread-like, not green 1. CusccTA. AA. Corolla plicate or indupli- cate in sestivation B. Ovary normally entire, with 2 carpels and 2- ovuled : rarely 3 car- pels or 1, rarely 1- ovuled c. Fr. berry-like or harder, indehiscent ; style undivided D. The ovary 4-celled, 4- ovuled 2. Argtreia. DD. The ovarv 2-celled, 4- ovuled 3. Lettsomia. cc. Fr. a 2-4-valved cap- sule with a thin or hard pericarp, or in- dehiscent with a thin pericarp: styles 2 and distinct or the style entire or divided D. Stigma thick, globose or didymous : ovarv 2- .3- or 4-celled. .4. Ipom. Anoelosia. AAA. Corolla tube short, with a spur or sac on the ante- rior side 7. Nemesia. 5. AxTir.Riiixi'5i Tribe. A. Throat has a prominent palate B. Corolla spurred. S. Lixaria. BB. Corolla saccate or gibbous at base 9. Antirrhinum. AA. Throat has no palate B. Capsule opens by 2 apical pores which are some- times confluent 10. Anarrhindm. BB. Capsule opens by trans- verse holes or irregular- ly c. Calyx ample, membran- ous IL RnODOciiiTOX. cc. Calyx smaller, herbace- ous 12, Maorandia. 6. Chelone Tribe. A. Staminode often elongated.. B. Capsule loculicidally de- A SYNOPSIS OF THE hiscent. 13. TETKANEMA. BB. Capsule septicidally debis- cent c. Fls. bilabiate D. Anterior lip witb mid- dle lobe folded up- on itself and inclos- ing the stamens. ...14. Collinsia. DD. Anterior lip of 3 flat, spreadine lobes. . . E. Seeds winged 1.5. Chelone. EE. Seeds not winged. ..16. Pentstemon. cc. Fls. with all the lobes flat, spreading and subequal 17. Rosselia. AA. Staminode usually in the form of a scale at apex of corolla tube l.S. SCROPHULARIA. AAA. staminode small, minute or 0 B, Stamens usually exserted. c. Calyx 5-parted ; capsule tardily dehiscent. ...19. Phtgelids. cc. Calyx cup-shaped : ber- ry indehiscent 20. Halleria. BB. Stamens included : calyx 5-cut c. Fr. an indehiscent ber- ry 21. Teedia. cc. Fr. a loculicidal cap- sule 22. Paclow-NIa. 7. XiANtLEA Tribe. A. Calyx bilabiate or 2-parted..23. Zalczianskta. AA. Calyx 5-parted 24. Ch.enostoma. 8. Gratiola Tribe. A. Perfect stamens 2 2'). Gratiola. AA. Perfect stamens 4 B. Stamens all affixed inside corolla tube 26. Mimulus. BB. Stamens partly inside corolla tube, partly in throat, 2 affixed in each place 27. Torenia. n. Digitalis Tribe. A. Capsule opens by loculici- dal valves 28. Sibthorpia. AA. Capsule opens by septicidal valves B. Lvs. alternate c. Corolla declinate. tube swollen, or bell- shaped : posterior lip spreading. 29. Digitalis. cc. Corolla tube slender. spreading 30. Erinus. BB. Lvs. opposite 31. Ourisia. AAA. Capsule 4-valved or loculi- cidally 2-valved B. Lvs. all alternate or radi- cal 32. Synthyris. BB. Lvs .(at least lower ones) opposite 33. Veronica. 10. Gerardia Tribe. Calyx lobes shorter than tube.34. Gerardia. 11. Euphrasia Tribe. A. The anther cells equal 35. Pedicllaris. AA. The outer anther cell fixed by the middle ; inner one pendulous or deficient.... B. Calyx laterally com- pressed, split on ante- rior side or both 3R. Castilleia. BB. Calyx 4-cut 37. Orthocarpcs. 101. len'tibulariace.^i;. A, Posterior lip of corolla erect : calyx 2parted or deeply 2-lobed 1. Utricclaria. AA. Posterior lip of corolla VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 45 spreading: calyx 4-5- parted 2. Pixgcicula. 102. BIGNONIACE.E. A. Fr. indehiscent. 1. Crescentia. AA. Fr. dehiscent B. Seeds aflixed to middle of valve c. Calyx ample, membran- ous, colored : ovary 1- celled 2. ETccremocarpcs. cc. Calyx small : ovary 2- celled 3. Jacaranda. BB. Seeds affixed to septum, c. Valves open parallel with septum. D. The seeds in 1 series o r irregularly a r- ranged in about 2 series E. Capsule long and narrow : v a I v es flat, undivided. ..4. Bignonia. EE. Capsule oblong or elongate ; valves leathery or hard, usually rugose. ...5. Adenocalymna. EEE. Capsule broadly ovate or orbicular smooth outside. . .6. Anemop.egma. DD. The seeds in 2 or more series E. Valves usually thick or markedly con- vex 7. Pithecoctenium. EE. Valves flat and cori- aceous 8. Oroxylon. cc. Valves open at right angles to septum. ... D. Wing of seed split in- to long hairs. . . . E. Plants herbaceous. . EE. Plants woody 9. Amphicome. F. Perfect stamens 2 10. Catalpa. FF. Perfect stamens 4 11. Chilopsis. DD. Wing of seed undivid- ed E. Lvs. simple or digi- tately compound.. 12. Tabebl'ia. EE. Lvs. pinnately com- pound, r a r el y simple F. Capsule dehiscing folliculately on one side : lvs. alternate. pin- nate 13. Incarvillea, FF. Capsule not as in F g. Calyx teeth 5. equal 14. Tecoma. GO. Calyx cut or lobed irregu- larly or trun- cate, H. Capsule 5-8- ribbed. ...15. Heterophragma. HH. Capsule not ribbed. ...16. Stereospermcm. 103. gesnerace.t;. A. Ovary more or less inferior : fr. capsular B. Disc 0 1. NirH.EA. BB. Disc annular c. Fls. smallish, pallid or white 2. DicYRTA. cc, Fls. largish, variously colored D. Corolla tube broadly swollen or beli- shaped : calyx lobes usually membran- ous or leafy 3. Gloxinia. (Of botanists, not of florists.) DD. Corolla tube cylindri- cal or broadened above : cal.yx lobes 46 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. narrow or short. .. E. Fls. axillary 4. Achimenes. (Consult also Scheeria.) EE. Fls. alternate in a terminal, leafless raceme 5. N.egelia. BBB. Disc glandular or the glands rarel.v connected by an obscure ring : glands distinct, usually 5 and equal, posterior glands large, the other 3 smaller or wanting., c. Capsule inferior to the middle or higher. . . . D. Anther cells confluent at apex 6. Sisningia. (Gloxinia of Florists.) DD. Anther cells distinct. 7. Isoloma. CC. Capsule shortly im- mersed at base, al- most superior 8. Gesneeia. AA. Ovary wholly superior : fr. capsular or baccate, un- known in Conandron and Saintpaulia B. Anther cells parallel and distinct c. Disc with a large pos- terior gland, the others small or want- ing D. Filaments free among themselves 9. Episcea. DD. Filaments connate in- to a sheath which Is split on the pos- terior side E. Calyx segments broad and colored, entire, dentate cristate 10. ALLOPLECTDS. EE. Calyx segments acute, entire or In- ciseddentate. ...11. Columnea. CC. Disc annular, elevated, almost cup-shaped... D. Perfect stamens 2. ..12. Agalmyla. DD. Perfect stamens 4. ..13. -Eschynanthds. BB. Anther cells divaricate or diverging, rarely sub- parallel c. Disc O D. Anthers free 14. Ramonda. DD. Anthers cohering in a tube extending be- yond the cells. ...15. Conandron. CC Disc a ring (rarely dimidiate in Chirita). E. Lvs. opposite F. Stamens 4 16. Besleria. FP. Stamens 2 17. Chirita. EE. Lvs. radical (rarely opposite in Strep- tocarpusl F. Stamens 4 18. HABERLyEA. FF. Stamens 2 G. Corolla tube long 19. STREPTOCARPnS. GG. Corolla tube short 20. Saintpaulia. 104. PEDALIACE.E. A. Fls. In terminal racemes ; anther cells divaricate: connective small, not glandular. B. Corolla tubes swollen above the short base. . . i. Martynia. BB. Corolla tube very long, slender and cylindrical with a bell-shaped throat 2. Craniolaria. AA, Fls. axillary ; anthers dorsi- fixed, cells parallel or di- vergent at base : connec- tive often crowned by a gland B. (Tapsule truncate at apex, the angles awned or horned 3. Cebatotheca. 105. ACANTHACE^. A. Corolla lobes convolute, or rarely the interior in- most B. Filaments connate in pairs at the Ijase c. Capsule subterete 1. Ruellia. cc. Capsule c o m p r e ssed parallel to the sep- tum 2. D.EDALACANTHCS. BB. Filaments equidistant or subconnate at the base in pairs : calyx lobes ob- tuse 3. Sanchezia. BBB. Filaments crowded or con- nate at the base on the posterior wall of the tube, or 2 posterior fila- ments affixed a little higher C. Calyx ample, membran- ous or colored 4. Whitfieldia. CC. Calyx segments linear, not colored 5. Strobilanthes. AA. Corolla expanded into a single obovate lip B. Calyx of normal texture ; posterior segment 3- nerved 6. Blepharis. BB. Calyx usually cartilagin- ous : posterior segment 3-5-nerved 7. Acanthcs. AAA. Corolla limb subequal or bilabiate, the 2 posterior lobes or the posterior lip inner, or in Barleria strongly imbricate B. Corolla of 5 flat lobes, not bilabiate c. Stamens 4 D. The corolla lobes var- iously imbricated, lateral ones usually outer E Anthers all 2-celled..8. Barleria. EE. Anthers all 1-celled.n. Cros.sandra. DD. The anterior corolla lobe outside, pos- terior one inside.. . E. Anthers all 1-celled.lO. Stenasdrium. EE. Anthers all 2-celled (In C h a m « ran- themum. the pos- terior anthers sometimes 1- celled) p. Tube swollen Into a long or broad throat 11. Aststasia. FF. Tube long slen- der, scare ely swollen at apex.l2. Cham-eranthe- cc. Stamens 2 MUM. D. Ovules In each cell 2.13. Eranthemum. DD. Ovules In each cell .3-8. BB. Corolla bilabiate or sub- equally 4-cut c. Ovules In each cell 3 or more 14. Phlogacanthus. CC. Ovules in each cell 2. . D. Fls. with 2 or 4 bracts longer than calyx 15. Peristrophe. DD. Fls. without such bracts e. Stamens 4. anthers all 1-celled 16. Aphelandea. EE. Stamens 2. anthers 2celled. p. Anther cells un- like, one larger or affixed high- er. (In Jacob- inia cells often subequal) G. The lower an- A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 47 ther cell usu- ally spurred.. 17. Ju.STICiA. GG, The anther cells not spurred. B o m e t i uies equally mu- c r o n ate at base H. Corolla with short tube and ample lips 18. Adhatoda. HH. Corolla tube u s u a 11 .V lonff and narrow. ...10. Jacobinia. PF. Anther cells equal G. Staminodes at base of fila- ments small.. H. Corolla tube swollen above ; pos- terior lip In- curved, an- t e r i or spreading, 3- out 20. Graptophyllom. HH. Corolla tube e 1 o ngated : limb sub-bi- labiate, 4- lobed 21. THVR.sACANTHns. GG. staminodes 0.. . H. Veins of Ivs. white or colored. ...22. FittONIA. HH. Veins of Ivs. Rreen I. Calyx sps- ments lin- e a r or bristle-lilte. 23. Schaderia. II. Calyx small, lobes acute or acumi- nate 24. Anisacanthcs. 106. MYOPOUACE.E. Corolla more or less bell- shaped, rarely funnel- shaped, with a subresular limb : ovary 2- or more- celled : cells l-ovuled. rarely 2-ceIled and 2-ovuIed 1. Myopordm. 107. GLOBDLARIACE.E. (or Selaginacelk.) Calyx 5-cut ; the 2 posterior lobes of the corolla narrow or connate or deficient. . . .1. Globdlaria. 108. VERBENACE.E. A. Inflorescence centripetal. . . B. Ovar.v 1-ceIled and 1- ovuled ; ovule o r t h o- tropous 1. PHEYMA. BB. Ovary or at least the fruit with 2 or 4. (or even 8) cells or nutlets : ovules anatropous c. FIs. sessile in the spike. D. Nutlets 2 or by abor- tion 1, 1-seeded. . . E. Fr. a juicy berry. . .2. Lantana. EE. Fr. dry, in Lippia d ru p a c eous ; In the next oblong or linear F. Calyx 2-4 cut or toothed 3. T.ippiA. FF. Calyx 5-tootheil.. .4. Stachytabpheta. DD. Nutlets or cells of fr. 4, or bv abortion fewer, 1-seeded. ..5- Verbena. cc. FIs. pedlcelled. race- mose, panicled or ax- illar.v. D. Nutlets 1-seeded. . . . E. No. of nutlets 4....C. Amasonia. EE. No. of nutlets of cells of fr. 2 7. I'etrea. DD. Nutlets 2-seeded, in pyrenes 2-5, 2-lo- cellate 8. Duranta. aa. Inflorescence centrifusal.. . . B. Fr. drupe-like, entire or 4- lobed, exocarp usually pulpy or fleshy, the eri- docarp entire or 4- celled, separating into 4 nutlets c. Corolla regular : sta- mens as many as pet- als 0. Callicarpa. cc. Corolla limb oblique with anterior lobe produced, or sub-bila- biate : stamens 4 di- dynamous or arched under posterior lobes. D. Drupe with 1 nutlet, 4-ceIled e. Tube swollen above : stamens shorter than corolla 10. Gmelina. EE. Tube short : stamens usually exserted. . .11. Vitbx. DD. Drupe 4-parted or by abortion reduced to a single segment.. .12. O.xera. DDD. Drupe with 4 nutlets, 4-grooved or seml- 4-fld 13. Clerodendron. BB. Fr. dry, subcapsular, exo- carp with 4 valves in- volute at the mai'gin from the base up. which carry off the nutlets and leave no central column 14. Caryoptekis. 109. LABIAT.Ii:. (Summary of Tribes and Subtribes, ignoring excep- tions.) A. The nutlets fleshy or drupe- like, affixed to a small basal or oblong introrsely oblique areola ; ovary •1-lobed 1. Prasia Tbibb. AA. The nutlets dry or hard.. . . B. Ovary shortly. rarely deeply, 4-lobed : nutlets wrinkled or netted, af- fixed to an obliquely in- trorse or lateral, usual- l.v large, areola c. Seeds where known al- buminous : corolla with an ample throat and broad lobes 2. Prostanthera Tribe. cc. Seeds not albuminous : corolla various 3. Ajcga Tribe. BB. Ovary 4-parted to the base : nutlets affixed to a small basal or slightly oblique areola C. Stamens declinate: per- fect ones 4. rarely 2 ; anthers 1-ceIIed by confluence .4. OciMDM Tribe. D. Suhtribe 1. Eiinn- mew. Areola b a- sal : stamens usu- ally exserted : an- terior corolla lobe usually unlike the others DD. Suhfyihc 2 Lnrtin- dulcw. Areola ex- trorsely oblique: stamens included : corolla lobes equal or the anterior lobe with the lateral ones forming the anterior lip CC. Stamens ascending, or 4a A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. in the Stachys tribe sometimes included. (Consult also ccc.) D. Perfect stamens 2 ; anther cells linear, separate, solitary or confluent 5. Monarda Tribe. DD. Perfect stamens 4. rarely 2 in the Nepeta tribe E. Calyx usually 1-5- nerved : posterior stamens longer than the anterior. 6. Nepeta Tribe. EB. Calyx .'>- or 10- nerved ; posterior stamens shorter than anterior : posterior lip of corolla erect, usu- ally concave or fornicate, anterior spreading 3-cut. . 7. Stachys Tribe. F. Suhtrihe 1. .SViit- eUariew. Calyx bilabiate or at length 2-parted. the mouth closed after an- the FF. Calvx not hila- ' liiate G. Siihtribc 2. Me- littca-. Cor- el 1 a tube long exsert- ed : calyx broad, of 5 short teeth or 3-4 broad loljes GO. Corolla tube in- eluded or Slightly e x- serted, rarely long exser- ted : calyx tubular or b e 1 1-shape d 5-10-toothed. H. Subtrihe 3. M a rruhiccE. Stamens in- cluded iin. Subtrilie 4. Lamiew. Sta- m e n s e x- serted CCC. Stamens straight, di- verging or ascending ; perfect ones 4 or 2 ; calyx 5, 10. or 13- nerved, rarely 1.^- nerved : corolla lobes usually flat 8. Satureia Tbibe. D. Subtribe 1. Pogoste- vionew. Anthers 1- celled. subglobose : stamens distinct, straight DD. Anthers 2-celled, at least the younger dues B. Subtribe 2. Mentho- idca:. Calyx us- ually 5- or 10- nerved : stamens distant or divari- cate EB. Subtribe 3. Melin- se(P. Calyx usual- ly 13-nerved : sta- mens ascending, at least at the base 1. Peasia Tribe. Not in cultivation 2. Prostanthera Tribe. A. Calyx bilabiate, lips entire or anterior emarginate. . .1. Prostanthera. aa. Calyx equal, 5-toothed 2. Westringia. 3. Ajuga Tribe. A. Corolla tube slender, lobes 5. subequal, spreading, ..3. Teichostema. AA. Corolla tube short, quasi 1- lipped, the posterior lobes and small lateral ones de- clinate at the contracted base of the very large an- terior lobe, or rarely erect. 4. TEUCRinM. AAA. Corolla tube short or ex- serted. the posterior lip short, erect, 2-cut, an- terior much longer and its middle lobe largest. .. ."5. Ajuga. 4. OciMUM Tribe. &. . 8 ulil ribe 1. Euocimew. ... B. Anterior lobe hardly long- er than the others, often narrower, decli- nate. flat or slightly concave 6. OciMnM. bb. Anterior lobe of corolla longer than others, con- cave or boat-shaped. . . . c. I'^'ilaments connate at the base in a tube. . . 7. Colecs. cc. Filaments free 8. Plectbanthds. aa. Subtribe 2. Lavandulew. Sole genus 9. Lavandcla. 5. Monarda Tribe. A. Calyx tubular 10. Monarda. aa. Calyx bilabiate b. Connective c o n t i nuous with filament and not indicated unless by a slender reflexed tooth.. 11. Rosmarinus. bb. Connective articulated to the filament hut not pro- duced or very shortly acuminate 12. Audibertia. BBB. Connective transverse on the short and mostly horizontal filament, its descending or porrect portion continued be- yond the articulation and either dilated or l)earing an abortive rud- iment of the second an- ther cell 13. Salvia. e. Nepeta Tribe. a. Calyx bilabiate or with the posterior tooth much wid- er than the others 14. Dracocephalum. jiA. Calyx tubular, mouth straight or oblique B. Stamens erect or diverg- ent : anther cells paral- lel or at length diverg- ent 15. Lophanthds. bb. Stamens ascending or straightlsb : anther cells parallel IG. Cedronella. BBB. stamens ascending and parallel or in a few species rather lax and distant : anther cells di- vergent or divaricate.. .17. NepetA- 7. Stachvs Tribe. Subtribe 1. Scutellarie.e. a. Tho calyx lips entire 18. Scutellaria. aa. The posterior calyx lip 3- toothed. anterior 2-fld...l9, Brunella. Subtribe 2. Melitte.e. Anther cells parallel : calyx subequally 5-toothed 20. Physosteqia. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 49 Suitribe 3. Marrubie.e. Calyx 5-10-tootbed : corolla tube included : anther cells at length confluent 21. Marrubio.m. fb. Calyx 5-toothed : corolla 4- cut : anterior lobes usually wider spreading 28. Pogostemon. Subtribe 2. Menthoide.e. A. Whorls spicate or racemose, not axillary B. Calyx equal, erect, often elongated in fr. ; whorls many-fid 29. Elsholtzia. BB. Calyx suhequal in anthesis hilt declinate and bila- biate in fr. : whorls 2- fld c. Nutlets smooth 30. Collinsonia. cc. Nutlets netted-velned.. .31. I'erilla. AA. Whorls axillary (or in a few species of Men- tha, crowded in a dense terminal spike). B. Perfect stamens 4 32. Mentha. BB. Perfect stamens 2 33. CUNILA. AAA. Whorls in dense heads surrounded by invol- ucral bracts B. Corolla sub-bilabiate : whorls densely many- fld C. Lobes of corolla ovate : heads often corym- bose-panicled 34. Ptcnanthemom. cc. Lobes of corolla oblong or linear : heads glo- bose, solitary 35. Monardella. BB. Corolla bilabiate : whorls 2-fld., rarely more ; heads solitary, crowded or corymbose panicled.. 36. Origanum. AAAA. Whorls few-fld., axillary or the upper ones spicate : calyx throat closed by villous hairs. 37. Thymus. AAAAA. Whorls axillary or the highest spicate: calyx ope n-b e 1 I s h a pe"d, equal B. Calyx 10-nerved : stamens ascending 38. Satureia. BB. Calyx 15-nerved: stamens divergent 39. Hyssopus. Subtrtoe S. MELISSE.E. A. Posterior lip of corolla con- cave, sickle-shaped or gal- sate 40. ACANTHOMINTHA. AA. Posterior lip of corolla flat- fish or slightly concave.. B. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped. c. Corolla tube straight or slightly curved 41. Calamintha. cc. Corolla tube below the middle recurved-as- cending 42. Melis.sa. BB. Calyx equal or sub bila- biate c. Perfect stamens 4. ...43. Micromeria. cc. Perfect stamens 2 44. Hedeoma. 110. PLANTAGINACE.Ti:. Ovary 2-ceIled or spuriously 4-celled 1. Plantago. 111. NYCTAGINACE.E. A. FIs. involucrate B. Stigma with a small head : anthers didyna- „„ o,"""'^ 1- MiRABILIS. BB. Stigma linear: anthers not didynamous 2. Abronia. AA. FIs. not involucrate : bracts large, colored 3. Bougainvill^a. 112. ILLECEBRACE.IJ. A. Segments of involucrate per- ianth hooded near apex and mucronate on back..l. Paronychia. AA. Segments of hardly involu- crate perianth riot hood- ed, and blunt 2. IIerniaria. 113. amahantace.t;. A. Anthers 2-cel!ed B. Ovary 2-ovuled 1. Celo.sia. BB. Ovary 1 ovuled c. Ovule erect, with a short funiculus 2. Ajiarantus. cc. Ovule suspended from the apex of an elongated funiculus.. D. Perianth segments scarious at apex, connate at base. . .3. Trichinium. DD. Perianth segments hyaline, membran- ous or somewhat papery, lanate. ... 4. ,Erva. AA. Anthers 1 -relied B. FIs. minute in glomerules or little spiked along the sparse branches of the panicle 5. Iresine. BB. FIs. in heads or spikes rarel,v panicled c. Stigmas 2 D. Perianth segments free or connate at base 6. Go.mphrena. DD. Perianth tube 5-cut. cristate or winged „ c. '° ''•• • ; ^- Frcelichia. cc. Stigma simple D. Staminal tube short or long, with 5 an- ther-bearing awl- shaped laciniae and 5 antherless laci- ,^„ Bt'"''! 'yt^"?™"'- ■•8. Telanthera. DD. Staminal tubes with no antherlfss lac- ini» interposed. ..9. Pfaffia. 114. CHENOPODIACE.E. A. FIs. with 4 bractlets, 2 of which are adnate to the perianth at the base or higher B. Embryo spiral : filaments straight in the bud. ... 1. Basella. BB. Embryo semi-annular: filaments recurved at apex or lower in the bud 2. Boussingadltia. 50 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. AA. Fls. with bractlets not ad- nate to perianth B. Embryo spiral ; albumL-n scant or 0 3. Salsola. BB. Embryo ring-shaped or horseshoe-shaped : albu- men copious (Salicornia has conduplicate embryo and no albumen)... c. Stem and branches ar- ticulated : fls. im- mersed in caves in the superposed joints 4. Salicornia. CC. Stem not articulated... D. Perianths heteromor- phous : staminate without bracts. 3- 5-lobed or parted ; pistillate usually with :; bractlets accrescent in fr. free or connate in- to a sack, and no perianth E. Pistillate fls. with out perianth 3-4- toothed 5. SriNACiA. EE. Pistillate fls. with ample bracts which enlar,t:e in f r. : periatnh 0. .6. Atbiplex. DD. Perianths homomor- phous i. e. not of two different forms in the same plant. E. I'"ls. hermaphrodite and feminine, sol- itary or glome- rate : seed hori zontal : embryo annular ; albumen scant 7. Kochia. EE. Fls. slomerate, her- m a p h r o d lie or unisexual ; seed erect, inverse or horizontal ; em- bryo annual or horseshoe-shaped.. F. Perianth tube surrounded b y a wins : sta- mens 5 : seed horizontal, bony 8. Cycloloma. FF. Perianth 5-parted u s u a 1 I y un- changed in fr. : stamens 1-.5- seed erect or horizontal, bony or leath- ei'v 9. Chenopodiom. FFF. Perianth 5-lobed hardened at the base in fruit : seed horizontal, leathery 10. Beta. 115. PIIYT0LACC.\CE.T3. A. Ovary superior B. Carpel 1 1. Rivina. BB. Carpels 2- <» 2. Phytolacca. AA. Ovary semi-inferior ; f r. in- ferior 3. AGDE.STIS. IIG. POLYGONACE.E. A. The fls. fascicled in the a.xils or at the nodes of inflorescence. (In the first 3 genera sometimes along the rachis of inflor- escence) B. Albumen 3-6-lobed with longitudinal grooves and usually ruminate. . C. Fruiting perianth fleshy or berry-like at the base or every- where, the nut in- cluded or exserted at the apex 1. Moehlenbeckia. CC. Fruiting perianth with fleshy or berry-like tube, including the nut and often adnate to it, crowned by the unchanged connivent or marcescent limb. ..2. Coccoloba. CCC. Fruiting perianth en- larged, membranous or scarious. colored, outer segments larger and broadly cordate, inner ones oblong. ..3. Antigonon. BB. Albumen equable, entire.. c. Perianth Smerous, rarely 4-merous : styles usually fili- form and stigmas us- ually capitate D. Pistil 2~3-nier(>us : stamens usually 6- 8 : shrubs, often spinescent 4. Atraphaxis. DD. Pistil 3-merous : stamens 8 or few- er e. Nut entirely or nearly covered by the fruiting perianth 5- Polygonum. EE. Nut much longer than the fruiting^ perianth 6. Fagopyrom. CC. Perianth 6-merous, rarely 4-merous D. Stamens 9, rarely 6 : fruiting perianth unchanged : nut 3- winged ~. Ehecm. DD. Stamens f*. rarely 9 : inner segments of f r u i t 1 ng peri- anth much e n- larged. erect and including the 3-an- gled nut 8. RCMEX. AA. The inflorescence dichotom- ously or umbellately branched, the floral lv.s. or bracts connate below the branches into one 3- cut bract or free and 3- co in number 9. Eriogondm. 117. NEPRNTHACE.15. Sole genus 1. Nepenthes. 118. ARISTOLOCIIIACE.H. A. Perianth persistent, 3-Iobed above ovary, regular sta- mens 12 surrounding the style in 2 series ; anthers free 1. Asarcm. AA. Perianth deciduous, irregu- lar, polymorphous : an- thers (!- 00 adnate in 1 series to a stylar column. 2. Aristolochia. 119, I'lPERACE.E. A. Ovarv of 3 or 4 carpels, 2- S-oVuled 1. Sadrurds. AA. Ovary 1-celled. 1-ovuled. ... B. Stamens 2-fi. anther cells usually distinct : stig- mas 3-4, rarely 2 or .'j.2. Piper. BB. Stamens 2, anther cells confluent into one 2- valved anther: stigma terminal or lateral, pen- icillate or undivided.. .3. Pepebomia, 120, CHLORANTHACE^. Fls. falsely hermaphrodite, the staminate with 1-3 an thers 1, Chloranthus. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 51 121. myristicace.t:. Sole genus. 1. Mybistica. 122. MONIMIACE.E. Perianth lobes 10-12 : sta- mens numerous; filaments glandular at base ; anther- cells dehiscing in a 2-valv- ed fashion by a longitudi- nal crack 1. Peumcs. 123. LAUUACE.E. A. Anthers 2-locellate, valves laterallv dehiscent or quickly" deciduous 1. IlEBNANDIA. AA. Anthers extrorsely locel- late, valves dehiscent up- wards B. The whole perianth per- sisting under the fruit, appressed or slightly spreading ; perianth s o m e t imes deciduous from the base 2. Peesea. BB, The perianth segments at length transversely cut. leaving the fruit- ing tube bell-shaped or expanded and 6- toothed .3. Cinnamomom. BBB. The perianth segments de- ciduous from the base, leaving the fruiting tube flattened out or disc-shaped and entire or truncate 4. Camphoka. AAA. Anthers introrsely locel- late ; valves dehiscing up- wards B. Fls. in a short, lax raceme, accompanied by small and narrow bracts .'5. Sassafbas. BB. Fls. umbellate, capitate or rarely solitary : um- bels or heads before anthesls Included In a 4 -6-bracted involucre. . . c. Locellae of anther 4...G. U.mbelldlaeia. cc. Locellge 2 D. stamens usually 0 : fls. dioecious. .....7. Benzoin. DD. Stamens usually 12- 20 : fls. polygam- ous 8. Laueus. 124. tiiymel.t:ace.t:. a. stamens fewer than the cor- olla lobes 1. PIMELEA. AA. Stamens twice as many as corolla lobes B. Disc 0 or a very short ring c. Perianth tube cylindri- cal ; limb spreading :2. Daphne. cc. Perianth much swollen above, obliquely truncate, limb not spreading 3. DiECA. BE. Disc more or less lobed or oblique c. Fls. 5-merous : disc cup- shaped 4. Dais. cc. Fls. 4-merous D. The disc annular : lobes very short. ..5. Edgewoethia. DD. The disc 4eut or 2- cut 6. Wikstrcemia. 125. proteace.t;. Series 1. Fr. an indehiscent nut or drupe : usually solitary with a bract under each one. A. Fls. diceoious by abortion : regular 1. Leucadendeon. AA. Fls. hermaphrodite irregu- lar 2. Protea. Series 2. Fr. follicular, capsular or rarely dehis- cent and subdraceous : fls. usually in pairs along the rachis with only one bract for each pair. A. Ovules 2 : collateral B. Fls. racemose or fascicled, involucre none or in- conspicuous : bracts de- ciduous C. The ovules pendulous orthotropous D. Fr. scarcely or tardi- ly dehiscent : peri- carp thick, fleshy or hard : seeds with thick, often unequal cotyle- dons e. Perianth limb re- curved 3. GEvniNA. ee. Perianth straight. . .4. Macadamia. DD. Fr. follicular or ob- liquely 2-valved : seeds compressed ; margined or wing. .5. Roupala. cc. The ovules laterally af- fixed or ascending. . . D, Seeds with or with- out a narrow w-ing. 6. Grevillea. DD. Seeds samara-like, wing oblong, ter- minal 7. Hakea. BB. Fls. In dense spikes or lones 8. Banksia. AA. Ovules 4 or more B. Fls. umbellate: seeds winged below 9. Stenocaepds. BB. Fls. In dense racemes : seeds samara-like, with an oblong terminal wing 10. Telopea. 126. EL.53AGNACE.E. A. Lvs. alternate : stamens 4. B. Fls. hermaphrodite 1. EL.BAGNCS. BB. Fls. unisexual, usually dioecious 2. HippophaS. AA. Lvs. opposite: stamens 8. ..3. Shepheedia. 127. LORANTIIACE.^. Anthers erect, 2-celled at apex, longitudinally dehis- cent 1. PnOEADENDROS. 12S. platanace.t;. Sole genus 1. Platancs. 120. URTICACE.TO. Nettle Tribe. MULBEERY TEIBB. A. Ovule erect, orthotropous. . 1 A. Ovule pendulous B. Anthers reversed in the bud, with Inflexed fila- ments: iis. unisexual. . .2 BB. Anthers erect from the beginning c. Fls. unisexual. the males or those of either sex numerous on a fleshy receptacle. rarely racemose 3. Beead Fecit T cc. Fls. not borne upon a a fleshy receptacle. D. Fr. a small akene : fls. dioecious, males panicled, females sessile 4. India.n He.mp 52 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. DD. Fr. drupaceous, glo- bose or bladdery, with a bai-d endo- carp: e m I) r y o curved ; cotyledons variouslj' plicate or involute 5. Chixe.sk Nettle Thee Tribe. DDD. Fr. not drupaceous, compressed. ob- lique at apex, dry or thinly fleshy, often winged or ap- pendaged ; embryo straight. cotyle- dons flat or longi- tudinally compli- cate (i. Elm Tkibe. 1. Nettle Tkibe oit Urtice.e. A. Hairs stinging B. Akene straight 1. Urtica. BB. Akene oblique 2. Urera. AA. Hairs harmless B. Female perianth .^-parted..?. Pilea. BB. Female perianth 4-.")- parted 4. rELLiosiA. BBB. Female perianth tubular. ..j. Bceh.meria. 2. Mulberry Tribe or More.e. A. The male fls. spicate, race- mose or capitate ; female globose, capitate B. Female perianth dentate. 6. BRonssONETiA. BB. Female perianth deeply 4-fld 7. TOXYLO.N. AA. The fls. of either sex spi- cate ; spikes short and dense or long and lax. . . S. MoRt'S. AAA. The fls. crowded on a fleshy receptacle 9. Dorstenia. ,^. Bread Fri'it Tribe or Artocarpe.e. A- The receptacle fleshy, glo- bose or ovoid, clearly in- closing the numerous fls.. but with a small mouth which is bracteate in- trorselv : the mouth is closed in fruit 10. Ficus. AA. The receptacle androgyn- ous, male fls. numerous, females solitary in the center of the receptacle. . 11. Brosimum. AAA. The receptacle unisexual, with an involucre of numerous bracts over- lapping in series 12. Antiaris. AAA. The flower clusters uni- sexual, with or without 3-4 bracts at the base, in heads, spikes, rarely in racemes or the female 1-fld B. Stamens 4 IS. Cudrania. BB. Stamen 1 14. Artocarpcs. 4. Indian He.mp Tribe or Caxnabine.e. A. Stem climbing: Ivs. oppo- site : embryo spirally in- volute 15. HUMtLUS. AA. Stem not climbing: Ivs. al- ternate or the lowest op- posite : embryo curved. ..16. Cannabis. 5. Chinese Nettle Tree Tribe or Celtide.b. A. Cotyledons very broad b. Style excentric : male perianth shortly 'obed.lT. Zelkova. BB. Style central : male per- ianth segments imbri- cate 18. Celtis. 6. Elm Tribe or Ulme.e. A. Fr. stalked, surrounded by a broad wing 20. Flmus. AA. Fr. not winged, everywhere somewhat fleshy and mur- icate 21. Planera. 130. juglandace.t:. a. The fls. of either sex in erect spikes, imbricate- bractate 1. Platycarta. AA. The staminate fls. in pendul- ous catkins : pistillate fls. spicate or subsolitary. B. In germinating cotyledons are borne above ground and remain green 2. Pterocaeya. be. In germinating cotyle- dons remain inside the nut c. Husk at length split- ting into segments : nut smooth or angled 3. IIicoria. cc. Husk indehiscent : nut wrinkled or sculp- tured 4. Juglans. 131. mvuicace-t;. A. Lvs. serrate or entire, not stipulate : ovary sub tended by 2-4 bractlets. . 1. Myrica. AA. Lvs. pinnatifid stipulate: ovary subtended by S linear, persistent bract- lets 2. Comptonia. 132. CASUARINACE.E. Sole genus 1. Casuarina. 133. ErPHORBIACE.E. (Summary of Tribes, Ignoring exceptions and omit- ting two tribes not in cultivation). Note. Opinions differ as to the rank of Buxus and allied genera, some botanists giving them a separate family, liu.rare. Subtending bract small 29. Tsuga. 56 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 139. CYCADACE.E. A. Leaf segmtnts circinately involute in vernation : female cones proliferous after antliesis : scales elongate, the margins bearing 2-man,v ovules. ..1- CvcAS. AA. Leaf segments straight in vernation : female cones deciduous after anthesis ; scales peltate B. Cone scales superposed in vertical series c. Shield of the scales transversely 2-horned at apex 2. Cer.\tozamia. cc. Shield of the scales truncate, not horned at apex 3. Zamia. BB. Cone scales overlapping in alternating series c. Leaf segments ribbed and nerved ; nerves spreading on either side of midrib, very numerous, simple or forked 4. Staxgeria. cc. Leaf segments with parallel, longitudinal nerves D. Shield of cone scales t]at, erect, ovate- cordate 5. DiOON. DD. Shield thickened, as- cending, usually prolonged Into ah erect, acuminate blade 6. Macrozamia. DD. Shield thickened, truncate, decurved at apex 7. Encephalartos. 140. IIYDROCHARIDACE.E. A. Stem elongated, submerged, everywhere leafy : Ivs. short : spathes small, sessile in axils : placentae little prominent in ovary. 1. Elodea, AA. Stem very short, sometimes emitting creeping or lioat- ing stolons : Ivs. crowded, immersed, sessile, elongat- ed : spathes pedunculate: placentae hardly promi- nent 2. Vallisneria. AAA. Stem very short : Ivs. crowded some sessile and submerged, others (ex- cept in Stratiotes) long- stalked, with a floating blade : spathes pedun- cled : placentiB of 2 la- mellie, strongly intruded, dividing the ovary more or less perfectly into 6 cells B. Styles 3 : stamens 3-0. 3. Limnobicm. BB. Styles 6. 2-fld c. Stamens with 0, 2-fid. Hlaments, of which 3 have 2 anthers and 3 nave 1 anther. ...4. Hydrocharis. cc. Stamens 11-15 5. Stratiotes. 141. ORCHIDACE.li;. (Summary of subfamilies.) (By Heinrich Ilasselbring. ) Mostly following Pfitzer'in Engler and Prantl : Die Natiirllchen Pfanzenfami- llen Fertile anthers 2, rarely 3 : stigmas 3 '. . . . Slbfa.mily 1. Dian- ^ ., DRJE. Fertile anther 1 : stigmas 2 mostly confluent Sdbfamily 2. Mon- ANDRai. .2. Ophrys Tribe, (Summary of Tribes.) SUBFA.MILY I. DIAXDRJE. Sole tribe 1. Cypripedium 1 SL-BFAMILY II. MONANDRJE. A. Pollinia with appendages (caudicles) at the base: fllaments broad : anthers persistent AA. Pollinia with appendages at the apex or without ap- pendages : filaments nar- row and delicate in con- sequence of which the anthers are easily decid- uous b. Inflorescence terminal, ending the growth of the flowering shoot. . . . c. Leaf-arrangement con- volute D. Blade and sheath of the Ivs. continu- ous: anthers with- ering, persistent ; pollenmasses most- ly granular 3. Neottia Tribe. DD. Blade of the leaves distinctly differen- tiated from the sheath and sepa- rating from the latter along a well- marked line: an- thers mostly de- ciduous : pollinia waxy, rarely gran- nular B. Stems slender, or with all the inter- nodes equally thickened : fls. mostly spurred : pollinia 8 4. thonia Tribe. EE. Stems with a single thickened inter- node ( p s e u d o- bulb) : fls. rarely spurred: pollinia •1 5. CCELOGYNB TRIBE. cc. Leaf arrangement con- duplicate D. Sepals smaller than or equalling the petals, the latter and the labellum the more conspicu- ous E, Lvs. not jointed at base of blade : foot of the col- umn wanting or forming a short spur with the la- bellum : pollin'a 4, without ap- pendages 6. LiPABis Tribe. EE. Lvs. mostly jointed : column with a dis- distinct foot : pol linia 2 or 4, pro- vided with short stipes 7. POLYSTACHYA TMBB, EEE. Lvs. jointed, mostly neshy or leath- ery : fls. large with the labellum larger than the sepals : pollinia 4. fi or 8, provided wifh caudicles. ..8. LaJLIi TBIBB. ef.eb. Lvs. jointed, longi- tudinally folded in the bud : pol- linia without ap- p e n d a g es : fls. 'arge 9. Sobralia Tbibb. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 51 DD. Sepals larger than the petals, often concealing the lat- ter 10. BB. Inflorescence lateral or on special lateral branches, not terminating the growth of the main shoot c. Leaf-arrangement con- volute D. Stems slender; inter- nodes not enlarged or all equally thickened E. Labellum enveloping the column, or united with it, without a hjpo- chil 11. PHA,Tus Tribe. EE. Labellum membran- ous, jointed to the column, or spurred 12. Cvrtopodium Tribe. EEE. Labellum often with a distinct hypo- chll, united with the base of the column but not jointed 13. Catasetcm Tribe. DD. Stems pseudobulb- ous. a single inter- node thickened in- to a pseudobulb. . E. Floral axis arising below the new leafy shoot F. Labellum mem- branous jointed at the foot of the column, mostly with 1 o n g i t u dinal ridges 14. Lycaste Tribe. PF. Labellum fleshy, firmly united with the base of the column., jg qongora Tribe. EB. Floral axis arising above the new leafy shoot : label- lum mostly with transverse ridges. jg cc. Leaf-arrangement con- duplicate D. Growth determinate, sympodial e. Labellum moveably joined to the col- umn F. Stems typically slender with all the internodes similar; inflor- escence arising from the sum- mit of the in- ternodes 17. Dendroeicm T FF. Stems with pseud- dobutbs consist- ing of a single internode : in- florescence be- low the pseudo- bulb, either above or below the leafy shoot of the same or- der, p o 1 1 1 n i a mostly without appendages. . ..1 FFF. Stems m 0 s t ly with pseudo- bulbs consist- ing of one in- ternode : inflor- escence arising below the leafy shoot of the same order : pollinia provid- ed with stipes.19. Maxillaria Tribe. PFFF. Stems typically without pseudo- bulbs : inflores- cence arising above the leafy shoot of the same order : pollinia provid- ed with distinct stipes 20. HuNTLETA Tribe. ee. Labellum somewhat moveable : pollinia with transverse c a u d i c I e s and broad stipes : Ivs. strap-shaped 21. Cvmbidium Tribe. EEE. Labellum firmly ioined with the foot of the col- umn, bearing 1 o n g i t u d 1 n al ridges, crests, etc. : pollinia with distinct stipes. . ..22. Oncidiom Tribf.. DD. .Growth indetermi- nate, monopodial..2.3. Sarcanthus Tribe. (Summary of Genera.) 1. CvPRiPEDiuM. Tribe. a. Ovary 1-celled 1. rvrRirEDiUM. AA. Ovary 3-celled 2. Selenipediuu. 2. Ophrvs Tribe. A. Anthers erect : column ab- sent or very short B. Stigmas sessile. (Sera- piadew c. Viscid glands of the pollinia inclosed in separate pouches : labellum convex, hairy 3. Ophrts. CC. Viscid glands enclosed in a common pouch. D. Labellum spurred.. .. 4. OncHIS. DD. Labellum not spur- red 5. Serapias. BB. stigmas more or less elevated on stalks. iHabenarie(F.) c. The stigmas short, broad : labellum somewhat adnate to the column, spurred.. 6. Cyxobchis. cc. The stigmas slender or cylindrical : labellum free, long-spurred. ..7. Habenaria. AA. Anthers deflexed : column evident, long or short. ( .S'fl/i/)iC(F) viscid glands of tlie pollinia separate.. S. DiSA. 3. Neottia Tribe. A. Anthers usually much ex- ceeding the rostellum : re- moval of the viscid glands not leaving a well de- fined furrow in the rostel- lum b. I^abellum without a hypo- chil, not spurred c. Flowering stems with- out Ivs. ; leafy stems generally appearing later. (Pogoniew.) . D. Column clavate : la- bellum free, not spurred 9. PoGONIA. DD. Column linear, dilat- ed : labellum adher- ent to its base, with 2 very short spurs 10. Arethdsa. cc. Flowering stems, in the 58 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Spiranthes. LlSTERA. PONTHIEVA. cultivated s p e c i es bearing Ivs. Some species are leafless saprophytes: (l'«Hi(- Icw) fr. a flesliy pod: labelluin united witli tlie column 11. Vanilla. BB. Labellum with a distinct hypochil often spurred. (Ci'phalantherew.) .... c. IJypochilium concave, lahellum with a dis- tinct mentum, in- cluded 12. Cephalantheka. CC. Labellum without a mentum, exserted. . . 13. Epipactis. AA. Anthers equalling the rostel- lum : removal of the viscid glands leaves a well de- fined furrow in the rostel- lum B. PoUinia waxy or powdery not divided into many small masses c. Labellum reflexed. (Spiranihew.) D. The dorsal sepal and petals galeate, but not united : inflor- escence spiral. ... 1 DD. The sepals and petals spreading : Ivs. op- posite ^ CC. Labellum erect (Cion- ichiiU'tr) : lateral sep- als not forming a mentum : 1 a b e I 1 um and petals Inserted on the prolonged col- umn 1 BB. Pollinla divided into many small masses. if'liysurew.) c. Labellum spurred or saccate D. Claw of the label- lum concave above the spur, constrict- ed, limb spreading or recurved 17. Phtsukus. DD. Claw of the labellum long, fimbriate on the margin, limb '2- lobed 18. ANfECTOCHiLns. CC. Labellum not spurred or saccate or at least the short sac not projecting be- yond the sepals D. C o 1 u m n short, straight : fls. open- ing symmetrically. E. Labellum unlike the petals, sessile or adnate, concave not p a p i I 1 o se within, often hairy 19. Goodteba. EE. Labellum unlike the petals, c la w e d ventricose, often papillose within ; claw entire : stig- ma 1 20. Dossinia. DD. Column short, twist- ed : fls. opening a s y m m e t rically, dorsal sepal plane or nearly so E. Column with 2 per- p e n d i c u lar ap- pendages in front.21. Macodes. EB. Column without ap- pendages 22. H.EMAHIA. 4. Thonia Tkibb. A. stems leafy, not thickened : labellum mostly spurred. 2.1. Thunia. AA. Stems short, slender, 2-lvd. : lateral sepals forming a mentum with the column. 24. Trichosma. 5. C.ELOGTNB TEIBB. A. Column slender, base of the labellum not ventricose. . b. Lvs. evergreen, and pseudobulbs perennial.. 25. C.elogyne. BB. Lvs. and pseudobulbs an- nual 2(1. Pleione. AA. Column short, 1-wlnged : labellum ventricose at the base 27. Pholidota. AAA. Column rather short, 2- winged : labellum plane at the base 28. Platvclinis. G. LiPARIS TRIBE. A. Leafy plants B. Labellum not saccate C. Anthers erect, decidu- ous : locules dehiscing above. 29. Microstylis. CC. Anthers inclined, decid- uous 30. LiPABIS. BB. Labellum saccate 31. Calypso. AA. Leafless saprophytes 32. Corallorhiza. 7. POLYSTACHYA TRIBE. A. Labellum spurred B. Plants 1-lvd 33. Tipularia. BB. Plants leafy : lvs. jointed at the base. 34. Galeandra. AA. Labellum not spurred : tu- bers wanting : lateral sep- als decurrent on the foot of the column B. Column short S."). Poly.stachya. BB. Column long 36. Ansellia. 8. L.ELI A Tribe. A. The lateral sepals forming a mentum witli the foot of the column, or the base of the labellum slightly saccate b. Labellum free from the column, sigmoid 37. IsocHiLns. BB. Labellum free, not sig- moid : pollinla 8 : pseudobulbs present. ..38. Ccelia. BBB. Labellum, united to the column, forming a short tube or basin c. Young shoots formed near the summit of the old pseudobulb. .39. Hexisea. CC. Young shoots from the the base of the old pseudobulbs : stem 1- Ivd D. Fls. numerous in a spike 40. Abpophylldm. DD. Fls. few in a short raceme 41. Haktwegia, AA. The foot of the column wanting: labellum en- veloping the column, or adnate B. rollinia 4 c. Labellum more or less adnate to the column, blade spreading 42. Epidendrum. (See also 43. Brodgh- cc. Lalieiium free; disc tonia.) with 2 hollow horns, ccc. Labellum free. mostly44. Diacrium. enveloping the col- umn, without horns. 4.'). Cattleya. BB. Pollinla 8 c. Stigma in a hollow in the front of the col- umn D. The labellum gradual- ly expanding from the Iiase B. Sepals and petals plane: labellum enveloping the column 46. LiBLIA, EB. Sepals and petals more or less A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 59 wavy: labellum spreading 47. ScHOMBDRGKIA. DD. The base of the label- lum rolled around the column, ex- panding suddenly into a broad blade 4S. Brassavola. (See also49. Tetramicea). CC. Stigmas on subpetaloid expansions of the column 50. Sophbonitis. (See also 51. Epiphronitis. BBB. Pollinia 6 52. Leptotes. BBBB. Pollinia mostly abnormal. 53. L.elio-cattleta. 9. SoBRALiA Tribe. A. Stems slender, leafy : fls. tew, large 54. Sobralia. AA. Stems 1-2-lvd 55. Calopogon. 10. Tleurothallis Tribe. A. The sepals all united into a tube or shallow basin, apices produced into tails 56. Masdevallia. AA. The lateral sepals united into a boat-shaped limb. .57. Scaphosepaldm. AAA. The lateral sepals free, or united into a flat or slightly concave blade. . . B. Dorsal sepal and petals caudate-clavate 5.S. Restrepia. BB. Dorsal sepal and petals without clavate tails : petals narrow 50. Plecrothallis. 11. Piiaids Tribe. A. Lys. not articulated B. Labellum free, surround- ing the column 60. PHAIDS. BB. Labellum adnate with spreading limb 61. Calanthe. AA. Lvs. articulated B. Sepals and petals spread- ing c. Fls. spurred ; labellum not united with the column but envelop- ing the latter 62. LiMATODES. CC. Fls. not at all or slightly spurred. . . . D. Mentum evident : pol- linia 8 ; psendo- bulbs spindle- shaped. leafy all the way up 63. Chrysis. DD. Mentum absent E. Pollinia 8 F. Middle lobe of the labellum of uni- form width. ...64. Bletia. FF. Middle lobe of the labellum claw- ed 65. Spathoglottis. ee. Pollinia 4 66. Aplectrum. BB. Sepals and petals conni- vent, urceolate 67. Acanthephip- PIDM. 12. Cyetopodiom Tribe. Note. Eulophiella (68) belongs near Cyrtopo- dlum, ■■ differing in habit and in the absence of a men- tum, the perianth being hemispherical and nearly rounded at the base." A. Labellum spurred or saccate, long and broad, with a plane middle lobe B. Sepals narrower than the petals BB. Sepals and petals AA. Labellum not spurred nor saccate ; column without appendages B. Lateral sepals inserted on the ovary : labellum In- serted on the foot of the column 71. Ctrtopodidm. BB. Lateral sepals decurrent on the foot of the col- umn forming a mentum. 72. Warrea. 13. Catasetum Tribe. A. Fls. all alike perfect : col- umn twisted 73. Mormodes. AA. Fls. in 2 or 3 forms : col- umn not twisted B. Column thiclt, straight. . .74. Catasetom. BB. Column slender, curved. .75. Cvcnoches. 14. LvcASTE Tribe. A. l*ollinia on a common stipe. B. Fls. subspherical 76. Angdloa. BB. Fls. with spreading seg- ments c. Scape 1-fld. : laliellum spreading or re- curved ; stipes long narrow 77. Lycaste. CC. Scape few-fld. : labellum erect : stipes long and narrow 78. Paphinia. ccc. Scape many-fld. : stipe short : petals decur- rent on the foot of the column 70. Batemannia AA. Pollinia on separate stipes. 80. Bifrenaria. (See also Lycaste). 15. GoNGORA Tribe. A. Anther decumbent : labellum deflexed B. Segments connivent, simi- lar c. Dorsal sepal free ; hy- pochil strongly con- stricted at the base.. 81. Lacena. CC. Dorsal sepal free ; hy- pochil broadly united with the column. . . . D. Epichll m o V a b 1 y joined to the hvpo- chll 82. Peristehia. DD. Epichll firmly united with the hypochil.. BB. Segments spreading or re- flexed 83. ACINETA. c. The lateral sepals much larger than the dor- sal one and the pet- als 84. CORYANTHES. CO. The sepals and petals similar D. Ilypochll excavated : epichll flat F. Pollinia 4, with a distinct stipe. ..85. Agan'isia, FF. Pollinia 2, with a distinct stipe. . 86. Stanhopea. DD. Ilypochll not exca- vated, possessing narrow, fleshy pleu- ridia : column short 87. HorLLETiA. AA. Anther decumbent, labellum erect : lateral sepals free. 88. Gongoba. 16. Zygopetalum Tribe. A. Labellum with a narrow claw : sepals and petals broad, connivent 89. Colax. (See Zygopetalum), AA. Labellum not distinctly clawed B. Disc with a semicircular crest 90. Zygopetalcm. BB. Disc with few parallel lamellie 01. Eriopsls. 17. Dendrobium Tribe. A Lateral lobes of the labellum free: pollinia 4: lvs. flat. 92. Dexdrobicm. 60 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 18. BULBOPHYLLUM TRIBE. A. Lateral sepals united above; labellum plane or convex: anthers opening down- wards 03. ClRRHOPETALCM. AA. Lateral sepals free or nearly so: labellum and anthers as in the foregoiuj; 04. Bulbophylldm. 19. Maxillaria Tribe. A. Lvs. plane : fls. not spurred, sepals spreading from the base ; labellum sessile, movable 05. Maxillaria. AA. Lvs. long, whip-like ; fls. as in Maxilliaria 96. Scuticaria. 20. HuNTLEYA Tribe. A. Pseudobulbs evident 97. Pkomen.ea. AA. Pseudobulbs obsolete or wanting B. Column not boat-shaped.. c. The crest of the label- lum fleshy, not fim- briate D. Labellum undivided.. E. Column keeled be- neath the stigma. 98. Keffersteinia. (See Zygopetalum) . EE. Column not keeled. .99. Chondroryncha. DD. Labellum 2-3-!obed. . E. Crest forming a plate free in front : labellum subsessile 100. Warscewiczella E. Crest large, fleshy, semicircular : la- bellum clawed.. .. 101. Pescatoria. cc. The crest of the label- lum fimbriate 102. Huntleya. (See Ziff/opetfihtin }. BB. Column boat-shaped 10:.i. Bollea. (See Zi/t/opctulum ). 21. Cymbidium Tribe. A. Pollinia separate on 2 out- growths of the stipe : fls. not evidently spurred ; la- bellum free on the mar- gin : leafy 104. Giiammatophyl- LUM. AA. Pollinia on a common f-tipe, not on special outgrowths : fls. not spurred B. Lvs. sheathing the pseudo- bulbs or short stems. . . c. Stems scarcely pseudo- bulbous : pollinia pear-shaped on a sub- quadrate stipe 105. Cyperorchis. cc. Stems somewhat pseu- dobulbous : poll inia rounded on a trans- versely broadened stipe 106. Cymbidium. BB. Lvs. at the top of the pseudobulbs, sheaths not clothing the latter: lateral sepals free 107. Grammangis. 22. Oncidium Tribe. A. Fls. spurred : anther incum- bent. {lonopsidecB.) .... B. Labellum spurred ; sepals not spurred or saccate. c. Lateral sepals free, seg- ments spreading. . . . 108. Trichocentbum. cc. Lateral sepals united ; labellum with an open spur or a fleshy solid protuberance. .. 109. Rodriguezia. BB. Labellum not spurred, long-clawed ; lateral sepals united and sac- cate at the base 110. loxopsis. BBB. Labellum with a 2-partPd spur inclosed in the long slender spur of the sepals: lvs. flat 111. Comparettia. AA. Fls. not spurred ; anthers incumbent B. Segments connivent : la- b e 1 1 u m erect, free. {Adcw.) c. Labellum narrow, undi- vided ; sepals free ; lvs. plane 112. Ada. CC. Labellum folded, lateral sepals united 11.3. Mesospinididm. (Not in cultivation.) BB. Sesments spreading: la- bellum adnate to the base of the column, limb enveloping the lat- ter. (Tkichopilie.e.) . .114. Trichopilia. BBB. Segments spreading : la- bellum spreading from the middle of the col- umn. (A.SPASIE.E.) .. , C. Middle lobe of the label- lum large and broad or the labellum undi- vided 115. Aspasia. cc. Middle lobe of the label- lum narrow. 116. Cochlioda. (See also Mesospini- BBBB. Segments spreading ; label- dium), lum nearly free and spreading (Odonto- GLossE.E), stigma at the top of the column ; rostelium scarcely or not at all beaked : pseu- dobulbs scarcely con- cealed by the plane lvs. C. The base of the label- lum parallel with the column, blade ex- panded 117. Odontoglosscm, cc. The labellum spreading from the base, scarce- ly clawed D. Labellum resembling the dorsal sepal : lateral sepals en- tirely united 118. Palumbina. DD. Labellum differing from the dorsal sep- al : lateral sepals free or partially united E. Sepals and petals long and narrow. 119. Brassia. EE. Sepals and petals broad F. Labellum large, undivided or sagittate at the base 120. Miltoxia. FF. Labellum various- ly formed, 3- lobed. disc orn- amented with fleshy tubercles. 121. Oncidium. 23. S-VRCAXTiirs Tribe. A. Labellum moveably joined to the column B. Middle IoIk' tongue-shaped or labellum entire 122. Rexanthera. BB. Middle lobe shaped like a conch shell 123. Esmeralda. (See AA. Labellum firmly united Vanda), the foot of the column ; not spurred B. Terminal lobe of the label- lum vertically flattened. 124. Vandopsis. BB. Labellum not vertically flattened c. Lvs. terete 125. LuisiA. cc. Lvs. plane 126, Phal,enopsis, AAA. Labellum firralv united with the foot of the column ; but spurred. . . . B. Lateral sepals inserted on ovary : foot of the col- umn absent c. Pollinia on a common stipe A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 61 D. Spur divided by a longitudina] plate wltbln 127. Saecanthus. DD. Spur with a liorizon- tal plate at tlie mouth li!8. Cleisostoma. DDD. Spur without any special growth within or at the mouth; pollinia '1 only, or 4 united in- to 2 masses E. Stipe a filament : column without appendages F. Labellum reflexed , raceme dense. .129. Saccolabidm. FF. Labellum erect : fls. fragile. ...1.30. Acampe. EE. Stipe broad, not prolonged be- tween the pol- linia. F. Spur short, broad. 131. Vanda. FF. Spur long, slen- der 132. Anor.ecum. CC. Pollinia on 2 separate stipes : stipes pappil- lose : plants leafless. . 133. Dendrophylax. BB. Lateral sepals decurrent on the foot of the col- umn ; spur projecting beyond the mentum ; stems leafy c. Spur curved toward the labellum ; column short 134. Aeeides. CC. Spur straight or re- curved ; labellum 3- lobed : rostellum long- beaked 135. Rhynchostylis. 142. DIOSCOKEACE.E. A. Seeds samara-like, winged above. 1. Testudinaria. AA. Seeds winged below, or all round, rarely not at all. 2. Dioscorea. 143. TACCACE.H. Fr. an Indehiscent berry. ...1. Tacca. 144. IRIDACB.E. a. FIs. never more than one to a spathe, spicate, not fu- gitive B. Style branches simple, not bifid c. Stamens equilateral : perianth regular. . . . D. The style short : branches long E. Rootstock not bulb- ous : roots in dense tufts, fi- brous, some fleshy. 1. Schizostylis. EE. Rootstock bulbous.. 2. Hesperantha. DD. The style longer ; branches shorter... E. The spathe valves oblong, green or brownish up- wards 3. Geissorhiza. EE. The outer spathe valve short, emar- ginate, membran- ous or papery.... 4. IxiA. CC. Stamens unilateral and arched D. Foliage very hairy and plaited .5. Babiana. DD. Foliage not hairy and plaited E. Perianth limb irreg- ular P. Tube funnel- shaped : spathe valves, lanceo- late 6. Gladiolcs. FF. Tube cylindrical in lower half ; suddenly dila- ted at the mid- dle ; spathe valves oblong — lanceolate 7. Antholyza. EE. Perianth limb sub- regular F. Fls. small : no tube ; segments very acuminate. 8. MELASPu.iiEnLA. FF. Fls. larger : tube present : seg- ments more or less oblong. .. . G. Spathe valves large, green, lanceolate. ...9. Acidanthera. GG. Spathe valves small, 0 b- long H. Capsule in- flated, glo- bose 10. Crocosmia. HH. Capsule small, ob- long 11. Tritonia. GGG. Spathe valves scarious and deeply lacer- ated. ' 12. Sparaxis. EB. Style branches bifid : sta- mens unilateral c. Tube broadly funnel- shaped, with stamens inserted below the throat 13. Freesia. CC. Tube slender with sta- mens inserted at the throat 14. Lapeyrousia. ccc. Tube broadly funnel- shaped above the middle where the sta- mens are inserted. .. 15. Watsonia. AA. Fls. usually more than one to a spathe, stalked, often fugitive and opening one after another B. Style branches opposite stamens and outer peri- anth segments c. Stigmas transverse ; style branches have crests that overtop anthers D. Inner perianth seg- ments not convo- lute B. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placen- tae ; root-stock di- „ gitate IQ. HERMODACTTLnS. EE. Ovary 3-celled F. Perianth tube us- ually present : filaments free ; root-stock usu- ally a rhizome, sometimes a bulb. . ...17. ims. FF. Perianth without a tube ; fila- ments monadel- p h o u s : root- stock usually a tunicated corm.ig. MOR.EA. DD. Inner perianth seg- ments convolute. . . E. Style crests petal- old : Ivs. in 2- ranked rosette, not plaited ; pe- duncle flattened ; rootstock not bulbous. .....19. Marica. EE. Style crests large Spur-like or flat- tened : Ivs. super- posed, plaited : stems terete : rootstock bulbous. 20. Cypella. „ , (See also PhalocaUis) . CC. Stigmas terminal : style branches do not over- 62 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. top anthers D. PeriaDtli without any tube: inner seg- ments small, not convolute : style branches bifid at tip 21. IlEBBEBTIA. DD. Perianth segments connivent in a cup, without any spread- ing blade 22. Hydkot.enia. DDD. Perianth .segments connivent in a cup, then spreading, at least the outer ones. E. Style branches with 2 petal-like stig- matose crests. . . . 23. Hosieria. EB. Style branches bifid. F. Ditto penicillate, i. e. shaped like an artist's brush, a dense tuft of hairs... 24. Ferraeia. FF. Ditto not penicil- late G. Inner segments very small ; outer with a large, retlexed blade 25. Rigidella. GG. Inner and outer segments dis- similar, vari- ous 26. TiGRIDIA. BB. Style branches alternate with anthers c. Eootstock not a bulb or corm D. Spathes essentially 1- fld E. Peduncle short, hid- den : perianth with a long tube and ascending seg- ments 27. Crocos. EE. Peduncle long : peri- anth segments much longer than the short tube. ..28. Ro.mulea. / DD. Spathes usually with more than one flower 20. Nemastylis. cc. Eootstock not a bulb or corm : spathes usually more than 1-fld D. Perianth segments unequal e. Inner s e g m e nt s shorter, conni- vent : upper sta- men imperfect. ..30. Diplarrhena. EE. Inner segments o b o vate-cuneate ; outer oblong, usu- ally shorter : sta- mens ali perfect. .31. Libertia. DD. P e r i a nth segments subequal e. Style branches flat- tened and emargi- nate at apex : in- florescence a lax corymb 32. Belemcanda. EE. Style branches sub- ulate F. Pedicels short: clusters p a n- icled 33. Orthosanthos. FF. Pedicels long: clusters termi- nal, single or fascicled 34. Sisyrinchium. 145. AMARYLLIDACE.i;. (Key to Tribes.) times 6 : stem woody, often branching : Ivs. crowded at apex of branches : peduncles 1- fld. : solitary or few in- side clusters of Ivs. . . .2. Vellozia Tribe. BB. Stamens 6 c. Flowering stems leafy : rootstock none (bulb- ous in Ixiolinon), with fibrous roots, in- florescence a simple or compound umbel. .3 cc. Flowering stems not truly leafy D. Inflorescence usually more or less umbel- late: r o o tstock a tunicated bulb : Ivs. . all from the root.. 4. Amaryllis Tribe. DD. Inflorescence race- mose, spicate or panicled : rootstock various : Ivs. usual- ly crowded in a dense basal rosette, rigid or fleshy, often spiny at the margin. 5. Agave Tribe. Subfamily 1. IIypoxis Tribe. A. Ovary often produced into a long slender beak sim- ulating a perianth tube : fr. succulent, indehiscent.l. CURCULIGO. AA. Ovary not beaked : fr. a cap- sule usually circumscissile at apex 2. Hypoxis. Subfamily 2. Vellozia Tribe. Perianth tube continuous ■ vary. .3. Barbacenia A. Styles often columnar and shorter than the erect stigmas AA. Styles long and thread-like B. Stamens usually 18, some 1. Hypoxis Tribe. Subfamily 3, Alstrie.meria Tribe. A. Rootstock bulbous: per- ianth segments subequal.. 4. Ixiolirion. AA. Rootstock none : 3 outer perianth segments differ- ent from 3 inner B. Inner segments unequal : stem erect 5. Alstrcemeria. BB. Inner segments equal ; stem sarmentose 6. Bomarea. Subfamily 4. Amaryllcs Tribe. Subtribe 1. ConnNAT.T:. Flower furnished with a crown between the perianth and stamens, which is not to be contused with a stamina! cup formed bv the growing together of filaments. 7. Narcissus. Subtribe 2. Amarylle.f. Geniiine.i;. Corona none and filaments not united into a staminal cup. A. Anthers erect ; filaments in- serted at or near the base of anthers B. Stamens epigynous : fila- ments short c. The perianth segments all alike 8. LEUcojnM. cc. The inner segments dif- ferent, permanently connivent n. Galanthus. BB. Stamens perigynous c. Fls. solitary. 10. Cooperia. cc. Fls. umbellate 11. Chlidanthus. AA. Anthers dorsiflxed, versatile. B. Ovules many, superposed : testa black c. Fls. solitary : spatbe tubular in the lower half. D. The fl. gaping, hori- zontal, bright red. 3 lower segments con- volute 12. Sprekelia. DD. The fls. regular, erect or suberect E. Seeds globose : fls. yellow : peduncle short or long 13. Sternbergia. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 63 EE. Seeds flat : peduncle long 14. Zephyrantiies. cc. B'ls. umbellate : spathe 2— 4-valved. and pedi- cels subtended by filiform bracteoles. ... D. rei-ianth tube short or almost 0, rarely long in Hippeas- trum E. Peduncle solid: seeds few in a cell 15. Lycoris. EE. Peduncle hollow... F. Fl. often fur- n 1 s h e d with minute scales or a distinct neck at the throat : seeds many in a cell 16. HippEASTROM. FF. Fl. with a sort ot corona, which is fun nel-shaped, and deeply cut, the divisions emarginate. ...17. Placea. DD. Perianth tube long. . E. Tube broadly fun- nel-shaped, pulvi- nate at throat... xg. Vallota. EE. Tube 2-3 times longer than seg- ments, naked at throat 10. Tyrtaxthus. BB. Ovules 2, basal, collateral ; testa pale 20. Gkiffinia. BBB. Ovules 2 or tew, collateral or fascicled from the center of the placenta. c. Fr. baccate D. Ovules several : bulb imperfect 21. Olivia. DD. Ovules 2 : bulb large, tunicated 22. n^EMANTHns. cc. Fr. capsular 23. Buphane. BBBB. Ovules few or many, su- perposed : seeds few, green, turgid c. Fr. indehiscent or burst- ing irregularly D. Perianth tube long.. 24. CRiNnM. DD. Perianth tube short.. e. Segments broad 2.5. Amaryllis. EE. Segments narrow... 26. A.mmocharis. CC. Fr. a 3-valved capsule. . D. Capsule top-shaped, acutely angled . . . . 27. Brunsvigia. DD. Capsule globose, ob- tusely angled 28. Nerine. Subtribe 3. Pancratie.e. Corona none but stamens appeudaged toward base and often united into a dis- tinct cup. A. Ovules superposed, many or few B. Lvs. broad, petioled c. Perianth white D. Ovary globose E. Filaments quadrate, with a large tooth on each side of the anthers 20. Calliphruria. EE. Filaments quadrate, united in a dis- tinct cup 30. Eccharis. DD. Ovary 3-lobed. Hy- brid 31. TJRCEOCHARIS. cc. Perianth colored D. The perianth tube cylindrical, sudden- ly dilated 32. Urceolin'a. DD. The perianth sxibcy- lindrical, segments long or short 33. Ph.edranassa. BB. Lvs. linear or ligulate, sessile c. Perianth colored, suh- c y 1 i n d r i cal ; tube long; filaments united in an entire or toothed cup 34. Stenomesson. cc. Perianth white; tube funnel-shaped : sta- minal cup large 35. Panck.atidm. AA. Ovules collateral, basal, 2- 6 36. IlY.MENOCALLIS. AAA. Ovules medial. 2-3 B. Perianth funnel-shaped ; segments narrow 37. Vagaria. BB. Perianth with a slender tube and broad seg- ments 38. EURYCLES. Subfamily 5. Agave Tribe. A. Lvs. thick, fleshy, usually spiny at edge and point. . B. Perianth funnel-shaped : filaments normal 39. Agave. BB. Perianth rotate : filaments struraose at base 40. FURCR.a3A. AA. Lvs. comparatively thin, not spiny at edge or point. . . B. Segments short C. Fls. white, in a lax, simple spike : tube long, curved, subcy- lindrical 41. Polianthes. cc. Fls. greenish-brown, in a lax raceme : tube abruptly curved and dilated at middle. . .42. Prociinyanthes. ccc. Fls. red or white, laxly spicate or racemose: tube curved, subcylin- drical 43. Bravoa. BB. Segments long : tube scarcely any c. Fls. greenish red, in a simple or panicled raceme : segments ob- lanceolate. ._. 44. Beschorneria. cc. Fls. bright red, in a capitulum or thyrsoid panicle ; segments narrow, falcate 45. Doeyanthes. 146. SCITAMINACE.^. (Summary of Tribes.) A. Perfect stamens 5 1. Banana Tribe. AA. Perfect stamens 1 B. Anther 2-celled 2. Ginger Tribe. BB. Anther 1-celled c. Ovary cells 1-ovuled. ..3 Maranta Tribe. cc. Ovary cells oo -ovuled. .4. Canna Tribe. 1. Banana Tribe. A. Calyx tubular, later split — spathaceous 1. Mdsa. AA. Calyx of free sepals (later- al ones sometimes adnate to corolla in Heliconia I.. . b. Fr. a capsule, loeulicidal- ly 3-valved C. The outer petal short, broad and concave, lateral petals long and narrow, one lat- erally connate, the other with long lat- eral appendage 2. Strelitzia. cc. The petals long, nar- row, free, not ap- pendaged, outer one shorter than lateral ones 3. Ravenala. BB. Fr. indehiscent or separat- ing into berries 4. Heliconia. 2. Ginger Tribe. A. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 pari- etal placentse 5. Globba. AA. Ovary perfectly 3-celled, or at least 3-celled long be- yond the middle ; plac- entie axile B. Lateral staminodes ample and petal-like c. Connective not ap- pendaged at the base. M A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM, D. Filament short : bracts 1-fld 6. K.timpferia. DD. B^ i 1 a m e n t long : bracts 1- oo-flj. ..7. IIedyciiium. cc. Connective appendaged at the base, D. Spur 2-fid. ; lateral staminodes nar- rowed at base .... 8. Uoscoea. DD. Spurs 2 : lateral staminodes connate with the petaloid filament J). Curcuma. BB. Lateral staminodes small, tooth-like or 0, rarely lons:er. narrow and adnate to labellum. c. Filament short or very short D. Inflorescence cone- like E. Anther cells diverg- ent at apex : con- nective less di- lated, either short or produced be- yond cells into an entire or 3-lobed crest 10. Amomum. EE. Anther cells contig- uous ; connective produced beyond the cells into a long, linear ap- pendage. 11. Zingiber. DD. Infloresc ence not cone-like E. Connective not pro- du c e d beyond cells : anther cells c o n 1 1 g u ous to apex 1*2. Elettaria. EE. Connective produced beyond cells into a long lanceolate, concave, append- age 1 .*?. BURBIDGEA. CC. Filament elongated, (in Costus petal-like.) . .. D. Inflorescence cone- like 14. Costus. DD. Inflorescence not cone-like 15. Alpinia. 3. Maranta Tribe. A. Ovary 1-celled after a fash- ion, the other cells being minute and empty B. Bracts narrow, convolute, inclosing the rachis. ..16. Maranta. BB. Bracts and bractlets usu- ally colored, spreading, long persistent 17. Stromanthb. BBB. Bracts spreading, decidu- ous 18. TlIALIA. aa. Ovary usually 3-celled and 3-ovuIed B. Corolla tube usually short.in. Phryniom BB. Corolla tube usually slender and longer. ... 20. Calathea. 4. Canna Tribe. Calyx of free sepals: embryo central straight : sole genus.21. Canna. 147. BROMELIACE^. (Following Mez in DC. Monog. Phaner. vol. 9). ^. Fr. a berry, indehiscent : ovary inferior : seeds not winged or plumed. B. Pollen grains entire, not provided with pores or a longitudinal mem- branous fold c. Calyx without a tube or cup 1. Bromelia. (See also Karatas)^ cc. Calyx with a tube or cup 2. Cryptanthus. BB. Pollen grains furnished with pores C. Inflorescence immersed in a central bowl of Ivs. and surrounded by an involucre formed from the re- duced inmost leaves and usually colored. 3. Nidularium. CC. Inflorescence not sur- rounded by a dis- tinct involucre: stem or scape tall D. Petals furnished with 2 ligules in- side E. Berries connate among them- selves and also to the bracts and axis 4. Ananas. ee. Berries free 5. .Echmea. (See also Echino- stachps.) DD. Petals not provided with ligules inside. E. Fls. very flat and crowded into dense cones 6. Hohenbergia. ee. FIs. more or less loosely spicate on the branches of the inflorescence. .7. Streptocalyx. BBB. Pollen grains furnished with a longitudinal membranous groove. ..8. Eillbergia. AA. Fr. a capsule, dehiscent:... b. Seed winged, or append- age d : pollen grooved... c. Ovary semi-superior. ..0. Pitcairnia. cc. Ovary superior D. FIs. of 2 forms and dicecious 10. IIechtia. DD. Fls. all the same form E. Petals free to the very base 11. Pcya. EE. Petals coalesced to- ward the base. ..12. Dyckia. bb. Seed with a long, plumose appendage : ovary su- perior c. I'etals free D. The petals ligulate inside 13. Vriesia. DD. The petals not ligu- late inside 14. Tillandsia. cc. Petals connate or in- timately c o n g I u t i- nate 15. Guzmannia. (See also Massangea.) 148. ri.T^MODORACE.E. a. Cells of ovary 2-ovuled : per- ianth marcescent, persist- ing in fruit B. Perianth tube long and slender: filaments nor- mal 1. Sansevieeia. BB. Perianth more or less erect or spreading above the ovary: fila- ments shorter than the linear anthers: style longish 2. Ophiopogon. BBB. Perianth spreading from base of ovary : filaments about as long as the ob- long anthers 3. Liriope. AA. Cells of ovary oo-ovuled... B. Perianth at length decid- uous in a circumscissile fashion around or above the ovary 4. Tecophil.tia. BB. Perianth persistent c. Fls. plumy or woolly. cc. FIs. mealy or scaly. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 65 140. LILIACE.i:. Summary of Tribes, omittini; two and ignoring ex- ceptions. Series I. Anthers introrsely dehiscent: fruit usu- ally bcrry-Iike: plant not bulbous, usually scaly at the base of the stem and leafy above, sometimes with a scaly scape. A. Stigma not broadly peltate. B. Ovules orthotropous or hemianatropous : " fol- iage " abnormal, in the Smilax tribe 3-5- nerved but with netted veinlets ; in the Aspar- agus tribe leaf-shaped or needle-like * phyl- loolados ■' are present.. c. Anthers abnormal, the inner valve of each cell being so narrow that the open anther seems to be 1-celled : stem sarmentose or scandent 1. Smilax Tribe. CC. Anthers normally 2- celled : or cells conflu- ent at apex : stem branched or scandent. 2. Asparagus Tribe. BB. Ovules anatropous, rarely hemianatropous in the Luzuriaga tribe c. Stem shrubby and branched, or scan- dent 3. Luzuriaga Tribe. CC. Stem herbaceous, un- branched or sparing- ly branched ; leafy above 4. Solomon's Seal Tribe. ccc. Stemless herbs with Ivs. clustered on the rhi- zome and often in- closed (together with the lateral leafless scape) by sheathing scales at the base.. . .5. Lily of the Val- ley Tribe. AA. Stigma usually very broadly peltate : Ivs. on the rhi- zome few, ample : scape very short and 1-fid. or bearing a dense spike at apex 6. Aspidistra Tribe. Series IL Anthers introrsely dehiscent : fr. loculi- cidally dehiscent, rarely indehiscent or herry-Iike: Ivs. on a rhizome, or densely crowded at the apex of a caudex, or forming a bulb at the base of the scape. A. Antuers with a pit on the back into which the fila- ment intrudes B. Lvs. linear or membran- ous, crowded on a short rhizone : perianth cy- lindrical, funnel-shaped or bell-shaped 7. Lemon Lily or Hemerocallis Tribe. BB. Lvs. usually thick, fleshy or rigid. sometimes spiny ; rhizome hard, often extended above ground into a woody caudex : perianth seg- ments connivent or con- nate into a tube or sometimes with spread- ing tips 8. Aloe Tribe. AA. Anthers not pitted, (some- times slightly pitted in the Asphodel Tribe) : lvs. not thick, and fleshy as in a century plant. B. Rootstock, if any, rhizo- matous : rhizome usual- ly short, often very short in Asphodel tribe, sometimes produced in- to a woody caudex in Dracsena tribe : See also BB c. Perianth shaped like a bell or cylinder, rare- ly a funnel, the seg- ments usually dis- tinct : inflorescence often panicled 0. Drac-ena Tribe. CC. Perianth segments us- ually distinct and spreading : inflores- cence sparingly branched if at all. ..10. Asphodel Tribe. BB. Rootstock bulbous as a rule ; in the Onion tribe sometimes a corm and rarely a very short rhizome; bulb usually tunicated, but in the Tulip tribe often scaly. C. Stemless plants with the inflorescence ter- minal on a leafy ape. Onion Tribe. Trib D. Inflorescence an um- bel with an involu ere of at least 2 bracts 1 DD. Inflorescence a ra- ceme, or rarely a spike 12. Squill cc. Stem leafy, or at least with 1 leaf: fls. few or in a lax raceme. ..13. Tulip Tribe. Series III. Anthers usually introrsely affixed but extrorsely dehiscent (the whole Colchicum tribe ex- ceptional): fr. usually a septicidal capsule, rarely loculicidal or in the Medeola tribe an indehiscent berry. A. Vr. a herry : plant not bulb- ous : lvs. few. subradical or whorled on the stem. ..14. Medeola or Tu- cumber-root Tribe. AA. Fr. a capsule, rarely In the Bellwort tribe, a berry... B. Anthers introrsely dehis- cent: the only tribe in Series III, with a corm- ous root stock 15. Colchicum or Autumn crocus Tribe. BB. Anthers extrorsely dehis- cent, rarely otherwise in the Narthecium Tribe: plants not bulb- ous except sometimes in False Hellebore Tribe c. Stem-lvs. smaller than the radical lvs. (which are either crowded or petiolate) sometimes very small or 0 : capsule septi- cidal or loculicidal CC. Stem leafy, herbacen or high climbing ; h alternate, sessile clasping, w i t h o ' sheath ccc stem usually tall, leafy or hardly so beyond the radical lvs. : plants not bulbous or bulbous: anthers with conflnpnt cells, roundish-peltate after dehiscence 18. 1. S.MiLAx Tribe. A. Perianth 6-parted 1. Smilax. AA. Perianth undivided, mouth minutely toothed 2. Heterosmilax. 2. AspARAfius Tribe. A. Filaments connate into a little urn. with the an- thers sessile at the mouth A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. of the urn B. Antbei-s 3 : fls. clustered on the middle of the face ot the phylloclade. :?. Rosens. BB. Anthers 6 : fls. clustered on the margins, rarely on at the middle 4. Semele. AA. Filaments free r>. Ase'aragds. 3. LuzuicnGA Tribe. A. Fls. large or rather large, solitary or few : perianth segments erect : ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentse B. Lvs. 3-5-nerved : per- ianth segments of about equal length <1. Lapaoeria. EB. Lvs. 1 nerved t outer per- ianth segments much smaller than inner. ..7. Philesia. AA. Fls. smallish, clustered at axils : perianth segments spreading : ovary 3-ce!led : lvs. with oa slender nerves 8. Eustrephds. 4. Solomon's Seal Tribe. A. Fls. 1-2 in the axils, rare- ly more, usually nodding. b. Perianth tube cylindrical ; lobes short : style un- divided, with a small stigma !). Polygonatdm. BB. Perianth tube 0 ; seg- ments spreading above or from the base ; style shortly or more deeply 3-fld 10. Streptopds. AA. Fls. in a terminal raceme or panicle. B. Floral parts in 3's 11. Smilacina. BB. Floral parts in 2's 12. Mainthemum. 5. Lily of the Valley Tribe. a. Fls. racemose, nodding : perianth subglobose ; lobes shorter than tube 13. Convallabia. AA. Fls. spicate, far apart : per- ianth tube cylindrical ; lobes recurved-spreading.l4. Keineckia. G. AspiDi.STRA Tribe. a. Fls, 4-merous : stigma very large, roundish-peltate; undivided l.'j. Aspidistra. AA. Fls. 3-m erous : stigma broadly peltate, 3-lobed. .16. Rohdba. 7. Lemon Lily Hemerocallis Tribd. A. Fls. erect : stamens affixed at apex of tube : lvs. long and narrow B. Perianth funnel-shaped, the cylindrical tube shorter than the lobes : panicles few-fid 17. FIemerocallis. BB. Perianth with subin- curved segments loosely connlvent above the top-shaped tube : pani- cles much branched. .. l.S. Piiormium. AA. Fls. pendulous B. Stamens affixed at mid die of tube : lvs. long and narrow ; perianth tube swollen above, lobes short 19. Blandfokdia. BB. Stamens often hypogy- nous C. Lvs. petioled. usually broad ; fls. racemose : perianth funnel- shaped, tube short or long 20. FCNKIA. cc. Lvs. long and narrow ; fls. spicate : perianth a long narrow tube with short lobes 21. Kniphofia. 8. Aloe Tribe. A. Perianth segments strongly connate into a tube which is swol- len at the base, seg- ments free at apex : stamens included in tube 22. Gasteria. AA. Perianth segments co- herent or connlvent to the very apex in a tube, or barely spread- ing at the very apex : stamens usually ex- serted 23. Aloe, AAA. Perianth segments coher- ent or connivent, stel- late-spreading at apex : stamens a little short- er than perianth 24. Apicra. AAAA. Perianth usually in- curved, the segments cohering or connivent, at the apex recurved and spreading some- what as if 2-lipped : stamens not exceeding perianth 2.";. IIaworthia. AAAAA. I'erianth of Aloe, but stamens a little shorter than the per- ianth 2G. LOM.1TOPHYLLUM. 9. Drac.ena Tribe. A. Ovary 1-celled ; cells 3- ovuled 27. Dasylirion. AA. Ovary 3-celled B. Cells 1-ovuled 28. Phacena. BB. Cells 2-ovuled 29. Nolina. BEB. Cells oo-ovuled c. Fls. racemose 30. Hespesocallis. cc. Fls. panicled D. Anthers small, sessile on a club-shaped filament : perianth subglobose or bell- s h a p ed : segments hardly connate at base 31. Yucca. DD. Anthers dorsifixed on normal or flattened filaments : perianth cylindrical or nar- rowly bell-shaped, with a short tube. .32. Cordylinb. 10. Asphodel Tribe. (Summary of Subtribes.) a. Anthers dorsifixed. versatile. B. Subtribe 1. Euasphode- lem. Plant not bulb- ous ; lvs. crowded at base of stem ; cau- line lvs. smaller, when present BB. Subtribe 2. Chlorogalcw. Plant l>ulbous : lvs. few A. Anthers erect, affixed at or near the base B. Subtribe 3. Bowiew. Lvs. few, from a thick tuber or fleshy bulb, quickly vanishing before or at anthesis EB. Lvs. numerous, crowded at base of stem, or sometimes in subtribe 5 arranged along stem... c. Subtribe 4. Antheri- ce6. Muilla. cc. Rootstock a tunlcated bulb D. Alliaceous odor ab- sent : perianth seg- ments connate at base or to the mid- dle 57. NOTHOSCOEDUM. DD. Alliaceous odor near- ly if not quite al- ways present : per- ianth segments dis- tinct or barely united at base in a ring 58. ALLIOM. 12. Sql'ill Tribe. A. Perianth segments distinct, or united only at the very base B. Seeds strongly com- pressed ; ovules numer- ous C. The outer segments of the persistent per- ianth spreading, the inner a little shorter, erect, connivent at apex and variously crested 59. Albcca. cc. The segments of the deciduous perianth snbequal, connivent into a bell, or spread- ing 60. Ueginea. BB. Seeds obovoid or globose, not flattened or angled ; ovules 2- cc in a cell, c. Inflorescence a long dense raceme, beard- ed at the apex by empty bracts which may be herbaceous or colored 61. EucOMIS. CC. Inflorescence not as in c D. Perianth segments 1- nerved 62. Scilla. DD. Perianth segments 3 - oo -nerved 63. Camassia. DDD. Perianth segments obscurely nerved... 64. Genithogaldm. AA. Perianth segments united into a tube or bell B. Ovules 00 , usually num- erous c. Seeds strongly com- pressed or angled. . . D. The outer lobes spreading ; inner 68 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ones erect and shorter 6;^. Dipcadi, DD. The lobes all spread- ing and subequal, or the Inner ones a little wider 66. Galtonia. cc. Seeds obovoid or glo- bose 67. Lachenalia. BB. Ovules 2-6 in a cell, rare- ly more : seeds not flat- tened or angled C. Lobes very short, tooth- like, much shorter than tube D. rerianth cylindrical. 68. Veltheimia. DD. Perianth urn-shaped, constricted at throat 69. Milscaei. CC. Lobes consider ably longer than the hell- shaped tube : fls. few, in a lax raceme. . . . D. Filaments erect, not connate, all or only alternate ones di- lated and petal- like 70. Chionodoxa, DD. Filaments connate Into a sort of cup which is produced beyond the anthers into a cone 71. Tuschkinia. ccc. Lobes shorter than tlie tube or ai>out as long, sometimes a trifle longer ; fila- ments normal or dilated at base 72. IIyacinthos. 13. Tl'Lip Teibe. A. Capsule septicidally dehis- cent or 3-parted : fls. erect or pendulous ; outer perianth segments usual- ly narrower or smaller ; inner ones pitted 73. Calochortus. (Consult also Citclo- bothra.) AA. Capsule loculicidally dehis- cent B. Anthers dorsifixed, versa- tile : fls. nodding or pendulous, rarely erect : claw of segments usu- ally furnished with a nectariferous groove. .. 74. Lilium. BB. Anthers basifixed, erect ; filament usually in- truded C. Fls. usually erect: per- ianth bell-shaped or somewhat funnel- shaped ; se g m e n t s often spotted near the base, not pitted. 75. Tulipa. CC. Fls. nodding or pendu- lous D. P e r i a n t h b e 1 1- Bhaped : segments usually furnished with a pit or nec- t a r-bearing spot above the base. ...76. Fritillaria. DD. Perianth segments narrow, recurved or reflected from the middle or almost from the base 77. Ervtiironium, 14. Medeola or Cucumber-root Tribe. a. Foliage at base of stem : Ivs. few, stalked or con- tracted into a sheath : fls. in a long-peduncled um- bel, rarely solitary 78. Clintoxia. AA. Foliage whorled at top of stem b, Lvs. 3 : fl. solitar,y, 3- merous 79. Trillium. BB. Lvs. 4- O) ; fi. solitary, 4 — 00 -merous 80. Paris. AAA. Foliage whorled at middle of stem, with 3 smaller leaves at the top sur- rounding the umbel, , , . 81. Medeola. 15. CoLCHicu.M or Autumn-Crocus Tribe. A. Perianth tube entire ; styles 3, distinct from the base. 82. Colchicum. AA. Perianth segments with dis- tinct claws, connivent in- to a tube E. .Styles 3, distinct from base 83. Merendera. BB. Style entire Inside the tube, 3-Gd at apex. , , , 84. Bulbocodidm. 16. Narthecium Tribe. A. Capsule loculicidally dehis- cent B. Style undivided S5. Narthecium. BB. Styles 3 86. Xerophylldm. AA. Capsule septicidally dehis- cent or parted B. Fls. few at apex of scape: style undivided. 87. IIeloniopsis. BB. Fls. in a dense raceme : styles 3, very short. .,88. Helonias. 17. Bellwort or Uvularia Tribe. A. Fr. an indehiscent berry... 89. DISPORUM. AA. Fr. a septicidal capsule.. .90. Tricyrtis. AAA. Fr. ( where known ) a locu- llcidal capsule B. Fls. terminal pendulous.. c. Lvs. perfoliate : seeds covered by a thin white aril 91. Uvulabia. CC. Lvs. sessile : seeds have a swollen, spongy, brown ridge 92. Oakesia. BB. Fls. axillary, or long- pedicelled in the axils, c. Plants are climbers. . . D. P e r i a nth segments spreading, usually wavy or crisped. ..93. Glorio.sa. DD. Peri anth segments distinct, suberect, more or less con- nivent and bell- shaped 94. Littonia. CC, Plants not climbers : perianth urn-shaped ; lobes very short. ...95. Sandersonia. 18. False-IIellebore or Veratrum Tribe. A. Seeds membranous-winged nearly all the way round : stems leafy B. Lvs. narrow or long- stalked, perianth seg- ments d i s t i n c t 1 v clawed 9 BB. Lvs. usually broad, plaited, veiny, contract- ed into a sheath, not distinctly stalked : per- ianth segments a trifle contracted at the base. 97. Veratrdm, AA. Seeds narrow, angled, hard- ly winged : lvs. radical or crowded at base of stem, linear or rarely sublanceo- late B, Stamens mvich shorter than perianth : per- ianth more or less bell- shaped 9 BB. Stamens a little shorter than perianth : perianth flattened out 99. Zygadends. Melanthidm. 8. Ste.nanthicm. 1.50. pontederiace.t:. A. Ovary by abortion 1-celled, 1-ovuled 1. Pontederia. AA, Ovary 3-celled, man.v-ovuled.2, Eichhornia. A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 69 151. COMMELINACE^. A. Pis. with 3 perfect stamens, and 3 or fewer stami- nodes B. Anther cells parallel and contiguous C. Ovary 3-celled ; 2 an- terior cells 1-2- ovuled : posterior 1- ovuled, empty or wanting 1. Commelina. CC. Ovary 2-.3-celled ; cells usually 2- 30 -ovuied.2. Aneilema. BB. Anthers with variously petaloid connective cells spirally twisted into numerous gyres. . . 3. Cochliostema. AA. Fls. with 6 stamens, rarely 5, all perfect: no stami- nodes B. Anther cells dehiscing by a terminal pore 4. Dichoeisandra. BE. Anthers otherwise dehis- cent C. Connective transversely or divaricately 2- lobed 5. Zebrina. CC. Connective not 2-Iobed as in c D. Ovary cells 2-5- ovuled E. Cymes fascicle- formed, with the very short rachis contracted into a receptacle, sessile inside the base of the comp 1 i c a t e floral Ivs. or vari- ously paniculate. .6. Teadescantia. BE. Cyme terminal, ped- unculate with 2-3 longish branches secund fid. from base 7. Tinantia. DD. Ovary cells l-ovuled.8. Rhceo. 152. JUNACB.E. A. Anthers dorsifixed, versatile. 1. XaxthokhceA- «A. Anthers basitixed, erect B. Ovary l-celled, or more or less perfectly 3-celled ; placentce or cells co- ovuled 2. JUNCUS. BB. Ovary 3-celled ; cells 2- or few-ovuled 3. Prioxidm. 153. PALMACE.E. SCMJIAKY OF TEIBES. A. Leaf-segments infolded in vernation ; spadices inter- foliaceous B. Fls. dioecious c. Lvs. pinnatisect. seg- m e n t s acuminate: spathe solitary: ovary of 3 distinct carpels. only one maturing : seed deep- ly grooved ventrally umbilicate, e m b r yo dorsal 1. Phcenix Teibb. CC. Lvs. plaited in a fan- shaped fashion, roundish, semi-orbic- ular or wedge- shaped. split : spathes numerous • ovarv en- tire or 3-lobed. 3- celled, with erect ovules : seeds with a were dot of a hilum. raphe ventral 2. Coeipha Teibb. BB. Fls. usually hermaphro- dite : lvs. much like those of Corypha Tribe : spathes numerous: ovary entire, 3-lobed, with ascending ovules : seeds with diffused hilum 3. BoEASsns Teibb. AA. Leaf-segments folded back in vernation B. Seeds adherent to the en- docarp, hilum diffused, embryo opposite pore : spadices interfoliace- ous : fls. usually mo- ncecious in the same spadix, the lower ones in 3's with the middle one pistillate 4. Cocos Tbibb. BB. Seed umbilicate C. Raphe dorsal, embryo ventral : spadices terminal or axillary : fls. polygamo-monoeci- ous 5. Lepidocarya Tribe. CC. Raphe ventral ; embryo dorsal 6. Areca Tribe. 1. Phoenix Tribe. Sole genus 1. Phcenix. 2. Corypha Tribe. A. Style or stigma basilar in fruit: albumen equable... b. Style short : embryo term- inal ; palms fruit once and die 2. Corypha. BB. Style elongated c. Embryo dorsal 3. Sabal. cc. Embryo sub-basilar. ...4. Washingtonia. AA. Style or stigma terminal in fruit b. Perianth of imbricate pet- als or corolla segments. c. Fls. polygamo-dioscious : carpels free : stigmas sessile, distinct : em- bryo dorsal D. Albumen ruminate. . .5. Cham.eeops. DD. Albumen equable. ... 6. Rhapidophylldm. CC. F 1 s. hermaphrodite : carpels distinct : styles long, distinct. d. Filaments free 7. Acanthorhiza. DD. I-'ilaments connate in- to a tube 8. Teithrinax. bb. Perianth of valvate petals or corolla lobes : see al- so BBB c. Fls. dioecious : corolla 3-toothed : anthers extrorsely dehiscent. 9. Rhapis. cc. Fls. polygamo-monoeci- ous : carpels distinct : stigmas distinct, ses- sile ; albumen equ- able, ventrally grooved : embryo dor- sal 10. Trachycaepcs. ccc. Fls. hermaphrodite D. Embryo dorsal : albu- men equable : car- pels slightly coher- ing or in Livistona sometimes distinct. E. Spadix branches not sheathed : style single, short, 3- cornered 11. Beahea. EE. Spadix rachis sheathed : carpels 3-cornered : style single, thread-like. 12. Liccala. EEE. Spadix branches naked or lower ones hracted : car- pels globose : styles short, dis- tinct or cohering.13. Livistona, DD. Embryo, sub-basilar : rachis of spadix sheathed E. Albumen ruminate : carpels 3, distinct at base : style 10 A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. single, short. 3- grooved 1-*. Copernicia. EE. Albumen equable. . F. Corolla tube per- sistent; seg- ments dec-idu- ous : ovary 3- corneved oi- 3- lobed narrowed into a style. ... FF. Corolla otherwise. 15. Pritchardia. G. Carpels free at base : style single, slen- der elonga- ted 16. Seren-ea. GG. Carpels slightly c o h e r 1 ng : style single, short. 3- grooved. ,..17. Ertthea. BBB. Perianth minute 6-fid. or obsolete 18. Thrinax. 3. Borassus Tribe. 4. Stamens 6 B. Fls. numerous in the ca- vities of the spadix.. . . 10. Borassus. BB. Fls. solitary in the cavit- ies 20. Hyph.ene. AA. Stamens numerous B. Fls. numerous in cavities. 21. Lodoicea. BB. Fls. solitary in cavities. .22. Latania. 4. Cocos Tribe. a. Palms armed with prickles: fr. 1-seeded ; endocarp 3- porous at or above the middle B. Pistillate fls. with petals united for a consider- able distance: starai- nate fls. smaller: endo- carp bony C. Staminate fls. not im- mersed in spadix : leaf-segments acum- inate 23. Bactris. CC. Staminatp fls. immersed in cavities of spadix : leaf segments prae- morse 24. Astrocartum. BB. Pistillate fls. with petals connate only at base. .. c. S t a m i n a t e fls. im- mersed ; anthers large, inserted : leaf segments acuminate. . 25. Acrocomia, CC. Staminate fls. not im- mersed : anthers in- cluded : 1 e a f s e g- ments wedge-shaped. prsemorse 26. Martinezia. aa. Palms unarmed B. Endocarp 3-porons above middle: fr. 1-3-seeded.. 27. El.eis. BB. Endocarp bony and except in Jubrea, 3-6-porous towards base : fr. 1- 00 -seeded c. Spadix simple 28. Diplothemium. CC. Spadix simply branched. D. No. of stamens 6 : fr. 1-seeded (in Schee- lea sometimes 2-3- seeded E. Petals minute, much smaller than ex- serted stamens of2n. Maximiliana. staminate fls. ... EE. Pe t a 1 s lanceolate : stamens included. 30. Cocos. [Note. — Latest researches point toward the Amer ican nativity of the Cocoanut. Cook, in Bull. — Div. ol Hot., U. S. Dept. Agric] EEE. Petals shaped like a long club, or cylindrical : sta- mens shorter 31. SCHEELEA. DD. No. of stamens 10-24 or more : petals of staminate fls. lance- olate : stamens included ; anther cells connate E. Fr. 2-6-seeded 32. Attalea. EE. Fr. 1-seeded ; the endocarp 3-porous at the middle or a little lower 33. Jub.ea. 5. Lepidocarya Tribe. A. Lvs. fan-shaped : ovary per- fectly 3-ceIled 34. Mauritia. AA. Lvs. equally pinnatisect : ovary imperfectly 3- celled : spadices axillary. B. Palms fruit once and die. 35. Plectocomia. BB. Palms fruit more than once ; usually climbers. c. Spathes solitary, de- ciduous : leaf seg- ments rhombic : nerves fan-shaped. ..36. Ceratolobus. CC. Spathes numerous, per- sistent : leaf s e g- ments a c u m i n ate ; nerves parallel D. . Spadices contracted : spathes cymbiform. beaked, long.-per- sistent, the 2 lower ones forming an in- volucre for the others 37. D.emoxorops. DD. Spadices diffused, or if contracted the spathes are flat and persistent only dur- ing anthesis 38. Calamus. 6. Areca Tribe. (Key to Subtribes.) A. Petals of the pistillate fls. valvate throughout nearly their whole length : spa- dices interfoliaceous ; spathes 2 or more; ovary entire. 3-celled 1. CaryoUdcw. AA. Petals of the pistillate fls. overlapping or valvate only at apex, very rarely valvate throughout B. Spadices infrafoliaeeous. . c. Stigmas te r m i n a 1 in fruit : ovary entire, 1-celled D. Staminate fls. unsym- metrical : sepals usually small and not imbricate 2. Euarecece. DD. Staminate fls. sym- metrical : sepals usually roundish and widely over- lapping 3. Ptychospennew. CC. Stigmas usually excen- tric or lateral in ovary entire or 3- lobed : leaf-segments acuminate D. Spathes 2: ovary en- tire 4. Oncospermew. DD. Spathes n u m erous : leaf segments wedge-shaped E. Ovary entire: younger spadices horn-shaped 5. Iriavteew. EE. O V a r y d e e p ly 3- lobed, with large stigmas : spadices club-shaped 6. Wctteniece. BB. Spadices nearly always interfoliaceous c. Stigmas terminal in fr., rarely basal D. Ovary 1-celIed: spa- dix simple, with A SYNOPSIS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. monoecious fls. im- mersed in cavities. 7. Linospadiccw. VD. Ovary 3-celled. im- perfectlv so in sub- tribe S B. Fruit globose: spa- d i X pauiculately branched, the fls. dioecious and pe- dicel led S. Ceroxylew. EE. Fruit elongated : s p a d i X subdipi- tately branched, the fls. moncecious and not i m- mersed 9. Malorticw. CC. Stigmas lateral or basal in fruit, rarely termi- nal : ovax-y entire. . . D. Fls. not immersed in cavities E. Spathes 2: all the fls. or the lower ones in :^'s. : ovary 1-3-celIed.. 10. Iguanurcrdra, R. Br. Lvs. persistent, lanceolate, nearly entire, hairy : fls. white, tinged with pink; eep. 5. linear, long, hairy. Himal. P.F.G. 3:91. R.H. 1870: 5U.^ A. Ttnirtora, R.Br. (A. serrata, Nichols.. not S.JtZ.). Lvs. persis- tent, ovate-lanceolate : fls. rosy white with yellow in throat; sepals2. China. B.M.4694. Gn.27,p.425. ^^fred ReHDER. ABfiRIA{Mt.Aber). Bixind.c€ce. The Kei Appleof the Cape of Good Hope ; a spiny plant grown S. for hedges, but killed in Fla. by freeze of 1893; is considered prom- ising for S. Calif, and S. Fla. as a fruit plant. Int. 1891. Fresh fruit used as pickles. Giffra, Hook, f . & Harv. Thorny, glabrous : lvs. obo- vate, obtuse, cuneate at base, entire: fls. dioecious, apetalous. G.C. III. 18:737. Abies (derivation doubtful). Coniferce. Fir. Tall, pyramidal trees: lvs. lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire, sessile, persistent for many years; on young plants and lower sterile branches flattened, usually deep green and lustrous above and silvery white below from the pres- ence of many rows of stomata, rounded and variously notched at the apex, appearing 2-ranked by a twist at their base; on upper fertile branches crowded, more or less erect, often incurved or falcate, thickened or quad- rangular, obtuse or acute : fls. axillary, appearing in early spring from buds formed the previous summer on branchlets of the year, surrounded by involucres of the enlarged scales of the flower-buds: staminate fls. pen- dent on branches above the middle of the tree; pistil- late fls. globular, ovoid or oblong, erect on the topmost branches: fr. an erect, ovoid or oblong cylindrical cone, its scales longer or shorter than their bracts, separating at maturity from the stout, persistent axis. Northern and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere, often gregarious. Twenty-three species are distinguished; greatest segregation on the Cascade Mountains of Ore- gon, in the countries adjacent to the Mediterranean, and in Japan. All the species produce soft, perishable wood, sometimes manufactured into lumber, and balsamic exu- dations contained in the prominent resin vesicles in the bark characteristic of the genus. Handsome in cultiva- tion, but usually of short-lived beauty. Moist, well- drained soil. Prop, by sowing and by grafts. Seeds are usually kept dry over winter and planted in frames or seed-beds in spring. Young plants usually need shade. Most species can be grafted with comparative ease; A. Picea and A. balsamea are commonly used for 1 Spanish Fir —Abies Pinsapo stocks. Many species which have been referred to Abiea are now included in Picea. S. S. 12. Heinrich Mayr, Monographie der Abietineen des Japanischen Reiches. Gn. 11. pp. 280, 281. See Conifers. The following species, in the American trade, are here described, the synonyms being in italics : amabilis, Nos. 4,8; Apollinis,12; balsamea, 6; brachyphylla, 11; Ceph- alonica, 12; Cilicica, 3; concolor, 9; Fraseri, 7; Gordoni- ana^ 8; grandis, 8; homolepis, 11; Hudsonia, 6; Lowi- ana, 9; magnifica, 15; nepkroJepis , 10; nobilis, 14; Nord- manniana, 2; Parsonsiana, 9; pectinata, 1; Picea, 1; Pichta, 5 ; Pinsapo, 13 ; Shastensis, 15 ; Sibirica, 5 ; Veitchii, 10. See supplementary list, p. 3, for other cultivated species. A. Euahies. Leaves flat, grooved on the upper surface^ only occasionally stomatiferous abot'e on upper fertile bra7ickes. B. Leaf blunt. c. Foliage essentially green, — the leaves green above and whitish only beneath. D. Cones usually upwards of 4 in. long. 1. Picea, Lindl. f^.pec^ina/a, DC). SilverFib. Fig. 2.C. Tree 100-200 ft.: trunk6-8 ft. in diam. : lvs. flat, di3- tichously spreading, dark green and lustrous above, ail- very white below: cones slender, cylindrical, light green to dark purple, 5-6 in. long ; bracts slightly longer than their scales. Mountains of central and southern Europe, often gregarious. — Wood esteemed and much used; yields Strasburg turpentine. Dwarf forms, with erect and pendulous and with much abbreviated branches, are common in gardens. ABIES 2. NoTdmanni&na, Spach. Pig. 2, <•. Tree 100-150 ft.: trunk 4-6 ft. in di:im. : Ivs. flat, crowded, dark green and very lustrous above, silvery white below: cones oblong- cylindrical or ellipsoidal, dark orange-brown, 4-6 in. long; bracts as long as or slightly longer than their scales. Mountains south aud southeast of the Black Sea, and west- ern spurs of the Caucasus. B.M.6992. Gng. 6:51.-Very hardy; one of the most desirable firs in northern states. 3. Cilicica, Carrifere. Tree 45-60 ft. : trunk 2-3 ft. in diam. : Ivs. narrow, flat, dark green above, silvery white below: cones stout, cylindrical, orange-brown, 5-6 in. long; bracts rather shorter than their scales. At high elevations on the Anti-Taurus of Asia Minor, and on the Lebanon. A. G. 16:255. Gng. 4:113. — Begins to grow early in the spring and is often injured by late frosts; hardy and desirable in the northern states. 4. amAbiliB, Forb. White Fir. Tree 100-150 ft.: trunk 4-6 ft. in diam. : Ivs. crowded, dark green and very lus- trous above, silvery white below, occasionally stonia- tiferous on the upper surface: cones oblong, dark pur- ple, 3!4-6 in. long; bracts much shorterthan their scales. Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, and Coast Ranges from Vancouver Island to Oregon. — One of the handsomest of the genus, often forming groves at high elevations ; in cultivation grows slowly, and is not very satisfactory. DD. Cones usually under 4 in. long. 5. Slbirica, Ledeb. (A. Piehta, FoThes). Tree 60-100 ft. : trunk 2-4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. crowded, dark yellow-green: cones cylin- drical, slender, brownish yellow, 2M-3 in. long; bracts muchshorterthantheir scales. Northern and eastern Russia to Kamt- schatka aud Mongolia, gregarious on the Altai Mountains. — Very hardy, the early growth ofte injured by late frosts ; in cuK soon becomes thin and loose in habit. <). balsilinea, Mill. Balsam Fir. Fig. 2, 6. Tree 50-80 ft. : trunk 17-.30in.indiam.:lvs. dark green and lus- tree. Tr of A. hi old under this name are nearly always forms 8. grindis, Lindl. (j1. aTOrfi)i;is,Murr.,notForbes. A. Gordoniana,CArT.). Fig.2,o. Tree200-300 ft., becoming 4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. thin and flexible, deeply grooved, very dark green above and silvery white beneath: cones cy- lindrical, 2-4 in. long, rounded or refuse at the apex, the broad scales somewhat squarrose and irregularly serrate and furnished with a short point. Coast of northern Cali- fornia to Vancouver Island and to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana. S.S. 12:612. On. 38, p. 291. R.H.1894, p. 274. — Occasional specimens are seen in parks and choice grounds, but it rarely thrives in eastern states, cc. Foliage pale blue or glaucous 9. cdncolor, Lindl.& Gord. {A. Zowidna, A. Murr. A. Parsonsidna, Hort.). White Fir. Fig.2,(?. Mm f. A. magnilic trous above, pale below, rounded or obtusely short- pointed and < sionally emargi- nate, acute or acu- minate on fertile branches : cones oblong, cylindri- cal, purple, 2K-4 in long ; bracts shorter or rarely slightly longer than their scales. Eastern North America from Labrador and the valley of the Athabasca to Iowa and the mountains of Virginia. S. S. 12:610. G.C. III. 17: 423, 42.'}, 431. -Wood occasionally used for lumber; Canadian Balsam, or Balm of Fir, is obtained from bark ; in cult, loses its beauty early. Var. Hudsonia, Engelm. (A. Hudsdnica, Hort.), is a dwarf form. 7. Fraseri, Poir. She Balsam. Tree 30-50 oreven 70 ft.: trunk reaching 2^ ft. in diam.: Ivs. flat, obtusely short-pointed, twisted at the base so as to appear to be crowded on the upper side of the branches, dark green and lustrous: cones oblong-ovate ornearly oval, rounded at the slightly narrower apex, 23^ in. long and 1 in. thick, the scales dark purple, twice as wide as long and at matu- rity nearly half covered by palereflexed bracts or points. Mountains of Va., Tenn., and N. C. S. S. 12: 609. -Too much like the balsam fir to he prized as an ornamental Tree 100-250 ft. : trunk 4-6 ft. in diam.: Ivs. elongated, stoniatiferous on the upper surface, on fertile branches often falcate and thickened and keeled above: cones ob- gray-green, dark purple or bright yellow, 3-5 in. long; bracts shor- ter than their scales. Western North America from southern Oregon to Lower California and to Utah, southern Colo- rado, New Mex., Ariz, aud Sonora. S.S. 12: 613. G.C. III. 8:748. 749.-Of all fir trees best with- stands heat and drought; very hardy, grows rapidly, and the most desirable of the genus in the eastern states. BB. Leaf pointed, especially on main shoots, and usually rigid. 10. Vditchii, Lindl. {A. nepkrdlepis, Maxim.). Tree 80-100 ft.: trunk 3-4 ft. in diam.: branchlets slender, pubescent: Ivs. crowded, dark green and lustrous above, silvery white below : cones cylindrical, slender, dark purple, 2-2 K in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales. Mt. Fuji-san, Japan ; gregarious and forming great for- ests, coast of Manchuria. — Very hardy in the northern states, and in a young state one of the most beautiful of fir trees. 11. hom61epis,Sieb,&Zucc.{^. braehyphfflla,'Ms.xiva.). Tree 80-100 ft. : trunk 6 ft. in diam : upper branches long and vigorous, ultimately forming a broad round-topped head: Ivs. elongated, sharp-pointed, dark green and very lustrous above, silvery white below: cones cylindrical, stout, dark purple, 3-3 >^ in. long ; bracts much shorter than their scales. Mountains of central Japan, singly or in small groves. B.M.7114. — Very hardy, and in its young state one of the most desirable of the fir trees for the northern states. 12. Cephalbnica, Loud. Tree 60-70 ft.: trunk 2^ ft. in diam.: Ivs. broad, rigid, sharp-pointed, standing out from the branches at right angles: cones cylindrical, slender, pointed, gray-brown, 5-6 in. long; bracts longer orrarely shorterthan their scales. Mt.Enos, on the Island of Cephalonia. Gng. 6: 49. — Hardy as far N. as south- ern New York. Var. Apbllinis, Boiss. {A. ApdlUnis, Link.), with nar- row and blunter leaves, is remarkable in its power to pro- duce vigorous shoots from adventitious buds. Mountains of Greece and Roumelia, often gregarious: more hardy than the type in the northern states. ABIES 13. Pinsipo, Boiss. Spanish Fir. Fig. I. Tree 70-80 ft.: trunk 4-0 ft. in diam.: Ivs. short, broail, rigid, sharp-poiuted, bright green, spreading from all sides of the stiff braiichlets : cones cylindrical, slender, i?r;iy- brown. 5K-6 in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales. Mountains of central and southern Spain, often grega- rious. G.C. in. 21:407. — Not very hardy north of the Middle states. AA. jYobiles. Leaves blue-green, often glaucous, stotna- tiferous on both surfaces, fiat or 4-sided on sterile branches; 4-sided, acute, incurved and croivded on fertile branches. 14. nbbiUa, Lindl. Red Fir. Tree 150-250 ft.: trunk 6-8 ft. in diani.: Ivs. on lower branches grooved above, rounded and emarginate at the apex: cones oblong-cylin- drical, purplish or olive-brown, 4-6 in. long; bracts much •longer, thin and covering the scales, strongly reflexed, palfl green. Cascade and Coast Mountains of Washington and Oregon, often gregarious. S.S. 12:617. G. C. III. 20: 275. — There is a var. glaiica in the trade. 15. magnlfica, A.Murr, Red Fir. Fig. 2, /. Tree 200-250 ft. : trunk 6-10 ft. in diam.: Ivs. quadrangular, bluntly pointed on sterile and acute on fertile branches: cones oblong-cylindrical, purplish brown, 6-9 in. long; bracts much shorter than the scales. Sierra Nevada of California; gre- garious and forming great forests. S.S. 12:618. Gn. 37, p. 591.- Wood occasionally manufactured into lumber. Less hardy in the eastern states than A. nobilis. Var. Sha8t6nsis, Lemm., of southern Oregon and northern California, somewhat smaller, with bracts as long as or longer than the s A. Albert phylla.--^. Baborensi silvery below, very cones 4 or 5 together, long and 1 S.S. 620, ABUTA 6 ABROMA (from a, not, and broma, food). SterctdiA- Cf'tT. Greenhouse evergreen trees. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings in spring from half-ripened wood under glass. A.auijiista. Linn.f. Lower Ivs. cordate, 3-5-lobecl; upper Ivs. ovate-lauceolate. Trop.As. B.R. o\%.—A.fastiif>sa, R.Br. Lower Ivs. cordate. 5-lobed; upper Ivs. ovate: fis. dark purple. Trop. As., Austral. ABRONIA (from abrosy delicate, referring to involu- cre). yyctagindce miniata, Morinda^ nigra, obovata, orientalis, pendula, polita, pjfitgens, Schrenkiana, Smithiana. See, also, Pseudotsuga and '^^"^^' C. S. Sargent. ABOBRA (Brazilian name). CucurbitdcetP. Green- house climber, cult. forit.s numerous small, showy fruits: grows rapidly, and maybe planted out in summer. The tuberous roots are stored like dahlias. Prop, by seeds or rarely by soft cuttings. viridiflora, Naudin. Height 10-15 ft.: lvs. much di- vided ; tls. small, pale green, fragrant: fr. ascarlet gourd. Bru7.il. R.H. 18(;2: 111. -15 in a cluster, rose. cence: Ivs. rarely 1 in. long: Not common in cult. Int. 1891. AAA. Flowers white. melUiera, Dougl. ^towlGrth&n A. uinbellata: involucre larger, searious: lvs. longer and narrower. B.M. 2879. Int. 1891. fragrans, Nutt. Lvs. larger than in A. nmbellaia, broader at the base and more tapering: fls. night-bloom- ing. B.M. 5544. A.pulchHla, Nicholson. Fls. pinkish rose.— A. rosea. Hart- weg.=umbellata 1 ^' ]yj^ ABRUS (from abros, soft, referring to leaves). Legxt- tnitiosfF. Deciduous greenhouse climber, or used S. outdoors for screens. Roots have virtues of licorice. Needs strung heat for indoor culture. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings under glass in sand. precatbrius.Linu. Crab's-ete Vine. Weather-plant. Height 10-12 ft. : leaflets oblong, in numerous pairs: fls. varying from rose to white: seeds bright scarlet, with a black spot, used by Buddhists for rosaries, and in India as standards of weight. Tropics.- The absurd claims made for its weather-prophesving properties are exposed by Oliver in Kew Bull. Jan. 1890. AB0TA (native name). MenispermdcefE. Greenhouse evergreen climber. Prop, by cuttings under glass with bottom heat. — .4. rH/*^.Sfv?i.s, Aubl. Lvs. ovate: fls. dark purple within. S.Am. Unimportant. : ABUTILOX ABOTILON (name of obscure origin). Malvdceip. 'lowering Maple. Attractive coolhouse shrubs and ■iiiilciw plants. Lvs. long-stalked, often maple-like: tts. iMi naked 5-cleft calyx, 5 separate obovate petals, many tamens united in a column about the many-branched style. Of very easy culture in conditions which are suit- able for geraniums or fuchsias. Usually grown in pots, but sometimes bedded out in summer. Dwarf and com- pact varieties suitable for bedding are becoming popular. The tall varieties are adaptable to growing on rafters or pillars. A . striatum and A. ._, Thompsoni are " ^ the commonest type forms. Prop, by greenwood cut- ting.s at any sea- .son, preferably in late winter or early spring ; also freely by > horticultural varieties, some doubt hybrids, are in common cultivation. Following are well known : Arthur Bel- sham, red, shaded gold. Boule de Neige, pure white, very free. Eclipse, foliage marbled green and yellow: tls. of fair size; sepals scarlet; petals orange-buff : suited for baskets and vases: ».toTmotA.mL'ga- fiolamicum (.inother Eclipse is known). Erecta, pink orange-veined erect fis. Gol- den Bell, deep yellow, free-floweriug. Golden Fleece, pure yellow, free-flowering. Mary Miller, deep rose pendulou.s fls. Mrs. John Laing, purplish rose. Rosa;- flora, pinkish rose. Royal Scarlet, rich, shining scarlet. Santana, deep red. Savitzii, dwarf, with white-edged foliage: useful for bedding. Snow .Storm, semi-dwarf, pure white. Souvenir de Bonn, lvs. large, deep green, not mottled, but edged with a broad white margin: dis- tinct and .striking: a useful bedding plant. Splendens, bright red. A. Leaves proyninently Jobed, mostly maple-like or vine-like. B. Corolla widely open or spreading. D&rwini, Hook. f. Strong pubescent shrub S-.i ft. : lvs. velvety pubescent beneath, thickish, 5-0-ribbed, the ABUTILON lower ones lobed to the middle, the upper ones shallow- .S-lobed: fls. 1-3 at a place, orange with blood-red veins. Brazil. B.M. 5917. — Blooms in both winter and summer. Much hybridized with other species. A. grundijibrum and --1. eonipaetum are garden forms ; also A. fiorihun- rfiim, Hort., R. H. 1881: 350. . BB. Corolla mostly lunger and contracted at the mouth. striatum, Dicks. Fig. 4. Glabrous throughout: lvs. thin, deeply 5-lobe(l, the lobes long-pointed, rather closely ser- rate, sometimes small-spotted: fls. rather small and slen- der, hanging on peduncles 4-6 in. long, red or orange, with brown-red veins, the stamens scarcely or not at all exserted. Brazil. B.M. 3840. P.M. 7: 53. -One of the har- diest species, blooming continuously. Thbmpsoni, Hort. Fig. 5. Graceful but strong-growing plant: lvs. vine-like, mostlyS-lobed, the middle lobe long- pointed, thin and usually glabrous, mottled with green and yellowish blotches: fls. medium size, yellow or orange with red veins, the column of stamens conspicu- ously exserted in tlie single forms. R.H. 1885: 324. G.W. 70:133.— Blooms in summer and winter. An offshoot of A. stria tian, or a hybrid with that species. In the double- fld. form, the fls. are open-spreading. Cions often convey the variegation to the stock. Common and valuable. vendsum, Lemaire. Very strong grower: lvs. large, deeply palmate-lobed and strongly toothed: fls. large, 3 in. long, on peduncles 10-12 in. long. Mex. B.M. 4463. — A showy species. AA. Leaves not lobed^ cordate, but prominently toothed, sometimes angled. B. Corolla ifide-spreading. insigne, Planchon. (.4. Igneum, Hdrt.). Lvs. medium size, crenate-dentate, acuminate, villous pubescent un- derneath : fls. large, flaring-mouthed, white with very heavy and rich veining and markings of purple and red, on slenilerliaiigingpeduncles. New Granada. B.M. 4840. Gn. 18: L'tl.'l. — Xtt-y showy; common. longiciispe, Tlorhst. White-canescent shrub, with long- acuminate, bn)an^ naturally with the increasing heat and light uf the s])rini^, they will lluwer in March and April, aseasun when their graceful beauty is appreciated in the private conservatory or is valuable to the commercial florist. The prevailing color of all the Australian species is yellow, varying from pale lennm to deep orange. The tall-growing kinds, or rather those in- clined to make long, straight shoots, make excellent sub- jects for planting permanently against a glass partition of a conservatory, or against a pillar. There is scarcely j>n!>.sr,'n.s, with its slightly druuping. velh.w r;e-.n,rs. |1 deserves a fa- vured place in every cm. I .■uns, r\ ;.tory . The Acacias are of easy culture. If plautid permanently in the border, provision for drainage should be made. A good, coarse, turfy loam, of not too heavy texture, is all they want, with the addition of a fifth part of leaf-mold or well- rutted spent hups. F'ewM.t' our greenhuuse pests trouble them. Wut.r in alnindaiK-.- ihev like at all times, and in their growing season, whirli is tJie early snininer months, a daily syringing is necessary. Several of the species of bushy habit are very largely grown as |.(.t plants in Eu- rope, and are now largely impurtid and sold tor the east- ern trade. ^4. armata and -.4. Jh-n m iimwlii are good species for this purpose. We believe, with uur hot sum- mers, the commercial man will do better to import than to attempt to grow them from cuttings. The Acacias need pnininir. or thev will suon grow straggling and un- shapeU : murr especiallv is this true uf tliuse gn.wn in puts. After lIo\verint,^<■nt baekthe leai-2 in. long and often 1 in. broad. B.M. 4306. Var. nomi41is, Benth. Phyll. mostly 1-2 in. long and about Hin. broad. FF. Phyll. 2-6-12 in. long [sometimes only Pi in. in A. obtusata). Var. angustifdlia, Benth. Phyll. mostly 2-4 in. long, 2^ lines broad. G. The phyll. distinctly penniveined. 17. falc&ta, Willd. Tall shrub or small tree; glabrous: branches angular: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. long, lanceolat**- falcate, acuminate, much narrowed to the base; marg. nal gland close to the base or 0: sepals free, narrow: pods rather narrow; funicle encircling the seed. 18. penninfirvis, Sieb. Tree; glabrous: branches angu- lar: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. long, oblong to lanceolate falcate, acuminate, much narrowed to the base; margins nerve-like; gland distant from the base or 0: pods broad; funicle encircling the seed. Mar, B.M. 2754. ACACIA Var. falcifbrmis, Benth. (.4. fahifSrmis, DC). Pliyll. mostly larger and more falcate: young shoots and in- florescence minutely hoary or golden-pubescent : pod nearly ^in. broad. 19. saligna, Wendl, Shrub 6-10 ft. : branchlets angu- lar: phyll. 4-(i in. long, falcate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, narrowed to the base, rather obtuse, glaucous and smooth, the lateral veins but little conspicuous: racemes short; peduncles short: fl. heads few, large. Mar. 20. cyanoph^Ua, Lindl. Blue-leaved Wattle. Tall shrub 18 ft.; stoloniferous: branches drooping: lower phyll. about 12 in. long; upper 6 in. or less and narrower, linear-oblong to lanceolate -falcate, much narrowed to- ward the base, glabrous and often glaucous: peduncles \^~y^m. long: fl. heads 3-5, large, golden yellow. Mar. Gn. 52, p. 99. 21. obtus^ta, Sieb. Tall, glabrous shrub: phyll. lK-3 in. long, oblong-linear, or almost spatulate, usually almost straight, rather obtuse, point not curved, thick, rigid, with thickened, nerve-like margins; marginal gland 1, distant from the base, not prominent : racemes about 54 in. long, with densely packed heads; fls. 30 or more. Mar. GG. The phyll. thick, usually with inconspicuous lateral veins {conspicuous in A. pycnantha). 22. neriifdlia, Cunn. {A. retinddes, Schlecht. A.reti- nddes, var. fioribiinda, Hort.). Fig. 8. Tali, handsome shrub or small tree: branchlets slender: phyll. 3-5 in. long, 2-5 lines wide, linear-lanceolate, falcate, much nar- rowed to the base: racemes l-23^in. long; peduncles about 2 lines long : fls. bright yellow. Mar. F.v.M.Icon. 5:9. R.H. 1890, p. 505. A.F. 13: 880.-Useful as a street tree in Calif. 23. pycn&ntha, Benth. Golden Wattle. Small tree: phyll. 3-G in. long, lanceolate to oblanceolate, or, on vig- orous shoots, even obovate-falcate, obtuse oracutish, dis- tinctly penniveined, with a conspicuous marginal gland near the base: fl. heads in axillary racemes, on short pe- duncles, large, fragrant: funicle scarcely folded. Feb. R.H. 1896, p. 50-1. — Very variable in shape and size of phyll. 24. saliclnaf Lindl. Small tree : branches drooping : foliage pale: phyll. 2-5 in. long, 23^-6 lines wide, ob- long-linear or lanceolate, narrowed at base, thick, rigid, with a curved point; midrib and marginal veins scarcely prominent: racemes short, often reduced to 2 or 3 heads, or even only 1: peduncles slender: fls, about 20 in the head: pods straight; funicle scarlet, folded under the seed. 25. rostellifera, Benth. Tall shrub, perhaps only a va- riety of A. salicina, but, according to Bentham, different in aspect and the nerve of the phyll. mdch more promi- nent: phyll. linear-lanceolate, with au obliqiie or re- curved callous point. 26. suav6olens, Willd. Shrub 3-6 ft. high, glabrous: brandies ncutely angled: phyll. 3-6 in. long, 2—4 lines wide, narrowly lanceolate to linear; margins thickened: racemes about '%ui. long before opening, inclosed in large, imbricate bracts: fl.s. 0-10 in a head. Apr. DD. Veins of phyll. several {rarely only S), longitudinal. 27. dswaldi, F. v. M. Tall shrub: phyll. lK-2 in. long, falcate-oblong to linear, rigid, mostly mucronate, finely striate, twisted, mostly 3 or 4 lines broad. F. v. M. Icon. 6: 10. 28. p6iidula, Cunn. Weeping Myall. Handsome small tree: branches pendulous: foliage pale or ash-colored, with minute pubescence: phyll. lK-2^2in. long, nar- rowly lanceolate or almost linear-falcate, ending in a curved cusp; nerves few, indistinct: racemes very short, sometimes reduced to a solitary head; peduncles 5-0 lines long. F. v. M. Icon. 6: 8. 29. harpophylla, F.v.M. Tree: branchlets slightly an- gular: phyll. 6-8 in. long, lanceolate, very falcate, nar- rowed at the end but obtuse, much narrowed at the base, coriaceous, pale or glaucous ; nerves several, tine ; reticu- late veins few and indistinct: peduncles slender, mostly clustered in the axils : funicle short. F. v. M. Icon. 6:9. ACACIA 7 30. implfixa, Benth. Glabrous tree: branchlets nearly terete; phyll. 3-6 in. long, 2K-5 lines wide, lanceolate and very falcate-acuminate, with a short, hooked point, rather thin; reticulate veins numerous and distinct: pe- duncles few, in a very short raceme, long and slender: fls. pale yellow or dirty white: pods rather narrow, bi- convex, curved or twisted, slightly constricted between the seeds; funicle yellow, folded at the end of the seed but not encircling it. F. v. M. Icon. 8 : 2. leaved form. 31. melan6xylon,R. Br. Australian Blackwood. Tall tree, usually pyramidal, glabrous: branchlets slightly angular: phyll. mostly 3 or 4 in. long, K-1 in. wide, nar- rowly lanceolate to falcate-oblong, or even falcate-ob- lanceolate, much narrowed to the base, very obtuse, thick and stiff; reticulate veins numerous: racemes oc- casionally reduced to 1 or 2 heads ; peduncles short, stout : fls. pale yellow or dirty white ; petals connate above the middle: pods flat, 3— 4 lines broad, often curved in a circle ; funicle bright red, doubly encircling the seed. Mar. B.M. 1659. 32. Cyclops, Cunn. Shrub 6-10 ft. : branchlets angular: phyll. lK-3 in. long, nearly straight, narrow-oblong, ob- tuse, rigid: racemes short, occasionally reduced to 1 or 2 heads : fls. yellow ; petals smooth, free : pods flat, 4-6 lines wide, curved or twisted ; funicle richly colored, doubly encircling the seed. Apr. F. v. M. Icon. 8: 3. BB. I^ls. in cylindrical, or rarely oblong, spikes. c. Phyll. narrow, pungent -pointed, %-l in. long. 33. oxycMrus, Sieb. Tall, spreading shrub : phyll. %~%, or rarely 1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, acumi- nate, scattered, very rigid, striate, with 3 or 4 prominent nerves on each side; stipules small, often spinescent: spikes often above 1 in. long. B.M. 2928. 34. verticillita, Willd. {Mimosa verficiima,h'B.eT.). Bushy, spreading shrub : phyll. }4-%in. long, linear- subulate to lanceolate or oblong, mostly whorled, rigid, with I prominent central nerve; stipules minute: spikea K-1 in. long, dense ; fls. deep yellow. Apr. B. M. 110. 35. Bice&na, Hensl. Tall shrub or small tree, hand- some,dark green: phyll. K-%in. long, linear or subulate, sometimes very narrow and 1-1%'ui. long, scattered or whorled, l-nerved; stipules minute: spikes interrupted, slender, often above 1 in. long ; fls. pale yellow. Apr. N. 1:7. ACACIA ACACIA cr. Phl/U. broader, less rigid, not pungent-pointed, l%-6 in. lon,j. 3G. longiidlia, Willd. Sydney Golden Wattle. Fig. 9. Tall, handsome shrub: phyll. 4-(> iu. long, oblong- lanceolate, acuminate; longitudinal veins several, promi- nent: spikes 1 in. long, loose, axillary, mostly in diver- gent pairs; fls. golden yellow. Mar. B.R. 362. B.M. 2166. R.H. 1896, p. 504, -Useful as a street tree in Calif. Var. SophdrsB, F. v. M. (A. Sophortp, R. Br.). Phyll. 2-3 in. long, 5-8 lines wide, broadly oblong, obtuse. 37. lineiris, Sims. {A, longlssima, Wendl.). Shrub: phyll. 4-6 in. long, linear, with 1 prominent longitudinal nerve : spikes 1-2 in. long, loose and interrupted, slender : fls. pale yellow or dirty white. B.M. 2156. B.R. 680.- Valued as a street tree in Calif. 38. aneiira, F. V. M. Mulga. Shrubby; often hoary, with minute puTaescence : phyll. lH-3 in. long, 1-1 K lines wide, narrowly linear, without prominent nerves but minutely striate, rigid: spikes shorti and dense on short peduncles : pixia broad, flat, short. P. v. M. Icon. 10: 8. 39. glauciscens, Willd. (4. cinfrascfns, Sieb.). Glaii- cous tree 50 ft. or more high: phyll. 4-6 in. long, 5-12 lines broad at the middle, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, falcate, striate, and with 3-5 more prominent nerves, all free from the lower margin: spikes in pairs, 1-2 in. long : pods narrow-linear, biconvex, irregularly twisted. Mar. B.M. 3174. 40. holoserlcea, Cunn. {A. leucophylla , Lindl.). Shrub or small tree 10-20 ft., white, silky : phyll. 4-6 in. long, 1-3 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, with 3 or 4 prominent nerveB confluent with the lower margin at the base: spikes mostly in pairs, sessile, about 2 in. long. Mar. AA. Jyvs. all bipinnate. B. Fls. in globular heads. c. Heads in terminal-axillary panicles or racemes: stipules small or 0, D. Trees: pinnw in S-15 pairs, Ji. -heads panicled. 41. decurrens, Willd. Green Wattle. Branchlets with very prominent angles decurrent from the petioles ; glabrous, or the young shoots slightly tomentose-pubes- cent : leaflets 1-2 lines long, narrow, rather distant : fls. whitish yellow: pods mostly less than 4 lines wide, flat, more or less contracted between the seeds. Mar.- May. Var. normalis, Benth. Leaflets 3-4 lines long. 42. mollissima, Willd. {A. decurrens var. mdllis, Lindl. ) . Black Wattle. Branchlets with decurrent an- gles only slightly prominent : foliage and branchlets pu- bescent, the young shoots of a yellowish or gcflden tinge; leaflets 2-3 lines long, narrow, crowded: tls. fragrant: pods mostly less than 4 lines wide, flat, more or less con- tracted between the seeds. Deo. -Mar. B.R. 371. — The names of this and of the next species are often inter- changed in gardens and even in herbaria. 43. dealbita. Link. Silver Wattle. Branchlets with decurrent angles only slightly prominent : foliage and branchlets very glaucous or hoary, with a fine pubes- cence, the young shoots whitish; leaflets 2-3 lines long, narrow, crowded : pods mostly more than 4 lines wide, flat, hardlv constricted between the seeds. Mar. A.F. 13:880. R.H. 1896, p. 502. DD. Shr^ibs or small trees: pinnft 7nostli/ ?n SS pairs: Ji. heads racemed. 44. pubftscens, R. Br. Hairt Wattle. Shrub 6-10 ft.: branches and petioles hirsute: pinnie mostly 3-8 pairs; leaflets 6-20 pairs, 1-2 lines long, crowded, linear, gla- brous: racemes slender, longer than the Ivs. Mar. B.M. 1263. F.R. 1:733. 45. Baileyina, F.v.M. Small.handsome tree: branches and foliage glabrous and glaucous: pinnfB 2-3 pairs; leaflets about 13 pairs, 1/^-2/^ lines long, crowded, linear: racemes 3—4 in. long. Jan. F. v. M. Icon. 12:5. G.C. III. 15:37. cc. Heads on simple, solitary, or clustered peduncles: stipules often spinescent. 46. pulch^Ua, R. Br. Elegant shrub: branches slender, glabrous or hirsute, usually armed with subulate axillary spines : pinnfe 1 pair ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 1-2 lines long, obtuse: fl. heads solitary; fls. yellow. Apr. Var. grindis, Hort. (A.grdndis.'Senir.). Shrub 6ft., glabrous; leaflets 8-10 pairs, longer: fls. yellow. Feb.- May. J.H. 111.35:369 (1897). Var. hispidiBsima, Hort. {A. hispidissima, DC). Branches very hirsute, with long, spreading hairs : leaflets narrow: fls. white. B.M. 4588. 47. Fameslikna,Wi]ld.(4.Zfp^op7i)/»«, DC). Popinac. Opopanax. Cassie. Huisache. Much branching .shrub, 6-10 ft.: stipules straight, slender, sometimes minute spines; pinnee .'>-8 pairs; leaflets mostly 10-25 pairs, 1-2 lines long, narrow, linear, glabrous : peduncles 2 or 3 in the older axils : fl. heads large, globular, deep yellow, very fragrant: pods almost terete, indehiscent, at length turgid and ptilpy. Feb. -Mar. Tex., Mex., Asia, Afr. and Austral. Grown in S. France for perfumery. 48. Cav*nia, Bertero. Espino. Cavan. Height 20 ft. : spines stout: leaflets scabrous, scabious-pubescent. Oth- erwise near to A. Farnesiana, ot which it is sometimes considered a mere variety. Chile. — A good hedge plant. 49. Ardbica, Willd. Gt™ Arabic Tree. Fig. 10. Small tree, with spiny stipules: pinnie 3-6 pairs, each with 40 or less very narrow leaflets : fls. white, in globular, pe- dunculate heads, which are usually in 3's. Arab, and En. .50. tilicina, Willd. Unarmed shrub: pinnte 2-15 pairs; leaflets 20-50 or more pairs (rarely 10-15), very small: fl. heads globular: pods linear, straight, flat, not pulpy. Tex. and Mex. BB. Fls. in cylindrical spikes. 51. Gr^ggii, Gray. Small tree 10-20 ft., pubescent, often with scattered, short, stout, hooked prickles : pinnjB 2—4 pairs, %-l in. long ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 2 or 3 lines long, oblong or oblong-obovate, thick, and with 2 or 3 straight nerves : peduncles J^-1 in. long. Apr. Tex., S. Calif, and Mex. 52. Citechu, Willd. Tree: pinnae 8-10 pairs, each bear- ing 100 or less linear, pubescent leaflets : fls. yellow ; spikes solitary or in 2's or 3's. E. Ind. — Yields Catecha, a valuable tannin. ACACIA ACACIA 53. Drummondii, Beiith. Bush or small tree: piiinse 2-4 pairs, each with 4-10 linear, very obtuse glabrous leaflets: fls. pale lemon-yellow, in dense, solitary, droop- ing spikes l-l/i in. long. Austral. B.M. 5191. — Hand- some, and popular for spring bloom, as at Easter. In the following supplementary list, the lieights given are those attained by the plants under glass in N. Europe ; iu the open a,ir iu the southwest U. S. tliey often grow much taller, and sometimes flower 2 months earlier. Except when other- wise stated, the flowers are yellow. Those marked (*) are con- sidered most desirable. Those marked "stove" need hothouse treatment; the others can be grown in a coolhouse, or in the open in California. A. abietina, Wllld.=linifolia.— A. acan- thocdrpa, Willd.=Mimosa acanthocarpa. — A. Acapulcensis, Kunth.=LysilomaAcapulcensis.— A. acicuidm," Needle-leaved Ac&ciA"4ft.—A.affi7iis, Sweet.=dealbata.— A. rtZdia, R.Br., 6 ft. May. B.R. 396.— A.amostta, Wendl.. 3 ft. May. Near to het- erophylla.— A. anguldta, Desv.=discolor.— A. angusUfblia, Lodd.=Iongifolia, var. floribunda.— A. argyroph^Ua, Hook.= br:ichyboti7a, var. argyi'ophylla.- A. dspera, Lindl. (A. Aus- feldii, Regel. A. densifolia, Benth.). 4 ft. May.— A. Aus/eidu", Regel.=aspera,— A. Bancroftidna, Bert.=C®salpima bijuga.— A. Bartheridna, Hort.=Berteriana?— A. BerlandQri, Benth. Fls.? Mexico.— A. -B^-rieWdna, Balb.=Pithecolobium fragrans.— A. 60?dra. R. Br. 3 ft. May.— A. ftmerudia, DC. 8 ft. May.— A. hrachyacdntha, Humb. & Bonpl.=Mimosa acanthocarpa.— A . hrevifbiia, Lodd.^unata.— A. brevipes, Cunn.=melanoxylon.— A.Burmannidna.'DQ. Fls.? 6 ft. Ceylon. Stove.— A.ftwzi/o- iia, Cunn. 4 ft. Apr. Hook. Icon. 164.— A. c^esia, Wight & Am. (\. Intsia, Willd.). 20 ft. E. Indies. Stove.— A. celastHfolia, Benth. =myrtifoUa, var. celastrifolia.-A. centrophylla, DC 20 ft.; white. Jamaica. Stove.— A.OfraWn^a,Willd.=MimosaCera- tonia.— A. chrysOstachys, Hort.=Piptadeniachrysostachys.— A. cilidta. R. Br.='strigosa.— A. cinerdscens, Sieb.=glaucescens.— A.cochledris, Wendl. 4 ft. Apr. to May.— A. conclnnatDC. 20 ft.; fls. white. E.Indies. Stove.— A. Concordidiia, Loud. ^Pithe- colobium umbellatum.— A. co;^er(a, Cunn. Apr.— A.corddta, a trade name, probably belongs to some other species.— A. cori dcea, DC. 5 ft. May.— A. contiffcra, Willd. =spadicigera.— A coroniU(Ffblia, l>est. 10 ft. N.Africa. Stove.— A. crassicdrpa, Cunn, 6 ft. May.— A. cultrdta. Hort.=cultriformis.— A. c dta, Benth. Apr.— A. cuspiddta, Cunn.=diffusa, var. cuspidata, —A. cycnorum, Hook.=obscura.— .1. daviesirrfOb'a. Cunn. 6 ft, June.— A. decipiens, var.prcemdrsa, Hort.* 3 ft. May. B.M. 3244 —A.d€currens,v&r.m6llis, Benth.=mollissima.— A. densifblia Benth.=aspera.— A. dentlfera, Benth. Apr. B.M. 4032.— A. de pendens, Cunn.=longifolia,var.mucronata.— A.de(in«is, Burch, 3 ft. May. S. Afr.— A. diptera, Willd. =Prosopis juliflora.— A diptera, Lindl. Shrub : fls. 1—A. diptera, var. eridptera, Gra ham. Sept. B.M. 3939.— A. discolor, Willd. (A. angulata, Desv.) 10 ft. May.— A. divaricdta, Willd. =Lysiloma Schiedeana.— A Donkeldarii is a trade name.=Mimosa?— A . doratdxylon* " Cur rawang,"abeautiful small tree : fls. golden yellow.— A. dtnndsa Wight& Am. =latronuni.— A. e&«niea, Willd. 5ft. E.Ind. Stove, —A.echinula, DC.=jumperina.— A. edulis,B.\x.mh. & Bonpl.= Farnesiana.— A. eldta, — *. "Pepper-tree Wattle."— A. eZonydia Sieb.*6ft. May. B.M. 3337. Especially suitable for damp, sandy land.— A. emargindta, Wendl.=stricta.— A. eriocldda, Benth June.— A. Esterhdzia, Mackay. 4 ft. May.— A. falci/orniis DC.=penninervis, var. falciformis. — A. ferruginea, DC. E Indies. Fls.? Stove. —A. jiexicaulis, Benth.=Pithecolobiuni flexicaule. Coulter.— A. fioribunda. Willd. =longifolia, var. flori- bunda.—A. /loribunda, Hort.=neriifoHa.— A. formdsa, Kunth =Calliandraformosa.— A. /ronddsa. Willd. =Leuc£enaglauca.— A. fruticbsa, Mart.=Piptadenia latifolia.— A. genist^fdlia Link.=diffusa.— A. girdffce. Willd. "Camel-thora." 40 ft. S, Afr. Fls. ? Stove.— A. ff^auca, Mcench.=Leuc£ena glauca.— A, iila^a, Hort.=A. glaueescens.— A. ffrdndts, Henfr.=pulchella, var. grandis.— A. grata, Willd. =Piptadenia macrocarpa.- A. graviolens, Cunn.=vemieiflua.— A. GuayaQuilensis, Desf. =Mimosa Guayaquilensis.— A. Guianensis, Willd.=Stryph nodendron Guianense. — A. gummifera, Willd. 30 ft. Guinea. Yls.'i — A. Hcematdxylon.V^iM^. 20 ft. Fls. yellow oi white. S. Afr. Stove.— A. hastuldta, Sm. 4 ft. May. B.M 'Si\\.—A, heteracdntha^'RxiTQh.. 15 ft.: fls.? S. Afr.— A. ftf^^ro phylla, Willd. 5 ft. May. Mascarene Isls.— A. hispida, Hort =Robinia hispida.— A. hispidissima, DC.=A. pulchella, var hispidissima.— A. homalophyUa,* "Yarran."- A. homomdlla Wendl.=glaucescens.— A. fi^M^f^eiu. Benth.* Paleyellow. Feb.— A. humi/usa, Cunn. Austral.— A. h^brida, Lodd.=annata.— A . intermedia, Cunn.=longifolia,var.floribunda.— A. intertexta, Sieb.=longifolia.— A. Jntsla, WiUd.=cfesia.— A. Julibrissin, Willd. =Albizzia Julibrissin.- A. ju/uperhia, WiUd.* (A. echi- mila, DC). 6 ft.: near to verticillata.— A. Kalkbra, G. Don.= Albizzia Julibrissin.- A. Kba, Gray. Fls. ? Hawaiian Isls. Stove.— A. Lambert iujia. D. Don.=Calliandra Lambertiana.— A. lanigera, Cunn. 6ft. Apr, B.M. 2922.— A. latisiliqua, Willd.= Lysiloma latisiliqua.— A. Latrbbei, Meissn.^acinacea.— ,4. la (rortum. Willd. {A. dumosa, Wight& Am.). 20 ft.: fls.? E. In dies. Siove.— A. laurifblia, Willd. 4 ft. May. Pacific Islands. Stove.— J.. Lebbeck, Willd, =Albizzia Lebbek.— A. leiopkylla. B'^nth.=saligna.— A. lentiscifblia, Desf. 20 ft. Fls. ? Mexico, Stnve.— A. leprbsa, Sieb.* May. B.R. 1441. "Graceful, lineai leaves.andhabitof awillow."— A. leprbsa, y as. tenuifbli a, 'Reuih ^\'tYe.—A.leptocdrpa.G\kiin. 6 ft. Avv.—A.leptonextra,\ien\.\\ 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 4350.— A. leptophiylla, DC.=Famesiana.— A leucophloea. V^iWA. 12 ft.; pale yellow. Tropical Asia. Stove.— A . lettcophylla. Colvill.=holosericea.— 4. liguldta, Cunn.^sali* eina.— A. lo7igifblia, vnr. floribunda, F. v. M. (A. floribunda, Willd. A. intermedia, Cunn.). 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 3203.— A. ion^i- fblia, var. mucrondta, F. v. M. (A. dependens. Cunn. A. mucronata, F. V. M.). Mar. B.M. 2747.— A. longissima, Wendl. =linearis.— A. lophdntha, Willd. =Albizzia lophantha.— 4. lophdntha, var. glgant^a. Hort.=Albizzia lophantha, var. gigan- tea. — A. lucida, Baill.^Albizzia lucida.- A. Mdngium, Willd. 10 ft. Molucca Isls. Stove.— A. microphylla, Willd.— Piptadeniaperegrina.— A. mdllis, Wall.=Albizzia Julibrissin.— A.Nhnu, Willd. =Albizzia Julibrissin.— A. neurocdrpa, Cunn. =holosericea.— A. nigricans, R. Br. 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 2188.— A. 7iud. 'I't, thorn, and rhiza, root), ■^idneless palm, with a rather rohust c;,ii.ir\. (leiivrlyc|,.TlM-- to niaiiyiiarted cunei- form seguicTits, ^'laucous below, witliout auy rachis; petiole flattened or convex above, smooth on the margins; sheath short, fibrous : spadix compressed : the short peduncle and spreading thickened branches white : bracts and spathes elongated toward the base of the branches, coriaceous, deciduous; bractlets bristly, deciduous. Spe- cies 2 or 3. Cent. Amer. About one-fourth of the soil given them should be vegetable mold. Prop, by seeds in bottom heat. aculeita, H.Wendl. [Chamcerops stauracdnf ha jHort.) . St. spiny at base : lvs. orbicular, with a narrow sinus at the base, whitish beneath. Mes. I. H. 26:367. B.M. 7302.— Succeeds in an intennediate house. Chiico, Dnule {TItrinax Chuco, Mart.). St. smooth, about 30 ft. high, 9-10 in. in diam. , slender, flexuous : Ivs. orbicular, with a narrow sinus at the base; petioles slen- der, 3-6 ft. long, smooth ; blade 6 ft. in diam. , divided to or beyond the middle; segments 15-20, lanceolate, acute, 1-2 in. wide, dark green above, paler and glandular be- low. Braz. The following species are rarely seen outside of botanic gar- dens, and need stove temperature : A. Wdllisi, H. Wendl. Hab. ?~-J.. Warscewiczii, H. Wendl. Panama. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. ACANTHUS ( (7 Arrtn/Ao.t, thorn). Acanthcice(F. Bear's Breech. Mostly hardy herbaceous perennials of vigorous growth and broad foliage, suitable for backgrounds of borders and subtropical effects. The acanthus leaf is one of the commonest of art forms. The ornamentation of the Corinthian column is said to have been suggested by A, spinosus. Height 3-4 ft. : spikes 1-lKft. long ; 12 ACANTHUS fls. dull white to rose or purplish. Mostly southern Europe. A. molli.i may have suggested the more conren- tionalized acanthus leaf of Roman architecture. Must be deeply mulched N. in winter. They need a rich, light, well-drained soil and much sunshine. Excessive moisture is fatal, especially in winter and spring. Fall-planted stock should always be protected for the winter by long ACER (1889), The maples are among our most ornamental and valuable trees for park and street planting. Nearly all a.ssume a splendid color in autumn, especially the species nf N. Auier. and E. Asia, which surpass by far the Ein<>iM-:iii iii;iples. Many of them are valuable tim- ber trr. ^. anil ^iiiiie American species, e.specially A. saeelKiniiii. |>n«luce sugar. For purposes of shade, the common sugar maple is best and most popular. The Norway maple makes a very dense and round head, and is excellent for lawns, but it is too low-headed for the streets. The silver maple, A. ^nrrlnirimtm and its vars., is also popular where quick-grnwinj,^ trees are de- sired. The Japanese maples are among the most strik- ing and showy exotic small trees, ami are adapted for fine grounds and for growing in pots. Prop, by seeds sown in autumn or stratihed and sown in spring. The earh ripening species like 1 *!ai(ha-tniiti7i and A. ru- bnou mil t If wn (ers or half ripened gieenwood cuttings m summer Fancy niiples are rendih winter gritted b^ tlie%eneer method. It n 1 \ 11 ti (< ( II 10 " riif 13. Acanthus spinosissimus. litter or evergreen boughs, even where established plants are hardy. Prop, by division in spring or early autumn, and by seeds. Cult, by J. B. Keller. A. il'.s'. spini/. spinoBissimus, Desf. Fig. 13. Lvs. dark green, pin- nately parted; spines glistening: fls. infrequent; autumn; spikes loose, pilose or glabrescent: spines of the bracts recurved. spindsus, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, pubescent; spines short, whitish: fls. smaller than in the last; sum- mer ; spikes dense, slightly villous. B. M. 1808. Gn 8: U7. AA. Irvs. not sphnj. mdllis, Linn. Fig. 14. Lvs. 2 x 1 ft., cordate, sinuately pinnatifid, mostly radical: fls. summer; spikes loose, pu- bescent. Gn. 52. p. 239. — Also recommended as a window plant. Var. latifdliuB, Hort.(4. ?niJWh'K.5, Hort. A.lAisi- tdnicus, Hort. ) is larger and hardier. Gn. 1, p. 303. longifdlius, Poir. Lvs. radical, longer and narrower than in A. raoi/i.s, bright green: fl.s. June. — Though said to be a stove species in Eu., it is the hardiest of all at Cambridge, Mass. A. GaroU-Alexdndri, Hausskn. 9-18 in. Lvs. few, radical, in alaxrosette, lanceolate, spiny; spikedense. Grreece.— A. cardwi- fdliiis, Linn.= Blepharis earduifolia.— A. ilirifdlius (Dihvaria ilieifolia, Jnss.). Smooth greenhouse sub-shrub with leaves re- sembling Ilex aquifolium. the Eu. Holly. Prop, by cuttings under glass. E.Asia.— 4. monMnus, T. Anders. Lvs. pinnatifid or sinuate-spinose. W. Afr. B.M. 5516. Stove species. ACEK (classical Latin name). SapindAcew. Maple. Trees, rarely shrubs: lvs. opposite, long petioled, simple and mostly palmately lobed, or 3-5-foliolate, deciduous: fls. small, in racemes or corymbs; petals generally 5 ; stamens 4-12, mostly 8 : fr. compound of two long- winged nutlets called samaras. Asia, especially E. Asia, N. Amer., Europe. Monograph by Pax in Engler's Bot. Jahrb., 6:287, and 8:177 (1885 and 1886), suppl. in the same, 16:393 (1893), and Hook. Ic. Plant. 19, t. 1897 of maple are cult in this coun- ( arpinifoliiim 28 Lirtinatum, is\(.irpuin 1 n 111 Ilium, 5; i nt ,tuin I ; Hel- I liisun( „' ItUii tuni, 1_, iiiaLruphjllum. 18, MonsptssuUinuia, 9; Ne- gundo, 31; nigrum, 4; Nikoense, 29; palmatum (poly- niorphum), 16; Pennsylvanicum, 27; pictum, 11; pla- tanoides, 13; Pseudo-platonus, 19; rubrum,2; rufiner\-e, 26; saccliarinum, 1; saccharum, 3; spicatum, 25; Ta- taricum, 23; Trautvetteri, 21; truncatum, 10. A. Foliage of simple, mostly palmate lvs. {oceasionally 3-foliolate in jVo. 14) ; fls. polygamous or mon. X. Anier. S.S. L':!i::. (i.e. II. 1:137. Em. o56.-OruauieiitaI tree, with wi.le-spread- ing, slender branches, growing best in rich and ii-oist soil, but succeeds almost anywhere. Lvs. turn clear yellow in fall. JIany garden forms; V'ar. WiSri, Schwer. (var. Wiiri f'irlttiatiini . Ilort.). Branches pendulous; lvs. dee|.ly .left, with dis^eete.l lol.es. A graceful Va- riety, r. in.nkal.ji- t..r its .li ping l.raiH'hes and finely divided lolia:,'e. Var. heterophyllum, Ilort. (var. lietero- phylhim lr»)H™.)»irfi, Hook. & Arn.i. Lvs. large, mostly 3-lobed. tomentose beneath fr, bright scarlet. S. states. S.S. 2:95. Var. foments ACEK sum, Arb. Muse. (-4. tomentdgitvi, Desf, A. ritbrittn, var. fnlqens, Hort. ). Of moderalp growth; Ivs. 5-lobed, pubescent beneath: lis. bright red. BE. Bloovi appearing with or after the h's., distinctly stalked, f. Fls. on long , pendulous , mostly hairy pedicels, in iilmnst sessile corymbs, appearing with the Ivs., itjH'tdlous; sepals connate. :t. s&ccharum, Marsh. {A. sact-harhium, Wangh., not Linn. .1. barbatum, Michx.). .Simsak or Rock Maple. Fig. 17. Large tree, 120 ft., witli Ki':iy b;irk : Ivs. 3-5- lobed, cordate, 3-0 in. long, with nurrcw and deep si- nuses; lobes acuminate, sparingly dentate, usually glau- cous and glabrous beneath; fr. mosily with spreading wings. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2;90. Em. . 158.— An excellent street and shade tree of upright, dense growth, turning bright yellow and scarlet in autumn. It does well in almost every soil. Var. Bug^li (A. Jiiicieli. Pax., .-1. s iecharum, YtiT. barbHtiitn, Trel.). Lvs. 3-lobed, gener- ally broader than long, 2-.1 in. across, pale green or glau- cous beneath, and at length mostly glabrous, coriaceous; lobes nearly entire. Centr. states. S.S. 2;91, as var. nigrum. 4. nigrum, Michx. (A. sacchartnum, var. ntgrum, Torr. & tiray. A. sdccharum, var. nigrum, Britt.). Black Maple. Fig. 18. Large tree, 120 ft., with black bark; Ivs. cordate, with the sinus mo.stIy closed, gener- ally 3-Iobed. with l.n.ail sin\ises, the sides of the blade mostly drooping, green and pubescent beneath ; lobes acute," entire or .ilptuselv toothed : fr. with variable wings. Centr. states. — Similar to ..4. saccAar?/m, but of duller appearance and less lcki- cnm, var. rubrum, Hort,). Lvs. dark blood-red when 14 ACER ACER unfolding. Var. tricolor, Hort. Lvs. dark blood-red, sprinkled with rosy pink when young. The.se two beau- tiful forms u.sually remain shrubby. 13. platanoldes, Linn. Norway Maple. Fig. 19. Large tree, 100 ft. : Irs. .5-lobed, cordate, 4-7 in. across, glabrous; lobes pointed, remotely serrate: fls. yellowish green : fr. with horizontally sjn-fjuliti^^ wiiii^s. Eu., Caucasus. — Large, handsome in.-, wiili iimml, .spread- ing head, resembling sonirwliat J. sarclm rum . The Its. turn pale yellow in autumn. Many fjardc u forms, some of which are here arranged iu two groups : the first being chiefly remarkable for the manner in which the Ivs. are cut ; the second being chiefly remarkable for their coloring. (1) Var. cucuUitum, Nichols. Lvs. irregrilarly and shortly lobed, crimpled, light green. Var. diS86ctum, Jacq. Similarto var. I^iirbi n/i, but with darker foliage and of slower growth. Var. globdsum, Hort. Forming aglobose head. Var. laclmatum, Ait. Lvs. irregularly divided, the divisi*'iis bending downwards : growth upright. Var. Ldrbergi, Van Houtte. Lvs. divided nearly to the base, divisions deeply lobed. (2) Var. ilbo-variegitum, Nichols. Lvs. with large white blotches. Var. ailreo-mar^nitum, Pax. Lvs. with yellow margin, somewhat irregularly lobed. Var. maples. They are extremely handsome shrubs of dense though graceful habit, and with elegant foliage, beauti- ful especially in spring for its delicate shades of green and red, and again in autumn, when the lvs. as- sume the most striking tints. Some of the more vigor- ous-growing varieties, like atropurpureum, dissectum-f ornatum, and the typical forms, are hardy even in New England, while the most variegated forms are more ten- der. They grow best in partly shaded situations and in well drained, rich soil. There are many varieties, mostly introduced from Japanese gardens, of which the follow- ing are some of the best. They may be divided into 5 groups, representing various degrees of dissection of the leaves : (1) A. palmitum, var. Thunbergi, Pax. {A. palmA- (h»!, Thuub. ). Lvs. deeply r.-'.i-L.bcd urcleft; lobes ob- long-lanceolate, ooarsel}' and doulily serrate or incised. Var. atropurpureum.Van Huiitte. Fig. L'O, c. Lvs. dark purj.le. <-...irsely duul.Iy serrati'. F. 8. 12:1273. Var. Banguineum, Hurt., is l.ii^rhter, un( darker red than var. atropitr/'U Koch. (var. atropnrpiireum riiriiii dark purple, with large carnihie half purple and half carmine. \: Lvs. yellow. Var. versicolor, green, with large white sjiot var. nigrum, Hort., IK III. Var. bicolor, iliiiii. Hurt.). Lvs. bloiclies, the lobes ar. aiiretmi, Nichols. Hi.utte. Lvs. bright F.S. 14:1498. Var. 17. Common Suear Maple.— Acer saccharum (X ReitenbacM, Nichols. Lvs. greenish red when unfold- ing, turuiug dark blood-red in late summer. Var. Schw6dleri, Koch. Lvs. bright red when young, changing to dark green. DDD. Lrs. S-5-lobfd or 3-foUolafe, douhJif serrate: win- ter-buds small, with 2 valvate scales. 14. glabrum, Torr. (A. Doiiglasi, Hook.). Shrub or small tree, 25 ft., quite glabrous : petioles bright red ; lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed or 3-parted, 1-5 in. across, dark green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath ; lobes doubly serrate. W. N. .Amer. S.S. 2:89. — Hand- some shrubby maple, with graceful, shining foliage, contrasting well with the reel j)e1inles :in(l branches: fr. often rose-colored. Var. tripartitum, I'ax. (A. tripartl- tum, Nutt. ). Lvs. small, usually 3-foliolate. DDDD. Zfi's. 5-11-lobed, lobes serrate: corymbs long, pe- diincled: ivinter-buds with 2 valvate scales. 15. clrcin&tum, Pursh. Small tree, rarely 40 ft.: peti- oles anetioles. G.C. II. 10. Of little decorative atropurpiir (4) Var. diss^ctum, Koch (A. poli/nu'trphum, var. decomp6situm,S.& Z.). Fig. 20, /■. Lvs. divided tu the base iu 5-9 pinnatitid lobes. S.Z. 1:140. Var. ornatum, Carr.(var.d'iiS('c(Hm n(ropMrpi(cp«»i,Hort. ). Fig.20.d. Lvs. deeply cut, deep red. Var. Frederici-GuiUlmi, Carr. (var. pinnafifidu^n rdseo -pietuni , Lem.). Lvs. finelv cut, green, with white and pink spots. I.H. 14:523. R.H. K'<(i7:3!ll. (5) V very sh value. 17. Japdnicum, Thunb. Fig. 20, &. Small tree or shrub ; petioles and peduncles downy when young ; lvs. 7-11- lobed, cordate, 3-6 in. acioss, light green, with silky hairs when unfolding; lobes ovate, doubly serrate: fls. large, purple. Japan. S.Z. 1:144. Var. macrophyllum. Van Houtte. Lvs. large, light green. Var. aiireum, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. PArsonsi, Veitch. (var. fiHcifdlium, Hort.}. Lvs. large, . Lrs. distinctly 5-lobed, large. 18. macropliy Hum, Pursh. Large-leaved Maple. Tree, 100 feet high : lvs. cordate, deeply 3-5-lobed or cleft, pu- bescent when young, pale green beneath, 8-12 in. across , middle lobe mostly 3-lobed: racemes pendulous: fr. with yellow, bristly hairs, largely winged. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2: 86, 87. — Handsome round-headed tree, remarkable for its large foliage; not hardy iu the North. ACER 19. Pseildo-pWtanuB, Linn. Sycamore Maple. Tree, 70 ft. liii^h; Ivs. r)-|ol.ed, coarsely crenate-serrate, 3K-7 in. across, ill. 'I. ;,'iii-u above, glaucous and mostly gla- bruu-s bcuuath : rai-L-nie.s pendulous : fr. glabrous. Eu., Caucasus. — Large tree of vigorous growth, with large, spreading head ; thrives well even in exposed situations. Many varieties and garden forms: Var, villdsum, Prsl. Lvs. eharta- ceiius, puliist-fnt beneath. Var. purpurascens, Pax. {vars. purpii- rriim and alropiirpiiretim. Hort.). Lvs. purplish red bnii-ath ; nf ro- bust growth. Var.Hand,ieryi,S|i;itli. (va,T.Prinz Haiuljrrii.Uort.). Lvs. purplish beneath, briLrht red when uiifiildinR. Var. W6rleei, Hort. (var. lut.'sriiis. Hurt. 1. Lvs. yellow. Var. 41bo-variegitum, Hort. Lvs. with wliiti' l.li.trlii's and spots. Var. tri- color, Hurt. Lvs. .spotted with red, chaii(;iiiL,' to white. 20. HSldreichi, Orph. Tree: lvs. 5-1iiIm-i1. the middle incisions reach- ing nearly to, the outer half way to the base, 3-5 in. across, glabrous, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath ; lobes coarsely and douhlv serrate : panicle erect, lone-stalked, ovate. S. E. Eu. Gt. 34:IKKri. ».!.(_'. n. lG:lil. 21. Traitvetteri, Medw. {A. velufinum, Hort., not Boiss.). Lvs. slightly cordate, deeply 5-lobed, 5-7 in. across, glaucous beneath and pubescent when young ; lobes coarsely crenate-serrate: panicle erect, ovate. Cau- casus. Gt. 40, pp. 264-260. B.M. 6097.- Similar to A. insiyne, but hardier and with smaller leaves. 22. insigme, Boiss. & Buhse. Largetree: Ivs. 5-lobed, deeply cordate, 5-10 in. across, bright green above, glau- cous beneath ; lobes broad, coarsely crenate-serrate : panicles large, erect. Caucasus, N. Persia. G.C. HL 10: 189. — Remarkable for its large, handsome foliage; not hardy in the Nortli. May be divided into two varie- ties: Var. Van Volxemi, Pax. {A. Van \'ol.Temi, Mast.). Lvs. at length glabrous beneath. Var. Teldtinum, Boiss. Lvs. densely pubescent beneath. DD. I^vs, mostly 3-lobed or without lobes, green beneath. 2.'). TaUricum, Linn. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft.: lvs. roundish oval or oblong, cordate, sometimes slightly lobed, 2^ in. long, doubly serrate, nearly glabrous: fls. in long peduncled panicles, white. S. E. Eu., Orient. — Round-headed small tree, growing best in somewhat moist soil. 24. GinnMa, Max. {A. Tatdricwm, var. Ginniila, Hort.). Fig. 21. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft. : lvs. 3-lobed, l)'2-3>^in. long glabrous, the terminal lobe elongated, doubly serrate : fls. in long peduncled panicles, yel- lowish, fragrant. Manchuria, N. China, Japan. Gt. 1877 : 308. — Graceful shrub, with handsome foliage, turn- ing bright red in autumn; may be used as a substitute for the Japanese maples where these are not hardy. Var. Semendvi, Pax. _(A. Semendvi, Regel.). Shrub: lvs. smaller, deeply 3- or nearly 5-lobed. Turkestan. 25. spic&tum, Lam. Moiintaim Maple. Shrub or small tree, rarely .SO ft.: lvs. 3- or slightly 5-lobed, coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath, 2K-4i4 in. long: racemes rather dense, long, upright: fr. with diverging wings, bright red in summer. E.N.Am. S.S. 2:82, 83. — Valuable as undergrowth; lvs. turn yellow and scarlet in fall. 26. ruHnSrye, S. & Z. Tree with striped bark : branches glaucous when young : lvs. rounded at the base, 3-lobed, 3-5 in. long, doubly serrate, ferrugiue- ously pubescent beneath when young : racemes ferni- gineouslv jmbcscent. Japan. S.Z. 2:148. Var. Albo-lim- b4tum, liniik. Lvs. edged with white. B.M. 5793. 27. Pemi3ylv4nicuin,Linn.(jl.s/rJii(M»i,Dur). Striped Maple. Moosewood. Tree, rarely 40 ft. : bark greenish, striped with white lines: lvs. slightly cordate, roundish - obovate, 3-lobed at the apex, 6-8 in. long, finely serrate, ferrugineously pubescent beneath when young: racemes ACER 15 glabrous, drooping. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2 :84, 85. Michx. Hist. Arb. 2:17. Era. 566.— Handsome medium-sized tree of upright, dense habit, with bright green, large foliage, turning clear yellow in autumn, and attractive even in winter from its smooth, greenish bark, striped with white. 18. Black Sugar Maple. — Acer nierum. PDD. Jyvs. not Johed, penninerved, doubly serrate, acuminate. 28. carpinifdlium, S. & Z. Hornbeam Maple. Tree, 30 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, nearly glabrous, 3-6 in. long : raceme few-fld. S.Z. 2:142. G.C. H. 15:564.-Very distinct, hardy spe- cies; the lvs. are almost exactly like those of Carpinus. AA. Foliage of S-6-foliolate lvs. {cf. No. 14): fls. dicecious. B. Petioles and young brandies with a rufous, villous tomenfuni: fls. in terminal fetv -flowered racemes: winter-buds with many scales. 29. Niko6iiset Max. Tree, 40 ft. : leaflets ovate or ob- ovate, acute, entire or coarsely serrate, 2-5 in. long, villous-pubescent beneath: fr. hairy, with large wings. Japan. G.F. 6: 185. — Very distinct; lvs. turning bril- liant scarlet in autumn. BB. Petioles and branches smooth or velvety pubescent: fls. in long lateral racemes: winter-buds with S or 4 outer scales. 30. cissiidlium, Koch. {Negiindo cissifoUum, S. & Z.). Small tree: leaflets ,'!, long-stalked, ovate or elliptic, cuneate, coarsely serrate, ciliate, 2H-4 in. long: fls. in 16 ACER ACER long, upright racemes, with petals. Japan.— Handsome, round-headed tree, with slender, spreading branches and graceful bright green foliage, turning orange-yellow and scarlet in autumn; hardy. 31. Neguudo, \ Ann, (Negundo fraxinifdliiim, iiutt. iV. a'-eru'l(/>'S, Mun.-li.). ASH-LEAVED MaPLE. BoS ElDER. Large tree, 70 ft. : Ivs. pinnate ; leaflets 3-5, ovate or oblong-lanceo- late, coarsely serrate or 3-lobed, mostly brous, 2-5 in. long: fls before the Its. ; stami- nate fls. in pendulous corymbs, pistillate fls. in pendulous racemes. E. N. Araer. S. S. 2: 9G. Michx. Hist. Arb. Japanese Maples. Acer palmatum var. re- ticiilatutu; 6. A. Japoni- ■um. type: c. A. palma- tum var.atropurpureum; oruatiun; e. Thunbergi ; f. var. 2:18.— Large, rapid-growing Tree of spreading habit, thriving best in moist and rich soil. Much prized in the W., where it withstands cold and clrynt'ss. Largely used for shelter belts and for planting tinilier-claims. See picture, under Box Ehltr. Var. Califbrnicum, Sarg. {A. Califdrnicum, Dietr. Negihido Culifornivum, Torr. & Gray). Branches pubescent when ynuug : leaflets 3, densely pubescent beneath. W. N. Anier S.S. 2:97. Nutt. N. Am. Svlv. 2:72. Var. vioUceum, Arb. Muse. {A. Califdniinn'n, Hurt. I. A vigorously growing form; branches purjilisli witli glnucons I. loom or tincly pubes- cent when young. Var. arg6nteo-varieg^tum, HoVt. Lvs. with broad white margin. Probably the most effective of all varicgat.Mi hardy trees, F. 8.17:1781. Var. atireo- maculatum, Hurt. Lvs. spotted with yellow. Var. aiareo- marginitum, Hort. Lvs. with yellow margin. Var. auratum, Spjith. Lvs. vrdluw. Var. crispum, G. Don. Leaflets rurl.-d. These"horti<'ulturaI varieties may be grafted on n.inmon Box Ehb-r seedlings. Box Elder also grows from hardwood cuttings, like the grape. A. acuminatum. Wall. (A. eawdatum, Wall. A. Isevigatum, Hort.. not Wall.). Tree: lvs. 5-lobed. deeply doubly serrate. Himalayas. G.C. II. 15:364.—^. argutum. Max. Small tree: Ivs. small, 5-7-lobed, doubly serrate, nearly glabrous. Japan. G.C. II. 15: 725. Hardy and graceful species. ~ A. A usti-ia cum, Tratt.=A. campestre, var. Austriaeum.- 4 . barbdtum, Michx. = A. sacchiirum.— J.. 6artinen?c. Max. AlUedto A. argutum. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, pubescent when young. Japan.— 4. Bdscii, Spach. Probably hybrid, A. MonspessiilanumXiatarieum.- .4. (Jah- fdmicum, Dietr.^A. Negundo, var. Californieum.— A. Califdr nicujn, Hort.=A. Neguudo, var. violaceum.— A. capUUpes, Max. Allied to A. nifiner\'e. Lvs. 3-lobed, glabrous. Japan.— A. can- dd(«m, Wall. =A. acuminatum.— A. cinerdscens, Boiss. Shnib or small tree : lvs. y-lobed, K-2 in. long. Similar to A. Mon- spessulanum. Persia. — A. coridceum, Tseh. (A. Creticum, Tratt. A. polymorphum, Spaeh.). Probably A. CreticnmX Pseudo-platanus.— A. cratcegifblium. S. & Z. Tree: lvs. oblong- ovate, often sliglitly 2-lobed at the base, inequahy serrate, gla- brous. Japan. S.Z. 1: 147. Hardy.— A. Creticum, Linn.=A. orientale.— A.C're(icu7rt,Tratt.=A.coriaceum, Tsch.— A.dia6(5ii- CK/ft, Blume. Tree, 30 ft.: lvs. 5-lobed, 3-6 in. across, coarsely dentate, green beneath and pubescent when young: fls. greenish. Japan. G.C.II. 15: 533.— A. i>t^cA-i. Pax. Probably A. LobeliX platanoides. — A. dissectum, Thunb.=A. palmatum, var. dissec- tum.— A. distylum, S. & Z. Tree : Ivs. ovate, 5-7 in. long, coarsely crenate-serrate, glabrous. Japan. G.C. II. 15: 499. — A. Douglasi, Hook. = A. glabrum. — A. hnimmoiidi, Hook.=A. rnbrum, var. Dnmimondi. — A. Durettl, Pax. Probably A. MouspessulanuniX Pseudo-platanus. — A. eriocdrpum, Miehx.= A. dasycarpuDK— A. glaiicum, Marsh. =A. dasycarpura.— A. heteraphyllum, Willd.=A. orientale. — A. Hodkeri, Miq. Tree, 60 ft. : lvs. enrdate-oblong, serrate, 4-6 in. long. Himalayas, China— A. JJyn-dnnm,F. & M.=A. Italum. var. Hyreauum.— A. hi/hridum, Spach. Probably A. ItahimXPsoudo-platanns. — ,4. hijhridum, Baudr.^A. Boscii.— A. IbeHcum, Bieb.=A. Muiisin'ssulanum, var. Iberieum. — A. Icevigdtiim, Wall. Small trt'.'; 1\ s. nhlong, nearly entire, attenuate at the base, green be- iifiLili. Himalayas. — A. Icevigdtum, Hort.=A. acuminatum. — A. laiin'fnlium, Don.=A. oblongiun. — A. leucoderme. Small. (A. Floridanum, var, acuminatum, Trel.). Allied to A. sjicchamm. Small busby tree with white bark: lvs. mostly 3-lobed, 3-4 in. across, greenish and finely pubescent beneath; lobes acuminate, nearly entire: corymbs glabrous. N. C, Ala. — A. Loheli, Ten. Allied to A. Isetum. Branches glaucous : lvs. rounded at the base; lobes mostly undulated, abruptly pointed. Italy. — A. Mexicdmtm, Pax, not Gray.=A. serratum. — A. micrdnthum, S. & Z. Shrub or small tree: lvs. 5-7dobed; lobes incised and doubly serrate, glabrous: fls. and fr. small. S.Z. 1:141.— A. Miydhei, Mux. Tree, 40 ft.; branche.s corky: lvs. 3-5-lol»cd, pu- bescent and pale green beneath, 4-6 in. long; lobes sliglitly lobed. Japan, G.B\ 3: 143. — A. moutdnum, Ait.=A. spicatum. — A.Neapulitdnujn, Ten.=A. obtusatum. — A. neglectum, Lange. Probably A. campestreXLobeli. — A. oblongum. Wall. Tree, 50 ft.: lvs. ovate-lanceolate, entire, quite glabrous, glaucous be- neath, coriaceous. Himalayas. — A. obtusdttim, Waldst. & Kit. Allied to A. Italum. Small tree : lvs. tomentose beneath ; lobes short, rounded: peduncles hairy. S. Eu.,N. Afr. — A. Opaliis, Ait.=A. Italum. — A. opulifblium,, Vill.=^ A. Italum. — A. orien- tale, Linn. (A. Creticum, Linn. A. sempervirens, Linn. A. heterophyllum, Willd.). Shrub, 4 ft.; lvs. nearly evergreen, orbicular or oval, entire or 3-lobed, K-lK in. long, glabrous. Orient. — A. palmifblium; Borkh.=A. saccharum. — A. pectind- tum. Wall. Tree : lvs. 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, the middle lobe elongated, acuminate. Himalayas. G.C. II. 15:365. — .4. polgmdrphum, S. & Z.= A. palmatum. — A.polymdrphuiti.Hituch =A. coriaceum. — A. purpurdsce/is, Franch. Very simitar to A. diabolicum. Fls. purple. Japan. — A.Jiugeli, Pax =A. saccha- rum. var. Rngeli. — A. saccharinum, Linn.^A. dasycarpum. — A. saccharinum. Wangh.^ A. saccharum. — A. saccharinum, var. ni- grum, Torr. »& Gray=A. nigrum. — A. saccharum,, var. col- uinndre. Temple. =A. nigrum var. monumentale. — A. sAccha- rum, var. nigrum, Britt.=A. nigrum. — A. Hchwerini, Pax. Tree: lvs. cordate-oblong, slightly 3-lobed or entire, glaucous beneath, 5-7 in. long. Himalayas. — A. Semenbvi, Regel.= A. Ginuala, var. Semenovi. — A. sempervirens, Linn.=A. orientale. — A. 8eptem,lbbum, Thunb.=A. palmatum, var. septemlobum. — A. serratum, Pax (A. Mexicanum, Pax, not A. Gray). Allied to A. Negundo. Leaflets 3, pubescent, equally serrate. Mex. — A. SieboldidnuTn-, Miq. Allied to A. Japonicum. Lvs. 9-11- iobed, serrate : fls. small, yellowish. Japan. — A. Sikkimense, Miq. Tree : lvs. cordate-ovate, entire or serrate, qiute gla- brous, coriaceous. Himalayas. — A. stridtum, Dur.^A. Penn- sylvanieum. — A. Tatdricum, var. Oinndla. Hort.=A. Ginnala. — A. Tatdricum,Yiir.lacinidtum,'Rese\.^A. Ginnala. — A. Tauri- cum, Hort.=A. Italum, var. Hyrcanum or A. campestre, var. Tauricum. — A. tegmentbsum. Max. Allied to A. Pennsylvani- eum. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, glabrous beneath ; lobes short : fls, small. Manchuria. G.C. II. 15; 75.— A. tHfidum, Hook. & Am. Small tree: lvs. cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed, small, glabrous; lobes entire. China, Japan. S.Z. 2:143. — A. trilobdtum. Lam.=-A. Monspessulanum. — A. trilobdtum, Hort.=A. Italum, var. Hyrcanum. — A. tripartltum, Nutt.=A. glabrum, var. triparti- tum— .1. Tsc?ion6skiif Max. Small tree: lvs. 5-7-lobed, cordate, 2-3'.jin. li)ng. glabrous; lobes incised -serrate. Japan. Graceful, h:irtry, shrubby tree. — A. Ukurunduense, F. & M. (A. spicatum, var. Ukurunduense, Max.). Allied to A. spic.itum. Small tree: lvs. 5-7-lobed, pubescent beneath, 4-5 in. long: lobes elongated, deeply serrate. Manchuria, Japan. G.C. II. 15: 172. — A. Van Vdlxemi, Mast.=A. iusigne, var. Van Volxemi. — A. veh'ttimim, Boiss. =A. insigne, var. velutiniun. — A. veliitinuTn, Hort. ^= A. Trautvetteri.— A. villdsum, Wall. Tall tree: lvs. 5-lobed. cor- date. 6-8 in. across, tomentose below, coarsely serrate. Hima- layas. — A. Virginidnum, Mill. =A. dasycarpum. — A. Zceschense, Pax.-A. neglectum, Lange. Alfred Rehdek. ACERANTHUS ACHIMENE? 17 ACERANTHUS (a flower without horns). Berberi- ddceiv. Slender, hardy, herbaceous perennial. A diphi'fUus, Morr. & Defiie. (Epimedium diphyllum, Lodd.). Plant rhizomatous : leaflets obliquely cordate, green above, glaucous beneath : tts. small, bluish white. Japan. B.M.3448. L.B.C. 19: 1«58. ACHANIA. See Malvaviscus. ACHILLEA ( its virtues said to have been discovered by Achilles). Compdsitce, Includes Ptarmica. Hardy herbacfous border and alpine plants of easy culture. Owiirf kiii'N make carpets in dry, sunny places. Large kiiiils saiTultlr furwild gardens. Lvs. simple, compound or tt-rnatf: fl. -heads small, corymbose.— Prop, in spring by division, cuttings and seeds ; chiefly by the first method. A. 7?rt?/.S' about 5, except in double form the orafe-oblong involucre; fl; yell' , half as long as whitey red, or B. Fls. white or red. Millefdlium, Linn. Milfoil. Yarrow. .art.■d.^^.■^^nt■uts Height 1-3 ft.: .. VS clef tf fls. in flat <-i>rynibs. ,luin--()ri. Kn., Asia, Amer. Common in pastur<-s. D. H."»,— Less coninionly <'ult. than vars. ru- briii/i and roseitm, with red or purple fls. BB. Fls. yellow. Tournefbrtii, DC. (A, uFgyptlaca, Linn. ). Height 12- 18 in. : lvs. pinnatisect ; segments roundish, coarsely toothed : fls. pale yellow. June-Oct. Greece. fiUpendulina, Lam. {A. Eupatbrium, Bieb.). Height 4—5 ft. : stem erect, furrowed, almost hairy: fls. in dense, convex compound corymbs, often 5 in. across. June- Sept. Orient.— Needs staking. tomentdsa, Linn. A woolly, carpet-like plant for rock- eries. Height 8-10 in. Eu., Orient, N. Am, B.M. 498. Gn. 52, p. 421. AA. Bays 6-S0,as long as or longer than the rofitvd or campanulate involucre ; fls. white. B. Lvs. not divided. Ptirmica, Linn. Sneezewort. Height 1-2 ft. : lvs. serrate : fls. in loose corymbs ; all summer. N. Temp. Reg. — Its full-double var., the Pearl, Pig. 22, is much 'Used for cut-flowers and in cemeteries, and is one of the most popular of all hardy herbaceous plants. There are other varieties. 2 Sibirica, Ledeb. (A. Mongdlicn, Fisch. A. ptarmi coldes, Maxim.). Denser than the last, more erect and rigid : height 13^-2 ft. : fls. larger and in more com- pact corymbs. July-Sept. BB. Lvs. deeply divided. macrophylla, Linn. Height 3 ft. : lvs. long, broad. July. Alps. Gn. 52, p. 421.— Better suited to shrubbery than herbaceous border. 22. Achillea Ptarmica, var. The Pearl. Clav^nsB, Linn. (Commonly spelled A. Clavennce. A. arg^ntea, Hort., not Lam.). Dwarf, tufted, hoary alpine plant : height 10 in. : lvs. dentate at apex ; segments obtuse: fls. spring and summer. Eu. B.M. 1287. Gn. 52, p. 421. — Thrives in sand. A. Agerdtum,'Luin. Fls. yellow. Eu. — A.ageratifblla,'Bejit}i. & Hook. (Anthemis Aizoon). Tufted, woolly, silvery gray: fls. white. May- June. Greece. — A. alphia, Linn. Lvs. pinnatifid; fls. white. May-June. Alps. — A. asplenifdlia, Vent. Lvs. pin- nate, smooth: fls. white. There is a red-flowered form. Hab.? — A. atrdta, Linn. Dwarf, tufted, aromatic: radical lvs. petio- late; cauline lvs. pinnatisect: fls. white. Alps. — A.decoldrmis, Schrad. Lvs. undivided: fls. paleyellow. July. Eu. — A.Herba- rd(a. All. Dwarf, tufted, aromatic, alpine : lvs. undivided, ser- rate: fls. white. May-June. — A. Idgilstica.All. Lvs. pinnatifid: fls. white. Eu., Orient. — A. mosckdta, Jacq. Lvs. smooth, pin- nately parted, lobes uncut: fls. white. Eu. — A. nana, Linn. Dwarf, hairy, woolly, aromatic : lvs. pinnatisect : fls. white. Spring. Eu. Used in making Chartreuse. — A. odordta, Linn. Lvs. pinnatisect ; lobes cut : fls. white. — A. pectindta, Willd. Fls. pale yellow. — A. nipestris, Huter. Lvs. J^ in. long, linear- spatulate, entire. S. Italy. B.M. 6905. — A. santoliiioides. Lag. 1 ft.: lvs. pinnatisect, hairy-wooUy: fls. white. Jidy. Spain. — A. serrdta, Retz. Lvs. pinnatifid, woolly: fls. white. Siberial — A.vnibelldta, Sibth. Very woolly rock plant, 4-5 in.; lvs. pin- natifid ; lobes oblong, bluntish, entire or serrate : fls. white. June. Greece. — A. Fa^esioca, Stein. Lvs. pinnately parted: fls. white. June-Aug. Eu. ^rr ^ ACHIM£)N£S (Greek, cheimaino, to sn^er from cold). Gesnerilcecr. Greenhouse herbs, allied to gloxinias, na- tive to tropical Amer. Fls. axillary; the 5 calyx lobes narrow and short ; the corolla tube cylindrical and limb spreading; anthers 4, connivent in the corolla tube, and a rudiment of a" fifth stamen ; style long, usually ex- serted, the stigma dilated or obscurely 2-lobed. The rhizomes of Achimenes should be potted about the first of April, in soil which has been made loose and open by the addition of about one-third leaf -mold. Six or seven of these in a 5-inch pot, or nine or ten in a 6-inch one, make specimens of the most convenient size. The young growth appears in about eighteen days, and from that time onward great pains should be taken to keep the soil moist, for a single severe drying will ruin the plants. Liquid manure should be given twice 18 ACHIMENES a week after flowering: begins, i.e., toward the end of May. The plants are generally tied up to slender sup- ports as growth advances, and, so treated, make surpris- ingly effective specimens. They may also be allowed to grow naturally, when they will droop over the sides of the pots and flower profusi'ly. .Still another way is to pinch off the tops of the triowin;; plants when they are 4 or 5 inches high. As this produces a branching growth, a smaller number of rhizomes should be allowed to each pot. The flowers of Achimenes are produced for several months without cessation, i.e., until Oct., and sometimes still later if the small-flowered kinds are used. As soon as blossoming comes to an end, the plants should be cut off level with the tops of the pots, which should then be stored away, putting a reversed pot on the top of each one that stands on its base, for otherwise mice may destroy all the roots. Achimenes are propa- gated usually by means of the natiiral increase of the rhizomes, but all kinds may be grown from cuttings. Another way, which produces many though weak plants, is to rub off the scales and sow them as if they were seeds. The roots should bo separati-d from the soil dur- ing the winter, and fare slmulil In- taken that they do not decay from getting: too w.t in thi- moist air of green- house or cellar. Some »tf tin- li>-st siK-ries are A. longi- flora, purplish blue; A. lontji flora var. alha maxima., the best white kind ; A . patens var. major, a large flower of purplish rose; A. pedunculata, orange; A. hetero- phylla, tubular, aflery orange atone end and blazing yel- low at the other. Some of the best varieties are Am- broise Verscheffelt, white, with a network of violet lines ; Chirita, deep, intense violet-blue with white throat ; Dazzle, small, vivid scarlet, and late-blooming ; Lady Littleton, rich crimson; Masterpiece, rosy violet with white throat; Mauve Queen, a very large and substantial variety of A. longiflora, pale purple; Rose Queen. ri<'h. rosy lake; Nisida, lavender, shading to wliite; Tn ri- rana rosea, like I)azz]i'. ex- cept in color.For other puiuts in the culture of Achimenes, see G. F. 7: 456, 477. .506, 518; 8: 16. In the grandiflora group the tubers or bulbs are clustered ; in the longi- flora group the tubers are pear-shaped bodies, growing on the ends of root-like rhi- zomes. The coccinea and hirsuta groups {Pig. 23) are ^ late bloomers. Cult, by W. E. Endicott. The garden Achimenes are much confused by hybridi- zation, and it is doubtful if any of the pure species are in general cultivation in this country. Years ago, the small red-flowered types (of the coccinea section) were fre- quent, but modem evolution has proceeded from the broad-flowered purple spe- cies. The following first six species seem to have contributed most largely to the present garden forms. A. J^ls. colored, the tube usually not more than twice the length of the limb. B. Blossoms small, red or scarlet. ocell&ta, Hook. Roots small and tuberous : st. 1-2 ft.: Ivs. rich green above and purple beneath, ovate, strongly serrate, with conspicuous purplish petioles : tis. small, 1 in. long, broad-tubed, spotted with black and yellow, the lobes short and obtuse and well separated, drooping on reddish peduncles. Panama. B.M. 4359.— Fine for foliage. coccinea, Pers. Height, 1-2 ft. : st. reddish : Ivs. 3- wborled or opposite, green, ovate-acuminate, serrate: t\s. small, scarlet the corolla twice longer than the erect lanceolate parted, calyx on short peduncles. Minute Ivs. often borne in the axils. Blooms late. Jamaica.— One of the older types. See Fig. 23. 23. Achimenes ; tube ACHIMENES heteroph:^lla, DC. (A. ign^scens, Lem. A. Ghies^ brechtii, Hort. ). Root fibrous : st. 1 ft. or less, dark pur- ple, somewhat hairy: Ivs. ovate-acuminate, stalked, ser- rate, the two of each pair usually unequal in size: fls. solitary, on peduncles somewhat longer than the leaf- stalks, long-tubular and slightly curved, with a narrow, nearly equal flaring limb, rich scarlet, yellow within. Mex. B.M. 4871. -This species has tubers like those of the grandiflora section. pedunculita, Benth. St. VA-2 ft., hairy, reddish: Ivs. opposite, small, ovate, sharply serrate, green, hairy, on short reddish stalks: fls. medium size, drooping and di- lated upwards, yellow-red with dark markings and a yellow throat, the limb comparatively short ; on long (4-5 in.) bracted stems. Guatemala. B.M. 4077. — Stem produces tubers: BB. Blossom large, with wide limb, blue, violet or purple. longrifldra, DC. Fig. 24. The root-like rhizomes pro- ducing pear-shaped tubers at their ends : st. 1-2 ft.. loneifloraiX J^). hairy: Ivs. opposite or 3-4-whorled, ovate-oblong, ser- rate, hairy, sometimes colored beueath: fls. solitary, the corolla salver-shaped, with a long and graceful tube; the limb very large and widely spreading, violet-blue and whitish beneath, the lowest segment sometimes divided. Guatemala. B.M. 3980. P.M. 9: 151.- A popular type. grandifldra, DC. Lvs. mostly larger than in last, rusty below, often oblique at base: fis. very large, dis- tinctly red-tinged. Mex. B.M. 4012.— Popular type. pitens, Benth. Height. 1-1 J^ ft. : lvs. unequal, ovate- acuminate, hispid and serrate : fls. violet-blue, with downy calyx, tube shorter than spreading crenate limb. Mex. AA. Fls. pure white, the tube 3-4 times the length of the limb. tublfldra, Nicholson, Suppl. p. 483 ( Gloxinia tubiflora. Hook. Dolichodeira tubifldra, Hanst.). St. short, with opposite oblong-acuminate, crenate, short-petioled Ivs. : fls. 4 in. long, curved, gibbous at the base, the tube downy, the pedicels opposite and 2 in. long. Argentina. B.M. 3971. — Tubers solid, much like a potato. A. amdbilis, Decne.^Njegelia miiltifiora. — A. at rosaii guinea, Lindl.=A. foUosa. — A. Candida, Lindl.=Dieyrta Candida. — A. crtprea/a, Hook. ^Episceacupreata. — A. folibsa. Morr. Lvs. cor- date, unequal: fls. crimson, with saccate tuhe 1}^ in. long, with narrow limb. Guatemala. — A . gloxinicBfldra, Forkel,=Glosinia glabrata. — A. hirsuta, DC. Loose grower : st. bulbiferous : fls. rather large, with swollen tube and oblique limb, rose, with yel- low and spotted throat. Guatemala. B.M. 4144. P.M. 12:7. Once popular. — A. Jaureffwia.Warscz.^A, longiflora. — A .KleH, Past. Dwarf: fls. pink-purple. P.M. 16:289. Form of A. longi- flora?— A.7nultifldra,G&rdn. Hairy: lvs. broad-ovate: fls. blue, fringed. Brazil. B.M. 3993.— A. j>fc«a, Benth. =Tydsea picta.— A. rbsea, Lindl. Pis. pink or rose, the peduncles many-flowered. Guatemala. — A. Skinneri, Gordon, =A. hirsuta. — Garden forms and hybrids are Escherii, floribunda, intermedia, Jayii, Mount- fOrdii, ncEgelioides. ndna, venusta (P.M. 15:121), Verschaffeltii. L. H. B. ACHLYS ACHLYS (the goddess of obscurity). BeyberiilAcntF. Hardy lii-rt'ai-fous perennial. Fls. minute, numerous, spicule, on a slender scapt. triphylla, IK'. Root-stock terminated by a strong, scaly winter-bud : Ivs. 1 or 2 ; leaflets 3, fan-shaped, sinuate-dentate, 2}^x5 in.: scape 1 ft. long, spike 1 in. long. Spring. W. N. Amer. — An interesting and deli- cate plant. Int. 1881. ACHRAS. See Snpo.lillo. ACHYRANTHES. See Iresine. ACID ANTHfiRA (pointed anthers). Irid&cea. Ten- der lierbai'eous ]>erennials, intermediate between Gladio- lus and Ixia. Lvs. many, linear ensiform. 1-l^ft. long: spikes ;i-('i-tluwere(l. simple, lax : Hs. long-tubed, some- what i>enduluus: ci.irnis roundish, flattened, covered with a matted fiber. — Prop, by seed or b}- the numerous corms. bicolor, Hochst. St. 1.5-18 in. : H.s. creamy white, blotched chocolate brown within, fragrant : corms M-l in. in diam. Abyssinia. G.F. 1 : 486, 487. Gn. 47: 1014. G.C. III. 211:393. Mn. 8: 11.- Requires a somewhat .stiffer soil than the tender species of Gladiolus. May he grown in a tub outdoors during summer, and flowered within during Oct. Several corms in a large pot give good results. Corms should be dried as soon as lifted, to prevent rot. A. (Tquinoctidlis, Baker. St. 3-4 ft., stout, stifiay erect: lvs. strongly ribbed: fls. white, blotched crimson or purple within: corms large. Sierra Leone. B.M. TA^i'i. May be a stronger growing and more tropical form of the above. W. E. Endicott and W. M. ACIN£TA ( immovable, the lip being jointless). Orclii- rfih'cir. Stout epiphytes with interesting pendent scapes. Pseudobulbs conspicuously furrowed, slightly com- pressed : leaf-blades smooth, conspieuously veined, plaited and pliable : fls. globose. As a genus it is too near to Peristeria and Stauhopea. The species are rarely seen, as they are less conspicuous in their color- ing than many orchids. They require a warm house and plenty of moisture during the growing season, with a ileeided rest, to make them flower. Use baskets, not pots, ;is the flower-spikes are produced from the base of the bulbs, as in Stanhopea, and should have free egress or they will be lost. Cult, by E. O. Orpet. B&rkeri, Lindl. (Peristeria Bdrkeri, Batem.). Pseu- dobulbs sub-conic, about 5 in. : leaf -blades longer than in .1. Humboldtii : fls. 12 or more, in pendent racemes, gcdden vellow spotted with brown. Mex. B.M. 4203. I.H. 2:44. Gn. 54, p. 332. P.M. 14:145. Humboldtii, Llndl. Pseudobulbs ovate, about 3 in.: leaf -blades about 1 ft. long, lanceolate, acute: scapes pendent, 2 ft. long ; fls. 6 or more, chocolate colored, about 2 in. in diam. Ecuador, high elevations. Gn. 3: 11. A.chrysantha.lAnAX. Racemes pendent: fls. golden yellow, with whitish labelhun and crimson or purplish column; label- lum furnished with a long, blunt, papillose horn. Mes. — A. densit. Lindl. (A. Warscewiczii, Klotzsch). Fls. subglohose, fra- grant , pale yellow, spotted externally with reddish brown : label- him yellow, spotted with reddish brown. Costa Rica. — A.Hrxi- hjiann, Reichb. f. Fls. ivory white, in loose racemes: lip spotted purple, with erect side lobes. New Grenada. — A. st/icd(a, Reichb. f. Simihir to A. Humboldtii. Fls. yellow. 0.\KES Ames. ACOKANTHfiRA (mucronate anthers). Apociinhcfir. Tender shrubs, cult, in greenhouses North, and outdoors in Fla. anil Calif. Fls. with the odor of jasmine, lasting. Bpectabilis, G. Don. {Toxicophlosa speetdbiUs, Sond. T. Thiiiibergii, Hort., not Harv.). Lvs. 3-5 in. long, short petiolate, leathery, elliptic, acute, shining above: fls. numerous, in dense axillary, branched, short cymes, pure white, verv sweet scented. Natal. B.M. 6359. R.H. 1879:270. G.F."6:185. G.C. 1872: 363.- Poisonous. The plants cult, under this name are said by trade catalogue.s to have pink or violet flowers. venenata, (_t. Don. {Tojricophltea cestroldes, DC. T. Til iDihuiiii.llnTv.. not Hort.). Pis. white or rose. Dif- fers from tile above in the well marked venation of the leaves, its flowers a third smaller, its calyx not pubescent, and its corolla-limb less widely spreading. ACONITE, WINTER. Sec Eranthis. ACONITUM 19 ACONiTUM. RanunculHei'ir. Aconite. Monrshood. ^V°''""r«- J. B. Keller. ACHOCLlNIUM. See Eeliptentm. ACBOCdMIA (name means a tuft of leaves at the top). PalmeiceiVj tribe Cocoinece. Spiny tropical American palms : caudes erect, solitary, ringed aud swollen at the middle, densely spiny: lvs. terminal, pinnately cut; seg- ments narrowly linear-lanceolate, long, obliquely acumi- nate, the naked margins recurved at the base ; midnerves, rachis and petiole with long spines: fr. globose or ob- long, glabrous or prickly; black or brown. Species 8, mostly difficult to distinguish; allied to Cocos. They aeed a rich, sandy loam. The chief danger with young plants is overpotting, as few leaves are on a plant at a time, and the roots are not abundant. sclerocfirpa, Mart. {A. aeuledta, Lodd.). Height 30- 45 ft.: trunk cylindrical, about 1 ft. thick, with black spines 2— 4 in. long: lvs. 12-15 ft. long; segments in ir- regular groups of 2 or 3, 2-3 ft. long, %-l in. wide, smooth and shining above, whitish, appressed-pilose be- low, entirely free of spines, except along the midrib. Braz. to W. Ind. I.H. 15:547.-Not hardy at On^co, Fla. Cult, in Calif. "Gru-gru"and"corojo"are native names. ACROSTICHUM Havan^nsis, Hort. A slow-growing, thorny plant, of which little is known. Trade name. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. ACEOPfiRA. See Gongora. ACROPH'S'LLUM (Greek, top and leaf). SaxUragA- cew. One Australian evergreen shrub, A. venbBiim, Benth. {A. rerticiUiitum, Hook.), excellent for spring flowering in the coolhouse. Prop, by cuttings in early summer. Let the plant rest during summer. Do not expose to frost. It produces many pinkish fls. in dense spicate whorls near the top of the branches. Lvs. in 3's. sessile, dentate: fls. with 5 petals and 10 stamens. 4-6 ft. B.M. 4050. ACROSTICHUM (derivation obscure). Polypodidcew. Greenliouse ferns. Includes plants of great diversity of foliage, which are often referred to many genera. Seri spread in a layer over the entire under surface of the leaf or of certain of the upper pinnae, rarely over both surfaces. Foliage rather coarse, the leaves simple or pinnate, rarely forked. All the 140 species are plants of tropical regions, two species growing in S. Fla. Some kinds are adapted to covering walls, columns, trunks of tree ferns, etc. The kinds with long fronds are excellent for hanging baskets. As all kinds require an abundance of water at the roots, the compost should be very porous. 26. Aconitum autumnale (X K). A mixture of two parts fibrous peat, one of chopped sphagnum, and one of coarse silver sand is recom- mended. For general culture, see I^erns. The following species are cult, in Amer.: alieuum, No. 15; aureum, 17; cervinum, 14; couforme, 7| crini- ACROSTICHUM turn, 9; flaoouhim, S; gorgoneum, 11; lomarioides, 18; musoosuni, lii niciitiimtefolium, 16; osmuudaceum, 19; peltotum. 20; jiilosum. 5; reticulatum, 10; scandens, 12; simplex. 0; sorbit'iilium, 13; squamosum, 2; villosum, 1; viscosum, 4. A. Lcs. simple, less than 2 in. wide; veins free. {Elaphoglossum. ) B. Surface of Ivs. densely scaly fhronghotd. c. Texture thin, fhiccid. 1. villdsum, Sw7,. Fig. 27. Sterile Ivs. 0-9 Ln. long ; fertile Ivs. scarcely more than half as large, both with abundant slender, dark-brown scales. Mex. and W. Ind. — Dwarf, variable. oc. Texture thick, leathery. 2. squamdsum, Swz. Lvs. 6-12 in. long, the fertile narriiwi-r. on lunger stems ; both surfaces matted with lirii;ht rciMisli brown linear or lanceolate scales. Tropics of both hemispheres. 3. muscdBum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, fertile much shorter ; upper surface slightly scaly, the lower densely matted with ovate, rusty scales. Tropics of both hemispheres. S. 1:211. — Very distinct in habit. BB. Surface of lvs. slightly scaly. 4. viscosum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, narrowed gradiKilly at the basr ; the fertile shorter, on longer stems ; tcxt\irc Iratlicrr, the surfaces somewhat viscid. Tropics uf both hemispheres. 5. pilAsum, HBK. Lvs. flexuous, 0-8 in. long. ?iin. wide, with tufts of star-like scales beneath; texture her- baceous. Mex. to Columbia.— Chiefly of botanical in- terest. EBB. Surface of lvs. not scaly; texture leathery. D. Margins of lvs. thick, cartilaginous . G. simplex, Swz. Sterile lvs. 4-12 in. long, with a very acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed into a short, somewhat margined stem. W. Ind. to Brazil. 7. confdrme, Swz. Sterile lvs. 2-9 in. long, with a bluntish point and wedge-shaped or spatulate base; fer- tile lvs. narrower. Tropics of both hemispheres. DD. Margins of leaves not thiehened. 8. fl&ccidum, F^e. Sterile lvs. 0-12 in. long, with very acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed to the short stem; fertile Ivs. on astern 3-4 in. long. .S. Amer. — Of botanical interest only. AA. Lvs. simple; veins uniting to form a network. B. Sid-fuce of lvs. ihiiseli/ clnthi-il with narrow scales. [H,jn„:,,.„li,nn.) 9. crinitum, Linn. Elephant-eak Pern. Lvs.lO-18in. long, 4-8 in. wide, on densely scaly stems ; fertile lvs. smaller, on shorter stems. W. Indies. F.S. 9: 936, as H. crinittim. — OTcat sand in potting, and avoid over- watering. BB. Surface of lvs. mostly smooth, 6-15 in. long. 10. reticulatum, Kaulf. Lvs. on distinct stems, witn wedge-shaped bases, IJ-^ in. wide; veins forming copious meshes. [Chrysodium.) Hawaiian Islands. — Of botani- cal interest only. 11. g:0T§r6neum, Kaulf. Lvs. tapering gradually down- ward to the short stem, 2-3 in. wide ; veins forming meshes only near the margin. (Aconiopteris.) Hawaiian Isl.— Of little decorative value. AAA. Lvs. pinnate. B. Ferns climbing witli narrow, fertile pinnoc. 12. scdndens, J. .Smith. Rootstock widely climbing : lvs. 1-3 ft. long, with pinnBB 4-8 in. long ; fertile pinnae slender, 6-12 in. long; texture leathery. (Stenochlwna.) India. S. 1:224. — A vigorous grower and coarse feeder, much used in cooler houses of large ferneries. 13. sorblJdlium, Linn. Rootstock climbing, often prick- ly: lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide, with close veins; fer- tile pinnae 2— t in. long, narrow. (Lomariopsis.) E. and W. Ind. to Braz. BB. Ferns with creeping rootstocks and scattered lvs. c. Veins united only near the margin; fertile lvs. bi- pinnate. 14. cervlnum, Swz. Fig. 28. Lvs. 2-4 ft. long, with pinna; 4-9 in. long, 1-2 in. wide; fertile pinnae slender. ACROSTICHUM 21 narrow, 4-8 in. long. (Olfersia.) Mex. and Cuba to Braz. S. 1:192. cc. y'eins forming meshes everywhere. (Gymnopteris.) 1.1. alifenum, Swz. Sterile Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, triangular, with the upper pinnae decurrent, and the lower at least sinuate or even incised ; fertile lvs. smaller, with nar- row pinniP, the upper decurrent. Cuba and Mex. to Braz. 10. nicotianaefdlium, Swz. Sterile lvs. with 3-7 pinnae which are (i-12 in. long and 2-3 in. wide, with nearly entire edges ; fertile lvs. smaller, with 3-7 pinnae 3-4 in. long. 1 in. wide. W, Ind. to Braz. 27. Acrostichum villosum (XM)- See No. 1. 28. Acrostichu (XJa). See No. 14. fron BBB. Ferns of swampy places, growing in erect rootstocks. 17. aiireum, Linn. Lvs. fertile only in the upper pinnae, 3-0 ft. long, with pinnae 6-10 in. long, short stalked, coriaceous. Fla. to Braz. and in the tropics of the old world. S. 1: 187. — Strong-growing. One of the kest. Should be treated as an aquatic. 18. lomarioides, Jenman. Sterile and fertile lvs. dis- tinct, the sterile shorter and spreading, the fertile taller and more erect in the center of the cluster ; pinnae 9-14 in. long, almost sessile. Pla. to Braz. AAAA. Lvs. bipinnatifid or bipinnate ; veins free. CPotybotra.) 19. osmundilceum. Hook. Rootstock wide, climbing, with long, linear scales : sterile lvs. 2-3 ft. long, the lower pinnje 8-10 in. long, with numerous slightly stalked segments; fertile lvs. tripinnate, with the lower pinnae 1-2 ft. long, 4-8 in. wide, with narrow, cylindric segments V4-?4 in. long. W. Ind. to Braz. — Probably the handsomest of the climbing kinds. AAAAA. Lvs. palmate from creeping rootstocks : plants small. 20. pelt&tum, Swz. Lvs. 1-2 in. each way on slender stems, repeatedly forked into very narrow divisions; fertile lvs. H-K in. wide, circular, or somewhat 2-lobed. ( Khipidopteris. I Mex. and W. Ind. to Braz.— A delicale and distinct plant, needing moisture all the year round. 22 ACROSTICHUM especially in the air. Avoid unnocos^nrv disturbances of routs.' Us.- some partly decayed l.al' iiM.ld, A.rii-iiiiiinuhni,. \{nnk..S.l: W2. A. can, il,,ul„t ii,„ . :md A. caii- ddtum. Hook., iill from S. Amer.. related t.. .\ osTinuMliweum.— AflageUiferutn, \V:ill. Rooting at apex of terminal pinna. E.Ind. S. 1:201.— .1. f,rni,-i,l,ict-uM. Hook. Allied to A. peltatuni. Ecuador. — -4. il'i-ininirri, Rory. Lvs. simple. Allied to A. sim- plex. W. Ind. lo Uraz.— -4. heteromdrphum, Klotzsch. Lvs. simple. 1>2~2 in. long. S. Amer. — A.latifdlium, Swz. Lvs. sim- ple, 9-18 in. long. Allied to A.eonforme. Mex. to Braz. — A.lepi- I;nits d" not take kindly to division or other disturl»aii<-.' <.f the routs. Many other species than those in the trade are worthy. communis, Fisch. {A. lilifldra, Schur. A. Fischeri, G. Don. A.liliifbUa^U^afib.). Radical Ivs. petiolate, ovate- rotund, cordate, crenate-dentate ; cauline Ivs, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate : fls. numerous, in a pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the calyx triangular ; style exserted. Lamfirckiif Fisch. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser- rate, ciliate: fls. racemose; lobes of the calyx lanceolate ; style not exserted. Potanini, Hort. Shrubby: spikes 2-3 ft. high: fls. IK in. acros.s. light blue. July-Aug. Int. 1899. J. B. Keller and W. M. ADENOSTOMA [luhu. gland, stoma, mouth; calyx with 5 glands at the mouth). Jlosdcece. Shrubs, rarely small trees : lvs. linear, small : fls. white, about 1-5 in. broad, in temnual panicles; petals 5, stamens 10-15: fr. a small akene. Two species in Calif. Heath-like ever- green shrubs ; very handsome when in full bloom. They may be cult, in temperate regions in a sunny posi- tion and well drained soil. A. fasciculatum stands many degrees of frost. Prop, by seeds and greenwood cuttings in spring. fascicul&tum, Hook. & Arn. Shrub, 2-20 ft.: lvs. fas- ciculate, linear: panicles rather dense, 2-4 in. long: fls. nearly sessile. May-June. Ranges northward to Sierra Co. The characteristic shrub of the chaparral or chamisal regions of the coast ranges of Calif. Int. 1891. sparsifdiium, Torr. Shrub or small tree, G-12 ft., rarely 30 ft., resinous : lvs. alternate : panicles loose ; fls. pedicelled, larger, fragrant. S. and Lower Calif. Int. 1891. Alfred Rehder. AD£;SMIA {not hound; referring to the free stamens). Z/egumindsw. Tender shrubs from Chili. A. balsdmica, Bertero. Lvs. 1-lH in. long ; leaflets 10-16 in pairs: racemes 3-8 fld.; fls. Kin. across, golden yellow. B.M. 6921.— Has the odor of balsam. Not in Amer. trade. ADHATODA (native name). Acanthdce(E. Tender shrubs, distinguished from Justicia by the less spurred anthers, and often by the habit and calyx. For culture, see Justicia. cydonieefdlia, Nees. Lvs. opposite on short petioles, ovate; lower lip broadly obovate, purple Brazil. B.M. 4962. F.S. 12: 1222. R.H. 1873: 110.- Cult, in Calif. A Yd8ica,'Sees. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. white, streaked red. Ceylon. BM.S61 a.s Justicia Adhatoda. ADIANTUM AJ)lANTUM(Greek,HHM'f/^'(?). PnJ,fpn(Ji()refr. Maiden- hair Fern. A large genus of wir kept moderately moist. Some of the most useful on*'s for general pur- poses (given under their trade names) are: A.cemulum, grows about 12-15 in. high, and has very graceful dark green fronds; A. helium, a dwarf, very compact species 6-8 in. ; A. cuneatum, A. cuneatum var. grandiceps, with long, heavily-crested, drooping fronds ; A. cuneatum var. variegatitm makes a neat specimen ; A. concin- num, gracefully drooping dark green fronds 15 in. long, with overlapping pinnae ; A. concinnutn var. la- tum, of upright growth, is 24 in. high; A. decorum is very useful, 12-15 in,, and has young fronds of a pleasing metallic tint; A.excisuni var. midtifidum ; A, formosutn ; A. Fergusonii ; A. fragraiitissimum ; A. pubescens ; A. tenerutn and var. roseuw ; A. Wie- gandi ; A.LeGrandi, Yery dwarf; A. mundulumf a very neat, dwarf species ; A. rubellum, a dwarf spe- cies with mature fronds light green, young fronds of a deep ruby tint. The above may easily be grown from spores, if sown on a compost consisting of half each of finely screened, clean soil and leaf-mold or peat, and placed in a moderately moist and shady place in the greenhouse in a temp, of 60° F. To be grown most economically, they should be transplanted in clumps of 3 or 4 plants as soon as the first pinnte have appeared, and, as soon as strong enough, potted off, either in clumps or singly. Some very desirable species to grow into large, tall specimens are: A. ^fhiopicum, A. Bausei, A, Collisii, A. Fergusoni^ A. formosiim, A. Lathomii, A, Peru- vianum, A. prineeps, A. rliomhoideum , A. Sanctae Catkarimv, A. trapezifomie, and A. Williamsii. The following are also recommended for special purposes: for fern-dishes, A. fulvum; tor cuttvD.^, A. gracillimnm. The following kinds are economically prop, by divi- sion, temp. 65° ¥.: A. Farleyense, the different varieties of CapiUus-Veneris, A. rhodophyllum , A. assitnile, etc. Some kinds, as A. dolabriforme, A. caudatum and ^. Edgewortldi, form small plants on the ends of fronds, which may be detached and potted separately, and if 33. Fruiting pinnules of Adiantum pcdatum. kept in a close atmosphere will in a short time grow into choice little plants. Temp. 65-70° F. The last three kinds are adapted for hanging baskets. NicHOL N. Bruckner. The following species are in the American trade, the names in italics being synon>Tus: {A.rbseum is an unde- termined horticultural name, possibly referable to A. ADIANTUM ADIANTUM 25 rubellum) lemid n, \ 's Ttlii i i luii 24 , affine, 9; anuiliiU 2') i ii I t / li 1 < Hum, 27; Capillus \ enens ( 1 it n (II li eoii- cinnum 2^ cuin_ ituni „n iui\ iiiiii li / losnrtnii, 30 ; dtco mm, SO iliaph muiu s digit ituni io tlolahri- forme, 1; E(l(jeivorihii,2\ €l€gans,\\y!^\ emnr- ginnfnt,i, 20 : txcisum, 1^5; FurU'Vt.-use, 18 ; J*V/V"N"'", litl ; furmusvini. 11; fn'n/rantis.^i- 7nnm, l.>8 ; ^'rn.-illnuuin, ."U ; hispi.lulum, 17 ; iuteriufdium, HI ; Jurdani, 20 ; Kaulfussii, 5 ; Ijathomi.VJ; LeGraudi, 3-4; luuulatum, 1; macrophyllum, 4; Mairisii,2jihyJluni •honiboideum, 13 ; rubellum, 31 ; Siuictce Cutharinu 19 ; Siebrechtiij 30 ; speciosum, 35 ; tenerum, 19 ; trapezi- forme, 6 : variegatuni, 28 ; venustuni, 33 ; Versail- lense^ 28; Victorir(7(5r»if.Hook.). Fronds 1 ft. long on blackish wiry polished stipes; lower leaflets nearly semieireular, all on hair-like stalks. India, Trop. Auier., Australia. 2. caudatum, Linn. {A. £!dge worfliii, 'Rook.). Fronds fi in. to 1 ft. lout,' on short brownish densely hairy stipes; leaflets deeply cut into several spreading narrow lobes. Old World. . AA. Fronds with usuaUi/ a single row of large leaflets on either side, not rooting at the apes. 3. Penivi&num, Klotzsch. Fronds 1 ft. or more long, on polished stipes, with obliquely ovate pointed leaflets. 2 in. long by 1 *2 in. wide, on slender stalks; sori 8-10 on either side of the leaflet, twice as long as wide. Peru. 4. macrophyllum, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft, long, on rather stout polished stipes, with 4-6 pairs of wedge-shaped ses- sile leaflets lK-2 in. long by %-l in. wide ; indusiuni nearly continuous on either side of the leaflet. Trop. Amer. 5. Kaulfussii, Kunze. Fronds 6-8 in. high, on slender bhu-k stalks; leaflets 5-11, 2 in. long, %-l in. wide, with uneijiial bas<-; indusia very long and narrow, forming an almost continuous marginal band on either side of the leaflets. Mex., W. Ind. AAA. Fronds at least bipinnate, the segments dimidiate, i. e. tvifh the veinlets alt springing from the lower side of the leaflet, ivhieh is twice as long as broad. B. Leaflets l'^'2~2 in. long. 6. trapezifbrme, Linn. Fronds 18 in. or more high, with the terminal leaflet longer than ilu- lateral; leaflets trape- zoidal, with parallel sir/ in. wide ; leaflets numerous, obtuse or broadly wedge-shaped at base, the margin rounded and more or less crenately lobed ; sori 3-5 to each segment, with rather small rounded indusia. Braz. — Runs into many forms, of which A.va- riegdtum is one. 29. Modrei, Baker {A. amdbile, Moore, not Liebm.). Fronds 2-3-pinnate on long slender stalks, 6-15 in. long; leaflets M-Hin. long, rhomboidal, with wedge-like base, deeply lobed ; sori of medium size, 4-6 to each leaflet. Peru. 30. Wdgneri, Mett. (A. decorum, A. Wiegandi, A. ile- gans, A. Oweni, A . cyclosbrum, Moore). Fronds 2-3-pin- nate, 6-9 in. long, 4-6 in. wide; lateral leaflets rhomboid, the terminal cuneate, slightly lobed or incised ; sori 4-6 to each leaflet, with very large membranous circular in- dusia. Peru. — .4. Siebrechtii, Hort., "supposed to be a cross between A. decorum and A. Williamsii,^' has strong, graceful fronds thickly set with round pinnules of firm texture. 31. rubSllum, Moore. Fronds 4-6 in. long, deltoid, bi- pinnate ; texture membranous, bright green, reddish when young ; leaflets Kin. wide, deltoid or the lower rhomboid, the outer margin deeply lobed and the lobes finely toothed ; sori round at the apices of the lobes. Bolivia. ADIANTUJl ^CHMEA 27 (i-IL' i monochlimys, D. C. Eatn ti-ipi 1,'Ulll Frnnils Mi-hlU leltoid, ii-ate at •a. witli ■ at the a siii-1,. s,.nis or rarWy tw, upper edge. Jap. ;!:!. veniistum, Don. Frondn ovate-deltoid, tri-quadri- pinnate, 6-12 in. long ; leaflets cuneate at the base, S^Jin. wide, with the upper edge irregularly rounded or with ;! indistinct lobes, finely toothed, bearing 1-3 sori in dis- tinct hollows. lud. BBB. Lfiiflrfs muiKtijHiiKmfftihh': froinU 4-6-)nuHat,'. .'14. gracillimum, llort. Fnmds I ft. or more long, nearly as wide. 4-ll-piiinate, with innunieralilo very small leaflets, which are }H-Uin. wide and usually hear a single sorus or rarely two. — Dense, compact forms are in cult. under the name of A. LeO'nindi. A.^AAAA. St. climbing, several ft. lotrj, S-4-pinnaie. I!."), digritiltum, Presl. {A. specidsiitn, Hook. A.pal- ),ii)liiiii. Moore I. Fronds 2-,'i ft. long on a stalk 18 in. or more long, with palmately lobed leaflets 1 in. or more wide. S. Anier. L^ jj t'NDERWOOD. ADLUM, JOHN. Plate II. Grape experimenter, and author of "Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine," 182:! and 1828, the tirst separately published American grape book. Born in Y.irk, i'a., Apr. 29, 1759. Died at (feorge- town, 1). <;.. Mar. 1. 183(5. He was a soldier in the Kevo- lutioii. niajor in the provisional army in the administra- tion of the eliler Adams, and later a brigadier-general in the militia of Pennsylvania. He was also a surveyor and civil'eugineer. He also held an associate judgeship in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, having been ap- pointed by Gov. Miftlin. He was a friend of Priestly, and endeavored to apply the scientific knowledge of his time to agriculture. He early became interested in the ame- lioration of the native grapes, and established an experi- mental vineyard in the District of Columbia. He en- deavored, but ■\\'itlioTit success, to secure the use of cer- tain public land in 'Wasliiiigton for the purpose of "cul- tivating an cxpcTimintal farm." He brought the Ca- tawba grape to public notice. He was a pioneer in the awakening industrial activity of our new country. The botanist, Rafinesque, comtneinorated his name in the pretty genus Adluniia ; but otherwise he has remainem.TohnA.--E. aurantlaca, Baker. PI. vigorous : lvs. expanded in tlie niiiMle: fls. yellow, 2 in. long. S.Amer. B.H. 1873:l.i (a.s (■.■inislr ,iu- rantiaeumj.-^.Baricft, Baker. Fls.2-ranked; . oicll:, j,;,!, \,l- low. Honduras.--a;. BraOTMensis, Regel. Lvs. inurh .lil.iteil at base, whitish below, Vdaek-tootlied: petals Ught blue, calyx :ind rachisred: panicle branched. Braz. Gt.l885:1202.—^.bromeli^£- fdlia, Baker. Dense spike : lvs. whitish below, 3-4 ft. long, ser- rate or spiuescent: fls. light yellow. S. Amer.- J^.Corntii, C.arr. =^. nudicaulis.— ^.i?rafeed7ia,Andr6. Lvs.wliitish, finely den- tate : spike simple and lax ; fls. long-tubular, light blue ; bracts and ovaries coral-red : berries rose, becoming blue. S. Amer. R.H. 1888, p. 401.— ..jE. exsudans, Morr. Lvs. whitish below ; spike globular and dense, mueil.nffiTinns ; petals >-pllow, Braz. L.B.C.9:801. B.H. 1878:303.-,-7;. rursl.'nlu nni . Merr Slrejito- calyx Fnrstenhergu.— JE. fernhiiinii. i'-.wr .1; ;iu-iivt;e - .7-;. Hystrix.Morr. Lvs. lepidote. wlul isli. rre« ,le,l : s|,ike el,l,,iit:, dense: fls. purple, tomentose. Uuaiaua.— -i.'. iniurbably from the shape of the leaflets). UmheUifera'. Goutweed. Coarse. Iiiirdy herbaceous perennial, with creeping rootstocks. l>ittTn:ite lvs., sharply toothed, ovate leaflets, and white tls. in umbels. Podogriria, Linn., var. variegittzm, is a variegated ftirm of this European weed, which makes attractive mats of white-margined foliage. Common in yards. AERANTHUS. Consult Angrceciim. AERIDESl Greek, a ir-p^a»^). Ore ?iid(iccfp, tribe Vdndefp. Epiphytes: stems erect, roundish: lvs. distichous, strap- shaped and spreading, coriaceous, deeply channeled at the base, obtuse: peduncles from the axils of the lvs.; fls. in loose or dense racemes; petals narrower than the sepals. A genus of remarkably beautiful plants, which develop well under cultivation. Species confined to the tropics of the Old World. The genus Aerides, though not in general cultivation, has many sterling qualities to recommend it. Some of the species produce dense racemes of great beauty, which emit a pleasing fra- grance, and for decorative purposes have few if any rivals in the Orchid family. The genus offers no excep- tional difficulties to the horticulturist. Oakes Ames All the species of Aerides are of easy culture in the warmest greenhouse — one that has a minimum tempera- ture of 6o° F. in winter being best. They should be kept constantly niuist. w-H sliuded, and warm, with fresh live sphagnum round tlit- routs at tlie base of the stems. A . odoratuni is i)erha[)s tiin best known. Other favorites are A. LaivnncitF and -1. I'tildingii ; the latter often has racemes 18 inches or more long, of a beautiful rose *'**^^^- Cult, by E. O. Orpet. Following are in the American trade: A.affine,Ko. 11; Amesianum. 9 ; Augustianum, 8 ; Ballantineanum, 4 ; Bermanicum, 1 ; crassifolium, 15 ; crispum. 14 ; cylin- drirtini, 18 ; Dayanum, '2 ; Ellisii, 2; expansum, 10; fal- catum, 10; Fieldingii, 13; Godefroyanum, 11; Honlleti- anuyn, 10; Japonicum, 16; Larpentm, 10; Lawrencife, 9; Leeanum, 6; Leonsei, 10; Lindleyanum, 14 ; Lobbii, 11 ; maculosura, 12; majus, 1 ; maximum= ?; niitratum, 19; multiflorum, 11; odoratum, 1; pallidum^?; pnrpu- rascens, 1 ; quinquevulnerum, 5; radicosum, 17; Meichen- backii, 4 ; Roebeleuii, 5 ; Rohanianum, 4 ; roseum, 11 ; Sanderianum, 9 ; Savageanum, 3 ; suavissimum, 4 ; Thibautianura, 7; vandarum, 18; virens, 2; Warneri, 14. a. Odoratum section: middle lobe of labeJluni narrow -oblong. 1. odoritum. Lour. Lvs. 6-8 in. long, l-lj^in. wide, unequal at apices, deep green : peduncles not branched, pendulous ; fls. numerous, crowded ; racemes cylin- drical, as long as or longer than the lvs.; lateral sepals ovate; petals obovate-lanceolate, white, with a carmine apical spot ; labellum trilobed, midlobe magenta, side lobes white, dotted with magenta; spur recurved, green- ish or white. Cochin Chiua. B.M.41H9. Gn.49, p. 158. Gt. 8:273. B.R. 18:1485. Var. BermAnicum, Reichb. f. Fls. smaller than in the type, the apices of the petals with mauve lines and dashes instead of blotches. Var. purpurftscens, Hort. Produces large racemes, sepals and petals tipped with pale amethyst. Var. m&jus, Hort. Fls. larger ; racemes longer. 2. virens, Liudl. Peduncles 12-15 in. loug, 15-20 fld.; spur dotted with magenta; petals and sepals tipped with magenta. Java. P.M. 14: 197. B.R. ;jO: 41. -This species is very similar to ..-l. odoratum, of which it is considered by some to be a geographical form. Var. Ellisii, Hort. (A. Bllisii, Hort.). Sepals and petals white, suffused with rose, tipped with amethyst-purple. Var. Dayinum, Hort. Racemes very long ; tis. bright, large. 3. Savage&num, Hort. Sepals white at base, dotted with purple, otlierwise crimson-purple; petals similar, narroiver ; laltellum crimson-purple, with a greenish, straiglit s[iur ; midlobe denticulate on the margin. 4. suavissimum, Lindl. (A. Reichenbachii, Linden. A. R'dnmidnnin, Huichb. f.). Plant robust, more lax in habit than type: fls. 20-30, l!'^ in. across; petals and se- pals white, suffused with carmine at apices ; labellum trilobed, yellowish dotted and suffused with carmine; apex of spur white. Straits of Malacca. Var. Ballan- tineELnum. Racemes shorter; blooms earlier; sepals and petals tipi)ed with amethyst-purple. 5. quinquevulnerum, Lindl. Racemes 1 ft. long ; fls. crowded; dorsal sepal and petals equal, lateral sepals orbicular, all tipped with magenta; midlobe of labellum magenta. P.M. 8:241. Var. Roebelenii (A. Bo^belenii, Reichb. f. ). Sepals and petals shading to green at bases, petals denticulate ; lobes of the labellum lacer- ated, midlobe rose-colored. Manila. 6. Leeanum, Reichb. f. Peduncles much longer than the lvs.: pedicels rose-color ; sepals rose-purple, white at base ; petals similarly colored; labellum small ; mid- lobe deep purple ; spur green tipped. India. 7. Thibautiinum, Reichb. f. Racemes pendulous, longer than the lvs.; sepals and petals rose-color; la- bellum amethyst-purple ; midlobe narrow, acute. Ma- laya. 8. AugTistiinum, Rolfe. Petals and sepals shaded with rose ; spur long, straight. Philippine Isls. G.C. 111.7:233. 9. L&wrencise, Reichb. {A. Lawrencidmim, Hort.). Largest species of the section. Fls. 20-30, l?^-2 in. in diam.; sepals and petals flushed with amethyst-purple at the apices ; labellum yellowish ; midlobe amethysi - purple. Philippine Isls. Gn. 35:702. Var. Amesianum, 40. Aerides. a. A. Lawreneise; 6. flower of mxiltLftorum section: c. flower of odorutum section. Kranzl. Jlore robust: fls. more intense in color. Var. Sanderi^nuin, Hort. Lvs. narrow : fls. yellowish, with amethyst on face of spur, otherwise like the species. AA. J<'alcafum section : lateral lobes of labellum falcate. 10. falcitum, Lindl. & Pax. (A. Larpentir, Hort. A. erpiingiim, Reichb. f.). Lvs. loosely arranged, 6-8 in. long, IHin. broad : lis. loosely arranged on racemes Ifi. 30 AERIDES long, 1/i in. in diain. ; sepals and petals white, tipped with amethyst; side lobes of labellura falcate, pale ame- thyst ; front lobe convex, denticulate, keeled above, amethyst in center, margined with white and barred with rose; spur short. Upper Burmah. Var. Houlletii- num {A. ffoulletiduum^ Re'ichh. f.). Fls. larg:e, IJ^in. in diani.; petals and sepals pale buff, niajtrenta apical blotch; labellum creamy white; side lobes penciled with raaffenta, froutlobe keeled. Cochin China. R.B. 21 : 205. R. H. 1891:324. Var. Lebnaei (A. Leona'i, Reichb. f.). Si2in. in diam.; petals and sepals bright rose-magenta, shading off towards bases; label- lum trilobed, side lobes subfalcate, rose-magenta, front lobe ovate, deeper colored. Burma. 10. Jap6nlcum, Reichb. f. Smallest species of the ge- nus in cult.: lvs. 3-4 in. long, linear oblong : fls. few : peduncles loosely racemose; sepals and smaller petals greenish white, lateral sepals barred with amethyst- purple ; labellum crenate, ridged, dark violet, with 2 erect lobules. Japan. B.M. 5798. — This interesting spe- cies marks the N. limit of the genus Aerides. Requires cooler treatment than the other species. BB. Pediinctes ascending. 17. radicdsum, Reichb. Lvs. 8 in. long, 1 in. wide : pedun-'lcs asrcnding, 8-10 in. long, sometimes branching near tlir bus.- : fls. ^in. across, purplish ; sepals and petals j)ale rose, verging on crimson; column winged. India. AAAA. Vandiirum section : Up various: lvs. terete. 18. vandArum, Reichb. f. {.4. cyZfndWcHWi, Hook.). St. slender: lvs. 4-6 in. long, channeled above, clasping at bases, alternate: peduncles 2-3 fid.: fls. 154-2 in. in diam.; segments undulate; sepals white, lanceolate; petals white, irregularly obovate; lip trilobed, nearly di- vided in front, dentate, sides erect. Sikkim Himalaya, 4,000-5,000 ft. B.M. 4982. J. H. III. 34: 417.— Much like Vanda teres in foliage. Subtropical species. 19. mitrfltum, Reichb. f. Lvs. semi-terete : racemes many-ftd.; sepals and petals white ; labellum rose-pur- ple. Burma. B.M. 5728. Oakes Ames. i^:8CHYNANTHlTS JSRVA (name of no signification). Arnarantdce--^?i'i- l"iig. opposite or alternate, ovate, acuminate. sotr. jiulM'si-fnt, pale beneath. Java. — Cult, for its dark red leav.'s. ^SCHYNANTHUS (aischuno, ashamed, ugly, and anthos, tluwer; probably referring to the wide-mouthed gaping of the fls.). Gesner&ceie. About 40 species of tropical Asian twining or rambling parasitic small shrubs, bearing very showy, more or less fleshy tubular fls., and cult, in wariu houses (stoves) : lvs. opposite or verticillate, thick, or even fleshy: perfect stamens 4, ascending under the upper part of the imperfectly 2- lobed corolla ; stigma entire : capsule 2-valved. Nearly all tl.r >\h-civs uf this exrredinglv interesting genus :ire fr.nii the In.t, tn.pi.-al forests of Java and Borneo, where tliev ^^row in r<.mpanv with mvliids and other plants on the ti-unks of trees. The fls., whirh are produced in the axils of the lvs. and at the ends of the shoots, last a long time in perfection. Being epiphytal under natural conditions, they should bo put in a root- ing medium which will require renewal not oftener than once in two years. They must have perl'ert drainage, as they suffer from stagnant moisture, imi during the period of growth they must have copious supplies of water. Prop, by seeds, cuttings, and division. Cut- tings are the most satisfactory in building up a flower- ing plant from the beginning. Seeds are slow, and di- vided pieces, unless their roots are in a good condition previous to the operation, do not make as good plants as cuttings. Cuttings should be taken early in the spring, and kept close until they are rooted and established in small pots. During the first year they should not be allowed to bloom, but encouraged to make growth by pinching out the ends of the shoots and shifting into larger pots as they require it. Most of the kinds look their best when grown as basket plants suspended from the roof of the stove. Wire baskets are best. In pre- paring them, first put in a lining of moss, next a goodly quantity of rough cinders, and tlie riiotiiig material may consist of chopiied fibrous i»eat, sphagnum, charcoal, and small pieces of pots or l)ricks, with a little coarse- grained sand. For a basket 12 i-n. across, .several small plants out of 3-inch pots may be used, and in a hot, hu- mid atmosphere the growth is encouraged until the sides of the receptacle are covered. During winter they should be rested by withholding water to a cer- tain extent, and decreasing the temperature consider- ably. A good method of growing the scandent kinds, where facilities are at hand, is to start the small plants on blocks of wood, attach these to damp but warm walls, to which they will cling by means of the roots thrown out from every leaf joint. Cult, by G. W. Oliver. A. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes acute. gnrandifldra, Spreng. St. creeping, mostly herbaceous, 4—5 ft.: lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 in. long, repand- serrate, fleshy: fls. aggregated; calyx fleshy and short; corolla arched-tiibular, 2-3 in. long, dowiiv, oraii;r«'-scar- let. E.Ind. B.M. 3843. P.M. 5: 241. -Will succeed in an intermediate house. AA. Calyx tubular, entire or shortly 5-toofhrtL piilchra, Don {^. p4lcher,DC.). Figs. 41, 42. Trail- ing : lvs. broadly ovate, distantly small-toothed : corolla glabrous, brilliant scarlet, 3 times longer than the gla- brous greenish calyx. Java. B.M. 4264. R.B. 18:13. R.H. 1883:204. P.M. 16:161. chynanthus pulchr: (XK). _ ..-^ .^_ i mm^- 1 AJ SB f«M^^,:^ .^^^^^^^^^ L 8 ^^KAr^^ ■^s? ^ f Ai-rides Fieldingii ^SCHYNANTHUS IiObbi^na, Hook. The commonest species in cult, in this country : diilers from ^. pulchra in narrower and nearly entire Ivs., corolla downy and projecting only twice or less the length of the purple downy calyx. Java. B.M. 4260, 4261. Ji. Boschidna, De Yr.^JE. Liamponga. — ^. hilgens. Wall. Lvs. lanceolate: calyx tubxilar, short-toothed, glabrous: corolla about 2 in. long, orange-red, pubescent. E. Ind. B.M. 4891.— ^. Javdnica> Hook. Allied to JE. pulchra: differs in pubescent iESCULUS 31 42- ^schynanthus pulchra. calyx and corolla. B.M. 4503. F.S. 6:558.—^. Lamponga, Miq. Lvs. ovate or elliptic, obtusish, entire : calyx cylindrical, gla- brous: corollatvriceaslong (2in.), pubescent, scarlet. Sumatra. P.M. 13:175.— ^. io7if/i7i6ra, Blume. Vigorous: lvs. 3-5 in. long: calyx deeply cut, the divisions linear-subulate: corolla tubular, scarlet, very long: fls. fascicled. Java. B.M. 4328. P.M. 15:25. ~M. minima, Lindl. Fls. vermilion, in 3's in the axils of the oval or elliptic entire lvs.: corolla pubescent. Java, Borneo. P.M. 16: 65.—-^. specidsa. Hook. Branches knotty: lvs. large, oval-lanceolate, nearly sessile, the upper ones verticillate or in 3's : fls. fascicled, numerous ; calyx with linear- subulate divi- sions; corolla large, orange-red, curved. Java. B.M. 4320, P.M. 14 : 199. Gn. 51 : 1109.—^. spUndens, Lindl. & Paxt.=^. speciosa. — J5. splendida, garden hybrid, with scarlet- spotted black fls., in terminal fascicles.—.^, tricolor, Hook. Lvs. small, oval or lanceolate, hairy at the base: calyx obeonic, pubescent: corolla small, pubescent, blood-red, throat orange, upper lobes striped black or purple: tis. mostly twin. Borneo. B.M.5031. R.B.IO: 7. I.H. 5:169. F.S. 13:1384. J.H. IIL 35:57L L H B .ffiSCULUS (ancient name of some oak, or mast-bear- ing tree). Sapinddcece. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye. Deciduous trees and shrubs : lvs. opposite, long-petioled, digitate ; leaflets 5-7, large, serrate : fls. symmetrical in terminal, showy panicles; petals 4—5, stamens 5-9: fr. a large trilocular capsule with 1-6 seeds. N, Amer., E. Asia, Himal., N. Greece. Ornamental trees and shrubs with handsome fls.; hardy except the Californian and Himalayan species, growing best in moist and loamy soil. The larger- growing species are excellent shade trees, and the fls. are showy and interesting. The fr. is not edible. Prop, by seeds, to be sown in the fall or stratified, or by grafting and budding on common species, and the shrubby forms also by layers. ^. parvifXora prop, also by root-cuttings. A. Winter-huds resinous: claws of the petals not longer than the calyx; stamens exserted. B. Petals 4-5; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5S : fr. globular. {Hippocastanum..) Hippoc&stanum, Linn. CosmoN Horse-chestnut. Fig. 43. Large tree, 60-80 ft.; leaflets 5-7, sessile, cune- ate-obovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, nearly gla- brous : panicles 8-12 in. long, very showy ; fls. white, tinged with red : fr. echinate. May, From HiniahivM.s to N. Greece. — Many garden forms, as var. fldre pl6no, with double fls.; bears no fr. I.H. 2: 50. Var. piimila, Dipp. Dwarf form. Var. umbraculifera, Hort., with compact, roundish top. Var. lacini&ta, Dipp. (var dfssecta, Hort., var. heterophylla , Hort.), leaflets laciniate. Var. M6m> mingeri, Hort., leaflets dotted with white. Some other variegated forms. The horse-chestnut is one of the most pHpular of shade trees on the continent of Europe, and is also much planted along roads and in parks and private grounds in this country. It is particularly adaptable for bowers and places where seats are desired, as the top stands heading-in and makes a very dense shade. Hardy in the N. states. turbinita, Blume {^S. Sinensis, Hort., not Bunge.). Tree, 30 ft. : petioles pubescent; leaflets 5-7, nearly ses- sile, cuneate-obovate, crenate-serrate, pubescent be- neath when young : panicles 6-10 in. long, dense and rather narrow ; fls. yellowish white, smaller than those of A. Hippocastanum : fr. rugose. June. N. ChiHa, Japan. G.C 111.5:717. c&mea, Hayne {^. ffippocdstanumxPdvia. A. rubt- eiinda, Loisel.). Tree, 20-40 ft.: leaflets mostly 5, nearly sessile, cuneate-obovate, crenate-serrate, nearly gla- brous : panicles 5-8 in. long ; fls. varying from flesh- color to scarlet : fr. with small prickles. B.R. 1056. L.B.C. 13:1242. F.S. 2229-30. -Many garden forms, ac- cording to the different shades in coloring, and one with double fls. Commonly planted in parks and on road- sides. Handsome and desirable. BB. PHajA 4, irhlff or pa?.' rnsr-ruJured ; calyx 2-1! pped; stahii'Hs :-:/; fr. prar-shapxl, s„H-olh. [Calothy rsiis.) Califdmica, Xutt. Tn-t- with hmad top, 30-40 ft.: leaflets 5-7, petioled, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate or ob- tuse at the base, sharply serrate, smooth: panicles 3-8 in. long, rather dense. Calif. B.M. 5077. R.H. 1855, p. 150, Gn. 49, pp. 490, 492, S. 8.2:71,72. F.S. 13:1312. AA. Winter-buds not resinous: claws mostly longer than the 5-toothed calyx. B. Petals 4, yellow to scarlet; stamens included or soniiu-}i(if exserted: leaflets petioled. {Pavia) glabra, Willd. (JS. Ohioensis, Michx. Pdvia glabra, Spach. P. pallida, Spa,Qh.). Small tree 15-30 ft. : leaf- lets 5, oval or cuneate-obovate, finely serrate, smooth: panicles 5-6 in. long ; fis. greenish yellow ; claws as longas the calyx; stamens exserted : fr. echinate. May. N.Amer, B.R,24:51. S. 8,2:67,68. Var. argCita, Robins, (A, argiita, Buckl.) Shrub: leaflets 6-7, obovate-lanceo- late, unequally serrate. 43. Openine foliaee of .ffisculus Hippocasti oct&ndra, Marsh. {^. fldva. Ait, ^. ^wfea, Wangh. Pcivia lutea, Foir.). Large tree, 40-90 ft.: leaflets 5, oblong-obovate or elliptical, cuneate, equally serrate, smooth or pubescent beneath : panicles 4—6 in. long ; petals yellow, very dissimilar; stamens 7, shorter than the petals : fr, smooth, May-June. N. Amer. L.B.C. 13:1280. 8.8.2:69,70. Var. discolor {var. hybrida, Sarg. A. fldva, \a.r. purpurdscens. Gray. A. discolor, Pursh. A. Michaiixi, Hort.). Lvs. tomentose beneath: fls. red or purple. B.R. 310. An intermediate form is A.negUcta,ljiji^\. B.R. 1009. 32 ^SCULUS versicolor, Dipp.(.^.'"'/'f»(7/Y/ f. Lvs. jmlMscent beneath: lis. yellow, tint,'fd with red or nearly n-d. P4via, Linn. (Pilvla rubra, Poir. P. Michauxi, Spach.). Shrub or small tree, 4-20 ft.: leaflets oblong or elliptical, acute at both ends, finely serrate, smooth or pubescent beneath : panicles 4-7 in. long, loose ; fls. purplish to dark red ; petals very dissimilar ; .stamens mostly 8, nearly as long as the petals : fr. smooth. May-June. N. Amer. B.R. 993. L. B.C. 13:1257. Var. htunilis [A. humiils, Lodd.). Low shrub, 2-4 ft.: leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate, tomentose be- neath : fls. red, tinged with yellow ; calyx dark red. B.R. 1018.— Many gardi-n forins, as var. camea, Hort. Fls. flesh-colored. Var. atrosan&uinea, Hort. Fls. very dark red. Var. Whitleyi, Hurt. Fls. brilliant red. Var. p6ndula, Hurt. {P. pitmila, var. p^ndnla, Hort.). Dwarf form, with pendulous branches : Ivs. smooth. Some forms with variegated Ivs. BB. Fh. pure u'hit*'^ small ; petals 4-n ; stamens more than twice as long as tin petals. ( Marrothifrsus.) parvifldra, Walt. (^\ msf>)rh!fa , Midix. Pdvla alba, Poir.). Shrub, 3-10 ft.: leatlets ")-?, elliptical or oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, finely serrate, pubescent beneath : panicles 8-16 in. long, narrow ; fr. smooth. July-Aug. S. states. B. M. 2118. Gng. 7:81. -One of the handsomest plants for a lawn clump. ^. Ckinensis, Bunge. Allied to A. turbinata. Leaflets dis- tinctly petioled, rounded at the base. China. — iB. Indiea, Colebr. Fls. similarto^. Hippocastanum; Ivs. obovate-lanceo- late, distinctly petioled, smooth. Himal. B.M.5117. — ^.Pdrryi, Gray. Similar to A. Califomica. Leaflets small, obovate, ca- neseent-tomentose beneath : calyx 5-lobed. Calif. G.F. 3:356. Alfred Rehder. ffiTHIONfiMA {altho, scorch, and nema, filament; probably referring to appearance of stamens). Cnieif- ercp. Dwarf shrubs for the hardy herbaceous border or rockery. Less common than Iberis. The genus differs from Iberis in having all its petals equal, and from Le- pidium in having its four stamens longer, winged and toothed. Fls. various shades of pink and purple. W. B. Herasley, in Gn. 9, pp. 108, 109. They dislike a moist or stiff soil or shady places; but in light, sandy loam, on dry and sunny slopes, they are compact and branchy, and when once fairly established will last for many successive years without replanting or renewal, while under the opposite conditions the plants grow feeble and lanky, and may die after a year or two. They keep fully as well as the Candytufts in water, and can be cut with longer and straighter stems. Prop, by seeds in spring or by cuttings in summer ; annual and biennial kinds by seeds. j_ b_ Keller. coridifdlium, DC. {Iberis jucHnda, Schott & Kotschy). Branches numerous, thick, 4-6 in. high : Ivs. crowded, short, nerveless, linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse: fls. smaller and later than in the next, in dense, short, rounded racemes. Chalky siimmits of Lebanon and Taurus. B.M. .n952. — Good for edging. A. pttlchelhim was sold under this name for many years. grandiEldrum, Boiss. & Hohen. Branches 1-lK ft.: Ivs. usually longer than in A. coridifolium, more linear and more acute: fls. as large as those of Arabis alpina^ in slender, elongated racemes; petals 4 times as long as the sepals. Persia. Gn. 9: 5. P^rsicum, Hort. Stout, erect, shrubby, dwarf. Fls. deep rose. Best of dwarfs. Int. 1892, by J.W. Manning. pulch^Uum, Boiss. &Huet. Similar to J.. coridifoliu»ty but more diffuse and trailing. Fls. smaller and brighter- colored; petals 2% times as long as the sepals. Persia. Gn. 2o:436. VT.l^L AGALM'i'LA {agalma, ornament, and hule, wood; an ornament to the woods in which they grow wild). Ges- nerhceii. Tender climbers from Java, which may be grown in a basket like .^schynanthus. A. longistyla, Carr., is considered a synonym of the next. R.H. 1873: 270.— A. staminea, Blume. St. rooting from tlie lower sur- face: Ivs. alternate, with an abortive one opposite the base of each : petioles 4-8 in. long ; blade as long, ovate, serrate : fls. in largeaxillary sessile fascicles of 12-14; stamens exserted. B.M. 5;47. P.M.15:73. F.S.4:358. AGAPANTHUS AGANtSIA (Greek fr'/f^n?os. desirable). Asmallgenu"* of Iropn-ai ATiit-rican epij.liytal orchids, little cult, in Is. Aiiit-r. liotaiiii'aiiy allied to Warrea and Zygopetalum. Need a humid atmosphere. Grown on blocks in high temp. Prop, by dividing pseudobulbs. tricolor, N. E. Brown. Fls. in a raceme; sepals whit- ish ; petals light blue ; lip in the form of a saddle, marked with orange-brown. S. Amer. pulch611a, Lindl. Fls. white, blotched yellow on the lip, in a racemose spike from the base of the bulb. S. Amer. The above species are the only ones known to have been off"ered in the Amer. trade. Thereare5or6others. A.cceritlea, Reich 1>, f. Fls. in axillary peduncles, blue-blotched, the Up bristled. Braz. —J., cydnea, Benth. & Hook, (not Reiehb., which =Acacaulis cyanea). Miieh like A. tricolor, the lip blue and undiUate at the tip. B.R. 1845:28, as Warrea cinerea, Lindl.; also, W. cyanea, Lindl. (see Rolfe., G.C. IXI.6. p.492). AGAPANTHTJS (agape, love, a,m\anthos,^ower). Lil- i()cf'iF. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks, tall simple scape, and 2-bracted umbel of handsome fls. : perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regu- lar: pod many-seeded; seeds flat, winged above : foliage evergreen. In this country, Agapanthuses are usually grown in tubs (the roots are apt to burst pots), and are flowered in late spring or early summer in the conservatory, win- dow garden, or living room. The plant is kept dormant during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough life being maintained to prevent the Ivs. from failing ( the var. albidiis usually loses its leaves). When in bloom, give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become over- crowded in the tub, and supplied with manure water, sending up many clusters each year. Good results can also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept dormant until spring, they may be be\\ ti. — Sume forms have Ivs. striin-d. ami orlicrs lionltrt-d witirytlluw. This species is the one which is commonly grown as a tub plant by florists, being used out-of-doors in the summer for lawn and porch decoration. 2. Mexic&na, Lam. Plants becoming very large : Ivs. 20-30; similar to ^. .4»nF/-icrt»io. Common in Eu. Int. about 1817, from Mex. G.C. II. 19:149. 3. rigida, Miller. St. wanting or sometimes 4 ft. long: Ivs. thin, narrow, elongated; the margin either smooth or toothed. S. Mex. Perhaps more than one species in- cluded under this name. A. angustifdlia. Haw., seems to belong here. B.W. 589Z, a,s A. ixtlioldes. Gng. 5:89. Var. elong&ta, Baker (A. Candelabrum, Todaro). St. much elongated. Var. Siaalina, Engelm. Sisal Hemp. Margin of the Ivs. entire. Yucatan. Naturalized on Fla. keys. — Rec- ommended for cult, on a large scale in certain cheap lands of Fla. Largely grown in Yucatan as a fiber plant, the fiber being exported to U. S. and used in making cheap cordage. 4. Fringlei, Engelm. Lvs. sword-like, very stiff, 18 in. or less long, narrowed from near the base to the sharp tip, the margin with small, hooked, brown prick- les: fl. IJ^in. long, yellow. Lower Calif. 5. atrovirens, Karw.(>4. 2'AHacaM<'«sis,Karw. A.Sal- «i/')*n(. I )ti(»). Often attaining a great size: lvs. few, 10-30, luTuiiiitig 9 in. broad and 7-9 ft. long, very thick at base and glaucous throughout, tipped with a stout spine; the upper part of the margin horny: fl. 4 in. long Mex. G.C. II. 8:177. — Several species have passed under this name. Var. latissima {A. latissima, coarclAta, Lehmanni, and mitr(pf6rmis, Jacobi). Lvs. broader, oblong-spatu- late {8-9 in. brtiad above the middle). 6. cocliled,ris, Jacobi. Pulque Plant of W. Mex. Very similar to the above, but lvs. longer and a foot wide, not glaucous. Int. about 1867, but rare in col- lections. 7. applan&ta, Lem. Stemless : lvs. sometimes 150, 3-3/-2in. broad, stiff and glaucous, with long, pungent end spine: fl. 3 in. long, greenish yellow.— A beautiful species from Mex. Int. about 1862. 8. macraciintlia, Zucc. Small, stemless, compact: lvs. about 50, a foot long, very stiff and pungent, glaucous: fls. in a lax raceme. Int. about 1830, from central Mex. G.C. 11. 8:137. 9. Shiwii, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. 50-60 or even more, oblong-spatulate, 8-10 in. long, dull green and slightly glaucous, with a brown tip-spine an inch long, the edge with upturned brown teeth Kin. or less long: fls. 3-3Kin. long, greenish yellow. S. Cal. Int. about 1875. 10 Des^Tti, Engelm. Stemless : Ivs. few, in a rosette, oblanceolate, a foot or less long, deep concave above, very glaucous, tip-spined, the lower half of the blade with hooked prickles : fl. yellow, 2 in. or less long. S. Cal. Int. about 1875. 11. Scdlymus, Karw. Lvs. 20-40, 9-18 in. long. 3-6 in. wide, glaucous; the margin indented between the teeth: fl. 2-3 in. long, yellowish. Mex. Gn. 12, p. 397. Int. about 1880. — Said to be common, with several varieties. A. potatdrum, Zucc, may be only a form of the above. 12. Utahfensis, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. sword-like, 1 ft. or less long, thick and rigid, the sharp tip-spine an inch long, the margin with triangular teeth, glaucous: fl. an inch long. Utah and Ariz. BB. Inflorescence a dense, cylindrical spike; fls. usu- ally borne in twos. (Littcfa.) c. Margins of lvs. not toothed. D. Lvs, linear, stiff, smooth, tcith the margins splitting off into fine threads. 13. {ilifera, Salm-Dyck. Plant small, compact, about 1 ft. in diam. : lvs. about 100, linear, stiff, 9 or 10 in. in diam., light green in color, with a very pungent tip: fl. 2 in. long, brownish: stalk 5-8 ft. long. Mex. G.C. III. 21: 167. I.H. 7: 243.- Several species are often found in collections un- der this name. 14. flchidigera, Lem. Very similar to the above, but with some- what broader lvs. and the margin splitting off into white ribbons. Mex. B.M. 5641. -Frequently flowers in cult. 47. Agave attenuata. 15. vestita, Watson, also of the type of A. filifera, is a very recently described and introduced species. Lvs. more bronzy than that species. Mex. table lands, A.G 1892:609. — It deserves a place in any large Agave col- lection. 16. gemlnifldra, Ker-Gawl. {Bonapdrtea juncea^ Haw.). Lvs. often 200-300, narrowly linear, somewhat recurved, 1/^-2 ft. lonj;, somewhat convex on both sides: Hower stalk sometimes 25 ft. long. Mexico, where it grows commonly along streams. B.R. 1145. F.S. 7, p. 6. — Very common. 17. TAylori, Hort. A garden hybrid of A. ge mini flora and A. densiflora is often seen in cult. Mn. 7:111. G.C. II. 8:621. 18. Sch6ttil, Engelm. (A. gemniflbra var. SondrcB, Torr. ) . Stemless : lvs. linear, 1 ft. or less long and only J^ in. broad, flat or concave, very rigid, sharp-tipped, the margin usually with white threads: fls. Ij^in. long S.Ariz. B.M. 7567. AGAVE AGAVE 35 PD. iyi'.s. broad attd < 19. attenuMa, Salm-Dyck (A. glaticiscens. Hook.). Figs. 47-49. 8t. 4-5 ft., crowned by a great mass of Ivs., sometimes G ft. in diara. : Ivs. about 20, 2-3 ft. long, G-8 in. broad at the widest point, very glaucous on both sides: H.-splke5 ft. long; fl. 2 in. long, greenish yellow. G.F. 10:95. G.C.II, 2:218, 223. G.C. III. 17:455, 4,57. B.M. 53.'i3. Gn. 51, p. 407. — This is one of the most ma- jestic of the Agaves. It has flowered only twice in the United States, — in the Washington Botanical Garden, in 1897 and 1898. 20. Elemeeti^na, Koch. Very near the above, but stemless: Ivs. about 25, l}i-2 ft. long, 4'2-fJ in. wide ; pale. B.M. 7027. G.C. 11. 8:749. -A var. subdentita is sometimes sold. cc. Margins of Irs. more or less toothed. D. Border of Irs. horny throughout. 21. univittjlta, Haw. Stemless: Ivs. about ,50, rigid, 2-2H ft. long, dark green except a pale band down the center: fis. vellowish. Mex. B. M. (ili55. - Int. about 1830. 22. heterac4ntha, Zucc. \'ery c-onnM(in. Forms seen in I'olloctions show a very liolymorphous species. Stemless : Ivs. about 20, with a pale band down the center; teeth widely sepa- r^in. long. Mex. G. C. II. 7: 523.- Many forms, as diplac&ntha, macroddnta, pectin&.ta. I)L>. Border Of Irs. not liornij. E. Lvs. oblong, with small teeth. 29. Bfitteri, Baker. Stemless: lvs. 50, 2 ft. long, broad, pale green; triangular teeth on margin, crowded and black. Mex. B.M. 6248. — A very beautiful species. Flowers of Agave attenuata. .30. Albicans, Jacobi. Stemless: lvs. about 30, in a dense clusti-r. l."i iTi. or so long, 3-3Kin. wide, tapering to a weak spine, ijlaucous on both sides, the margin lined with small bhick teeth: spike of fls. about 15 in. long; fls. yellowish. Mex. B.M. 7207. G.C. II. 8:717.-This is one of the smaller Agaves. It does not die down after flowering. A form with variegated lvs. 31. C^lsii, Hook. (^.CfZstd«a, Jacobi). Stemless: Ivs. 20-.'in, olili>iri,'-spatulate, 2 ft. or less long, not strongly spine-tipped, tlie marginal lanceolate spines unequal, glauciius : tls. 2 in. or less long, purplish green, the tube very slK.rt. Jlix. B.M. 4934. 32. densiilora, Huok. Stemless: lvs. 30^0, oblanceo- late-spatulate, 3 ft. or less long, glaucous when young but becoming green, the end-spine Kin. long, the mar- ginal deltoid prickles 1 line or less long : fls. 2 in. or less long, greenish brown. Mex. B.M. 5006. 33. mitis, Salm-Dyck. Short-stemmed: lvs. .30, oblan- ceolate, 15 in. or less long, 3 in. at broadest part, tip- spine weak, the teeth very small and green or only ob- scurely brown-tipped, green : fls. 2 in. long. Mex. — .4. •mici'acdntha, Salm-Dyck, is very similar. EE. Li's. vert/ narrow, weak, the surface mostly ribbed: the margin minutely serrulate 34. strii.ta, Zucc. Stemless or nearly so: lvs. 150-200, linear from a wide base, 2Kft. or less long, scabrous on the edge, sharp-tipped, glaucous-green, and ribbed on both surf aces : fl. IKin. long, brown-greni. ]\lex. H.M. 4950. Cult, under several forms, as var. recurva, linker. Lvs. larger and more falcate, not sharp-tipjied. Var. striata, Baker {A. stricta, Salm-Dyck). Dwarf: Ivs. very stiff, 1 ft. long. Var. eohinold'es. Baker {A. eehi- «o) : i:;, -'hannelled, spine- edged.— *^. dm^i'ejis. "Tall l-: ink green. Fla."— A. Enffelmanni, frelea^e. A I ■- l"'< I 'ii(bescetis,'H.ort.~ *A.ffrnT.Knrh Sriirl fo b,. ,hm .,im .,iiiin..it in cult.,but it has never IM ■ i\-^ sli-dfly L'l;iur.,iis. the brown teeth Kin. long. G.r. 1 1 1 Jii "■_,. — ■ 1 /'/ ,//(.-M.s,,,/ " Large- growing, of peculiar blue.nU.i ■■- M. (niulnuun,!, Jb.it. — *^. GhlesbreghiU, Koeh. Int. about 186:3. .Stiveriit v uiieties. Lvs. glossy green, minute- toothed. It has never Hd. Some plants circulated under this name are A. pruinosa.— A.^rartdtrf^nM^a, Jaeobi, is avar. of A. horrida.— J,. (jhustavidna,'iloTi. Considered by Baker as belong- ing to A. Maximiliana. Lvs. slightly glaucous, with brown prickles.— *J.. Henriqui'si. Baker. Fls. in spikes : lvs. luneeo- late-oblong, rigid, brown-edged and prickly. —*A. MouUetii, Jaeobi. Has never fld. in cult. Lvs. oblanceolate, not spiny.— A.Jacquinidna, Schult. Now considorf.l a vrn-icty of A. lurida. Lvs. oblanceolate, very glaucous, with bin- k pnrkl.-^ H,M.i>097. —*A. MargaHtce. "Dwarf, veiy com p.iri iiml prukly. Lower Calif."— *A.?n.ar?ftora(a, Roezl. Fls. in p.tun I' -: l\s. glaucous, repand-prickly.— *A.JIfesoiiZZo. "Palo .stiij.o down tbeceuterof the leaf : similar to A. Lecheguilla, but of larger and stouter growth. "~* A. micracdntha, Salm-Dyck. A small-spined form of A.horrida.— * J.. Jlfiradore/ms, Jaeobi. Fls. in panicles: lvs. ob- lanceolate, the prickles very smaill.— * A. Nickels ii. "Similar in appearance to A. Victoriae- Regime, except that it is of much more robust growth, the lvs. being thicker and the white mark- ings on same being broader and more distinct." F.E. 7:618. — A .Ousselghemidna, J ACohi= A. albicans.— *J..Pdinjm. Engelm. A beautiful species from Ariz, and Mex. Stemless: lvs. oblanceo- late, glaucous, repand-prickly.— J.. Pdrryi, Engelm. Now con- sidered as a variety of A. applanata.— *A. polyacdntka. Haw. Fls. in spikes : lvs. oblanceolate, green when grown, brown- toothed. Int. about IS20.— A. pndndsa, Lem., see Ghiesbreghtii. ~*A . pulcherrima, Hort.— A. Regelidna, Jaeobi = A. horrida.— *.l. Rhbiiii, Hort.— *A. rupicola, Regel. Fls. in spikes : lvs. ob- lanceolate, bright green, jagged,— *A. Simarun. "Resembling A.Americana, but ashy gi'ay in color, and of smaller growth: thorns on points of lvs. miich longer." Calif.— A. Simorri. Hort. Same as above?— *A. spec^aM^ts, Todaro. Lvs. nearly 200, lan- ceolate, very glaucous, brown-toothed.— A. subuldta, Hort.— *A . sglvestris, Hort.— *A. Toll men sis. Hort.— *A. Yanderwinneni, Jaeobi. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, dull green, brown-edged and toothed.— A. Yerschaffeltii, Lem. Is usually considered a form of A. Scolymus. I.H. 15: 564.— *A.Tn?dmf/ir,Todaro. Lvs. few, oblong, bright green, with small brown teeth, j j^^ RoSE. AGDI^STIS (a mythical hermaphrodite monster, the penus being an anomalous one in its order). Phytolac- vi}ce(F. Amonotvpicgenus. Tender climbing shrub from Mex. Cult, in Calif, clematidea, Moq. & Sesse. Lvs. alternate, petiolate, cordate: fis. axillary or in terminal, branched, racemose cymes, white, star-shaped; sepals 4; petals 0. AGERATUM {Greek for not growing old, probably applied first to some other plant). Comp6sit(e. About 40 species of trop. Amer. herbs, with opposite stalked lvs. and blue or white fis. in small terminal cymes or panicles. conyzoides, Linn. (A. Mexlcdnum, Sims, and Hort.). Fig. 51. Annual and pubescent: Ivs. ■ ovate-deltoid, rrenate-serrate : fls. blue or white, or varying to rose. Ordinarily a rather loose-growing plant a foot or two high, but there are dwarf and compact forms ; also va- riegated forms. Trop. Amer. B.M. 2.524.— This is the common ageratum of gardeners and florists. It is easily grown from seeds, sown in the border where the plants are to stand, or started in the house or hotbed, if the plants are to be used for bedding, they should be placed a foot or less apart. They thrive in any garden soil and exposure. They bloom all summer ; and if sown in late summer or faU, they give winter bloom under glass. The plant sold as A. co}ispin<}Wf7/i/^;(rearf). AroUav. About 15 species, of trop. Asia and Africa, allied to Arum, Alocasia and Dleffenbachia, and requiring essentially the same treatment as those genera. Evergreen, often beautifully variegated. Aglao- ueraa may be divided, or cut- tings may be taken from plants that become too tall and weak. In either case the cuttings and divisions should be put into the sand-bed pre- vious to potting, to develop new roots. All of the kinds will succeed in fibrous loam enriched with rotted ma- nure, with the addition of a moderate quantity of leaf-mold, sand, and some crushed charcoal. Cult, by G. W. Oliver. pictum, Kunth. Dwarf : lvs. somewhat unequilateraI,ob long or elliptic, ovate (4-7 in. long and 2-H in. wide), very dark green, blotched with white, the central markings usually ex- tending the whole length of the midrib : spathe white or whit- ish, 1-lHin. long. Sumatra. I.H. 29: 445. nebulosum, N. E. Brown. Somewhat larger: lvs. narrower (5-8 in. long, l^in. or less wide», more acuminate, the markings rather more broken and not so continuous along the midrib. I.H. 1887:24. A.G. 16: 361, and F.E. 7:961, as A. pic- tum.— This and A. pictum are confused in the trade. Both species deserve more attention than they have received in this country. costd-tum, Veitch. Very dwarf and compact: lvs. heart-shaped, thick, 3 in. wide, one- third longer than wide, seldom ex- ceeding5in. long, dark. shining green, with midrib ivory-white and scattering blotches of white. Holds its tufted lvs. through the win- ter. Moluccas. 50. Agave maculosa. A. commutdtum, Schott.=Seindapsus Cuscuaria. — A. Roe- blimi, Hort., is"a fine decorative plant, with thick, leathery fo- liage" (Manda). — A. versicolor, Hort., is probably a form of eitlier A. pictum or A. nebulosum. T TT R AGRIMONIA (old name of obscure meaning). Hosd- ce(e. Agrimony. Hardy native herbs, with interruptedly pinnate lvs. and small, numerous, yellow fls., produced through summer. Lvs. aromatic, astringent. Sometimes cult, in shrubbery and wild gardens. Eupatdria, Linn. {A. officindUsy Lam.). Commok Ag- RiMONV. Fig. .o2. Petals twice as long as calyx, latter making a small, lightly adhering bur. Cult, in herb gardens to make a tonic tea, also in wild borders. Com- mon in woods; also native to Eu. Grows 2-3 ft. high, in little clumps, from a short rootstock. AGRIMOXIA AILANTHUS 37 odorata, ^^ill. Lfts. narrower than in A. Hujuitoi-i f'jttifts piilicscent ; lobes more deeply crenate-dentat M'tals iiiui-f than twice as long as the calyx. Italy asioually cult, in Am. j, {5 Kem.eu and W, 51. Aeeratu AGBOP'?KnM( Greek for /■(>?(/ and ic;ifnn. Graminea Perennials or annuals, with leaf-blades tiat or convo lute : spike terminal, usually stiff ; spikelets large, 3-8 fid., compressed, sessile at each joint of the simplt spike, the side of the spikelet placed next the axis Species about 30. Temperate regions of Amer. and Eu ripens, Beauv. Quack Grass. Couch Grass. QuickGrass. QuitchGrass. A smooth, pale green or glaucous perennial, very variable, with the in- ternodes of the rootstock long. In many places it has become one of the worst weeds, spreading in- veterately by its underground stems. Fig 53. It may be destroyed by constant and thorough tillage. Often valuable to hold loose lands. Considered by some stock raisers as a valuable hay grass. AGKOSTfiMMA. See Lychnis. AGBOSTIS {(igros, field ; the place of growth). Gruinlneif. Bent Grass. A genus containing many useful grasses for lawns, pastures and bouquets. Pani- cles variable, usually spreading ; spikelets very small, awnless or oc- casionally a short awn present. Species about 100, distributed over the entire globe ; about 9 useful in cult. Some species are much con- fused with Aira. In Agrostis the ■-pikelets are 1-fld.; in Aira 2- to several-fld. Spikelets about 1 line long : panicle-hranrhes short. Perennial lawn and pasture ijrasses. ^^'' B. Atvnless spikelets. '• 41ba, Linn. CREEriNO Bent Grass. A well known per- ennial, creeping or stoloniferous, 1-.3 ft. ; sheaths siiioiith ; leaf-blade linear or narrowly lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, scabrous: panicle open, 4-10 in. long, the branches sometimes widely spreading ; spikelets about 1 line long: ligulal^ lines long. — Suitable for meadows, pas- ture mixtures, or exclusively for lawn-making. Var. vulgaris, Thurb. {A.vulridris, With.). Red-top. Fine Bent Grass. Distinguished from the type by the smaller ligule, which is truncate, and less than 1 line long. — Counnoner in cult, than the type. Var. stolonifera, Linn. (A. stolonifera, Linn.l. Panicle contracted linear; culms extensively creeping or stolo- niferous : ligule 1—4 lines long. BB. Au-ned spikelets. canlna, Linn. Brown or Dog's Bent Grass. Rhode Island Bent Grass. Slender, creeping, 1-2 ft. : panicle pyramidal, 4-6 in. long : spikelets near the ends of the branches, very small, l-9of an in. long: small bent awn on back of flowering glume. Int. from Eu.— Makes a close sod. A a. Spikelets about % line long; panicle-branches long and hair-like. Annual ornamental grasses. B. i'ltlms, Ivs. and panicle-branches smooth. nebuldsa, Boiss & Reut. (A.capillAris,HoTt.). Cloud Grass. Fig. 54. A low grass, with extremely delicate, feathery-like panicle and small spikelets: Ivs. few and very small. Spain. — Very usefill for vases and bouquets, minutifldTa, Hort. Very similar to A. nebulosa, but smaller, with fewer Ivs. and shorter panicles. — Useful for vases and bouquets. f^ BB. Culms, Irs. and panicle-branches scabrous. scabra, Willd. Rough-bent. Tickle Grass. Fly- away Grass. Hair Grass. Silk Grass. Hair-like, deli- cate, with widely spreading, capillary panicles, which at maturity break away from the culm and fly about in the wind: spikelets very small, clustered at the ends of the branches. — Before panicle expands it is often sold in the vicinity of large towns for dry bouquets. A. Heaans, Hort., not There, and A . pulchella, Hort. These i applied by florists to Aira elegans and Aira earyo- phylle vhieh s P. B. Kennedy. 52. AErimonia Eupatoria (X 3). Flower and bur. AGUACATE, ALLIGATOR PEAE, AVOCADO. See Persta. AILANTHUS (from its native name Ailanto, meaning Tree of Heaven). Simarubdcece. Large trees : Ivs. al- ternate, large, pinnate, deciduous : fls. small, in large terminal panicles, polygamous ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; fr. consisting of 1-5 distinct samaras. Five species in Cent, and S. Asia and N. Austral. — Large, ornamental trees of loose and somewhat spreading habit, with ele- gant, feathery foliage. Very rapid growers. Good for smoky cities. Suckers from the roots. Prop, by seeds and root cuttings. glanduldsa, Desf. (A. Japinica, Hort.). Tree of Hf w FN Tree. 60 ft. : Ivs. odd-pinnate, \yi-2 ft. long ; Ii itl(ts H-25, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate, nearly gla- brous near the base, with 2-4 coarse teeth, each with a large gland beneath: fls. greenish : samaras IHin. long. .June. China, cult, in Japan. — Valuable tree for street planting, much used in the temperate regions and nat- uralized in some localities ; somewhat tender north in 38 AILANTHUS AKEBIA #hvt:d .ircliicls, tillandsias, and the liki-. .Mi.st of these gn.w upi'ii ■■Id bark, pirhaps de- riving some of their nourishment from tlie bark, but most of it from the air and rain. They are not parasites,— do not derive their support from the juices of the host. &JtIOA{not ynked ; the calyx not bilabiate). LabiAtw. Bugle Weed. Hardy herbaceous European perennials, creeping by stolons. Height6-12 in.: fls. numerous, in whorls, normally blue or purple, with rosy or white varieties. Prop, by division or seeds. Genev^nsis, Lmn.{A.rugdsa, Hort. A.alpina, Hort.). St. erect : cauline lvs. oblong-elliptic or obovate, nar- rowed at the base ; lower ones petiolate ; floral lvs. ovate or wedge-shaped, coarsely toothed, sparsely hairy: upper fl. -whorls spieate ; lower whorls distant. 55. Ailanthus shoots 56. Akebia quinata. The expanded flowers are pistillate; the others are staminate. pyramidilis, Linn. St. erect : cauline lvs. obovate, hardly petiolate, in a 4-sided pyramid; floral lvs. broadly ovate, the highest often colored; all lvs. entire: fl. whorls usually all spieate. rSptans, Linn. St. prostrate : lvs. ovate or obovate, entire or sinuate, shiny.— A low, dense, fast-spreading creeper, excellent for covering sluidy slopes. The typical and white-fld. forms are less cult, than the fidlowing : Var. riJbra, Hort. More valued for its dark purple lvs. than its blue fls. Var. variegita, Hort. Lvs. splashed and edged creamy yellow. metillica var. criapa, Hort., int. by Henderson, 1899, is described as dwarf (4-5 in.), with curled, metallic glossy and blue fls. in a pyramidal spike. A bed- ding plant, int. from Germany. J. B. Keller and W. M. AK£BIA (from Akebi, its Japanese name). Berberiddcece. Twining glabrous .'5 shrubs: lvs. long-petioled, digitate, coria- ^ ceous : fls. monoecious in axillary racemes, 1 pistillate at the base, staminate at the end of the raceme ; sepals 3: fr. consisting of one or more very large, oblong berries with numerous seeds. Two species in .Japan and China. Very ornamental, hardy climbing shrubs of graceful appearance, especially adapted for places in which very dense shade is not wanted. They require a sunny position and well drained soil; also valuable in the cool greenhouse for covering pillars and walls, growing best ia a sandy compost of loam, leaf soil 1^7 '"'/ is very showy, but and the stems are by seeds, by green AKEBIA and peat. In Japan the fr., which with us rarely produced, is eiten, much used for wicker-work Prop wood or hardwood cuttings, and also by root division and la\ers quin&ta, Decaisne. Pigs 56, 57. Climbing 12 ft. or more leaf lets 5, oval or obloug obo\ ate, entire, emarginate, 1-2 m long fls. fragrant, the pistillate pur plish brown, about 1 in. broad, the staminate smaller, rosy purple, in early spring: berry oblong, t-5 in. long, dark purple with glau cous bloom, seeds black — Hirdj, handsome, not attacked by insects or fungi. Very graceful and de sirable. China, Japan. B R 33 28. B.M. 486-4. G.F. 4 137 AG March, 1891, Figs. 5, 7, and plate R.H. 1853:141. S.Z. 77. lob&ta, Decaisne. broadly ovate , coarsely crenate : fls. in long racemes, smaller than those of A. qninata. .Ja- pan, China. B.M. 7485. A.U. March, 1891, p. 140. S.Z. 1: 78.-A.clematifdUa and A. qnercifdlia, Sieb. & Zucc, are probably only va- rieties of this spe- cies. Al.FKED Rehder. ALABAMA, HORTICUL- TtJEE IN. Fig. .i8. Com.nei cial horticulture h.as not as sumed the proportions in Ala bama that it has in the neigh boring southern states This must be largely due to atci dental causes, since in soils climate and transportation facilities the state presents conditions fully equal to any of the others. At present the most important horticultural centers are at the extreme northern and southern ends of the state. Mobile has long been known as one of the chief sources of supply for early vegetables for the northern and western markets, and the truck business is gradually extending from Mobile county to the adjoin- ing counties of Baldwin and Washington. Early cab- bage and Irish potatoes are the most important crops, though snap beans, peas, radishes, and many other vege- tables are grown in considerable quantities. The tomato, so important a market crop in many southern localities, is very little grown here, owing largely to the preva- lence of bacteriosis, often called southern tomato blight. Huntsville, in northern Alabama, has a large and flour- ishing nursery business. Several large wholesale es- tablishments are located there, and the fertile Tennes- see River Valley lands prove to be admirably adapted to the growth of a good quality of nursery stock. Over 1,300 acres are now devoted to this business in this neighborhood, the annual shipments fill 150 cars, includ- ing 1,500,000 fruit trees, besides roses and other orna- mentals; and the sum of $40,000 is paid out annually for labor. Beginnings have been made in fruit and vegetable growing at various other points in the state, particularly at Cullman, Montgomery, and Evergreen, on the Louis- ville and Nashville railroad, and at Friiithurst, in north- eastern Alabama, on the Southern railway. No data have been secured as to the total shipment from these various points, but the combined amount is very small, as com- pared with those from the Mobile region. One road, the ALABAMA 39 Mobile and Ohio, torwarded 343 cars of home-grown fruits and vegetables from the Mobile depot during 1897. These figures do not include the shipments from other stations on this line, nor those carried by the Louisville and Nashville. Such, in brief, is the present status of commercial horticulture in Alabama. In attempting to outline the possibilities of its future development, it will be neces- sary to glance at some of the more prominent topograph- ical features of the state. For our purpose, it may be roughly divided into four regions. First, at the north is the Tennessee River region, or, as it is often called, the grain belt (Fig. 58, A). Its strong clay soils produce abundant crops of corn, wheat, clover and timothy, and were originally covered by a heavy growth of hardwood timber. Next comes the mineral belt (B), including the mountain region of northeast Alabama, and extending in an irregular way nearly across the state to its western border. This is a large region, containing a great variety of soils, ranging from rich creek and river bottoms, and the fertile red soils characteristic of the Piedmont region of Georgia, to barren sands and sterile, rocky hillsides. The surface is very much broken, and great areas are still covered with the original forests of mixed pine and hard woods. Below the mountain country, and forming .an irregular belt or girdle across the middle of the state, is the prairie region (Fig. 58, C). This is narrow at the east, where the mountains press farthestsouthward. but broadens out toward the western border. The soil varies, in some places being light and sandy, but for the most part it is a dark, retentive loam, resembling that of the northern prairies. While cotton is a staple crop in all parts of the state, this is preeminently the cotton belt. Below the prairie comes the timber belt (D), covering the southern third of the state, and extending to the Gulf. Before the advent of the lumberman this extensive re- 57. Akebia ' gion was an unbroken forest of long-leaf yellow pine, with magnolias and other broad-leaved evergreens bor- dering the water courses. The surface is rolling, or in 40 ALABAMA some parts very hilly. The soil is a light, sandy loam, usually underlaid with red or yellow clay. It is naturally poor, being deficient in potash and phosphoric acid, and yields only scanty crops without fertilizers. It can, however, be made very productive by judicious manur- ing, and it builds up rapidly under intelligent intensive farming. This region is well adapted, both by soil and climate, to the production of early vegetables, and it seems probable that the business of truck-farming will ultimately spread widely from its present center at Mobile. Among fruits most promising for this region are grapes, oriental pears, flgs, Japanese persimmons and strawberries. Satsuma oranges on hardy trifoliata stocks can be safely planted at the extreme south, and peaches and Japanese plums in the more northerly por- tion. Pecans thrive admirably, and the better kinds should be widely planted. The soils of the prairie region, being mostly rather cold and wet in the spring, are not well adapted to early vegetables. Their fruit-growing capacity has not been fully tested, cotton claiming almost universal attention. Peaches aud plums will thrive on some of the lighter soils, though the trees are usually short-lived. Apple trees grow well on the heavier prairie soils, and it seems probable that with a proper selection of varieties and due attention to spraying, their cultivation would prove profitable. The mineral or mountain region presents so great a variety of soils and conditions that it is hard to charac- terize it as a whole. Some portions present almost ideal conditions for peaches, plums and grapes, and in the moister, heavier lands apples thrive and yield abun- dantly. If the people of Alabama ever interest themselves in fruit-growing as their neighbors in Georgia do at the present day, then these choice mountain locations will certainly be covered with orchards and vineyards, and this mountain region will advance to the first place in the magnitude of its horticultural interests. The northern region already has its well established nursery business, which seems destined to increase. Owing to late spring frosts, peach and plum crops are too uncertain here to make commercial plantings advis- able. It is, however, a promising apple country, and strawberries, raspberries and blackberries succeed well. An undeveloped but promising industry for this region would seem to be the growing of late crops of cabbage and Irish potatoes for the southern market. The allu- vial soils found here seem well adapted for this purpose, and all the southern towns and cities offer a near and ready market. p, §_ Eakle. ALANGIUM (from the Malabar name). Corn&ceie. A few species of shrubs or small trees of the Old World tropics, with alternate entire evergreen Ivs. and small, perfect purple fls. in axillary clusters. Rarely cult, in Old World stoves, but probably not in the Amer. trade. ALASKA, HOKTICULTUKE IN. Fig. 59. When con- sidered from a horticultural or aijrii-ultural point of view, Alaska may be very conveniently divided into two divis- ions, the southern coast region and the interior. These two regions differ very materially in their climate, and may be ultimately found as unlike in their possibilities. The climate of the coast region, which extends from Dixon's Entrance on the southeast to Unaiaska on the southwest, is characterized by a heavy rainfall, a great preponderance of cloudy weather, and a rather low sum- mertemperature, with little or no diurnal variation in the readings of the thermometer. The winter temperature is not excessively cold, zero weather being seldom experi- enced, while in the summer it is seldom high. The average rainfall, as shown by data from the Government Weather Service, varies from 55.9 inches at Killisnoo to 92.1 at Unaiaska, about one-third of the precipitation falling during the growing period, from May to September. The data concerning the interior portion of the country are mainly from along the Yukon River, that being the great thoroughfare of the region. Here the rainfall is slight, and during summer clear skies are the rule. The intense cold of winter is followed by comparatively warm tem- perature in the summer, with a growing period of about four months, although occasional frosts have been re- ported from the upper part of the valley during the summer months. The soils of the two regions are very similar, being largely of vegetable origin overlying rock or glacial de- posits. In the coast region arable areas are confined to rather narrow valleys and the slopes along the sea. In the interior are reported more extensive areas of com- paratively level land. Of the coast region, the most ex- tensive area of land adapted to cultivation is that on the Kenai Peninsula, and, extending across Cook Inlet, is continued up the Sushitna River. This region, on ac- count of its position relative to ocean currents, partakes more of the climatic characteristics of the interior, al- though still somewhat modified. The accompanying map shows regions where some attempts have been made in gardening, from which defi- nite reports have been secured. Prom the data at hand 59. Sketch map of Alaska it seems probable that the local supplies of hardy vege- tables might be produced nearer at hand than the Puget Sound. This is undoubtedly true of the southeastern portion of the country, where the production need be limited only by the demand for such supplies and the ability to secure arable lands at a cost that will permit the producer to compete with the Sound country. For some time certain economic features will enter into the subject of extensive horticulture. Among these are the high price of labor, the standard being at present deter- mined by the wages paid for gold raining, the question of transportation, and the rather limited markets. As it exists at the present time, horticulture in Alaska is of a very primitive type. A few gardens here and there, with perhaps a row of berries along the side and an occasional fruit tree, represents nearly all that is done along this line. Near Juneau and at Kiilisnoo are mar- ket-gardens of considerable importance, but elsewhere only small areas are cultivated. It has been said that during the Russian occupancy of the country many attempts were made to cultivate gardens aud fields, but the data are often so meager and contradictory as to throw doubt upon the sincerity of the endeavor. In the accompanying account, it is de- sired to place on record some of the horticultural achieve- ments as gathered from reports from gardeners in many places, as well as the personal observations of the writer during two seasons in the country Fruits. — The great abundance both in kind and quan- tity of native fruits, especially berries, has doubtless contributed to the delay in the attempted introduction and cultivation of other sorts. Some effort has been made in this line, as is shown by the presence at Sitka of a number of old apple trees, remnants of the Russian days, which bear a very inferior fruit. A few young bearing trees of unknown variety are grown at the same place. At Wrangell there are apple trees of what are thought to be the Red June variety in bearing, and young thriving trees are known to be at Juneau and Metlakahtla. Plum and cherry trees have been recently planted in several places, but so far have not fruited. The mountain ash {Sorbus savibnci folia ) is grown as an ornamental tree in a number of places. Currants flourish wherever planted, and gooseberries have been seen, but they were usually ALASKA ALASKA 41 badly mildewecL C'uthbert raspberries do exceedingly well at Wraugelt and Sitka, the fruit being of tine size and quality. Ttie same is true of strawberries at the sev- eral places where they are cultivated. Attempts have been made at a number of places to cultivate some of the indigenous fruits, and the dewberry or "knesheneka" (Hubus iftellatHs), v:i\d currants {Hibes riibrum and i?. bractfosum), and the strawberry {Fragaria Chilofti- sisf) have all been domesticated, and their fruit is fully equal, if not superior, to the wild product. Vegetables. — More attempts have been made to grow vegetables than fruits, and some definite data have been obtained, showing what varieties are known to be adapted to Alaskan conditions. Most of these data have been se- cured from Sitka and Wrangell, in the southeastern part of the country, and from the Holy Cross Mission, near Koserefski, on the lower Yukon. A recent report from the latter place states that potatoes of tine quality, weigh- ing \% pounds, and turnips weighing 55^ pounds, were grown during the summer of 1898, In addition, notes were given of some of the varieties of vegetables adapted to the region, as follows; Cabbage — Early Jersey Wake- field, Flat Dutch, and Drumhead ; cauliflower— Early Snowball, Early Dwarf Erfurt ; turnips — Early Flat Dutch, Yellow Globe, and Extra Early Milan ; ruta- bagas—Improved American; radish — French Breakfast and Chartier ; onions — Extra Early Red and Yellow Dauvers; lettuce — Golden Heart; peas — American Won- der and Early Alaska; beets — Eclipse and Edmand's Blood Turnip ; carrot — Oxheart ; parsley — Extra Early Double Curled ; celery — White Plume, Giant Pascal; rhubarb — Victoria. The same varieties, with numerous additions, have suc- ceeded in the coast region. Snap beans, Challenge Black Wax and Golden Wax, have done fairly well at Sitka, where some experiments were conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture during 1898, and the English Windsor is quite in its element. At tliis place the Philadelphia Butter and San Francisco Market let- tuce made tine heads of a most superior quality. Par- snips and carrots grow well, and salsify and spinach were successfully grown at Sitka for perhaps the first time. Peas were found to grow and yield well, and in addition to the varieties above given, some of the dwarfs and the Norwegian Sugar peas continued to produce their crop until cut off by the frost. The blood beets. Extra Blood Turnip and Extra Early Egyptian, grew well at Sitka, but in many places beets are a failure on account of their tendency to run to seed. This unde- sirable trait on the part of biennial plants is shared by other vegetables, principally turnips, although cabbage and cauliflower have bfen reported as doing likewise. It is believed by some growers that the flat type of tur- nip is more sul)Ject to run to seed than the globe type. Celery of exceedingly fine quality has been grown at a number of places, although at Kadiak specimens were seen in which the central axis was greatly elongated. The leafstalks were also lengthened in about the same proportion, and this trait was not considered undesirable. Potatoes are more extensively grown than any other crop, and the quality varies with the variety, locality, season, and culture. Usually little choice is exercised in the matter of varieties, but Polaris, Beauty of Hebron, and Early Rose appear well adapted to the conditions existing in this region. The two last are the most ex- tensively known varieties, and very favorable reports have been received from a few trials of the Polaris. Season and method of planting undoubtedly exert a strong influence on the crop. If the soil, which usually contains a high proportion of organic matter and mois- ture, is well drained or thrown up into beds, as is the custom in many places, good potatoes can be grown in the average season. In some parts of the country, espe- cially from Cook Inlet westward, the natives cultivate a small round potato, called the Russian, that seems to be well suited to the country. It is said to have been brought from Siberia fifty or more years ago. Close planting of potatoes, as well as almost every other vegetable, is the rule, and often to this fact alone may be attributed many failures. The object seems to be to grow a large crop by planting an abundance of seed. The result is a large growth of to)>s that completely shade the ground, thin- ning being seldom or never practiced. Along the coast, where cloudy weather is the rule, it is safe to say mat the sun's rays never strike the ground after the grow- ing season has become well advanced. Under such con- ditions it is not an uncommon sight to see a crop of small potatoes borne in the axils of the leaves above ground, no tubers being formed below the surface. In general, considerable judgment is shown in the choice of garden sites. A southwestern slope is always preferred, and if well drained the garden is usually a thrifty one. In many places the earth is thrown up into beds 4 or 5 feet wide and the crop planted crosswise the beds. Where it can be easily obtained, sand is added to warm and to lighten the soil. Kelp is extensively em- ployed as a fertilizer in some places, but its value when added to a soil already largely composed of vegetable debris is questionable. Gardens have been successfully maintained at Dawson, Circle City, and other of the great mining centers of the upper Yukon, and the dirt roof of the miner's cabin is frequently utilized for early gar- dens, the heat from within supplying the necessary warmth required for growing early radishes, onions, lettuce, turnips, etc. Wild Berries. — The abundance of native fruits, espe- cially of berries, has already been mentioned, and an enumeration of some of them would seem not out of place. Of widest distribution are the salraonberries [Rubus uptclttbitfA, Fig. 60), two so-called cranberries ( I'ibitr- iflo ,R.br iccinium Vitis-Iddea), currants tstfitt. and i?. laxiflornm) fCTOVf- (III 1, huckleberries ( Vaccinium I ) , blueberries ( K. »0, the {Ribes rttbr berries (Empetrum niijn uliginosum and its var. ovalifoliitm), red huckleberries ( I', par molka or baked-apple berry {Riibiis Chdmipmoriis} im- properly called salmonberry in the interior, and rasp- berries (Riibus strigosiis). Oi less gen- eral distribution, yet very abundant in places, may be mentioned strawberries {Fragaria Chiloensis), dewberries (ifw- bus stellatns), thim- ble berries {R. par- rirtoj-H.s ) , salal ( ffa « i- theria SliaUon), bog cranberries ( Vaccin- ium Oxt/cocc«s), bear- berries (Arctostaph- ylos alpitia), etc. 60. Sal: Id fruits of Alaska FLORICULTfRE.- This branch of horticulture is not wholly neglected in Alaska, although but few data are available. Many of the hardier plants of the old-fash- ioned flower garden are to be seen. Pansies of great size and brilliant color are common, and they remain in flower all summer. In some parts of the country sweet peas do well, and poppies, nasturtiums, mignonette, 42 ALASKA sweet alyssum, chrysanthemums, stock, candytuft, ver- benas, and marigolds are not uncommon where any at- tempt is made to grow flowers. Window gardens and boxes add many sorts to the list already given. A single season's experimentation at Sitlia, under the direction of the Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture, has shown that much can be accomplished in horticulture if rational methods of culture and a proper selection of varieties and seed be followed. Walter H. Evaus. For further information, consult Yearbook of Dept. of Agric. for 1897, and Bulletin 48, OfiBce Exp. Sta., Dept. Agric. L. H. B. ALB£STA (from Albertus Grotus, commonly known as Albertus Magnus). Jiubidea. Tender evergreen shrub from Natal, suitable for greenhouse. Little known in commerce in this country. migusi, E. Mey. Bark pale : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, obovate- oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short, stout pet- iole ; midrib stout : panicle terminal, erect, 6 in. high and nearly as broad at the base ; corolla tube 1 in. long, slightly swelling in upper part ; lobes 5, small, triangu- lar^ recurved. B.M. 7454. G.C.m. 22:416. Gn. 53:1171. ALBlZZIA (after Albizzi, an Italian naturalist). Ze- gnmindso'. Trees or shrubs, unarmed : Ivs. alternate, bipinnate ; leaflets small, oblique : fls. in axillary, pe- duncled spikes or globular heads ; calyx and corolla tubular and 5-lobed ; stamens long, exserted : fr. a large strap-shaped pod. Twenty-five species in trop. and subtrop. regions of Asia, Afr. and Austral. Orna- mental trees and shrubs with graceful, feathery foliage and yellowish, white or red fls. in summer. For cult., see Acacia. A. Fls. in cylindrical axillary spikes : h's. semi-nersi.itenf. lophintha, Benth. {AcAeia lophdntha,WiUd.). Shrub or small tree, 6-20 ft. : Ivs. with 14-24 pinnas, each with 40-60 leaflets, about 5 lines long, linear, obtuse : spikes mostly 2, about 2 in. long, yellowish. S.W.Australia. B.M. 2108. B.R. 5:.361. L. B.C. 8:716. -Sometimes cult, as greenhouse shrub and flowering in spring, and in the open in the S. Often known as Acacia speciosa. There is a var. gigant^a in the trade. AA. Fls. in globular heads : Ivs. deciduous. B. Stamens tuiited only at the base. c. Leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse. L6bbek, Benth. (Acdcia LfbbeJc, Willd. A. sped- dsa, Willd.). Tall tree : Ivs. with 4-8 pinnae, each with 10-18 leaflets, obliquely oblong or oval, 1-lHin. long, nearly sessile: fls. greenish yellow, in short-peduncled, axillary heads, 3-4 together. Trop. Asia, N. Austral, occident^lis, Brandeg. Small tree, 15-25 ft. : Ivs. with 8 pinuie, each with 6-10 leaflets, oblique-oval, %-ly^in. long, glabrous: fls. yellowish, in axillary heads. June- July. Mex., Low. Calif. — Perhaps only a variety of A. Lebbek, and not indigenous. odoratissima, Benth. (Ac&cia odorat'issima, Willd.). Tall tree: Ivs. with downy rachis; pinnae 6-14, each with lf>-50 leaflets, oblique-oblong, %-l in. long, glaucous beneath : heads few-fld., numerous, greenish white, forming large, terminal panicles. E. Ind. prdcera, Benth. {AcAcia prdcera, Willd.). Tall tree: Ivs. with nearly glabrous rachis; pinnfe 6-10, each with 12-16 leaflets, oblique-oblong, 1-lJ^in. long, glabrous: heads few-fld., greenish white, forming large, terminal panicles. Trop. Asia, Austral. Molucc&na, Miq. Tree : rachis of the Ivs. with many gUands; pinniB 14, each with 12-40 leaflets, obliquely el- liptic-oblong,glaucous and pubescent beneath. Moluccas. re. Leaflets falcate, with the midrib close to the upper edge, acute. Julibrissin, Durazz. (Acdcia Julibrissin, Willd. A. iVfm», Willd. Albizzia rdsea, G&TT.). Tree, 30-40 ft. : rachis of the Ivs. with a small gland at the base; pinn® 8-24, with numerous leaflets, falcate-oblong, J^iin. long: heads pink, crowded on the upper end of the branches. ALEURITES Trop. and subtrop. Asia and Afr. R.H. 1870: 490. F.S. 21: 2199. — This plant is the hardiest species, and will stand many degrees of frost. Hardy as far north as Washington. Var. m611i3, Benth. (A. mdllis, Boiss. Acdcia mdllis, Wall.). Leaflets broader, densely pubescent. stipulita, Boiss. (Acdcia stipuldta, DC). Tall tree : young branches with large, persistent stipules: rachia of the Ivs. with many glands, pubescent; pinnae 12-40, with numerous leaflets, oblong-linear, M-%in. long, pu- bescent beneath: heads in axillary simple or terminal compound racemes. Trop. Asia. BB. Stamens connate into a long, narrow tube. fastigiWa, Oliv. (Zygia fastigidta, E.Mey.). Tree : branches and petioles rusty-pubescent ; pinnse 8-14, each with 16-30 leaflets, trapezoid-oblong, %-}im. long, pubescent beneath : heads in terminal corymbs on the end of the branches. Trop. Afr. Alpked Rehder. ALBlTCA (whitish; the color of the first-described species). Lilidcea. Tender bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope allied to Ornithogalum, and treated in the same way. Prop, by offsets or seeds. aiirea, Jacq. Bracts yellow : fls. 10-30, pale yellow, upright. mijor, Linn. Bracts red : fls. 6-15, greenish yellow, nodding. B.M. 804. L. B.C. 12: 1191. ALCHEMlLLA (from an Arabic name). Hosdcece. Hardy herbaceous perennials with corymbose, incon- spicuous fls., suitable for rockeries and front rows of borders. Of easiest culture. Height 6-8 in. Prop, by division or seeds. Native in Eu., and A. arv^nsis is sparingly naturalized in this country. There are also tropical species. alpina, Bieb. Lvs. digitate, 5-7 cut ; leaflets usually 7, lanceolate-cuneate, obtuse, serrate at apex, silky hairy beneath, shiny. Eu. sericea, Willd. Lvs. larger than in A. alpina, 5-7 nerved, digitate ; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, deeply ser- rate from the middle to apex, downy beneath. Cau- casus. vulgaris, Linn. {A. montdna, Schmidt}. Lady's Man- tle. Lts. 7-9 nerved, 7-9 cut ; reniform, plicate-con- cave. N. Temp. Zone. j^ g_ Keller. ALDER. See Alnus. ALETBIS (Greek word for female slave who ground corn; alluding to apparent mealiness of the fls.). Ilce- madordcew. Hardy perennial, smooth, stemless, bitter herbs. Lvs. thin, flat, lanceolate, grass-like, in a spread- ing cluster: fis. small, in a spiked raceme, terminating a slender scape 2-3 ft. high; perianth not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened with thick set points which give a mealy appearance. July-Aug. They like a moist but sunny situation. Prop, slowly by division or seeds. aiirea, Walt. Fls. bell-shaped, fewer and shorter than in A. farinosa, y&llo-w ; lobes short, ovate. Eastern N, Amer. B.M. 1418, erroneously a.B A.furlnosa. farindsa, Linn. Fls. longer and more tubular than in A. aureii, white; lobes lanceolate-oblong. N. Amer. L.B.C. 12:1161. Japdnica, Hort. Fls. reddish or deep purple, in long spikes. J. B. Keller. ALEUEtTES (Greek: farinose or floury). Euphor- bidcete. Half dozen or less tropical species of evergreen trees, with small moncecious white fls. in terminal, lax cymes and alternate, entire or3-lobed lvs. with 2 glands at the top of the petiole. triloba, Forst. Candlenut, or Candleberrt Tree. Small tree, with 3-5-lobed pubescent lvs. , originally from the eastern tropics, but now widely distributed : cult. for its edible nut, which is spheroidal, nearly 2 in. in diam., 2-loculed, each compartment containing a walnut- like seed. The dried kernels are burned for illumina- tion by natives. The nuts yield oil which is used in food or as a dryer in paint. The oil is variously known as Indian Walnut Oil, Kekune Oil, Kukui Oil. Spar- ingly cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Fruits in S. Calif. ALEURITES ALLAMANDA 43 cord&ta, Steud. Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate, [t-5 cuspidate or lobed. S. China. — Yields au excellent lac varuish. L^ jj^ jj^ ALFALFA, LUCfiRNE {ifi'dicAgo satlva, Linn.). A deep r<"'tic( jiiTi'iiiiinI f.ir.ige plant of the Leguminbsir . The I'laiif },'ni\\s a fi.ot or two high, bears pinnate lvs. with .i (jvate-oliking toothed leaflets, and small head-like racemes of purple clover-shaped fls. It is native to Eu. In the arid parts of the U. S. it is the staple hay and forage plant, and it is also grown to a considerable ex- tent in the E. Two to six mowings may be made each year from established meadows. Fifteen to 20 lbs. of seed are sown to the acre; and the seed is preferably sown alone, without another crop. Alfalfa should not be pastured the first year. In two or three years it be- comes thoroughly established and productive, and it should continue for many years. .June grass often runs it out in a cool, moist climate. Alfalfa often becomes a weed in waste places. ALFIL£KIA. The West American or .Spanish name for K'ri'iiinm ririitdriuin, L'Her. G€rnnidce(T, A hairy annual whii.-ti is used for pasture in dry regions. ALGA, plural AL6X. A general name for chloro- phyll-l)earing thalluphytes. They are flowerless plants, allied to the fungi, antl generally inhabit water. Those occurring in salt water are known as seaweeds. None are cultivated. The green "moss" on flower-pots is made up of algse. ALGAROBA is the fruit of Ceratonia siliqtia ALHAGI (its Mauritanian name). Jjegii-minds(p. Low, spiny, much branched shrubs: lvs. oblong, small, ob- tuse, entire, alternate : fls. papilionaceous, in few-fld. racemes. Summer. Three closely allied species from Greece and Egypt to Himalayas, producing the Persian or Alhagi Manna. They may be cult, in temperate re- gions in dry and sunny positions and prop, by seeds and greenwood cuttings under glass with a little bottom heat. A.cavieldrum.Fi^Qh. Camel's Thorn. Glabrous at length; ovary glabrous. Cau. to Himal. — A. maurdrum, DC. Pubes- cent: ovary pubescent. Egj'pt to Persia. — ^. ffr(ec6rwm, Boiss. Very spiny and more densely pubescent : ovary pubescent. Greece. Alfred Rehder. ALlSMA (derivation doubtful). AUsmdcew. Hardy aquatics, with small white or pale rose fls. on scapes with whorled, panicled branches. Perennial by a stout proliferous corm. Useful in ponds. Prop, by division or seeds. Flanti.go, Linn. Water Plantain. Lvs. variable, but usually broadly cordate-ovate ; tliinner and nar- rower when growing under water. Panicle 1-2 ft. long. Common in swales and still waters in U. S.; also InEu. A. natana, Linn., is now referred to the monotypic genus Elisma(E. natans, Buch.). It is native to Eu,, and is offered in foreign citalogues. Fl. white, single, on a long peduncle: float- ing lvs. elliptic and obtuse. ALKANNA, ALKANET. See Anchnsa. ALKEKfiNGI. See Physalis. ALLAMANDA (Dr. Allaniand, Leyden). Apocyn(iee(e. Greenhouse shrubs, mostly climbers. Lvs. entire, whorled: fls. terminal, large and funnel-shaped, with a flat-spreading or reflexed limb, the tube inflated below the throat: ovary 1-loculed: stamens 5, the filaments very short. Allamandas are of easy culture. They are usually grown in the ground or in large tubs, and trained on the rafters. For best results, they should have plenty of sun. The bushy kinds, as A. nerii folia, A. grundiflora and A. WiUiamsi, may be grown as specimen plants in pots. The strong kinds, as A. Schotlii, are some- times used as stocks upon which to graft the weaker ones, particularly if root plants are desired. Prop, by cuttings of growing wood in a bottom heat of 75°; also by layers. The species are much confused. A. Fls. purple. Blanch^tii, DC. {A. violAcea, Gardn.). Lvs. in 4's, hairy on both sides: fls. in terminal clusters, Hiii. across, salmon-purple : habit of A. i-athartica. Brazil. B.M. 7122. Int. into U. S. in 189a. AA. /V.5. yellow or orange. B. Corolla with a steollen or bulb-like ba.-se. neriifdlia, Hook. A stocky, bushy grower, useful for pots, although it usually needs to be staked or grown against a support if allowed to take its full course: lvs. in ;V.s-5's, glabrous, oblong or elliptic, acuminate ; co- rolla smaller than A. Schottii or A. Hentlersoni, deeper yellow, streaked with orange. S. Amer. B.M. 4594. — Early and profuse bloomer. BB. Corolla tube long, slender and stem-tike. c. Lvs. and calyx more or less hairy. ndbilis, Moore. A strong, tall climber, with purple twigs: lvs. in 3'g or 4's, large, acuminate, very short- stalked: fls. very large (4-5 in. across), nearly circular in outline of limb, bright, clear yellow, with magnolia- like odor. Finest fls. in the genus. Braz. B.M.57(;4. cc. Lvs. and calyx glabrous {except perhaps in A. Williamsi). D. Plant tall-climbing. cathfirtica, Linn. Lvs. rather small, obovate, usually in 4's, and more or less wavy-iuargined, thin, acuminate: fls. golden yellow, white-marked in the throat, the lobes acuminate on one angle, 3 in. or less across, the tube gibbous or curved. S. Amer. B.M. 338. P.M. 8:77. — The species first described, but now rarely seen in cultivation. Schbttii, Pohl. Strong-growing, suitable for rafters: young shoots and petioles slightly pubescent, the older stems warty: lvs. in 3's or 4's, broadly lanceolate and acuminate: corolla large, rich yellow, the throat darker and beautifully striped. Braz. B.M. 4351, but this por- trait is considered by Index Kewensis to belong to^. cathartica. A. magnifica, introduced into the U. S. in 1893, is probably a form of this species. H6nderBoni, Bull. [A. Wardleydtia, Lebas.). Fig. 61. Tall and vigorous, free-flowering, excellent for roofs: 61. Allamanda Hendersoni (X ]4) glabrous: lvs. large, elliptic-ovate, thick .ind leathery, in 4's: fls. large, yellow-orange, with 5 light spots in the throat, the corolla of thick substance, purplish on the exterior when in bud. Gn. 29:542. I.H. 12:452. — The commonest Allamanda in this country. By some authori- ties cousidered to be a variety of A. cathartica; by oth- ers referred to J. Schottii. Int. from Guiana by Hender- son & Co., St. John's Wood, England, and distributed by Bull about 1865. 44 ALLAMANDA DD. Plant erect-bushy. grandifldra, Lam. St. thin and wiry: Ivs. thin, ovate- lanceolate, pointed, usually in 3's : lis. somewhat sniallex* than those of A. HeiuUrxoni but larger than A. calliar- lica, lemon- or primrose-yellow. Braz. Gn. 39 : 794. P. M. 12: 79. — Thrives well when grafted on stronger kinds. Williamsi, Hort. Very dwarf: Ivs. and young growth generally somewhat pubescent, the Ivs. long and narrow, acuminate usually in 4's : fls. in continuous clusters, rather smaller than those of A . Hendersoni and of better substance, fragrant. Gn. 40: 832. — Certificated in Eng. in 1891 by B. S. Williams & Son, and int. in U. S. in 1893. Supposed to be a hybrid. Promising for pots. L. H. B. ALL-HEAL. See Br ,■11,1 r„!,j„ ALLIGATOR PEAK, AGHACATE, AVOCADO. See Persea, Allium (ancient Latin name). Litiitcea:. Bulbous plants, mostly cult, in the open ; but a few, of which A . NeapoUtannni is an example, are of tener grown indoors. Pis. in a simple umbel, from a 1-2-lvd. usually scarious spathe; stamens and perianth segments 6; style slender, the .stigma either entire or parted. Alliums are of the easiest cult., for which consult Bulbs. For the vegetable-garden members of the genus, see Chives, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot. Allium vinedle, a bad weed in parts of the northeastern states, has a slender scape sheathed below with hollow thread- shaped Ivs., and greenish rose-colored fls. (or bulblets in the place of fls.). The following species are known to be in the Amer. trade : acuminatum. No 4 , anceps 2fa attenuifolium, 21; Bidwelliffi,23, Bolauderi, 17, cernuum, 9; Cusickii, 16; falcifolium, 25 fimbriatum, 24 Geyeri, 13; haema- tochiton, 11; Mermettn 3 madidum 15, Moly, 1; Nea- 62. Allium Neapolitanum. politanum,3; platycaule,27; reticulatum, 12; roseum,5; Sanbornii, 20; scaposum, 14; Schoenoprasum, 8; senes- cens, 6; serratum, 22; stellatum, 19; tricoccum, 7; uni- folium, 18; validum, 10; Victorialis, 2. A. Camptchdtiium, catalogued by Meehan, is perhaps a form of some other species. It is described as "dull pink. July. IK ft." ALLIUM 1. Exotic garden Alliums. A. Pis. yellnif. 1. Hdly, Linn. Lvs. flat, broad : fls. numerous, in a dense umbel, in early spring. S. Eu. B.M. 499— Well known, and a favorite for massing. Hardy in the N. AA. Pis. white or whitish. B. Zivs. very broad, obtuse. 2. Victorians, Linn. Tall : lvs. ovate or broad-oblong, short : fls. greenish white, in large heads. Spring. Si- beria. B.M. 1222.- Hardy. BB. Lvs. narrow, actite or taperi)t,j. 3. Neapolitanum, Cyr. Fig. 62. Lvs. long and rather narrow. Inosi'-spreading, shorter than the scape : fls. large, purr wiiitr, with colored stamens on long pedicels. Eu.— Needs protection if grown outdoors. Much used for cut-flowers in winter and spring. The most popular species, A. Berm(ttii granditUrum, recently intro- duced from Holland, is a clear white odorous variety, well adapted to forcing. AAA. Pis. pink, rose, or lilac. B. Segments with recurved tips. 4. acuminatum, Hook. Scape 4-10 in.: lvs. 2-4, not longer than tin- scape, very narrow: umbel mauy-fld.: perianlli segments a third longer than the stamens, the inner ones serrulate. W. Amer. BE. Segments not recurved. 5. roBeum, Linn. Scape 12-18 in. : lvs. narrow, with in- rolled tips: fls. few (10-12), on long pedicels in an open umbel. S. Eu. B.M. 978. 6. sen^scens, Linn. Scape 1-2 ft. : lvs. narrow, erect, often twisted: fls. rather small, numerous, in a rather dense head. Eu. B.M. 1150. II. The above species comprise those which are in gen- eral cultivation in this country. Aside from these there are various native species, mostly from western Amer- ica, which are ofl'ered by dealers in American plants. These are recorded below. Monograph of American Alli- ums by Sereno Watson, in Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 14: 226. A, Bulbs clustered., narrowly oblong; scape terete. B. Zrvs. elliptic-lanceolate, 2 or S. 7. tric6ccum, Ait. Common Wild Leek. Fls. greenish white on scape 4-12 in. high in early spring. Grows in clumps. N. Eng. to Wis. and N. C. BB. Lvs. terete and hollow, several. 8. Schoen6pra3um, Linn. Gives or Chives. Fls. rose- color, in dense little heads: lvs. short, in dense mats. N. U. S. and Eu. EBB. Lvs. linear, flat or channelled. 9. cSmuum, Roth. Fls. rose-colored or white, in open, nodding umbels. AUeghanies W. 10. validum, Wats. Fls. rose-colored or nearly white, in dense erectish umbels : scape l-2}^ft., very stout. Nev.,Cal., Or. 11. hsBmatochiton, Wats. Fls. deep rose, in a small, erect umbel : bulb-coats deep red : scape 1 ft. or less high. Cal. AA. Bulbs usually solitary, globose to ovate : scape terete or nearly so. B. Coats of bulbs fibrous. 12. reticulatum, Fraser. Scape 3-8 in. : fls. white to rose, with thin segments. W. Amer. B.M. 1840, as A . stellatum. 13. Gejeri, Wats. A foot high : fls. rose, with broad acute segments. W. Amer. BB. Goats of bulbs yiot fibrous. c. Lvs. S or several. D. Ovary with only 3 crests, or none at all. 14. scapdsum, Benth. Fls. white, red-veined, in a loose, few-fld. umbel : bulbs dark : scape 1 ft. or more. W. Amer. l;"]. mididum.Wats. Fls. white or nearly so, in a many- fld.uTiibcl: bulbs white: scape lessthanlft., angled. Or. 16. CCisickii.Wats. Fls. rathernumerous, nearly white; lvs. 2, J4in. wide: scane 3-4 in. Or. ALLIUM ALMOND 45 17. Bolanderi, Wats. Fls. rose, few, the segments ser- rulate: scape 4-10 in. Calif. 18. unifdlium, Kellogg. Lvs. several, narrow and flat: scape stout, 1-2 ft. : fls. rose, 10-30, the segments ovate- lanceolate, exceeding stamens and style. Calif. i)D. Ovary distinctly G-crested; fls. usually rose-colored. E. Scape usually more than 0 in. high {in the wild). 19. Btellatum, Fraser. Bulb-coats reddish: scape 6-18 in.; pedicfls '■.-•*4in. long; stamens and st5''les exserted. W. Amer. B.M. ir)7G. 20. S&nbomii, Wood. Bulb-scales white: scape 12-24 in.; pedicels shorter; umbel densely manj'-fld. ; stamens and styles exserted. Calif. 21. attenuifdlium, Kellogg. Lvs. chaunelled : scape slender, 6-15 in., leafy below; umbel dense ; fls. nearly white. W. Amer. EE. Scape usually less than i; in. hiyh {in (he wild). 22. serr&tum, Wats. Lvs, very narrow : filaments broadened at the base. W, Amer. 2:l Bidwelliee, Wats. Scape 2-3 in.: umbel few-fld., the pedicels Jain, long : filaments filiform. Calif. 00. Iff. solitary, linear or fHifo-m: scape 2-5 in, high: capsule G-crested. 24. fimbriitum, Wats. Lf. filiform and revolute : scape 3 in. : fls. deep rose , stigma 3-cleft. S. Calif. AA. Bulbs mostly solitary : scape stont, i'-UH7iged : lvs. S, broad. B. Stamens not exserted. 2o. falcifdlium. Hook. & Am. Fls. rose, the segments minutely glandular-serrate and twice longer than sta- mens : scape 2-3 in. W. Amer. 26. Aaceps, Kellogg. Fls. white, with purplish veins, the segments little longer than stamens. Calif,, Or. BB. Stame7is exserted. 27. platycaille, Wats. Fls. rose, the segments long- acuminate: scape3-5in. CaJif. 'B.M. G227,n,sA. anceps. L. H. B. ALLOPLfiCTUS (diversely plaited; referring to ap- pearance of the calyx). Gesiier^cece. Tender tropical evergreen shrubby plants, with tubular yellowish axillary fls., borne singly, to be grown in hothouses and given the treatment required by Gesneras. A.rdpens, Hook. Trailing by nirnn"^ of roots thrown out be- tween the pairs of lvs.: lvs. .)\;ti'\ in:n's<'Iy sorr;ite, hairy or smooth: calyx pale green, Iilnt'ii,<| ulih purph-; i-.>rolhi yellow, tinged red, gaping; tubeswdllm at i hr ii.isr; limlMit' four spread- ing segments, the iippermnst litiiii; t wici' rut. E. lud. B.M. 4250. — A. sparsiflbrus, Slart. Eif. i : |\ v ,,\ at. -oblong, acute entire; petiole and nerves beneath oti.n i > il . i alyx of 5 cordate or tri- an^ilar dark blood orpurj'i'' ^t-p.iN, r-'riniiig a striking contrast to the yellow club-shaped densely hairy corolla; limb of corolla of 5 equal segments. Braz. B.M. 4216, eri'oneously as A. dichrous. Allspice. The dry berry of the Pimento {Pimhita officinalis, Lindl.),an evergreen tree of the Myrthcea'. The tree grows in the W. Indies. Jamaica yields much of the product. The fresh berry is about the size of a pea. It is borne in clusters. The word allspice is also applied to various plants with aromatic fragrance, as Calycanthus. Almond, a name given to the tree and fruit of Pru- nus Aniygdalus, Baill. {Ainygdalus communis, Linn.), of the Rosdcew. It is also applied to certain dwarf orna- mental trees or bushes, as Flowering Almond (see Pru- nus). The Almond has been cultivated from time im- n»emorial. Itisthoughtto be native to the Mediterranean basin. Some enquirers have supposed it to be the original of the peach, but this idea is evidently untenable. The flowers are peach-like and handsome (Fig. 63). The Almond nut of commerce is the pit or stone of a peac4i- like fruit {Fig. 64). The fleshy part, which is so thick and edible in the peach, is thin and hard, and it splits at maturity. There are two general tribes or races of Almonds,— the bitter and the sweet. The former has a bitter kernel, which is used in the manufacture of flavor- ing extracts and prussic acid. It is grown mostly in Mediterranean countries. Of the sweet or edible Al- monds, there are two classes,— the hard-shell and the soft-shell. The former is of little value, and is not grown to any extent. The soft-shell type produces the edible Almonds of commerce. Some of the thinnest-shelled forms are known as Paper-shells. It was once thought that almond-growing could be successfully practiced in the peach-growing sections of the East, but vagaries of late spring frosts, and other difficul ties, have caused the effoit to be abandoned commercially ludi vidual Almond trees are occa sionally seen, and they fre quently bear profusely. The\ are nearly as hardy as the peach The commercial cultivation ot the Almond is confined to west ern America, and the remamder of this account is, therefoie written from the Californian standpoint. L. H B Almond-growing in CalitorniA has received the attention ot horticulturists for nearly half a century, and during the whole of its course the industry has been marked by vici.ssiludes which, it must be admitted, ai'e not yet ended. Two chief sources of difficulty are now clearly discerned to have attended the effort from its be- ginning, and present knowledge niay enable planters to avoid, in the future, errors which have led to much dis- appointment and loss— the vestiges of which still encum- ber the ground, though clearing is proceeding rapidly. Thus far the Almond tree has yielded more firewood than any other single fruit tree which has been largely planted in California, and yet planting has continued, in the hope of better results, until in 1897 there were about 1,500,000 trees included in the reports of the county assessors, of which number about two-thirds had attained bearing age at that date. The product of 1897 was 218 carloads, and the competition in the eastern markets with imported Almonds was so grievous that prices fell below what is considered a profltaide return. In 1898, because of un- timely frosts, the product fell to 25 carloads, which is counted about equal to the local consumption of the Pa- cific coast. At the present time, 1899, planting has prac- tically ceased, and a considerable acreage of thrifty trees cf bearing age is being cleared for other purposes, be- cause growers in certain places are out of patience with the Almond. In spite of these facts, the Almond will re- main an important California product, through the satis- factory performance of trees enjoying favorable envi- ronment. The two chief sources of failure with the Almond are the sterility of many varieties without cross-pollination, and the extreme propensity of the tree for early bloom- ing, with the consequent destruction of the bloom or the young fruit by temperature very little below the freezing point. These two evils have been singularly associated historically, and only lately have they been shown to be independent factors and both of them demanding the closest attention from planters. At first it was thought that the wide planting of self-sterile varieties by them- selves was the cause of disappointment, because, after years of chopping-out or grafting-over old, unproductive trees to the Prune d'Agen, for which it is an excellent stock, itwas observed, by chance, that the Langupdoc va- riety adjacent to Drake's seedling, of local origin, was heavily laden with nuts when itwas sterile without such association. Attention was then directed to the growth of seedlings, and a large lot of seedlings of the bitter Almond, grown by A. T. Hatch, exhibited such satis- factory bearing habit and such striking variation toward new types of the soft-shell sweet Almond that the growth of new, selected California seedlings was seized upon as a panacea for the previously experienced troubles with the Almond. These new varieties were conceived to be not only self-fertile but hardy, and large plantations were made without due regard to the frosty character of the locations. Low valley lands of great area, and some ex- tent of high plateaux, were planted. Fine, larire trees grew only to lose their crops year after year by frosts 46 ALMOND ALMOND from February to April, until tlie growers cast the trees upou the wood-pile. As a deduction of the experience of several decades, we have arrived at what seems now to be the proper conception of the situation of the Almond in California, which Is, that the most prolific varieties must be chosen, must be associated for purposes of cross- pollination, and must be planted in places of least lia- bility to frost. There is a factor of some moment in the late-blooming habit of some varieties, which will be con- sidered presently. The soil best suited to the Almond is a light, well- drained loam. The tree makes a strong and i-apid root- growth, and is more tolerant of drought than any other of our leading deciduous fruit trees. For this reason, as well as to avoid frost, it is often desirable to place the Almond on the higher and drier lands of the valley — providing the soil is not heavy and too retentive of sur- plus water in the rainy season. The root is most intol- erant of standing water, and will quickly die if exposed to it. Because of its thrift in light, dry soils the Almond root is used rather largely as a stock for the Prune d'Agen, and to some extent for the peach in the dry valleys. Almond trees are grown by budding into seedlings grown from either the sweet or the bitter hard-shell Almonds, the bud being set during the first summer's growth of the seedling, and then either planted out as a dormant bud the following winter or allowed to make one season's growth on the bud in the nursery. The tree grows so rapidly, both in root and top, that only yearling trees are used. At transplanting, the young trees are cut back so as to form a low head with only about a foot of clear trunk. They are allowed to make free growth during the follow- ing summer, and in the following winter are cut back so as to encourage branching on the main limbs within a foot of their attachment to the trunk. At the same time the branches are reduced to 4 or .5 in number, symmet- rically arranged around the stem and at good distance from each other, so that they shall not unduly crowd each other as they enlarge. Another full growth during the following summer and another cutting back the fol- lowing winter give the trees the vase-form on the out- side, with enough interior branches to fill the iuHi^sce7is, Tsch. (A. glutinosa Xincana) . Lvs. roundish -ovate or obovate, irregularly serrate, pubescent beneath. Natui-al hjhrid.—A.rkombifdlia, Nutt. Tree, 60-80 ft.: lvs. euneate, oval or ovate, 2-3Kin. long, finely serrate, yellowish green and puberulous beneath : stro- biles oblong, peduncled. W.N. Amer. S.S. 9: io6.— A. serruldta, Willd. =A. rugosa.— A. Sibirica, Hort., not Fisch.=A. viridis Sibirica.— A. swud^a, Rydb. Allied to A. viridis. Shrub, 3-16 ft.: lvs. slightly lobed, serrulate, glabrous, thin. W. N. Amer. —A. subcordata, C. A. Mey. (A. oi-ientalis, Decaisne. A. firma, Hort..notjS. &Z. A.macrophylla, Hort.). Tree, 30-50 ft.: lvs. rounded at the base, ovate or oblong, 2-6 in. long, erenately ser- rate, often pubescent beneath. Allied to A. eordata. Caucasus, Asia Minor.— A. subrotiinda, Hort.^A. glutinosa var. denticu- lata.—A. tenuifblia, Nutt. (A. incana, var. viresi-ens, Wats. A. oceidentalis, Dipp.). Small tree, occasionally 30 ft.: lvs. ovate, 2-4 in. long, slightly lobed and doubly serrate, green and nearly glabrous beneath. W.N. Amer. S.S.Q:'i5o.—A.undulAta, Willd.=A. viridis. ^^^^^^ Rehder. ALOCASIA (name made from Colocasia). Aroldem. Stove foliage plants, of 30 or more original species, from trop. Asia and the Malayan Isls. Closely allied to Caladium and particularly to Colocasia, which see. These three genera differ chiefly in characters of fruit. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandolle's MonographiiB Pha- nerogamnrmii. Vol. 2. In 1890, 5'J species and specific- ally named hybrids were in cult. (Bergman, Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France. I.H. 37: 80). Alocasias are propagated by suckers or cuttings of the rhizomes, placed in small pots containing a mixture of light, fibrous peat and sand in equal proportions, and plunged in a close frame or propagating box with bot- tom heat. They may also be grown from seeds sown in 4-inch pots, in a light, peaty soil in a temperature of 75° F. The month of March is the best time for propa- gating. The evergreen species (as A.cuprea, longiloba, Lowli, Regina) thrive best in a compost of two parts fibrous peat and sphagTium moss and one part lumps of fibrous loam, to which should be added a sprinkling of silver sand and a few nodules of charcoal to keep the whole sweet. The herbaceous species (as 4. macror A izrt) do best in good fibrous loam to which Ys of well-rotted cow-manure or pulverized sheep-manure has been added. Perfect drainage of the pots is absolutely necessary, and in potting, the evergreen species should be coned up two or three inches above the rim of the pot, and finished off with a surfacing of live sphagnum moss. The season of active growth commences about the first of March, when they should be given a temperature of 70° at night, with a rise of 15° by day, and the atmos- phere must be kept in a humid condition. They should be given a position free from draughts and direct sun- light. They require an abundance of water at the roots as the leaves develop, and are greatly benefited by an occasional watering of clear liquid sheep or cow-manure water. To obtain the best development of the leaves, heavy syringing should be avoided, but frequent spray- ing on all tine days with an atomizer sprayer is very beneficial. Towards winter the humidity of the atmos- phere and the supply of water to the roots should be reduced with the evergreen species, and gradually with- held altogether as the leaves mature with the herba- ceous species. The temperature during winter should not fall below 60°. Cult. by E. J. Canning. The propagation of most of the Alocasias consists of cutting up the stems, so that each piece will have at least one dormant bud. The pieces should be placed amongst moss, in a hot propagating frame, where they vegetate quickly. Such kinds as A. Sanderiana, A. macrorhiza,va.T,variegata, s>niii-iile ; blade sagittate, 18 in. long, the liasiil liilics very loiii; and erect, the upper sur- face green, with silvery or gray bands along veins and midrib, the under surface light purple. Java. Putz^ysi, N. E. Brown. Much like A. longiloba : Ivs. broader (uval-sagittate), dark metallic green, promi- nently veined and iM.rdered white, tlie petioles pale red- purple, und.r suifaee dark purple. Sumatra. I.H. 29: 4:«l.-51..re brilliant than ,1. longiloba, and has wider spaces lietween the veins. Thibautiina, Mast. Petioles 3 ft., greenish ; blade 2 ft. liiiig and 18-20 in. broad, ovate-cordate, the basal lobes broad and rounded, olive-green, with broad silvery veins and rib, the under surface deep purple. Borneo. G.C. III. 17:485. I.H. 28: 419. Ldwii, Hook. Petioles 2-3 ft., rose-color ; blade nar- row-ovate, 18 in. long and a third as wide, long-pointed, the basal lobes long-acute, upper surface olive-green, with very distinct silvery bands, under surface rich purple. Borneo. B.M. 5376. A. F. 1895:559 as var. grandis. Var. picta, Hook. (B.M. 5497), has surface covered with small white reticulations. This var. is A. reite/iii, Schott. (var. reifcAji, Engler). ccc. Veins white and leaf blotcJicd and mottled. macrorhlza, Schott. Large, reaching 10 or 15 ft. : leaf- blades 3 ft. long, long-sagittate and pointed, the lobes short and obtuse, margin often somewhat wavy, the midrib very broad and conspicuous, the blotches or patches of green and white (in the var. variegAta, which is the common form) very striking. Ceylon. I. H. 8:. 305. — One of the commonest species. Lvs. sometimes almost white, cccc. Veins dark or purple, or the leaf dark-colored. ci^piea, Koch (A. metdllica, Schott.). Petioles 2ft. or less long, green ; blade ovate and peltate, 18 by 12 in., notched at the base and cuspidate at the point, dark metallic green with darker rib and veins, the under side rich purple. Borneo. B.M. 5190. I.H. 8: 283. Lowe, 60. On. .50: 336. — One of the best, and common. 67. Alocasia Sanderiana. Beglna, N. E. Brown. Lvs. thick, ovate-cordate, ob- tuse or cuspidate, the basal lobes short and nearly or quite obtuse, the ribs and veins beneath pubescent, somewhat fleshy, dark green above with darker veins and brown-purple beneath; petioles terete, pubescent, spotted purple. Borneo. I.H. 32:544. Several cult, varieties and hybrids are in the trade in this country: A.argyrea, hybrid of longilobaxPucciana; Bn^rti'iVHSiS, petiole dark purple; If. -blade dark green; Chantrieri (raised by Chantrier Bros., Mortefontaine, France), hyb. of cupreax Sanderiana, with long wavy lvs., purple below and prominently white-veined (I.H. 35:64. R.H. 1887, p. 465); C7i«;.soHi, cupreax longiloba, with Ivs, purple below and green above ; glgas, much ALOE 49 like Villeneuvei ; intermedia, hybrid by Veitch 25 years ago; La Sallidna ; JjiiciAna, ThibautianaxPutzeysi, with lvs. dark green above and whitish veins and mar- gins, purple beneath (I.H. 44:27); Mortefontainensis, Lowiix Sanderiana ; Puccidnti, PutzeysixThibautiana; Sedeni, cupreax Lowii, with ovate-pellate lvs. purple be- neath and white veined above (I.H. 24:292); Van HoAttei. The following ntnnes are also in our trade: A. ilMs- /■r^s=Colocasia antiquorum; Jenningsii=Co\ocft.iiiti a,{- finis; J'(i7im.'( i ■ i ^lout and fleshy; lvs. very large (often 3 ft. aeii. ' ii\ .tn rci-.ljxte, bright green on both sides. E. Ind. F. S. 'Jl: -IJih;.— .1. Mar- garitiv. Lind. & Rod. Lvs. slightly peltate, wavy, shining, green with bl.ackish midrib, the veins and brownish petioles pubes- cent. New Guinea. I.H. 33; 611. — A.margindta. .Said to have come from Briiz. Lvs. 2 ft. or less long and very broad, slightly wavy, rounded and short-pointed, pale green, striped and mot- tled with pui*ple : petioles brown-marked.- A.pfihn&ea. Hort. =grandis?— .1. reoersa, N. E. Brown. Dwarf and compact, the petioles 6 in. long, blade less than 1 ft. long, bright green, with rib and nerves oUve-green. B.M. 7498. Philippines.— A. Bodi- gasiana, Andre. ThibautianaXRegina. — A. Sanderiana, var. Qandavensis, Rod. Lvs. wavy-margined, purple and blotched beneath. I.H, 43:55.- A. scabriuscida, N. E. Brown, Lvs. spreading, not dettexed, sagittate and not peltate, shining green above and paler beneath. Borneo.— A. sinuAta, N, E, Brown, Lvs. sagittate and sinu.ate, dark green above \vith lighter areas, and whitish green below. Philippines. — A. Watsonidna, Hort. =Putzeysi,— A. Wavrinidna, Masters, Lvs, erect, toothed, not sagittate, lanceolate and long-pointed, dark green ; petioles purple-spotted, winged. G.C. III. 23:243. P.E. 10:886. Gn. 5.">: 183. Celebes. L_ jj^ g^ ALOE (Arabic name). Lilideefe, trihe Afoinece. Acau- lesceut or variously caulescent succulents : lvs. often large„usually crowded in rosettes or along end of st. : fls. red or yellow, often paler-striped, straight, tubular, with short, straight limb, equaled or surpassed by the stamens. Afr., e.specially in the Cape region, one species about the Mediterranean and extensively naturalized in all warmer parts of the world, and one in China. Plants of thecoolhouse, best planted out in a well -drained place in summer, when they flower prettily. Prop, by seed, which usually is not true to name, and by suckers or cuttings well dried-off. Branching for this purpose may be induced by searing the crown of old plants. Hy- brids are said to occur with Gasteria (A. Sedinghavsii ^A . aristata x G. nigricans ; A . Beguini^A . aristafa x G. vei'inicosa ; A. Lapaixii=:A. ai-istataxG. maeulata; A. Lynchii^A.striataxG. verrueosa, and A. Nowotnyi =A. aristatax), and with Lomatophyllnm {A. Hoyeri= A. serrataxL. sp.). J. G. Baker, in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18, pp. 152-182. William Tkelease. Old plants of Aloe will keep healthy for several years in the same pots without a renewal of soil, and flower freely at the same time. The soil most suited to their needs is sandy loam three parts, lime rubble and broken brick one part, with a little decayed manure to strengthen the mixture. Very firm potting is necessary. Drainage is a more important item than soil, and must be per- fectly arranged to enable the surplus water to run freely from the .soil. Broken bricks are preferable to pieces of pots, large pieces for the bottom of the pot or tub, and smaller pieces above, till the last layer is quite fine. Some of the species need freer rooting conditions than others. A . ciliaris will grow from 5-7 ft. in a season. A. Abyssinica is of robust growth, and differs from most others in the color of the flowers, which are pure 50 ALOE ALOE yellow, most of the others being orange and orange- scarlet. A. pjipaiilis makes an ornamental txib plant when 4 or 5 ft. high. Except during the period in which the species are in active growth, they need very little water, the principal idea being to keep the soil sweet and porous even when in growth. At all times the air of the house should be as dry as possible, full sunshine not hurting them. Prop, liy seeds, suck- ers and cuttings. The arborescent kinds should be rooted after they have completed growth. Dust over the cut part cf the cutting with powdered charcoal and dry in sunshine before putting it in to root. Insert singly in as small pots as they will go into, and plunge in a sand bed. Very little moisture is necessary while rooting. G. W. Oliver. The generic or scientific name Aloe is a Latinized form of an Arabic name. As an English word it is pro- nounced in two syllables, thus, A'-loe. Popularly this word is loosely used, the common American Aloe being Agaee Americana, the commonest "Century Plant." The "bitter aloes" of commerce is a resinous juice much used as a laxative. The best quality is called " Socotrine or Zanzibar Aloes," a product of A. Perryi, which was known by the Greeks of the Fourth century B.C. to come from the island of Socotra. The " Barbadoes Aloes " is the product of A. vera, a species much planted in the West Indies. Genera allied to Aloe are Apicra, Gas- teria, Haworthia, Pachidendron, and Phylloma. The group is an extremely difficult on© for the botanist, there being few authentic specimens in the herbaria, because of the large size of the plants, the infrequent flowering, and the difficulty of suitably drying them. Aloes are much cultivated as decorative plants, being amongst the most popular of desert and succulent plants for their stiff, harsh and rugged habit. They are often grouped about large public buildings, where they em- phasize certain architectural features. Large collections are to be seen only in botanic gardens and in the col- lections of a few fanciers. The largest dealer has nearly a hundred kinds, but grows only five or six kinds in quantity. For index to the following species, see sup- plementary list, p. ol. W?. 51. A. Arrangement of Ivs. spiral (except in seedlings). B. Form of Ivs. hroadlj) lanceolate, acute : size of Ivs. moderately large. c. Border of Irs. thin, horny : warr/ln entire or denticulate. D. Color of Ivs. grayish : shape of Ivs. flattened. 1. striata, Haw. {A. paniculftta, Jacq. A. lilbo-cincta, Hort.). Caulescent: Ivs. at length large, finely dark- lined, scarcely mottled, with entire white border : inflorescence compound, broadly cyraose ; fls. red, constricted above the ovary. Cape. B. M. 5210. Hybrids with A. serrnlata and A . grandidentata oc- cur, having toothed Ivs. Var. rhodocincta {A. rhndn,-!i,rta, Hort. A. JIiiiihiirii)Ha,Na,uA.). Lvs. piirjilisb, very glaucous, with entire reddish bor- der. 2. serrulita, Haw. Fig. G8. Lvs. less striate, ob- scurely mottled, the white border denticulate : inflo- rescence less cymose. Cape. B.M. 1415. DD. Color of lvs. clearer green: shape of lvs. more con- cave: teeth small and cut nearly through the border. 3. macrocArpa, Tod. Lvs. interruptedly green-lined, more evidi-utly mottled: inflorescence branched with elongated racemes. Abyssinia. 4. Schimperi, Tod. Lvs. coarsely green-lined, scarcely mottled : racemes short and cymose. Abyssinia, China? 68. Aloe serrulata. cc. Border of lvs. usually only near the apex : mottling present. 5. saponjkria, Haw. {A. disticha. Mill., not Linn, nor Thunb. A. timbelldta, DC). Shortly caulescent : lvs. somewhat gray-green or purplish, the small teeth re- mote : racemes short and compact. Cape. B.M. 460. — Varies into many J* forms. Var. lilteo-striata, Haw. Lvs. concave, coarsely pale-lined. 69. Aloe hete 6. latifdlia, Haw. (A. sapondria,va,T. latifblia, Hort.). Lvs. apple-green, thick and broad, concave, the con- spicuous pale blotches irregularly transversely confluent ; teeth large, mostly curved, rather remote : racemes short and dense. Cape. B.M. 1346. 7. commutita. Tod. Lvs. rather thinner : racemes several, somewhat elongated. Abys. 8. obsciira, Mill. [A. picta, Thunb.). Lvs. rather nar- rower and thinner : racemes elongated. Cape. B. M. 1323. 9. grandidentflta, Salm. Lvs. and racemes still more elongated. Cape. ccc. Border of lvs. nearly absent : mottling scarcely present: lvs. involute at tip. 10. glaOca, Mill. (4. r7(or?ocf(«»)n, DC). Caulescent: lvs. not mottled, very glaucous, the irregular red or brown teeth subconfluent : inflor. simple, densely racemose; fls. red, scarcely constricted above the ovary. Cape. B.M. 1278. A hybrid with A. humilis, var. incurva, is A. cyanea. Var. muric&ta, Sch. Lvs. glaucous, with large teeth, those ou the keel or apex more developed. 11. heteracdntha, Bak. (A . inh-mis, Hort., not Forsk.). Fig. 60. Nearly stemless, often densely cespitose : lvs. dark greeu, sometimes with a few obscure yellowish green spots, slightly striate at base, entire or with a few remote small teeth. Cape? B.M. 6863. BB. Form of lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, thick, mostly tuberculate on the back : size of lvs. large. 12. f^rox. Mill. {A. muricdta, Schult. A. hdrrida. Haw. Pitch ide'ndron ferox. Haw.). Caulescent, uu- branched : lvs. crowded at summit, glaucous, the margin and both surfaces remotely coarsely pungently toothed : inflor. branched, with elongated very dense racemes; fls. reddish, with stamens twice as long as the perianth. Cape. B.M. 1975. G.C. II. 3: 243.-Varies into several less muricate forms. 13. mitrifdrmis, Mill. (A. mitrcef6rmis,'Willd., not DC nor Haw. A. Commdyni, Willd. A. spinnlbsa, Salm. A.pachyphylla.HoTt. A.xanthacdntlia,Wi\\d.). Fig. 70. Somewhat branching: lvs. spaced along the stem above, dark green, with strong, separated marginal teeth, both faces usually muricate: inflor. sometimes branched, with short, compact racemes: stamens not exserted. Cape. B.M. 1270. — Varies into numerous forms. ALOE 51 BBB. Form of Ictt. elongated, gmclnti I It/ tapering: size of Irs. large : border absent : teeth nsualli/ coorse. U. BMnesii, Dyer. (A . Bdrbera', Dyer.). A very large forking tree, in cultivation becoming tall, though at tirst slender : Ivs. very concave, dark green, remotely den- tate, spaced along the stem ahove, with white-margined sheathing base : inflor. short and compact, the reddish fls. tumid. S.Afr. G.F. 3:115. G.C. II. 19, pp. 566-571, If. 117, 119, 120, 122. B.M. 6848. 15. vera, Linn. (^1. vulgciris, Lam. A. £arhadhisiSf Mill.). Low or small, slender tree : Ivs. broader, less channeled, pale gray-green, coarsely dentate, not sheath- ing: fls. yellow. Suckers,freely produced in cultivation, have clear apple-green mottled linear Ivs. Mediterra- nean region, and naturalized through the warmer parts of the world. — The oldest known and probably the com- monest species. Var. officinalis, Forsk. (A, rub^scens, DC. A. Indica, Royle). Lvs. purplish: fis. red-orange. Orient. 16. Succotrina, Lam.f-i. ,«i/H»(i/a,Thunb., not Willd.). Related to the last : lvs. relatively narrower, dark gi-een, coarsely serrate : fls. red, variously tipped and striped. Cape, B.M. 472. Gn. 45, p. 303. -A hybrid with .4. c/?i- aris is A.de LaetH. Var. purpurdscens, Gawl. {A. purpurdsvens. Haw. A. r«m.d.s((. Haw.). Lvs. purplish. B.M. 1474. 17. arbor^scens, Mill. (.4. frH^icd^a, Lam.). Low, slen- dertree: st. roughened by old leaf bases: lvs. dark green, glauceseent. coarsely green-dentate to hooked serrate when separated, with whitish sheathing bases : fls. red. Capf. H.M. i;{(lt.;. Var. frut6scens, Salm.t'^. frutescens, Salm.). Smaller, suckering freely : lvs. blue-glaucous, the sheathing bases coarsely green-striate. BBBB. Form of lvs. lanceolate, acute, flat: size of h'S. small: border absent : teeth ciliate : mottling absent : lvs. shea thing, with perfoliate margin. 18. ciliiris.Haw. St.elongated,very slender.branched: lvs. dark green, the slender white teeth longer about the base: inflor. axillary, somewhat elongated, loosely few- fld.: fls. red. Cape. BBBBB. Foryn of lvs. var iotis, thick, plano-convex : size of Irs. small : border absent: mostly toothed on the back: mottling absent: lvs. crowded. 19. brevifdlia, Mill. {A. proUfera, Haw.). Short- stemmed : Ivs. spreading, broadly lanceolate, acute, shortly and junigently white-toothed; a few similar teeth occasionally on buth surfaces. Cape. B.R. 996. 20. Mmilis, Mill. (.4, echiudta, WiUd. A. subericta. Haw A. subtubvrculAita, Haw.). Acaulescent : lvs. as- cending, lanceolate, gradually attenuate, loosely soft- serrate, both surfaces coarsely tuberculate or echinate: raceme somewhat elongated, loosely fld: fls. red. Cape. —An extremely variable species, of the habit of certain Haworthias. Var. Canddllei, Bak. L.B.C. 15:1481. Var. inciirva, Haw. B.M. 828. Var. acuminata. B.M. 757. L.B.C. 16:1504. Var. minor, Hort., is in cult. 21. aristita, Haw. (^. ?0Hfir/aWs^()f«, Schult.). Lvs. as- cending, attenuate into a long bristle. Cape. Ar mget) nt of Ivs.S-ranked: Iv ither small. 22. varieg&ta, Linn. Short- stemmed : lvs. erect, V-shaped, acute, with finely warty horny white margin and keel, mottled, the pale blotches variously trans- versely confluent: raceme short, rather loose: fls. red- dish. Cape. B.M, 513. F.E. 8: 98. -Common. AAA. Arrangement of lvs, S-ranked : lvs. elongated. 23. Co6T?eri, B&k. {A. Schmidtidna, Hegel.). Acaules- cent: lvs. suberect, linear-oblong, sharply-grooved and keeled, mottled, faintly striate, the small white teeth subeonfluent: inflor. subcymose: fls. reddish or brown- ish, tumid below. Cape. B.M. 6377. Gt. 970. 24. plicAtilis, I\Iill. {Hhipidodhidron pUcdtile, Haw. ). Becoming tall and stout, branching : lvs. glaucous, flat, lingulate, obtuse, serrulate and bordered at least near the apex: inflor. shortly racemose: fls. reddish, the petals nearly free within the"tuhe. Cape. B.M. 457. William Tuelease. In III.' fntl^vvli)- :,li.l,:,l..-tl,- ]\ t avp Included (l) the more ini- p(iri;iiit -•]•■• !.rred, and have been fully ilesriiiMii pi, IIS of the above (which are follnwrd l.\ liH- ,t-n Ml >.,iu.M,i,v ,iM.| ;i Humber) , (3) the less im- portuut spL'cies K ^\ iiicii iue Itrit- il.v 17 — 4 agavcefoUa Tod Allied to A tri- color. 8t. short hs dense copiously white spotted lanceolite; teeth large: fls.ricemohe led Trop Afr —*A alba eincta'=l — A. arbori'sccns, 17 — 4 aiistata 21 — A Barbadcnsts = 15 -—A. -A Ba) bene ^li —A brachystachys Bsk Alhed St long <\o dense \ oungest, i^lit green, l)ednnele \\ n stripes, s Rik Al- -1 ft long, p irt p de small del- to A. Abyss rosette at tlir u^] r t lK-2ft.loil-." n I T not mottliil , fiexuose; ran uj i Zanzibar. B.M. " lied to A. Abyssiui i l^-Z in. wide at I < green: scape simpl< toid. B.M. 6301. H il A.Cdimnufata,! — i Cvupm JJ ~A i.yaiiea=^H) —A dichot- o?na, Linn. f. Allied to A Bainesu Arborescent st tall much branched: lvs. in dense rosettes it the tops of branches lanceo- late, 8-12 in. long NimaquaHnd GC 1873 713 f U71 1S74: 567, 571, f. 118,121 — 4 distans Haw (A mitrsformis vir brevi- folia). St. 3 or more ft high lvs o\ ite acuminite concave, scattered along the st with a few white spots on the back; teeth short, distant fls red tipped green S Afr B M IWZ. —A. dlsticha = 5—A echinatn^lO —A eleganf Tod Little 70. Aloe mitrilormij known. Not mentioned by Baker. Hab.1— A, fkrox. 12.— *A. frutescens, Salrn.^ 17.— *A. fruticdsa'^ 17.— A. glauca, 10.—^. gracilis. Haw. Allied to A. arborescens. St. long : lvs. loosely arranged, 6-10 in. long, 1 in. wide .it the base, ensiform, acumi- nate, not lined or spotted; prickles minute, spreading, tipi>ed brown: fls. yellow, tube with long lanceolate segments.— *^. grandidentata, 9. — A. Grehiei, Bak., in the Pictre group, is readily distinguished by the elongated racemes and the strong 52 ALOE constriction of the perianth below the middle. Lvs. 12-15, in dense rosette, lanceolate, channelled, bright green ; prickles con- nected by a narrow horny line : fls. pale sjilmon ; bracts awl- shaped, purplish. Cape? B.M.6520.—*A.Hanburidna^l.~A. heteracdiitha,ll.—A.SUdeb7'd7idtii, Bak. St. lK-2 ft.; inter- nodes spotted white : lvs. loosely arranged, 6-10 in. long, glau- cous green ; teeth small, ascending : inJlor. a lax panicle, iHft. long, with 10-12 branches : remarkably prolific of fls. B.M.6981. — A. h6rrida=12.-—* A. humilis, 20.— A. Indica=lD.—A .i7iermis, 11.— A. insignis, Brown. A hybrid of A. drepanophyllaXA. echi- nata. G.C.11.2i:41.— A. Eirhii,Bak. St. very short: lvs.30-40, in a dense rosette, green, not spotted ; teeth large : iutior. 2 ft. long, 3-branched ; fls. red. Zanzibar. B.M. 7386.— J., knipko- fivldes,Biik. Acaulescent: Ivs.linear, rigid, serrulate: inflor. an elongated raceme. Hook. Icon. 1939.—A.deLoetii=16.—*A. lati- fdlia=6.—A.longiaristdta=2l.—A.Ijuntii, Bak. A very distinct species with no marginal prickles: st. short: lvs. 7-8, in a dense rosette, 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide at base, pale green, not spotted: peduncle much longer than lvs: panicle of 4-5 long, lax racemes; a marked character. B.M. laS.—A. inacracdntka, Bak. St. 2-3 ft.: lvs. 20-30, in a dense rosette, lanceolate, bright green, much lined ; prickles large, brown and horny in upper half : iurtor. a dense corymb; fls. yellow, tinged red; tube constricted above the globose base. B.M. 6580. Said to be the finest of all spotted Aloes.— * A. inacracdrpa,3.— A. medica, Hort. Alverson = ? —A. micracdnthat Haw. Lvs. linear, I3^ft. long, iHin- wide at base, deeply channelled, mottled; spines very minute, white: fls. greenish red, in a lax umbel-like raceme ; bracts large, ovate- acuminate, striate. S.Afr. B.M.2272.— A.?rtfmmrt,Bak. Hook. Icon. S423. A recent and little known species.— *A, mitrcefdmiis ^13.— *A. mitrif6rmis, 13,— A. muricdta ^12.— A. ndbilis. Haw. Allied to A. distans and A. mitriformis. Sts. long : lvs. loosely disposed, not spotted, ovate-lanceolate : fls. red. S. Af r.— A . ob- sciira, 8. —A. pachyphylla=lZ.~*A. panieuldta=l. — A, per- Crtsso,Tod.= A. Abyssinica.— A. Pern/i, Bak. St. 1ft. long: lvs. 12-20, in a dense rosette, lanceolate, 1 ft. long, 3 in. wide at base, dull green, tinged red near the base, channelled ; prickles Min. apart : peduncle purplish : racemes oblong-cylindrical, 3-6 in. long; fls. red. Socotra. 'BM.6596.—'^A.picta = 8,—A.plicdtiUs, 24.— A, prateiisis, Bak. AHiedtoA.hnmilis. St. none: lvs. 60-80, not sjwtted; spines large, red-brown, homy: peduncle 1 ft. long, stout ; bracts many. B.M. 6705.— A. prolif€ra=19.—A. purpxt- rd8cen8=Vo.—A. ram()sa=16.— *A. rhodacdntha=l(i.—*A. rho- doclncta^l.—*A.rdsea-cincta,'E.ort. Blanc= 1—A.nibesceiis = 15.— * A. sapondria, 5.—A. Schimperi, 4.— A . Schrnidtidna = 23.— A.Scillidris,'KoTt. Alverson. Typographical error for A. cili- aris? -*A.8copeldnia,'KoTt. T. B. Shepherd = ? -A. Serra, DC. Allied to A.brevifolia and A.glauca.— A. semildta,2.—A.sinu- dta ^16.— *A. Socritrdna ^16.— A. spinulbsa ^13.— A . striata, 1. —A. suberecta^ 20.— A. sxtbtttberculdta^ 20.— A. Succotrhia,lG. —A. tricolor, Bak. Differs from A. saponaria by its racemose (not capitate) inflorescence, and tube constricted in the middle: white spots very numerous, oblong, in single or double lateral rows : fl. tube spotted white at base. B.M. 6324.— A . umbelldta = 5.— *A . variegdta, 22.— *A . v&ra, 15.— A . virens. Haw. Allied to A.humilis. Stemless: lvs. 30-40, lanceolate, white spotted, chan- TioIIed, notlined; prickles green: raceme lax, 15-18, in. long; fls. red. B.M. 13.j5.— *A. imlgdris, l.").— A. xa7ithacdntka=lii. ALONSOA (Alonzo Zanoni, Spanish botanist), Scroph- nlariavew. Trop. Amer. plants, cult, as annuals in the open, or rarely grown in pots. They are tender, and need protection from frost. Seeds are usually started under glass in the N., although plants bloom well from seeds sown directly in the open, t^seonly finely prepared soil. Fls. showy; plant of good habit. The corolla is very irregular and turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel, bringing the larger lobe uppermost: stamens 4: lvs. (at least below) opposite or in 3's. Cult, species mostly from Peru and Mex. incisifdlia, Ruiz & Pav. (A. nrticcefblia, Hort. CeJsia urticcefblia, Sims, B.M. 417). About 2 ft. high, erect: lvs. ovate to oval-lanceolate, long-stalked, deeply cut- toothed: fls. nearly Kin. across, very irregular (some- what hood-shaped), scarlet, with protruding organs, on slender axillary peduncles. Also a white-fld. var. — An- nual; but perennial in warm countries or under glass. Var. ■Warscewlczii, Boiss. [A. Warseewlczii, Regel. A. grtnuUflora , Hort.). Fls. larger (often 1 in. across), rose-red, tlie I'hmt more herbaceous and more perfectly annual. Also white-fld. — The commonest form in our gardens. myrtifdlia, Roezl. Plant 2-3 ft. : lvs. broad-lanceolate, canaliculate, prominently serrate: fls. large, scarlet (a white var. ) . — Perennial under glass. Useful for winter- growing in pots. linifdlia, Roezl. Plant iKft. or less high: lvs. lanceo- late or narrower, entire: fls. bright scarlet. A . acutifblia, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. less cut than in A. incisifolia: scarlet.- A. cauUaldta, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. less cut than in ineisi- folia : fls. smaller: st. 4-angled.— A. iinedn's, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. linear, entire or very nearly so, often fascicled : tls. scarlet. Greenhouse.— A. ilfa(/ieww'(', Benth. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed: fls. scarlet, in terminal racemes. Greenhouse. , -rj ^ ^ALO-^SIA. See Lippla. ALPINE GABDENS. In the successful culture o£ alpine plants, the most importuut polut is to give them as near their natural alpine conditions as possible. So far as soil is concerned this is not difflcult, but when it comes to moisture with good drainage and surrounding atmospheric conditions, especially in the dryer atmos- phere of some of our western states, we have a more difficult task. In their natural homes, many of the al- pines are found growing under very similar conditions to our bog plants, and the two classes, for the most part, may be brought together in cultivation. Of course, the niciuntain Primula might never withstand the stagnation to whifh the mcts of the water Arum (Peltandra Vir- ijiiilrd ) penetrate in tlic wet bog. nor sliould we expect tlie Peltandra to survive the wintry blasts to which the Primula is exposed, but the two may be grown together with very good results in a moist, springy situation, in the same bed and soil. Any light, sandy soil, well drainiMl, but tlirout;h which water is constantly passing in and out, so thill there is no stagnation and always a little iiioisturo <.ii the surface (which makes it cooler from the evaporation), will answer for most of the bog plants and the majority of the alpines also. There should be a natural slope to the surface of the ground for such conditions, and If the surface is undulating, so as to make some parts drier than others, those plants which require the most moisture can go into the wettest places. Alpines like a deep soil, into which their roots can penetrate. Leaf-mold should be used in place of any manure, and if the soil is a very fine one a mixture of gravel should be introduced. Shade and sun are rather necessary, as some of the alpines would hardly stand the full scorching sun of our hottest days in sum- mer, even though the surface of the soil were moist, while others require full sun. Alpines have been suc- cessfully grown in sphagnum moss. This is done with best results in the rockery, where the various pockets are filled with the fresh moss and the plants set in it. Water should be supplied often enough to keep the moss always moist. The evaporation from the wet moss creates a cool atmosphere around the plants, thus giving them a condition somewhat like that which they have in alpine regions, surrounded by mountain fogs, or in the moist bog. Many alpine-garden plants are not confined to alpine situations. They grow in moist places in much lower altitudes as well. Such species as Roustonia cirrulea, Pamassia Caroliniana, and Smilaeina stellata may be mentioned among these. Most of the alpines, when set in the fresh, damp sphagnum, do nicely in full sun, but for the alpine ferns shade should be given. Those whi.li grow iiidricr pla.'es, like the little ]\'ootlsia ilhihrlhi or ir. hiip,Thf77ia5, "■ ■ _ '" Roscoe, fls. in terminal puuicles, white and rose : A. magnifk ALSTRCEMERIA 53 Rosi'oe = Anion ica. Miq., cinif S^ Piti-her & M;in A . Japii i T'.S.l L. H. B. ALSEU6SMIA (ulsos. grove, and eitosme, fra- grance). C(iprifoli(ice(r. Tender greenhouse shrub from New Zealand. A. Tnacrophylla, A. Cunn. Ijvs. 3-6 in. long, elliptic or ob- lanceolate, acute, serrate: fls. in small axillary clusters, droop- ing, iHin. long, creamy with dull red streaks ; corolla lobes fimbriate. B.M. 6951. ALSIKE. See Clov TriMium. and ALS6PHILA (Greek, iirove-lnvinfi). CyatheAcea. A genus of tropical tree ferns, with simple or forked free veins, round sori, and no indusia. Numerous species are found in the tropical regions of both liemispheres. Of the different species of Alsophila, only one is in general commercial use. ^.rt?Ks^ra//8 is a very graceful and rapidly growing tree fern, with finely divided fronds of a pleasing shade of light green, with the stipes thickly covered with light brown, hairy scales. It is grown from spores, which can only be obtained from old and large specimens, and which, like the spores of most commer- cial terns, will germiuate very freely if sown on a com- post consisting of finely screened soil, leaf-mold and sand in equal parts. To develop a good crown of fronds in old specimen plants which may look starved, the stem may be covered to any thickness consistent with good appearance with green moss, which may be attached with thin copper wire, and which, if kept continually moist, will .soon be thickly covered with fine roots. Al- Bophilas should be grown in a temperature of 60° P., and the soil should never be allowed to become very dry. Cult, by NiCHOL N. Bruckner. A, Lvs. bipinnafe; racliises merely fihrlUose. Keb6ccce, F. Muell. Lvs. ample, from a caudex 8 in. or so high; pinnae 12-15 in. long, with 20-30 pinnules on each side, which are 2-3 in. long and serrate or crenate throughout. Australia. AA. Lvs. tripinnatifid or tripinnate ; rachises armed ivith spines. B. Segments long, strongly curved; pinnules tapering to a slender point. ezc61sa, R. Br. Lvs. coriaceous, with more or less woolly rachises; pinnfe G-10 in. wide, with crowded pin- nules, which are provided with about 20 pairs of seg- ments, which are strongly curved and more or less enlarged at the ends. Norfolk Is. — Said to have a trunk 60-80 ft. high. Codperi, Hook. Smaller than the last: rachises with pale brown scales : pinntp spear-shaped, with linear piuuules 4-5 in. long. Queensland. lunul&ta, R. Br. Lvs. rather thick herbaceous, from smooth rachises ; pinnules close, ,5-6 in. long, with 20-30 pairs of segments, which are finely serrate throughout. BB. Segments %in. or less long. austrcllis, R. Br. Pig. 71. Rachises straw-colored ; lvs. ample, with primary pinnae 18 in. long, 0-10 in. wide; ]iinnules deeply pinnatifid, with segments broadest at the base, ovate-oblong and sharply serrate. Tasmania and Australia. f§rox, Presl. {A. aculeAta, J. Sm.). Rachises brown- ish ; pinnae 12-18 in. long; pinnules narrow, 3—4 in. long, ii-%in. wide, with 15-18 pairs of segments, which are narrow and slightly serrate. Trop. Amer. A.\A. I/vs. quadripinnatifid . oligoc&rpa, Fee. Pig. 72. Rachises smooth, grayish straw-colored ; pinnules lK-2 ft. long, the segments ligulate, deeply pinnatifid, with blunt lobes; sori median, 4-6 on tiie lower lobes. Columbia. ^ -^t tt L. M. Underwood. ALSTdNIA (Dr. Alston, once professor of botany at K(iiiilMirt;h). Apocyn&eete. Between 30 and 40 species ..f trns iir shrubs of E. Ind. and Australia, with small white fls. in terminal cymes, and simple entire lvs. in whorls or opposite. A. seholdris, R. Br., is the Devil- tree or Pali-mara of India, the bark of which is medici- nal. Trees yield caoutchouc. macroph^Ua, Wall. A tall tree, with milky juice, spar- ingly cult, in S. Fla., and perhaps in S. Calif. ALSTE(EMi;RIA (Baron Alstrcemer, friend of Lin- nieus). AminiiHiilni-iii . Coolhouse and stove plants, with tulicruus n.. its. treated as bulbs. Pis. small (2 in. or less liuitr), ciinip;irutively narrow, with 6 segments, parted nearly or quite to the ovary, often irregular; stamens mostly declined ; stigma 3-cleft ; sts. slender and leafy, weak, or even disposed to climb. Monogr. by Baker, Handbook of the Amaryllideie. Some of the Alstrcemerias have survived the winters in Washington of late years only when a heavy mulch has been given, as A . aurantiaca and its form A.aurea, 72. Alsophila olierocarpa. A . Chilensis and its forms. Evidently among the hardi- est are ^4 . Brasitiensis and A. pittehella, although some of the others have not been tried. For outdoor planting, Alstrcemerias are at their best in a partly shaded posi- 54 ALSTRCEMERIA tion, and at all times (luring their growth the roots must have an abundance of water. In fact, there is little use in attempting their cultivation out-of-doors where these conditions cannot be given. In colder climates, the Al- stroemerias can be grown very successfully by planting- out in spring, and, as soon as they die down, lift, and keep over winter in a place from which frost is excluded. An annual lifting, or, when grown in pots, an annual shaking-out, should be given, because they increase to such an extent that the younger and smaller crowns are apt to take the nourishment from the large, flowering crowns. The largest ones ought to be separated from the smaller ones, and either grown in pots or planted outside when the proper time arrives. In this way the genus will become much more popular than it now is either for cutting or for the decoration of the border The soil best suited to their requirements is largely com posed of vegetable humus; when this is not to be had old, well-decayed cow or stable manure should be incor porated with the soil. When they are planted outside, the tubers should be put deep in the ground, and the .soil should be well worked for at least 15 inches. The tubers are slightly egg-shaped, attached to a common stem ; the roots are made from the ends of the tubers, and also from near the growing points of the crowns. One of the best for greenhouse work is A. Pelegrina, var. alba. Other kinds wliich may be con- sidered tender north of Washing- ton are A. hiemtuitha, A. versicolor (or Peritriana) and its forms, A. Hookerli and A.vlolncea. Some of the Van Hoiitte hybrids, raised from Hookerii and hjemau- tlia, are extremely pretty, but. with the others, they are rather unsuitable for pot - culture, owing to the peculiar formation of the roots. The species are easily raised from seeds, which should be sown rather thinly in deep pans, and allowed to remain without pricking oil or shifting for the first season. Cult, by G. W. Oliver. A. lyfs. of fl. stem (or scape) broad, ob- long or oblong -spatulate. pulch61Ia, Linn. f. (A. psiitacina, Lehm.). Sterile st. a foot or less long, with aggregated petioled Ivs.: flowering St. 2-'A ft., with scattered Ivs.: fls. in a simple umbel, on pedicels 1-lK in. long, long-funnel-shaped, the segments unequal, dark red and tipped with green and spotted inside with brown; stamens nearly as long as limb. Brazil. Fig. 73 is a copy of the A. psittacina, B.M. 3033.— An old garden plant. Chilfensis, Cree. Stout, 2-4 ft. : Ivs. scat- tered, obovate or spatulate, or the upper becoming lan- ceolate, twisted at the base, fringed, somewhat glaucous : fls. large, rose or red (or varying to whitish), the two lower segments longer and straighter : umbel with 5 or 6 2-fld. peduncles. Chile. AA. ZfVS. of fl. si, lanceolate (at least the lower ones). B. Pis. purplish or red. Pelegrina, Linn. Fl. st. stout, afoot or less high: Ivs. about 30, thin, ascending, 2 in. or less long and J^in. or less wide : fl. 2 in. or less long, lilac, the outer segments broad and cuspidate, the inner ones spotted red-purple: umbel few-rayed, normally simple, but becoming com- pound in cult. Also a pure white var. Chile. B.M. 139. Gu. 40, p. 472. L.B.C. 13:1295. hEem&ntha, Ruiz & Pav. [A. Slmsii, Spreng.). Fl. st. 2-3 ft.; Ivs. crowded and thin, somewhat stalked, 3-4 in. long and '%m. or less long, the upper becoming linear, glaucous beneath : fls. 2 in. or less long, bright red tipped green, the inner ones with red-purple spots on a red-yellow ground : umbel very compound, the branches 73. Alstroei ALUM ROOT 4-6 in. long. A white-fld. variety is cult. Chile. B.M. 2353, as A.pulchella. BB. Pis. yellow or yellowish. aurantiioa, Don. Fl. st. 2-t ft. high : Ivs. nearly 50, thin, somewhat petiolate, slightly glaucous below, 3-4 ft. long and M'va. wide : fls. 10-30, in a compound umbel, the perianth bright yellow, outer segments tipped green and inner ones spotted brown. There is a form with pale, unspotted fls. Chile. B.M. 3350, as .4. aHiTtj. Gn. 26:472. Brasili^nsis, Spreng. St. 3-4 ft. : Ivs. remote, thickish, oblong-lanceolate, 2 in. long: fl. 1'^ in. long, in a 5-rayeil umbel (each ray bearing 1-3 fls.), the segments oblong- spatulate and reddish yellow, the inner ones spotted brown; stamens shorter than segments. Brazil. AAA. Lvs. of flower stem linear. versicolor, Ruiz & Pav. (A. Peruvidna, Van Houtte. A. siilphiirea and -4. tiijr'nia, Hort.). Fl. St. short (1 ft. or less high); lvs. many, the lower ones about 1 in. long : fls. 1 in. long, in a nearly simple umbel, yellow spotted purple, the segments all ciblanceolate and acute. A mar- ^'inate var. Chile. Ligtu, Linn. Fl. st. l>$-2 ft.: ivs. :!{)-:!0, thin, the lowermost 1 miing lanceolate, 2-3 in. long: Us. 1^2 in. long, in a nearly or quite simple umbel, whitish, lilac or pale red, streaked purple, the inner segments often obtuse. Var. pulchra, Baker (A.pulchra, Sims, B.M. 2421. ,4. Fl6s-Mdrtinij Ker.), has narrower and longer Ivs., and all the segments acute or pidate. Chile. Common and variable in cult. A. Sodkeri, Lodd., is a form of ^4. Ligtu. The A. Ligtu of B.M. 125 is A. caryo- phyllea, Jacq., with long-clawed, very un- equal segments in two sets or lips, red and red-striped. Brazil. violilcea, Phill. St. 1-2 ft. : lvs. scattered and spreapHastnim for .1. anHi-n, eques- tris, fulgida, Johnsoni, JJeopoldii, pardina,procera, He- gince, retic2ilata,vittafa ; hycovia for A. a urea ; Nerine for A. Nerine; Sprekelia ior A.formosi-Rsima ; Stern- bergia for A. lutea ; Vallota tor A. purpurtd ; Zephy- ranthes for A. Afaynaaco and Candida. The following tradenames probably belong to otber genera, most likely to Hippeastrum : A. crdcea, Gravtiina, ntacrdntha, re- hllgens. A. eraUscens, of Horsford's Cat., 1899 (by mistake printed cruheacens), is Zephyranthes erubes-. cens, Wats. It is not now offered. T H R AMASOXIA AMASONIA (after Thomas Araasou, early American traveler). I'erbendcecr. Greenhouse shrub from Trini- dad, with long:, tubular, hairy yellow Us. and bright red bracts, which remain attractive two or three months at a time. calycina, Hook.f. { A . punicea, Hort. notVahl.). Lvs. 6-12 in. long, elliptic, acuminate, coarsely irregularly toothed or sinuate, glabrous, except the floral ones : fls. l!^-2 in. long, drooping; calyx nearly 1 in. long, red. B.M. 6915. Gn.27:479. R.B. 20: 13. AMBKOSlNIA (Glacinti Ambrosini, an Italian). Aro'ith'O'. A dwarf, perennial, tuberous herb of Italy and Algeria. Half-hardy; planted in the open or in pots, and blooms in the fall. A single species. AMES 57 78. Ainelanchier alnifoUa (X H) B&ssii, Linn. Three or i inches : lvs. 2 or 3, over- topping the spathe, the leaf-blade ovate or ovate-ellip- tic, obtuse, often retuse: spathe % in. long, tipped with a brown tail, divided lengthwise, the anthers being in one compartment (which has a hole to admit insects), and the solitary ovary in the other, thus preventing au- tomatic close pollination. B.M. 6360. — Prop, by seeds started inside or in frames, or by division in spring. There is a narrow-leaved form (var. aiigustifdHii, Guss.), a spotted-leaved form (var. maeuldta, Engler), and a form with pale green reticulations (var. reticiilAta, Engler). L. H. B. AMELANCHIEK (Savoy name). Rostlcew. Shrubs or snuiU tni-s of Eu.,Asia and Amer. : lvs. alternate, sinipk'. u-'Ually serrate : fls. white, in racemes, rarely solitary; calyx tube campanulate, 5-lobed, lobes narrow, rertexed, persistent ; petals 5 ; ovary 2-5-cened, each subdivided and containing 2 ovules: berry round or ob- long, with prominent cavity, red or dark purple, sweet, juicy. Temperate regions around the globe. Species few and closely related. Desirable for ornament, the dwarf varieties also valuable as fruit-bearing plants. Bloom very early in spring, often before lvs. appear. They thrive upon a variety of soils and over a wide range, succeeding well in dry climates. Prop, by seeds or suckers. A. ovfilis and A. alp)na of horticulturists, sometimes purporting to come from En., are our native Pyriis nigra, which see. See Jiiiubeiry. A. Lvs. acute or (iciimiiiati , fhiehj serrate. B. PeluJs mirroie. la neeolul, . „l,l,nini,lale or spaliitale. Canadensis, Mi-dic, Common Sii m.iu-sh. Tree, 2.''i-40 ft., upright, narrow, olih.iife', mund-tupped : trunk tall, straight: branches stnall, spreading: lvs. oval or ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, sharply and finely serrate, soon becoming glabrous : fruit glo- bose. Early summer. Newfoundland to Fla., west to Ark. and Minn. S.S. 4:194. Botryipium, DC. (A. CanacUnsis, var. oblongifdlia, Torr. ifc Gray). Common Dwarf Juneberrt. Bush or small tree : lvs. and flower-stalks whitish woolly when young, often nearly or quite glabrous when old; lvs. ob- long, broadly elliptical, seldom cordate, often pointed at base : racemes dense, shorter than in A. Canadensis; fls. smaller: fr. juicy, of good flavor. New Brunswick to Fla., west to Mo. and Minn. B.M. 7019. G.C. III. 21: 333. S.S. 4:195, lis A .CanacUnsis Y&r. obovAlis, Sarg. Asiitica, Eudl, (A. CatiaJt'n.iis, var. Japdnica, 'Miq. A. Ja/ioiilea . Hort. ). Small tree with slender branches: lvs. ovate-elliptical, acute, densely woolly when young: racemes dense, compound. China and Jap. EB. Petals broad, ohovate. oligocirpa, Rocm. Low shrub 2-9 ft., nearly glabrous throimln'iir : l\s, tliiii, iiarniwly ovate or oblong, pointed at each •■iid. tim.'ly and sliai-ply serrate ; racemes few- flowered ; petals brcKid. tiljuvate : fr. dark blue-purple, pear-shaped, with heavy bloom, sweet, of pronounced flavor. Swamps, Lab. to N. Y. G. P. 1:247. AA. Lvs. broader, obtuse or rounded at apex, coarsely serrate or dentate. alnifdlia, Nutt. Fig. 78. Shrub : lvs. thick, broad, oval or nearly circular, coarsely toothed toward the apex : petals narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, cuneate : fr. dark purple or blue, with bloom, large, sweet, juicy. W Out. to Mich., New Mex. and westward. G.F. 1:185; 5: 415. S.S. 4: 196. — A valuable species for fruit or or- nament. .1 ronia alnifoUa of some lists. rotundifolia, Roera. (A. Canadt'nsis, var. rottmdi folia , Torr. ik Gray). Low, stragglish bush: lvs. rounded, coarsely serrate : fr. ripening after A . Canadensis. N. Brunswick to Minn. Spjc4ta, Dec. Small bush 1-3 ft. : lvs. elliptic or oval, rounded at both ends or somewhat cordate at base : fls in numer- ous 4-10-fld. racemes : plant woolly on young growths, but becoming glabrous. Dry, rocky places. Pa. and N. J. vulgaris, Miinch. Service-berry. Dwarf shrub : lvs. roundish, coarsely serrate, woolly beneath when young : racemes short; petals long- narrowly oblanceolate : fr. blue-black. Cent, Eu. — Cult, for ornament ; also for fr. under the name of European Juneberry. y^ed W. Card. AMES, FREDERICK LOTHROP (June 8, 1835-Sept. 13, 1893), of the fourth generation of a family distin- guished in the history of Massachusetts enterprise, was born in North Easton, in that state. He was graduated from Harvard College in the class of 1854, and devoted his life to the management of great commercial and in- dustrial interests. Business did not occupy all his atten- tion; he was a Fellow of Harvard College, a trustee of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, and of the Museum of Fine Arts; and an active ami faithful director of charitable and benevolent institu- tions. A munificent patron of arts and sciences, he was successful in stimulating the increase of knowledge in many fields of human research. Devoted through his whole life to horticulture, he gained distinction lor his wide and accurate knowledge of tropical orchids and their cultivation, and his collection of these plant.^ at his country place in his native town was the most complete 58 AMES AMORPHOPHALLUS in the New World. His important services to botany and horticulture are commemorated in Lwlia Amesiana, Ltella auceps yht. Amesiana , Phalipxopsis F. L.Ames, Cyprip' Jl n ni ins/\/nr var. Ame.'ii'ninm. ]'>t,i'!.i A w> six >ui . St'i »hni,ri, Anuslitua, Miltouni r..,ni.ir'('t var. Annsi.nnf. < hh^nloqlossiun Bossla v:ir. Annsi'mn, aud CattU'ipt II/tiLiiy in India). fj''(fn- mindsd'. One of the n..l.lest of llnwerinic trees, native to India, where it reaclirs a liri:,-lit of 40 ft. and iiinre. Gaudy red fls. 8 in. lony. witli wi.le-spreading j.etals, the upper ones gold-tipped, and colored petal-like bracts, in long, hanging racemes : Ivs. pinnate, nearly 3 ft. long. The tree first flowered in Eng. in 1849. It requires hot- house treatment. The fls. last only 2 or 3 days. Demands rich, loamy soil, and abundant moisture during the grow- ing season, after which the wood must be ripened firm. B.M. 4453. F. 8.5:513-510. AMIANTHIUM. See Zngadenna. AMMOBIUM ((ireek, living in sand). Comp6sit(s. Hardy ln'rl-.cvilt. as an everlasting or immortelle. Florets Perfeet, yt-llow, surrounded by a dry, silvery white invo- lucre, and subtended by chaffy scales; pappus of 2 bris- tles and 2 teeth. Commonly treated as an annual, but seeds are sometimes sown in Sept., and the plant treated as a biennial. Of easiest culture, the seeds being sown where the plants are to grow. In the N., sow seeds in spring. Cut the fls. before the)' are fully expanded, and hang in a dry, shady place. They will then remain white. al&tum, R. Br. Three ft. or less high, erect and branchy, white-cottony, the branches broadly winged : early ruot-lvs. ovate at the ends and long-tapering be- low (javelin-shaped); st. -Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so : heads 1-2 in. across, the involuc^'e becoming pearly white. Australia. A large-headed form is var. grandifldrun. L^ jj. B. AMM6CHARIS («mm(j.s, sand; c/taris, beauty). Ama- i-)jJlidi)<-f,t'. Ureenhuuse bulb from Cape of Good Hope. J. G. Baker, Amaryllidese, p. 96. For cult., see BiiJhs. falcd,ta, Herb. Bulb ovoid, sometimes G-9 in. in diam., with brown tunics : Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, 1 in, wide, strap- shaped, spreading, produced before the Ivs.: fls. 20-40, in an umbel, bright red, fragrant. Winter. Probably the fruit figured in B.M. 1443 is that of &. Brunsvigia, mismatched with the flowers. Ammocharis falcata requires rich, loamy soil. It starts to grow in the spring. Give plenty of water during growing season in summer. It can be cultivated out-of- doors. When perfected and finished in autumn, the bulb can be put under the greenhouse bench ; keep moder- ately dry in sand or earth ; can be potted in January, after which it will soon throw out its fine, fragrant li'oO"!''- Cult, by H. A. SlEBKEOHT. AMMONIACAL CARBONATE OF COPPER. See Fungicide. AMMOFHILA (Greek, sand-loving). Graminem. A coarse perennial, with long, hard rootstocks. Spikelets I-fld., in large, spike-like panicles, jointed above the empty glumes: flowering glume surrounded at the base by a tuft of hairs : axis of spikelet terminating in a small bristle-like rudiment. Species one. Eu. and N. Amer. arenaria, Link. (.1. orioidinOeea, Host.). Beach Grass. Marram Grass. Abundant along the sandy coasts of the Atlantic, and the great lakes. Adapted for binding drifting sands of coasts. P. B. Kennedy. AMOMUM (Greek-made name). Scitamindcece. Hot- house ginger-like herbs, with narrow entire Ivs., and fls. in dense cone-like spikes, which are usually near the base of the plant or on a scape. Closely allied to Alpinia (which see for culture). C&rdamon, Linn. Cardamon. Thick, spicy, lanceolate ivs.: plant 4-8 ft.: fls. brownish, in a reciimbent com- pound spike. E. lud. Produces the Cardamon seeds of commerce. Not to be confounded with £leftaria Carda- momitm (which see). Other species are A. angustifdlium, Sonner,with linear- lanceo- late Ivs. and yellow fls., Madag. : A. Ddnielli, Hook. Avs. lance- oblong and fl. hirge, red and yellow, Afr. ; A. 6ranu7n-Parad)si, Linn. (A. grand iflo mm, Smith), ^rith colored stems and white- tinted fls., Afr. ; A. inagnlHcum, Benth. & Hook. (Alpinia mag- uifica. Roscoe) , 10-12 ft., fls. very numerous, in a gaudy bracted head, large, red, Mauritius, B.M. 3192 ; A. vittdtum, Horl.=Al- pinia vittata ; A. vitelllnum, Liudl., with oval Ivs. and yellow fls..E.Ind. L_ H. B. AM6RPHA (Greek amorplios, deformed; the fls. are destlTute of wings and keel). Legnmindsm. Shrubs: Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate, deciduous, with entire leaf- lets : fls. in dense, terminal spikes, small, papilionaceous, but without wings and keel ; stamens exserted : pod short, slightly curved, with 1-2 seeds. Eight species, 6 inN. Amer. ' Hardy flowering shrubs, with graceful fo- liage, well adapted for sni;ill shniliberies. «sinTi:tlly iu somewhat dry and sunny situ:iti.)us. Vvi\\\. usually liy seeds ; also by greenwood cuttings under glass in early summer, or by hardwood cuttings, placed in sheltered situations early in fall and left undisturbed till the fol- lowing autumn. They may be grown, also, from layers and suckers. can63cens, Nutt. Lead Plant, Low shrub, 1-3 ft., den.sely white-canescent : Ivs. sessile, 2-4 in. long, leaf- lets 21-49, nearly sessile, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 4—7 lines long : fls. blue, the spikes crowded into terminal panicles. June. S. states. Mn.5:707. B.M. 6618. R.H. I89G : 280. — Handsome free-flowering shrub of dense habit, well adapted for rockeries and borders of shrub- beries in sunny and well-drained situations. frutic6sa, Linn. Bastard Indigo. Shrub, 5-20 ft.: Ivs. prri..h-.|, i;-Ii; in. I^.Tl^^ Imlh-Ts 11-21. oval or elliptic, mostly ol.tusr jiiiil iMU'TMniil;iii- : spikes dense, 3-0 in. long, usually iu j)auir|cs ; \\>.. dark purple. From Wis. and I'u. south. B.R. .J: 427.— Interesting ornamental shrub of spreading habit, with fine, feathery foliage ; remarkable for the unusual color of its dark violet- purplish fls. A very variable species; slightly differing forms have }n-x-u .l."s.rilM-d. :ni*-.(. Desf. ; /(/'c/j/x^/, Null. ; Tyf »• (:.-;/, Lodd. ; Lndoriciana, Hort. ; mimosifolia, Hort.; ornata,Wend.; paniculata, Torr. & Gr. ; Tennesseeyisis, Shuttlew. ; Texana, Buckl. A.CaU.fiJrnica^'SvLtt. Allied to A. fruticosa. Pubescent: sts. and leaf-stalks furnished with prickly glands : spikes usually single. Calif.— J../ier6dcea,Walt. (A.pubescens,Willd.),2-4 ft.: Ivs. nearly sessile, pubescent or glabrous ; leaflets with black glands beneath : spikes mostly panieled ; fls. blue or white. S. states. L.B.C. 7: 689.— A. micropkyUa, Pursh. (A. nana, Nutt.). One ft. high ; leaflets small, Kin. long, crowded, glandular be- neath : spikes usually single. From Minn, and Iowa west to Rocky Mts.— A. virgdta, Small. Allied to A. fnitieosa. Peren- ni;d, 2-6 ft., sparingly branched; leaflets broad, coriaceous": spikes single or few. S. states. Alfred Rehder. AMORPHOPHALLUS (Greek-made name). Aro\dei.f. Giant aroids, Irom the eastern tropics, grown as curiosi- ties in liutliouses. Spathe (or "flower") springing from the great bulb-like tuber in advance of the Ivs., the latter usually pedately compound: differs from Arum and re- lated genera by technical characters. Monogr. by Engler in De Candolle's Monograph iae Phanerogamarum, vol. 2, 1879. Amorphophalluses are propagated by offsets of the tubers. Towards the end of March the plants should be taken from their winter quarters and placed on the stages of a moderately warm greenhouse and kept moist, where, if the tubers are strong enough, they will soon flower. Th'* leaves begin to grow immediately after the flowerin- ^.a-..!!. Towards the end of Mav they should be plant. -d i., rd iis;thelv.s.,:i-lft., dark colored and specklr.l uith li-hi r,Mi: If, often 4 ft. across, pedately decompouml, ihr pi-ti .!.• iii..tHfks, V:ir. murdrum. Id lidii, i .1 , /i. ''./■.'/., ,i. var. wurnriiiii, i:»'ka. A.mui-iji-iiM :ilid ih n ,;)/ ,s . Hurt.). In- fl(.res,,iir,. .md tendrils like the f.inner ; Uts. glaucous and ^hdiniiis beneath. Var. Engelmanni, Ilort. Similar tcitlie hist, with smaller and more dense foliage. Var. latl!61ia, l>i|.|., (.1 /,'.w/'' /. Ilort, I, (if vi-nrous growth: Ivs, vc IV l:iiL'. , ■.liininu', V:ir. Graebneri, Keluler. Pubes- cent, i)d. ii-e „;iilri m f;dl. tit. 48: 1102. Var. vitScea, Kuerr. Aei lal ro.ds none, :ind the tendrils scarcely disc- bearing : berries large and early. Mich, to Kans. Does not cling to walls. — A very valuable climber of vigorous growth, coloring bright scarlet in autumn ; the varieties radiruntissima and muronim well adapted for covering walls, clinging firmly, growing more straight upward than the following species. tricuspidita, Sieb. & Zucc. [A. Veitchi, Hort. A. I\'ii:/hi, Hort. ]"itis iiiconstans, Miq.). Japanese Ivy. Boston Ivv. Figs. 81, 82. High-elimbing, with short and disciferous tendrils : Ivs. 3-lobed or 3-foliolate, eiiars. iy and remotely dentate, shining and glabrous on lioili sides: racemes short-stalked. China, Jap. R.B. I.>i77: II. Gug. 4:3.53, 1:373. — A hardy and very useful climber, clinging firmly and covering walls densely ; the glossy foliage stands dust and smoke well, and turns to a brilliant orange and scarlet in fall. Probably the favorite of all hardy vines in cities. AA. Tendrils without disks: not climbing very high. B. Lvs. not lobed or rarely tricuspidate . COTdilta, Michx. ( litis i)idivlsa, Willd. Cisstis Am- pel6psis, Pers.). Nearly glabrous: lvs. cordate, round- ish-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate : berries bluish or greenish. Prom 111. and Ohio south. BE. Lvs. 3-5-lobed or divided. heterophylla, Sieb. & Zucc. Lvs. cordate, slightly 3- or deeply 3-5-lobed, nearly glabrous and shining be- neath, lobes serrate or incised : berries light blue, puuc- «/' '^"-\^ 80. l^eaves and fruit of Virginia Creeper ( X tate. E.Asia. B.M. 5682. Gt. 1873: 765.-Well adapted for covering rocks and low trellis work ; handsome in autumn, with its freely produced light blue berries. Var. 61egans, Koch (.4. tricolor, Hort.). Lvs. blotched and striped with white, flushed pink when young : slow-growing and tender. Gn. 54. p, 5. 60 AMPELOPSIS aconitifdlia, Bunge. (A. qitinquefdlia, var. aconiti folia, Hort.). Lvs. 3- or 5-cleft, the middle lobe often pin- nately lobed. shining and nearly glabrous beneath: ber- ries small, yellow. N.China. Var. dissficta, Koehne (A. dis secta f Cavr. A. afflnis, var. dissecia, liort.). Lvs. 5-part.ed, the middle or the three inner lobes pinnatifid. R.H. 1883, p. 318. Gn. 5, p. 523. -Graceful climber for trellis work. pelopsis tricuspidata. serjaniaeidlia, Bunge. Roots tuberous : lvs.3-5-parted or digitate, chartaceous, shining and dark green above, the divisions pinnate, with winged rachis, the pinnffi separate from the wings : berry small, blue, punctate. Jap., N. China. Gt. 16: 531. R.H. 1870, p. 17. BBB. Za^s, hiphinate, leaflets distincHy stalked. arbdrea, Koehne ( Iritis bipinn^ta, Torr. & Gr. Ciaanii stdns, Pers.). St. erect or somewhat climbing: pinn» and leaflets usually 5 ; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate, coarsely toothed, K-lM in. long : berries dark purple. S. states, Mex. A. bipinnata, Miehs.=A. arborea. — A. brevipedunculata, Koehne=A. heterophylla. var.— -4. citruUoldes, Hort.=hetero- phylla. — A. Davidiana. Mottet=Vitis Pagnueci. — A. dissecta, Hort.=A. acouitifolia, var. dissecta. — A. kederacea, DC=A. quinquefolia— A. Aerferrtcea, Hort.=A. qin]ii|iutn!i,i \,ir mure- rum.— A.fldffffi.Hort. =A. tricuspidata.—- 1 /'?/;;/"/'/"/"', Kunge. ^A. heterophylla var. — A.inconstaits, ]\Ii'i .1 trii iispid.'tta. — A.Japonica.'H.ort.^A. tricuspidata. — ..1. Im-iiUt^ <'ini ^A. aeo- nitifolia. — A.napiformis, Carr.==A.serjauia?folia. — A.orieiitdlis^ Planch, Allied to A. arborea. Petioles longer; lvs. ovate-ellip- tic, quite glabrous: petals and stamens 4. Orient. — A.R6ylei, Hort.=A. quinquefolia. var. latifoliaor A. tricuspidata. — A.ru- fertcaiih's, Carr.=A. aconitifolia. — A. sempervirens, Hort.= sus striata. — A.Si^boldi, Hort.=A. heterophylla. i A. tripartita, Carr.=A. aconitifolia. — A. trilobdta, Carr.=A. aconitifolia. — A.tuberdsa, Carr.^A. serjaniffifolia.— A. VHtchi. Hort.^A. tricuspidata.— A. Virjji/udrta, Hort.=A.quiuquefolin. Alfred Rehder. AMPELOVlTIS. See Vitis. AMPHICARF.S;A (Greek, alluding to the two kinds of fruits). Lefjitmindsce. A half-dozen little herbaceous vines of E. Amer. and Himalayas, bearing subterranean cleistogamous fls.: lvs. pinnate, of 3 leaflets: fls. small, purplish. Two common species are A, monoiea, Nutt., and A. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray (also known as Falcata comosa and F. Pitcheri). Not known to be in cult. AMFHIGOME {aniphi, both, and home, hair ; the seeds havingatuftof hair at both ends), Bignonidcew. Green- house herbaceous rockery plants from the Himalayas, with larsre, rosy, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed fls. A.argitta, Royle. Height 3 ft.: leaflets in 3-4 pairs, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply serrate : fls. in terminal racemes, fewer than in the next ; corolla tube not orange-colored ; calyx lobes long, awl-shaped. P.M. 6:79.— A. JEmbdi, Royle. Height lH"3 ft. : leaflets in 5-7 pairs, cordate-ovate, obtuse, shortly petiolulate, margin ci'enate-lobate : fls. at first corymbose ; co- rolla tube and throat orange ; calyx lobes short, thick, fleshy. B.M.4890. Gn. 8, p. 25. Gn. 38, p. 458. F.S. 11:1109. ANACARDIUM AMSdNIA (named for Charles Amson). Called also A}itio}iio. Apocf/n(ici'(e. Tough-barked perennial herbs of eastern N. Amer. and Jap., with terminal panicles of blue or bluish narrow-limbed small fls. in May and June, the inside of the corolla tube bearing reflexed hairs. Grown in the hardy border, mostly with shrubbery. Prop, mostly by dividing the clumps ; also by seeds and by cuttings in summer. Tabemaemont^na, Walter {A. latifolia, Michx. A.sa- licifdlia, Pursh. Taberna'tnontdna Amsdnia^ Linn.). Glabrous or nearly so, 2-'A ft. : lvs. willow-like, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, alternate, short-petioled : fls. many, with lanceolate spreading lobes, succeeded by slender, milkweed-like follicles or pods 2-H in. long. Holds its foliage late. N.C. to Tex, B.M. 1873. L.B.C. 592. B.R. 151. G.W.F. 48. angTistifdlia, Michx. {A. cilidta, Walt.). Villous when young, the stem 1-3 ft. : lvs. linear to lance-linear, an inch ortwo long, much crowded, margins becoming revo- lute : corolla lobes ovate-oblong to linear-oblong. S. states. Int. 1883. l_ h. B. AMYGDALOPSIS. See Prunu.s. AMYGDALTJS (Greek-made name, referring to the furrowed i»it). Posdeew. A name given to, the peaches, apricots and their kin, but here treated as a section of the genus Prunus, which see. ANACAMPSEROS (Greek-made name). Portulacdcece . Succulent herbs, of a dozen species, from the Cape of Good Hope, but not grown in this country except in bo- tanic gardens. They are greenhouse plants, with ovate fleshy lvs., fls. expanding in the sun ; prop, by seeds or by cuttings of stems or leaves. ANACARDIUM (namerefers to the heart-shaped char- acter of the nut). Anacardi{icei. — ^. axilldris. Lam.= L. axillaris — .4 ral.'tri/hita, Linu.= Chamjedaphne calyculata. — A. camj'n/n'hifn , M!q.= Enkianthus campaniUatiis.— A. Candida, Hnri Z-imlnu piil- venUeuta.— .1. cassi/iia^ff)lia,Yent.=^Z. pulvfrulrutii — .1 , ( 'utt-s- i3 in. across). Switz. B.M. 5906. ' L.jj.B. ANDEOSTfiPHIUM (Greek-made name, referring to the coronal. Lilidi-eii'. Small genus of S. W. United States, with funnel-shaped, spreading-limbed, 6-lobed perianth, 6 stamens, and 3-angled ovary, and a corona or crown at the mouth : lvs. linear, radical : scape simple, leafless. Plant in a sunny place in sandy soil, placing the bulbs 4-6 ft. deep ; protect in winter. Prop, by division of the bulbs and by .seeds. violiceum, Torr. Slender. 6-10 in. : fl. blue, 1 in. long, 3-6 in loose umbel. Blooms in spring ; pretty. ANEILfiMA (Greek ; no involucre). Commelindeece. Sixty tropical perennials, of which A. bifloriim, R. Br., and A. tliiiiriiiii, Lindl., are sometimes cult, in Old World hothouses. These species are blue-fld., diffuse or trailing plants. AN£MIA (Greek, naked; the panicles devoid of sporangia). Schizcpdcei^. A genus of tropical ferns, with the lower pair of pinnse elongate and bearing the sporangia in panicles at their extremities. Of the 40 species, two are found in the southern states, and a few are occasionally in cult. £,, ji. Underwood. Anemias are dwarf, compact ferns, suited for shelves, or for growing near the glass in warm pits or low houses. They prefer being grown in small pots to being planted out in the fernery. Their growth is too slow to make them popular decorative ferns for general pur- poses. Prop, by spores, which germinate freely ; tufted kinds by division between Mar. 15 and Apr. 30. — Schnei- der, Book of Choice Perns. A. Leaf 2-3-pinnate, xvitli narrow dlfisionn. adiantifolia, Swz. Leaf 6-9 in. long on a stalk often twice as long, the ultimate divisions oblong or licear- cuneate, with the outer margin toothed. S. Fla. and tropics. Anemone coronaiia, an old garden favorite ANEMIA AA. Lfftf otiijj once pituiafe with broad pinnw. B. I'ein.^ free. Mexicina, Klotzsch. Leaf C-9 in. long, with 4-6 pinnae oneitlier side, which are distinctly stallsed, ovate-lanceo- late and rounded on both sides at the base : panicles 3— t in. long, dense. Tex. and Mex. collina, Raddi. Plants a foot high, on hairy stalks ; Ivs. with about 10 leaflets on each side, which are rounded at the outer ends and truncate at the upper side at the base : panicles about IX in. long, dense. Braz. S. 1:384. BB. Veins anastomosing (running together). Phyllitidis, Swz. {A. lanceolatafhoM. A. lonr/ifolia. Link. Anemidlctyon PhijlUtidis,'WiU(i.}. Leaf 4-1'.' in. long, with 4-12 pairs of sessile pinnie, with a crenulati! margin and a rounded or unequal base ; veins form- ing long, narrow areolae : panicle 3-9 in. long, dense. Cuba and Mex. t(j Braz. S. 1 : 3!»0. l. jj. Underwood. ANEMIDiCTYON. Hee Anemia. ANEMdNE (Greek, M'iK(J). BaniinctdAceo'. Anemone, or Anemony. Windfloweb. A genus of about 85 spe- cies, with many handsome garden forms; all hardy per- ennials ; chiefly native of the north temperate and mountainous regions. Stems usually erect, with great variation in height. Basal leaves lobed, divided or dis- sected, those of the stem forming an involucre near to, or remote from, the flower. Sepals few or many, petal- like; no true petals. Stamens many, shorter than sepals. Carpels numerous ; fruit a 1-seeded akene. The plants thrive best in a fresh, rather rich, sandy loam, well drained; but most of the .species will do well in any good garden soil. The tuberous species are suit- able for hardy borders, wliile most of the others prefer a place in a rockery. :iiin, Linn.) of the Ori- ent. It is an annual, and is easily grown from seeds in any warm and mellow soil. The seeds are commonly sown where the plants are to stand. The seeds are used in medicine and in cookery, and for flavoring liquors. They yield a highly perfumed essential oil. They are mostly grown in Mediterranean countries. The leaves are also used as seasoning and garnishing. The plant reaches a height cd' 2 ft., liears twice-]iinnate Ivs. and small yel- lowisli wliite tis. in large, loose umbels. The seeds are oolong and curved, ribbed on the convex side, grayish, 68 ANNUALS the size of caraway seed. In common with all umbel- liferous seed. Anise seed does not retain its viability long, the normal longevity being 1 to 3 years. Annuals, plants which, in cultivation, are prefer- ably grown from seeds each year are commonly classed as Annuals. More strictly, Annuals are plants which normally live but a single season. Among Annuals are found a number of the most showy flowers. As a rule, they are easily grown, producing quick results and af- fording a variety of brilliant colors. The class is, there- fore, one of the greatest value. Some of the Annuals last only a few weeks in bloom, others continue throughout the summer. There are trailers and climbers, dwarfs and tall growers. By a judicious selection and arrangement of kinds, the handsomest effects may be produced. Many of the showy kinds are adapted to mass effects, while the dwarf-growing sorts make fine flowering edgings for beds or walks. With the latter, handsome ribbon-beds are pos- sible, but this requires care in the selection of kinds, and as the use of the trimming shears is almost precluded it is best to limit oneself to simple designs. Annuals are well adapted to the covering of bare spots of ground in the border. Annuals, like other flowers, show off best when seen against a background of foliage. See Figs. 91, 92. The tall and leafy kinds make excellent covers for unsightly objects ; see Screfut;. For climbing and twining kinds, see Viues. See, also, JUver la stings and Gratifies. In the case of others than the continuous bloomers, a succession of sowings or plantings is desirable to pro- vide for a continuous display ; then as a kind begins to fail its place may be filled with young plants of the same or other species. The usual method of securing suc- cession is to sow the seeds in flats, or beds, and trans- plant the seedlings first to pots. The potted plants may be set out at any time, with but little check to growth. Most Annuals prefer an open, sunny situation, but pansies, forget-me-nots, and some others, thrive where they get the full sunshine for only half the day. In all cases the best results are obtained only when the soil is well enriched and thoroughly prepared previous to sow- ing or planting ; and it is far better to make this prepa- ration a fortnight or more in advance. A considerable proportion of humus in the soil is desirable, rendering it less subject to baking and drying out. Cow -manure, stable-manure or leaf -moid, worked in liberally, will sup- ply this. Beds should be spaded thoroughly and at least a foot deep. If the surface is then again worked over to half this depth, better results will be obtainable. The soil should not be disturbed, however, unless it pulver- izes readily. For the reception of seeds, the surface should be mellow and smooth. The seeds are sown in drills or concentric circles, according to the method of planting decided upon. Taller growing kinds are sown Eilline the formal space bet toward the center or back of the bed. Only the best seeds should be purchased, and it is generally best to get the colors in separate packets. In the open ground, seeds may be covered to a depth of four or five times their own thickness, but when sown indoors in trays or pots, the rule is to cover them to about their own thick- ness. The position of each row or kind should be marked, so that when weeds and flowers spring up there will be no trouble in separating the sheep from the goats. After covering, the soil should be pressed firmly over the seed with a board or hoe, or the feet. In soils which are in- clined to bake, a sprinkling of sand or fine litter over the surface after sowing will remedy this evil. Ever- green boughs placed over the beds until the seedlings have appeared will afford useful shelter from beating rains. It is desirable to sow the seeds thickly. When up, the plants may be thinned to their proper distances. Particular care should be given to this matter, and to keeping down weeds, or the plants may become weak, spindling and valueless. No seed puds should be allowed to form, else the vitality of the plants will be exhausted. The flowers may be freely gathered with advantage to the flowering. It is customary to divide Annuals into three classes: (1) Hardy Annuals are those which are sown directly in the open ground where they are to grow. They are vitally strong, developing without artificial heat, and may be sown from February to May, according to the season and latitude. Some of them, as sweet peas, may be sown even in the fall. For this class, a well prepared border on the south side of a fence or wall, or other sheltered place, is usually preferred for early sowings. From here the seedlings are transplanted later where they are to grow. Some sorts, however, do not bear transplanting well, consequently must be sown in the places they are to occupy. Among such are poppies, eschscholtzia, barto- nia, Venus' looking-glass, lupine, raalope, and the dwarf convolvulus. (2) Half-hardy Annuals are usually sown in February or March in the window or a warm frame. The season is usually not long enough to enable them to reach full development in the open. In the early stages of growth, they need protection and warmth. Such kinds are sometimes sown in the fall and wintered over in a coldframe. When once established, they are hardy with slight protection. Pansies and some other kinds are grown to their greatest perfection only in this way. (3) Tender Annuals require still more warmth, and are started from January to May in the greenhouse or other suitable place. They commonly need a temperature of from 60° to 70°. The danger with early grown seedlings, especially those started in the window, is crowding and want of light. As soon as crowding begins, the plants should be thinned out or transplanted to other trays, or into pots, and reset from time to time, as they need ; frequent transplanting is usually an advantage. The last transplanting is preferably into small pots, as then the seedlings may be readily set out in the open ground at the proper time, with little or no check to growth. Some of the staple or general-purpose types of Annuals in the North are the fol- lowing : Petunias, phloxes, pinks or dian- thuses, larkspurs or delphiniums, calliopsis or coreopsis, pot marigolds or calendula, bachelor's buttons or Centanrea Cyanus, clarkias, zinnias, marigolds or tagetes, col- linsias, gilias, California poppies or esch- seholtzias, verbenas, poppies, China asters, sweet peas, nemophilas, portulacas, silenes, candytufts or iberis, alyssum, stocks or matthiolas, morning-glories, nasturtiums or tropaeolums. Other species are mostly of special or particular use, not general-use types. In the South, and occasionally at the North, some of the Annuals come up volun- tarily year after year from self-sown seeds. Petunias, phloxes and raorning-glories are examples. For further suggestions, see Seedage. For an annotated list of Annuals suited for northern climates, see Bull. 101, Cornell Exp. Sta. Ernest Walkeb. ANCECTOOHILUS ANffiCTOCHtLTTS (Gr.M-k. o;*, » lip). (h-rhi,h)r>',f, tril.r y.^'tlint. A 1,'t'IIUS ruttiv;.Ird fur llic hraiiTifully IVtirulatr.l Ivs.. whirli ;ir.- <.\;il or o\ atr. m.-niLraiiarecms and diversely .-..loivd. FN. mii:iI1, imt ..manifi.tal. The known speeirs hchm- tn IimIl, and ili.- .Alalav Archi- pelago. Alth..ui,di many mnliu.ls l,avrlM-.-n a.-:T s[K-('ii's and varie- ties, failure has been the ji:Gueral rule, so that at the present time few Amer. collections contain even a single specimen. "For a time — it may be two, or even five years — they will grow and remain in health, and then suddenly they go wrong, tlie plants perishing one after the other, in spite of all one can do."— W. Watson. Bulleni, Low. Lvs. about 2 in. long, bronze-green, with ;{ longitudinal bands of copper-red. Borneo. reg^lis, Blume. One of the most attractive species of the group : lvs. oval, large, bronze-green netted, veined with gold, the surface of the lvs. like velvet. Java. B.M. 412:{. P.S. 2: 79 as A. se/(5ccHj*. — Several good va- rieties exist. R6xburghii. Lindl. Lvs. ovate, median line of pale green, reticulated and veined with gold. Java and Ind. Many spi-cifs are described and figured in foreign publica- tions, tint they arc all fauciers' plants. Other names which ap- pear in ihf Amer. trade are: A. Daya?ia='f—A. Ddwsoni {Daivsi'iiiainis} Ha-raaria. — A. I^divU, Hort.=Dossinia.— J.. Fetbla. Hurt -.Maeodes.— ^. Veitchianus, Hort.=Macodes. Oakes Ames. AN0MATH£:CA. See Lapeimitsia. ANONA ialn>riginal name). Anon(ice(^. Custard- Apple. Tropical trees and shrubs, cult, for their large, fleshv fruits, and for ornament. Fls. perfect, solitary, terminal or opposite the lvs. : ].etals tyiucally G, but half of them sometiuu-s redueed to small seah-s or even want- ing: pistils many, each with one erect ovule, united into a fleshy fruit-like body or syncarpium. Small trees or shrubs, over 50 in number, of Tropical America, and a few in Africa and Asia. Some of the species have been introduced into southern Florida, but they are generally imperfectly known. l>oth to liorti<-uIturists and bntanists. Aside from the species deseriijed below, vari'ius other Anonas have beeen introdu'-ed into southern Florida, but their botanical status is unknown and some of them are probably forms of old species. Amongst these names are A. Mexicana, which was a catalogue name used by Loddiges, the species never having been fully described; A. Africana, a very obscure species founded by LinnsBus tipon an American specimen, with lanceolate pubescent lvs. ; A. trilohata is undoubtedly j4s?"w/im tri- loba ; A. anrantiaca, A. macrocarpa, A. marifima, A. reniformis, and A. suavissima are either horticultural names, or belong to other genera ; the Beriba, introduced by Reasoner Bros., from Brazil, is evidently a Rollinia, possibly^, orthopetala. For^. longifoliay see Duguetia, and for A. «t?(sco.s-rt, see Rollinia. Some of the species are imperfectly evergreen. See Artnhotrys. Anonas are of easy culture, requiring no special treat- ment in frostless countries. They propagate readily by seeds, and are usually thus grown ; also, by ripened cut- tings under glass. In the U. S. they are sometimes grown under glass as ornamental subjects. They should then be kept fairly dry in winter, for at that time they assume a serai-dormant condition. They thrive best in heavv loam. AXONA 69 Petals ■date trie or oboratf, the B. Exterior petals plainly acute, inner ones obtuse. c. Fruit bearing weak spines. muricfita, Linn. {A. Asidtica, Linn. ). Sour-Sop. GUANABENA. CORRESOL. SuiRSAAK. SUSAKKA. Small tree, the size of a peach tree, evergreen, the young growth scurfy -pubescent: exterior petals scarcely exceed- ingtheinteriorones, 1-2 in. long, and yellowish or green- ish,the innerones yellow erred: lvs. elliptic and pointed, varnished above and rusty beneath, but becoming gla- brous: fr. very large (6-8 in. long and weighing from 1-5 lbs.}, oblong or conical and blunt, dark green, the skin ntugh and spiny ; pulp soft, white and juicy, subacid, with a turpentine-like flavor. Westlndies, where it is apopu- lar fruit. — It is grown with especial excellence in Porto Rico, and is common in the markets of Key West, whither it is shipped from the islands to the southward. A favorite drink is made from the juice. It is one of the tenderest trees of the genus, and thrives only in extreme southern Florida and California. Introduced in the Old Worhl, CC. Fruit nearly or quite smooth {or in A . pyriformis undescribed). glabra, Linn. (A. laurifdlia, Dunal). Poxd-Apple. Mamon. Fig. 93. Small nearly evergreen tree, with smooth growth: exterior petals somewhat exceeding the 93 Anona elabra Nearly Va Uttturiil iuterioi ones grernish lvs oblong-ovate or long-ovate, pointed green on b )tli ^ith ^ md glossy above : fr. the size and shape of iBtlltiowtr ipple or an ox s heart, yel- low or brownish \*llo\\ smooth the stem pulling out of the fruit at maturit} and le-iviug a very deep cavity; pulp cream colored and veiy fragrant fair in quality. Native m swamps, both salt and fresh, m ,southern Florida, and on the Indian River ; also, in the West Indies. B.R. KJ28. SS. 1:17. 18. -The fruit, although acceptable to many people, is not generally prized. pyrifdnnis, Bojer. Climbing, glabrous : petals of the two series nearly equal, oblong-spatulate or obovate ( about 2 in. long } , flat, the outer ones hooded or cucullate at the top ; sepals joined half their length : lvs. nearly oblong (3-6 in. long), obtuse or acutish, thick and rigid, somewhat shining and glaucous. Mauritius.— Said to have been introduced into southern Florida recently, hut it is imperfectly known. BB. Fxferior petals obtuse or nearly so. palustris, Linn. Alligator -Apple. Cork -Wood. Monkey -Apple. Bunya. Tree, 10-15 ft. high, the young growth smooth: exterior petals ovate, exceeding the ob- long inner ones, a half -inch or more long, and yellow, with a red spot at the base within, the interior red inside: lvs. ovate-elliptic or oblong', witli a short, narrow point (or occasionally bluntisbi, suiootli on both sides, rather thick, and more or less evergreen: f r. 2 in. in diam., yel- low, and somewhat roughened or scaly. Cuba to Rio Janeiro; also, in Africa. B.M. 4226. — Introduced in southern Florida, but imperfectly known in cultivation. Unless improved by cultivation, the fruit is probably unworthy of cultivation. BBB. Exterior and interior petals all acute. paluddsa, Aubl. Shrub, with rusty-villous branches . outer petals acute, twice longer than the canescent inner ones : lvs. oblong-acute, rounded at the base, sparsely pubescent above and toraentose beneath : fr. ovate and tuberculate, pubescent when young. Guiana. — Intro- duced into southern Florida, where it is yet very little known. 70 ANON A ANTEXNARIA AA. Petals {exterior) linear or ohlong ^ the inner ones mlnxiie \or conspicuous in A, muscosa). B. Fruit smooth or very nearly so (iv A . amplexicanUs undescrihnl). C, I^vs. vvlvedj hrnnith. Cherimdlia, Miller (A. tripeto hi ,Aiton}. Cherimoyer, or Chekimoya. Jamaica- Apple. Tree, 15-20 ft. high, with young growth scurfy-pubescent : fls. opposite the Its., greenish, and. fragrant, the exterior petals ob- long-linear and keeled on the inner side, velvety : Ivs. ovate or oblong (about 3 in. long), obtuse or scarcely aciite, dark green, and sparsely hairy above and velvety beneath : fr. very large (from the size of a lar;.^' ap])le to 8 in. or more in diara.), spherical or sli^litly thittcinMl at the ends, nearly smooth, brownish yrllow. sMniilhui-s with a red cheek, the flesh soft and rich. Peru and ad- jacent regions northward, but naturalized in Central America and Mexico, the West Indies and parts of the Old World. B.M. 20U.- It is a well-known fruit of the tropics, and it thrives upon the Florida keys and the adjacent coasts. It is also grown to a limited extent in southern California. Fruit will stand transportation if picked green. Possibly the plants sold as A . tnacrocdrpff and A. suavtssima are forms of the Cherimoyer. See Cherimoyer. CC. Jyvs. not velvety, reticulata, Linn. Custabd-Apple. Bullock's-Heart. Fkuta de Conde. a tree, 15-25 ft. high, with growth smooth or nearly so: fls. with the exterior petals oi>Iong- liuear and keeled on the inside, ju-uti'. fj^reciiish. with purple spots at the bast- : Ivs. laiirmlatt' nr oIiIoh-j: aiid pointed, glabrous above and roui,di brinatli, Imt liecimiing smooth: fr. 3-4 in. in diam., smuoth, with smidl d».'i)rfs- sions, in various shades of yellow or even russet, with a soft yellow cream-like pulp next the skin, and a white pulp at the middle, sweet and excellent. West Indies, where it is a very popular fruit. It thrives in southern Florida, where it has lately been introduced. B.M. 2911. 2912. 94. Anona squamosa, grown in Bermuda (X ^o). amplexicaiilis, Lara, Erect shrub, glabrous : outer petals oblong and obtuse (l^in. long), the inner very much shorter and lanceolate and pointed: ivs. oblong or ovate, obtuse or acute (4-6 in. long), thick and rigid, glaucous and somewhat shining, deeply cordate-clasping at the base. Mauritius and Madagascar. — Said to have been lately introduced into southern Florida. Little '^°''''"- BB. Fruit tuberculate. squamdsa, Linn. (A. cinerea, Dunal). Sweet-Sop. Sugar-Apple. PU'. 94. Diffuse small tree, or a shrub, 10-20 ft. high : lis. with the outer petals oblous-linear and blunt, keeled on the inner side, greeni.sh: Ivs. thin, ob long-ovate, very sparsely hairy on both sides, but often becoming smooth, glaucous : fr. egg-shaped, or of the form of a short pine (.Mme, 3-4 in. in diam.. yellowish green, and tuln-ri-uhitr (each carpel foniiiii:.' a iirotulier- ance); the pulp cnamy yellow and custaiiilike, very .sweet. West Indies to Brazil. B.M. 3ll!l.').- JIutdi prized in the tropics, and considerably grown on the Florida keys, and extending north, with some protection, nearly to the middle of the state ; also cultivated in California. Introduced in the Old World. Lvs., green frs., and seeds said to be used for destroying vermin. l. jj, g ANSfiLLIA i-Tohn Ansill. African explorer). Or- rliiil'tr"! . tvWn' \'n tKha, Intlori-sci-nce terminal : stems tufted, ji'iutc'l. nodt-N con>picauus : lvs. lanceolate, alter- nate toward the summit of the stums, visibly nerved, about G in. long. The species require high temperatures for .successful development. Epiphytes. For further culture, see Orchids. Africana, Lindl. Plants 2 ft. or more high : stems cylindrical : lis. numerous (40-80), yellowish, verging on green, marked with curiously oblong, brown-purple spots : labellum yellow, 3-lobed. Sierra Leone. B.M. 4005. — This is undoubtedly the type, all other forms so far known being departures from it of horticultural merit only. gigant^a, Reichb. f. (Ci/mbidium Sdndersoni, Harv.). Habit as above. Sepals and petals sparingly, if at all. spotted. Natal ! ANSONIA. SeeJ», Oakes Ame.s. ANTENNARIA (pappus likened to antennm), Com- pi'isii,! . K\ h.Ki.ASTiNG. Cat's-Ear. Small, whlte-woolly perennial Iti-rhs, with spatulate or obovate root-lvs.. and mostly leatiess scai)es, bearing small gray or white heads which remain stitT and di-y. They are interesting for rockwork and Tin- edges of borders, and for this pur- pose have been sparingly introduced in the last few years. They are perfectly hardy, and thrive in poor soil. The fls. are often cut before fiilly mature and dried (and often dyed) as everlastings. Several spe- cies grow wild. Prop, mostly by division of the mats ; also by seeds. Allied to Anaphalis and Gnaphalium. ~' See Everlastings. A. Pappus nf sterile fls. not thickened at the tip, minutely roughened. dimdrpha, Torr. & Gray. Tufted with spatulate lvs. and a sparsely-leaved 11. -st. an inch or less high, from a stout, much-branched caudex. Neb. west. AA. Pappus of sterile fls. thickened at the top. B. li'ot sjyreading bij stolons. Gejeri, Gray. Stout, thick-woolly, from a woody base : fl.-st. 3 in. or more high, very leafy to the top ; pistil- late heads narrow : involucre with rose-purple or ivory- white tips to the inner scales. Cal. N. BB. Spreading bij stolons. c. Heads solitary or in a cymose cluster. diolca, Linn. Basal lvs. IK in. or less long, 1-nerved or only indistinctly 3-nerved : st. 2-12 in. : invohicral bracts all light green or light brown, with white or pinkish tips. N. states and Eu. — The plant in the trade na A.tontento/ium is probably a form of this species. Also in cult, under the proper name. A. dioica. alplna, G.-ertn. Phant 1—4 in. : invohicral bracts in fer- tile lif-ad-^, dark brownish green, acute. Canada, Rocky Mts.. Sierra Xevadas. plantagini!61ia, Rich. Basal lvs. IK in. or more long, distinctly 3 nerved : st. 6-18 in. high. Stoloniferous, making broad patches. Common in fields and old pas- tares. Perhaps not in cult. CC. Heads loosely panicled. racemdsa, Hook. Light-woolly, 6-20 in. high, the sts. sparsely leafy, the heads mostly on slender peduncles : involucre brownish. Rocky Mts. L. H. B. ANTHEMIS ANTHEMIS (Greek name of the chaaiomile). Com- pdsitw. Chamomile. Pyrethrum-like heavy-scented plants, annual, biennial or perennial, members of a large, Old World temperate-region genus. Heads many- ttowered, the disk yellow, the rays white and yellow and (In the common cult, species) pistillate, the receptacle conical and ehaflfy, the akenes terete or ribbed, and either naked or bearing a minute crown : Ivs. pinnately dissected. Two or three of the species are weeds. Others are excellent border plants. The true chamo- mile is a medicinal plant. The hardy perennial species, which alone are grown in this country, are easily handled in the border, where they bloom from midsum- mer till frost. They thrive in almost any soil, but need full exposure to sun. Prop, by seeds or division of the clumps, usually the latter, A. Rays normaUy yellow. tinctbria, Linn. Golden Marguerite. Of bushy habit, 2-3 ft,, with angular st. and pinnately divided, and again piunatitid orcut-toothed Ivs., and large, daisy- like, golden yellow lis. (1-2 in. across). A. Kehcui/i, Hort. (or var. Keliiriyi, Hort.), has finer-cut foliage and deeper yellow fls. There is also a pale-rayed var. Gn. 52: 1149. — An excellent hardy border plant, and useful at the same time for cut fls. AA. Says white. B. Perennial ; cultivated. ntbilis, Linn. Chamomile. Half-spreadingand much- branched, downy, the Ivs. very finely dissected : pappus wanting, chaff of the receptacle blunt. — A pleasant- scented herb, sometimes escaped from cult. It yields the medicinal chamomile fls. of commerce. For medicinal purposes, the heads (the single preferred) are cut as soon as fully expanded, and dried. Cult, also as a hardy border plant ; often double. BB. Biennial or annual ; weeds. aryfinsis, Linn. Pubescent, not ill-scented; Ivs. rather coarsely 1-2 pinnately parted : pappus aminute border: heads 1 in. or more across: rays pistillate. — Not common. C6tula, DC. May-weed. A common weed along road- sides, ill-.scented, growing a foot or two high, with finely dissected Ivs., neutral rays, and many aster-like fls. 1 in. across. A. Aizooji, Griseb. ^Achillea ageratifolia.— .1. Ardbica, Linn. — Cladanthus.— .i. corondria, Hort.=Chrysanthemiun core- nariiuu. ANTHURIUM 71 L. H. ANTHER. See Floict ANTHfiEICUM (Greek, flower hedge). Includes Pha- langinm. Lilii^cew. Herbs, with tuber-like rhizomes, and racemes of rather small, white, deep-cut fls. : peri- anth rotate ; anthers attached between their basal lobes, and the locules many-ovuled — in these characters differ- ing from Paradisea. Grown in borders, where the roots should have a cover of leaves or litter in winter ; also in pots and under benches in coolhouses. Useful for lawn vases. Prop, naturally by stolons ; increased also by division and seeds. Of easiest culture. Give plenty of water when in bloom. A. Liliastnim, St. Bruno's Lily, will be found under Paradisea. A.picturatiim, va- rie(jatum and vittatum will be found under Chlorophy- tum. A. Califor-iiieum of some catalogues perhaps be- longs to Chlorophytum. Lili&go, Linn. St. Bernard's Lilt. Fig. 95. Stem simple, 2-3 ft. high, bearing an open raceme of open- spreading fls. 1 in. or less across, the segments linear- oblong : Ivs. long and narrow. S. Eu. and N. Afr. B.M. 914. Var. m^jor, Sims, is larger in all its parts. B.M. 1635. ramdsum, Linn. {A. graviinifoliuni, Hort.). Stem branched : fls. somewhat smaller. Eu. B.M. 1055. L. H. B. ANTHOLt'ZA (name from the Greek, of no particu- lar application). IridAeeo'. About 20 Cape and Trop. African corraous plants, with linear or sword-shaped Ivs. and bright fls. in 2-sided spikes. Perianth long- tubular, curved, dilated above, the uppermost segments largest : stamens 3 : style branched : ovary 3-loculed. Cult, the same as gladioli, being taken up in the fall. The tubers are often started in a frame or in the house before planting in the open. See Baker, Irideae. A. Perianth red, segments very unequal. Cundnia, Linn. Corm small: st. simple, 1-1!^ ft.: Ivs. about 4, linear, 1 ft. or less long : fls. 4-6, in a lax spike, bright red, an inch long, the stamens reaching to the tip of the upper segment. Cape. L. B.C. 20: 1971. 95. Stolon of Anthericum Liliaeo. CAHra, Banks. Corm large : st. 2 ft. or less : Ivs. nar- row-linear, 1ft.: fls. 12-20, in alax spike, bright red, 1-1!4 in. long, stamens not quite reaching tip of upper segment. Cape. — Has been hybridized with gladiolus. AA. Perianth red and yellow, segments less unequal. fflthidpica, Linn. Corm large : st. branched, 3^ ft.: Ivs. several, sword-shaped, 1 in. broad and 1-1^ ft. long: spike 6-9 in. long, rather dense : fls. 1^2-2 in. long, red and yellow ; stamens reaching to the tip of the upper segment. Cape. B.M. 561. Var. minor, Lindl. {A.bicolor. Gasp.). Dwarf: Ivs. narrow : fls. red at top, pale yellow below. Var. vittigera, Baker (var. ringens, Nichols.). Tall as the type : fls. bright yellow, striped red. B.M. 1172. Var. immarginita, Baker. Fls. red, with dull yellow. L. H. B. ANTHOXANTHUM iyellow-nower,iTOva. the Greek). Griniiitucv. A. odorCitum, Linn., of the temperate parts of the Old World, is the Sweet Vernal Grass. It is a perennial, of low growth, very early bloom, and sweet odor when mown. It is used in mixtures of pasture grasses, and is also spontaneous in the E. states in pastures, mead- ows, and along roads. A. PiiHii, Lee. & Lamottc. is an annual species, of smaller size, sometimes used in forage mixtures. ANTHtEIUM (Greek, tail ■ flower). AroUle(e. Tropical herbs, of 200 or more species, cult, mostly in stoves, grown for the showy spathes and spadi- ces or for foliage. Spathe usually spreading or even reflexed, only rarely par- tially enclosing the spadix. Differs from Alocasia and allied genera in technical characters. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandolle's Monographic Phanero- gamarum. Vol. 2 ( 1879). Propagation is effected by suckers or cuttings of the rhizome inserted in small pots containing a mixture of peat fiber, chopped sphagnum moss and silver sand in 96. Anthuil Scherze 72 ANTHURIUM ANTHURIUM equal proportions, and plunged in a propagating box in a temperature of 75° to 80°, with bottom heat. About the end of January is the most suitable time to take the cuttings. Anthuriuras may also be propagated by seeds sown in a mixture of very fine fibrous peat and chopped sphagnum mops in 4-inch pots. The seeds should be lightly covered with sphagnum and the pots placed either in a propagating case or under bell glasses, where a temperature of 80° can be maintained. A constant hu- mid atmosphere is very necessary to induce the seeds to germinate. The compost in which Anthuriums thrive best is a mixture of one-third fern root, or the fiber of peat with the dust shaken out, one-third sphagnum moss and one-third broken crocks and cliarcoal. The pots must be well drained, and the plants should be coned up 2 or 3 inches above the rim of the pots, and finished off with a surfacing of live sphagnum moss. Established plants will only need repotting once in 2 or 3 years, but should have a fresh top-dressing every year ; the best time to overhaul them is about the entl of .Tanuary, or before active growth commences. They should be given a shaded position, free from draughts of cold air, and ordinary stove temperature. Like most evergreen aroids, they require a copious supply of water at the roots and a humid atmosphere during the spring and summer months, and at no season of the year must the plants be allowed to become dry. Care must also be taken not to mar the leaves by hard spraying. The temperature during winter should not fall below 55°. Cult, by Edward J. Canning. Anthuriums such as A. Andrteanum, A. ornatum, and their numerous hybrid progeny, require at all times a high and humid atmosphere. Under those conditions and in a good rooting medium, they ought to be contin- ually in flower. A bloom is produced from the axil of each leaf, and immediately beneath this leaf a new root is produced, thick and succulent at first, becoming tough with age, and, if not allowed to bury itself among the compost in which the plant grows, it eventually hardens and is of no help in the sustenance of the plant. There- fore, the growing point of the specimens should not be allowed to get too high, or the Howers will be few and poor. When the plant forms stems above the pot, the compost should either be built up around the stem, to catch the roots, or the plant may be cut over, rooted afresh in sand, and given a new start in a pot.' The two orna- mental-leaved species, A. Veitchii and A. WarocqHe- anum , should be treated in the same manner. When cut down, we may look for the old stocks to send out small growths, which in course of time may be taken off and put in small pots. All of the above are such free-rooting kinds that they may, with the addition of some rotted manure, be grown in sphagnum moss. A good mixture is as follows : Sphagnum, chopped not too fine, one part ; fern or kalmia roots, chopped up and the fine substance removed, one part ; another part to be made up equally of sand and rotted manure. With well-drained pots, this forms an admirable rooting substance. Most of the other charcoal and sand. Good drainage, and less water than is needed for the Andreauum section, will be necessary. A. Sclierzeriamim, although thriving well in the hottest house, will succeed in an interme- diate house. Seeds are obtained by pollinating the flowers, the stig- mas of which become mature long before the antheis The seeds species and their forms, including A. Sckerzerianum and A. crysfaUinum, will thrive better in material mainly composed of rough, fibrous loam and peat with the fine material sifted from it. This rough, fibrous material should be mixed with a small quantity each of sphagnum. )8. Anthurium Veitchii. Young leaf, not yet showing the arched depressions. should be sown on the surface of a pan of chopped moss and sand covered with glass; they sometimes show signs of germinating almost before being gathered, so that it is dangerous to keep them any length of time before sow- ing. To prevent damping.the seedlings should be pricked off round the edge of a 3-inch pot as soon as the first leaf is large enough to handle. Seeds of such kinds as crys- tallinum and regale will germinate well on the moss of nepenthes baskets. eult. by G. W. Oliver. A. Li-s. plain green ■ grown mostly for the showy "flowers." Scherzeriinum, Schott. Fig. 96. A foot or two high, evergreen : Ivs. long-lanceolate (the blade 1 ft. or more long and petiole of nearly equal length), thick, usually somewhat revolute, with a strong vein parallel with each edge and close to it, and many cross-veins : scape long and slender ( 1-2 ft.), red : spathe ovate-oblong, 3-4 in. long, spreading or deflexed, intense red (sometimes double, I.H. 37: 07): spadix slender, often curled, yel- low. CentralAmer. B.M.5319. R.B. 22:121. A.F.6:569 (in variety). — An old favorite. Runs into many forms : Spathe white, vars. dlbtt^n, album magnificuni, Idcteum, >ndximum album, Williumsii, ]'errTt)ieiim ; spathe par- ti-colored, vars. AnflnfitrrHsis (scarlet on the back, white and scarlet spotted ii\H)ve), tniitdbile (white-bor- dered), «*>?>*( /().s(/>/? {double, white spotted rose), i?o//(- schil(Jii>iiiim (scarlet mottled white, Gn. 30: 570), Wa- roetinednitw (not A. IVarocgtiednHm) (white spotted red); spathe very large, vars. giganteum, maximum., Wdrdii, Woodbridgti. Very dwarf is var. pffgmfrtim ; rose-salmon spathe and orange spadix is var. Parisi- riise ; sharp-pointed Ivs. and spathes is var. Binnettii. ANTHURIUM ANTHYLLIS 73 Spathiphyllum, N. E. Brown. Two ft. or less, stem- less or nearly so : ieaf-blade 2 ft. or less, narrow-Iaii- ceolate, attenuate in a straight line from the midfile to the base, acuminate, bright green above and grayish beneath, with prominent midrib : spathe 2 in. or le.-ss long and a half or more as wide, erect, boat-shaped, pale green or whitish : spadix 1 in. long and very blunt, pale yellow, Trop. Amer. Andrse^num, Lind. Fig. 97. Low species, with leaf- blades drooping like an Alocasia and cordate ovate-lan- ceolate : spathe cordate-ovate, thick in texture, 6-10 in. long, orange-red, widely open-spreading : spadix 3-4 in. long, yellowish, with white band marking the zone in which the stigmas are receptive. Colombia. B.M. 6616. A. F. 6:569; 10:1065. Gt. 38:1293. I. H. 24:271. 37:105. — Beautiful and popular. Runs into many varieties, some with very large spathes and others with white ones. Also hybridized with other species. AA. Lvs. prominently marked with white or colors, or with deep bands of green: cult, mostly for foliage. B. Markings green or greenish. VMtchii, Mast. Fig. 98. Tall and robust species (st. 2-3 ft.): If. -blades pendent, like a flue Alocasia, often 3— t ft. long, cordate or eared at base, metallic green, but marked by deep-sunk nerves, which arch off the mid- rib : spathe 1 ft. long, horizontal, green : spadix 6-8 in. long, straw-color. Colombia. G.C. II. 6: 773. B.M. 6968. Mn."8: 187. -Striking. BB. Markings white or essentially so. Warocque&num, Moore. Fig. 99. Very vigorous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, long-tapering, hanging, 2-4 ft. long, deep velvety green, with rib and principal veins of a prominently lighter shade, making handsome contrasts. Colombia. — A handsome and striking foliage plant. magrniScum, Lind. Leaf-blade deep cordate, oval, 2 ft. Iciig, upper surface olive-green with white nerves: petiole 4-aiigUd : spathe small, oblong, green : spadix green, cylindrical. Colombia. crystallinum, Lind. & Andr^. Like A, magniflcuni : differs in pt* tiole terete or only very imperfectly angled, sinus of blade smaller, veins wide-banded and whiter and very regular : leaf-blade ovate-cordate, short, deep, velvety green, with the midrib and two consecutive bands crystal white : spathe linear-oblong, acuminate, green. Peru. I. H. 20: 128. G. C. 111.24: 417(var, i;;«s?re). regile, Lind. Leaf-blade cordate-oblong, long-cuspi- date, 3 ft. or less, at first tinged rose, but becoming dull green and marked with white veins ; petiole nearly terete : spathe broad-lanceolate, greenish. Peru. Various horticultural forms and hj^brids are in cult, in this country : A. amdbile. Lvs. soft rose : crystalli- num X magnificum.— ^. cdrneum is a hybrid of Andra?- anum and ornatum. — ^4. Vhantrieri. Lvs. triangular, with wide-spreading basal lobes : spathe ivory-white, erect : nymphEefoliumxsubsignatum.- ^. Clarkiciuum. Lvs. large and broad : spathe resembling that of An- drfeanumbut salmon-rose. — ^. Ferrier^nse* Lvs. large, cordate: spathe cordate, brilliant red: ornatumxAn- drteanum. — .4, fJoribiindttm ,hiuden and Andr^=:Spathi- phyllum floribundum. — .4. jP'rft'?j(//i. Lvs. large and cor- date : spathe deep carmine : Andrffianuni x ornatum.— A. grdnde = raagm^cum. — A . hybrid um. Lvs. large, lobed at base, obtuse, green. — ^. mn.s-fi/eMm. — J.. o/-H()- tum. Lvs. oval oroblong, cordate : spathe linear-obtong, white, purpIe-tinted.^^.i?f//Ho?(?si'^»»m, various forms: Ferrierense x Andra'anum 'i — A. Siebreehtidnum. Lvs, much as in magnificum, rich, velvety green, with thick margins : spathe light green shading to cream : spadix large, crimson. — ^. //■/??»» /j/(f/H.s. Lvs. long-heart-shaped, bright green with lighter veins : spathe narrow, green: spadix greenish white. A. acxitum, N. E.Brown. Lv.s. 8-10 in. long, trian&iilar and loug-acuminate, green : spathe retlexed, green : spiidix deep green. Braz. — J.. Allendvrfii : Andreauum X Grusoni. — .1. Bakeri, Hook. Lvs. elhptic-lanceolate or linear, green : spathe small, reflexed, green : spadix 3 in. long, yellowish green, be- coming longer and red and drooping in fruit,— the chief merit of the plant. Costa Rica. B.M. Q2GI.—A. Bogotense, Sohott. Lvs. with a very broad halberd-shaped base and a long-aciuni- nate middle lobe, dark green. Gt. 46, p. 52.5.— .4. brevUobum, N. E. Brown. Lvs. oval-acuminate, cordate, 8-10 in., paper-like, in*een : spathe lanceolate, purplish : spadix purplish brown.— A. Chamberlaini. Masters. Lvs. 4 ft. long, broadly cordate-ovate and narrowly long-pointed, green : spathe erect, boat-shaped, 8-9 in. long, purplish outside, crimson inside, partially inclosing the purplish spadix. Venezuela. G.C. III. 3: 465. I.H. 35: 62. B.M. 7297.— .4. Glazidvii, Hook. Loaf-lihuh- obovitte-oblong. not hanging, tapering to petiole, grein .nil i lI> li:,'lit \tined : spathe linear-oblong, often twi^i-: |i| ■ •■■ i^ :iKi) the spadix). Braz. B.M. G833.— J.. //i.s' \| i - <,< U ii:365 =Philodendron tripartitum. — ,4. /»''"'(•'", 1 h'li < I i tubing : lvs. 9-parted. New Granada. G.V.ll.Vi-.Ul .—A. uinnphaifdlixtm, Koch. Spathe white: spadix purple. Venezuela. — A.purptlreum, N. E. Brown. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, thick, green : spathe and spadix purple. Braz. — A.8igndtuin,Koch. Lvs. 3-lobed, deep green. Venezuela. — A. splcndidum, Bull. Lvs. ovate -cordate, short-pointed or blunt, the basal sinus narrow, bidlate and mot- tled green. 1 ft. or less long : spathe lanceolate, white : spadix green, becoming yellow and brick red : peduncles winged. S. Amer. G.C. 1883, 1: 381. B.M. 6878. Gt. 33: 145, 146. I.H.31:510. — A. trifidum, Oliver. B.M.6339=signatmn. j^ pj p. 99. Anthurium Warocqueanum. ANTHt'LLIS (Greek, meaning downy flowers}. Kid- ney Vetch. Leguniinos(v. Perennial herbs, or some- what shrubby, prized for their spikes or heads of yel- low, purple or white fls. and usually silky pinnate foli- age ; also for forage. In the Old World, prized mostly for rockwork. The cult, is the easiest, as the plants thrive even in poor soil. Prop, by seeds or division, or, rarely, by soft cuttings. Not generally known in U. S. Vulneriria, Linn. Sand Clo\'er. Woundwort. A font lii^'li : It'ts. 5 or more : fls. normally yellow, but tlicri- urti red and white varieties. Eu. — A deep-rooted, cluvfr like, hardy plant, excellent for sandy and light lands. Useful for forage, and, for that purpose, occa- sionally grown in this country. Requires 20 lbs. of seed to the acre. 74 ANTHYLLIS APHANANTHE montane, Linn. A foot or less high, silky-hoary : Ifts. numerous: fls. purple. Herbaceous. Eu. L.B.C.6:578. Birba-Jdvis, Linn. Jupiter'.s Beard. Glasshouse sillsy evergreen, 3-8, or even 12 ft. high, with several to many pairs of narrow, pointed Ifts. : fls. straw-colored or whitish, in clover-like heads. S. Eu. B.M. 1927. — In frostless countries, endures sea-winds and salt spray. L. H. B. ANTIABIS toxic4ria, Leseh. Urtieclcece. Upas Tree of Java. The juice and gum are virulently poisonon.s, and it was once supposed that no life could exist in the neigh- borhood of the tree, but this is false. The tree has been grown in botanic gardens. See Hooker, in Companion to Botanical Magazine. Gn. 12, p. 407. ANTID£SMA( Greek, for and fcanrf, the bark oi A.Bu- nius being used for cordage). UnpJwrbiAcecp. Tropical trees or shrubs, with simple, entire Ivs. and inconspicuous unisexual fls., in spikes : fr. a 1-seeded little drupe. Bilnius, Spreng. A tree with dark green foliage and small, round berries of a subacid taste, much used for preserves : the bark yields a fiber. Adapted to S. Calif, and S. Fla. Malay. - Cult, in S. Calif. ANTtGONON (name from the Greek). Polygondeea. Tropical tendril-climbers : sepals 5, colored and petal- like, the 2 interior ones narrower ; stamens 8 ; styles 3, and ovary 3-angled : Ivs. alternate and entire : fls. in racemes, which end in branching tendrils. ISptopus, Hook. & Arn. Mountain Rose. Rosa de Montana. San Miguelito. Probably the only species cult, in this country. Stem slender and tall, glabrous, or nearly so : Ivs. cordate and acuminate, or hastate- ovate, 3-5 in. long : fls. 6-1.5 in the raceme, handsome rose- pink. Mex. B.M. 5816. G.C. Ill 17: 797.-One of the hand- somest summer - blooming greenhouse climbers, requir- ing abundance of light ; usu- ally grown from seeds, but also from cuttings. In the S. it blooms freely in the open, pre- f errmg sunny and hot places ; protect the root well in win- ter or plant deep. It is tu- berous-rooted. Give plenty of water when in fl., but keep dry when at rest. 6uatemaI6nse,Meissn. (A. insigne. Mast.). Pubescent: Ivs. broad- er: fls. more numerous, the sepals nearly twice longer (1 in. long) than in the last. Guatemala. G.C. II. 7:789. L. H. B. ANTIRRHlNnM (Greek, snout-flower). Scrop hit la r i dcete. Snapdragon. Over 60 species of herbs, na- tives to the Old and New World, in warm temperate regions. Lvs. usually opposite below and generally entire, never com- pound : corolla saccate or gibbous at base, but not spurred, personate or closed at the throat : stamens 4. Closely al- lied to Linaria, from which it differs in the spurless fls. Snapdragons are flowered either in the open or under glass. The common varieties are forms of A . vwjus, and are perennial, although the first crop of bloom is usually the only one which is desired. Most of the varieties of this species are hardy in the N. if well covered during winter. Seeds sown very early in the spring, especially under frames, and transplanted, produce blooming plants the same season. It is usual, however, if early bloom is desired, to sow the seeds in Aug. or Sept., and cover 101. Antirrhi bud (X 14). 100. Younp spike of a dwarf form of Antirrhinum majus (X ^''3). the plants with a mulch on the approach of cold weather. These fall-sown plants may be transplanted into pots (or grown in them from the first) and flowered in the house. For forcing in this way. Snapdragons are very satisfac- tory. The temperature and treatment required for gera- niums and carnations suit them well. Dwarf vars. are used for edgings. a. Common Snapdragons, strictly erect. mkjvis, Linn. Common or Large Snapdragon. Fig. 100. Perennial, or practically a biennial under cult.: 1-3 ft., not downy except in the fl. -cluster : lvs. oblong or lanceolate, entire, sometimes variegated : fls. large, long-tubular, with spreading, very irregular lobes, in an elongated terminal spike or raceme. In many colors and varieties (ranging from red and purple to white), in forms both tall and dwarf. Mediterranean region : sometimes running wild about gardens. A. F. 9:909; 13:949. I. H. 41:22. A.G. 17:379. F.E. 7: 711. -There are double forms. Some of thevarietal names used by hor- ticulturists are dlbum, blcolor, cocctneuvi, variegdtHm. Ordntium, Linn. Small Snapdragon. A low, slender annual, with linear lvs. and small fls. purple or white (M in. long) in the axils. An occasional weed in cult, grounds, 6 in. or less high ; not cult. aa. Native species, producing tendril-like branches in the inflorescence. Orcuttianum, Gray. Slender, 2-4 ft., glabrous: corolla Ys in. long, white or violet, lower lip not much larger than the upper : lower lvs. spatulate-lanceolate, the up- per linear. Annual. Lower and S. Calif. Int. by Orcutt in 1891. AAA. Climbing vine. maurandioldes, Gray {Maurandia antirrhinifldra, Willd.). Pig. 101. Climbing 2-S ft. by means of the coiling petioles and peduncles : lvs. 3-lobed, halberd- shape : fls. axillary, 1 in. or more long, violet or purple, handsome. Tex. to Calif. B.M. 1643.— Attractive plant for the window, cool greenhouse or conservatory. Suitable for baskets. l^ jj_ r^ ANTBOPHYUM (Greek, ffroiciKg in caverns). Poly- podi&cew. A genus of inconspicuous, simple-leaved ferns rarely found in cultivation. Require high temp. &.'£'&'&&. {Greek, undivided). Graminecf. One or two European and Asian grasses of the tribe Agyostideo'. A . arundindcea, Hook., is a tender grass from New Zea- land, of erect habit and exceedingly long, pendulous panicles, grown under glass ; but it really belongs to the genus Stipa. G.C. III. 22 : 283. Likely to come into American trade. APHANANTHE (Greek, aphanes, inconspicuous, and anthe, flower). [Irticdcece. Trees or shrubs : lvs. alternate, petiolate, serrate : fls. monoecious, inconspic- uous ; staminate in corymbs; pistillate single, axillary: APHANANTHE APIOS 75 fr. a drupe. Three species in Jap. and Austral. Prop, by seeds or periijips in the same way as Celtis, and also by grafting on Oeltis. aspera, Planch. Small tree : Ivs. ovate, oblique, acu- minate, serrate, 2M— i in. long, rough to the touch : tls, greeui.sh, with the Ivs.: drupe globular, black, slender- stalked. Jap. — Not hardy N., with slender branches, not much different in appearance from Celtic occlden- talis. Little known in this country. Alfred Rehder. APHELANDRA (Greek-made name). Acanlhdceie. Ni-;irly 70 s[H.ics of evergreen tropical American shrubs, grow 11 ill liciiliouses forthe fine foliage and showy 4-sided terminal .spikes of red or yellow gaudy-bracted fls. Of easy culture, if given plenty of diffused light in the grow- ing season, and plants are not allowed to become tall and leggy. It is well to grow new plants frequently. Prop, by seeds when obtainable, or by cuttings of partially ripened wood at any season. They bloom in axitiimn, but can readily be brought into flower at other seasons. When done blooming, the plants should be rested in an intermediate temperature, kept rather dry, but not al- lowed to wilt or shrivel. Require treatment of Justicias, and thrive along with Allamandas and Poinsettias. L. H. B. All Aphelandras like a stovehouse temperature and a light leaf -mold, with a liberal proportion of .sand. They should not be kept very wet in winter. They propagate readily from cuttings and seeds. The leading trade names are A . aitratifinca, chrysops, Fascinator^ Stxzlii. A. chrifsops is one of the handsomest of the group. H. A. SlEBRECHT. A. Fls. ill sliades of yellow. Chamissoniana, Nees. (.1. punctdta, Bull). Lvs. ob- loni: - linirii.late or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, the ceuT.T tiundt'd with white, and white dots running off towards the margin, the midrib green : fls. and spiny bracts bright yellow. S. Amer. I.H. 29:457. B.M. 6627. squarrdsa, Nees. {A. Le.opoldi, Hort. A. chrysops, Hort. ). Lvs. large, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acuminate, dark green above (pale below), with white rib and main veins : fls. bright yellow and much exserted beyond the yellow crenate-dentate bracts. Braz. A. sqiiarrdsa itself is probably not in cult., the showy plant in the trade (and described above) being called A. squarrdsa. var. Leopoldi by VanHoutte (F.S. 9: 889). — One of the most showJ^ Blanchetiina, Hook. f. (A. amaena. Bull). St. thick and stout : lvs. ovate-acuminate, with many pairs of con- spicnoiis nerves, green, the midrib, and often the main veins, white: fls. dark yellow, exceeding the long, entire, cusp-pointed red scales : spike sessile. Braz. B.M. 7179. — Known in the trade as A. amcena, having been described under that name before it had flowered in cult. AA. Fls. orange, verging to scarlet. aurantlaca, Lindl. Lvs. ovate-elliptic, deep green above, light green below, strongly veined, but not parti- colored, slightly wavy edged : fls. orange, with a tinge of scarlet, the spreading limb overhanging the greenish sharp-toothed scales. Mex. B.M. 4224. B.R.31:12. Var. Eizlii, Nicholson (A.Hceslei, Carr. ). Fls. with more scarlet; lvs. twisted, with silvery hue between the veins. Mex. — Showy and good. Not so tall as A. au- ra ntiaca. AAA. Fls. red. Fascinator, Lind. & Andre. Lvs. ovate to ovate-ellip- tic, the rib and veins widely margined with interlocking bands of white, the under surface purple : fls. large, brilliant vermilion, obscuring the inconspicuous bracts. New Granada. LH. 21:164. — Very showy and desirable. A. atrdvirens, N. E. Brown. Dwarf: lvs. very dark green above and purplish beneath : fls. yellow, 1 in. long. Braz. I.H. 31: 527. — A. cristala, R.Br. Lvs. ovate-elUptic, green: fls. dark red.very long and curving, 2-3 in. Long known. W. Ind. B.M. 1578.— A. Liboniana, Linden. Dwarf : lvs. ovate and long-acii- minate, with a white rib, green below ; fls. deep yellow, small, scarcely exserted beyond the red bracts. Braz.? B.M. 5463.— A. Macedoiana, Lind. & Rod. Said to be a form of A. atrovi- rens. Lvs. with white rib and main veins. Braz. LH. 33< 583. —A. Margaritce, Hort. Lvs. elliptic-aeuminate, barred with white. piUT)le below : fls. yellow, the bracts strong-toothed. Once catalogued by John Saul. Braz. G.C. III. 2 : 585.— J.. nUens, Hook. Compact : lvs. ovate, thick, shining green above, dark purple beneath : fls. vermilion-scarlet, large, the bracts rot showy. New Granada. B.M. 5741. Gn. 48:1027. — A. orientdlis, offered in America, is possibly a form of some well known species. I H B AFlCBA (not bitter, from the Greek). LiUAceo!, tribe Alolnea. Shortly caulescent small succulents : lvs. spirally arranged or crowded along the stem : fls. green- ish, often striped with white, straight, tubular or pris- matic, with short, flat or spreading white limb surpass- ing the stamens. Cape region. Agave house or cactus house ; suitable for rockeries during the summer. Prop, like Aloe. Monogr. by Baker. G.C. II. 11: 717 (1879) ; Journ. Linn. Soc. Hot. 18: 216. A. Lvs. as broad as long, acuminate, horizontal. folioldsa.Willd. (Aide folioldsa. Haw. Haw6rthia tolio- Idsa , Haw. ) . Lvs. densely crowded, thin-margined, very acuminate, smooth, serrulate : fls. smooth. Cape. B.M, 1352. AA. Lt's. more elongated, thick, acute, erect or ascending, except in age. B. Fls. stnooth. 4spera,WilId. {Albedspera,}I&vr. ffaicMMa dspera. Haw.). Lvs. small, crowded, finely tuberculate, rough- ened on the back and margin, only the uppermost erect. Capo. pentAgona, Willd. {Aide pentdgona. Haw., not Jacq. n.iworlhiii pentdgona. Haw.). Fig. 102. " from slightly concave and angled becoming biconvex ; 5-ranked ; finely pale-tuber- culate on back and margin. Cape. B.M.1338.-Includes several forms : Var. Wil- dendvii, Baker ; var. bullu- Uta, Willd. (Aldebiilliddta, Jacq.); var. spirilla, Baker (Aide spirilla, Salm. Ea- wdrthia spirHla, Haw.). BB. Fls. rough-tuberculate. spirilla, Bak. (A. imbri- cdta, Willd. Aide spir&lis, Linn., not Haw. Hawdr- thia imbricd.ta,Il&w.). Lvs. small, irregularly dispersed, smooth, the margin and keel denticulate. Cape. B. M. 1455. Other species are; A. bicari- 7idta, Haw. (Aloe bicarinata, Spreng.) ; A.co7if;es(a,Bak.(Aloe congesta, Salm.) ; A. deltoldea, B.ak. (Aloe deltoidea, Hook. f.). B.M. 6071. William Tbelease. 102. Apicra pcntagona. AFIOS {pear, from the Greek, alluding to the shape of the tubers). Legumindsce. Perhaps half a dozen species in N. Amer. and Asia, of twining, tuberous-rooted pin- nate-leaved herbs. Fls. in dense, short racemes : pod linear and flat, several-seeded. A light soil and sunny place are essential to free growth. Under these con- ditions, the plant covers a trellis or other support in a comparatively short time. tuberdsa, Mdnch. Groundnut. Wild Bean. Four to 8 ft., climbing over bushes : root bearing strings of edible tubers, 1-2 in. long: leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate : fls. fragrant, chocolate-brown, the standard very broad and turned back, the keel long, incurved and of scythe- shape. July-Aug. G.W.F. 44. — Commoninlowgrounds. The fruit often fails to mature. Prop, by the tubers, 2 to 4 of which should be planted together at a depth of 3 or 4 inches ; also, by seeds. Grows well in the wild border, in any loose, rich soil. Likely to become a weed in rockeries. A. Fdrtunei, M.axim., is occasionally cult, in Japan for its small, ovate, edible tubers. A.G. 1892:77.— jl. Priceana, Robin- son, native to Kentucky, may be expected to appear in the trade. The root is a single large tuber, becoming 6 or 7 in. in diam.: fls. greenish white, tinged with rose-purple or magenta. A vig- orous climber, first described in 1898 (Bot. Gaz. 25:451, with illustration). j g^ Keller and L. 11. 3 76 APIUM. See Celej APLfiCTRUM (Greek, "■!"' "IS/""-). Oi-chicldreo-. A small orchid, with smallish dull-colored fis, in a raceme, ou a leafless scape, which springs from a large corm-like tuher. Single species, in woods in the N. states. hyem&Ie, Nutt. Putty Root. Adam-and-Eve. Pig. 103. Sends up a pointed green If. 2-6 in. long, whicli lasts through the winter, and in spring a stalk about a foot high, bearing a raceme of rather large greenish brown fls., which are succeeded by hanging, oblong-pointed pods (Pig. 10;{). Hardy. May be grown in rich, loamy borders. Interesting, but not APLOPAPPUS (Greek, simplr pappus}, ^yu., Saplopappiis. Cow- positfv. About 115 species, mostly from California and Chili. Pis. yel- low, in summer and autumn. The onlv species known to be in Ameri- can trade is lanugindsus, Gray. Hardy alpine herb, woolly, 4 in. high, from creep- ing rootstocks : Ivs. soft, narrowly spatulate, or upper linear, 1-2 in. long : rays 15-20. Mts. of Wash, and Mont. Int. 1889, by F. H. Hors- ford. A. crlcoides. Hook. & Am. Shrub, 2-."> ft. high: Ivs. very uumerons, filiform,' those of the dense fascicles 2 or 3 lines long: fls. very numerous. G.C. III. 20: 301, APbCYNUM (Greek for dog bane) Apociiiithia. Dou-BANE. Indian Hemp. Tough perennial herbs, chieflj of N. Temp, zone, with oblong oi ovate opposite Ivs., milkweed-like fls in small cymes, and slender follicle^ or pods. About 25 species, 3 or 4 nati\ e to N. Amer. androssemifdlium, Linn. Three ft or less high, usually glabrous the branches spreading : lobes of coroll i revolute and tube of corolla longer than the calyx : Ivs. oval or o\ ate short-petioled: cymes loose: fls bell like, white or pink. N. states com mon. B. M. 280. D. 189.-Sold by dealers in native plants. Useful for the hardy border. cannAbinum, Linn. Branches erect or nearly so: lobes of corolla nearly erect, the tube not longer than calyx: Ivs. ovate to lance-oblong, short- petioled : cymes dense: fls. greenish white. N. states: common.— Not known to be in the trade, but apt to be confounded with the above. APONOGfiTON (Greek name, re- ferring to its habitat in the water). Naiaddee(e. About 20 tropical or sub- 103. Fruit of Aplec- tropical water plants. Fls. in twin trum hycmale. terminal spikes, wholly naked, but Nearly natural size, subtended by a double row of petal- like bracts. distichyum, Thunb. Cape Pond-weed. Water Haw- THOKN (from the fragrance). Forked spikes 4-8 in. long, with several pairs of pure white bracts, borne on the emersed ends of long scapes : fls. very fragrant, with purple anthers : Ivs. with very long petioles, the blade floating, oblong-lanceolate, round-based, parallel-veined, 3-« in. long. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1293. P.R. 1:463. P.G. 4: 106. — A charming and interesting plant. In a protected pool, especially if it can be covered in winter, the plant is hardy in the N., blooming nearly all summer. Removed to tubs in the fall, it blooms nearly all winter ; or it can be grown permanently in tubs or deep pans in the house. Requires about 2 ft. of water, APPLE or out-of-doors it may have twice that depth. Prop. chiefly by seeds, but fls. should be pollinated and kept above water at least 24 hours afterwards, and seeds not be allowed to become dry. Var. Lagr^ngei, Hort. (A. Lagraitijei, Hort.), is a rare and beautiful variety, with violet bracts and Ivs. violet beneath. It props, slowly. R.H. 1895:380. l. H. B. APPLE. BosAcerp. TheApple is native to southwestern Asia and ad,iacent Europe. It has been cultivated from time immemorial. Charred remains of the fruit are found in the prehisttoric lake dwellings of Switzerland. Now widely cultivated and immensely variable, it is grown in every temperate climate, and is the most important commercial pomological fruit. TheApple has come from two original stems. All the commonApples are modiflcations of Pijrus Mains (see Pi/rus), a low round-headed tree, with thick and fuzzy, irregularly dentate, short-stemmed leaves and fairly com- pact clusters of wooUystemmed flowers. The crab- apples are derived from Pyrus baccafa , commonly known as the Siberian crab. This species is probably of more northern or eastern origin than the other. It is of smoother and more wiry growth, with narrower and thinner es- sentially glabrous long-stemmed leaves, and more open clusters of glabrous-stemmed flowers. The fruit is small and hard, and the calyx- lobes fall at maturity, leaving the eye or basin of the fruit smooth and plain. Hybrids be- tween these species have given the race of large-fruited 104 A ten year old Nebraska Apple orchard The trunks aro protected from the sun by board jacket?,. crab-apples, of which the Transcendent and Hyslop are examples. This race is known to botanists as Pyrus prunifolia. CertainApples are native to North America. Two species, Pyrus Joensis and P, corotwria, are of in- terest to the poraologist. The former is the prairie- states crab, and is the more promising. In characters of growth, leaves and flowers, it bears a striking resem- blance to forms of Pyrus Malus, The fruit is spherical or spherical-oblong, short-stemmed, very hard, and re- mains green-colored. The fruit of the eastern-states crab, Pyrus coronar'ia, is distinctly flattened endwise, and is long-stemmed. The leaves are deep-cut and often three-lobed. There are no improved varieties of this eastern species, and no authentic hybrids between it and the common Apples. The fruit is sometimes used by set- tlers, but it has little comestible value. Pyrus loensis has produced a number of promising hybrids with the common Apple, and this mongrel race is known as Pyrus Soulardi. The Soulard crab is the best known of these. Its value lies only in its extreme hardiness. The pomo- logical value of the native crabs is prospective. For a completer account of the native Apples, see Bailey "Evolution of our Native Fruits." The most perfect Apple region of this country — consid ering nroductiveness, quality, long-keeping attributes, longevity of tree — is that which begins with Nova Scotia and extends to the west and southwest to Lake Michigan. Other important regions are the Piedmont country of Virginia and the highlands of adjacent states, the Plains regions, the Ozark and Arkansas region, and the Pacific APPLE APPLE 77 region, the last comprising the foothills in California and the country to the northward. All parts of the United States north of Florida and the Gulf horders, and exclud- ing the warm-temperate parts of the Southwest and the Pacific coast, are adapted to the Apple in greater or lesser degree. North America is the leading Apple-growing country of the world. A full crop for the United States and Canada, of all kinds and grades, is prohably not less than 100,000,000 barrels. The Apple is a cosmopolitan fruit ; and since it thrives almost anywhere, it is com- monly neglected. The plants which are most difficult to cultivate are the ones which are best cultivated. The Apple was early introduced into this country. In the early days it was prized chiefly for cider. It is an ancient and commonnotion that any Apple is good enough for cider ; and this is one reason forthe neglect in which the Apple plantation is commonly allowed to stand. The best results in Apple-growing are to be expected when the land is tilled. The reasons for tilling the orchard are those which apply to other crops, — to make plant-food available, to extend the area in which the roots can grow, to conserve moisture. It is especially important, in our hot and sunny country, that the roots extend deep enough to escape the disastrous effects of drought. The ideal treatment of orchard land is to fit the ground deep before the trees are planted, to plow deep for a year or two or three in order to force the roots down and to thoroughly ameliorate the soil, and to practice shallow tillage in order to conserve moisture. {See Tillage.) Since trees make 105. A good New York Apple orchard at 25 years. most of their growth early in the season, the tillage should be begun as soon as the land is lit in spring; and it may be discontinued by midsummer or August. This cessation of the tillage allows of the growing of some cover crop or catch crop (see Cover- crops) late in the season, in order to secure humus and to improve the physical tex- ture of the soil. If the land is well handled in the first few years, it will not be necessary to turn a furrow in the orchard thereafter, but merely to loosen the surface in the spring with a spading harrow, spring-tooth harrow, or other tool, in order to reestablish the surface mulch. The only reasons for turning a furrow will occur when the land is so hard that the surface tools cannot mellow the surface, or when it is desirable to turn under a green- manure crop. Even hard lands may be got in such con- dition, by means of tillage and green-manures, that they may be worked up with harrow tools when the orchard comes into bearing. Plowing the orchard, therefore, has two legitimate objects : to mellow and ameliorate the land to a considerable depth, so that the roots may forage deep ; to turn under a cover crop. The former purpose should not be necessary after the first few plowings. An incidental object of plowing is to facilitate the making of the annual surface mulch ; and this mulch is to save the moisture. The Apple thrives in a variety of soils, but it is most productive and longest-lived on land which has a con- siderable original admixture of clay: that is, in a clay loam. Lands which yield good crops of wheat and corn may be expected to be goodApple lands, if other condi- tions are right. Rolling, inclined, or somewhat elevated Lands are generally considered to be most desirable. Their value lies in the better drainage of water and air. The trees may be set in either fall or spring. Forty feet apart each way is the standard distance for Apple trees • but some varieties, as the Wag- ener and the crabs, may be set closer. In the South and on the Plains, trees may be set closer, as they do not attain such great size as in the northeastern states. In general, it is best to devote the land to Apples alone; but persons who are willing to give the plantation the best of care may plant other trees between theApples, as fill- ers. The more diverse the kinds of trees which are planted together, the more jog. ^pple badly attacked by difficult It IS to give^ the j^^ ^^^i,. proper care to each, ^ome of the shorter-lived varieties of Apples make excellent fillers in the Apple orchard : and in special cases dwarf Apples may be used. It should be the general purpose to till the Apple orchard throughout its life; but whenever the trees seem to be growing too rapidly, the plantation may be seeded down for a time. That is, tillage is the general practice; seeding down is the special practice. For the first few years, annual crops may be grown in the Apple orchard; but every year a more generous open space should be left about the trees. Till as often as the land becomes crusted or baked. On strong soils which are well han- dled, it is rarely necessary to apply concentrated fertil- izers until the trees are old enough to bear. What fer- tilizers are then needed, and how much to apply, are to be determined by the behavior of the trees. If the trees are making insufficient growth, and the foliage lacks color, one or all of three things may be the trouble ; the trees may need water ; they may be suffering from in- sects or disease ; they may lack nitrogen. If it is thought that they lack nitrogen, this material may be supplied in the form of nitrate of soda, sulfate of ammonia, or the unburned animal substances, as blood and tankage. Two to three hundred pounds to the acre of the nitrate of soda or sulfate of ammonia are liberal applications on well- tilled lands. If the trees are making vigorous growth, the probability is that they are not in need of more nitro- gen. Potash and phosphoric acid may then be applied. Three hundred pounds of muriate of potash, or other concentrated material, should be sufficient for an acre, under ordinary conditions. As a rule, all orchards in full bearing should have a liberal annual application of fertilizing materials. In the East, Apple trees shoulu iie in profitable bearing at 10 years from planting, and should continue in that condition for .30 years. The two staple enemies of the Apple are the apple- worm (the larva of the codlin-moth), and the apple-scab (Pig. 106). These are readily held in check by spraying, — with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with Bor- deaux mixture for the scab, (^ee Spraying.) Spraying for the worm should be performed as soon as the last 107. Ready for the first general spraying. petals fall ; for the scab as soon as the buds are well burst (Fig. 107). In badly infected regions and on very susceptible varieties, it may be necessary to spray first forthe scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects (as canker-worms, case-bearers, bud-moth) which appear 78 APPLESEED before the flowers open, it is advisable to add Paris green or other arsenical poison to the Bordeaux mixture at the early spraying. The number of times to spray depends lOa. Spur and iruit- bud of Apple. upon the thoroughness of the worli, the pests to be cora- batted, and the season ; but it is a g:ood rule to expect to spray with the combined Bordeaux and Paris green mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals have fallen. In the Plains country, less spraying may be necessary for the fungous diseases. TheApple commonly bears on spurs. The fruit-bud is distinguished by its greater size (usually somewhat thicker than its branch), its greater width in proportion to its length, and more conspicuous pubescence. It is also distinguished by its position. A fruit-bud is shown in Fig. 108. A fruit-scar is shown near the base of the branch. If this fruit was borne in 1898, the side branch grew in 1890, from a bud which came into existence in 1898. If we go back to the spring of 1898, the matter can be made plain. A cluster of flowers appeared. One flower set a fruit (Pig. 109). This Apple is at the end of the branchlet or spur. The spur cannot increase in length in the same axis. Therefore, a bud appears on the side (Fig. 110). The fruit absorbs the energies of the spur. There is little nourishment left for the bud. The bud awaits its opportunity ; the following year it grows into a branchlet and makes a fruit-bud at its end (Fig. 108); and thereby there arises an alternation in fruit-bearing. The Apple is budded or root-grafted upon common Apple seedlings. These seedlings are usually grown from .">^ -t _^„-«*»saa^ ^^ no. Showinc the side bud which : the spur the foUowine yea seeds obtained from cider mills. In the East, budded trees are preferred. In the West, root-grafted trees are preferred, largely because own-rooted trees of known hardiness can be secured. (See Graftage.) In Russia. seedlings of Pi/rus baccata are used as stocks. They prevent root-killing, and give earlier fruit-bearing. Ap- ples are dwarfed by working them on various kinds of Paradise and Doucin stocks. These stocks are merely naturally dwarf forms of the common apple, and which. in some remote time, have originated from seeds. Dwarf Apples are much grown in Europe, where small-area cul- tivation and wall-training are common, but they are lit- tle known in America. Apple trees are iisually planted when two or three years old. The varieties of Apple trees actually on sale in North America in any year are not far from 1.000 kinds. Each great geographical area has varieties which are particu- larly adapted to it. In the northern Mississippi valley, there are few of the eastern-states Apples which thrive. Varieties have been introduced from Russia with the expectation that they will be adapted to the region; but more is to be expected of their progeny than of them- selves. Varieties of local origin, coming froin various stem types, are now providing that country with satis- factory Apples. In the selection of varieties, one should be guided by this adaptation to the region, and by the pur- pose for which the fruit is designed to be grown. Con- sult the recom- mended lists of the state horti- cultural socie- ties ; ask per- sons who have had experience in the given r<' gion ; write i" the experimciii station; enquii e at the markets. The leading commercial va- rieties in North America are Al- bemarle Pippin. American Gol- den Russet, As- trachan, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Pearniain, Duchess of Oldenburg, Fameuse, Gillirtower, Gravenstein, Janet, King, Lawver, Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, New- town Pippin, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleasant, Pennock, Rhode Island Greening, Rome Beautv, Shocklev, Twenty Ounce, Wealthv. Willow Twig, Wolf River. York Imperial. See Plate I. Bald- win and Ben Davis, the former of inferior quality and the latter of worse, hold the supremacy in American market Apples. The Apples of the eastern and central country tend toward flattened or oblate shape (Fig. 111). The typi- cal form of the so-called long or conical American Apple may be seen in Fig. 110. The Apples of Europe are often distinctly attenuated and ribbed at the apex (Fig. 112); and this "form is also accented in the regions beyond the Rockies. Three books devoted wholly to the apple have ap- peared in North America: Warder, Apples, 1867 (the best); Todd, Apple Culturist, 1871; Bailey, Field Notes on Apple Culture, 1886. Consult, also. Vol. 25, Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 1894 ; The Apple, a report of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1898. Nearly all the fruit manuals devote space to the apple. L. H. B. APPtESEED, JOHNNY. An interesting and eccen- tric character, who sowed apple seeds in the wilds of Ohio and Indiana between 1801 and 1847. His real name was Jonathan Chapman. He was born in Boston in 1775, and died in 1847. For 46 years he walked bare- foot through the wilderness, and vas never harmed by snakes, wild animals, or Indians. He was often clad in a coffee-sack, in which he made holes for the arms and legs. He would never kill any creature, and considered pruning and grafting wicked. Swedenborg and the 111. The flat apple. 112. An Ir: Yellow Transparent, one of the popular summer Apples 113. Apricot leaves. P. Mume on left ; P. Armeniaca on right. APPLESEED Mew Testament he read aloud in many frontier log cabins. He had many peculiarities, but was always welcomed and respected everywhere. la the war of 1812 he saved many lives by warning the settlers of Hull's surrender and the approach of the Indians. He lived to see trees bearing fruit over a territory of 100,000 .icres. The story of this self-sacrificing and useful man is told by W. D. Haley in Harper's, 43:830-836 (1871). y^. M. APRICOT, Jtosdcrw. The Apricot is a fruit some- what intermediate between the peach and the plum. The tree is a ruund-headed, spreading grower, with dark, somewhat peach-like bark, and very broad or al- most circular leaves. The fruit, which generally ripens in advance of both the peach and plum, is peach-like in shape and color, with a smoother skin, rich, yellow flesh and large. fl:it. siiincith stone. The flesh is comiiiciiily Iiss juicy than that of the pi-;ii'h. and. as a rule, perhaps, of liiijlii-r (luality. The Apricots are of three species, all probably native of Chinaor Japan. The common Apricot of Europe and America is Prunus Armeni- ara : fr. variable, but smooth at maturity, red or yellow, the sweet and firm flesh free, or very nearly so, from the large, smooth, flat stone : tree with a round, spread- ing top, and a reddish, cherry-like or peach-like bark: lvs.(Fig. 113, right) ovate or round -ovate, with a short point and, sometimes a heart-shaped base, thin and bright green, smooth, or very nearly so below, as are the gland-bearing stalks, the margins rather obtusely and mostly finely serrate : fls. pink-white and borne singly, sessile or very nearly so, preceding the leaves (Pig. 116). The Russian Apricot is a hardy but smaller-fruited race of this species. The Japanese Apricot, in Japan grown for flowers rather than for fruit, is Prunus Mume : fr. small, yellowish or greenish, the flesh rather hard and dry, and adhering tightly to the pitted stone : tree like the commonApricot, but with a grayer or greener bark and duller foliage : Ivs. grayish green, generally narrower (Fig. 113, left) and long-pointed, more or less hairy along the veins be- low and on the shorter mostly glandless stalk, thick in texture and prominently netted beneath : fls. fragrant, borne singly or in 2's, and sessile (without stalks). Only recently introduced into this cotintry, chiefly under the name of Bungoume plura. The third s-»ecies is the purple or black Apricot, Prunus dasycarpa, which is little cultivated: fr. globular and somewhat plum-like, with a distinct stem, pubescent or fuzzy even at ma- turity, dull dark purple, the sourish, soft flesh clinging to the jilum-like fuzzy stone: tree round-headed, with much the habit of the common Apricot, with Ivs. ovate and mure or less tapering at both ends, thin, dull green, on slender and pubescent mostly glandless stalks, finely appressed-serrate, and hairy on the veins below: fis. large and plum-like, blush, solitary or in 2's, on pubes- cent stalks a half-inch or more long, and appearing in advance of the leaves. See Prunus for related species. The Apricot-plum, Prunus Simonii, is discussed under Plum. The Apricot is as hardy as the peach, and it thrives in the same localities and under the same general cultiva- tion and treatment, but demands rather strong soil. It is grown commercially in New York and other eastern states. There are three chief reasons why the Apricot has remained in comparative obscurity in the East : Ignorance of the fruit; loss of crop by spring frosts, because of the very early season of blooming of the Apricot; the fondness of the curculio for the fruit. To these may be added the fact that we have not yet ar- rived at an understanding of the best stocks upon which tobud the Apricot; but this difficulty may be expected to disappear as soon as greater attention is given to the truit and our nurserymen begin to propagate it exten- sively. Aside from the above difficulties, there are profj- ably no reasons why Apricots should not be grown in the East as easily as plums or peaches. The varieties of APRICOT 79 Apricots whicii aro chiefly prized iu the eastern states are Harris, Eariy Moorpark, and St. Ambroise for early: Turkish or Roman (Fig. 114), Montgamet, Royal and Moorpark for mid-season and late. Of the Russian race, the best known are Alexander, Gibb, Budd, Alexis, Nicholas, and Catherine. The ideal soil for the Apricot seems to be one which is deep and dry, and of a loamy or gravelly character. The rolling loamy lands which are well adapted to apples seem to be well suited to the Apricot, if the exposure and location are right. The Apricot seems to be particu- larly impatient of wet feet, and many of the failures are due to retentive subsoils. Particular attention should be given to the location and exposure of the Apricot orchard. In the East, the best results are obtained if the plantation stands upon elevated land near a large body of water, for there the spring frosts are not so serious as elsewhere. Generally, a somewhat backward exposure, if it can be obtained, is desirable, in order to retard blooming. Apricots will be sure to fail in frosty localities. The Apricot should always be given clean culture. For the first two or three years some hoed crop may be grown between the trees, but after that the trees should be allowed the entire land, particu- larly if set less than 20 feet apart. Cultivation should I^e stopped late in summer or early in the fall, in order to allow the wood to mature thoroughly. The trees are pruned in essentially the same way as plums. The fruit- buds are borne both upon spurs (two are shown iu Fig. 115). and also on the wood of the last season's growth, <»n either side of the leaf -bud, as shown in the twin and triplet buds above a in Fig. 115. Each bud contains a single naked flower (Fig. IIG). As the fruit begins to swell, the calyx-ring is forced off over the top (Fig. Ill) ; and the injury from curculio may then be expected. When grown under the best conditions, the Apricot may be considered to be nearly or quite as productive as the peach. Like other fruit trees, it bears in alter- nate years, unless the crops are very heavily thinned; but it can never be recommended for general or indis- criminate planting. Only the best fruit-growers can succeed with it. Apricots are to be considered as a dessert or fancy fruit, and, therefore, should be neatly packed in small and tasty packages. The most serious enemy of the Apricot is the curculio, the same insect which attacks the plum and peach. It seems to have a particular fondness for theApricot, and as the fruit sets very early the crop may be expected to be destroyed un- less the most vigilant means are employed of fighting the insect. Sprayingwith arsenical poisons is uncertain. The insect must be caught by jarring the trees, in the ==^r. "^sgr—* **^«'. 114. Apricot, the Roman (X J.J. same manner as on plums and peaches, but the work must be even more thoroughly done than upou those fruits. The jarring should begin as soon as the blos- soms fall, and continue as long as the insects are iiu- merous enough to do serious damage. It will usually be 80 APRICOT APRICOT uecessary to catch the insects for three to sis weeks, two or three times a week, or, perhaps, even every day. The work must be done early in the morning, while the cur- cnlio is indisposed to fly. The operation consists in knocking the insects from the tree by a quick jar or shake, catching them upon a white sheet or in a canvas hopper. The catcher most commonly used in western New York is a strong cloth hopper mounted upon a wheelbarrow-like frame, and running upon two wheels. The hopper converges into a tin box, into which the curculios roll as they fall upon the sheet. One man wheels the device, by barrow-like handles, under the tree, then drops the handles and jars the tree ; or some- times two men go with a machine, one wheel- ing it and the other jarring the trees. This device is used extensively by practical fruit- growers for catching the curculio on the vari- ous stone fruits, , It is not yet certain what are the best stocks for Apricots in the East, in commercial or- chards. It is probable that no one stock is best under all circumstances. The Apricot root itself seems to be impatient of our cold and wet soils, which are drenched by the drain- age of winter. It needs a very deep and rich soil, but it is doubtful if it is safe for the East. The common plum {not myrobalan) is an excellent stock for plum soils, and the Apri- cot does well either nursery-budded or top- worked upon it. Peach is probably the com- monest stock, and, for peach soils, it is prob- ably the best that can be used. If the Apricot thrives upon various stocks, it is thereby adapted to many soils. The Apricot is often trained on walls, where the fruit reaches the highest perfection. Care should be taken that the wall does not face to the east or the south, or the early-forced flowers may be caught by frost. An over- lianging cornice will aid greatly in protecting from frost. L. H. B. The Apricot in California. — TheApricot is one of the lead- ing commercial fruits of Cali- fornia. It was introduced by the Mission Fathers, for Vancouver found it at the Santa Clara Mis- sion in 1792. However, there is no relation between this early peach, introduction and the expansion spurs. which quickly followed the Amer- ican occupation, because the Mis- sion Fathers had only seedling fruits, while the early American planters, shortly before the gold discovery, introduced the best French and English varieties, and were delighted to find that these sorts, usually given some protection in the Old World, grew with surpris- ing thrift of tree and size of fruit in valley situations in California in the open air. Upon these facts the Apri- cot rose to wide popularity. The acreage has steadily increased during the last fifty years, and with particu- larly swift rate during the last twenty years, until the number of trees at the present date ( 1899) is about three millions, occupying upwards of forty thousand acres of land. This notable increase, and the present prospect of much greater extension, is based upon the demand which has arisen for the fruit in its fresh, canned, dried and crystallized forms, in all the regions of the United States, in England and on the Continent, where, by reason of its superior size and acceptable manner of curing, it has achieved notable popularity. The year 1897 was the greatest thus far in amount of dried product realized, viz.: 30.000,000 pounds. The year 1895 was greatest in amount of canned product, which reached upwards of 360,000 cases, each containing two dozen 23^-pound cans. The shipment of fresh Apricots out of California during the summer of 1897 was 177 carloads. The chief part of the Apricot crop of California is grown in the interior valleys. In the low places in 115. Fruit- buds of the Apricot. Borne beside the leaf- bud, as on 1 and also oi these valleys, however, the fruit is apt to be injured an* sometimes almost wholly destroyed by spring frosts, al- though the trees make excellent growth. In ."oothiU situations adjacent to these valleys, there is also serious danger of frost above an elevation of about fifteen hun- dred feet above sea-level, and the tree is rarely planted for commercial purposes. In southern California the Apricot succeeds both in the coast and interior valleys. But along the coast northward, excepting the very im- portant producing regions of the Alameda and Santa Clara valleys, eastward and southward from the Bay of San Francisco, the Apricot is but little grown owing to frost troubles. In respect to these, the Apricot is some- what less subject to harm than the almond, but it is less hardy than the peach, and has, therefore, a much narrower range of adaptation. The average date of the blooming of Apricot varieties is about two weeks later than that of the almonds. The Apricot is adapted to a wide range of soils, because to the rather heavy, moist loams which its own root tolerates, it adds the lighter tastes of the peach root, tipon which it is very largely propagated. However, attempts to carry the Apricot upon heavier, moister soils by working it tipon the plum root have not been very successful, owing to the dwarf- ing of the tree; and the movement toward the light, dry loams, by working upon the almond root, has failed be- cause the attachment is insecure, and the trees are very apt to be snapped off at the joining, even though they may attain bearing age before the mishap occurs. The Apricot root itself is a favorite morsel with rodents, and is for that reason not largely used. Our main stay for the Apricot, then, is the peach root, and the soils which this root enjoys in localities sufficiently frost-free are, there- fore, to a great extent the measure of our Apricot area. Apricot trees are produced by budding on peach or Apricot seedlings during their first summer's growth in the nursery row, from pits planted when the ground is moist and warm, at any time during the preceding win- ter. When there is a great demand for trees, planting in orchard is sometimes done with dormant buds, but ordinarily the trees are allowed to make one summer's growth in the nursery. The trees branch during the first year's growth from the bud, and usually come to the planter with a good choice of low-starting branches, from which to shape the low-headed tree which is universally preferred. The method of securing such a tree is iden- tical with that already described for the almond, but the treatment of the tree after reaching bearing age, in its third year, is very different from the after treatment of the almond. The Apricot is a ram- pant grower and most profuse bearer. Unless kept continually in check it will quickly rush out of reach, and will destroy its low shoots and spurs by the dense shade of its thick, beautiful foliage. There is continually necessary, then, a cer- tain degree of thinning of the sur- plus shoots and shortening of the new growth to continue the system of low branching, to relieve the tree from an excess of bearing wood, and to avoid small fruit and exhaustion of the tree, resulting in alternate years of bearing. In the coast regions, where the tree makes moderate wood growth, it can be kept in good form and bearing by regular winter pruning. In warmer regions, where the tendency is to exuberant wood growth, the main pruning is done in the summer, immediately after the fruit is gathered. This has a tendency to check wood growth and promote fruit bearing, and where the main cutting is done in the summer, win- ter pruning is reduced to thinning out shoots, to prevent the tree from becoming too dense and to lessen the work of hand-thinning of the fruit later on. In addition, however, to the most intelligent prun- ing, much fruit must be removed by hand when there is a heavy set of it, in order to bring the fruit to a size 117. Young Apricots shedding the ring. APRICOT sAtisfiictory to shippers or canners, and to reach the hif^hest grades, if (Irying is practiced. CaliforniaApri- cot orchards are all grown with clean tillage, for the main purpose of moisture conservation. In regions of good rainfall and sufticientiy retentive loams no irrigation is required ; good tillage will suf- fice for the production of large fruit and perfection of fruit-buds for the following year. As the trees are becoming older and hearing larger crops the demand for moisture increases, and the use of irrigation water is grow- ing. In most places, however, one irrigation is sufficient, and that is given after fruit gather- ing, to carry the tree through the last half of its season's work. In the regularly irrigated regions of the state, water is periodically applied through the growing sea- son, in such amount and at such intervals as the local climate and soils require. Though probably all the good varieties of theApricot in the world have been introduced into California during the last half century, and scores of selected seedlings of local origin have been widely tested, the varieties which have survived the tests and are now widely grown are comparatively few in number. Most of the rejected varieties met this fate because of shy bearing, and those which now constitute the bulk of the crop are very regu- lar and full bearers under rational treatment. A local seedling, the Pringle, was for many years chiefly grown for the earliest ripening, but this has recently been largely superseded by another local seedling, the New- castle, which is of superior size and about as early. The European varieties, Large Early and Early Golilen, are fine in a few localities where they bear well, and do better in southern California than elsewhere. The uni- versal favorite is the Royal ; probably three-fourths of all the trees in the state are of this variety, though re- cently the area of the Blenheim has been increasing largely. The Hemskirk stands nest to the Blenheim in popularity. The Peach is largely grown in the Sacra- mento valley. The best Apricot grown in California is the Moorpark ; in size and lusciousness, when well ri- pened, it heads the list. It is, however, rather shy in bearing, and is forsaken for this fault in most regions. It shows the best behavior in the Santa Clara valley, and is there retained, in spite of frequent lapses, because of the high prices which it commands at the canneries. About a dozen other varieties are carried in small num- ber by the nurserymen to meet limited local demands. Apricots for canning and drying are graded according to size : Extra, not less than 2H inches in diameter ; No. 1, 2 inches ; No. 2, IK inches ; No. 3, I inch. The first three grades must be sound, clean and free from blemish, and No. 3 must be of good merchantable quality. The shippers and canners require well-colored but only firm-ripe fruit, because both the long rail transportation and the canning process require it ; soft-ripe fruit will neither can nor carry. For drying, riper fruit is used, and yet over-ripeness has to be guarded against to avoid too dark color. For canning, the fruit must be carefully hand-picked ; for drying, much is shaken from the trees. The drying process consists in cutting the fruit in halves longitudinally, dropping out the pits and plac- ing the halves cavity uppermost upon light wooden trays. Breaking or tearing the fruit open will not do ; it must show clean-cut edges. When the trays are cov- ered they are placed in a tight compartment, usually called a " sulfur box," though it may be of considerable size, and the fruit is exposed to the fumes of slowly burning sulfur, to ensure its drying to the light golden color which is most acceptable to the trade. The pro- duction of the right coHir is the end in view, and differ- ent dryers regulate the amount of sulfur and the length of exposure accordiuir to the condition of their fruit and their judgment of what it needs. The exposure varies from half an hour to two or three hours, according to circumstances. After sulfuring, the trays are taken to open ground, and the fruit is cured in the sun. Only a AQUARIUM 81 very small fraction of the California product of evapo- ratedApricots is cured in an evaporator. It requires about six pounds of fresb Apricots to make one pound of cured fruit. l-iar Aquarium. ) animal life would make a better eqtiilibr: A moderate estimate of the yield of Apricots might be placed at seven and one-half tons to tbe acre : extreme yields are far away from this both ways. TheApricot is, as a rule, a very healthy tree in Cali- fornia. It is, however, subject to injury by scale insects of the lecanium group in some parts of the state. Dur- ing recent years there has been increasing injury by a shot-hole fungus, which perforates the leaves and makes ugly pustules upon the fruit. Such fruit is unfit for panning except the fruit be peeled, which is little done as yet. It also makes low-grade dried product. This fungus can be repressed by fungicides of the copper '■'^*^- Edward J. Wickson. AQITABIITM. AnAquarium, to be in a healthy condi- tion, should contain living plants — oxygenators — which are as necessary as food, as fish cannot live on food only. The Aquarium must be kept clean. The sediment should be removed from the bottom with a dip tube twice a week, and the inner side of the glass cleaned with a wiper once a week. Encourage the growth of the plants at all seasons ; admit plenty of light, but no direct sun- shine. There should also be a few tadpoles and snails in the Aquarium. These are very essential, as they are scavengers, and devour the contervoid growth that fre- quently accumulates on the plants. In fall, give a thor- ough cleaning and rearrangement of theAquarium, so that all are in the best condition possible before winter sets in. In March it should be care- fully looked over, and undesirable plants removed or transplanted. Ad- ditions may be made, orany change if necessary. Fol- lowing are some of the best plants to place in the Aqua- rium, all of which can be easily and cheaply procured from dealers who make a specialty of aquatics: Cabomba viridifolia (C. Caroliniana), the Fanwort (sometimes called Washington Fish Grass, being found in quantities in D.C. and southward), is 82 AQUARIUM i made a most beautiful and interesting plant of a light green color. The leaf is fau-shaped, composed of tilameuts or ribs, much like a skeletonized leaf. Ludwigia Mn- lertfii is also a beautiful plant, as well as a valuable oxygenator, having dark green, glossy foliage, the under side of the leaf bright red ValUsneria spiralis IS the well known eel grass Lvs. strap- like root creeping and ^spreading : fls. strictly dicecious : a veiy interesting: plant m large Aqua- riums Sagittariii V /ta)i\ somewhat re ml leh ValUsneria. i r the lvs. are wider 11 1 n jt so long, of a bright green color, and it makes better growth in winter, which is very desirable. Myriophyllum verticilJatam : lvs. pinnately parted into capillary divisions ; foliage and stem of a bronzy green color. This, with M. keie- rophyllum, as well as Oabomba, are sold by dealers in bunches, but established plants are preferable for stock- ing the Aquarium. The above plants are wholly sub- merged, growing under the surface of the water, and are of the most importance in the Aquarium. Another submerged plant that does not require planting, and Is sometimes used, is Stratiotes aloides, the water soldier or water aloe. The young plants are very pretty, but the large plants are stiff and the edges of the lvs. are dangeroiis, being armed with spines. Nu- merous floating plants are adapted to the Aquarium, but too many must not be in evidence, or the fish may become suffocated. The AzoUas are very pretty, and the fish win occasional!)' eat the plants. The Salvinia is another small plant often seen in the aquarium, but under favorable conditions it grows very rapidly, and forms a complete mat, which must be avoided. The Eu- ropean and American frog's-bits {Limnohium Spongia, Hydrocharis Morsns -ranee) are very attractive plants, their long, silky roots reaching down in the water. The water hyacinth, JSichhornia crassipes, var. major, in a small state is a curious and pretty plant, but does not continue long in a good condition, generally resulting from too much shade and unnat- ural conditions of atmosphere, a _p- This plant is of benefit to the " ' Aquarium in the breeding sea- son, as the roots are receptacles for fish spawn. The water lettuce {Pistia Stratiofei^) is another very attractive plant, but it should be avoided except where the water is kept warm. William Thicker. Aquariums are rapidly in- creasing in popularity for home use, and are of great service in nature study. The following points, together with the illus- trations, are taken from Life in an Aquarium, Teachers' Leaflet No. 11, published by the College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.: A permanent Aquarium need not be an expensive affair. The rec- tangular ones are best if large fishes are to be kept, but they are not essential. A simple home-made Aquarium of glass and wood is described in Jack- man's Nature Study, as follows (the dimensions being slightly altered): "Use an inch board llK inches wide and 12 inches long for the bottom, and two boards of the same thickness and length, 10% inches high, AQUATICS for the ends. Three-eighths of an inch from the edge on either side, with a saw, make a groove ]4 inch deep and wide enough to receive loosely double-strength glass. Groove the end boards and fasten them to the bottom with screws, so that the grooves will exactly match. Partially fill the grooves with soft putty, or, better, Aquarium cement, and press into each side a pane of glass. By making the bottom board 11 14 inches long, an ordinary 10 x 12 window pane will be the proper size. When the glass is pressed to the bottom of the groove, draw the two ends in at the top until the glass is held firmly and then fasten them in place by narrow strips of wood, one on each side of the tank, placed on top of the glass and screwed to the end pieces. These strips also protect the hands from injury while working with the specimens in theAquarium. Before filling with water, the inner surface of the bottom and ends should be well rubbed with oil or paraf&ne and the grooves inside the glass well packed with putty." After the box is made it would be well to let it stand in water for a day or two. The wooden sides will swell and tighten the joints, and leakage will be less probable. AQUATICS, America is the most highly favored coun- try in the world for the cultivation of Aquatic plants. Collections can easily be made to furnish a display of flowers from April to October in the open without arti- ficial heat. All Aquatics require a rich soil, and this witliout limit, a depth of water from 1 to 3 feet, and :uiiplr space to spread their succulent leaves. In a natural jmnd. where there is an accumulation of humus ovrrhiying a clayey subsoil, nothing more is wanted, but on a sandy or gravelly bottom it is necessary to place a layer of rich soil 12 to 18 inches deep. In artificial ponds, built of masonry (Fig. 122), a layer of rich soil is nt-ct'ssary if the plants are to be planted out, as is ln_-st fnr Nclumbiums. The soil best suited for Aiinatics is a turfy loam, inclining to heavy, and thoroughly rotted oow-manure, two parts of the former to one of the latter, and, where possible, it should be composted some time before using, and turned over two or three times to thoroughly incorporate the manure. When cow-manure can not be obtained, other thoroughly rotted manure may be used. The next best fertilizer is pulverized sheep manure, but, this being less bulky and stronger in proportion, should not be used as freely as other manures ; one part sheep manure to 121. Working drawings for making box shown in Fig. 120. A good example of water-gardening, with water-lilies and Japanese Iris See Aquatics At^tUATlCS nine of soil is sufiiciont. Choniical manures, ground bone, horn shavings, ett',, should not lie used unless in extreme cases, and then very cautiously. Depth of Water.— In natural ponds, water-lilies are found growing in water from a few inches to 4 and 6 feet deep, hut in artifacial ponds a depth of 12 to 18 inches will be found sufficient for most Nj niphfe is and 18 to 24 inches is a good depth fc 1 \ K ton IS In c i.nstnK tiii^ in artificial pond, a dc] th ot J t > _' li i t is uni h \\ iti i to the depth of 12 in. Ii. s il, .m tin ( lowiis ,,t tin jil mis is sufficient, and a boM out iiiun,., tht smlmu bt IJimhts deep. Thus a pond 2 feet in dci)th is deep eium^h and will allow a man, with hip boots on to walk between the plants with ease. For a small pond less than 12 feet over, a plank laid acioss will suffice for all operations Protection.— Where severe frosts are pievalent in winter, and ice 12 to 18 inches m thickness is found there will be danger of the roots f n r /in... In sui h cises an additional depth of C mr h. s will b( i ^ri it id\ lutv and a protection of brai 1 i ii iilt b n .,imii niiiuin leaves, or any other non conduc tm^ in iti ii ds sbduld be used to protect the niasonrj , m se% ere weather against expansion and breakage Planting. — All hardj \>nnphaeas n\i\ be plmted an\ time between the 1st ( f \|iiil iiid tin 1st of Si ))tc nibd These planted early tli. i tliin.,s b. m., i iu il will^n good results tin- sann s is ii \\h\\ tliiis. pi mt d 1 di will get well estabb hid btt uc winter, uid will bt m excellent condition to start at nature s summons early the following spring The hardy Nymphaeas differ con siderably as to rootstocks Those of the natn e ^ ineties are long and of a sp.mgy, soft texture, and rambling m growth, wliilr the Kuro].i-an species have a niuc-li larger and very tirm rootstock, and grow more conii'act. In planting, all that is necessary is to press tlie rootstock firmly into the soil, and if there is any danger of the root rising to the surface, place a brick or any weight upon it, to keep it in position until aiichore: tiTun'-^n, 11 ; tfrtr«cWa«rt, 10; i^dandulosa, 1 7 ; .loiiesii. 1 : hic-titlorii. 3; leptoceras, Fis.-li. & Mey., S; lipfncfnis, Nutt., li") ; leptoceras, Ya.r. chrifsdnfJta, 13 ; longissima, 14 ; macrantha, 15 ; Olyniplea, 9 ; oxysepala, 2 ; Sibir- ica, 10 ; Skinneri, 12; Sfc/nweri, var. hybrida, 13 ; speci- o.so,10 ; stellata, 9; Stuarti, 18; truncata, 11; viridiflora, 4; vulgaris, 9; Wittniannia7ia,9. A. Sepals not more than % or %in. long : expanded fls.l or lyiin. in diatn. B. Limb of petal shorter than the sepal. 1. Jdnesii, Perry. True St. very short or almost want- ing, soft pubescent : tufted root-lvs. 1-2 in. high from the stout, ascending branches of the rootstock, biter- nately divided; partial-petioles very short or none; leaf- lets very crowded: fls. blue; sepals oblong-obtuse, equal- ing the spurs and twice the length of the petal-limbs and head of stamens : follicles glabrous, large, nearly 1 in. long ; styles half as long ; peduncles lengthening to about 3 in. in fr. July. Wyom. and Mont. G.F. 9: 365. 2. oxysepala, Traut. & Mey. Plant 2% ft., slightly pubescent above : radical Ivs. long-petioled, secondary divisions sessile : sepals blue, ovate-lanceolate, much exceeding in length the petal limbs, which are 6 lines long, white, rounded-truncate ; stamens not protruding beyond the petal limb : spur knobbed, bent inward, shorter than petal-limb : follicles pubescent, with styles their own length. June. Siberia. -In 1898 F. H.Horsford said : "The first to bloom with me, and one of the most attractive in the list. It is one of the most dwarfed ; fls. large, blue, yellow and white : it comes so much be- fore the others that its capsules, as a rule, all fertilize before any of the other species come into flower." Only recently introduced. 3. lactifldra, Kar. & Kir. St. IKft. high, glabrous in the Ic.wcr p;irt : ]iartial-petio1es of root-lvs. lK-2 In. long; Ifts. sessile or short-stalked, 1 in. long, many lobes reach- ing half way down; St.- Ivs. petioled and compound: fls. about 3 to a st. : sepals nearly white or tinged with blue, over J^in. long, narrow; petal-limb half as long as sepal; spur Hin., slender, nearly straight, not knobbed at tip; stamens equal in length to the limb. June. Altai Mts., Siberia. — A desirable species, but not much used. BB. Limb of petal about equal to sepal. 4. viridiJlfira, Pallas. St. l-13^ft. high, finely pubes- cent thriiughout, several-fld.: the partial-petioles of root- lvs. 1-2 in. long; Ifts. sessile or the end one shortly stalked, AQUILEGIA lobes rather narrow and deep ; lower st.-lvs. petioled, biternate : sepals oblong, obtuse, ascending, greenish, equaling the broad, greenish petal-limb, but nut reaching the head of stamens ; spur straight, slender, ^-ain. long, not knobbed: pubescent follicles as short as their styles. Summer. E. Siberia. — Not so much used as the follow- ing variety : Var. atropurpiirea, Vilm. (A. afropvrpurea, Willd.). Limbs of the jirtals deep blue or lilac-purple, and the sepals and spur somewhat tinged with the same hue. B.R. 922. 5. Canadensis, Linn. Common Colfmbine of America. Pig. 124. Height 1-2 ft. : primary divisions of petioles of root-lvs. 1-2 in., having 3 divisions ; 2 or 3 of the st.- lvs. petioled, biternate : fls. several to a st. ; sepals yel- lowish or tinted on the back with red, about Kin. long, not reflesing ; limb of petals a little shorter, yellowish, truncate ; spur %va. long, nearly straight, knobbed at the end, bright red throughout; stamens much protrud- ing : follicles % in. long, with styles half as long. May- July. Stony banks, etc., east of Rocky Mts. Int. 1890. B.M. 246, L.B.C, 9: 888. Mn. 5: 21. R.H. 1896, p. 109. G.W.P. 1. There are some beautiful hybrids of this and the blue species. Var. n&na, Hort. Plant 1 ft. high or less: fls. like the type. Var. flav6scens, Hook. Apale-lvd. yellow-fld. variety. Very pretty. Int. 1889, This has often been called ^-1. flavescens, Wats.; A. Cferulea, var. flavescens, Lawson; and A. flaviflora, Tenney ; A. CanadensiSj var. flavi- flora, Brit. B.M. 6552 B. n. Buergeriina, Sieb. & Zucc. (A. atropurpurea , Mi'|.). M'lrt' sliiider than A. vulgaris; 1 ft. high, tin-'ly pulxsi-tnt Toward the top ; branched to form sev- eral huiul.s, bearing 2-3-petioled, biternate Ivs.; partial- petioles of basal Ivs. K-I in. long, with 3 sessile divis- ions : fls. yellow, tinted with purple, 1-1/^ in. in diam. ; sepals ^in. long, acute, spreading ; spurs erect, nearly straight, as long as the limb of petals, and about equal- ling the sepal; head of stamens fiiual to limb in length; follicles pubescent, iJ^in.long, style lialf as long. Early. Japan. — Brought from St. Petersburg, 1)592. AA. Sepals about 1 in. long : expanded fl. about 2 in. in diameter. B. Spurs shorter than the petal-limb , and incurved. 7. flabellita, Sieb. & Zucc. Stem 1-lK ft., few-fld.: partial-petioles of root-lvs. 1 in. or more, Ifts. nearly sessile ; st.-lvs. large and petioled : fls. bright lilac, or pale purple or white ; sepals 1 in. long, obtuse ; limb of petal half as long, often white in the lilac-fld. form; spur shorter than the limb, slender toward the end, much incurved ; stamens not protruding beyond the petal- limbs : follicles glabrous. Summer. Japan. R.H. 1896, p. 109. Var, nina-dlbat Hort. (var. flore-alha, Hort.). Fls. pure white : plant dwarfish. R.B, 15: 157. BB. Spur at least as long as petal-limb. c. Stamens short, not nntch proti-iiding. 8. leptoc^ras, Pisch. & Mey. Stem several-fld., about 1 ft. high : partial-petioles of root-lvs. over 1 in., Ifts. sessile ; st.-lvs. petioled, biternate : fls. violet, with the tips of the sepals greenish, and tips of the short petal- limb yellow ; spur slender, slightly curved, Kin. long, not knobbed ; stamens protruding a little beyond the limbs of petals : follicles slender, glabrous, nearly 1 in. long. Summer, E.Siberia. B.R.33:64, F,S. 3:296.- Little used in America. 9. vulg&ris, Linn. {A. stelldta. Hort. A. afrdta, Koch). Common C. of Europe. Stems lK-2 ft, high, many-fld., finely pubescent throughout : root-lvs. with 3 partial-petioles lK-2 in. long, secondary branches certain, ultimate leaf-lobes shallow and roundish, tex- ture firm ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : fls. violet, furnished with a claw, acute, 1 in. long, half as wide ; petal-limb %in. long, equaling the head of sta- mens ; spur about same length, stout, much incurved, knobbed : follicles densely pubescent, 1 in. long, style half as long. Summer. Eu., Sib., and naturalized in Am, Gn. 12, p. 288. Var. fldre-pldno, Hort. Pis. much dou- bled, ranging from pure white to deep blue. Here be- long many horticultural varieties with personal names. AQUILEGIA 85 Var. Vervaeneana, Hort. (var. foliis-aHreis, Hort. Var. afroiHolilrifu. Hort.). Lvs. with yellow variegated lines. Var. nivea, Baumg. (var. alba, Hort.). Munstead's White C. Often 2-3 ft. high : a great profusion of large, pure white tis. for several weeks in early spring. Var. Olympica, Baker lA. Olf/mpica, Boiss. A.Witt- tHanuidnu, Hort. A. bldnda, Lem.). A fine variety, with several large flowers ; sepals light lilac or bright purple, 1 in. or more in length ; petal-limb white. I.H. 4:UC. R.H. 1896, p. 108. Var. hjbrida, Siras. Much like the last variety, but with stout, lilac-purple spurs as long as the sepals, only slightly incurved. Probably a hybrid of A . vulgaris and A. Canadensis. B.M. 1221. 10. Siblrica, Lara. (-i. 6ico(or, Ehrh. A. Gamieridna, Sweet. A. speciosa, DC). Stem 1^-2 ft. high, many- fld. ; often nearly glabrous throughout : partial-petioles of root-lvs. 1-2 in., sometimes showing 3 distinct branches ; terminal Ifts. 1 in. or more broad, lobes rather shallow and rounded ; lower st.-lvs. petioled and biter- nate : fls. pale or bright lilac-blue ; oblong sepals fully 1 in. long, spreading or reflexed a little ; petal-limb half as long, equaling the head of stamens, and often white ; spur rather stout, Kin. or more, very much incurved, :>r even coiled : follicles glabrous, 1 in. long, style ^in. Summer. E.Siberia. S.B.P.G. II. 1: 90. Var. f lore- pleno, Hort. {A. bicolor, var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Pis. much doubled by the multiplication of both the limbs and the spurs. Var. spect&bilis, Baker {A. spectdbilis, Lem.). A large, bright lilac-fld. var.; petal-limbs tipped yellow. Amurland. I.H. 11 : 403. cc. Stamens long, protruding far beyond the petal-limb. 11. {ormftsa, Tesch. (.4. Canadensis, var. formdsa, Wats.). Habit as in .4. Canadensis ; root-lvs. and st.- lvs. like that species, but fls. brick red and yellow, or wholly yellow, and sepals larger, quite twice as long as petal-limb ; spurs more spreading, somewhat more slen- der, and often shorter. May-Aug. Sitka to Calif, and E. to the Rockies. Int. 1881. B.M. 6552. F.S.8:795. Gt. .32:372. R.H. 1896, p. 108. G.C. 1854: 836. Var. h^- brida, Hort. (^1. Californica,\a,T. hybrida, Hort.). Fls. large, with scarlet sepals and yellow petals ; spurs spreading, long and slender. A supposed hybrid with A. chrysantha. F.M. 1877: 278. Vick's 1: 33 f. 2. Var. rilbra pl^no, Hort. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. as in var. hybrida, but several whorls of petal-limbs. Var. nana 41ba, Hort. Fls. pale, often nearly white ; plant not exceeding 1 ft. Var. trunc&ta, Baker (-4. Irunc&ta, Fisch. A. Cali- fdrniea, Lindl.). Fls. with short, thick spurs and very small sepals and a small petal-limb. Int. 1881. F. S. 12: 1188 (as -1. eximia, Hort.). 12. Sldnneri, Hook. Stem 1-2 ft. high, many-fld., gla- brous : root-lvs. long-petioled, with both primary and secondary divisions long ; Ifts. cordate, 3-parted ; sev- eral st.-lvs. petioled and biternate : sepals green, keeled, lanceolate, acute, never much spreading, %-l in. long ; petal-limb greenish orange, half as long as sepal; spur brigt red, tapering rapidly, over 1 in. long ; stamens protruding far beyond the limb ; styles 3 : fr., at least when young, bearing broad, membranous, curled wings. After flowering, the peduncles become erect. July-Sept. Mts. of Nor. Mex. B.M. 3919. P.M. 10:199. B.H.4:1. P.S. 1:17. Vick's 1:33 f. 5 (poor). -A handsome plant, requiring a light soil in a sunny border. Var. Jlore- pleno, Hort. Pis. double. Gt. 34:57. Very fine. BBB. Spurs very long, several times the length of petal-limb. 13. chrys&ntha, Gray (A. leptoceras, var. chrysantha, Hook.). Fig. 125. Height 3-4 ft.: root-lvs. with twice 3-branched petioles, Ifts. biternate ; st.-lvs. several, petioled : fls. many on the plant, 2-3 in. across ; sepals pale yellow, tinted claret, spreading horizontally ; petal- limb deep yellow, shorter than the sepals, and nearly as long as the head of stamens ; spur rather straight, very slender, divergent, about 2 in. long, descending when fl. is mature : follicles glabrous, 1 in. long ; style half as long. May-Aug. N. Mex. and Ariz. Gn. 16:198. B.M. 86 AtJUILEGIA AQUILEGIA 6073. Gn.51,p. 385. R.H. 1800: 108. F.R. 2:169. Gt 33:84. G.C. 1873; 1501. F.M. 1873:88. Vick's 1: 33 f. 3 F.S.20:2108. Var. flav6scens, Hoit. i A. awrea, Junk. A. Canadinsis, var. lutna. Km-zl.). Fls. yellow, tinged with red ; spurs incurved, and shorter than in the tyjie. Qt. 21:734. Var. alba-plena, Hort. (var. ymndiflUm dlba, Hort.). Fls. very pale yellow ornearly white, with two or more wliurls "f pi-tal-lirabs. Int. 1889. Violi's 12:311. Var. nina, Hurt. (.1. leptoceras, var. lulea, Hort.). Lilie the type hut phint always small, not ex- ceeding 1% ft. Var. JaSschkani, Hort. About the same height as last : fls. large, yellow, with red spurs. Thought to be a hybrid of A. chri/sanlIiiiX'^l'>ii»''ri, hence some- times called A. Skinneri, var. hijhridu, Hort. 14. longissima, Gray. Tall, somewhat pubescent with silky liairs, or smoothish : root-lvs. biteruate, even in the petioles ; Ifts. deeply lobed and cut, green above, glaucous beneath ; st.-lvs. similar, petioled : fls. pale yellow, sepals lanceolate, broadly spreading, 1 in. or or yellow. The true form of thi.s is probably A. . Rock-cress. Small perennial or aunual herbs, with white or purple tls., grown mostly in rockwork. Fls. mostly in terminal spikes or racemes, small, but often many, or appearing for a considerable period of time : siliques long, linear, flat : stigma 2-lobed. In temperate regions, several na- tive to this country. Usually prop, by division ; also by seeds and cuttings. Hardy, requiring plenty of pun, and thriving even in poor soil. The following four species are perennials: A. Fls. purple or rose. murMis, Bertol. [A. tdsea, DC). A foot high, with a rather dense raceme of pretty fls.: Ivs. oblong, sessile (the radical ones with a long, narrow base), prominently and distantly blunt-toothed, sparsely pubescent. Spring and summer. Italy. B.M. 3210. AA. Fls. white. serpylllfblia, Vill. (A.nii2in. across. CostaRica. G.C. II. 8; 081. — Elegantstoveplant. AA. Fls. white. Japdnica, Blume. Lvs. shoi-t-oblong or somewhat cu- neate, whorled, serrate : fls. on red pedicels in drooping racemes : berries white. Dwarf. Jap. Probably hardy in the North. polyc^phala, Wail. Lvs. bright green, red or wine- colored when young, opposite : fr. black. E. Ind. AAA. Fls. black-dotted. Pickerlngia, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, 5-9 ft.; lvs. ovate to lance-oblong, entire, narrowed to a petiole : panicle many-fld. ; corolla lobes oval and becoming re- flexed: fr. as large as peas. E. Fla. Int. 1891. A . umbt'lldta is offered iu this country as coming from India. The A. uinbellata. Baker (of the botanists), is a Madagascar plant, and it is doubtful if it is in cult, in this country. Species with white fls. are A. acuminata, Willd., B.M. 1678 ; capitdta. Gray; mamiltdta.'iiance : punctata, Roxbg.; villdsa, WnU. Species with red or reddish tls. are A. macrncdrpa. Wall., B.M. 6;t.'>7 ; paniculdta, Roxbg.. B.M. 2364 ; serruldta, Swartz ; Wd'licliii, DC. L H B AB£CA (from a native name in Malabar). Palmdcca, Vrihii Arecea. Spineless palms, with trunks solitary or cespitose in a ring : lvs. terminal, equally pinnatisect, the segments lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, with the margins recurving at the base, the upper ones conflu- ent and bifid or truncate and many-parted : rachis 3- sided, convex on the back, the upper face acute, the base and petiole concave : sheath elongated ; spadix broad or narrow, the spreading branches at length pen- dent: spathes 3 or many, papery, the lowest complete, the upper ones bract-like ; fls. white : fr. medium or large, red or orange. Species, 24. Trop. Asia, Malay Arch., Trop. Austral, and New Guinea. The name Areca is one of the most familiar of all palm genera, but most of the well-known species are now referred to other genera. A. lutescens, the most popular kind, is Chrysalidocarpns lutescens. A . Catechu a.nen(Aoidcs. Mort. Leaf pedate, of Snarrow lfts.: spathe auricled. India. B.M. 6446. — A.ringens, Schott. Lfts. 3, ovate, acuminjite : spathe purple, arched. Japan. Perhaps hardy in the open. Gn. 37, p. 577.— .4. Siiboldii, De Vriese.=A. ringens. — A . specibsiim, Mort. Lfts. 3 : spathe large and very dark purple ; spadix with a very long, string-like tip. India. Gn. 37: 758. B.M. 5964.— jl. tor^udSMm, Schott. Lvs.usu- ally 2, with several or many lfts.: spathe purple outside: spa- dix long-tailed but erectish, greenish. India. B.M. 5931 (as A, curvatum). — A. w(iie. Hook. Lvs. 2, withScrenate lfts.: spathe reddish, green-ribbed : spadix purple : tubers eaten by natives in India. B.M. 6474. — A. Wrdyi.Kerasl. Leaf solitary, pedate, the lfts. lanceolate : spathe gi-een or whitish : spadix slender, recurved. India. B.M. 7105.— E.xcept .\. ringens, probably all the above species require pot cult, in the N. l_ fj. b_ ARISARUM (old Greek name). Ardidece. Three or four variable species of Arum-like plants of the Medi- terranean region. Differs from Arissema, its nearest ally, in having the margins of the spathe connate rather than convolute, and in other technical characters. For culture, see Arisuima and Arum, ARISARUM ARISTOLOCHIA 95 VUlgd.re, Targ. {Arum Arisiirum, Linn.). A foot high ; Ivs. cordate or somewhat hastate, long-stalked : spathe purple, incurved at the top. — Has many forms and many names. Can be grown in the open with pro- tection. ARISTOLOCHIA (named for supposed medicinal vir- tues). Aristolochidceif. Birthwokt. Many species of tropical and temperate regions, remarkable for the very odd- shaped fls. The corolla is want- ing, but the calyx is corolla-like, tubular, variously bent, and com- monly tumid above the ovary ; stamens commonly G, short and adnate to the style (Fig. 140). Mostly woody twiners, the great- er part of them known to cult, only in warm glass-houses. Many species are evergreen. The ten- der species are cult, for the strik- ingly irregular and grotesque fis. Monogr. by Duchartre in De- CandoUe's Prodromus, Vol. 15, Parti (1864). L. H. B. 139. Flower of Dutchman's Pipe. Aristolochia ; .Sliowing the ovary at a, iimi the swelling of the calyx-tube at b. Natural size. The best known representative of this genus is Aris- tolochia macrophylla (or A. Sipho), the "Dutchman's Pipe," than which there is no better hardy climbing vine for shade or screen purposes. No insects or other trou- bles seem to mar its deep green foliage, for which it is most valued, as the fls. are small, siphon-shaped, and inconspicuous, in early spring soon after the Ivs. are formed. There are many tropical Aristolochias, the fls. of some of them being of extraordinary size, structure, and odor, but they are rarely seen on account of the last characteristic, the odor being so suggestive of putridity as to make its proximity apparent to all, and even to deceive the flies as to its origin. One of the most gi- gantic varieties is A. grandiflora, var. Sturtevautii. Another fine species is A. GoJdleana ; but the best of the tropical kinds for general culture in glass structures is A. elegans, as it is very easily raised from home- grown seeds, flowers the first year, is very decorative as a climber, and has no odor. We find it very easy of culture in rich soil, and it is evergreen, as, indeed, are mostof the tropical kinds. The Aristolochias are of easy culture, requiring only good loam and careful attention to keep them thrifty and free of insects. They can be trained on trellises, pillars, or rafters. Most of them require a rather warm temperature, but if in pots they may be flowered in the conservatory. The large-growing species require much room, and do not bloom, as a rule, until they are several feet high. Prop, readily by cut- tings in a frame. Except as oddities, most of the Aristo- lochias are of little value. r* ^*. i. v r\ f\ Cult, by E. O. Orpet. A. Herbs, not clhnhing. Serpent&ria, Linn. Virginia Snakeroot. Height 3 ft. or less : pubescent, with short rootstocks and aro- matic roots : Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, cordate, acuminate at the top : fls. terminal, solitary, S-shaped, much en- larged above the ovary, greenish. E. states. — Occasion- ally cult. Roots used in medicine. Reputed remedy for snake bites. Clematitis, Linn. Two ft. or less tall, glabrous : Ivs. reniform-pointed, ciliate on the margins : fls. axillary and clustered, straight, greenish. Eu. — Rarely cult., and occasionally escaped. AA. Wood;/, (ivi-niiuj. B. Cultivated in the open. macroph;^lla. Lam. {A. S)pho, L'Her). Dutchman's Pipe. Figs. V3S, 139, 140. Very tall, twining, glabrous : Ivs. very large, broadly reniform or rounded, becoming glabrous : fls. solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils, U-shaped, enlarged above the ovary, with a 3-lobed, spreading limb, purplish. E. states. B.M. 534. G.W.P. 43. Gng. 1:53. G.P. 5:509 (habit). -An excellent vine for porches, the great Ivs. affording a dense shade. tomentdsa, Sims. Much like the last, but very tomen- tose : Ivs. less rounded : fl. yellow, with reflexed lobes. N. Car. to Mo. and S. B.M. 1369. Califbmica, Torr. Silky pubescent, G-lOft. : Ivs. ovate- cordate, 2-4 in. long, obtuse or acutish, short-petioled: fls. U-shaped, little contracted at the throat, the limb 2-lobed, with the upper lip of 2 broad, obtuse lobes and a thickening on the inner side. Calif. BB. Greenhouse or warm house. C. Flower-linih of S narrow lobes. ridiculaf N. E. Br. Very slender, stiff-hairy through- out : Ivs. round-reniform, cordate : fls. axillary and solitary, 2 in. long aside from the limb, with a long sac at the base of the tube, pale yellow with dull purple veining ; limb of two spreading, deflexed, narrow lobes, glandular, reminding one of donkeys' ears. Brazil. B.M. 6934. G.C. II. 26:361. CO. Flower-limb ample and flowing. cymbifera, Mart. & Zucc. {A. labidsa, Sims). Gla- brous : St. striate : Ivs. reniform, obtuse and deeply cut at the base, pedately 7-9-nerved, long-stalked : fls. iong- stalked, 8-10 in. long, strongly 2dipped ; the upper lip short and lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; the lower lip (which, by position of fl. may seem to be the upper) very large, dilated at base, and produced into a long, boat- 140. Longitudinal section of flower of Dutchman's Pipe. Showing the ovary, and short column of stamens at g. 96 ARISTOLOCHIA ARIZONA shaped {whence the name, from cymba, a boat) usually 'J-lobed projection : H. creamy white, marked and blotched with maroon. Brazil. B.M. 2545. P.M. 6:53 as A. hyperbbrea, Paxt. Brasili^nsis, Mart. & Zxicc. {A . omifhoc^phala , Hook.). Glabrous : iv.s. cordate-reniform, obtuse, with deep sinus at base : peduncle 8-10 in. long, 1-fld.: fl. very large, dingy yellow, with marks and reticulations of purple, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip 5 in. long, lan- ceolate-acuminate, projecting from the inflated head- like tube like the long beak of a bird, hairy within ; lower lip on a stalk 2 in. long, then expanding into a flattened, wavy, beautifullv marked limb 4-6 in. across. Brazil. B.M. 4120. Gn. 45, p. 289. -A luost odd and interesting species, not infrequent in fine establishments. grrandiflbra, S w a r t z {A.gigas, Lindl.). Pei>- ICAN - FLOWER. GooSE- FLOWER. Fig. 141. Downy climbing shrub : Ivs. cordate-acuminate ; pe- duncles opposite a leaf stii ate, exceeding the petiole 1 fld the tl. -bud is "bent like a siphon in the tube, so as to resemble the body and neck of a bird while the limb, in that state resembles the head and beak thrown back upon the b( d^ as a pelican when that bird is it rest, whence the name" (Hook in B.M. vol. 74) : the great ex panded cordate-ovate limb se\ eral inches across, wavy mar gined, purple -blotched and veined, terminating in a long and slender ciliated tail : stKnigr scented. W. Ind., Cent, and & Amer. B.M. 4:{n8-9. B.R. 28:fi0. KS. 4:351-2. G. F. 3:597-9. A.P, 10:157. G.C. HI. 19: 73. Gng. 3:23. Gn. 50:378. Var. Sturtevantii, W. Wat- son, is the form chiefly known in cult., being very large-fld., and with a tail 3 ft. long. Var. Hodkeri, Duchartre iA, gigantea, Hook.), is glabrous, in- odorous, with a short-tailed fl. B.M. 4221. Goldieiina, Hook. Glabrous : Ivs. ovate-cordate or triangular-cordate, acuminate, the base deeply cut: 9s. very large, greenish outside but brown-veined and blotched inside, the lower part of the tube straightish and 8 in. long, the upper part sharplj' bent over and a foot long, with a funnel-shaped, spreading limb a foot or more across, and indis- tinctly 3-lobed, each lobe terminated by a short tail : stamens 24. W. Afr. B.M. 5672. G.C. ni.7:521 ; 21:337. G.M. 1890:286. 61egans, Masters. Slender, glabrous, the fls. borne ou the pendulous young wood: Ivs. long-stalked, reniform- cordate, 2-3 in. across, with wide sinus and rounded ba- sal lobes, the tip obtuse : fls. solitary, long-stalked, the tube yellow-green, l}4 in. long, the limb cordate-circu- lar, 3 in. across, purple and white blotched, white on the exterior, the eye yellow : not strong-smelling. Braz. G.C. II. 24:301 ; 111.22:123, B.M. 6909.-A small-fld. and graceful, free-blooming species. A. altissima. Deef. Fls. 2 in. or less long, brownish. Sicily and Algeria. Would probably be hardy with protection in the Middle states. B.M. 6586.— A. angiiicida, J a,eq^. Lvs. long-eor- date : fls. small, 1-2 in. long, with a long-pointed limb. New Granada. B.M. 4361. F.S. 4: 344.— A. barbata, Jacq. Lvs. ob- long and cordate : fls. 2% in., piirple. Venezuela. B.M. 5869. — A. cauddta, Booth=A. macroura.— /I. cilidta. Hook., and A. cilidsa, Benth,=A. fimbriata. — A. clypedtn, Lindl. & Andr^. Lvs. triangular-ovate, pointed : fls. with a large, oval, purple- spotted, tailless limb. S. .Imer. I.H.17r40. B.M. 7512.-A. Duchdrtrei, Andre=A. Ruiziana.— A. ^im&ri(J(rt. Cham. Lvs. small. cordate-orbicular : fls. small, the little limb glanduhir- eiliate. Braz. B.M. 3756 (as A. ciliata).— A. Mans, Willd. Lvs. round-cordate : fls. bronze-green, with lobed limb and a hairy beak. Venezuela. B.M. 7073. Allied to A. Brasiliensis.— A. Kixmpfen, Willd. Tall-chmbing : lvs. ovate-cordate or hastate, variable : fls. solitary, tomentose, with narrow rim, yellow out- side, purple inside. Jap. Probably hardy in the I^I.—A. longi- cauddta. Masters Lvs. ovate and cordate : fls. eream-colored with purple markings, with a large sac-like tube, hairy at the throat, with no expanded limb but a very long tail. S. Amer. G.C. III. 8: 493.— A. longifdlia, Champ. Branches climbing, from a woody rootstock : lvs. thick, linear-lanceolate U-shaped, with a 2-lobed purple limb 2% in. across. Hong Kong. B.M. 6884.— A. inacroura, Gomez. Lvs. reniform, lobed fl. dark, 6-spurred, the lip with a twisted cusp. Braz. B.M 3769 (as A. caudata).— A. odoratissima, Linu. Lvs. cordate- ovate ; fl. soUtary, purple, sweet. Jamaica.— A. ringens, Vahl, Lvs. round- reniform : fl.7-10 in. long, green marked with dark purple, hairy inside, with 2 long lips, one of which has a much- expanded limb. Braz. B.M. 5700.— A. Ruizidna, Duchartre. Lvs. reniform - cordate : fls. with tube 1 in. or less long, the cordate' ovate limb 3 in. across, and brown' spotted. Braz. B.M. 5880 and G.C, 1868:516 (as A. Duchartrei). >- _ saccdta. Wall. Lvs. long-ovate / small, tJ-shaped,with a very rim (suggesting the Dutchman's Pipe), red. India. B.M. 3640.— A Salpinx, Masters. Lvs. ovate-Ian- (^eolate : fls. small, with a trumpet- shaped, somewhat 2-lipped mouth, purplish. Paraguay. G.C. II. 26: 4S7.— A. tricauddta, Lem. Lvs. ob- long - acuminate, rugose, ciliate lis. purple, with 3 long tails. Mex, IH. 14:522. K,B. 20:37. B.M. 6067. —A. ungulifdlla, Masters. Lvs, i lobed : fls. small, brownish and reddish, ^/ith a ciliate. tongue-like lip. Borneo. G.C. H. 14:117. B.M. 7424.— A.TFesfrfandu, Hemsley. Lvs. oblong - lanceolate : fl, pendulous, with a spreading purple - marked hmb 5 or 6 in. across. China. B.M. "Oil L. H. B. ARISTOTfiLIA (after the Greek philosopher An t>tff) 7ilidce(F. Trees and shrubs from the southern hemisphere, allied to Elseocarpus. Lvs nearlv opposite, entire or toothed : fls. polygamous sepals -i-S, valvate; petals of the number : berries small, edible. racemdsa, Hook. f. Small tree, 20 ft. : lvs. glossy: fls. white. New Zeal. Cultivated somewhat in south- ern California. ARIZONA. In no part of Arizona, with the ex- ception of occasional areas of a few acres in extent on the high mountains, is there sufficient rainfall to grow horticultural plants without irrigation. The of Arizona available for irrigation on an ex- tended scale are confined to the southern half of the territory. All of northern Arizona is drained by the Colorado Kiverand its tributaries, but here the river lies at the bottom of a deep canon, and is practically valueless in its application to horticulture. All of this region has very limited possibilities from a horticultural standpoint, the flow of the few avail- able streams being small and very uncertain. Ou tlie many mountain ranges of Arizona, at an ele- vation varying from five thousand to eight thousand feet, are isolated areas of limited extent where crops of great variety are grown without irrigation. Although these areas are utilized largely for growing hay, grain and hardy vegetables, some of the best flavored and choicest apples, peaches and small fruit grown in the territory are from these mountain "garden patches." The mountains at every side temper the climate, offer protection from winds, and make them almost ideal localities for the growing of a great variety of deciduous and small fruits, as well as many sorts of vegetables. Although these isolated, restricted areas are worthy of consideration, it is only in the valleys of southern Ari- zona having rivers of considerable size and regularity in their flow that large areas of land are available for cultivation. The shaded areas on the map (Fig. 142) show the leading horticultural areas thus far developed. One cannot get an adequate conception of the prob- lems confronting the horticulturist in this region with- out first carefully considering the meteorological condi- tions of this, the most arid, the most desert-like part of the United States. At Phoenix and Yuma, two repre- ARIZONA ARIZONA sentative localitie3 of southern Arizona, having the greatest horticultural possibilities, the average yearly rainfall is only 7 inches for the former anil 3 for the latter. In general, the precipitation is (luring two dis- tinct seasons. The heaviest, or summer rains, begin about the first of July and increase in frequency until August, the month of grt- atest precipitation during the year. The winter rains are at their maximiim in Decem- ber. With the exception of infrequent intervals during the rainy season, dews are unknown and fogs are of rare occurrence. On the other hand, from experiments con- ducted at Tucson, the evaporation is about 78 inches per year, reaching the maximum of 11 to nearly 13 inches during the month of June. At Phoenix the mean temperature may range from 32.2° to (J(3°F. in Jan. It steadily increases till July , when it may range from 72° to 107°. It then steadily declines until the next Jan. The corresponding ranges at Yuma are 42°-C5° for Jan., and 77° to 106° for July. The variation 142. Arizona. The shaded parts show horticultural sections. There is also a horticultural section about Yuma. in temperature from day to night is frequently, in sum- mer, from 25° to 40°F., while in winter it is even greater. The annual range, however, is not so great as it is in the northern states. The intense heat and dryness of the atmosphere, with continuous sunshine and frequent scorching winds, not only draw the moisture in wonderful rapidity from irri- gated fields, but the foliaare of cultivated plants, save those with firm leaves, protected by thick epidermis, are overtaxed at times, and not infrequently the leaves wither and burn, even when the roots of the plants are well supplied with water. In some instances the differ- ence of a few days in time of irrigating makes or loses the crop. At times, flooding at midday is disasti-ous, destroying the plants as effectually as if swept by fire. The temperature of water in irrigating ditches in mid- summer often ranges from 85° to 92°F. The rivers of Arizona draw their moisture from the wooded mountains, but as these mountains are snow- covered only during winter and early spring, as the sum- mer advances their supply gradually becomes less and less until the beginning of the rainy season. Conse- quently the cultivation of all crops must lead toward great economy in the use of water during the months of May and June. All crops sown broadcast or in narrow drills are irrigated by flooding, while orchards, vineyards and crops grown in rows are usually irrigated by running the water through furrows. In either system it is impera- tive that the land be graded and thoroughly worked, in order to attain the best results in the distribution of water. The desert lands of Arizona, in their virgin state, are seldom suited for orchards, vineyards, gardening, etc. It is expedient to grow alfalfa for a few years before at- tempting to produce horticultural crops. Usually the virgin soil is deficient in humus and nitrogen, constitu- ents which are most economically supplied by growing alfalfa. Many orchards and vineyards have failed in Arizona on account of being planted on virgin soil. Market-gardening in Arizona is largely in the hands of the Chinese, who practice high culture, and keep their lands in a continual succession of crops. Cabbage and cauliflower must be grown as winter crops. For years it was thought thatcorn could not be successfully grown in southern Arizona. When planted in the spring, the excessive heat and dryness of June renders the pollen impotent, and a well-developed cob bearing a few scat- tered kernels of corn is the result. Experience has re- cently taught that most excellent, well filled corn may be grown, if planted in July and pollenized at the end of the rainy season. Artificial fertilizers are seldom used in Arizona. In preparing the soil for nearly all vegetables, both in ama- teur and commercial methods of culture, it is thrown into high ridges and the seed sown in hills or drills on either side of the ridge a few inches below the summit. In irrigating, the water is run between the ridges, so that it reaches the hills or drills without covering them, and is allowed to I'un for a greater or less length of time, de- pending upon the ability of the soil to take water. In many of the heavier adobe soils it is necessary, when planting melon and many other seeds, to cover them with sand. If the adobe soil of the field is used as a cover, it bakes so hard that the germinating seeds are unable to make their way to the surface. Beets, and occasionally other vegetables, when planted on an extended scale, are sown in drills without ridging the soil. After planting, furrows are made between the rows in which to run the water, it being imperative that the water be not allowed to break through the furrows and flood the crop. In fruit-culture, the important principle is practically the same for all fruit, it being essential to fill the ground with water during the winter season, when the ditches are running full, and by thorough tillage during spring and early summer to retain the moisture, to fortify the plants against the lack of water in May and June. Orchards and vineyards may be flooded several times during the winter, or the same or better results may be obtained by making furrows at a distance of every 4 to 6 feet throughout the orchard, and running a subsoil plow in the furrows to loosen andbreak up the soil to consider- able depth. When so prepared, the soil will take water with great avidity, and if the process be repeated two or three times during the winter, water required for subse- quent culture will be much lessened. In orchards and vineyards, frequent irrigation with little water is expensive and results are unsatisfac- tory. The ground should be thoroughly wet through- out, even between the rows, and as soon as practicable after irrigating, tilled and later leveled by using a fine-toothed harrow. This process will leave a mulch of loose earth a few inches in thickness over the moist soil, and assist greatly in retention of moisture. When neces- sary to improve the condition of the soil by adding plant food, it is most economically and satisfactorily accom- plished by green-manuring, growing the crop during the fall and winter and turning it under in the spring. Great variation in temperature during February and March is very disastrous to successful fruit and nut cul- ture in southern Arizona. Almonds begin to bloom in February, and are followed in succession by apricots and peaches, all of which are likely to be injured by spring frosts. In humid regions, methods of pruning tend toward thinning out the center of tlie tree, so that the sun may reach the fruit spurs within. In Arizona fruit trees are usually headed low, in order that the trunk be shaded. Deciduous trees are usually cut back annually, throwing the fruit spurs toward the center of the tree, that as much as possible of the developing fruit be shaded by 98 ARIZONA ARKANSAS the foliage. Citrous, olive and fig trees are rarely if ever pruned, and grapes are usually cut back to two or three buds Among small fruits, strawberries, although pro- ducing the larger part of their crop during April or May, ripen fruit every month of the year. The following is a brief list of the best and most prof- itable commercial varieties of the more important fruits and nuts grown in the irrigated regions. The list is compiled from the answers to a circular letter sent to 60 of the largest fruit-growers in southern Arizona : 4Zmonds.-Ne Phis Ultra. IXL. Apples, GAr\y.—Eav\j Harvest, Early Strawberry, Red Astra- chan. Apples, late. — Wliite Pearmaiu, Beu Davis. Apricots, early.— Benuet's Early, New Castle. Peach, Pringle. Apricots, late.— Mooi-park, Royal, Smith's Triumph, St. Am- broise. ^iacfcberWes.— Lawton's Early, Crandall's Early, Early Har- vest. Dewben'ies.— May's. Graphs.— Thompsou's Seedless, Sultaua Seedless. Rose of Peru, Salem, Muscat, Rogers' No. 9. Grape ji'rwie.— Triumph, Walter, Bowin. Lemons. —ViUa. Frauea, Sicily. Mulberries .—Dowmng, Russian. OZiyes.— Manzanillo, Nevadillo Blanco, Mission. Oraiiges.—ttwhy Blood, Jaffa, Parson's Brown, Mediterranean Sweet, Bahia (Washington Navel). Peaches, early.— Early Crawford, Parson's Early, Triumph, Sneed, Strawberry. Peaches, late.— Globe, Salway, Oklmixon, Heath's Freestone. Muir. December Cling. Pears, early.— Wilder, Brandywine, Bartlett. Pears, late. — Winter Nelis, Pia Beri-y- Plums. — Wickson, Kelsey, Botan White, Royale Hative. Pomegranates.— Rnhy, Sweet, Red PapershelK?), Golden. Quinces. — Champion, Portugal, Orange. Straivberries.— Arizona, Everbearing. J. W. TOUMEY. ARKANSAS. The horticultural products of Arkansas are varied, owing to the great differences of climate, elevation and soil. The seasons in the southern part of the state are about three weeks earlier than in the north- ern. There is much variation between nearby points. In the western part of the state, owing to the differ- ence in altitude, within a distance of 60 miles there is from a week to 10 days difference in the seasons. This admits of a great diversity of fruit and vegetable pro- duction within the limits of the state. The northwestern section of the state is noted for its fine apples, and they are grown extensively formarket. This section has also produced a number of seedling ap- ples that are being largely planted there as well as else- where. There are several of these new apples, and others of value are constantly coming into notice. A few of those of special value are Arkansas, Oliver, Col- lins, and Givens. It is probable that some of these new apples will become standard varieties, for in addition to being productive they are good keepers. Winter apples are not grown so extensively in other sections of the state, but summer and fall varieties are grown to some extent in all sections. Peaches are grown for market along the lines of rail- road in the western section of the state, and the acreage is being largely increased each year. For marketable purposes the Elberta is grown almost exclusively, and is shipped in car lots to the northern markets. The earlier varieties have not proved profitable for ship- ping purposes. Peaches are grown for home market throughout the state. Strawberry-growing is an impor- tant industry in western Arkansas, and is carried on to some extent in many localities in the eastern and south- ern parts, where they are grown in small quantities for shipment. The acreage around some of the shipping points in the western part is large, reaching about three thousand acres at one point. The varieties grown most extensively are Michel and Crescent. Owing to the strict laws againstthe selling of wine in the state, grape- growing is not carried on to any great extent. On the elevated sections the table and wine grapes succeed well, and in some localities table grapes are grown for snipment. The Scuppernong succeeds in south Arkan- sas. Pears are grown in some sections for market, but not to any great extent, owing to the prevalence of pear blight, while blackberries and raspberries are grown for the home market in most sections. Cherries are grown only for the home market, the Morello type alone being successful. In order to describe more accurately the horticultural condition of the state, we have divided it into four sec- tions, in the order of their present development and their natural adaptability to horticultural productions (Fig. 143). Section J, located in the northwestern part of the 143. The horticultural of Arkansas. State, is a mountainous country, fairly well developed, and is adapted to all classes of horticulture. Section 2, located south of section 1, is partly mountainous and partly low land and, from a horticultural standpoint, is not so well developed as section 1, while in sections 3 and 4, located in the extreme southern and eastern parts of the state, horticulture has received little attention. Section 1. — The elevation of this section ranges from 800 to 2,000 feet, the greater portion being about 1,200 feet. The country is mostly uneven, and parts of it are somewhat mountainous. The Ozark Mountain system enters the state from the northwest, while the Boston Mouutains, a range of this system, extend across the section just north of and parallel with its southern boundary. Fruit and vegetables are grown for shipping along the lines of railroad in the western part. The re- mainder of this section, although remote from railroads, is well adapted to fruit-growing, and with transportation facilities it promises to be equally productive. The apple leads as a fruit product. In 1897, there were shipped from the western part, principally from two counties, over 2,000 cars of apples. Section 2. — The elevation of this section ranges from 300 to 2,820 feet, the greater part of it, however, ranging from 300 to 800 feet. Most of this section consists of rough land. Strawberries are grown for shipment, prin- cipally in the western part. The berries ripen early in this locality, and the growers usually begin shipping the latter part of April. At a few points, peaches are extensively grown for shipment. Plums, blackberries, raspberries and summer apples are grown to some extent in all localities, while winter apples are success- fully grown on the higher land. Here, vegetable-grow- ing for the northern markets is receiving much atten- tion. Such crops as beans, peas, tomatoes and canta- loupes are extensively grown in some localities along the railroads. The area in cantaloupes reaches nearly 1,000 acres at some of the shipping points. These crops can be grown early enough to bring good px'ices in the markets of the north, and are shipped in car lots. Section 3. — This section is mostly low, but the land is uneven, and much of it is adapted to fruits and vege- tables. It ranges in elevation from 140 to 360 feet. Peaches and summer apples succeed on the higher land, and are grown to some extent in all localities. Vege- tables can also be successfully grown, but little atten- tion has been given to these lines of farming here. Strawberries are grown only for home market. ARKANSAS AROIDE^ 99 Section 4. — This section comprises the low lands of the eastern part of the state. It ranges in elevation from 130 to 350 feet, and the lard is low and flat, with the exception of a ridge a few miles vide running through it north and south. But little fruit is grown in this section for commercial purposes ; however, fruits couM be grown successfully for market in some parts of it, and early vegetables are now grown for market at several points. John T. Stinson. ARMENIACA. ider Pniinix ARMfiRIA (an old Latin name). Plumbaijintlcem Sea Pink. Thrift. Small perennial herbs, with I'osettes of narrow evergreen Ivs. on the ground, sending up a naked simple scape 2-12 in. high, on which is borne a compact head of pink, lilac or white fls., the head being subtended by small bracts, fomiing a kind of involucre. Species much confused. They are excellent for borders, especially where a low edging is wanted ; also for rock- work. They are of easiest culture, being hardy and free growers. Prop, by division of the stools; also by seeds. See Boissier, in DeCandoUe's Prodromus, vol. 12. A. Calyx-fiibe pilose all over. marltima, Willd. Lvs. linear, 1-nerved, somewhat ob- tuse, glabrous or slightly ciliate : scape low, somewhat villose ; calyx-tube about the length of the pedicel, the limb nearly equal to the tube, with very short ovate and aristate lobes. Eu. and Amer. , along the sea coast.— TTie A . vulgdris of horticulturi.sts seems to belong here. A. Latichedna, Hort., with very bright rose-colored fls., is a form of it. Var. lilba, Hort., has white fls. Also a white-lvd. form. A.argentea, Hort., is perhaps another form, with small white fls. Sibirica, Turcz. Lvs. linear, 1-nerved, obtuse, gla- brous : scape rather taller, thicker ; calyx-tube longer than pedicel, the limb about length of tube, with tri- angular, short-mucronate lobes : involucre brown : fls. white. Siberia. jiincea, Girard (A. seticea, Delilej. Outer lvs. of rosette narrow-linear and subdentate, the inner ones longer and filiform; head small, with pale involucre, the pedicel much shorter than the calyx-tube : calyx-limb short, the lobes ovate-obtuse and aristate : fls. pink. Eu. AA. Colyi-lube glabrous, or pilose only on the ridges. B. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or broader. latifdlia, Willd. (A. cephaldtes, Link & Hoffm., not Hook.). Glabrous and glaucous: lvs. broad-oblong, 5-7- nerved, the margin remotely denticulate; head large, the involucre dry ; calyx-limb long, with very small or no lobes and long teeth ; fls. bright pink. S. Eu. B.M. 7313. P.M. 11:79 (as Statice Pseudo-Armeria), — A. formbsay Hort.. probably belongs here. Haurit^nica, Wallr. (A. cephaldtes, Hook., not Link & Hoffm.). Lvs. broad-spatulate or elliptic-lanceolate, 3^5 nerved, glaucous-green, the margin searious-white : heads large (2-3 in. across), the involucre brownish, the calyx short-toothed and aristate : fls. pink. Eu., Algeria. B.M. 4128. BB. Lvs. linear-lanceolate or narrower. alplna, Willd. Glabrous; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, equal- ing the scape, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved ; head large, the involucre pale brown : pedicels shorter than calyx-tube, the tube equaling the oblong long-aristate lobes : fls. deep rose. Mts., Eu. elong&ta, Hoffm. Lvs. linear, long, 1-nerved, acutish; involucre white : pedicels as long as calyx-tube, limb equaling the tube, and the lobes ovate-aristate ; pink. Var. purpurea, Boiss. {A.piirpiirea, Koch), has purple heads. Central Eu. plantaginea, Willd. Glabrous: lvs. linear-lanceolate, 3-7-nervcd, acute or acuminate : scape tall ; head dense and globular, the involucre white : pedicels as long as calyx-tube, the lobes ovate and long-aristate and as long as tube : pink. Central and S. Eu. Var. leucAntha, Boiss. (A. diantholdes, Hornm. & Spreng.), has white flowers. argyroc^phala, Wallr. (.-1. iindidAta, Boiss.). Gla- brous : outer lvs. in rosette, short and lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and 3-nerved and often sinuate, the in- ner ones linear or setaceous and 1-3-nerved : head large, the involucre white ; pedicel nearly as long as calyx- tube, the calyx-limb with long-triangiilar aristate lobes ; fls. white, showy. Greece, j^ ^ g ^^_, j g g^^^^^ ARMERIASTRUM. See Acuntholimoii. ARNATTO. See Bixa. ARNfiBIA (Arabic name). Boragindcea'. Annual or perennial hispid herbs, of nearly 20 species in Africa and Asia. Lvs. alternate : fls. yellow or violet, in ra- cemes or cymes, the color changing with the age of the blossom ; corolla slender-tubed, with 5 obtuse lobes. echioides, DC. (Macrotdmiaechio'ides, Boiss.). Proph- et-Flower. Hardy perennial, 3-12 in. high, shoi't- hairy, with spreading, obovate-oblong ivs. : fls. in a scorpioid raceme or spike, yellow, with purple spots, fading to pure yellow. Caucasus, Armenia, etc. B.M. 4409. G.C. II. 11; 689. -Blooms in spring. In full sun or in rather dry ground, it is difficult to keep this charm- ing plant in a healthy condition ; partial shade is essen- tial to its welfare. One can grow luxuriant specimens on the northern slope of a rockery or close to a build- ing on the east or north side. Prop, by seeds, division, or by root-cuttings. comtita, Fisch. & Meyer. Arabian Primrose. An- nual, 2ft., bushy; lvs. lanceolate or linear-oblong, pointed; fls. %vi. across, yellow and black-spotted, changing to maroon and then to yellow. Orient. G.C. 111.7:52. J. H. III. 31:29. A. F. 5:400. A. G. 44:181 (1890). — An attractive and not very common annual, easily grown in the open. A. GrifHthii, Tioiss. Annual: lvs. narrow-oblong, obtuse, cili- ate ; fls. long-tubed, with a black spot in each sinus : 9-12 in. India. B.M. 5266.— Not known to be in the American trade. L. H. B. and J. B. Keller. Arnica (ancient name). Compdsitw. Small genus of perennial herbs, with clustered root-lvs. and large, long-peduncled yellow heads. Native to Eu., Asia, and N. Amer. —Tincture of the European A . wontana is used in medicine. Grown mostly as alpines or in rockwork ; some species also grow fairly well in the common bor- der. Prop, by division, and rarely by seeds. A. Rudieal lvs. cordate, with slender or winged petioles. cordlSdlia, Hook. Two ft. or less high, hairy ; heads few or even solitary, with inch-long rays ; involucre % in. high, pubescent. Rocky Mts. and W. latifdlia. Bong. Glabrous or very nearly so, the stem- Ivs. not cordate or petioled : heads smaller than in pre- ceding. Rocky Mts. and W. AA. Radical lvs. not cordate, but petioled. amplexicaiilis, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate to lance-oblong, acute, those on the stem clasping and dentate : stem leafy to the top. Oregon and N. folidaa, Nutt. Pubescent : lvs. lanceolate, strongly nerved, small-toothed, the upper ones somewhat clasp- ing ; heads sometimes solitary, short-peduncled : stem leafy, strict. Rocky Mts. and W. montina, Linn. Mountain Tobacco. Mountain Snuff. A foot high, the stem sparsely hairy : radical lvs. oblong-lanceolate, glabrous and entire ; heads 3-4, large. Eu. B. M. 1749. J. H. III. 34: 441. -The best known species in cult. ; but none of the Arnicas are common in -American gardens. l. H. B. AROIDE.S, or ABACEa:. Aroids. A large order of spathe-bearing, tuberous herbaceous plants, containing many of the most highly prized greenhouse plants. The culture of Aroids is too diverse to be given in any one place. See the leading genera, b-s Aglaonenta, Alocasia, Anihuriiim. Ari.-ntmn. Aru)ii, Cnhidium, Colocasia, Diefffnliiirhia. Iira.iiiiruhis. Hrliind inros, Homalo- mena. Mmishnt. I'h.ln.J, ,,,1 nm. h'irhanlia, Schizmato- glottis, tipathipltylluin, Xanlhusoma, etc. 100 ARONIA AEdNIA. See Sorhus. A. nhiifolia. Nutt. = Ame- laiu-hifi- aluifclia. AEPOPH'fLUJM [Cimiter and leaf). Orehiditi-ea. tribe Epidhidrt^ip . Epiphytes ; racemes dense, cylin- drical, erect : Ivs. strap-shaped or linear, on jointed, terete stems : fls. small, inverted ; segments concave. — Orchids of minor importance. Consult Ephlendrum. giganteum, Lindl. Plants robust : sts. about 10 in. high : Ivs. coriaceous, strap-shaped ; peduncle stout : raceme several in. long ; tis. numerous, pinls-purple. Mex. — Give plenty of light. spicitum, Llave et Le:;. Smaller than the above : Ivs. linear : fls. paler. B.M.6022. ARROW-ROOT. An edible st.arch, obtained from the rhizomes of VRriuus s(itaiiiiii:i us plants, as Maranta, Curcuma, Tacc.'i, (':11111a. Thi- WVsf Indian Arrow-root is mostly from Mni-miin n rn mh wiriii , Linn. The Bra- zilian is from Maiiiliot iihlisxinm , \\,h\. The East In- dian is chiefly from Curcuma unijustifolia, Roxbg. Po- tato an^ maize starches are also a source of Arrow-root. Arrow-root is also obtained from Manihot. ARTABOTRYS (s%i?pend {trapes, alluding to the hang- ing fruit). Anondcea. About 25 tropical climbing shrubs, with 3-sepaled and 6-petaled solitary or fascicu- late tis., and shining evergreen foliage. odoratissimus, R. Br. Lvs. oblong or lanceolate, pointed, thick, dark glossy green : fls. brownish, very fragrant: books on the peduncles. E. Ind. B.R. 423.— Hardy in S. Fla. and S. Cal., and somewhat cult. The ylang-ylang perfume is made from the fls. The lvs. are used in native medicine. ARTEMISIA (Artemisia, wife of Mausolus). Com- p6sit(v. A large genus of aromatic herbs and small shrubs, mostly in the northern hemisphere, and most abundant in arid regions. Lvs. alternate, often dis- sected : heads small and mostly inconspicuous, numer- ous, and generally nodding, with yellow or whitish florets. In the West, many of the species, particularly A. trideiitata, are known as Sage Brush. Grown for their medicinal properties or for foliage effects. The cult, kinds are perennials, and thrive in the most ordi- nary conditions, even in poor and dry soil. Prop, mostly by division. For an account of the species, see Besser, in DeCandolle's Prodroraus, vol. 6, and Gray, in Synop- tical Flora, vol. 1, part 2. A. Heads with two kinds of florets (heterogamous). B. Disk-fls. with both stamens and pistils, but the ovary abortive (not producing seed): style usn- ally entire. Dracunculus, Linn. Tarragon. Estragon. Herb ; green and glabrous, with erect, branched stems 2 ft. high : radical lvs. 3-parted at the top ; stem-lvs. linear or lanceolate, entire or small-toothed : panicle spread- ing, with whitish green, nearly globular fi. -heads. Eu. R.H. 1896, p. 285. — Tarragon lvs. are used for seasoning, but the plant is little grown in this country. The lvs. may be dried in the fall, or roots may be forced in a coolhouse in the winter. Prop, by division ; rarely pro- duces seed. Canadensis, Michx. Herb, 2 ft. or less high, glabrous or very nearly so : lvs. usually 2-pinuate, with filiform, plane lobes : fls. in a long, narrow panicle, with numer- ous small greenish heads. Wild on banks and plains in the northern part of the country. Int. 1891. Silifdlia, Torr. Shrubby, canescent, 3 ft. or less high, very leafy, the branches rigid : lvs. filiform, the lower usually 3-parted : panicle long and leafy. Plains, W.— Plant has a purplish, mist-like aspect when in fruit. BB. Disk'fls. perfect and fertile : style S-cleft. c. Seceptacle hairy. frigida, Willd. Herb, 8-12 in., with a woody base, silvery canescent : lvs. much cut into linear lobes : heads small and globular, with pale involucre, in nu- merous racemes. Plains and mountains W. Int. 1883.— ARTICHOKE Good for borders. Known in Colo, as "Mountain Fringe," and used medicinally. Absinthium, Linn. Wormwood. Almost shrubby, 2-4 ft. high, spreading and branchy, white-silky : lvs! 2-3- parted into oblong, obtuse lobes : heads small and nu- merous, in leafy panicles. — Wormwood is native to Eu., but it occasionally escapes from gardens. It is a common garden herb, being used in domestic medicine, especially as a vermifuge. Wormwood tea is an odorous memory with every person who was reared in the country. argSntea, L'Her. Shrubby, erect : lvs. white-silky, 2-pinnate, the lobes linear or lanceolate : beads globu- lar, tomentose, nodding, in racemose panicles ; 1-2 ft. ^Madeira. — Useful for rockwork. cc. Receptacle not hairy. Abrbtanum, Linn. Southernwood. Old Man. Shrubby, 3-5 ft., green and glabrous, the St. rather strict : lvs. 1-3-pinnately divided, the divisions fine- filiform : panicleloose, with yellowish white heads. Eu. — Southernwood is grown for its pleasant-scented foli- age ; and it sometimes escapes into waste places. Pdntica, Linn. Roman Wormwood. Shrubby, erect, 1-4 ft. : lvs. canescent below, pinnutisect, the lobes linear : panicle open and long, with small, globular, nodding, whitish yellow heads. Eu. — Roman wormwood is used for the same purposes as A. Absinthium, and is more agreeable. Chief source of absinthe. vulgiris, Linn. Mugwort. Herb, erect, paniculately branched : Ivs. white-cottony beneath but soon green above, 2-pinnately cleft, with lanceolate lobes : upper Ivs. sometimes linear . heads many, oblong, yellowish. Eu. and northern N. Amer., and naturalized in E. states. — Mugwort is grown for the ornament of its foli- age. There are v.ariegated-leaved and golden-leaved va- rieties. It was once a domestic remedy. Variable. Stelleriina, Bess. Old Woman. Herb, 2 ft., from a woody creeping base, densely white tomentose : lvs. pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes ■ heads large and many- fld., in a racemose-glomerate inflorescence. N.E.Asia and on the coast of Mass. — Attractive from its whiteness. Useful for borders. Ludoviciina, Nutt. Herb, 2-3 ft., white-tomentose or lvs. becoming greenish above : lvs. linear to oblong, the lower ones toothed or parted, the upper ones entire : heads small, bell-shaped, paniculate. Plains and banks, W. Int. 1891. aa. Heads with perfect fls. throughout : receptacle not hairy. arbuscula, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby : a foot or less high : lvs. short, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes obovate and often 2-Iobed, canescent : panicle simple and strict, often spike-like, the 5-9-fld. heads erect. Plains, W. tridentilta, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby ; reaching height of 12 ft., although often only a foot high, branchy, canescent : Ivs. wedge-shaped, 3-7-toothed or lobed, truncate at the summit, the uppermost ones narrower ; heads 5-8-fld. Plains, W. Int. 1881. L H B ARTICHOKE (Cyndra Scilymus.Unn.). Compdsita. A coarse and robust perennial, cult, for the edible fl.- heads and lvs. The fl. -heads are 3-5 in. across just before they open, and at this stage they are cut for the table. The fleshy outer scales and the " bottom " of the head (this is, the receptacle, the florets being removed) are eaten raw or cooked. When the blue florets begin to show, the head is too old for eating. Fig. 144 shows edible heads. For pickling, the heads are often taken when only half grown. The young sts and lvs. are sometimes blanched and eaten, after the manner of cardoons ; and these parts comprise the "Artichoke salad '* of the markets. There are a score or more varieties in European gardens, but the Globe is the one generally sold here. Although the Artichoke is perennial, the plant declines in vigor after it has borne two or three crops In the N. the plants should be ]irntci'tcd in winter with a liberal mulch. Artichokes an- of iMsii-st culture on riidi soil. As they grow 3-5 ft. bii^ii and braucli friM-Iy, aiul make lvs. 3 ft. long, they should not be set nearer than 2 or 3 ARTICHOKE ft. in the rows, and the rows should be 4 or 5 ft. apart. In this country, the plant is propagated mostly by seeds. These are sown early in the spring. Seedlings rarely ARUJI 101 144. Edible heads of Artichoke (X !^). give many heads before the second year. A quicker and bettermethod of propagation is to use the suckers, which are freely produced about the crown. The suckers repro- duce the variety. The Artichoke is little known in Amer- ica, but is worthy greater attention. The habit of propa- gating by seed is. perhaps, one reason why the Artichoke has not obtained greater prominence in this country. The great woolly, pinnatifid Ivs. and strong habit make the plant an attractive ornamental subject. See CardooH. h. H. B. ARTICHOKE, JERUSALEM iHelidulhus tuberdstis, Linn.). CompAsHa. While the Globe Artichoke is sel- dom seen in American gardens or on American tables, and surely not appreciated by our people, the Jerusalem Artichoke is so common as to be despised as a weed. The Jerusalem Artichoke is the tuber of a perennial sun- flower-like plant. (Fig. 14.5.) It thrives on almost any drained land, without much attention as to manuring, and without coddling. The tubers may be cut to single eyes and planted like common potatoes. The cultivation is about the same as that usually given to corn or pota- toes. Any time in the fall after frost has killed the tops, or the latter have matured, the crop can be gathered. Pull up the whole plant by the roots, or dig the tubers with a potato hook or prong hoe. Or, swine may be turned into the field and allowed to root up and feed on the tubers. All kinds of farm animals seem to be fond of them. They may be ground and fed, mixed with ground grains, to poultry with good results. -As a succulent food for cattle, sheep, swine, and perhaps other farm stock, this tuber seems to de- serve more general attention on the part of the American farmer than it has usually received. It is far aheati of the potato in productiveness, and much more cheaply grown. Raw or boiled and served with vinegar, the tuber also makes a very good winter or spring salad, and for this purpose it may find a limited sale in our markets. Tin- cliii-f demand for it will be for seed purposes. The easiest way of keeping the crop over winter is by leaving the tubers in the ground 145. Tuber of Jerusalem Artichoke (X >4). where they grew, as they are not hurt by frost when covered with soil. Tubers already gathered can be pitted like beets or turnips, but will need even less cover- ing of soil. The Mammoth White French is said by some propagators to be an improved strain of the ordinary or Jerusalem Artichoke. The plant often becomes a we'ed ; but hogs will root it out. The plant is native to upper Canada and middle parts of the U. S. It was cult, by the Indians. See HfUunthus. rp Grein'ER ARTOCARPUS («Wos, bread, and cnr/jos. fruit). Urti- cAcete. Bread Fruit. Tropical fruit plants, originally from the East Indies, sometimes cult, with difSculty in northern botanic gardens for their great economic inter- est. They need a hot, moist atmosphere, ranch water, and perfect drainage. Prop, slowly by cuttings of young lateral growth. The fruits do not bear shipment to the N. inclsa, Linn. f. Bread Fruit. Tree, 30-40 ft., with a viscid, milky juice : branches fragile ; Ivs. 1-3 ft. long, leathery, ovate, cuneate and entire at base, upper part 3-9-lobed : male fls. in a dense club-shaped yellow catkin, 10-16 in. long; female fls. in a subglobular echinate head, having a spongy receptacle : fr. as large as a melon, typically murieated, but in the best cult, varieties reticu- lated only, and seedless. Gt. 39, p. 273. Gng. 5 : 233, and B.M. 2869-71, where the romantic story of its transfer to the West Indies is told. Sparingly cult, in S. Fla. integrifdlia, Linn. f. Jack Fruit. Tree, 30 ft., with milky juice: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, very various; those of fer- tile branches nearly obovate, entire ; those of higher branches more obovate and oblong ; those of young shoots from the root very narrow, or 2-3-lobed : fr. attaining a weight of 60-70 lbs. Less palatable than the bread fruit. The oily seeds when roasted are said to resemble chest- nuts. G. CHI. 20:717. B. M. 2833-4. Gt. .39, p. 273. Gn. 35: 455. CAnnonii, Bull. Lvs. varying from cordate to deeply 31obed. 1 ft. long, red beneath, bronzy crimson and pur- ple above, very showy. Society Is. F.S. 21: 2231-2. Arum (ancient name). Aroidece. Tuber-bearing low herbs, of few species, in Eu. and W. Asia. Lvs. simple, the petiole sheathed at the base : spathe convolute, va- riously colored, mostly including the short spadix : pis- tillate fls. at the base. Grown usually as oddities, mostly under the general name of Callas. Some of the species are hardy ; others, as A. Pahestinum, are tender, and require glasshouse treatment. The tender kinds are managed in essentially the same way as the fancy-leaved Caladiums. Plant the tubers sufficiently deep that roots may form from near the top. Give rich soil, and water freely when growing or in bloom. The hardy species should be well mulched in late fall. They thrive best in partially shaded places and in rich soil. Prop, by nat- ural ofi'sets ; also by seeds or berries, which some spe- cies produce freely. Some of the species are acrid- poisonous. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandolle's Mono- graphise Phonerogamarum, vol. 2. The following names are in the American trade : albispathitm, Nos. 5, 7; alpintini, 6; Arisaritm^ Arisarura vulgare ; Suzuntininn, 7 ; Canarlevse, 7 ; coHcinnatum,!; cornnfif}n = 'l; Corsicnm,!; crinitHin^ Helicodiceros crinitus : riiliiiilni'-.iiin, 7; Cupriiiiii, 2; detruncafum, 3; Din^runilis. '2: ffntr'i iinihis = Dracun- cuhis vulgaris; eToiuiatuii) ,:>\ . appearhuj b* fore iir iciflt the spathe. 6. maculitum, Linn. (.1. r/(?i/.(rr. Lam.). Lords-and- Ladies. Cuckoo Pint. \Vake Robin (in England). About a foot high : lvs. usually black-spotted, hastate or sagittate, the front lobe triangular ovate, about as high as the spathe : the spathe swollen at its base, the margins of the lance-ovate limb becoming inrolled, spotted with purple : spadix shorter than the spathe, purple, Eu. — A hardy species, of many forms. A form with spotless lvs. and a whitish tube with a medial pur- ple zone, is A. immiiculfitum and Zelehbri, Schott. Var. angustitum, Engler, has a narrow light-purple spathe (.1. ml, rwhUum, Schur, A. Mdliji, Schott.). Var. alplnum, Kiigler (A. alplnum, Schott. & Kotschy) has peduncles longer, and an ovate-lanceolate spathe. 7. Itilicmn, Miller (A. cylindr&ceum, GasJ).). Fig. UC). Larger than the last : lvs. hastate, nearly truncate below, light-veined : spathe scarcely swollen below, the limb erect and not expanding and including the short spadix (tip sometimes deflexed after dowering). Yel- lowish or white and faintly striate. Eu. B.M. 2432, -A hardy sjiecics ; also grown in pots. In the open, the lvs. upjM-ar in the fall. A very variable species, Var, Canari6nse, Kngler (A. Cnnarifnse, Webb. & Berth.), has narn^w Iraf-lnbrs and sp.ithc. Var. concinnitum, Engler [ A . <.. of 65° they germinate in 4-5 weeks. Int. to horti- culture by Dammann & Co., Italy, in 1890, and named for their collector, Herr Sprenger. There is a white-lvd. variety. lilcidus, Lindl. Climber: tubers 1!4 in. long : sts. 4-0 ft., spiny, branching : Ivs. narrow and curved, 2 in. or less long, 2-6 in a cluster, more or less deciduous : fls. .small, white, axillary : berries pink or white. Hin. in diam. China and Japan, where the tubers are eaten (A.G. 13:78).— Needs warm treatment. AAA. Foliage filiform or thread-like. plumdsus, Baker. Fig. 155. Tall-climbing, with spiny terete sts. (10-15 ft.): branches flatfish and spreading horizontally in elegant sprays : Ivs. short, bright green, in clusters : fls. white, commonly solitary : berry black, uearlv gloliular. 1-seeded. S.Afr. G.C. III. 23:146.- Oni- of till- inc.>t jiopular of iliM'i.rative plants, the cut strands bnl(linL,'tluir sliapeand i-ol.ir for weeks (see note on culture below) . It is propagated liy seeds, division, and cuttings. Several garden forms. Var. ninus, Hort., Fig. plant or seeds being the only methods that answer for it." A. F. 11:1178. Var. tenuissimua, Hort. (A. tenuissimus, Hort.). Fig. 156. Only partially climbing, very light 152. Asparagus medeoloides or Smilax Natural i 155 (but not dwarf, as its name implies), is commoner than the type, from which it is distinguished, according to Watson, "by the fulness and flatness of its fronds, and by its refusal to multiply by means of cuttings, division of the 153. Asparasus Sprengeri (X 3-2 green : sprays more open and delicate than those of the type, because of the fewer and longer Ivs. Var. declinitus, Hort., has drooping sprays. Var. cristiltUB Hort., has forking-tasseled sprays. Comor6nsis, Hort. Similar to A. plumosus : more ro- bust, darker green, softer foliage : berries globular. G.C. 111.23:181. I. H. 42, p. 61. crispus, Lam. (4. dfciimftois, Jacq., and Hort.). Tu- bers many, oblong: climbing (2-4 ft.), the sts. fine or almost hair-like and annual, the branches zigzag : Ivs. numerous, usually in close pairs, very short (J4in.), glaucous-green : fls. white, with orange anthers : berry large (J^in. long), oval, soft, brown, about 0-seeded. S. Afr. A. defUxns. Hort., is probably a form of this species. verticllUtUB, Linn. Tall-climbing (10-15 ft.) hardy plant : rootstock woody : sts. stout (i'ain. in diam.), said to be edible when young, but becom- ing woody, spiny : Ivs. in tufts, hair-like, 2 in. or less long : fls. small : berries red. Persia, Si- beria retrofractns, Linn. (A. retrofrdctns arbbreus, Hort.). Sts. slender (4-8 ft.), becoming woody and gray, scaivily climbing, zigzag, spiny, the branches wiry : Ivs. in close clusters, green, hair-like, 1-2 in. long: fls. white, small, umbellate: berry small, nearly globular, 1-seeded. S. Afr. virgitus, Baker. A bushy, branchy plant 3-6 ft., the branches arching ; Ivs. in 3's, dark green, 1 in. or less long : fls. small, white: berries red, 1-seeded. S. Afr. A. acutifdlius, Linn. Hardy, rigid, 5 ft.: Ivs. tufted, hair-like: fls. yellow : berry red. Eu.— A. ^thidpicui, Linn. Suggests A. ASPAKAQUS ASPARAGUS 107 Sprengeri ; evergreen : Ivs. flat and falcate, in clusters of 3-6. AfT.—A.Africd7ius,Ijam. Climber: Ivs. rigid, dark green, clus- tered, evergreen. S. A£r.—A. Asidticus, Linn. Tall climber : Ivs. hairlikf, soft, }4\n.—A. Gobperi, Baker. Similar to A. plu- mosus. S. Afr.— A. declindtus, Linn, "Allied to A. plumosus, from which it differs in having deltoid prickles, pale green stems, and smaller berries." S. Afr. — J.. /w/fd^ws, Linn. Very tall (25-30 ft.), .'limMiie; Ivs. in whorls, flat and falcate. S. Atr . Tr-p. A^i;i, G.C. III. 23: 123, nS.—A.lannnNs, i;mrh Shoots annual, 10-12 ft.: Ivs. hair-like, i.rrsisf,'iit. in clusters. Simi- lar to A. retr<.tr;L<.-tus. .S.Afr, G-.C.IIL 23:122. —A.procumhens, a trade name. —A.racemdsus, Willd. Climber: Ivs. grayish, 4-angled : fls. whitish, fragi-ant: racemes 2 in. long. Trop. At'r. and Asia. G. C. III. 2Z;U7.—A. sarmentd- sus, Linn. Not climbing, but loose, 4 ft.: Ivs. and flat : berries bright red. Trop, Asia (and Afr.?). G.C. III. 16:747; 23:179.-^. 'idens, Thunb. Climbing, slender: Ivs. in 3's, curved, flat, dark green. S. Afr.— A . Sekoberioides, Kunth. One ft. : Ivs. de- ciduous, in 3's or 4's, linear, curved : fls. sessile: berries red. Hardy. Jap.—A.te7i- uifolius, Lam. Shrubby, hardy, 3ft.: Ivs. grayish, lin6ar,curved: berries very large, red. S. Eu. Not to be confounded with A. tenuissimus, which is a form of A. plu- ■..—A.trichophyllus, Bunge. Sts. an- nual,weak, 3-6 ft.: Ivs. clustered, stiff and .■iwl-like : fls. long-pedicelled. Hardy. Si- ^n-Y\;i,Q\\in&..—A.umheUdtus, Link. Some- what shrubby, the sts. wiry : Ivs. 3-angled, stiff, in clusters: fls. white, fragrant, in umbels. L. H. B. Culture of Smilas [Asparag^is medeoloXdes) . — Coramercially, Smilax is grown in solid beds under glass, and the tall growth is tied to strings. These strings are cut for sale. Some growers do not renew their beds of Smilas for 3 or 4 years. It is, doubtless, the most profitable to replant with young stock every year. Smilax, like all its family, is a heavy feeder. A heavy loam with one-fifth half-rotted cow-manure is the best compost for the bed. A light house is not essential. The middle of an equal-span house running north and south is an ideal place for it, if there is height sufficient to run up the strings 7 or 8 feet. Plant as early as possible in July. Many florists who grow a few hundred strings of Smilas. make the mistake of putting them in a coolhouse. It will grow in a temperature of 50°, but not profitably: 60° at night, and even 65°, is the right temperature. The plants should be 8 in. apart in the rows and 10 in. between rows. If not syringed frequently, I'ed spider attacks the Smilax ; but there is no excuse for that, as a daily syringing is a sure preventive. When cutting the strings, avoid picking out one here and there. Begin to should also be taken in cutting, for many times there will be several young growths a foot or so high that can be saved for a future string, and they may be worse than use- less if cut. Smilax for planting in July should be raised from seed sown in February. When 2 or 3 in. high, and showing its character-leaves, it should be potted in 2-iu. pots. In May, they should go into 3-in. pots. It is very important that the first growth, which is always weak, should be made in these 3-in. pots ; then, when planted out, the first growth in the beds is strong enough to make saleable strings. Never neglecttyiug up Smilax as soon as the preceding crop is cut. Contrary to what is the case with many plants, the hotter Smilax is grown the hardier and more durable the leaves, providing it is not cut prematurely. William Scott. Culture of Asparagus plumosus. — The first and all-important factor in the cultivation of Asparagus is the construction of the bed. To meet with any degree of success, the bed must have perfect drainage. The house should be 25 or 30 feet high, and wired at the top and bottom. The wires beneath are made fast to each 156. Asparag tenuissimus (X H)- cut at one end of the bed and, as much as possible, clear off all the strings, because when denuded of so much growth the fleshy roots are liable to rot if over-watered; little water is needed till young growth starts. Care side of an iron trellis about 8 inches apart and at the top an equal distance apart, in order that the strings may be as nearly straight as possible. The early growth ot Asparagus plumosus , var. nanus, is very slow ; but as soon as it is transplanted and well rooted in a rich soil, the growth is more rapid, the tender shoots developing into a vine which will be ready to cut for the market in about a year. There is great difftculty in obtaining the seed of the nanus. In a whole house, there may be only a few seed-bearing strings. After being picked, the berries are allowed to dry for a month, and are then ready for planting. A good, rich soil, cov- ered with a thin film of sand, serves very well to start them. The temperature should be about Qo^^ and as nearly constant as possible. When the plant is well rooted, it is removed to a deeper soil or potted in 3- or 4-inch pots and placed on a bench. Here it remains a year, and is then placed in the bed. "up to this timeasmall amount of labor suffices to keep the pi vat glowing in a healthy condition ; but from now on gieat care must be taken and much labor expended to produce the best crop. The bed into which the young plant is set should be carefully laid with rocks at the bottom, so the water can f scape freely. Over this place two or three feet of soil, manure, and ^^^ dead leaves. It is but a short ■^^'^'^L^ time now that the roots have ^^5??«j*- room to expand before the '*^ shoots appearabove the trel- lis, and tlie stringing begins. Strong linen thread is used for strings. (X K). The first crop will not be ready to cut before the end of the second year ; that is, from the time the seed is planted. As soon as this crop is exhausted, new strings are put in place of the old, and another crop is started. This goes on year after year. Now that the plant has .gotten its growth, it is more hardy, and is constantly 108 ASPARAGUS sending up new shoots. If the bed is well made in the beginning, the Asparagus need not be disturbed for eight or ten years. However, at the end of that time it is well to take the plants up and fill the beds with fresh soil and manure. In the spring, when the sun gets high, the Asparagus houses are shaded with a light coating of white lead, whiting and kerosene oil. This is absolutely necessary, as the summer sun would in a very short time burn the tops of the vine. The vine flowers in the fall, and only on strings that have been matured six months or more. The vine alone is not the only source of profit. When the plant is a year old, a few of the most nearly perfect sprays may be taken without injuring its growth. These are very desirable in the market. There is, of course, some waste in working up the Asparagus to be shifted, bat, on the whole, it is very slight. The different forms in which it is sold utilize by far the greater part of it. Insects destroy the shoots and sprays. This is pre- vented to a great extent by insect powder. The cut- worms do the most damage. About the only way to get rid of them is to pick them off the strings during the night, as they generally seek shelter under the thick clusters of the plant at daylight. There are many draw- backs ingrowing Asparagus, among which are expensive houses, the slow growth of the plants (which makes it necessary to wait at least two years before receiving any return from the expenditure) , injury from insects, and the great amount of labor involved in looking after the houses. William H. Elliott. ASPASIA (Greek personal name, of little significance here). Orchiddeem, tvihe Vdndece. Pseudobulbous ; Ivs. sub-coriaceous : racemes radical : perianth spreading : lateral sepals free, the upper one connate at the base of the petals : labeUum concave : column semi -terete : poUinia 2. Eight or 10 Trop. Amer. species. The genus is closely allied to Odontoglossum. epidendroides, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate : racemes, with about 4 lis. ; erect : sepals and petals streaked with brown; labellum white, dotted with violet-purple. Pan- ama and Colombia. Oakes Ames. ASPEN. See Popuhts. ASPEEfiLLA (diminutive of asper, rough). Sjti.,As- prill'i. Gnnnini'iv. Perennial grasses, with looser and more slender terminal spikes than Elymus. Spikelets usually in pairs, on short pedicels, empty glumes wanting or appearing as simple rudiments in the lowest spikelets of each spike. Species 4. N. Amer., Siberia, New Zeal. Hystrix, Humb. Bottle -brush Grass. Spikelets stand out at right angles, suggesting brushes used for cleaning bottles. A native grass, growing in woodlands and on the borders of thickets ; sometimes used for lawn decoration. p^ q Kennedy. ASP£RULA (roughish : referring to lvs.). SuUhcew. Mostly dwarf, hardy herbs, for borders, rockeries and shady places, with square stems, whorled lvs. (some of the lvs. are really stipules), and many small, 4-parted fls., produced freely from May to July. The commonest species is A. odorata, the Waldmeister of the Germans, which is used in their Maitrank, or May wine, and in summer drinks. The dried lvs. have a hay-like fra- grance, lasting for years, and are often kept with clothes. The plant occasionally escapes from gardens. A. JierapJiyJla, with its delicate, misty spray, is used with sweet peas and other cut-flowers that are inclined to lo2-2 in. wide: bracts 9-12 lines long. Caucasus, Tauria, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece. G.C. III. 21 : 175. aa. Stems leafy only a third or half the way to the B. Fls. white globiJera, J. Gay. Heigl C'appadocia. leeme demise. -3 ft. : capsule globose ASPHODELINE ASPIDISTRA 109 BB. Pis. yellow : raceme lax. c Bracts large, 6-lS lines long, long-cuspidate. tenilior, Ledeb. Height 1 ft. Caucasus, Armen., N. Persia. B.M. 2C26.— Smaller than A. liitetis, with finer Ivs. and smaller, fewer and paler fls. E.specially dis- tinguished by the stalk being naked at the upper part, below the raceme of fls., and the bracts as short as or shorter than the peduncle. cc. Bracts small, l\i-s lines long, short-cuspidate. Libiimica, Reichb. {A. Critica, Vis., not Boiss.). Height 1-2 ft. Greece, Crete, Dalmatia, Austria, Italy, not Asia Minor. L.B.C. 10: 915 as A. Cretica. brevicaiilis, J. Gay {A. Cretica, Boiss., not Vis.). St. often flexuose, that of all the others here described being erect and strict. Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt. AAA. Stems leafy only at the base: fls. white: racemes dense. B. Racemes usually simple. ._. Stems having leaf-scales : height 8 ft. imperious, Siehe. Tallest species of the genus : fls. large, reddish white. Cappadocia. G.C. III. 22: 397. cc. Stems Hot having leaf-scales : height iVi-S ft. DamascSna, Baker. Height lK-2 ft.: bracts membra- naceous, lanceolate, the lowest 9-12 lines long. Mt. Lebanon. BaldnssB, J. Gay. Height 2 ft.: bracts scarious, 6-9 lines long. Cilicia. Gt. 46, p. 521. G.C. III. 23: 111. BB. Baeemes much panicled. iathmooirpa, Gav. Height 2 ft. Cilicia. G.C. III. 23:117. W M ASFH6DELUS ( Greek name of unknown origin) Li h dce(e. Hardy herbaceous stemless plants with white lily-like flowers in long racemes, fleshy fascicled roots and firm, linear. radical, tufted leaves. Perianth funnel-shaped ; segments 6, oblong-ligulate, obtuse, equal, with a distinct nerve on the back, and always ascending. The Asphodel of the an- cients, or King's Spear, is Asphode- line liiteiis, which see. Homer men- tions the Asphodel meadows of the dead, where the shades of heroes con- gregated in Hades. The Asphodel in Greek mythology was the peculiar flower of the dead. It has always been a common weed in Greece, and its pallid vel low flowers are associated with desert places and tombs. The word daffodil is a corrup tion of Asphodel. The Asphodel of the early English and French poets is JVarcissus Pseudo-narcissus. J. G. Baker, in his re vision of the genus in Jour. Linn. Soc 15 268-272 (1877). refers 40 species of other botanists to A. ramosus, the dominant type ot which he makes three subspecies. These subspecies are here kept distinct, for horticultural purposes, as good species They are the ones first described below. A lamosiif and A. albiis are the only current trade names in America Culture simple; see Asphodeline. A. Plant perennial : Ivs.S-angled B. Scape long. c. Racemes simple or sparingly branched. &lbas, Miller, not Willd. Branching Asphodel. Bracts buff colored when young : filaments deltoid at the base : capsules medium-sized, 5-6 lines long, sub- globular or ellipsoid. Southern Eu. cerasiferus, J. Gay. Bracts pale yellow : filaments wedge-shaped at the base, but rapidly becoming awl- shaped : capsule large, 8-10 lines thick, flattish globu- lar, umbilicate. Western Mediterranean region. cc. Racemes much branched or panicled. microcArpus, \'is. (A.cfsfivtis, Brot.). Bracts pale yel- low at tirst: filaments 4-angled at the base: capsule small, 3-4 lines long, obovoid-globose. Mediterranean, Canaries. BB. Scape short, almost wanting. acaiilis, Desf. Lvs. G-20, in a dense rosette, 3-4 in. long, minutely pubescent : fis. 6-20, in a crowded corymb : segments of perianth 2-3 lines wide. Algiers. B.M. 7004. AA. Plant annual: leaves cylindrical, hollow. fistulbsus, Linn. Height 16-20 in. : lvs. 12-30, in a dense rosette, 6-12 in. long, striate, awl-like, glabrous : seg- ments of perianth 1-2 lines wide, lined with pink: buds pink; fls. pinkish. France and Portugal to Syria, Arabia and Afghanistan. B.M. 984. L.B.C. 12:1124. -Needspro- tection under glass in winter. If removed early in autumn to a greenhouse, it may be induced to seed freely. A. (7rf?(icus =AsphodeUne Liburnica.— A. iiiieits =Asphodel- ine luteus.— A. ViUdrsii, Verb, is a form of A. ramosus, from E. France, with long, dense racemes and dark bro^vn bracts. N. 1:135. ^_ ji. ASPIDISTRA (Greek, a smnH,ro«Kds7i(eW; referring, probably, to the shape of the stigma). Lilidcece. A popular florists' plant, grown for its stiff, shining, beau- tiful foliage, and still -aiore interesting for its remarkable fls., which are inconspicuous because borne close to the ground. The casual observer never suspects that Aspi- distra is a liliaceous plant. The parts of the fl. in mono- cotyledons are typically in 3's. The genus Aspidis- tra is considered abnormal, as usually having its parts in 4's. This tetramerous state {which is here con- sidered the normal one, and described below) is pic- tured in B.M. 2499, but the species was first described upon a trimerous state, and pictured in B.R. 028. In A . lurida the trimerous state must be regarded as aii ex- ceptional reversion : in A. typica, B.M. 7484, the tri- merous state is thought to be constant. Of all plants that are rented for the temporary decoration of public halls. Aspidistra lurida is one of the greatest favorites, as it stands much abuse, such as dust, dry air, and lack of water and light. It is, however, naturally fond of wa- ter, and grows freely onthemarginsof ponds or streams, especially south. In rich soil the variegation often dis- appears altogether until the plants begin to starve, hence a compost of nearly half sand is desirable. The best method of propagation is by means of division in spring, before active growth begins, as the young leaves are not then disfigured. lurida, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 1.58. Lvs. 15-20 in. long, stiff, evergreen, oblong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, radical ; 110 ASPIDISTRA blade narrowed into a channeled petiole a third of its length: fls. lurid purple, on short 1-tid. scapes; perianth segments 8 ; stamens 8 ; stigma broadly shield-shaped, like a small mushroom. China. — The variegated form is more commonly grown, the alternation of the green and white stripes being singularly beautiful. No two Its. are exactly alike. E. O. Orpet and W. M. ASFlDIUM. See Di-i/opteris und Polyslichiim. ASPLENfiNDKIUM. See Thamnopteris. ASFL£)NIUM (Greek, not the spleen; referring to sup- posed medicinal properties). Polypodiiiceee. A large, widely distributed genus of ferns, containing some 200 species. Easily distinguished by the free veins, and by the elongated sori covered by an indusium, which nor- mally is attached to one side of a vein. Aspleniums enjoy an abundance of moisture at the roots, but they will turn brown in the winter months in an excessively moist atmosphere. They should be kept in a very lightly shaded position. A good potting ma- terial consists of equal parts of rich soil and leaf -mold or peat. The following are some of the most useful com- mercial kinds; A. Belanyeri, height 2%tt.\ A. btitbif- enan, 2 ft. ; A. laxum, which grows quickly into a handsome specimen about 20 in. high, and seems to stand the hot, dry American summers betTt-r than i.ither species; A. salicifoUum; and A. virij>'f mm , which is dwarf , compact, with lace-like fronds, anil easily propa- gated. For hanging baskets, .^. ^?ffCf(V7(a/MS best. The foregoing species and others of like habit develop small plantlets on the surface and edge of pinnfe. As soon as these are sufficiently strong, they may be detached, with a small piece of old pinnie, and pricked into shallow pans, the older part being placed below ground to hold the young plant firmly in position until roots have formed. The best soil for this purpose is composed of equal parts of fresh garden soil, leaf -mold or fine peat, and sand. Plant very firmly, and place in a shady, moderately moist and close position, where in 10 to 15 days they will make roots. The foregoing ones do best in a temperature of 50° P. A. cicutarinni is easily grown from spores, and is very useful for fern dishes. Nichol N. Bruckner. Alphabetical list of species described below : A. Adi- antum-nigrum, 14 ; affine, 13 ; angustifolium, 10 ; Bap- tistii, 12; Belangeri, 2!! ; bulbiferum, 18; cicutarium, 20 ; cuneatum, 15 ; ebeneum,&; ebenoides,4; Filix-foemina, 25; fae)iieulaceum,16; fontanum, 17; formosum, 9 ; fra- grans, 16; Hemionitis, 2; laxum, 18; myriophyllum, 19; wo&iZis, 24; obtusilobum, 21; palmatum,2\ parvulum, 7; pinnatifidum,3; platyneuron,8; rhizophyllum, 19; mtSB- folium, 22; salicifolium, 11; serratum, 1 ; spinulosum, 27; thel}'pteroides,26 ; Trichomanes, 6 ; viride, 5 ; vivip- arum, 24. The following are native and hardy : Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 25, 21). A. Sori linear or oblong , straight ^ borne on the back of the It. B. Lf. simple, u'ith a serrate margin. 1. sen&tum, Linn. Lf. 1-3 ft. long, on a very short stipe, 2— i in. wide, gradually narrowed below: sori 1 in. or more long. Fla. to Brazil. BB. Lf. lobed or pinnatifid . 2. Hemionitis, Linn. {A. palmAtum, Lam.). Lf. 4-6 in. each way, hastate, with a triangular terminal lobe and two lateral ones, and a large, rounded sinus at the base: sori often over 1 in. in length. Spain, Canary Islands. S. 1:586. 3. pinnatifidnm, Nutt. Lvs. clustered, from a short rootstock, 3-9 in. long, with mostly rounded lobes at the base and terminating in a slender point ; texture thick, herbaceous ; occasionally rooting at the tip. Pa. to Ala. S. 1:628. 4. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Texture thin : lvs. 5-10 in. lon;r, Willi ;i few irregular divisions near the base, and a loiijj;, sli'iider, much-incised apical portion, occasionally rooting at the apex. A very rare native species. ASPLENIUM BBB. Lvs. once pinnate. c. Pinnce less than %in. long, bhint. D. Bachises greenish. 5. viride, Huds. Lvs. 3-8 in. long, scarcely more than J4in. wide, with numerous rather distant Ifts., which are ovate and deeply crenate : sori abundant, oblique. A subalpiue species of N. Eu. and N. Araer. S. 1:661. DD. Bachises purplish or blackish. G. Trich6manes, Linn. Lvs. densely clustered, 3-8 in. long, '.J ill. Willi', with densely crowded oval leaflets, which an- sli^'htiy crenate on the upper side and suddenly narrowed at the base. Northern hemis- phere generallv. A. G. 1892:653. S. 1:653. 7. parvulum, Mart. & Galeotti, Leaf 5-9 in. long, with 20-30 pairs of mostly opposite Ifts., which are ii-% in. long, rounded at the outer margin and squarely trun cate atthebase. South- ern states and Mex. cc. Pinnce %-l inch long, with a strong auricle at the up- per side of the base or deeply incised on the upper mar- gin. 8. platynetiron, Oakes {A. ebeneum. Ait.), Lvs. 6-15 in. long, with 30-35 pairs of Ifts. which have an enlarged auricle at the upper side at the base, the lower Ifts. reduced to mere triangular auri- cles : sori. when ma- ture, covering the en- tire surface. Canada to S.Amer. A. 6.1892:654. S. 1:535. 9. {ormdsum, Willd. Lvs. 12-16 in. long, with numerous alter- nate pinnae which are mostly deflexed, with the upper margin deeply incised and the lower margin toothed : sori 3-5 to each 1ft. Trop. Amer. S. 1: 576. CCC. Pinnce 3-6 in. long, linear or lanceolate. 10. angustifolium, Micbx. Lvs. 18-24 in. long on stout stalks, 4-6 in. wide, with 20-30 pairs of nearly sessile pinnae, which are truncate at the base and extend to a tapering point ; fertile piun«e narrower and more dis- tant. I^ioist woods northward. S. 1 : 496. 11. saliciidlium, Linn. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with about 20 distinctly stalked horizontal pinnie, which are wedge- shaped at the base, and curve upward to a long point : sori strongly oblique to the midrib, wide apart, not reaching either margin or midrib. W. Ind. to Braz. BBBB. Lvs. 3-4 pinnate. c. Ultimate divisions linear or cuneate : venation somewhat fan-shaped : texture thick. 12. B&ptistii, Moore. Leaf bipinnate, with broadly ovate pinnae 5 in. or more long, each with about 4 stipi- tate linear toothed pinnules ; sori nearly parallel with the midvein and close to it ; rachises scaly, with pur- plish lined scales. South Sea Islands. 13. aiflne, Swz. Leaf 9-18 in. long, with numerous pinnae on either side, the lower ovate deltoid, the upper lanceolate ; pinnules incised : sori linear. Mauritius and Ceylon to E. Ind. 14. AdiAntum-nlgmm, Linn. Stalks brownish, lvs. 3- piiniatiliil from winged rachises, triangular, 5-9 in. long; iiltimati' divi^icms ovate, sharply incised and serrate on both sides. Uld World generally. S. 1:486. Asple rhizophyllum. ASPLENIUM 111 15. cuneitum. Lam. Lvs. 12-lG in. long, 4-6 iu. wide, tripiniKite bdnw. the ultimate divisions broadly obtuse above and srntni;;ly cuneate below ; son linear, usually long fur the size of the segments. Trop. regions generally. 16. fragrans, Swartz {A. fieniculclceum, Kuuth. Lvs. 2-3-pinnate ; tiltimate segments lanceolate, sharp serrate above ; veins simple or the lowest forked : sori oblong, extending from midrib to near base of the lobes petiole brownish, rachis flattened. W. Ind. S. 1: 577. cc. UUimnte division rhombic, sharpJy spiuulose : texture herbaceous. 17. font&num, Bernh. Growing in dense clusters : lvs. 3-6 in. long. 1 in. or more wide, 2-pinuale; segments with 2-5 spinulose teeth which are widely divergent : sori at maturity covering nearly the entire surface of the segments. Eng. and Spain to the Himalayas. S. 1 : 574. ccc. Ultimate divisions longer, not spinulose : texture membranous or herbaceous. 18. btilbiierum, Forst. (A. Idxttm, 'Kort.). Lvs. l-l^^ft. long, 6-8 in. wide, 3-pinnatifid ; pinnfe tapering to a slender toothed point : often bearing bulbs from which new plants originate while still attached to the leaf. Afr. and Australasia. S. 1: 508. 19. rhizophyllum, Kunze {A. my riophy Hum, Presl.). Pig. 159. Urowiug iu extensive tufts, with grayish brown stalks and rachises : lvs. 6-15 in. long, 3-pinnate or 4-pinnatifld, the ultimate segments frequently deeply 2-Iobed with a single sorus to each division. Pla. to S. Amer. 20. cicutirium, Swz. Lvs. 3-pinnatifid with a winged rachis, 8-18 in. long ; pinnules ovate, with 5-7 narrow divisions, each bearing a single sorus ; texture thin, membranous. Trop. Amer., rare in Fla. AA. Sori linear, marginal or submarginal, on narrow, linear, ultimate divisions of the leaf. {Darea.) B. Lvs. bipinnatifid, less than a foot long. 21. obtusilobum, Hook. Lvs. 4-7 in. long, 2 in. wide or less, with about 10 pinnae, which are made up of 5-7 narrow segments bearing occasional sori on the outer margin of the segments. New Hebrides and Fiji Isls. S. 1:624. BB. Z/vs. 3-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid, over a foot long. c. Pinnce short, with close segments. 22. TUtaefdlium, Kunze. Lvs. 13-15 in. long, with 12-20 pinnae on each side, each with 7-11 narrow segments, 2 or 3 of the lower ones 2-fld. or rarely 3-fld. S. Afr., Ind. and Jap. 23. Beldngeri, Kunze. Fig. 160. Lvs. 15-18 in. long, 3 in. wide, with numerous horizontal pinnae on each side, cut into about 12 segments on either side, which are set nearly at right angles to the rachis ; the lower basal segment often forked. E. Ind. 160. Aspl Belangeri. cc. Pinmp longer, with scattered narrowly linear segments. 24. vlviparum, Presl. Lvs. 15-24 in. long, 6-8 in. wide, on rather short stalks with piunatifld pinnules and ulti- mate segments, which are narrowly linear and often forked : plant often bulb-bearing, like A. bulbiferum. Mauritius and Bourbon. Cult, under various names. S. 1: 602. A. ndbilis, Hort., is a garden variety. AAA. Sori more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe- shaped : lvs. ample, 2-4 pinnatifid. 25. Fillx-foEmina, Beruh. Lvs. 18 in. to 3 ft., broadly ovate-oblong, bipinnate ; pinnae 4-8 in. long, lanceolate, with numerous more or less pinnately incised or serrate segments. Eu. and N. Amer. — Very variable, especially in cult. Schneider describes 56 varieties. 26. thelypteroides, Michx. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, on long, straw-colored stalks : 6-12 in. wide, 2-pinuatifid, with linear-lanceolate pinnae ; segments crowded, oblong, minutely toothed : sori 10-12 to each segment. Rich soil in the eastern U. S. S. 1: G51. 27. spinuldsum, Baker. Lvs. 9-12 in. each way, del- toid, 3-4-pinnatifid, with 9-12-pinnfe on either side, the lowest much the largest ; segments short and sharply toothed. China and Jap. Supplementary Ust of less common trade names : A. aculed- turn, Hort. Hab. ?— A. arbdreitm. See Diplazium.— JL. biti- diim='A. lineatum.— J., decussdturn. See Callipteris.— J., ellip- Jicwm. Hort., a trade name.— J., fldcddum, Forst. Coolhouse basket fern from Australia. Tasmania and N. Z. Fronds 2-3 ft. long, 4-8 in. broad ; stipes stout, flexible, greenish, naked ; pinnae numerous, close or distant, lanceolate, leathery, 4-8 in. long, K-^in. broad. Very variable. — A. Goringidnum, var. pictum, Metteuius. (Athyrium Goriugiauum. vstr. pictum, Hort.). Distinguished from all other members of the genus by the bright color of its entirely deciduous fronds, which are ID- 15 in. long, spear-shaped, and pendulous. Possibly the only hardy variegated fern. It, however, needs glass protection for best results. Stalks purple or el.iret-eolored: lvs. green with a central band of gray; Ifts. divided intosharply toothed pinnules on which the oblong or kidney-shaped sori are arranged in two rows parallel to the midvein. Jap.— J.. Idneeum. See Dipla- zinm. ~ A. I inedtuiii, Swz. Warmhouse species from Mauritius and Bourlion, is very variable, running into forms with Ifts. again pinnate, which have either small, linear pinnules or these again twice cut: lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 4-ti in. wide : stalks erect, 6-9 in. long, more or less scaly.— J^. lotigissitmim, Blume. The best of all the genus for large baskets. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 4-6 in. broad ; stalks blackish. :t-l'J in. long ; Ifts. sessile, auricled. E.Ind. S.l:602.— .1. infin-<>/,/n,llinn, Swz. Coolhouse species from Polynesia. Malay.-i, (.'liiii,!. and Himalayas. Lvs. 6-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide ; stalks l.ruwiiish ; Ifts. 6-12 pairs, stalked, 3-6 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, sharii imiuted, serrate.— 4. Nidus, or A. NldusAvis. See Thamnopteris.— J.. Shepherdi. Spreng. See Diplazium. L, M. Under-wood. ASPBELLA. See Asperella. Aster (a star). CompdsHm. Aster. Starwort. MicH^LMAS Daisy. A large temperate-zone genus of attractive but botanically-confused herbs, particularly abundant in N. Amer. The genus is characterized by numerous flattish rays (white, blue, red, or purple), slender style appendages, compressed several - nerved akenes, and an involucre ' with unequal bracts in few or sev- eral rows, the pappus simple, soft, and abundant (Fig. 161). Leafy- stemmed, mostly blooming in the autumn. Some of the species are annual, but those in cult, are per- ennial (or rarely biennial). All are easy of cultivation in ordinary soil and exposures, and are among the best plants for the hardy border or for naturalizing in the freer parts of the grounds. They grow readily from seeds, but are gen- erally' prop by divisioii of the „, pappus; ),. coroUa: clumps. Calimens and Linosyns f.^ stamens; d. styles, are kept dLstinct iu this book. A. Ohl World Asters, some of them old garden jilants, and somewhat modified by cult. B. Stems simple and scape-like, bearing a single fl. alplnus, Linn. Lvs. entire and spatulate, forming a cluster on the ground, those on the stem small and linear : st. 3-lfl in., bearing a large violet-rayed, hand- some head. B.M. 199. — In its wild state, the plant also 112 ASTER occurs in the Rocky Mts. Valuable alpine or rockwork plant, with fls. varying to pink and white. Var. specid- sus, Hort.. is taller and stronger, with heads 11-4 in. across. Var. 8up6rhus, Hort. (Gn. 54: 1193), is a large and showy form. HimaUicua, C. B. Clarke (.4. ffimalay^nsis, Hort.). Similar to A. alplnux, but dwarfer : rays lilac-blue, slightly recurved at the tip : sts. 4-12 in., slightly vil- lous : Ivs, oblong or elliptic, nearly entire. Himalayas, 13,000-15,000 ft. -Little known in America. diplostephioides, Benth. T\oto it or hdir solitary oblanceolate tt 1 il e cent f 1 I lean 1 ol \ ate 1 entire I ut ciliate solitirj head lai ge inclined 2 3 m ici ss blue or pale puiple lerv showy Himalajas BM 163. Aster Novae-Aneliae. One of the best and most showy of nati 162 Aster cordlfollus A handsome blue-flowered nat Aster. 6718. J.H. III. 33: 262. -In the Araer. trade has been mis- spelled A. Deptostaphides. BB. Stems usuaUy branched and several- to many -fid. Am61Ius, Linn. St. simple or nearly so, few-fld. or sometimes only 1-fld. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat serrate, more or less 3-nerved, roughish- pubescent : involucre scales oblong, obtuse or nearly so, spreading, in 4-5 rows; heads large, purple. Eu. and Asia. Gn. 35: 089. — Variable, and several well-marked garden forms. Var. Bessaribicua, DC. (A. Bessardbicus, Bernh.). Lvs. oblong and attenuated at base : plant taller and larger-fld., deep purple. Gn. 35, p. 173. — Showy and de- sirable. Var. Cassilbicua, Hort. (A. Cassiardbiciis, Maund!). Pis. larger than in the type, the rays regular and de- flexed, the disk bright golden and broad. Sibirlcua, Linn. A foot or less high, somewhat pu- bescent, each branch terminating in a single head : lvs. ASTER oblong-spatulate to broad-lanceolate, serrate : heads violet or lilac. Arctic Eu. and Amer., and Rocky Mts.— Excellent rockwork plant. 4cris, Linn. About 2-3 ft., slender-branched : lvs. linear, or lance-linear : heads large and blue, with long, distinct, handsome rays. S. Eu. Gn. 37: 744. trinfirviua, Roxbg. About 3 ft., stout, corvmbose at summit : lvs. lance-ovate and strongly toothed : heads large, blue or purple (a pale var.), wi^h narrow, spread- ing rays. Himalayas. R.H. 1892: 396. -Hardy, hand- some VHriable TatAncus Linn f St. erect and striate, hispid, coivmboso at the summit, often 7 ft. high : lvs. large (the rulical 2 ft longi, lanceolate or oval lanceolate, attenuate at I ase entire : involucre scales purplish at tip he-ids 1 lue or purple, late. Siberia. G.F. 4:197.- Excellent for the hardy border, particularly for its very late 1 looming AA Natue Asters. These plants are one of the harms of the Amer. autumn, and are amongst the best of all hardy border plants. They gener- ally improve greatly in habit when transferred to cultnated giounds. Any of these wild Asters ire likely to come into cultivation at any time. The number of kinds is large. The student will find them 11 described in Gray's Synoptical Flora of North America, 1, pt. 2. Those of the northeastern states and adjacent Canada will be found in Britton and Brown's lllustr. Unra of the U. S., and Gray'sJUan- ual. Those of the S. are described in Chapman's Flora of the S. states. The following list comprises those known to be in cult. Of these, only J . JVovo'-Angliw is well known in domestication. The species are much con- fused : A. acumindtus, Michx.; ^^ amethysliniis, Nutt. (G.F. _^- -.::i78l: Aiid.ryoni, Gray; -*-':" Biytlov,-,, Gray( B.M. 6430) ; caniscens, Pursh ; Caroli- ni(irt«s,Walt. ; Chamissdnis, Gray; Chdpmani, Torr. & Gray; ommutdtus, Gray; c6ncolor,hmn. ; conspicuous, Lindl. ; cordifolius, Linn. (Fig. 162) ; corymbdsus. Ait.; C isickii. Gray; diffi'isus, Ait., and var. !iori2ontciHs;Doriglasii, Lindl.; D ■limmondii, Lindl.; dumdsus, Linn.; frieri'ides, Linn.; falcitus, Lindl.; F^'iidleri, Gray; folidceus, Lindl.; Fremonti, Gray; grandi- fldrus, Linn.; EdJlii, Gray; Bir- veyi, Gray (G.F. 2:473); integri- W?/((s, Nutt. ; la vis, I^inn.; Unarii- fdlius, Linn.; J/iiidli yuinis, Torr. Asters & Gray (G.F. 2 : 449) ; Iinice-c(eritleiis= I — *A.pyr- amidalis^ 1—A. Ke^vesii, Hort., is A. ericoides, var. Reevesii, Gray, a "rigid form, comparatively stout, glabrous, except that the Ivs. are often hispiduIouslum Sniii-lii-n rniisix J wbii-li at side of the leaf and raises an orange c TinitH spiays with the copper fungicide disorder in check. The Bordeaux niixtn pi mts and it is, therefore, better to use 1 tarbonate of copper. Spray it upon the plants before the tungus appears, and repeat every week or ten days. Use a cvclone nozzle and spray upwards, so as to strike the under sides of the leaves. L. H. B. In lecent years, the Branching Asters have come to be prominent and they are bound to increase in popularity as their merits become known. The long stem, large size and soft shades of pink and lavender have made this the most useful to the florist of all the Asters. The Comet has been rather short-stemmed for a com- mercial LUt flower. As to culture, it does not seem to be generally understood, even by florists, that the young Astei plants will stand more frost than cabbage. If started under glass about the middle of February, in New York state, they will be ready to plant out the lattei part of April or first of May. They will then come in at about the same time they would if grown entirely undei glass, although r.ot so long-stemmed. For fall flowers, we .sow out-of-doors with seed drill and culti- vate with wheel hoe. Plants have been ruined by be- ing planted near squashes. The late brood of striped beetles fed on the Aster flowers. George Arnold, Jr. 165. China Aster— Truffaut*s Peony-flowered. Asters make very showy vbiidi prev upon the ar to III- widesi.read. 1 is tlie rust, a fungus ii-h atta<-ks the under red imstule. •ill ki-ep this liscolnrs the aminouiacal ASTILBE 115 The first requisite to the growiug of China Asters is to have good, pluiup seed. As soou as the ground is in good np fair condition in spring, spade up a seed-bed 167. China Aster— German Quilled. where the ground is rich, and rake it fine. Then make shallow drills about an inch deep ; whiten the drills with air-slaked lime, to keep worms and insects from eating the young roots. Sow the seed in the drills, cov- ering about Hin. deep with fine dirt run through a sieve of %in. mesh. When plants are about an inch high, draw good, fine dirt to the roots, so that the seed-bed is nearly level and all the weeds are covered. The plants are hardier and better when grown in the open ground than when started under glass. Forthe permanent quarters, plow ground that has been well and heavily manured with oow-manure the previous season ; then harrow thor- oughly. Scatter 20 to 30 bushels of common lime to the acre, if thought necessary, then plow again and harrow well. With a one-horse plow make furrows the length of the field about 3 or 4 inches deep and 2% feet apart. In these furrows one man drops the plants in two rows about 12 or 16 in. apart, for two men to plant. Do not furrow much ahead of the planters, so that they have fresh dirt to put to the roots of the plants. By this method the plants seldom wilt. If a dry spell follows in three or four days, level the furrow with a hoe ; if w*^t. let stand for about two weeks, then scatter 100 pounds of guano or other fertilizer to the acre, and work the land with a spike-tooth cultivator, with no shovels, so that no dirt is thrown on the small plants. Hand-hoe between the plants, running horse and cultivator twice in each row. The cultivator loosens the ground as deep as it was plowed. Cultivate and hoe every two weeks, especially after it has rained, until buds appear ; then keep clean by hand. When blooms begin to appear, mulch liberally with tobacco stems, to keep down weeds and to kill aphis at the roots. When the tis. begiu to open, keep a strict watch for the black beetle. When it makes its appearance, put about a pint of water and a gill of benzine in an old can and hold it under the bugs ; they drop into it. These pests last from six to nine days. Have them looked after three times a James Semple. ASTILBE (Greek name, of no particular significance). SuxifragiicetP. Includes ffoteia. Tall perennial herbs, of 7 or 8 species in eastern N. Amer. and Asia. They look much like Aruucus (which see), and are often called Spiraea. Aruncus and Spiraea are rosaceous genera, and are characterized by many stamens and usually by sev- eral to many separate pistils, whereas Astilbe has 8 or 10 stamens (twice the number, or of the same number, as the petals), and a 2-3-lobed pistil (which finally sepa- rates into more or less distinct follicles). Astilbe and Aruncus are so much alike that they are constantly con- founded by horticulturists and even by botanists. They probably inter-cross. It is probable that they should be placed in the same family, despite the technical botani- cal differences. The Astilbes are hardy plants of great merit. They are easily grown in any well-made border. They give conspicuous masses of bloom in summer. Prop, mostly by division. L H B Forcing op Astilbe. — Few herbaceous plants force with greater ease than Astilbe t/aponica and its var. com- pacta ; but three weeks longer time should be given the latter to fully develop its feathery spikes. Astilbes are so easily and cheaply imported that for the commercial florist it is cheaper to buy than to divide and grow his own plants. When first received, the clumps of roots should be stored, with a little earth or moss between the roots and a little soil over the crown, until the florist is ready to pot them. No amount of freezing does them the slightest harm ; but the boxes or flats in which they are stored are best covered with a little straw or litter, and should have the full benefit of rain or snow to keep the roots from drying. From potting or burying into the greenhouse, it requires from ten to fourteen weeks to bring them into flower, according to the earliness of the season at which they are wanted in flower. The quality of soil is of no con- sequence, provided it is light and easily handled. They need water in great abun- dance. Tempera- ture is also of little consequence. Any- thing above 50° at night will do ; but it is best not to flow- er them in higher temperature than 00°, or they will quickly wilt when cut or used for decorations. From the time the sprays begin to show white color uutil they are fully developed, every Astilbe should stand in a saucer in which there should be constantly an inch of liquid manure. When igg. China Aster- Victoria Needle, sold for window plants or for decoration, Astilbes are often disappointing. It is merely want of water. Before the full development of the shoots and Ivs. they are easily hurt by tobacco smoke, and should be covered with paper or well wetted 'M\^^'i:k:^, 116 ASTILBE ASTROCAEYUM when fumigation is necessary. Aphis, spider or thrips never trouble Astilbe. As a border plant, Astilbe is one of the hardiest of our hardy herbaceous plants ; but the feathery plume obtained in the greenhouse is much shorter, more compact, and lacks the pure whiteness of the outdoor-grown specimens. William Soott. A. J^ls. opening white or yelloivish. decindra, 'Don{A.biferHAfa,BTitt.}. Somewhat pubes- cent, 3-6 ft. : Ivs. 2-ternate, the Ifts. ovate and cordate or abrupt at base, sharp-ser- rate : fls. yellowish white, in a large ( 10-12 in. long) racemose panicle ; sta- mens 10. Woods, Va. and S . — Often confounded with ArttncHS Sylvester. „. Jap6nica, Gray {Hoteia m <|si; J7(;«'>H /"<■«, Morr. & Decne. ;|5**,.^j^ HJ>orhAta.Nnrr.&T)ecne "■''"'.^ Spiraa Japdnica, Hort.]. 170. Aruncus astilboides For comparison witli Fig. 169. Erect, 1-3 ft., hairy on the petioles and nodes : Ivs. 3-2-ter- nate, petiole reddish; Ifts. ovate-acute, tapering to the base, serrate : fls. white, in a pubescent racemose panicle ; stamens 10. Ja- pan. B.M. 3821. Gn. 48, p. 366. Mn. 5:174.- Com- monly known as a spring glasshou.se plant in this country, but hardy in the open. There are various cult, forms, as var. gran- diflbra, Hort., with larger and denser panicle ; var. comp&cta, Hort., the pani- cle more compact ; var. multifldra, Hort. ; var. va- riegita, Hort., with varie- geted Ivs.; var. purpiXrea, Hort., with purple-shaded foliage. Astilbe Japonirn is often confused with Arun- cus astilboides ; Pigs. 169 and 170 will aid in distin- guishing them. Lemdinei, Hort. Foliaco graceful, standing IKft. high, with llts. lirciid-uval. drTitatr and crimped, satiny green, hairy : ris. with %vliiti- prtals ;iiid 10 pink stamens, very nunuM'i'us, in phiine-likc clustrrs disposed in panicles IJ^ft.long. Gn.48,p.35,'). R.H.1895, p. 567. A.F. 11:459. — Garden plant, supposed to be a hybrid of A.Japonlea and Aruneus astilboides. Hardy, and forces well. rivuliris, Hamilt. Rhizome creeping: st. 3-5ft. : Ivs. 2-ternate, the Ifts. ovate, dentate, the petioles tawny- hairy : fls. yellowish white, changing to reddish, in large spikes, which are disposed in panicles; stamens 8 or 10, pure white. Nepal. Gn. 48, p. 3.55. — Attractive border species, blooming late. Probably needs protection. Thiinbergii, Miq. Silky-hairy, 1-2 ft. : Ivs. pinnate, the Ifts. oval, serrate, yellowish green: fls. white, on reddish stalks, changing to pink, i-n clusters on the fl. -branches. Japan. R.H. 1895, p. 56S. — A graceful plant. Forceswell. AA. Fls. opening pink or red. Chin^nsis, Franeh. & Sav. Plant lK-2 ft., graceful : Ivs. 3-temate, the Ifts. serrate : fls. in a branchy, rather compact panicle, with purplish or pink reflection, but the petals whitish. China. — Possibly a form of the pre- ceding. Yet rare in Amer. rtbra. Hook. & Thom. St. simple, 4-6 ft., long-hairy: Ivs. 2-teniate ; Ifts. oblique-ovate, more or less cordate, sharp-serrate : fls. numerous, rose-red, in compact, ro- i)ust panicles ; stamens 10, shorter than petals. India. B.M, 4959. — Needs protection. Little known in Amer. L. H. B. ASTEAGALUS (ancient Greek name of some shrub). Leguminbsw. Milk Vetch. A genus of over 1,000 spe- cies of hardy herbs or subshrubs. Lvs. mostly odd-pinnate : fls. in spikes or racemes, yellow, purple or white. They prefer a light, porous soil and no shade. The dwarfer kinds may be placed in the front of the border or in the rockery. Prop, cliiefly by seeds, which germinate slowly, or slowly by careful division in early spring. Many kinds are likely to die if divided or trans- planted. Many kinds are cultivated in" the Old Wcirhl. but the four de- scrihcd below are the only kinds commonly sold in America. Of the many na- tive kinds, mostly known as rattle-weeds, the following are ad- vertised at present: A. Canadensis = A. Carolinianus, A. earyoearp^is, A. Drunimondii, A. flexuosns, A. Lax- nuinni, A. Parryi, A. racemosus, A. Kithhinsii, A. Shortianus. The Loco- weed of the prairies, which is said to poison cattle, is A. mollissimus. For these and many others the student is referred to Britton and Brown's Illus- trated Flora, and Coulter's Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany. A. Fls. yellow. alopecuroides, Linn. St. erect, strict : height 2-5 ft. : Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pu- bescent. Siberia. B.M. 3193. AA. Fls. not yellow. Monspessul&nus, Linn. St. trailing : height 9 in.: fls. purple, purplish or white, in smaller and looser heads than the above. Eu. B.M. 375. hypogWttiS, Linn. Height 3-24 in.: Ifts. 17-25: fls. viulet-purple, 6-10 lines long, in dense heads : pods 4-5 lines long, 2-celled. densely villous, with white hairs. Eu., Asia, and from Kansas 'W. to Nov. and N. to Alaska. — Also a white var., excellent for ]pots. alplnus, Linn. Height 6-15 in. : Ifts. 13-25: fls. violet, keel darker : pods 1-celled, black -pubescent. Northern and Arctic regions round the world. J. B. Keller and W. M. ASTEOCABYUM (Greek, astron, star, and karyon. nut; referring to star-like arrangement of the fruits). Palmtieew, tribe Covoinew. Spiny palms, stemless or with a short caudex, or with a tall, ringed, spiny cau- ASTROCARYUM ATRIPLEX 117 dex : Ivs. terminal, pinnately parted ; spffraents ap- proximate, equi-distant or fasciculate, lanceolate-ai-iinii- nate or attenuate to the obliquely truncate api-x, pli<'ate, whitish beneath, the terminal ones free or eoiidueut, the spiny margins recurved at the base ; petiole very short; sheath short, open : spadices short or long, the finely divided branches pendulous, thickened at the base, thence very slender, long, naked, the tioriferous naked basal portion, as it "were, pedunculate ; spathes 2, the lower one membranous, deciduous, the upper fusiform, coriaceous or woody, open on the ventral side, persist- ent ; bracts of the female tis. broad, imbricated, like the bractlets ; pistillate fls. with a stipitate male one on either side: fr. rather large, ovoid or subglobos3, beaked, smooth or spiny, red or orange. Species 30. Trop- ical America. Astrocaryiims are elegant palms of medium height, very suitable for moderate sized conservatories. A. Afurumiirii, A. Mexican ii in and A.argenteum are the kinds most commonly met with in collections. The Ivs. are pinnate, and in small plants, at least in some of the species, the segments are narrow, four or five pairs of these alternating with two very broad ones. A. argen- teitm has the under surfaces of the Ivs. of a much lighter color than the others. In a young state, the plants require the temperature of the stove, and after attaining the height of a few feet they may be removed to a house where the temperature frequently falls as low as 45° F. Specimens 8-10 ft. high fruit freely. Prop, by seeds, which are slow in germinating. The soil in which they are sown should be changed occasionally, to prevent it from becoming sour. Be careful not to overpot, or the fleshy roots will decay. See Palms. A. Lrs. scurfy, at least beneath or on the 2}efioles. Murumuru, Mart. Lvs. 9-12 ft. long; segments lanceo- late, somewhat falcate, rich green above, silvery beneath : sts. 12-1.5 ft. high, densely covered with stout, black spines 6 in. long. Brazil. I.H. 22: 213. arg^nteum, Hort. Petioles and under surface of the lvs. covered with silvery white scurf ; lvs. arching, wedge-shaped, 2-lobed, distinctly plicate, bright green above ; petioles with numerous dark, spreading spines 1 in. long. Colombia. F.R. 3:569. tili&re, Hort. Small, slender : lvs. erect, narrowly cu- neate, with 2 divergent lobes, inversely sagittate ; petioles densely scurfy ; rachis scurfy on both sides ; spines numerous on the petioles and rachis, and on the principal nerves above ; brown. Colombia. AA. Lvs. not scurfy. Ayri, Mart. Trunks 18-30 ft. high, 8-12 in. in diam., usually caespitose : lvs. 15 ft. long, equally pinnatisect to the apex ; petiole piano-compressed, membranaceous on the margins, densely scaly and with scattered spines; lower segments over 3 ft. long. 15^-2 in. wide, 2 in. apart, the upper ones 2-2!-^ ft. long, 1 in. wide, IM in. apart, conduplicate at the base, linear, long attenuate, pointed, minutely and remotely spiny along the margins, whitc-tomeutose below. Braz. Mexic4num, Liebm. St. 4-6 ft. high, cylindrical, thickly covered with rings of black, straight, ancipital spines : petiole 2 ft. long, 4-sided, the 2 upper sides concave, clothed (as is the rachis) with straight black spines ; blade 6 ft. ; segments 1.5-18 in. long, 1 in. wide, alternate, broadly linear, acute, straight, white beneath, with deciduous black spines along the margins. Mex. A* Granathise, Hort., is an unidentilied trade name. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. ASTKOFir?TlTM. See Echhwcactus. ASYSTASIA (obscure name). Including Henfreya and Mackaya. Acanthdcece. Twenty to 30 herbs or shrubs of the Old World tropics. Corolla tube straight or curved, the spreading limb 5-lobed and nearly or quite regular : stamens 4, unequal : stigma blunt or minutely 2-lobed : lvs. thiu, entire : fls. white, blue or purple, in axillary or tenniual clusters, often very showy. CJeneral treatment of Justieia, in intermediate or warm- houses. billa, Benth. & Hook. (Mackhya hHla, Harvey). Glabrous, upright subshrub : Ivs. ovate-oblong, acumi- nate, spreading, short-stalked, sinuate-toothed : fls. li- lac, 2 in. long, with a long tube below the flaring throat, the spreading segments ovate-obtuse, disposed on one side of a raceme 5-8 in. long. S. Afr. B.M. 5797. — A beautiful plant, rarely seen, and thought to be difScult to manage ; but it seems to flower readily in fall in our climate, if rested during the previous winter and brought on in the summer. Prop, by cuttings of firm wood in spring or summer. Young plants in small pots often bloom well. A. Coromandelidna. Nees (A. Comorensis, Bojer. Justieia Gangetica, Linn.). Zigzag subshrub : lvs. ovate-cordate, wa-^^y: fls. purple, nearly sessile, in 6-10-fld. raceme. Ind. B.M. 4248. P.M. 14; 125. F.S. 2: 179.— jl. scdndens, Lindl. (Henfreya soan- dens, Lindl.). Climbing: lvs. obovate to ovate, thick, entire : fls. large, yellow, white and blush, iu a thyrse. Afr. B.M. 4449. B.B. cl3:31. r.S. 3:231. J H B ATAMASCO lily. See Zephyrunthes. ATHANASIA. Consult Lonas. ATHY^EIUM. See A.-tplenium. ATKAGENE. See Clematis. ATEAPHAXIS (ancient Greek name). PolyqonAcem. Low shrubs : lvs. alternate or fasciculate, deciduous : lis. small, apetalous, in few-fld. axillary clusters, form- ing terminal racemes ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens (i-8 : fr. a small akene, enclosed by the enlarged inner sepals. Summer. About 18 species in central and western Asia, Greece, and N. Afr. Low shrubs of spreading habit, with usually small lvs., attractive with their numerous racemes of white or rose-colored fls., which remain un- changed for a long time, owing to the persistent calyx. They grow best in well-drained soil and sunny situations, but do not stand transplanting well when older. Prop, by seeds sown in spring ; the seedlings are liable to rot if kept too moist, or in damp air. Increased, also, by greenwood cuttings under glass in early summer, and by layers. A. hvxifblia, Janb. & Spach. (Polygonum crispulum, Sims). Height 1-2 ft., spineless : lvs. obovate, erenate, dark green, K-1 in. long : racemes short. Transcaucasia, Turkestan. B.M. 1065.— A. frutescens. Koch (A. lanceolata, Meissn.). Height 1-2 ft., spineless : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glaucescent, %-! in. l-ong : racemes loose. Caucasus, Turkest., Siberia. L. B.C. 5:489. B.R. 3:254.— A. latifblia, Koehne (A. Musehketowi, Krassn.). Erect, 2-3 ft., spineless : lvs. lanceolate, erenate, /^-2 in. long: fls. white, incompact racemes. Turkest. B.M. 7435. 6t. 40:1344. —A. spinbsa.Liinn. Height 1-2 ft., spiny : lvs. elliptic, entire, glaiicescent, yi~y^ in. long : racemes short. S. Russia. Orient, Siberia. . ,, Alfred Rehder. ATBIFLEX (derivation disputed). Chenopodiilcece. A large genus containing many succulent weeds of des- ert regions, A. hortensis is a garden vegetable used like spinach ; for culture, see Orach. A. leptocarpa and A. semibaccata are two plants lately introduced as supple- mentary forage plants for arid regions. See Circular No. 3, Div. of Agrost., U. S. Dept. Agric. A. Garden vegetable {with orna mental -Ivd. variety). hortensis, Linn. Orach, Sea Purslane. Annual : stem herbaceous, erect : lvs. hastate, cordate, or trian- gular-oblong, acute, 4-5 in. long, 2J-2-3in. wide ; petioles 12-18 lines long : fruiting bracts 4-8 lines long, short- pediceled. Var. &tro-sangiiinea, Hort.. is a crimson- leaved ornamental about 4 ft. high, sometimes grown with amarantus-like plants. AA. Ornamental shrubs. can^scens, James. A pale, densely scurfy shrub, 1-3 ft. high : lvs. oblanceolate, entire : fruiting bractlets with 4 vertical, reticulated wings. July-Sept. N. Mex. to S. Dak. and W. to Calif. HWmuB, Linn. Low-spreading shrub with grey foli- age, cult, in Calif, for hedges and for seaside planting: Ivs. 1-lH in. long ; petioles 3-4 lines long : fls. purplish: fruiting bracts IH lines long, 2 lines wide, sessile, reni- form, obtuse, entire : seed compressed, yellowish. Mediterranean region and S. Afr. ^ jj 118 ATROPA ATROPA (after Atropon. that one of the three Fates who rut till' thread of life). SolanAceif. Belladonna. <_';ilyx with '> uvate leafy divisions, enlarging in fniit ; •_^ornlla t.t'll-sliaped or funnel form. The ptirple ber- ri*_'s an' poisonous. The plant is used in medicine. Belladdnna. Linn. Plant low, spreading: Ivs. ovate, ♦Titirt'. pointpil : tls. single or in pairs, nodding on lateral peduncles; corolla dull purple. Eu. to India. ATTAL£a {attains, magnificent). Palmdcece, tribe Cocoinem. Spineless palms, with a single, thickish ringed or scarred caudex: ivs. arising almost perpen- dicular and the upper part arched, pinnately cut, linear -lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins re- <^urved at the base; petiole concave above ; tls. yellow: fr. rather large. Species 20. Trop. Amer. The leaflets on the lower side of the rachis hang straight down, and those on the upper side point straight up. The Attaleas are unprofitable to grow as commercial decorative plants, because they take too long to make good sized plants from the seedling state. Perfect drainage, and a soil having a mixture of leaf-mold or peat, with a tem- perature ranging from 60° to 80° P., will be found to suit them. Put the seeds about 2 in. deep in a box and sink the box in a warm border out of doors in summer, cover with a mulch of moss, and water frequently. A. Trunks becoming tall. exc61sa, Mart. St. 90-100 ft. high in the wild, 1&-20 in. in diam.: Ivs. erect-spreading: pistillate lis. solitary on the branches of the spadix: drupe obovate. Braz. funifera, Mart. St. 18-30 ft., 8-13 in. diam., smooth: Ivs. as long as the caudex ; petioles with very long hang- ing fillers ; segments broadly linear-acuminate, in clus- ters of 3-5, divaricate: drupe 4 in. long* Braz. CohiJne, Mart. St. 40-.50 ft.: Ivs. erect, pinnate, the dark green pinuce 30-50 and 18 in. or less long: petiole flat above and rounded below: drupe broadly ovate, nearly 3 in. long, with a very short beak. Honduras.— Fruit used for soap-making, and exported from Cent. Amer. for that purpose. Used for thatching. AA. Without trunhs. spect&bilis, Mart. Stemless, or with a very short cau- dex: Ivs. 18-21 ft. long, the lower segments 3—1 ft., the upper 12-10 in., K in. wide, linear-acuminate. Braz. amygdalina, HBK. (A. niidfera, Karst. ). Stemless : Ivs., o-ti ft. long, crovvdfd. jiiunatisect; segments 90-100 on each side, ensiforiii, glabrous above, with hairs along the outer margins bi'inatli. 2-'a-2% ft. long, about IJiin. wide; petiole with rusty scales beneath. Braz. A. Quichire is a trade name: "extremely Imig-leaved."- A. Mdrlpa, Mart. {A. Mariposa, Hort.) See Maximiliaua. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver. AUBRI£TIA (Claude Aubriet, French natural history painter of last century). Oritcifercp. Perennial, more or less evergreen trailers, excellent for rockwork or edg- ings. Prop, by seeds, or by layers orcuttings. The genus is distinguished chiefly by the outer sepals being saccate at base, the shorter filaments toothed, and the valves of the silique convex and not ribbed. Italy to Persia. deltoldea, DC. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, deltoid orrhom- 'boid, with 1 or 2 teeth on either side, grayish, narrowed into a very short petiole ; fls. in few fld., lax clusters, the violet or purplr jictals twin, tln' li-n^'tli of the calyx — Grows 2-12 in. high. Pretty s|iriiig bloomer. Hardy in the north. Var. Bougainvlllei, llort. Fls. light vio let : dwarf and compact. \'ar. Campbelli, Hort. Fls large, purple : plant large. Var. Eyrei, Hort. Pis large and long, deep violet. Var. Graeca, Hort. Dwarf :ind compart, large-fid. One of the best. Var. Hinder soni, Hort., probably the same as Campbelli. Var Lelchtlini, Hort. Profuse bloomer, pink fls. Var, Olympica, Hort. Pis. large, violet, like var. .t'l/' ^'ar. Tiolkcea, Hort. One of the largest forms. L. H. B. ( AUCtTB A (its Japanese name). CornciceCB. One ever- green shrub, with glossy, often variegated lvs., enduring smoke and dust: fls. small, ditBcious, 4-merous, in pani- cles: fr. a 1 -seeded drupe. Hardy S. In the N. states, Au- AURICULA cubas are grown in coolhouses — those adapted to azaleas are excellent — and they are kept evergreen by keeping them in a pit during winter, or by holding them cool and partially dry in the house. They will stand 5 or 0 de- grees of frost in a pit. From cuttings of half-ripened wood, good specimen plants may be had in 2 or 3 years. Fruiting plants, with their numerous bright scarlet ber- ries, are exceedingly attractive, but as the plant is dioecious, there must be male plants with the female ones. If grown in pots and under glass, the plant must be fertilized by shaking the flowering male plant over the female, or by applying the pollen with a camel's hair pencil. If the male plant flowers earlier, the pollen may be collected and kept dry until the female plant is in flower ; it remains eifective for some weeks. In the open, Aucuba grows well in any good, somewhat moist though well-drained soil, in a half-shaded position. In pots, it will thrive in a sandy loam with sufiicient drain- age, and requires plenty of water during its growing period. Fruiting plants should not have too large pots. Prop, very easily by half-ripened greenwood cuttings at nearly any tune of the year, under glass, and by seeds sown soon after maturity ; the varieties are sometimes grafted on the common form in early spring, under glass. JapAnica, Thunb. Shrub, 4-15 ft. : fls. usually ovate, 3-8 in. long, remotely and coarsely dentate, acuminate, shining : berries scarlet, rarely white or yellow, usually oblong. From Himal. to Jap. " B.M. 5512. I.H. 11 : 399. Var. Himaltlica, Dipp. (J. Himal&ica, Hook. & Thom.). Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, more dentate : panicles more pilose: fr. orange to scarlet. Himal. F. 8.12:1271. I.H. 6:197. -There are many garden forms, mostly with variegated lvs., which are more cultivated than the green forms. Handsome variegated varieties are: albo- varieg^ta, aiirea, adreo-maculata (Flor. Mag. 10:.')27. Flor. World ISTd: 3.").li. bicolor, latimaculata, lim- bita, m^dio-variegata, picturata, punctata, varieg^ta (B.M. ll'-l". F.:M. .-.:277). Tlie following foruis have green Ivs.: angustifdlia, dent&ta, macrophylla, OTELta, salicifdlia, pygmaea. A. eranifiilin, once offered in Amer. trade, is probably a form of A. Jiipoyiica . Alfred Rehder. AUDIBfiRTIA [M. Audibert, of Tarascon, Provence). Labiiitii . Perennial, hoary, aromatic herbs from Calif., with rugose, sage-like lvs. grandiflora, Benth. St. villous, glandular. 1-3 ft. high : Ivs. woolly beneath ; lower lvs. hastate, obtuse, 3-8 in. long, coarse ; bracts crowded, conspicuous : fls. 1-1 H in. long, red or crimson-purple, in dense, showy glomes or clusters. — Prized for bees. AURtCULA (PHmata 4t«r!cja«, Linn.). Pig. 171. A European perennial, sending up short scapes, bearing fls. of many colors. It is one of the most famous of florists' flowers, but it has never received the attention in this country th;it it has in Europe. Our summers are generally too hot for it. In this country generally treated as a greenhouse plaut ; but it is hardy, and in the Old World is grown largely in frames. See Primula. Auriculas may be propagated by seed for general pur- poses and for the production of new varieties, but to perpetuate very choice varieties, it is necessary to propa- gate either by offsets or division of the plants. Seed should be sown in shallow pans or 4-inch pots early in March, so that the seedlings will be well developed be- fore very warm weather sets in. The soil used in the seed pans should be very light and sandy, the surface should be made smooth, and the seeds then pressed lightly into the soil, after which a light covering of sand should be given, and the pans placed in a temp, of 60° until they have germinated, which usually takes from three to four weeks ; they should then be removed to a light position, shaded from direct sunlight, in a rather lower tempera- ture, to induce a stocky growth. As soon as the seedlings are large enough to handle conveniently, they should be pricked off into other pans or shallow boxes containing a mixture of three parts leaf-mold and one part sifted loam and clean silver sand. Watering should be care- fully attended to, and everythitig m'f/o/-«, 14; calendulacea, 5; C'ali- fornica>, 1 ; calyciflora, 14 ; Canadensis, 9; canescens, 4; crispiflora, 14 ; crocea, 5; Danielsiana, li ; flamraea,5; Gandavensis, 7 ; glauca, 3 ; hispida, 3 ; Indica, 14 ; Ksempferi, 14 ; lateritia, 14 ; ledifoUa, 15 ; Utiitlora, 15; macrantha, 14 ; mollis, 8 ; narcissiflora, 15 ; nitida, 3 ; nudiflora, 4 ; obtusa, 14 ; occidentalis, 1 ; Pontica, 6 ; punicea, 15 ; purpurea, 15; rhombica, 10; IfoUissoni, 14; rosiflora, 14 ; rosmarinifolia, 15 ; Schlippenbachi, 13 ; Simsi, 14 ; Sinensis, 8 ; speciosa, 5 ; Vaseyi, 11 ; vis- cosa, 3. A. Fls. in terminal 1-many-fld, clusters. B. Jjvs. and fJs. from different huds : winter-hnds witlt inany scales: Irs, deciduous. c. Corolla with rather long tube and usually acute segments, pubescent or hairy outside: stame^is 5: Ivs. ciliate. {Euazalea.) D. Stamens as long as or longer than the limb: tube long and narrow, outside glandtilar. E. Color white, pink or rose. 1. occident&lis, Torr. & Gray {Rhododendron oceiden- tdle, Gray. A. Califiirnica, Hort.). Height 2-6 ft.: branchlets glabrous or pubescent : Ivs. obovate-oblong, finely ciliate, .slightly pubescent beneath when young : corolla 2-2}4 in. long, white or slightly tinged rose, with yellow on the upper lobe, fragrant. May, June. Calif. B.M. 5005. F.S. 14:1432. Gn. 34:673. 2. arbor^scens, Pursh {Rhododhtdron arboriscens, Torr.). Prom 8-20 ft. : branchlets nearly glabrous : Ivs. obovate or obovate-oblong, .acute, ciliate, glabrous, green or glaucescent beneath ; fls. white or tinged rose, 2 in. long, fragrant ; style and stamens red. June, July. Allegh. Mts. G.F. 1:401. L. B.C. 17:1632, as yl. ■uertt- cillata. 3. yiscdsa, Linn. (Rhododindron viscbsxim, Torr.). From 4-8 ft. : winter-buds glabrous : branchlets with stiff hairs : Ivs. obovate-oblong, obtuse or mucronulate, ciliate, bristly hairy on the veins beneath : fls. white or tinged rose, 13^2-2 in. long, viscid outside, fragrant ; style red. June, July. E. N. Amer. Em. 2:438. Var. nitida, Nichols. Prom 1-3 ft. : Ivs. oblanceolate, bright green on both sides : corolla tinged red. B.R. 5:414. Var. glaiica, Ait. Lvs. whitish-glaucous beneath, dull and glaucous above. L. B.C. 16:1518. Var. hispida, Britt. (A. hispida, PwTSh). Pedicels bristly hispid : fls. usu- ally pink : lvs. glaucescent beneath. L. B.C. 5:441. 4. nudifl6ra, Linn. {A. lulea, Linn. B. nudiflbrum, Torr.). Figs. 172, 173. Height 2-6 ft.: winter-buds more or less pubescent : branchlets pubescent and often with stiff hairs : lvs. oblong or obovate, hairy on the midrib or pubescent beneath : fls. pink to nearly white, before or with the lvs., about IJ^ in. broad, pubescent outside. Apr.. May. E. N. Amer. B.R. 120. L.B.C. 1:51. G.W.F. 36. Mn. 2:17. Var. canescens, Rehder (A. canlscens, Michx.). Lvs. tomentose or pubescent beneath, usually elliptic: fls. glandular outside. AZALEA 121 EE. Color yellow to flame-red. 5. calendul&cea, Michx. (B. calenduldceum, Torr.). From 4-10 ft. : branchlets glabrous or with stiff hairs : Ivs. obovate or ovate, usually pubescent beneath, serru- late-ciliate : fls. orange-yellow or flame-red, often 2 in. broad, with the lvs., nearly scentless ; tube usually shorter than the limb ; stamens thickened at the middle. May, June. E. N. Amer. Var. fl4mmea, Michx. I A. speciosa, Willd.). Fls. flame- or orange-red. B.R. 145. L.B.C. 7:624. B.M. 180. Var. crdcea, Michx. Fls. yel- lower orange-yellow. B.M. 1721. L.B.C. 14: 1324. -One of the most showy species. C. F6ntica, Linn. (R. flttcum, Don). Plant 2-6 ft.: branchlets hairy: pedicels and petioles glandular : lvs. cuneate, oblong, usually hairy on both sides when young, 2—1 in. long : fls. yellow, 2-2}^ in. broad, very fragrant ; stamens as long as the limb. May. Orient, Caucasus. B.M. 433; 2383 (var. albiflora). — A very fragrant and free-flowering species, not common in cult. Nearly all varieties referred to this species in nursery catalogues are hybrids, for which the collective name A. Ganda- vensis may he used. 7. Gandavensis, Hort. Ghent Azaleas. Fig. 174. These are hvbrids between A . Pnntica.und the American 174. Ghent azalea— A. Gandavensis ( species, and A. Sinensis, now more in cult, than the typical species. Of a number of them the parents are easily recognized, but many are hybrids of the second degree or more, and it is impossible to be sure about their parentage. They vary in all shades of white, yel- low, orange, pink, carmine, lilac, and red, with single and double fls., and also in the time of flowering, from May to July. A short selection of some good varieties has already been given. Stamens shorter thi form -campan u la te , dular. the limb: corolla funnel- utside pubescent, not glan- 8. Sinensis, Lodd. (A. mdllis, Blume. J?. Sinense, Sweet). From 3-8 ft.: branches hairy : lvs. oblong or obovate-oblong, 2—4 in. long, appressed-setose above, glaucescent beneath and nearly glabrous except on the midrib, rarely pubescent : fls. 2-2^2 in. broad, yellow, orange or pink. April, Mav. China, Japan. F.S. 19: 2032-36. Gn. 46, p. 265. 540. B.R. 15:1253. L.B.C. 9: 885. 122 AZALEA AZALEA Gt. 16:556. Gng. t;279. — A valuable species, with large but scentless fls. A large number of varieties and hy- brids has been raised, which are well adapted for forcing purposes and also for groups in the open, Ijeing as hardy as the American species. See Rhododftidrov for picture. CC. Corolla wilh venj short tuhe, rotate-cam pa nnUtle or two lip fill . iiliihniiis outside: segments ob- tuse: .•itiniiiiis :-liK [Ifhiidora.) D. Limb of riiiul/ii /-lijijiid, not spotted, the two lower sei/oii'iits dirided nearly to the base: fls. before the Ivs. 9. Canadensis, O. Ktze. (Ehodbra Canadensis, Linn. Rhododhidron Mhodbra, Don). From 1-3 ft.: Ivs. oval, obtuse and mucronulate, glaucous and slightly pubes- cent beneath : fls. 5-7, on very short pedicels 1-lK in. broad, rose-purple ; segments narrow, the lower ones revolute ; stamens 10. Apr. . May. E. N. Araer. : New- foundland to Pa. Em. 2: 441. B.M. 474. 10. rhbmbica, O. Ktze. (li'hoditdendroii rhdmbiciim. Miq.). .Shrub, y-8 ft. : Ivs. rhombic-elliptic, acute at both ends an^-l in. broad ; stamens 5. Apr., May. China, Jap. B.M. 4728. F.S. 9:885. G.C. 111. 23: fig. 125. A.G. 15:373; 18:568. Gng. 2:;t85. A. F. 12:33. P. E. 9:573. —Flowering early and very abundantly : hardy north Azalea viscosa, Swamp Pink, one of the plants erroneously known as Honeysuckle AZALEA to New York. There are some forms and crosses of this variety, of which the following may be recom- mended : Caldwelli. with larger purple tis., Geert, Ic.Az. 18 ; Marvel, lilac-carmine, double. Flor. Mag. II; 14: PrincessMaud. rosy magenta, R.H. 1886:516; Mrs. Carmichael, crimson-magenta ; Princess Bea- trice, bright raauve ; Prime Minister, soft pink ; Miss Buist, pure white. 15. rosmarinifdlia, Burm. (A. dlba. Sweet. A. ledi- folia. Hook. A. lUllflbra, Poit.)- Much branched, low shrub, I-;{ft.; branches, Ivs. and pedicels densely ru- fously appressed-strigose : Ivs. elliptic or elliptic-lan- ceolate, persistent, 1-3 in. long : fls. 1-3 ; calyx with lanceolate serrate-glandular lobes ; corolla pure white or rosy purple, 2-3 in. broad, fragrant ; stamens usually 10. May. China. B.R. 10:811. B.M. 2901. L. B.C. 13: 1253. — Some remarkable varieties of this species are the following : Var. dlba, Rehder (A. Indira, var. alba, Lindl. H. Iruciinthum , Bunge). Fls. white, sometimes striped pink. Var. purpurea, Rehder (7?. ledifdlium, var. pttrpidi u»i ,'MsLX.). Fls. rosy purple. Var. narcissi- fldra, Rehder (A. narciiisif/i)ra. Fort.). Fls. double, white; rarely purple. Var. punicea, Rehd. {A.punicea, Sweet. A. ledifdUa, var. pJuvnicea, Hook. A. Jndica^ var. vali/c)na, Paxt.). Fls. single, purple; calyx with linear, not serrate and less glandular lobes. B.M. 3239. li.B.C. 18:1735. A. rosmarinifdlia has produced, with A. Indira, a large number of beautiful hybrids, of which one of the first was figured in 1833 as Rhododen- dron puh'hram. AA. Flu. from lateral i-fld. buds toward the end of the branches: corolla rotate campanulate, glabrous. (Azaleastrum.) 16. albifldra, O. Ktze. {Rhododendron albiflbrum. Hook. ) . About 2-3 ft. : branches strigose and glandular when young : Ivs. oblong, pale green, appressed-stri- gose above and at the midrib beneath, slightly ciliate : fls. nodding, on short pedicels ; corolla white, 5-cleft, about 1 in broad; calvx glandular ; stamens 10. Rocky Mts. B.M. 3670. .4. Dahurica. Koch = Rhododendron Dahuricum. — J., di- anthiflbra, (';irr.=A. rosmarinifolia. vjir. dianthitlora.— J., dtla- Idta, O. Ktze. (R. dilatatum. Miq.). Allied to A. rhombica. Lvs. glabrous : stamens 5. Japan.— A. Fdrrerce, Koch {A. squa- mata, Lindl.). Allied to A. Schlippenbachi. Lvs. rhomboid- ovate, somewhat coriaceous: fls. whitish pink, spotted. China. B.R. 33: 3.— A, Japdnica, Gray=A. Sinensis.— A. Kamschdtica, O. Ktze. (Rhododendron Kamsehatieiim, Pall.). Low or pros- trate shrub, to 10 in. high : lvs. obovate, setose : fls. 1-5, long- peduncled, l%-2 in. broad, campanulate, purple. N. E. Asia, N. W. Amer. Gt. 36:1260.— A. Lapp6nica, Linn.= R. Lappoui- cum.- A. Unearifdlia. Hook. (R. linearifolium. Sieb. & Zucc). Allied to A. rosmarinifolia. Lvs. linear-lanceolate : corolla pink, deeply divided into 5 linear-lanceolate segments. April, May. Japan. B.M. 5769.— A. ^Hacros^paZa, O.Kuntze (R. macro- sepalum, Maxim.). Height 1-2 ft.; branchlets densely villose : lvs. deciduous or semi-persistent, elliptic : fls. umbellate, rose- lilac, spotted, about 2 in. broad ; calyx pubescent-glandular. Japan, tit. 19: 662.— A. mucrondta, Blume^A. rosmarinifolia.— AZOLLA 123 A. obtrlsat Lindl. =A. Indiea, var. obtusa.— A. ovdta, Lindl. (R. ovatum, Plauch.). Allied to A. albiHora. Height 2-12 ft. : Ivs. ovate, glabrous : fls. pink or nearly white, spotted, rotate, 1M-I?i in. broad: stamens 5. China. ii.M,5iim.— A. reticiddta, Koch =A. rhombica.— A. semibarbata, O. Kuntze (R. semibarbatum, Maxim.). Allied to A. albitlora, Lvs. elliptic, crenately cili-ite, setose beneath : fls. greenish yellow, spotted purple, ^a-^in. broad. Japan. Gt. 19: 666. — .-1. serpiiUifdlia, Gr.-iy (R. serpylli- folium, Miq.). Allied to A. In.lic:i. Low, rigid shrub ; lvs. de- ciduous, obovate, ^'%m. lout,': lis, sint,'l.^ rosy red, '.,--*4in. broad. Japan. B.M. 75U3.-.I , ,s'iV/.../i/(, Jliii, A Incliili— ,1. aquam^ta, Lindl. =A. Farrer;i'. — .1 . Isrhi'mifikii < >. Kuul/.e ( R Tsehonosiii, Maxim.). Allied l.> A. ludica. Low shrub : Ivs. elliptic, ii-'4in. long: tis. 2-4. white, tiin. broad. Japan. Alfred Rehdek. AZARA (L N. Azara, a S|i:iuish pnjiuoter of si-i.-iu-e, especially of botany I. tiLn'iirii. Shrubs iiliiillii will thrive far- ther north in a sheltered positi<.n and iirotected during the winter. Grow best in a sandy compost of loam and leaf soil. Prop, by seeds or cuttings of mature wood in autumn, placed in slight bottom heat under glass. miorophylla, Hook. t. Prom 3-12 ft.: Ivs. obovate, ser- rate, or nearly entire, K-Kin. long, shining, glabrous, the stipules similar, but half the size : fis. greenish, in few-fld. clusters; stamens ,5: berries orange. Feb., Mar. Chile. G.C. IL 1: 81. — Graceful evergreen shrub, regu- larly pinnately branched, excellent for covering walls ; the hardiest of all the cultivated species. Gilliesi, Hook. & Am. Height 10-15 ft, : lvs. 2K-3 in. long, broad-ovate, with coarse, spiny teeth, glabrous ; stipules orbicular, much smaller : fls. in dense, elliptic, nodding heads, yellow. Feb., Mar. Chile. B.M. 5178. P.S. 23: 2445. -The handsomest of all Azaras. A.crassifdiia. Hort. = A. Gilliesi. — J. dentata, R. & Pav. Height 12 ft.: lvs. obovate or elliptic, crenate-serrate: fls. yellow, in sm.all corymbs. Chile. B.R. 21:mS.— A. intesfrifdlia. R. & Pav. Height 1(H20 ft.: lvs. entire: Hs. yellow, in oblong heads. Chile. Has a variegated form. , ^^ Alfred Rehder. AZ6LLA (Greek, ^o destroy bi/ dnjinij). Salvinidcetf. A small genus of floating aquatics with small, pinnate stems and minute fleshy 2-lobed lvs., producing two sorts of spores in globular sporocarps. The species mul- tiply rapidly by self-division, but will grow readily in water containing a little nutriment. The species are distinguishable only by microscropic examination. Caroliniina, Willd. Plant %-l in. long : anchor-like processes of spores with septa. N. Y. to the Gulf of Jlex. filiouloldes, Lara. Plants 1-2 in. long : anchor-like processes without septa. Calif, to Chile. L. M. Underwood. BABIANA (said to come from Dutch for baboon, be- cause those animals eat the bulbs). Irid(ice(p. About 50 corraous plants of S. Afr. FIs. showy, red orpurplish, in a short spike- like cluster or raceme, tubular at the base, the segments with claws or narrow bases, and the limb erect-spreading : ovary 3-loculed : Ivs. narrow, hairy, plaited, standing edgewise to the stem. Low plants, of easy culture if treated like freesias or hya- cinths. Three or 4 eorms in a 4-in. pot give attractive bloom in March or later. Grown only indoors or under frames in the N. They are showy and useful plants. Monogr. by Baker in Handbook of the Iridese, 1892. A. Perianth limb regular or nearly so, and wide- spreading. Btricta, Ker. (B. villdsa. and B. purpurea. Ker.). Fig. 177. A foot or less high : Ivs. broad, oblong-lanceo- late or sword-shaped, barely reaching the spikes : fls. scattered, showy, usually red or purple, with a promi- nent tube, the segments oblong-lanceolate. B.M. 583, 621. — Babianas are not sold under species-names in this 177. Babiana stncta (X i4). country, but as mixed varieties. These varieties are chiefly, if not wholly, of this species. Many forms and colors. Var. angustiidlia. Sweet. Lvs. linear. B.M. 637. Var. rtibro-cyanea, Ker. Limb lilac, throat red. B.M. 410. Var. Bulphurea, Ker. Yellow or whitish. B.M. 1053. Two other long-cultivated types are de- scribed below. AA. Perianth limb distinctly ringent or gaping. plicita, Ker. Low : lvs. lanceolate, hairy, usually overtopping the spikes : fls. lilac or red, long-tubed, the segments oblong and unequal. B.M. 576. disticha, Ker. Differs from the last in having the perianth-tube distinctly exserted from the spathe. L. H. B. BABY'S BKEATH. See Gypsophila. BACCHAEIS [biikkaris, an ancient Greek n.ime). Compusitw. Grchndsel Tree. Shrubs or herbs : lvs. alternate, usually serrate, deciduous or persistent: heads of fls. small, white or yellowish, dicecious ; involucre with many imbricate scales: akenes with pappus. About 250 species in America, mostly in tropical regions. A few species are ciiltivatetl particularly for the snow-white pappus, which gives the fruiting plant a very showy appearance. They grow in almost any well drained soil in a sunny position, and are well adapted for dry and rocky slopes, and valuable for seashore planting. Prop. by seeds or by cuttings under glass. halimifdlia, Linn. Shrub, 3-12 ft.; branches angular: Ivs. cuneate, obloug or obovate, coarsely toothed, the up- permost entire, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. in large pani- cles : pappus white, about ^sin. long. Sept. Seacoast, from N. Eng. .southward. Gng. 7: 113. — The hardiest species ; in fruit resembling a shrub with abundant snow-white fls. B. Patagbnica. Hook. & Am. Low evergreen shnib ; lvs. %-%in. long: heads mostly axillary. Patag.— B. pituldris, DC. Height 6 ft.; evergreen; lvs. 1 in. long: heads in racemose pani- cles. Pacific coast.— B. salicifdlia. Torr. & Gray. Allied to B. halimifolia. Lvs. narrow-oblong or linear-lanceolate. Colo, to W. Texas. Alfred Rehder. BACHELOB'S BUTTONS. See Centaurea Cijanus, ompln-tna globosa and Ranunculus acris. BACTBIS (Greek. liaktron,(ia,ne; the young stems used till- \v:ilkiiii;-Ntirksi. Pali,ii)re^^ 178 Balaka Seemanni iate -compressed black spines, 1 in. long, the rings about as far apart as the cliain. of the st. : Ivs. 6 ft. long, curv- ing; segments dark green above, pale green below, very numerous, approximate, l^^ft. long, 134 in. wide, linear- lanceolate, long-acuminate, bristly or minutely prickly along the margins. Lower Amazon. hdrrida, Oerst. Caespitose stems 6-8 ft. high, 8-9 in. diam., very spiny, sheathed for most of Its length with bases of dead Ivs.; spines H-4 in. hmg, 4-sided, whitish tomentose, at length glabrous: Ivs. 2?^-3 ft. long; sheath 8 in., brown-tomentose ; petiole IJ^ft., densely spiny, subtetragonal, densely brown-tomentose beneath : seg- ments 7 in. long, %\n. wide, lanceolate, rigid, glaucous. Nicaragua. Jared G. Smith. BACULARIA ( Latin, 6ac»/«m, a small walking-stick). Palmdveip. tribe Arecece. Low spineless palms, with an- nular reed-like single or fasciculate sts: Ivs. terminal, unequally pinnatisect; segments membranous, broad or narrow, split or toothed at the apex, the broader ones many-nerved, the narrow ones 1-nerved, the terminal confluent ; midrib and nerves without scales below; margins not thickened, recurved at the base; petiole and rachis sparsely scurfy, convex on the back, flat above or concave toward the base : sheath short, open : spadices numerous, longer than the Ivs., spreading, recurved : peduncle very slender, scurfy, compressed at the base : spathes 2, remote, the lower one at the base of the pe- duncle tubular, the upper membranaceous, linear, ensi- form : fls. green : fr. small, elongate-ovoid, subacute, green, %-%\n. long. Species 2. Temperate and tropical Australia. See Palms. monostichya, F. Muell. {Areca ynonostdchya, Mart. K^tifia monosfdchya, F. Muell.). Trunk 6-12 ft. high: Ivs. iVo— i ft. long ; the sheath broad, coriaceous, about 6 in. long, produced into 2 stipular lobes; segments very irregular, acuminate, very variable in breadth and dis- tance, adnate to the rachis, or tapering at the base, the longest about 1ft. long. Queensland, N. S.W. B.M. 6644. Jared G. Smith. BA£]RIA (after the Russian zoologist, Karl Ernst von Baer). CompdsifCB. Californian annuals (or one peren- nial species), with numerous showy, inch-wide yellow ris. in early summer. grAcilis, Gray (Burrielia grdclUs, DC). Easily dis- tinguished from Actinolepsis coronaria by its hairy sts. and foliage and undivided Ivs.: plant much branched: height 4-12 in.: Ivs. opposite, connate, linear-lanceolate: fls. solitary, on slender terminal peduncles : involucre leafier than \n Actinolepsis coronaria, the scales longer, downy, in 2 series: rays 8-12. B.M. 3758. — This is likely to be cult, as Lasthenia Californica, which, however, is not hairy and has much longer Ivs. B. chrysostoma, Fisch. & May. Lvs. narrowly linear, 1 line orj^ess \vide : fls. larger than in B. gracilis ; habit more erect. =Actinolepsis coronaria. BALAEA (the Fijian vernacular name). PalmdcecCy tribe Arh-eiv, Differs from Ptychosperma in having the seed not sulcate, and in tbe half-rhomboid seg- ments of the Ivs.; and from Drymophloeus in the form of the leaf and the caducous spathes. Species 2. Fiji Islands. SeSmanni, Becc. (Ptychosperma Seemanni, H. Wendl.). Fig. 178. Caudex slender. 8-12 ft. high, straight, ringed, about 1 in. in diam.: Ivs. pinnatisect, 4 ft. long ; segments erose-dentate at the apex, alter- nate, 9 on each side, semi-rhomboid, obliquely truncate, the upper margin longer, cuspidate at the apex, the terminal one deeply bifid. Growing as underwood in dense forests. Fiji. — Stems used for spears by natives, because of their strength and straightuess. Fig. 178 Is adapted from Seeman's Flora V'itiensis. Jared G. Smith. BALLOON VINE. See Cardiospennum. BALM (Melissa officindlis, Linn.). Lahidt(^. Sweet herb, the lvs. being used for seasoning, particularly in liquors. It has a lemon-like flavor. It is a hardy peren- nial from southern Eu. The plant grows 1-2 ft. high, somewhat hairy, loosely branched, with ovate-crenate lvs. and yellowish or whitish fls. in loose axillary clusters. Thrives in any warm position, and is easy to grow. Prop, by seeds ; also by di- vision. 179. Pod of garden Balsam. 180. Explosion of Balsam pod. BALSAM, Impdtiens Balsdmina, Linn. {Balsdmina hort^nsis, DC. Balsdmina Impdti ens. 'H.ort. Impdfiens coccinea, Sims, B.M. 12.5G). Grraniilceif'. An erect, much-branched, half succulent annual, long ago intro- duced from India, and now widely cult, for its showy 126 BALSAM BAMBOO fls. It has varied immensely in the doubling, size and color of its fls. and in the stature of the plant. It was known to Gerarde in 1596. The plant has lanceolate, toothed Ivs., the lower ones being mostly in pairs. The fls. are clustered in the axils of the Its!, on very short 181. CameUia-flowered Ualsam. stalks ; sepals and petals similarly colored and not easily distinguished, one of the sepals (of which there seem to be 3) long-spurred ; petals apparently 3, but two of them probably represent two united petals, thus making 5 ; stamens 5. The pod, shown in Figs. ITS* and ISO, is explosive. It has 5 carpels and very thin partitions, and seeds borne on axile placentce. When the capsules are ripe, a pinch or concussion will cause the valves to separate and contract, the seeds being thrown with considerable force. The full-double Balsams are known as the Camellia- flowered varieties (Fig. 181). In well selected stock, the greater part of the flowers from any batch of seedlings should come very double. The colors range from white to dark blood-red, yellowish and spotted. Balsams are of very easy culture. They are tender, and should be started in thumb-pots or boxes indoors, or in the open when danger of frost is past. The seeds are large, and germinate quickly. The plants prefer a rich, sandy loam, and must not suffer for moisture. Transplanting, and pinehing-in the strong shoots, tend to make the plants dwarf and compact. It is well to remove the first flower-buds, especially if the plants are not thoroughly established. Better results are obtained when only a few main branches are allowed to grow, all the secondary and weak ones being pinched out. The lower Ivs. may NV- 182. The garden Balsam. be removed if they obscure the fls. Well grown plants should .stand 2 ft. apart each way, and the tall kinds will reach a height of 2-2K ft. Seed of the finest double strains is expensive, but inferior or common seed gives little satisfaction. Plants started early in May should give fls. in July, and should bloom until frost. A full grown plant is shown in Fig. 182. At the present time. Balsams are grown chiefly for their value as flower-garden plants ; but some years ago the fls. were largely used as "groundwork" in florists' designs, par- ticularly the double white varieties. The floweis were wired to toothpicks, and were then thrust into the moss which formed the body of the design. BALSAMORRHtZA (Greek, balsam mot). Compdsitm. Low perennials with thick, deep, resinous roots, tufts of radical Ivs., and large, yellow fls. Cent, and W. N. Amer Hodkeri, Nutt. Height 4-12 in.: Ivs. lanceolate, 1-2- pinnately parted : fls. solitary, on naked scapes. Int. 1881 by E. Gillett, but scarcely known to horticulturists. BAMBOO. Various giant perennial grasses consist- ing of the genera and species of the tribe Bumbfisece, order Orainineie. Usually large and often tree-like, woody, rarely herbaceous or climbing, of wide geo- graphical range. The species are irregularly distributed throughout the tropical zone, a few occurring in sub- tropical and temperate zones, and reaching their maxi- mum development in the monsoon regions of Asia. About 23 genera, only 2 being common to both hemi- spheres. Something more than 200 species are recog- nized, of which -jpwards of 160 occur in Asia, about 70 in America, and 5 in Africa. They extend from sea-level to altitudes of more than 10,000 ft. in the Himalayas and 15,000 ft. in the Andes, and under the most favorable conditions some species may attain a height of 100-120 ft., with a diam. of culm of 8-12 inches. An attempt to portray the many economic uses of the giant-grasses would greatly overreach the field of this article ; but as objects of grace and beauty in the garden, conservatory, and special conditions of landscape, the Bamboos are invaluable. Not only are they available to planters where the climatic conditions are very favora- ble, but it is possible to grow certain species where the cold of winter may reach zero Fahrenheit, or even occa- sional depressions of greater severity. Bamboos delight in a deep, rich loam, and generously respond to good treatment. A warm, slightly shady nook, protected from the prevailing winds of winter, and where moist but well-drained soil is plentiful, is an ideal location for these beautiful grasses. A top-dress- ing of manure and leaves is not only beneficial in winter, by preventing the frost from penetrating the ground too deeply, but it also preserves the moisture that is so es- sential to the welfare of the plants during the growing season. Some species prodtice rampant subterranean stems, and spread rapidly when once established. It is best to plant each group of but one species, and to re- strict the rapidly-spreading sorts to isolated positions. The most effective results to be obtained by planting Bamboos are secured on gentle banks above Clearwater and against a strong background of the deepest green. In such situations the gracefully arched steius, the dainty branches, bending with their wealth of soft green Ivs., and the careless lines of symmetry of each individ- ual, lend a bold contrast of the richest beauty. It will require a few years to thoroughly establish a clump of Bamboos in the open air, and until this is effected the vigor, hardiness and beauty that characterize some noble sorts are lacking. During the early life of the groups, some protection should be given where the winters are trying, and even with this precaution it is likely the plants will suffer to some extent at first during cold weather. Planted out in conservatories or confined in tubs or large pots, the Bamboos present many admirable qualities. As decorative plants in tubs or pots, either alone or associated with palms and other stock, several species offer many inducements to their cultivation, es- pecially as they may be grown in summer and wintered in a coolhouse. Propagation is best effected by careful division of the clumps before the annual growth has started. The difficulty of procuring seeds in some in- stances is very great ; indeed, the fruiting of a number of species has never been observed. Some species flower annually, but the ma,iority reach this stage only at inter- vals of indefinite and frequently widely separated peri- ods. In some species the fls. appear on leafy branches ; BAMBOO BAMBOO 127 in others the Ivs. fall from the culms before the fls. appear, or the inflorescence is produced on leafless, radi- cal stems. Fructifleation does not exhaust the vitality of some species ; but others, on the other hand, perish even to the portions underground, leaving their places to be tilled by their seedling offspring. Owing largely to the dilRculty in obtaining flowering specimens, the systematic arrangement or nomenclature of the Bamboo is in a sad plight. As it is sometimes even impossible to accurately determine the genus without fls., the correct positions of some forms are not known. Four subtribes of Bambusese are regarded by Hackel, namely; AnindimtrU'te. — Stsunens 'S ; palea 2-keeled : fr. with the seed grown fast to the seed-wall. To this belongs Arundinaria. A'uhamhtiSi'iF. — StSLinens G : fr. with the seed fused to a delicate seed-wall. Bambusa is the only garden genus. Dendroctilainew. — Stamens G (rarely more) : palea 2-keeled : fr. a nut or berry. Here belongs Dendrocalamus. Jire?0(vniHt'(^. — Characters of last, but palea not keeled. Melocanna is an example. The genera Arundinaria, Bambusa and Phyllostachys contain the most important species in cultivation, some of which are briefly described below. Roughly, the species of Arundinaria nmy he separated from Phyllo- stachys by the persistent sheaths and cylindrical stems. In Phyllostachys tlie sheaths are early deciduous, and the internodes, at least those above the base, are flat- tened on one side. Arundina- ria and Bambusa cannot be separated by horticultural characters. It is probable that many of the forms now classed as species of Bam- busa will eventually be found to belong to Arundinaria. Extended information re- garding the Bainl>use£B may be found in the foUowine publications Munro's Monograph, in Transactions of the Linniean Soc.ety, vol. 21! (1868) Hackel, in Die Naciirlichen Pflanzenfa milieu, vol. 2, part 2, p. 89 (1887), Eng lisli Translation by Lamson-Scribner (JC Southworth, as The True Grasses, N. Y. 1890 ; papers by Bean in Gardeners' Chron icle III., 15:167, et seq. (1894); Freeman I'sz:: Mitford, The Bamboo Garden, 1896, N. Y. Macmillan, p. 224 ; A. and C. Riviere Les Bambous, Paris, 1879. The first two are systematic ; the others contain popular and cultural notes. The followmg species are commended as being among the hardiest : Pfii/Uostdchys Heiiiiiiis, P. nigra, P. riridi-ghiucescens, Anindiiiaria Japoiiica, A. nitidu, A. macrosperma, Bambusa pulmatti , B. tes- xellata and B. pygmwa. C. D. Beadle. The illustrations in the present article are adapted from Mitford's Bamboo Garden. Mitford's work cannot be praised too highly. It has done much to create a popular appreciation of Bamboos, and also to clear up the complete confusion into which the trade names have fallen. Mitfortl's book has a literary quality that is very rare in horticultural writing, and represents a type that deserves the warmest appreciation in America; viz., the discriminating enthusiasm of the expert amateur. Arjindinaria is derived from Latin ariindo, a reed ; Bambusa from a Malay name ; Phyllostachys from Greek phyllon, leaf, and stach'ys, spike. "W. M. The following alphabetical list contains all the kinds of Bamboos known to be cult, in Amer. A ^Arundina- ria ; B = Bambusa; D = Dendrocalamus ; P^Phyllo stachys ; T = Thamnocalamus, which is here considered a subgenus of Arundinaria. No Japanese native names are given below, although many Bamboos are still ad- vertised under such names. The prevailing tendency is to discard Japanese native names in every branch of horticulture, as they breed hopeless confusion. B. angustifolia, 15 ; B. arundinacea, 11 ; 'B. nurta. 28; P. aurea, 28 ; A. auricoma. Hi ; P. bambusoides. :vi ; P. Castillonis,26 ; A. chrvsantha. 17; B. chnisiinthii .\1\ B. disticha, 18; B. erecta, 10 ; A falcata,' 9; B. ful- r,il(i, 9 ; A. Falconeri. 8 ; T. Fiilroiiei-i. 8 : A. Fortune!, 14; A. Fortunei. var. aurea, ](> ; A. Fortunei, var. riiidis, 22 ; B. Fortunei, 14 ; B. Fortunei, var. aarea, 16: B. gracilis, 8; B. Henonis, 30; P. Henonis, 30; A. Hindsii, 10 ; A. humilis, 22 ; A. Japonica, 6 ; P. Ku- HKf.saco, 33 ; P. Kumasasa, 33; A. macrosperma, 4 ; A, tnacrosperma, var. siiffruticosa, 5 ; B. Mnxiniowiczii, 7 ; B. Mazeli, 29 ; B. Metake, 6 ; B. milis, 25 ; P. mitis, 25 ; B.nnna,l8; A. Narihira,!; B. JVarihira,!; B. nigra, 24 ; P. nigra, 23; A.nitida,3; B. palmata, 19; B.pticata, 7; A. pumila, 2; B.pvmila ,2; B. pygmfea,21 ; B. quad- rangularis, 12 ; B. Qnilloi, 29 ; P. Quilioi, 29 ; B. Baga- mowskii. 20; B. rusciMla, 33 ; P. ruscifolia, 33 ; A. Simoni, 7 ; B. Hitnoni, 7 ; A. tecta, 5; B. tessellata, 20 ; A. Veitchii, 1; B. Veitchii, 1; B. rUmorini, 15 ; B. viminalis, 33 ; B. violascens,2i ; P. violascens, 24 ; B. viridi-striata, 7 ; B. viridi-glancescens , 31 ; P. viridi- glaucescens, 31 ; B. vulgaris, 13. Section I. — Internodes not flattened: sheaths persist- ent. {The genera Ar^tndindrla and Bantbiisa.} A. Color of stems purple, or purplish. B. Height 1--2 ft. 1. A.Veitchii,N. E. Browu(B((«i6«sa Veitchii, Ca^n.). Fig. 183. Height about 2 ft.: stems pur- ple white-waxy below the nodes- Ivs 5-7 m long al out 2 in wide bright — ' gieen above below pale and minutely scent serrate lap C III lo 169 oi R B M 2S p 1 ut 0 5^ '' H4. '^J-C*^- ^mifi 183. Arund which are pictures of B. palmata, as explaiued in G.C. III. 15:209. — This is also liable to confusion with .S. (es- sellata. No. 20. The edges of the Ivs. wither in late au- tumn, giving a variegated but shabby appearance. 2. A.piimila,Mitford(jB.;)H/»it?<(,Hort.). HeightI2-20 in. : stems very slender, purplish, white-waxy below the nodes : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, % in. or less wide, minutely pu- bescent, bright green. — Much rarer than No. 1, dwarfer, the stems merely purplish, the Ivs. shorter and nar- rower. The Ivs. are a darker green than in A . humilis, shorter, narrower, and tapering less gradually : nodes less well defined and less downy, but having a waxy bloom; internodes about 2% in. long. BB. Height 6-8 ft. or more. 3. A. nitida, Mitford. Fig. 184. Stems slender, about the size of a goose-quill : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, K in. wide, shining green above, pale beneath ; sheaths purplish, pubescent. China. M. 73. G.C. III. 18: 179; 24:211. Gn. 49, p. 388. — Considered by Mitford the daintiest and most attractive of all the genus, and exceptionally hardy. Some shade is needed, as the Ivs. curl up in full sunlight. Easily distingiiished from Nos. 1 and 2 by the deeper color of the stems, which are almost black, and from^. Falconeri, which it resembles in habit, the branches of both occurring in dense clusters. AA. Color of stems green. B. Height more thane ft. c. .S/ieeirs native to the IJ. S. 4. A. maorosp6rma,Michx. Large Cane. Height 10-20 ft., branches numerous, short, divergent : Ivs. 4-6 in. 128 BAMBOO long, %-2 in. broad, smoothish or pubescent : sheaths very persistent : stems arborescent, rigid, simple the lirst year, branching the second, afterwards fruiting at indefinite periods, and soon after decaying. Banks of the 184. Arundinaria nitida. larger rivers N. C. to Fla., forming cane-brakes. — This and the next are the only two species of Bamboos native to the U. S. They are rarely cult, in Calif, and Eu. as ornamentals. 5. A. t^cta, Muhl. (A.macrosperma, var. siiffruticdsa, Muuro). Small Cane. Switch Cane. Scutch Cane. Height 2-15 ft.: stems slender: Ivs. 3]4-S in. long, 4-12 lines wide, roughish : sheath bearded at the throat. Swamps and moist soil, Md. and S. Ind. southward. B.B. 1 : 233. — Sometimes fruiting several years in suc- cession. cc. Species not native to the U. S. D. Plants relatively hardy. E. Branches borne singly in the axils. 6. A. JapSnica, Sieb.& Zucc.(B.JfeMS;e,Sieb.). Height 6-10 ft.: Ivs. 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, above smooth and shining, below whitened and finely pubescent : sheaths conspicuous. Jap. M. 1. G.C. III. 15:239: 18: 185. — The commonest of all hardy Bamboos, anil readily distinguished from all other tall kinds by the broader and larger Ivs. and by the broad, persistent sheaths which almost cover the sts. It is especially dis- tinguished from A. Simoni by the bud being a simple flatfish scale instead of a complex scaly one, and also by the less amount of waxy bloom on the St. Particularly recommended for cities. (which easili/ di cies from Plnilln p. PhnilK a, es not die thereafter. It has a shabby appearance until midsummer, and may take several years to be- come established, meanwhile sending up dwarf, slender shoots and narrow foliage, but Mitford urges patience, as the plant is hardy, and ultimately very vigorous and handsome. FF. Plants never variegated. 8. A. Filconeri, Mitford ( T. Fdlconeri, Hook. f. B. (;™'c-i7i,v, Hort., not Wall.). Height 10-15 ft.: stems slen- der, bright green, the internodes white-waxy : Ivs. thin, 3-4 in. long, about V^ in. wide. Himal. — Not very hardy. The leaf-sheaths are smooth, cut short at the top, with- out a fringe, and with an elongated ligula ; while A. falcattt. No. 9, has very downy leaf-sheaths, fringed with long hairs at the intersection with the leaf. The serra- tions of the leaf-edges are more pronounced in A. Pal- cortfri, especially on one side. Venation of Ivs. on upper surface is striate, not tesselated. 9. A. falcita, Nees (B. talcilta, Hort.). Height 6-10 ft.: Ivs. 3-5 in. long, about ,'i in. wide, light green: stems annual (perennial under glass), slender, tufted. Himal. — The great majority of the plants cult, under this name are really A. Falconeri, which has larger Ivs. In a small state, A. falcata can be distinguished from No. 8 only by the glabrous leaf-sheaths of the latter. The flower-bearing and leaf -bearing sts. of A. falcata are distinct, the former flowering and seed- ing each year. 10. A. Hindsii, Munro (B. ericta, Hort.). Height sometimes 7 ft., branches quasi-verticillate : Ivs. up- right at first, of various lengths up to 9 iu., and about 5-8 in. wide; veins conspicuously tesselated; internodes 3-7 in. long, waxy-white ; leaf-sheaths with a few hairs. Jap. — The erect habit of growth is very marked. A re- cent species of doubtful hardiness. Adv. by Dr. Pran- ceschi, who considers it one of the hardiest. DD. Plants relatively tender {JVos. 11, li, IS). E. Branches spiny. 11. B. arundin&cea, Retz. A majestic species, often attaiuing aheight of more than 40-60 ft. The stems, which are produced in dense clumps, are green and shining, with more or less spiny branches: Ivs. 4-8 in. long, Hin. or a little more wide, nearly glabrous ; sheaths persistent : fls. are produced at long intervals, and after perfecting seeds, the plants die. India. — Nos. 11 and 12 are green- house plants, not recommended by Mitford for outdoors. EE. Branches not spiny. 12. B. quadrangularls, Fenzi. Stems square, especially in older plants, 20 ft. or more high : Ivs. deep green, serrate, 6-7 in. long, about 1 in. wide. Jap. — Franceschi says it is as hardy as any Phyllostachys. See No. 11. 13. B.vulgiris, Schrad. Height 20-80 ft. : stems hollow, 4 in. in diam. or more ; branches numerous, striate ; internodes 1-1 H ft. long: Ivs. usually 6-10 in. long. 8-15 lines wide, sometimes 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide, rough on and near the margins and beneath. India. G.C. III. 25: 390. — Scdd south, but not recommended by Mitford. This and D. gigantetis are the only two Bamboos extensively cult, in the Orient, though others are more useful. It is also naturalized and cult, in the W. Ind., Mex. andBraz., but there is no evidence of an Amer. origin. BAMBOO BE. Height less than 6 ft. c. Variegation white. 14. A. Fbrtunei, A. and C. Rivifere {B. Fdrlnnei, Van Houtte, and var. I'ariVjffKa. Hon.). Height 3-4 ft. : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, half as wide or a little moie, striped with white. Jap. P.S. 15: 1535. — Lo.ses its Ivs. in winter, but quickly recovers in spring. More popular than the next two species. The internodes are rarely more than 1 in. apart, while in A. auricoma they are 3-5 in. apart. Var. aurea, Hort., with yellow variegation, is A. auricoma. Var. viriclis, Hort.=.l. hiimilis. Thi.s is an old favorite, and far more common than the next 4 species. Rhi- zomes are more active than the next, and demand more room. 15. B. anffustifblia, Mitford (B. yUmorlni, Hort.). Height about 1 ft. : sts. slender, purplish or light green : Ivs. 2-4 in. long, about ^ in. wide, serrate, frequently variegated with white. Jap. CC. Variegation yetlow. 16. A. auricoma, Mitford (A. and B. Fdrtiinei, v&t. aiirea, Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 5-6 in. long, about 1 in. wide, brilliantly variegated with yellow, softly pu- bescent beneath, serrate. Jap. 17. A. oliryBAntlia, Mitford {B. chrysdntha, Hort.). Height 3-5 ft.: Ivs. 5-7 in. long, 1 in. or less wide, nearly smooth, sometimes variegated with yellow, but not so brightly as in A. aiirirotiui. Jap. Also dis- tinguished from A. auricoma by the lower surface of the leaf being markedly ribbed, and lacking the soft, velvety down. -'Being neither frankly green nor frankly variegated, it is rather a disappointing plant."— Mitford. CCC. Variegation absent. D. Arrangement of Ivs. distichous. 18. B. diaticha, Mitford (B. ndna, Hort., not Roxb.). Height 2-3 ft. : branches numerous ; Ivs. 2-2K in. long, H in. wide or less, serrate, green, produced in two ver- tical ranks. Origin uncertain. A recent and rare spe- cies of great interest, the distichous arrangement of Ivs. being quite unique among Bamboos, and giving a very distinct habit. DD. Arrangement of Ivs. not distichous. E. Lvs. long, 10-18 in. 19. B. palmita, Burbidge. Fig. 185. Height 2 5 ft lvs. 10-15 in. long, 2-3^'o in. wide, bright green sharply serrate, smooth and shining above, below pale and mi nutely pubescent : longitudinal veins very promment Jap. M. 79. irn. 49, p. 59, shows a clump 3b ft. in circumference. 20. B, tessellita, Muuro {B. Bagamdii kit Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : lvs. 12-18 in. long, 3-4 in. wide, smooth and shin- ing above, whitened beneath, sharply serrate; midrib prominent, and bearing a tomentose line on one side. China andJap. G.C. III. 15: 167 ; 18:189. K.B 23 p. 269. — Produces the largest lvs. of any hardy Bambusa in cult., which is especially remark able on account of its dwarf habit. Much con fused in gardens, but unnecessarily, with 4 Veilchii, as the tomentose line on one Mde of the midrib is unique in B. tessellafa The lvs. are used by the Chinese for wrapping tea BAMBOO 129 Hort.). Height 2-3 ft.: branches in 2's and 3's, long in proportion to sts. : Ivs. 4-0 in. long, the largest about Jsin. wide : internodes 2-5 in. apart. Dies down in a hardy winter. A rare species, liable to confusion with A. pnmila, No. 3. SECTiorj II. — Internodes flattened, at least on one side : sheaths early deciduous. [The genus Phtjll6stachys.) A. Color of stems black. 23. P. nigra, Munro {B. nigra, Lodd.). Black Bam- boo. Pig. 186. Height 10-20 ft. : stems green at first, but changing to black the second year : lvs. very thin, 2-6 in. long, 6-10 lines broad. China and Japan. M. 142, and frontis. G.C. III. 15:369 ; 18:185. R.B. 23. p. 268. — One of the most popular of all Bamboos, and very dis- tinct by reason of its black stems. Var. punctata, Hort. Pranceschi, has yellowish stems spotted with black. 24. P, violiscens, A. and C. Riviere {B. violdscens, Carr.). Height sometimes 13 ft.: stems violet, almost black the first months, changing the second year to a dingy yellow or brown : lvs. very variable in size, 2-7 in. long, %-2 in. wide, tlielarger lvs. borne on young shoots or on the ends of the lower branches near the ground. The Ivs. are sharply serrated and have a well-defined pur- plish petiole. Pranceschi says it is hardy, and that P. bambtisioides is often sold under this name. aa. Color of stems yelloteish, or striped yelloic. 25. P. mltis, A. and C. Rivifere {B. mltis, Hort., not Poir. ). Height 15-20 or more ft. : stems arched, yellow- ish ; internodes at the base not short : leaf characters identical with P. aurea, with which it is closely allied. Japan. Gn. 17, p. 44. — The tallest of all Bamboos, but, unfortunately, not one of the hardiest. 26. P. Castilldnis, Hort. (B. CastilUnis, Hort.). Unique in the genus for having both sts. and lvs. varie- gated. Height 6-20 ft.: sts. 1 in. or more thick, much zigzagged, bright yellow, with a double groove of green: lvs. sparingly striped yellowish white, 7 in. long, \% in. wide, serrated on both margins : leaf-sheath topped by a whorl of dark brown or purple hairs. Jap. — Cult, by Dr. Pranceschi. Santa Barbara, Calif. 27. B. stritlta, Lodd. Height 4-5 ft.: stems striped yellow and green, as thick as the thumb ; internodes 4-6 in. long : Ivs. 6-8 in. long, ?i-l in. broad. China. EE. Lvs. shorter, S-6 in. (Here might be sought A. pumila, No. 2.) 21. B. pygmsea, Miq. Height ^-1 ft.: stems very slen der, much branched : lvs. 3— t in. long, abo it X in wide serrate, pubescent, bright green above glaucous and pubescent beneath. Jap. — The smallest of Bamboos and remarkably hardy. It is especially valuable for making a thick carpet in wild places, but its rampant growth makes it a nuisance in a border. The sts. are purple : the nodes prominent, and furnished with a waxy, glau- cous band round the base. 22. A. httmilis, Mitford (A. Fdrtunei, var. vXridis, 9 171' Si* *^' B.M. 6079, which shows a Howering specimen with con- spicuous anthers, red-purple at first and fading to lilac. Not described by Mitford. Sold S. and by Yokohama Nursery Co. 130 BAMBOO 28. P. airea, A. and C. Rivil^re (B. aia-ea, Hort.). Height 10-15 ft.: stems straight, yellowish ; internodes at the base remarkably short : Ivs. narrowed from near the base to the apex, minutely and regularly serrate on only one border, usually 2-4 in. long and %m. wide, but variable, light green, glabrous ; sheaths deciduous, marked with purple. Japan. Gn. 8, p. 206. A. F. 5:41. — The name is not distinctive, as others of the Phyllo- stachys group have yellowish stems. Hardier and easier of cult, than P. mltis. AAA. Color of stems green, often yellowish when ripe. B. HeiijJit 6-lS ft. c. Lvs, spotted with brown. 29. P. Quilioi.A. and C. Riviere (B. QnHioi, Hort. B. Masfli, Hort.). Height sometimes 18 ft.: habit looser than in P. mitis or aurea : stems arched : lvs. much larger and especially broader than in any other Phyllostachys, the largest 8 in. long, i% in. wide, the serration of one edge con- spicuous; lvs. dark green, often spotted brown, very 3a. P. K BB. ffeiijht 2 ft. or less : habit zigzag. P. ruscifblia, Hort. Kew. (P. Kumasdca, Jlunro, 2^1 Mittord. B. ruscifblia, Sieb. nilHs,iiori,). Height ]!<-2 ft.: stems zigzag, dark green; sheaths purple : lvs. 2-3 in. long, about 1 in. wide, ovate in outline. Jap. G.C. III. 15: 369. G.C. HI. 18: 189.- The stem is channeled on the branching side, almost solid : nodes 1-2 in. apart : branches in 3's and 4's, not more than l-VA'm. long. — Dwarf est species of Phyllostachys. c_ jj. Beadle. The follovring are trade names in America of rare kinds : B. agrestis, Poir. India. Cochin China. Adv. by Yokohama Nurs. Co.— B. argentea, Hort.=B. argentea-striata, Kegel ?— B. aureo-stridta, Kegel. Jap.— -1. folus-variegatis, Hort. .is pre- sumably A. Fortune!, the commonest low-gromng, variegated Anindinaria. — B. Marlidcea, Hort. Adv. by Yokohama Nurs. Co. as a "wrinkled Bamboo." Doubtless named after M. La- tour Marliac, the cele- brated French hybri- dizer of water-lilies, and dealer in Bam- boos and aquatics.— D. membranaceus, Munro. Height at- taining 60-70 ft.: lvs. 4-5 in. long, 4H) lines wide, roundish or narrowed at the base, mucron.'ite. rough above and on the marerin. Imirv l»-tnu, jt..ti..- late. Burma. Rare. Adv. I>v I ir. I 'iMn^'i'-i-ln Sicin. Barbara, Calif .— P. hetrm.-r- < ,,it ii,- ' l,,i'- toise Shell Bamboo," is i ;' ■ , ■;.' ^>v malformed condition of si_\m d ■-[' •'■i:-~. i,--itLiji;illy P. mitis, aurea and nigra, as vxplniuud in G.C. III. 24: 92. For the first foot or two above ground each internode is long on one side and very short on the other, whicli makes a grotesque appearance. M. 160. G.C. III. 15: 559. — A. Mcfdkc, Sieb.=A. Japoniea.— J.. Narihira, Hort., Yoko- hama Xurs. Co., is presumably A. Simoiii.— B. onentdlis, Xees. E. Iiid. Adv. by Dr. Pranceschi. Santa Barbara, Calif., who regards it as a form of B. arundinacea, with lvs. larger and velvety to the touch. It forms clumps quickly.— P. Quad- ranguldris. Hort., Yokohama Niu's. Co.=B. quadrangularis ?— B. scriptoria, Dennst. {Beesha Rheedei, Kunth)=Melocanna bambusoides. Trin. This was Jolm Saul's favorite hardy 186. Phyllostachys nigra. glaucous beneath ; leaf-.sheaths a peculiar feature, be- ing pinkish brown, deeply mottled with purple spot^. Cult. S. and in Calif.-Rare. CO. I/vs. not spotted with brown. D. Bahit sUqhtly zigzag. 30. P. Hendnis, Mitford (B. fl'(»dMis, Hort.). Height 6-15 ft.: stems arched : lvs. 2-3 in. long, a little under Hin. broad, narrowed below the middle to the base and long attenuate at the apex, bright green ; sheaths decid- uous, yellowish, inclined to purplish: internodes 5-6 in. long near the base and middle of the stem, distinctly grooved with a double furrow. Japan. — This is Mit- ford's favorite Bamboo. i>D. Habit strongly zigzag. 31. P. viridi-glaucescens, A. and C. Riviere (B. viridi- glaitcescens, Carr. ). Height 10-18 ft.: stems slender, zigzag, arched, bright green at first, fading as they ripen to a dingy yellow : lvs. 3-4 in. long, about V^in. wide or Httle more, bright green above, whitened below. China. Un. 7, p. 279. G.C. III. 15:433; 18:183. -The name is unfortunate because not distinctive, as all Bamboos have green lvs. with more or less whitened lower surfaces. Very hardy and common. 32. P. bambusoides, Sieb. & Zucc. Height about 5 ft. in the second year : stems zigzag, green at first, ripen- ing to yellow, the branch-bearing side flattened rather than grooved, as in other species of Phyllostachys : in- ternodes long in proportion to length of stem, sometimes 8 in. : branches in 3's, the longest at the middle of the St., and only about 9 in.: lvs. of various sizes, the largest 8 in. long, IM in. wide, edges serrate, sharply on one side. Jap. — Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Bar- bara, Calif. Bamboo at AA — B. stnatif"!' doned tradi_' n: Hort., Saul. }".< Roxb.— D. tttrx' Fla Height .W-G("i ft . ■ ^i- :: ■ ■ year. Ind.— J>. 'v///. .;.,'.■', Hort. Franceschi. Height in whorls, striped white. no longer advertised, nhn Saul. 1890. an aban- y botanists.— 5. stricta, l.rnbal.Iy not B. stricta. W. M. BANANA (Mitsa sapiintam, Linn,, chiefly). Scii- amindcecp. This very valuable tropical plant is prized for its friiit, textile fiber, and decorative effect in land- scape gardening. Most species are cultivated for their fruit, and one or two species for fiber— although all sorts have a fiber of considerable value. Every spe- cies is worthy a place in decorative planting. For an account of the species and their ornamental values, see Mum. The species mostly in demand for fruiting seldom or never produce seeds, and naturally increase by suckers around the base of each plant. These form a large clump, if allowed to grow without care. They are most readily separated from the parent root-stalk by a spade, and are then fit for further planting. This is a slow pro- cess of increase, but it is sure, and the suckers so pro- duced make large and vigorous plants. A quicker method of propagation is to cut the entire root-stalk into small, wedge-shaped pieces, leaving the outer sur- face of the root about 1 by 2 inches in size, planting in light, moist soil, with the point of the wedge down and the outer surface but slightly covered. The best material for covering these small pieces is fine peat, old leaf-mold, mixed moss and sand, or other light material which is easily kept moist. The beds so planted should be in full open sunshine if in a tropical climate, or given bottom heat and plenty of light in the plant-house. The small plants from root-cuttings should not be allowed to remain in the original bed longer than is necessary to mature one or two leaves, as that treatment would stunt ihem. The textile and ornamental species, also, may be BANANA BAPTISIA 131 increaspfl hy the above process, but as these species usually jiroiiuct.' seeds freely, seedlings can be more (|uii-kly Ki''>wii. and with less trouble. The seeds of JBauaiias sjumld be sown as fresh as possible, treating them the same as recommended for root-cuttings. As soon as the seedlings show their first leaves, they sliould be transplanted into well-prepared beds of rich, moist soil, or potted off ami (ilun^^id iiit<» slight bottom heat, as the needs of tlir m..\v< r or liis l..i-atiMii may demand. Both seedlings ami mol cuttings slicnilil have proper transplanting, sutliciLiit ruum aud rii.'h soil, as a rapid, unchecked growtli gives the best and quickest results. The cultivation of Bananas for fruit is carried on very extensively in all tropical countries. In the West Indies, Central AnuTica and Mexico, they are raised for export to the Uuitcil Stalls tiiid (.'anada. The site selected is usually a level i>laiii in the lowlands, near the coast, or in valleys among the liills, where the rainfall or artificial moisture is sufficient. The variety most commonly grown at present is the Martinique, having large bunches, with long, yellow fruit. The Barat^oa (or Red Jamaica) is more sparingly grown now than formerly, and its dark red fruits, of largest size, are not commonly exported. For distant shipping, bunches of fruit are cut with "machetes" or knives, after they reach their full size and are almost mature, but quite green in color. Ripen- ing is effected during shipment in warm weather, and by storing in dark, artificially-heated rooms during cold weather. Banana Hour is a valuable product of ripe Bananas prepared among the plantations in the tropics. It is nutritious, and has an increasing demand and use as human food. A recently invented prnnrss of drying ripe Bananas has been found very suirrs^lul. and the industry promises to be of vast importaiM'i- a^ tin mar- ketable article finds ready sale. In the I'uili'd States there is little commercial cultivation of Bananas, since the frostless zone is narrow and the fruit can be grown A* ^' ^A--'^; 187. A bearing Banana plant. SO much more cheaply in Central America and the West Indies. Small Banana plantations are common in south- ern Florida, however, and even as far north as Jackson- ville. They are also grown in extreme southern Louis- iana, and southwestward to the Pacific coast. The plants will endure a sliglit frost without injury. A frost of 5 or 6 degrees will kill tin- leaves, but if the plants are nearly full grown at the time, new foliage may appear and fruit may form. If the entire top is killed, new suckers will spring up and bear fruit the following year. A stalk, or trunk, bea/s but once ; but the new sprouts which arise from the roots of the same j)]ant coutinuo Tip of flower-cluster of Banana. the fruit-bearing. A strong sprout should bear when 12-18 months old (from 2-8 years in hothouses). The plantation will, therefore, continue to bear for many years. A bearing stalk, as grown in southern California, is shown in Fig. 187. The peculiar flower-bearing of the Banana is shown in Fig. 188, which illustrates the tip of a flower-cluster. This cluster may be likened to a giant elongating bud, with large, tightly overlapping scales or bracts. Three of these bracts are shown at a a a, in different stages of the flowering. As they rise or open, the flowers below them expand. The bracts soon fall. The flowers soon shed their envelopes, but the styles, b, persist for a time. The ovaries soon swell into Bananas, c The bracts are royal purple and showy. g. N. Reasoner. BANCROFT, GEOKGE. The famous American his- torian (1800-1891) deserves remembrance among horti- culturists for his splendid collection of roses at his sum- mer home in Newport, R. I., an account of which may lie found in tin' Ainirican Garden, 1891. For a portrait anil sliii.li. s. o A|.i.Ii'tou's Annual Cyclopedia for 1890. In Jlr. I'.aiirioft's t;arden, George Field found arose with- out a name, whirli is now known to be the French variety Mme. Ferdiuand Jamin. It was introduced by Field & Bro. as the American Beauty. Though little known abroad, it is, probably, the most famous of all roses cult, in America. BANEBEEEY. See Acfaa. BANKSIA ( Sir Joseph Banks, 1743-1820, famous Eng- lish s<-ientist). Protedfecp. Many species of Australian everi^ri-i-ii slirubs, with handsome foliage, but scarcely known in ctilt. here. Prop, by nearly mature cuttings, in frame.s. BANYAN TEEE. See Ficus Indica. BAOBAB. See Adansonia. BAFltSIA (Greek,' (o dye, alluding to the coloring matter in some species). Syn. , Podali}ria. Legumlndscp. Small genus of perennial herbs of eastern N. Amer. Corolla papilionaceous, the standard not larger than the wings : calyx campanulate, the 5 teeth separate and equal or the 2 upper ones united : stamens 10, distinct : pod stalked in the calyx. — Plants usually turn black in drying. Baptisias are suitable for borders. They thrive in any ordinary soil and under common treatment, pre- ferring free exposure to sun. Prop, by division or 132 BAPTISIA BARRY A. Lvs. simple : fls. yellow. simplicifdlia, Croom. Branchy, 2-3 ft.: lvs. 2-4 in. long, sessile, broadly ovate and obtuse : fls. in numerous terminal racemes. Fla. — Int. 1891. perfoUMa, R. Br., of S. Car. and Ga., with small axil- lary fls. and broad perfoliate lvs., is occasionally planted, and is hardy as far N. as Washington, but is evidently not in the trade. B.M. 3121. AA. lyvs. compound, 3-foliolafe. B. Fls. yellow. tinct6ria, R. Br. Wild Indigo. Bushy-branched, 2-4 ft., glabrous : lvs. stalked, the Ifts. small, obovate or oblanceolate, and nearly or quite sessile and entire : fls. J^in. long, bright vellow, in numerous few-fld. racemes. Common in E. States. B. M. 1099. Mn. 5:81. lanceol&ta, Ell. About 2 ft., pulicscent when young, but becoming nearly glabrous : lvs. sliurt-stiilked, the Ifts. thick, lanceolate to obovate and obtuse : fls. large, axillary and solitary. Pine barrens, N. Car. S. BB. Fls. blue. austrilis, R. Br. {B.carfaea,Ea.t. &Wr. B.ea-alfAfa. Sweet). Stout, 4-6 ft., glabrous : lvs. short-stalked ; Ifts. oblanceolate to oval, entire, obtuse : fls. lupine-like, nearly or quite an in. long, in loose-fld., lung terminal racemes. Penn. W. and S. J.H. III.29: (i4 ; 34: 511.- Handsome. Probably the best species for cultivation. BBB. Fls. white or whitish. iXba, R. Br. Wide-branching, 1-3 ft., glabrous : lvs. stalked ; Ifts. oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, thin, dry- ing green : fls. white, /^in. long, in long-peduncled, elongated lateral racemes. N. Car.W. and S. B.M. 1177. leuc4ntha,Torr. & Gray. Branching, more or less suc- culent, 2-4 ft., glabrous : lvs. stalked ; Ifts. obovate to oblanceolate to cuneate, very obtuse, drying black : fls. white, nearly an in. long, in loose-fld., lateral racemes. E. states. leucophsea, Nutt. Stem stout and angled, but low and wide-branched, 1-2K ft., hairy or nearly glabrous : lvs. short petioled ; Ifts. oblanceolate to obovate, stiff, dry- ing black : fls. large and cream-colored, on slender erect pedicels, borne in 1-sided declined racemes. Ga. W. B.M. 5900. Mn.3:177. F.S.23:2449. L. H. B. BARBAGJiNlA (Barbacena, a Brazilian governor). Amarylliddcew. About 20 Brazilian plants, with scape bearing a single large purple flower. Grown mostly in baskets, after the manner of many orchids. B. purpiirea, Hook., is occasionally seen in fine collections, hut does not appear to be in the Amer. trade. Grown in a warm, moist house. It has many scapes and long, grass-like, toothed lvs. B.M. 2777. BARB&DOES CHEEKY is Malpighia ; B. Lily, Hip- peastriim. BARBAR&A ( from the old name. Herb of Saint Bar- bara). Crueiferw. Hardy biennials, with yellow fls.; allied to watercress and horseradish. vulgaris, R. Br. Common Winter Cress. Upi^nd Cress. Yellow Rocket. Height 10-18 in.: lower lvs. lyrate, the terminal lobe round, the lateral usually 1-4 pairs : upper lvs. obovate, cul-tdDtlind at the base. Eu. Asia. —Cult, for salad. Var. variegata, Hort., lvs. splashed and mottled with yellow, is cult, as a border plant, and grows freely in rich soil. If the fls. are picked ofi', stem and all, before they open, the plant will be practically perennial. A common native. prscoz, R. Br. E.\rly Winter, or Bell Isle Cress. Distinguished by the more numerous divisions of the lvs. (4-8 pairs ) . Slightly cult, as a salad, and known S. as Scurvy Grass. Naturalized from Eu. J.B.Keller. BARBE DE CAPUCIN. See Chicory. BARBERRY. See Berheris. BARBIfiRIA (after J. B. G. Barbier, French physi- cian). Jj'>}inn'nn'siv. A genus of only two species, one from Port.. Kic. and one from Peru. Its nearest allies familiar to the horticulturist are Indigophera and Te- phrosia. It is distinguished from allied genera by the long fls. Tender evergreen shrubs, with odd-pinnate lvs., numerous entire Ifts., and awl-shaped stipules : fls. large, racemose red. Prop, by seed. polyphylla, DC. (Clildria polyphylla, Poir.). Lfts. 9-11 pairs, elli[. tic-oblong, mucronate, pubescent with age : racemes few fld^ . shorter than the lvs. : fls. 2 in. long. Porto Rico.— 5. glaMlla, Hort., Peter Henderson &■ Co., 1899, is probably a variety. BARK, Is often used in a general way to designate the softer outer envelope of a stem or root. In this sense, it includes all that peels readily, as the bark of the hemlock and oak, used for tanning leather. In a stricter sense, it is applied t.. the ci.rky layers formed on the outer surface of w.ti..l\- (.laiits. It is formed from an active layer of tissue. — tile pliellogen. The bark is de veloped in different ways upon different trees. So dis- tinct are the resulting tissues that species of trees may be readily recognized by their bark alone. Cork of com- merce is the bark of the cork oak, a native of south- western Europe. w. W. Rowlee. BAEKfiRIA. See Epidendrum. PARL£;RIA (J. Barrelier, 1606-1673, French botanist). Acanthdceo'. Many species of tropical shrubs, mostly African, sometimes seen in fine collections of stove plants, but in.t nffiTe.l in the Amir, trail.'. Thev have large fls. (yelli.w, puriili- or white), often in i-Iiisters. Prop, oy softw.ioil cuttings. B. crist&ta, Linn., E. hid., is a good blue-fld. bedder. BARLEY. Various kinds of H&rdeum of the Gramiii- ew. (_'.>nim.m Barley is H. sativum, Jess. According to Ha.-kil, it "undoubtedly originated from If. spontd- neum, ('. Kiich, which grows wild from Asia Minor and Caucasian countries to Persia and Beloochistan, as well as in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia Petriea." The com- mon Barley has a 4-rowed ear or head. There are also 2-rowed and 6-rowed races, and other well marked forms. They are probably all domestic forms of one parent stock. BAR6SMA {heavy scent). Butdcea;. Some 25 to 30 South African heath-like shnibs. They are evergreens, and in the N. must be grown undir glass. Prop, by mature-wood cuttings. B. pulch^lla. Hart. & Wendl., is now handled by florists from ini]iurtiMl stock. It grows 3 ft. or less high, and has axillary purplish fls., with 5 sepals. 5 petals and 10 stamens. BARRY, PATRICK. Plate II. Nurseryman, editor and author; was born near Belfast, Ireland, in May, 1816, and died in Rochester, N. Y., June 23, 1890. He came to America at the age of twenty, and after four years of service with the Princes, at Flushing, on Long Island, he founded, in 1840, with George EUwanger, at Roches- ter, N. Y., the Mount Hope Nurseries. EUwanger and Barry introduced fruit-growing into western New York at a time when tli.-rc were no collections of fruits, no railroad or t.-l.'gni|'lii<- facilities, nor any fast ocean steamers to bring over tlieir importations from Europe. From 1844 to 1852, Barry edited "The Genesee Farmer," an excellent and influential paper— afterwards merged in "The Cultivator and Country Gentleman." After the death of A. J. Downing he succeeded to the editorship of "The Horticulturist," which he removed to Rochester, until June, 1855, after which this famous magazine had many vicissitudes until 1887, when it went to swell the nmnber of periodicals now represented commercially by "American Gardening." In 1851 appeared his "Treatise on the Fruit-Garden," a new and thoroughly revised edition of which was issued in 1872, under the title of "Barry's Fruit-Garden." It is still one of our most popular books on pomology, and deservedly so. The catalogue of fruits w'hich he compiled for the American Pomological Society is a monumental work. Mr. Barry did much to make Rochester a city of nurseries and western New York a famous fruit-growing region. The Western New York Horticultural Society, of which he was president for more than thirty years, and until his death, has long exercised a more than sectional influence. The work of Barry was truly national, and essentially Plate II. Prominent American Horticulturists BARRY BASKET PLANTS 133 that of a pioneer. He must l>e I'oiisidereil in the front rani! of i.oniolof,'i.-al autli.irs, witli tl.r l>..vvi]in;.'s, Warder, and Tlionias, wlmsr (■<.iiit)incd \\ri:,-iit ^^avr a great impulse towards establishing orrhartling on a large scale in America. For a fuller account, with portrait, see "Annals of Horticulture," 1890, 287-290. w. M. BAETdNIA. See Mentzelia. BARTRAH, JOHN. Called by Llnnseus the greatest natural botauist in the world. Was born at Marple, near Darby, Pennsylvania, Mar. 23, l«y9, and died Sept. 22, 1777. He was a Quaker farmer, who became interested in botany after the age of twenty-four. In 1728, at King- sessing, on the Schuylkill River, he established the first botanic garden in America, which, together with his house, built in 17.'J1, of stone hewn by his own hands. Is happily preserved to-day as part of the park system of Philadelphia. He traveled much in America, and was for many years the chief medium of exchange between Europe and America of plants of all kinds, especially new and important species, as Bhoihidendron maximum and Cijpripedium. acaule. His correspondence with Peter CoUlnson lasted nearly half a century. The let- ters, preserved to us in Darlington's "Memorials of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall," are rich in botanical, historical and general interest. "Observa- tions on the Inhabitants * * * made by John Bar- tram in his Travels from Pensilvania to Onondago, Oswego, and the Lake Ontario « * * London, 1751," is similarly readable, and a document of great value in the study of aboriginal races. At the age of seventy he undertook, with his son Wil- liam, an expedition to Florida, which is recorded in the "Journal Kept upon a Journey from St. Augustine up the River St. Johns." Bartram was probably the first American to perform successful experiments in hybridi- zation. His sons, John and William, continued his garden. For many years it was the largest and best col- lection of trees and shrubs in America, and the services of the garden to early American horticulture were very great. He i.s commemorated in Bartramia, a genus of mosses, and in "Bartram's Oak," for the literature of which, see I. C. Martinale's "Notes on the Bartram Oak, Qitercus lieterophnUa, Michx.," published at Camden, N. J., 1880, Bartrani's garden is a unique spot in America. Many of the trees have attained great age, size and beauty. The garden also contains many quaint and picturesque relics which have associations of great interest. On the whole, John Bartram is one of the most illustrious, and by far the most picturesque, of the early botanists and horticulturists of America, and his simple, wholesome, powerful personality presents a picture that is altogether amiable. New editions of the works of Bartram and Darlington are much to be desired, and oiler a promising field to critical labors. John Bartram's son William is well known to students of American history for his " Observations on the Creek and Cherokee Indians, 1789." It is very much to be regretted that no authentic portrait of John Bartram is known. For an excellent illustrated account of Bartram and his garden, see the article bv Miss M. L. Dock in Garden and Forest, 9:121-124 (1895). See also Harper's Mag. 60:321-330 (1880). ■^_ BI. BA8&LLA (native Malabar name). CItenopodi&cece. Malabar Nightshade. A genus containing only one species, which is, however, remarkably variable. An- nual or biennial herbs, cult, in the tropics as a pot-herb, like spinach. Rarely cult. N. as an ornamental warm- house climber. It may also be started indoors, and set out in May for use as a garden vegetable, to follow spinach. Prop, hy seeds. rilbra, Linn. Lvs. succulent, alternate, rarely oppo- site, almost entire, of various forms : fls. not pedicelled, in simple spikes or racemes ; spikes short or long, lax, few-fid. The following species are now considered only forms of the above : dllia, a white-fid. form rarely cult, as a trailer from roofs of warm-houses, or as a basket plant ; caninifdlia : cordifdlia, with heart-shaped lvs. 4-5 in. long and 2-25^ in. wide ; crassifdlia ; Japinica ; /KoWa, from India ; Mlsrm, a Chinese form ; rambsa a.nA volitbiUs. Under the name of Sweet Malabar Vine, A. Blanc advertises a form with tiny yellow and red fls., and lvs. variegated with white, pink, and green. He says, "with age it assumes a drooping habit. When cut keeps fresh for weeks." BASIL. Species of Ocimum, of the LabiAlce. They are Indian annuals, and are cult, as pot-herbs, the clove- flavored foliage being used as seasoning in soups, meats and salads. They are of easiest culture, the seed being sown in the open as soon as the weather is settled. Common Basil is O. BasiUeum, Linn., a ft. high, branch- ing, with ovate toothed lvs., and white or bluish white fls. in leafy terminal racemes or spikes. O. minimum, Linn., the Dwarf Basil, is lower, and smaller in all its parts ; rarely seen. When Basil is in bloom, it can be cut and dried for winter use. BASKET PLANTS. Fig. 189. Under this term are included all those plants which, from their habit of growth and blooming, have been found especially suitable for use in hanging baskets. Most of these are dwarfish plants of indeterminate growth, of gracefully drooping or vine-like habit, and are valued either for their grace, or for freedom and daintiness of bloom. Some of the plants used in baskets are of upright habit. These are either plants of naturally small stature, or are practically such for a season from a slow habit of growth. The suitability of these erect- growing plants for the purpose is determined, aside from their stature, by their freedom of bloom, beauty of foliage, striking form, or grace of habit. Such plants are used prin- cipally for filling the cen- tral part of the basket ; whereas, plants of trail- ing habit are inserted near the sides — some to droop, others to twine upwards on the cords or handle by which the basket is sus- pended. In addition to the long drooping or climbing plants, there are a number of half-erect habit, like the lobelia, sweet alyssum and russelia. These may droop somewhat, but are not of a truly vine-like habit. Some plants are more suitable than others for shady places : the selaginellas, for instance. Others thrive only with several hours of direct sunshine each day. The following list of common trade names em- braces a number of the most important basket plants, arranged according to their habit of growth and blooming. The list is not given as a complete one. Any list would need amending from year to year to suit individual taste and experience. Plants which will bear considerable shade are marked with an asterisk (*) ; those which will bear more are marked with two asterisks (**): 1. PLANTS OF VINE-LIKE HABIT. a. LONG-nROOPING. **English Ivy, *Kenilworth Ivy,*Vinea major. *V. Har- risonii, Saxifraga sarmentosa, *Cissus discolor,* Money- wort I\'y, TropEeolums (Nasturtiums). Lonicera Halli- ana. L. aurea, var. reticulata. Nepeta (^lechoma, Ampe- lopsis quinquefolia. A. Veitobii. Note. — The Ampelopsis is deciduous, and not suitable for winter baskets. Basket. IM BASKET PLANTS BAUHINIA b. CuMBiNrr, Maurandia, **Lygodium seandens, *Seneeio scandens, Thiiubergia, Cobsea seaiidens, Japanese Variegated Hop. Manettiabicolor, Lonieera Halliana. L. aiirea. var. reticu- lata, Clematis coceinea, Tropa^olum peregrinum, c. Short-drooping, or Half-erect. *LobeliaErinus,*Othonna crassifo]ia,*Sweet Alyssum, *Tradescaiitia. Petunias, Oxalis tloribiinda. *Russelia juueea (also bears sun well), *Fittonia. *Puchsia proeum- beus, Ice Plant, Verbena, *Ivy Geranium, **SelagineUas, *Begonia glaucophylla, var. scandens, *Sedum Sieboldi, *S. carneum, var. variegatum, *Asparagus Sprengerii, *Passitlora8, *Pauieum variegatum, Gazania splendens, Abutilon megapotamieum and var. variegatum, Lantana delicatissima, Solanum jasmiuoides, S. Seaforthiauum, Convolvulus Maurltanicus. 2. PLANTS OF UPRIGHT HABIT. a. Low-growing. 1. Floivering Plants. *Torema, *Pansy, Cuphea platycentra, C. hyssopifolia, *Primula obconica. Dwarf Alyssum, Bellis perennis, Linum or' Reinwardtia trigynum, Phlox Drumraondii, Dutch bulbs. 2. Foliage Plants. *Peperomia, *Begonia Rex, *Farfugium grande. Alter- nanthera, **Maideuhair Fern, Geraniums (especially Mme. Salleroi), *Isolepis gracilis (droops with age). 6. Taller Growing. 1. Flowering. Geraniums — Pelargonium *Fuchsias, Petunias, *Bego- nias, Brnwallia, *Stevia serrata, var. nana. Madagascar Periwinkle. *Nierembergia, Lantana, *Impatiens Sultana, Ouphea Llavea, Swainsona, Clirysanthemum t'rutes- cens, Salvias. 2. Foliage. *Dusty Miller. *Crotons. *Palms, **Ferus, *Fancy Cala- diums, Coleus, Achyranthes, **Aspidistra, *Cyperus alter- uifolius, *Dracfflna indivisa, *D. termiualis, Coccoloba platyclada. Some of the above plauts make large subjects when growing in the open ground. Of such, only young or smaller plants are available for use in hanging baskets. Ordinarily, several different sorts of plants are used for filling a basket. In some cases, however, a pretty basket is made by iising but one kind of plant. A hang- ing basket filled with sword fern, for instance, makes a handsome object. Baskets of a variety of patterns are obtainable from florists and other dealers. The baskets most extensively used, perhaps, are made of strong wire, woven into hem- ispherical or other forms. These are sometimes plain, and again of ornamental character. The better form has a flat bottom, or a stand, formed of wire, to support the basket in an upright position when it is not pendent. Another style is farmed of rustic work. Here the vessel or plant basin is covered about the sides with rough bark or knotted roots. For this purpose the roots of the laurel are much used. Above the basket there is an arch or handle by which it is suspended. Again, earthen- ware vessels, to be suspended by wires, are offered for sale in a variety of shapes. Some of these are moulded and painted in imitation of logs, and are known as "stick " and "log baskets." Such baskets are often without pro- vision for drainage. When this is the case, holes should be drilled at the lowest point in the bottom, A special form of basket is much used for orchids. It is made of square cedar slats in raft- or log-fashion. Pern-fiber and broken bits of brick, flower-pots or charcoal, are used for filling them. The soil used in hanging baskets is simply good, common florists' potting soil. This usually contains about 25 per cent of humus, and a small amount of sharp sand to make it porous. Prior to filling, wire baskets must be lined with moss. This is merely com- mon woodland moss from rotting logs, or rich, damp soil. In filling baskets, a few drooping or climbing plauts are disposed around the sides ; then one or more upright- growing or half-erect plants, according to the size of the plants and basket, are planted in the center. Immediate effects require plants which have already made consid- erable growth. Florists usually carry a stock of suitable plants. In case seedlings or cuttings are grown for the purpose, it is usually best to start them in seed-pans or cutting-boxes, and transfer them later to the basket. Seeds may be sown, or the cuttings started in the basket, but it is so long before they fill the basket that there is no advantage in it. A common mistake in arranging baskets is crowding, or tilling them too full. Fewer plants will appear more graceful, growth will be more vigorous, and the basket will retain its grace and beauty for a 'ouger time. Exer- cise vigilance and care in watering. After the roots have well filled the basket, watering is best done by dipping the basket in a tub or barrel of water, and al- lowing it to remain until it is well saturated. Dipping the basket in weak liquid manure once or twice a month will greatly projnote vigor when the plants have been long in the basket. These remarks also apply in a general way to vases and ru.stic stands. Ernest Walker. BASSWOOD. See Tilia. BAST. The .soft part of the flbro-vascular bundles iR plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases in thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of Basswood have been used in making cordage ; also in making strong paper. -w. w. Rowlee. BATATAS. SeeZ/wwrt-a. BATEMANNIA (in honor of James Bateman, the dis- tinguished collector and cultivator, and author of im- portant works on Orchids). Orc/iirfficete, tribe Vdndece. Pseudobulbs short : leaf-blades coriaceous : fls. large, 2^2-3 in. in diam., single or in pairs. Cult, like Cattleya. During the growing period they should be well supplied with water and kept from strong sunlight. C6Ueyi, Lindl. Petals and sepals purplish or umber- brown, shading to yellowish green at the base. Deme- rara. B.R. 17U. B.M. 3818. Meleigris, Reichb. f. Petals and sepals pale yellow, brown towanl the summits, broad at the base : labellum white at the base. Brazil. B. Burtii, Endr. & Reichb. f., with 1-fld. peduncles, =Zygo- v^'-'^'^^^m. Oakes Ames. BAUHtNIA (after John and Caspar Bauhin, sixteenth century herbalists ; the twin leaflets suggesting two brothers), l/egumindsfe ^ but there is nothing to sug- gest the legume family to the northern horticulturist ex- cept the pod. Mountain Ebony. A genus of over 200 species, allied to Cercis. Tropical trees, shrubs, or vines, with showy fis. ranging from white to purple, and Ivs. which may be entire or 2-lobed, in some cases the Ifts. being entirely free ; the petiole is prolonged into a short but characteristic awn between the Ifts. ; petals 5. The number and fertility of the stamens are important characters in determining the subgenera. They are much cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif, in sandy soils. Prop. by seeds ; rarelyby cuttings of half -ripened wood. B. variegata and S. puy'pnrea are two of the com- monest and showiest small trees of India, and, although frequently introduced into northern greenhouses, have rarely succeeded permanently. B. variegata is much cult, in India, and, when covered with blossoms, resem- bles a gigantic Pelargonium. The astringent bark is used in tanning and dyeing, and the Ivs. and fl.-buds as a vegetable, the latter being pickled. "The reason for these plants being so little grown in our hothouses," says J. D. Hooker, "is, no doubt, that they must attain some size before they flower, and that they require a dry season to ripen their wood, the giving of which, without killing the plant by drought, is the standing crux of all establishments." Great numbers of species of Bauhinia are likely to be introduced from time to time because of their gorgeous iippearance in the trop- ics. In the experience of Old World v:;ii'd(*ners, the most reliable species under glass nrt- //. m riiiinfa, B. cori/m- hosa, and B, JVtftalensis. These run be planted outside here in summer, and kept over winter as oleanders are. A. -Bvs. divided not to the middle. B. F'ls. itsually colored. variegita, Linn. Tree, 6-20 ft,: Ivs. 3-4 in. across, orl)icular, 9-11 nerved, lobes rounded ; petiole 1-2 in. long : fls. about 7, in a short raceme, 4 in. across ; calyx BAUHIMA spathe-like ; petalii 5, clawed, obovate-oblong, veined, rose-colored, the lowest one larger, broader above the middle, strongly marked with crimson : pod 1-2 ft. long. India. B.M. 0818.— The coloring of the Hs. varies, Var. c&ndida, lioxb. {A. alba, Buoli-Ham.). Height 12 ft.: Hs. white, beautifully veined with green; fls. Feb. to May. B.M. 7^12. "A taller grower than A. a c umi nut a, hloovaing in late winter and early spring. Very quick-growing, and ornamental even when not in bloom."— Reasoner Bros. purpilrea, Linn. Height 6 ft.: Ivs. coriaceous, rufous- tomentose beneath when young ; Ifts. broadly ovate, 4-nerved : petals red, one streaked with white on the claw, lanceolate, acute; fertile stamens 3, very long, the rest sterile or abortive : pod 1 ft. long. India, Burma. China. — Without doubt one of the finest flowering small trees in S. Fla. Flowers are borne in the greatest pro- fusion, 3 to 5 inches across, varying in color from almost white to a shade of rich purple, and marked and shaded with many tones. The plant is very robust and hardy here, growing to a height of 15 feet in less than 2 years, and blooms all winter and spring. G&lpini, N. E. Brown. Half-climbing shrub, ,'j-lO ft. : Ivs. l-3in.long, 2-lobed from one-tifth to one-half their length, 7-nerved ; petiole about H in. long: racemes 6-10-fld. : petals 5, all alike, l-lj^in. long; claw as long as the limb ; limb orbicular, cuspidate, brick-red ; fertile stamens 3 : pod 3-5 in. long ; seeds dark brown. S. and Trop. Afr. B.M. 7494.-Discovered 1891. Fls borne continuously from spring to late autumn. BB. Fls. pure white. acuminata, Linn. Height 5-6 ft.: Ifts. ovate, acumi- nate, parallel, 4-nerved, closing at night : fls. 2-3 in. across ; fertile stamen long and nearly free, the other 9 short, connected, and sterile. India, Malaya, China. — One of the most satisfactory of all, either for open ground or greenhouse culture, as it will bloom the first summer, when but a few months old and but a foot or two high, and in succeeding summers blooms continu- ously from May to September. AA. I/vs. divided beyond the middle. B. -Leaflets not entirely free : fls. colored, corymbdsa, Roxb. Woody climber, branching from the ground.: branches grooved: tendrils opposite, revolute: Ivs. lVi>-2 in. long, outer edges slightly rounded, inner edges straight and parallel; nerves 2-4 : Hs. numerous, corymbose, 1 in. across, rosy, ithw fluted petals, and characteristic venation ; stamens 3. bright red, 3 very long, the rest abortive. China. B.M. 6621. BB. Leaflets entirely free ■ fls. white. Natal^nsis, Oliver. Small shrub : Ivs. numerous ; leaflets each 1 in. long, with a midrib and a few nerves, dark green ; petioles K-Kin. long : fls. single or in 2's, l>2in. across, white, the midvein of the 3 upper petals reddish ; petals erect or spreading, the 2 lower ones larger ; stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short : pod 3 in. long. S. Afr. B.M. 6086. — Not advertised at present. B. BiM-eri, P. Muell., from Austral., and B. Bichardsoni, Hort., Franceschi, are also advertised at present. E. N. Reasonee and W. M. BAY TREE. See Laurxts. BEAN, A name applied to various plants of the Legu- iiiiiids(f. The Beans chiefly known to agriculture are of five types : (1) The Broad Beau ( Virio Faba), or the Bean of history, an erect-growing plant, producing very large and usually fiat, orbicular or angular seeds. Prob- ably native to S.W.Asia (Figs. 190, 191, a). See Vicia. These types of Beans are extensively grown in Europe, mostly for feeding animals. They are either grown to full maturity and a meal made from the Bean, or the plant is cut when nearly full grown and used as forage or made into ensilage. The Broad Bean needs a cool climate and long season. In the U. S. the summers are too hot and dry for its successful cultivation on a large scale, and the plant is practically unknown there. In Canada, the plant is used in connection with corn to make ensilage; and this combination is known as the "Robertson mixture." BEAN 135 (2) Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, which see ; Figs. 191, 6, 192). This is the plant which is everywhere known as Bean in North America, comprising all the common field, garden, snap and string Beans, both bush and climbing. By the French it is known as Haricot, and this 190. Broad Bean —Vicia Faba (X 1-5) word is often found in our literature. Its nativity is un- known, but it is probably of tropical American origin. For inquiries into the nativity of the Bean, see DeCan- doUe, Origin of Cultivated Plants ; Gray & Trumbull, Amer. Jour. Sci. 26:130; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1887: 332 ; Wittraack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesellsohaft, 6:374 (1888). (3) Lima or Sugar Beans (Pha.seoliis lii- naliL^i, which see). Long-season, normally tall-climbing plants, producing large, flat seeds (Figs. 191, c, 193). Native to S. Amer. .See Bailey, Bull. 87, Cornell Exp. Sta. (4) Various species of Dolichos (as 1}. sesquipe- dalis). Vineswhich produce very long, slenderpods and small, narrow Beans (Figs. 191, d, 194). Native to trop. Amer. See Dolichos. (3) Soy, or Soja, Bean (Glycine hispida, which see). A bushy, erect, hairy plant, pro- ducing small pods in clusters, and pea-like seeds (Figs. 191, c, 195). In this country comparatively little known, and used mostly forforage. Native to China and Japan, where it is much grown. Aside from these types, there are others of less economic importance. The Scarlet Runner type is a perennial Phaseolus (P. miilliflonis), grown in this country mostly for ornament (Fig. 196). Various other species of Phaseolus are also cult, ni various parts of the world under the name of Beans. P. radiatits is prized in Japan, and has been int. into the U. S". as Adzuki Bean (see Georgeson, Bull. 32, Kans. Exp. Sta.). \^igna Sinensis, known in N. Amer. as Cowpea (which see), is sometimes called a Bean. The Velvet Bean of the South is aMucuna (which see). The .Jack Bean is a Canavalia (Fig. 197). The Sea Beans of the Florida coast are seeds of various tropical legumi- nous plants, and are transported by ocean currents (see Coe, in G.F. 7:503). l. jj. B. Culture of the Bean. — The practical grower usually divides the many varieties of Beans into two groups — the bush and the pole Beans. The one includes all those 136 BEAN grown as "field Beans" for the dry-shelled seeds, as also both the green-podded and the yellow-podded garden, string, or snap Beans. The pole or running sorts are usually grown for garden purposes, and rarely for the dry-shelled Bean. The ordinary bush Beans make no great demands for soil fertility. They do well on ordi- narily good, warm farm loam. If the soil contains a fair proportion of humus, the plants will secure much of their nitrogen from the air ; and if additional fer- tilizers are needed, they may be given in potash and phosphoric acid alone. Plant only after danger from late frosts is past. The work may be done by hand, or with any of the various tools de- vised for the pur- pose. The rows are to be from 2-3 feet apart, with plants standing singly every 3-6 in., or in bunches of 3 or 4 every 12-18 in. A quart of seed will plant about 150 ft. of row. Keep the soil be- tween the rows well stirred with a fine-toothed, nar- row cultivator. Hand - hoe when needed. The pods of the garden Beans are picked and used as snap 01 strm^ Beans as soon as well foimed and must be picked clean if the plant is wanted to remain longmbeaung Pods left to rii)en seed stop the growth and de- velopment of others. In growing field Beans. early and even ripening is desirable ^ above almost every- thing else. For har- 191. Types of Beans. Natural size, a Vicia Faba. b, Phaseolus vulgaris, c, Phaseolus lunatus. d. Dolichos sesQuipedalis. e, Glycine hispida. f, Phaseolus niultifloi-us. vesting the crop, special tools have been devised and are in use by those who make a business of Bean-grow- ing ; but when a regular Bean-puller is not available, or when hand labor is cheap, the plants may be pulled by hand and placed in rows on the ground, bottom- side up, and when sufficiently cured put in stooks or taken to the barn, and, in ilue time, threshed with the flail or with aregular Bean-thresher. After beingcleaued by running through a fanning mill, picking over by hand will also be required in most cases. Among the leading sorts of field Beans are White Mar- rowfat, Navy or Pea Bean. Medium, and the Kidneys. For string Beans, Early Valentine, which has various strains, probably stands first in popular favor as a green-po(ided variety for the market-garden at the present time. Other tjood current sorts are Stringless Green Pod, Early Mohawk, Refugee, etc. The best BEAN among yellow-podded sorts are Black Was or German Wax. Golden Wax. Kidney Wax and White Wax. The Wax or Yellow-podded sorts need a richer soil than the other kinds. A good string Bean has a thick, meaty pod, which snaps off completely when broken, leaving no string along the back. Fig. 198 shows ideal pods. Pole or running varieties of Beans require fertile soil; and for that king of table Beans, the Lima of all forms, too much can hardly be done in the way of enriching the ground. Warm soil is one of the first essentials of success in growing pole Beans. When poles are to be used for support, they should be set not less than 4 ft. apart each way, before the Beans are planted. Four or five Beans are to be placed around each pole, 1 to 1% id. deep. While it is a safe rule to put the seed eye down- ward, it is not a necessary condition of prompt and uniform germination. In case of absence or scarcity of poles, a serviceable, cheap and ornamental trellis may be constructed by setting posts firmly at pi'oper dis- tances along the row, connecting thera with two wires, one a few inches and the other 5 or 6 ft. from the ground, and finally winding cheap twine zigzag fashion around the two wires. Cultivate and hoe frequently. A top- dressing of good fertilizer, or of old poultry or sheep manure, hoed in around the plants, may be of great help in keeping up the productiveness of the plants to the end of the season. To have a continuous supply dur- ing the entire season, the pods, when large enough, must be gathered fre- quently and clean. Among tlie varieties used both for string and shell Beans, we have the Green - podded Crease- back, several wax varie- ties. Golden Cluster, and the popular Horticultural or Speckled Cranberry Bean, besides any num- ber of others. A very fine Bean is the Dutch Runner (Fig. 196), which approaches the Lima in quality and resembles it iia Bean 193. Large White habit of growth. The seed is of largest size and clear white in color. Highly ornamental is the closely related Scarlet Runner, with its abundance of showy scarlet blossoms. This Bean is grown in Europe for eating, but is rarely used for that purpose here. BEAN BEAUMONTIA 137 Of all pole Beans, the Limas have undoubtedly the greatest economic value. They enjoy a deserved popu- larity, and are usually firown with profit by the market- gardener. The varieties might be classed in three types, — that of the Large Lima, the Dreer Lima, and the Small Lima or Sieva. Each of them has a number of sub-varieties or strains, and appears in both pole and bush form. The old Large Lima (Fig. 193) is a very large, flat Bean, and yet largely grown for main crop. To the same type belong Extra-early Jersey, King of the Garden, and others. The pods of these are very large, and the Beans in them somewhat flattened. The dwarf form of this type is known as Burpee's Bush Lima. The Dreer Lima of both forms is appreciated especially for its high quality. The seeds are more roundish and crowded close together in the pods, the latter being much smaller than those of the Large Lima. The seeds of these two types are light colored, with a greenish tinge, but the Large Lima is also represented by red and speckled (red-and-white) sports. The Small Lima, or Sieva, with its dwarf form, Henderson's Bush Lima, seems to be hardier and earlier than the two larger types, but pod and Bean are quite small. The color of this Bean is nearly clear white, but there is also a speckled sub-variety of it. Wherever there is a place for the Sieva, its bush form will be appreciated. The bush forms of the two larger types, however, are not uniformly productive enough to take the place of the pole forms entirely. The latter will often be found preferable where a long season of continuous bearing is desired. For further notes on Lima Beans, dwarf and pole, see Bailey, Bulls. 87 and 115, Cornell Exp. Sta. Beans are easily forced under glass, in a temperature suitable for tomatoes. They may be grown either in pots or beds. The bush varieties, as Sion House, are preferred. Keep them growing, and look out for red spider. See Bailey, Forcing-Book ; and for the forcing of pole Beans, see Rane, Bull. 62, N. H. Exp. Sta. See Forcing. Three other members of the Bean tribe might be men- tioned in this connection ; namely, the Black Bean or Cow-pea of the South, the .Japanese Soy Bean, and the English or Broad Bean. The Cow-pea takes in some measure the same place in the southern states that red clover takes at the North, being used both as stock food and as a green-manure crop. There are many varieties of it, early and late, some of strictly bush habit and some producing long runners. (See Cow-pea.) Of greater value for the same purposes, north of New Jer- sey, seems to be the Japanese Soy Bean, which is early enough to come to maturity almost anywhere in the United States. Its foliage is rather thin or open, how- ever, which impairs its value for green-manuring. The dry Bean constitutes one of the richest vegetable foods known, and its flavor seems unobjectionable to all kinds of stock. Sow 1 bus. to the acre. Similar to this in value is the English Broad Bean, several varieties of which, as the Broad Windsor, the Horse Bean, etc., are grown tention in the cooler parts of the country. Being about as hardy as peas, they may be planted much earlier than would be safe for ordinary Beans. The Windsor is used 194. Dolichi Yard-long Bean. and are popular in England and in some parts of the European continent. In most parts of the United States they are scarcely known, and in none generally culti- vated. Only a few of our seedsmen list them in their otherwise complete catalogues. Yet they are a decidedly interesting group of plants, and worthy of greater at- 195. Soy Bean— Glycine hispida (X J^). by people in England much in the same way that we use Lima Beans ; but the latter are so much better that in the United States we have no need of plant- ing the former as a table vegetable. _ , , " T. Greiner. BEARBERKY. See Arctostaphylos. BEAR'S BREECH. See Acanthus. BEAUCARNEA, See JVoUiia. BEAUMONTIA (after Mrs. Beaumont, of Bretton Hall, Yorksliirc, Kiif;.). Aiiiicjiin'irrni. A genus of three East ludian tries or tall climbers, with very large, white, fragrant, bell-shaped fls. in terminal cymes. The genus is more nearly allied to the familiar greenhouse shrub Traehelospernium jaaminoide:^ than to the splen- did tropical climbers in Allamanda and Dipladenia. B.grandifJora has been neglected of late, presumably because it needs so much room. It should be planted out in the strong, fibrous, loamy soil of a warm house, as it rarely succeeds in pots. It is best trained to the roof, as full light is necessary for flowering, if not for growth. The shoots may be thinned if the large Ivs. cast too much shade on the plants beneath. The wood should be well ripened to produce an abundance of winter bloom. . The fls. are produced on the growth of the previous season. After flowering, the plant should be severely pruned to produce lateral shoots for the next season's bloom, In its native country, this vine climbs over very tall trees. grandlHdra, Wall. Lvs. obovate, cuspidate, wavy margined ; sepals 5, large, ovate, wavy, pink-tipped : corolla tube veined with green, the limb 5-cleft. B.M. 3213. Gn. 45, p. 138 ; 49, p. 314. J.H. III. 28: 243. 138 BEDDING BEDDING, or BEDDING-OtJT. The temporary use out-i'f-tlnors ot |.l;uits tliai !ire massed for showy and t^trikitii: irtci-ts. Tln'ri- ai-f four main types : spring, sutatiu'r, sul>tropiL'ul. and carpet bedding. Spbino Bedding is the most temporary of all, and is usually followed by summer bedding in the same area. 196. PhasEolus multifli Natural size. (See Bean. p. 135.) It is the only kind that largely employs hardy plants, as crocuses, narcissi, daffodils, tulips, hyacinths, and other Dutch bulbs. All four types of bedding are commonly seen in public parks, but spring bedding is the most appropriate for amateur and home use, as the bulbs flower at a dreary time of the year, when (heir brave colors are most cheering, and also because they are much more familiar than the subtropical and foliage BEDDIXG plants of summer. Then, too, hardy bu^bs are more easily cultivated than any other class of plants, and they are cheap. The main principle is to plant them early enough to secure a strong root development. Hence they should be ordered early, and planted in the latter part of October or flrsc of November. The colors »jay he massed or luixed according to taste, the terms massed and mixed bedding referring to unity or variety of effect, and being applicable in each of the four main types men- tioned above. Opposed to this style of bedding is the naturalizing of bulbs in the lawn. Crocuses and squills are particularly charming when they appear singly, or in twos or threes, at unexpected places in the lawn. Daffo- dils are usually naturalized in large masses in spots where the grass is not mowed. Pansies are the only other plants that are used extensively for spring bed- ding. English double daisies and catchfiies are largely used for edgings. Pansies are set out between April 1 and l.T. In large operations, pansy seed is sown in August of the preceding year, and the young plants are trans- planted once and wintered in a coldframe. After tlower- ing, the plants are thrown away. The other method is to sow the seed in a greenhouse in January. The August- sown pansies give larger and earlier blooms, but the Jan- uary-sown pansies will last longer, and in partially shaded places will give scattering bloom all summer, especially if protected from drought. Summer Bedding often follows spring bedding in the same space of ground, and employs chiefly geraniums, coleus, begonias, ageratum, salvia, vinca, alyssum, petunia, verbena, heliotrope, grasses, cacti, and aquatic plants, the culture and varieties of which may be sought elsewhere in this work. As to tenderness, these fall into two groujis, the first of which may be set out about May 15 in New York, and the second about June I. Geraniums are the most important of the first group, and coleus is an example of the tenderest material, which is set out simultaneously with subtropical plants when all danger of frost is past. As to fondness for sunlight, there are again two groups, but the only bed- ding plants of importance that prefer shade are tuberous begonias and fuchsias. The wonderful popularity lately achieved by the former in Europe will probably never be duplicated in America. The secret of their culture is shade, shelter, and moisture at the roots. Hence a clay bottom is desirable for a bed of tuberous begonias, as being more retentive of moisture than a sandy or porous soil. They en,ioy cool air and as much indirect light as possible, bul not the direct rays of the sun. Hence the north side of a building is better for them than a station under trees, as the trees usually give too dense a .shade, and their roots interfere. On fhe other hand, coleus is more highly colored in full sunlight than in shade. The only fibrous-roofed begonias largely used for bed- ding are varieties of the semperflorens type, of which Vernon and Erfordii are extremely popular at present. In the manipulation of tender perennials, there are often two methods of propagation, either of which may be better, according to the ideal in view. As a matter of general tendency, propagation by cuttings gives bloom that is earlier but not as continuous or profuse as hy seeds. Salvias and verbenas are pronounced examples. On the contrary, cuttings must be depended on, as a rule, to keep the choicest varieties true to type, as the mission of seeds in nature seems to be to produce more variation than can be attained by non-sexual methods of propagation, as by bulbs or cuttings. Salvias are also an example of plants that are particularly effective when seen at a great distance, and also of plants that are generally massed for unity of effect, and not mixed with others. Verbenas are commonly grown by themselves, but this is because they demand much room by reason of their trailing habit. Subtropical Bedding is a department of summer bedding which employs chiefly cannas, musas, castor-oil plants, crotons, palms, ferns of coarser habit, screw- pines, dracienas, araucarias, elephant-ear caladiums, and to a lesser extent, abutilon, acalyphas, achyranthes, anthericum, Carica Papaya, sanchezia, and others. Cannas are by far the most popular at the present time, especially for mass-work. Somctiines the tall, purple- leaved, old-fashioned, sniallll..Wfrrd tyi).-s an- iisi-d in the center or at the back of the bed, and the dwarf, BEDDING BEDDING 139 modem, large-flowered types around the edges or in front. Frequently, massing with a singU- variety of canna is practiced. Next to cannas in popularity prob- ably come the crotons or codiffiums,— the iiroad-Ieaved types, as Queen Victoria, being better for this purpose than the narrower - leaved or simply cu- rious kinds, as Codupuni inierraptum and C. volutum, which belong to fan- ciers' collections. For carpeting the ground in a croton bed, two variegated trailers can be used with good effect, the wandering jew or tradescantia and Op fismenns Bwrmanni, which is famil iar to gardeners as Panicum variega turn. The large leaves of bananas give a very rich tropical effect, especially if they can be so sheltered that the wind *'"• will not split them. One of the ver> Typical Snap, or hest plants for encircling a pul lit String Beans fountain is the huge-leaved elephant (Xj^). (See p. 136.) ear caladium. For interesting points concerning its culture, see Colocabta Among the first half-dozen favorites for subtropical bed ding is the castor-oil plant, or ricinus. Its marvellous; growth from seed in a single season makes it one of the very best of all plants for rapidly tilling up large areas temporarily. Grasses furnish an exception to the general rule that bedding plants are tender. There are many kinds of bamboos that are" perfectly hardy in the north eru states, and these are bound to increase in popularity A favorite combination of grasses for bedding is Arnndo Donax, the giant reed, surrounded by eulahas Grasses and their kind are particularly effective in aquatic groups. No well kept establishment is complete without a pond or body of water in which aquatic plants are naturalized. For a more extended account of this attractive subject, see the article Aquatics, There is a large class of tender material — as palms, screw-pines, the coarser ferns, dractenas, araucarias — a class of foli- age plants which really does better outdoors during summer in a shady and sheltered position than indoors all the year round. In the more formal styles of orna- mental gardening, such plauis often form the nucleus of a subtropical bed, the large tubs of the palms being hid- den by lower-growing plants, as begonias, or whatever may be left over from the spring operations. In less formal gardening, the tubs may be hidden by plunging them half-way into the ground and grading the sod. which has been previously broken, in such a manner as to conceal the tubs entirely. The plants are arranged in a freer and more natural manner, and the outer fringe of begonias and tlie like may be disix-nsed with. The chief dangers to such phi!its arc frnni the sun and wiud. Palms once scurchrd (ir wiml-whipped are ruined. Hence, a sheltered position on the north side of a build- ing, or under the shade of trees, is usually the best spot for their summer vacation. Carpet Bedding is the most formal and most expen- sive of all kinds of bedding, and employs plants that stand pinching and shearing, as coleus, achyranthes, alternanthera, lobelia, one of the dusty millers (Oen- taurea gymnocarpa , — C . candid is at ma will not bear the shears), certain succulents of tlie hen-Miid-chickens type (as echeverias), and many others, wliich list may be found in a classified and convenient fr)rm at p. 245 of Bailey's Garden-Making. The terms "geometrical bed- ding" and " fancy bedding" are somewhat synonymous. Here belong the imitations of buildings and animals, the portraits of men. the lettered greetings to conven- tions, the nilenihirs, d<»ral 'jlocks, ;ind similar ingenui- ties. A siuL: Ic- example is ].ictiired in Fig. 199. A ground plan for a tan<-y carpet bed is shown in Fig. 200. For designs and for extended cultural information, the reader is referred to the numerous German books on the subject, to Mottet's La Mosaiculture, and to a book pub- lished by Geo. A. Solly & Son, Springfield, Mass. This style of bedding requires the highest degree of tech- nical skill, and is especially enjoyed by the Germans, whose gardeners excel in it. The position of a bed is far more important than the style of bedding or the kinds of plants that are used. The natural school of landscape gardening, as opposed to the various schools of ornamental gardening, makes no objection to beds in themselves, but dislikes their usual position. They are commonly given the most con- spicuous places, where they must be seen, whether peo- ple like them or not. They should be in a place by themselves where they do not interfere with the quieter and larger pictures of the whole place. Sunken areas. <;.. 199 Example of fancy bedding as in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, are particularly commendable. A flower-bed should not be in the mid- dle of a large lawn, because it distracts the attention 140 BEDDING BEET from the larger picture, and because the lawn is the canvas upon which the landscape gardener makes his picture. The chief merit of beds is their attractiveness and brightness, which accounts for their presence in parks and public places. On the other hand, they are expensive, and they are at their best only two or three months in the year, while a mud-hole in a lawn for nine months of the year is an unsightly object. Formal beds, especially of foliage plants, with their gaudy colors and unchanging monotony, are considered by some the most unniitural and the least artistic style of garden- ing. Nevertheless, they require a high degree of techni- cal skill, which deserves appreciation. A few practical suggestions may be given for making a bed. The soil should be rich and full of vegetable matter. If a foot or 18 in. of the surface soil is so poor that it must be removed, it may be replaced by two parts of fibrous loam and one of well-rotted manure, with some upturned broken sods in the bottom for drainage. The fall is the proper time to apply manure, and if the bed be thoroughly spaded over and left rough during the winter, the alternate freezing and thawing will fine Itoth the soil and the fiber of the manure. Beginners nearly always fail to supply perfect conditions for wa- 200. Plan oi a complex carpet bed. tering. A midsummer mulch of half-rotted manure en- ables the plants to take all the moisture they need dur- ing the drought and to keep it. The soil should be in ideal condition before the plants are set into it. — mellow, rich, full of fiber, and of firm and uniform texture. Begin in the middle and work toward the edges. When the bed is finished, give it one thorough soaking, to settle the soil at the roots. Robert Shore. BEECH. F„,/„s BEECHER, HENKY WARD (1813-1887). The cele- brated American clerygymau and orator deserves espe- cial remembrance for his work as editor of the Western Parmer and Gardener in pioneer days of western horti- culture. A selection of his contributions was printed in 1859 as a book of 420 pp., entitled "Plain and Pleasant Talk About Fruits, Flowers and Farming." A second edition was published in 1874 as "Pleasant Talk, etc.," a book of 498 pp., containing also articles written for the New York Ledger. These papers have a higher literary quality than is usual in horticultural writings, and are still entertaining and suggestive. They did much to spread the taste for country life and gardening. BEET, There are 4 or 5 species of the genus Beta, which are sometimes cultivated under the name of Beet, but Beta vnlrjnris, Linn., is the only one of practi- cal importance. From it all our common garden varie- ties are derived. According to DeCandolle, the aborigi- nal slender-rooted species is found in sandy soil, and especially near the sea, throughout southern Europe, and on nearly all the coasts of the Mediterranean. It also occurs as far eastward as the Caspian Sea and Persia. "Everything shows that its cultivation does not date from more than two or three centuries before the Christian era." It is now highly improved, princi- pally in the one direction of large and succulent roots, and is much esteemed in all civilized countries. See Beta. Young Beets constitute one of the most important early crops in truck - gardening. Many acres of them are grown near all the city markets, and as they bear transportation well, they are often grown at comparatively remote places. Large quantities are shipped early from Norfolk, V^a., and from other southern points to north- ern markets. Like all root crops, the 201. Bassano Beet. Beet needs a loose, light, fresh, clean, rich soil, which must be in the best condition of tillage. No fermenting manure should be used, but instead fully rotted barn manure, with some good pot- ash fertilizer. The seed for the first crop is sown early in spring, as soon as the soil can be well worked. Where intensive gardening is practiced, the drills may be as close as 1 ft. apart, in which case the young Beets are thinned to 6 in. apart in the row. But in ordinary gardening, it will be found most convenient to run the I'ows 2-3 ft. apart, allowing cultivation with the horse. The plants in such rows can be left 4 in. apart at thinning time. The thinning is done when the young plants are large enough to be pulled for "greens," for which purpose they find a readj' market. Beets are also grown in quantities as a fall crop, and are stored for winter use. When this is to be done, the seed is sown in June, and the plantation is managed in all respects like the spring sowing. Beets are some- times forced in greenhouses, but .is they are hardly ])rofltable, they are grown only in \-,M;nit s].:i.'es or after other crops are out. When the yonni,' r^n'Is are ready for the early market, they are pulled ;iinl tied in bunches of five or six. The fall crop is pulled soon after the first frost, the tops are removed, and the roots stored in pits or root cellars. The most popular variet.il tvprs of the Erardcn Beet are the following: />V.v,sr(»..| Fi-. Jul ). ~ Flesh wliit,- and light red mixed; an old tiiiii- <;ulv v;irictv. now less grown than formerly. Enrli/ Blon,! fit iiiip. -liWh. deep blood- red, flattened turnip-shape ; an old and well-known sort. A'dm»H(;. — Moderate size; handsome, rounded, smooth, deep red ; good grain and flavor ; not quite flrst early, iv^i'/wp. — Uniformly globular, bright red; fine-grained and sweet ; one of the best quick-growing early Beets. Eijuptian Turnip. — To-ps quite small ; roots fair size, rich, deep red ; a standard early variety. For field culture of culinary Beets, the long-rooted varieties are chiefly used. These are sown in the field as soon as the weather is settled, in rows far enough apart to allow of tillage by horse. Most of them require the entire season in which to mature. They are grown mostly for storing for winter use. They were once grown for stock, but the Mangel-wurzels give much greater yields. The various types of Long Blood Beet (Fig. 202) are chiefly used for iield culture. Favorite varieties of Mangel-wurzels are Golden Tankard, Golden Yellow Mammoth, Mammoth LongEed. Several sorts of Sugar Beets, mostly imported from Ger- many, are being grown in divers places in America. Of ( 'hard, there are no selected varieties offered in America. The varieties of Beta vu!i/nris may be conveniently divided into five sections, though the distinctions are somewhat arbitrary and of no fundamental importance. These sections are as follows : 1. Garden Beets. Varieties with comparatively small tops : roots of medium size, smooth, regular and fine- grained : mostly red, but sometimes whitish or yel- lowish. 2. Mangel-wurzels, or Mangels. Large, coarse- growing varieties, with large tops and often very large BEET BEGONIA 141 roots, the latter frequently rising some distance out of the ground : rather coarse-grained. Extensively grown for stock-feeding. 3. Sugar Beets. Sometimes said to belong to another species, but doubtless to be classified here. Rather small-growing varieties, with medium tops : roots small to medium, usually fusiform, smooth, nearly always yellowish or whitish. 4. Chard, or Swiss Chabd. Varieties with compara- tively large tops, broad leaf-blades and very large, suc- culent leaf-stems, which are cooked and eaten somewhat like asparagus. The thrifty, tender young Ivs. make a very excellent pot-herb. Chard has sometimes been re- ferred to a separate species. Beta Cicla, but should be included with S. vntgaris. See Chftrd. 5. Foliage Beets. A race which has been developed to produce luxuriant foliage of many colors and varied markings. Of such varieties are the Brazilian, Chilian, Victoria, and Dracaena-leaved. The ribs of the Ivs. are usually beautifully colored. Where the leaf-blight fungus is not serious, these foliage Beets make excellent bor- ders where strong and heavy effects are desired, and the}' are excellent for bedding. Raised from seeds, as other Beets are ; roots may be kept over winter. The Beet is not often damaged by insects. It is sometimes attacked by rust, rot, spot-diseases, and 202. Long Blood Beet. scab, of which the last is the worst. The scab is the same disease which attacks the potato, and one of the chief precautious is, therefore, to avoid following pota- toes with Beets. For the most part, clean culture and proper rotations will forestall serious injury from plant diseases. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture may be ex- pected to prevent the leaf diseases. — , .-, BEGONIA (named after M. Begon). Begonidieir. Elephant's Ear. Beefsteak Geranium. A large ge- nus of very popular and useful plants for the house, conservatory and garden. Succulent herbs or under- shrubs, having the steiu in some cases reduced to a thick rhizome, in others to a distinct small tuber, while a few others possess a semi-tuber, in which there are a num- ber of closely set scales or suppressed Ivs., resembling bulbs : Ivs. variable, alternate, more or less unequal- sided, entire, or lobed, or toothed, ovate-acuminate, or- bicular or peltate : lis. usually in axillary cymes, monoe- cious, large ; males usually with 4 petals, females with 5 (rarely 2), pink, white, rose, scarlet, yellow, and all shadesof these, beingrepresented ; stamens numerous ; filaments free or united at the base ; styles 2 or 4, free, sometimes connate ; stigmas branched or twisted like a corkscrew ; fr. usually a 3-winged capsule, which is often colored ; ovary inferior ; seeds numerous, very minute. The first Begonia was introduced into England in 1777. Since then, out of the 350 species known, about 150 have proved of value to the horticulturist. Few other plants have been improved so rapidly, there being thousands of varieties now in cult., displaying the most gorgeous colors in their lis. and beauty and coloring in their Ivs. Their geographical distribution is very dis- junctive and localized. They are indigenous to Mex., Cent, and .S. Amer., Asia, and S. Afr. They seem to have no genetic relationship with other plants now living. For literature, see Dryander, The Genus Be- gonia, Trans, of the Linn. Soc, Vol. 1, 1789 ; Klotzsch, IJegoniaceen-Gattungen und Arten, 12 plates, 1855 ; De- Candolle's Prodromus, 15, 1804; Ravenscroft, B.C., Be- gonia Culture for Amateurs, 1894 ; Wynne, Tuberous Begonias. The Begonias now in cult, may be roughly divided into four sections or groups : I. Fibrous-rooted, or Winter-flowering. Nos. 1-71. II. Se.mi-tuberous, or Socotrana. Nos. 72-76. III. Tuberous, or Summer-floweeing. Nos. 77-99. IV. Rex, or Ornamental-leaved. Nos. 100-103. In the following account, the dates refer to intro- duction into cultivation, not into American trade. They are European dates. p, b_ Kennedy. There are four sections of the Begonia family, and as each requires somewhat different directions for their cultivation, it is desirable to treat them separately. The first section, the Fibrous-rooted, comprises such varie- ties as B, nitida, semperflorens, var. gigaiitea rosea, atbo-plcfa, ffaageana , and Dnchartrei. Cuttings taken from clean, healthy stems will strike readily in an ordi- nary propagating box or bench, and if potted-on. as they require root-room, will make fine plants for late winter- and spring-flowering. As soon as one neglects good treatment, especially in regard to light, fresh air and fresh soil, the red spider, a physiological disease appearing like rust, and the dreaded nematodes, will soon attack them and give them a sickly and stunted appearance. They require a temperature of from 55-60° at night and 65-70° in the day time. The plants should be kept close to the glass during the early stages of their growth, on accountof the tendency of many of the varieties to send out rather long shoots. A compost of 3 parts good loam, I part well-rotted manure, and 1 part sand, will be found very suitable for their growth. While Begonias in general are injured by too strong sunshine during summer, they are benefited by all the sunshine they can get during the winter and early spring months. Strong sunshine, however, pouring through imperfect glass upon wet foliage, is apt to blister the leaves of any Begonia. Such varieties as B. Dregei and Weltoniensis, which produce at their base a thickened, fleshy stem like a potato, may be propagated either by division or by riitfings. Nearly all the varieties be- longing tn thi^ si'iii.iii c;!!! III.' grown by amateurs, and make exci'lli iit Imiis.- ],lanls, especially B. manicata, rubra, sptrulatn, a t-giji-osfignut, vvlt. picta, ricinifolia, heracleifolia. The second section, the Semi-tuberous, comprises such Begonias as B. Socotrana and Gloire de Sceaux. They require greater care, and should be grown in a soil with considerably more leaf-mold and a temperature of 65-70° in the daytime and 60° at night. Of Gloire de Sceaux and other hybrids, plants 2 years old will be found best for decorative purposes. The third section, the Tuberous Begonias, are grown in pots, boxes or baskets, under glass, or as bedding plants in a shaded border. If the plants are intended for pot culture in the greenhouse, it is best to use the tubers. For early flowering, start the tubers in Februarj' or March, either in small pots or shallow boxes. The soil may be composed of loam, sharp sand and leaf-mold, and the tempersiture about 60°- 05°. When the plants are ready for repotting. well-rotted manure may be added, and when the roots have taken a fresh hold a cooler tempera- ture may be maintained. For bedding purposes, seed- ling plants, as well as tubers, may be used, providing they are of a first-class strain. Tubers are preferred if early- flowering plants are desired. They bloom more abun- dantly in the early part of the season, as they have the strength of the already formed tubers. Plant in the mid- Ul BEGONIA die of May or beginning of June, according to locality, from '.i^i- or 4-inch pots. Although they grow fairly well under trees, the north side of abuilding is to be preferred ; hut they must not be crowded. Plenty of light, with mois- ture at the roots, and a mulching with half-rotted leaves 203. Young plants starting from t Begonia leaf. in hot weather, will greatly benefit the plants. Water, when necessary, under the leaves. See Bt'dding. The tubers should be lifted after the first light frost, and stored. Seeds sown in March will produce flower- ing plants by July or August, but 2-year-old tubers are more satisfactory for continual blooming. The seed may be sown in any shallow box or seed-pan, which should first be filled with material which will give plenty of drainage, over which place some finely sifted soil to receive the seed. Scatter the seed thinly. Sniiicient covering will be given by simply pressing the soil down level. Keep in darlsness by covering with glass or paper for a few days, in a temp, of not less than 70°. As soon as the seedlings appear the covering must be removed, and when the little plants attain roots about J>iin. long they may be pricked into nicely prepared soil. In most places in this country. Tuberous Begonias do not thrive out-of-doors, but in some places and with careful treat- ment they do well. They are very satisfactory for blooming in a well-shaded greenhouse in the summer. The fourth section, the Rex Begonias, are grown en- tirely for the beauty of their foliage. They may be prop, by means of either shoot- or leaf-cuttings, the latter being the better when plants have to be raised in quantity. Large and well-matured, but still healthy and vigorous, leaves may have the principal nerves cut on the under side. The leit is then pegged or weighted down on the urtace of a well- hained propagating ltd If carefulliy shaded roots will be foiraed at every cut, a tiny leaf will follow (Fig 20!) and the lit- tle plants may be in- serted singly in small pots Another method is to cut the large leaves into triangular parts, with a bit of the main petiole at the tip of each, and insert the pieces about 1 in., with the lower or thickest end of the rib down- ward (Fig. 204). Still another method is to cut the leaf in two, across the veins (Fig. 205). and stand it edgewise in the propagating bed. The young plants may be potted-up into small pots, using a light, porous, sifted soil. Keep shaded in a low house with a moist atmosphere. The soil may be gradually 204. Plant (ur tip) of cutting. ngfr, a triangular leaf- BEQONIA made coarser with each potting until, in the final shift, an unsifted compost of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf -mold, 1 part well-rotted manure, and 1 part sand, is used, add- ing a sprinkling of lime. While watering, avoid wetting the leaves as much as possible, and keep large, well de- veloped plants in a shaded house, with plenty of ven- tilation day and night during the summer. Robert Shoke. The Begonia is exacting in its requirements ; yet these requirements are simple. It responds readily to intelli- gent culture ; most of the varieties are extremely rapid in growth, and a year's time will produce an excellent specimen from a rooted cutting. For horticultural pur- poses, Begonias are usually divided into three general classes : the Tuberous-rooted, Rex, and Shrubby or Flowering sections. Tuberous-rooted Begonias attained a short-lived popularity in this country some 12 or 15 years ago, when they were imported in large quantities from France and England and used as bedding plants. It was hoped that they might share patronage with the Geranium, but our burning summers and long-continued drouglits wrought such havoc with them that they speedily fell iutcf disfavor, and very few growers now handle them. This is much to be regretted, for they are gorgeous flowers, and careful selection has produced blooms of enormous size and wonderful form, in the most vivid shades of red, white, yellow and pink. The Rex division has been a great favorite for many years. In no other class of plants are the rich metallic shades of various colors found so satisfactorily blended 205. Upright leaf-cutting of Begonia. '^^^i^. as here, while the form and size of the Ivs. are of the greatest variety ; those of the old Rex and of Mrs. Bon- ner are frequently a foot and more in length, while little Marquis Peralta makes a compact mass of tiny zoned foliair-' av^rairing only 2 or 3 in. long. To the Rex va- rirtic^ vimwiiiLr bright green, pure silver, bronze, and vrlv.ty unr.ii, have been added Lucy Closson and Louise Cl"-^^"!!, l'"tli showing bands of bright, rosy plum color, and Mme. Gache, with its zone of light, dull red. A class of Hybrid Res contains some of the most useful and beautiful of ornamental plants. They are nearly all crosses between Lesoudii and Diadema. These all show the Rex texture and general habit, while the Ivs. are deeply notched and zoned ; they are more substan- tial than the average Rex, and they make symmetrical specimens with less trouble. Some of the principal American varieties of this section are Anna Dorner, Elsie Coles, Bertha McGregor, Flora Hill, Mrs. Shep- herd, and Richmond Beauty. Rex Begonia culture is simple. Soil should be a mixture of loam, woods earth, sharp sand, and well-rotted cow-manure. It must be light and porous. Temperature required is a warm greenhouse for growing ; but grown specimens can be hardened to a much lower temperature. They enjoy a moist atmosphere, and must be shaded from hot sun- shine. They have few insect enemies. Of later years they have been subject to the attack of a very destruc- tive fungous-like disease, but careful attention to han- dling and propagation will keep it in check. The propaga- tion of Rex Begonias is very simple, a leaf, or portion of leaf with a strong midrib, rooting very readily in the propagating bench with bottom heat. The Shrubby or Flowering Begonias comprise a num- ber of ornamental sorts with inconspicuous flowers, and also varieties that are huge bouquets of bloom. Among the former are Albo-picta, Diadema, Nigricans, Mme. BEGONIA BEGONIA 143 Lionnet and jMetalliea. all forming beautiful specimens of foliage. Of the flowering sorts, two of the most widely cultivated are the old favorites, Rubra and Wel- toniensis. Vernon and Erfordii are veritable weeds for growth, and are covered with bloom. Paul Bruant is one of the freest bloomers of the group, tljc plant bring covered with fis., while the Ivs. are large, (buk, iiciiiiled and shining. Gloire de Lorraine is the most wonderful of recent Begonias, a well grown plant being a sight never to be forgotten. The As. are large, bright pink, and borne in wonderful profusion. It is semi-tuberous in character, and requires a season of rest each year. The Semperflorens glgantea class is a very useful one, and many improved varieties now add value to it. Among them are La Prance, Elegantissima alba, Goliath, Mastodonte and Obelisque. The Shrubby section thrives in much the same .soil as Rex, or a trifle heavier, re- quiring less heat and moisture. Cuttings can be struck as easily as those of the geranium. g^ q_ Hill. Index to the Begonias here described ; Abel Carri^re, No. 104 ; Abundance, 39 ; A. Dallifere, 105; Admiration, 99aa; Adonis, 74; Adrienne Schmidt, 105; albaflmbriata, 99aa; Albatross, 20 ; albo-coccinea, 19 ; albo-picta, 15 ; Alice Manning, 99aa ; athaeitlora, 99aa ; Amelia, 40 ; angularis, 41 ; argenteo-guttata, 38; argyrostigma, 28 ; Ascotiensis, 42 ; atropurpurea compacta, 20 ; Autumn Rose, 76 ; aiicuhwfolia, 12 ; Baron A. Vriere, 104 ; Bau- mannii, 80 ; Bertha de Chateaurocher, 43 ; Bertha Mac- Gregor, 108 ; Bexley White, 99aa ; hU-olor, 87 ; Bijou, 76; Bijou deGand, 44; Bismarcki, 45; Boliviensis, 81 ; Bruanti, 47, sub 3 ; Caffra, 24 ; Cannell's Gem, 99aa ; caroliniffifolia, 46 ; Carri^re, 47; Charles Baltet, 99aa ; Chelsoni,83; cinnabarina, 89; Clarkei, 84; Clementinie, 105; coccinea, 29; Comte de Limniinghe, 18; corallinu, 29; Corbeille de Peii,48 ; coronata, 20 ; Count Erdody, 108; Countess Louise Erdody, 107; Couutess of Craven, 93aa; Credneri, sub 3; Crimson Gem, 20 ; crinita, 90 ; cyclophylla, 91; dredalea, 32; Dandy, 99aa; Davisii, 77 ; Dewdrop, 47; Diadem, 20 ; diadema, 49 ; digitata, 50 ; Digwelliana, GG ; discolor, 85 ; dlverslfolia, 87; Domini, 107; Dr. Masters, 99aa ; Dr. Nachtigal, 23 ; Dregei, 24 ; Duchartrei, 2 ; Duchesse de Brabant 108 Duchess of Edinburgh, 20; Duchessof York 20 Duchess of Leinster, 99aa; Duke of York, 99aa; Duke Zeppelin 99aa ; D. Wettstein, 105 ; echinosepala, 51 Edward B Kennedy, 104 ; Ed. Pynaert, 104 ; elegantissima 20 elliptica, 16 ; Erdody, 107, 108 ; Erfordii 52 Evansi ana, 85 ; Fairy Queen, 20; Feastii,53; Flamingo 99aa P. E. Laing, 99a ; foliosa, 14 ; Proebeli 78 Fioebeli vernalis, 78 ; fuchsioides, 13 ; geranifoha 92 gera nioides, 80 ; Gilsoni, 54 ; glauoophylla 18 Gloiie de Lorraine, 75; Gloire de Sceaux, 76; GloiyofStin tead 99aa ; Goegoensis, 30 ; Goliath, 20 ; gracilis 8 !,i i cilis, var. Martiana, 87 ; Grahatniana, 19 giai 1 fl 94; sfrrtjidjs, 85, 107 ; Griffithi, 100 ; gunnel -et In ) Haageana, 3 ; -ffri.s.sfcarn, 5 ; Hecla, 99aa Hem i Dor neck, 105; Henri Vilmorin, 104; Henshaw Russell 99aa heracleifolia, 33 ; liernandUvfotia, 63 ; hjbrida multi flora, 55 ; hydrocotylifolia, 8 ; Illustration 20 unpen alls, 4 ; imperialis, var. sraaragdina, 4 ; incarnata 12 Ingrami, 56 ; inxigtiin, 12 ; John Heal, 74 Julia 74 Knowlsleyana, 57 ; Kunthiana, 58 ; laciniata 101 Lad Balfour of Burleigh, 99aa; Lady Qrinthorpe 99aa I Prance, 20 ; leopardinus, 107; Leopoldi 107 Lesoud 105; Lin^e, 105; Lothair, 99aa; Louise Closson 108 Louise Chretien, 108 ; Lubbersi, .59; Liicaniae (0 Lu Closson, 108; lucida, 16; Lyncheana, 61 m icuIiT 28 ; maculata, var. corallina, 29 ; Mad. d Lamagn> 10 Madame deLesseps, 62 ; Mad. Treyve, 104 Mad Punck lot; Mad. F. Alegatifere, 104; Mad. Georges Bruant 105 ; Mad. Chas. Weber, 104 ; Mad. G. \an Meerbeeke, 104 ; Mad. Jos. Moens, 104 ; Mad. Luizet, 104 ; Mad. Isabella Bellon, 105 ; Mad. D. Wettstein, 105 ; Mad. Wagnet, 107 ; manicata, 17; manicata. var. aureo-macu- lata, 17 ; Margaritae, 6 ; Marquis de Peralta, 108 ; Mar- tiana, 12; Mastodon, 20; Margarita, 99aa; Matilda, 108; M. Crousse, 105; metallica, 10; minor, 23; Miranda, 107 ; Miss Edith Wynne. 99aa ; Miss Falconer, 99aa ; Miss A. de Rothschild, 99aa ; Moonlight, 99aa ; Mrs. Brassey, 99aa ; Mrs. J. Thorpe, 99aa ; Mrs. Regnart, 99a A ; Natalensis, 93 ; nelumbiifolia, 63 ; nigricans, 118; nitida, 23 ; nitida, var. odorata alba, 23 ; Obelisque, 20; nbliqua, 23 ; Octavie, 99aa ; octopetala, 94 ; Olbia, 36 ; Otto Porster, 107; Packe,99AA; palmata, 50 ; Papillou, 105 ; parvifolia, 24 ; Paul Bruant, 64 ; Pearcei, 88 ; pel- tata, 5 ; phyllomaniaca, 22 ; Picotee, 99aa ; picta, 100 ; Pictavensis, sub 3; platanifolia. 9; polypetala, 95; Pres. Belle, 104 ; Pres. Carnot, 05 ; Pres. de Boureuilles, 68 ; Pres. de la Devansaye, 104 ; Prince Troubetzkoi, 107 ; Princess May, 99aa ; Queen of Whites, 99aa ; Reading Snowflake, 20; Rex, 103; Rexxdiadema hybrids, 103; Rexxdiscolor hybrids, 103 ; riciuifolia, 11 ; Eot^z}ii,f>l ; rosaaflora, 79; Rosy Morn, 99aa ; rubella, 34; riiliyu,29; rubrioaulis, 96 ; Sanderson!, 06 ; sanguiuea, 31 ; Sauli, 53a ; scandens, 16 ; Scarlet Gem, 99aa ; sceptra, 49 ; Seharffi, 3 ; Scharfliana, 1 ; Schmidti, 7 ; Schmidtiana, 7 ; Sedeni, 97 ; Sellowii, 20 ; semperflai-ens, 20 ; sem- perflorens gigantea rosea, 21 ; Sieberiana, 21 ; Sir Jo- seph Hooker, 104 ; Socotrana, 72 ; Souv. de Mad. la Baronne de Bleichroder, 104 ; Sovereign, 99AA ; spe- ciosa, 23 ; speeulata, 35 ; Stanstead Surprise, 99aa ; stigmosa, 67 ; strigillosa, 32 ; subpeltata nigricans, 68 ; Sunderbruchi,69; Sutherland!, 98; tenera.99; Teuscheri, 37; Theodore Schmidt, 105; Thurston!, 70; Thwaiti-sii, 99 ; Torrey Laing, 99aa ; Trioniphe, 99aa ; Triomphe de Lemoine, 73 ; Triomphe de Nancy, 73 ; Veitelii, 82 ; Vernon, 20; Verschaffelti,21 ; Verschaffeltiana, 27; Ve- suvius, 99aa ; Waxhingtoniana, 9 \ Weltoniensis, 25; Wettsteinii, 71 ; Willielm Pfitzer, 105 ; Winter Gem, 74; xanthlna, 102 ; zebriua, 41. I. FiBROOS-ROOTED OR WlJJTEB-FLOWEKING. A. Lvs. hairy, velvety, or downy on the upper surface. B. Shape of Ivs. obliquely ovate-acuminate, orbicular- acuminate, or peltate. c. Size of Irs. large, more than 2 in. wide. D. FU. with )>■'/ hairs on under surface of petals, large. 1. Scharffi^na, Regel. Fig. 206. A robust herbaceous perennial, 1'.. ft. high : Ivs. large, thick, fleshy, hairy, olive-green above, crimson below : stipules very large and prominent : fls. waxy white. Braz. — This Begonia requires warmth and care to succeed well. When well- grown it IS an excellent bracket plant 206 Beeonia Scharfliana ^o 1 2. Duch4rtrei,Hort. , hyhvitHB.echinosfpalaxSchnrf- fidna ) : st. 2-3 ft. high, branched profusely, hairy, pur- ple : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate acuminate, green above, hairy, red below: fls. large, waxy white, a few red hairs on the under surface of petals.— Int. by Bruant in 1892. 3. Haage^na, Watson {B. Seharffi, Hook.). Pig. 207. Tall-shrubby, whole plant hairy ; Ivs. ovate-cordate, acuminate, wavy, red-nerved above: fls. rose-pink, with a cyme 8-12 in. in diam., males with 2 round and 2 nar- row petals, females with 5 equal petals. Brazil. G.C. 144 BEGONIA III 10:633 (1894). BM. 702S, &s B. Seliarfii.-Oue of the most beautiful plants of the genus. Has been dis- tributed as B. Scharffiava by mistake. B. Credtieri, Hort. (B. SclwrffiAnn x metnllica). Int. by Haage & Schmidt. 1890. There is another plant named B. Creclneri, which was raised by Lemoine in 1891 from the same parents. Bruant also used these two parents in 1891, and called his plant B. Picttn'U'iisis. All three plants are identical, and can only be distinguished from B. HtKigeitna by their smaller flowers and the peduncles standing erect and not gracefully bending orer. as in Haageana. There is another plant spelled B. Pictn veiisis, raised by Bruant in 1881. a cross of B. Srhmldfii xseiti- pfrflorens. It has also been called B, Braanti, (See R.H. 1882, p. 377; 1883, pp. 8, 52.) Dn. Fls. white or greenish white, small. 4. imperi&Iis, Lem. St. short, herbaceous, green; Ivs. 4-6 in. wide, very hairy, brownish green, with irregular bands of bright green along the nerves ; fls. insignifi- cant, white. I.H. 8:274. Var. macuIAta, Hort., has brown Ivs. with green blotches. Var. smaragdlna, Hort., has wholly bright green Ivs. I.H. 7; 262. 5. peltata, Hassk. (B. Bdsskarli, Zoll.). St. per- ennial ; Ivs. peltate, ovate- acuminate, thick and succu- lent, covered with a whitish toraentum, 6-9 in. long: fls. small, white, on long peduncles. Braz.— Itis the only Begonia in cult, with thick, felted, peltate, silvery Ivs. cc. Size of Ifs. small, less than 2 in. ivide. 6. Margarltae, Hort. (B. metdllica x echinosSpala). Plant 1-2 ft. high ; sts. purple, hairy : Ivs. ovate-acumi- nate, sinuously dentate, green above, red beneath ; fls. in cymes, large, rose colored ; sepals with long hairs at the base. — Int. by Bruant in 1884. 7. Schmidtiina, Kegel (iJ. *>;())u'(»i, Hort. ). Dwarf, herbaceous, 1 ft. or less in height • Ivs. lobed, toothed, hiir\ about 2 in. long, reddish beneath fls. white, tinted with rose Biaz. R.H. 1883, pp. 56, 57. 17 pp.268,269. — Avery use- tul plant for summer bedding. 8. hydrocotylifdlia, Otto. St. succulent, creeping: Ivs.rotundate- cordate : petiole short ; whole plant hairy : pe- duncles 1 ft. high, pilose ; fls. dipetalous, rose-col- ired. Mex. B.M. 3968. reniform, lobed, hispid on both sides, dark green, lobes acute, toothed, ciliated : fls. in axillary dichotomous cymes, large, white, tinted rose. Braz. B.M. 3;'j91. — i?. Begonia Haaeeana (X^). No. 3. BB. Shape of leaves incised, or parted. c. Pis. white or whitish. 9. plataniidlia, Graham. St. 5-6 ft. high, erect, robust, smooth, green, joints annulated ; Ivs. 8-10 in. in diam., 208. Beeonia fuchsioides (X xa). No. 13. gunnercefolia, Lind. [B. Washingtoniana , Hort.), once offered by Saul, is very similar to this, but its Ivs. are not so deeplv lobed and the fls. are verv insignificant. I.H. 22:212." cc. Fls. pink. 10. met&llica, (}. Smith. Sts. perennial, succulent, hairy, 4 ft. high, branched : Ivs. obliquely cordate, lobed and serrated, 3-6 in. long, upper surface green, shaded with a dark metallic color : fls. blush-white, under side of petals clothed with red bristly hairs. There are a number of varieties: e. g. , var. variegita, var. veldtina, var. cyprea, but they do not differ much from the origi- nal. Bahia. R.H. 1844 : 218. G.C. II. 5: 397.-A very attractive plant, both in foliage and flower. 11. riclnifdlia, Hort. {B. heracleifdlinxpeponifdlia). St. a short, thick rootstock : Ivs. large, bronzy green, lobed, resembling castor-oil plant : fls. numerous, on long, erect peduncles, rose pink. AA. ii'S. glabrous, or only a few scattered hairs on the upper surface or on the margins. B. Under surface of Ivs. green. c. Margins entire or toothed. D. Width of Ivs. less than 1 in. E. Fls. pink, scarlet, or carmine. 12. incamita, Link & Otto (B. aiicnbwfblia, Hort. B.Martidna, Schlecht. B. insigiiis. Grab.). St. erect, herbaceous, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. unequally cordate, lanceo- late, toothed : fls. rose-colored, abundant, males IJ^in. across, with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals ; females smaller, with 5 equal petals. B.M 2900, as B. insignis. A.G.16:97. A. F. 12: 724-5 ; 13:588. R.H. 1870, p. 260 : 1875: 151. Var. grandiflOra, Hort., is a new and much improved variety, which is very useful for cut-flowers or decoration in winter. BEGONIA 145 13. fnchsioldes, Hook. Fig. 208. Rootstoek wood}' : sts. tall and succulent : Ivs. ovate, IJ^in. long, tinged with red when young : fls. droopiner like a fuchsia, rich 209. Begonia sempeHlorens. A recently struck cutting. To show the precocity of bloom. No. 20. scarlet, males with i petals, females with 5 petals. New Granada. B.M. 4281. Var. miniAta, Linden (i?. ciima- barlna, Hort. ) , differs oulv in having flesh-colored fls. R.H. 1855:221. F.S. 8: 787'. EE. Fls. white or whitish, small. 14. folidsa, HBK. Shrubby, sts. herbaceous, slender, branching : Ivs. frond-like, very small. 3-lobed. glossy green : fls. white, tinged with rose. Blooms early summer. New Granada. — An elegant basket and ornamental plant. 15. fllbo-picta, Hort. Shrubby, compact growth- freely branched : Ivs. elliptical, lanceolate. coverefdliaxpoty- dntha). St. shrubby, coarse, 2-3 ft. high, covered with numerous withered stipules : Ivs. large, lobed, on long petioles : fls. pale pink, with large, somewhat droop- ing cymes. 27. Verschaffeltiiua, Regel. (B. VerschaffHti, Hort. B. manicataxearoIini{Ffdlia). St. 'a thick rhizome: Ivs. large, ovate, acuminate, lobed : fls. rose-colored, pendent on long peduncles. I.H.2: 68. — Tall, coarse and unsightly as an old specimen, but when well grown from year to year from cuttings makes a splendid plant. . svST*"^ persistent and ex- ceedingh ornamen- tal, especially when planted out. Choice. ill Goego^nsis, Brown Fire King. St. a short, thick rootstock . Ivs. peltate, ovate- orbicular, 6-9 in. long, surface blistered or puckered, green, with dark, bronzy blotches, red on the under side : fls. small, lose pink Sumatra —A distinct and ornamental leaved plant. 31. sanguinea, Raddi. Sts. perennial, woody at the base, red : Ivs. subpeltate, obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth, shining, bright green above, blood-crimson below: fls. small, white. Rio de Janeiro. B.M. 3520.— A handsome evergreen foliaged Begonia. 32. dmAk\ea.,ljem. {B.strigilldsa, Dietr.). St. a short, thick rootstock : Ivs. large, green, ovate-acuminate, cor- date, margins slightly serrate and beset with long red- dish hairs, surface covered with a peculiar network of russet-brown: peduncles spotted and slightly hairy : fls. white, tinged with pink. Mex. I. H. 8: 269. — A handsome foliage plant, not very widely known. cc. Margins Incised, lobed or parted. D. St. creeping ; a short, thick rhizome. 33. Iieracleii61ia, Cham. & Schlecht. [B.jatrophae folia, Hort.). St. a short, thick rhizome: Ivs. 6-12 in. across, palmate, lobes toothed, rich green : peduncles ^-i ft. long: fls. whiter rose-tinted. Mex. B.M. 3444. B.R. 1668. Var. nigricans, Hort., has the margins of the Ivs. bor- dere.l with .lark u-ri-en. B.M. 4983. Viir. longipila, Hort., has Ion;;, fleshy hairs on the leafstalks and peduncles. Var. punctata, Hort., has green Ivs., reddish near the margin : fls. rose-colored, with deep red spots on the outside. 34. rubella, Hamilt. St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs. large, cordate, acuminate, deeply lobed, smooth, spotted with irregularly shaped dark brown marks : fls. pale pink, on long peduncles. Nepal. 35. speculata, Hort., hybrid? St. a short, thick rhizome: Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate, cordate, on long, hairy petioles, dull green, rough, speckled with grey, hairy, reddish on the under side, veins very prominent, light green, profusely branched : fls. on long, hairy pe- duncles, pink-white, males and females both with 2 petals : capsule green, with small red spots. — Origin not known, though quite common in cultivation. A hardy and useful Begonia. BEGONIA BEGONIA 147 DD. Stem erect. 30. Olbia, Kerehove. St, leathery, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. lobert. hairy and olive-green above, smooth and red be- neath, margins reddish, petioles grooved, smooth, veins prominent as dark lines: tls. conceah'il by Ivs,, in small I'liistiTs directly on the st. without juMluucles, large, white, male and female iu same cluster. Braz. 37. Tetischeri, Lind. St. 2-:i ft. nifcrh, erect, strong jjrower: Ivs. large, acutely lobed, ovate-lanceolate, mar- gins serrate, bright green above, with greyish blotches, red-veined below: fls. in axillary clusters, bright red, large. Malaya. I.H. 2f>: 3."i8. .38. arg6iiteo-gTitUta, Hort. {B. dlbo-plctaxO'lbia}. Prufiisnly bran<-liiiii; : Ivs. .shining green, ovate-acumi- nate, slii^litiy Idl.rd. smiioth. ^'^in. wide, 3-5 in. long. thickly (lottt'd with whitt^ spots: Hs. in clusters, variable; petals white, tingfd with pink: capsule rose-pink. — Int. by Lemoine, 1889. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST— FIBROUS-ROOTED. 39. Abundance (B. fuchsioidesXsemperfloreDs). Plaut, 2 ft. high : st. reddish : Ivs. glossy green, ovate, 2 in. long, dentate: fls. rose-pink. — Int. by Lemoine in 1891. 40. A/m7(:(B(B.BniantiXRoe2lii). Plant,2ft.high: Ivs. green, broadly ovate, smooth: tls. rose-colored. —Int. by Bruant in 188G. 41. anguldris, Raddi (B. zebrina, Hort.). St. smooth,,suc culent, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. elongate, ovate-acuminate, margins, undulate, shiny green, veins white : fls. insignificant, light pink. Braz. 42. Ascotiensis. Wehh. Lvs. ovate, 2 in. long, smooth brown margin green, dentate: fls. on peduncles 4 in. long, bright red 43. Bertha de Ghateaurocher , Hort. Var. of B. Ascotiensis fls. bright currant-red.— Useful for cut-flowers. 44. Bijou de Gand, Hort. Caulescent: fls. rose, in chisteis Very similar to Teuscheri (which see). 45. JBismarcH.'B.oTt. Caulescent: fls. in clusters, rose males insignificant, females a gorgeous display. Very bimilai to Teuscheri. Cdffra, Meissa. See B. Dregei. 46. caroliiiicefblia, Kegel. St. erect, thick, fleshy: lvs pilmate lobes deeply divided into 6 or 8 ; fls. pink, on long peduncles. Mexico. 47. r^fl.rnerpi. Hort. (B.semperflorensXSchinidtii). Dewdrop. Britanti. Plant, about 1 ft. high : lvs. like semperflorens : fls. white. — Excellent bedding Begonia. Int. by Bruant in 1883. 48. Corbeille de Feu (B. semperflorens Xfuchsioides). Fls. bright coral-red.— Int. by Lemoine in 1891. 49. rfiad^^ma. Linden (B.sceptra, Hort.). Plant, 2 ft. high: lvs. greeu.deeply parted, blotched with white, dentate: fls. insignifi- cant. Borneo. I.H.2!I:446. 212 Begonia Madame de Lesseps (X H) No 02 213. Begoma President Carnot. No. b5. 50. digitdta, Raddi (B. palmata, Hort.). Lvs. palmate, 10-12- parted. somewhat pubescent, green above, brownish beneath. Brazil. 51. echinosepala, Hort. St. green, succulent: lvs. obliquely oblong : fls. on axillary peduncles, white, with curiously papil- lose sepals. 52. Erford'd, Hort. (B. Schmidtii X semperflorens Vernon). Very dwarf mid Imshy. I'ot't. high: fls. abundant, rose-carmine. — ExceUeut for bedding. Int. by Haage tVs Schmidt in 1894. .->3. Fhistii. Hort. (B. manicataXhydrocotylifolia). St. a short, itiick rnntstofk : lvs. suborbiciUar, thick, red beneath, entire ; pftiMlHs irregularly marked : fls. light pink, on long peduncles. -Int. by John Feast, of Baltimore, before 1880. SauH. Hort., is a newly introduced species from Guatemala, resembling Feastii in the shape and color of its lvs., but with a distinct red sinus at junction of petiole with leaf. 54. Gilsoni, Hort. (origin American). Plant. 2 ft. high : st. slimbby, coarse; lvs. large, lobed: fls. on long, erect peduncles, pale pink.— Interesting as being the only double-fld. fibrous- rooted Begonia. Named for Gilson, colored gardener to Mrs. Livingston, N. Y. 55. h^hnda muUiflbra, Hort. (B. hybrida floribunda. Hort.). Plant 2-4 ft. high : lvs. small, 1 in. long, Hiii. across, dentate, ^'reen below : fls. rose-pink, hanging in clusters like a fuchsia. .'.t;. Ingrami, Hort. (B. nitidaXfiiehsioides). Combines the .ir.icters of the two species : fls. light pink.— Int. by Ingram 1849. 'lisignis. See B. incamata, No. 12. '>7. Knowlsleydna, Hort. (origin not known). Very similar • 1>. incamata. .'iS. KunthicLna, Walp. Stem erect : lvs. nate. serrate, smooth, green above, red bclo B.M. 5284. Brazil. 59. Litbbersi, E. Morr. Stem a short rhizome: lvs. large, palmate, green : fls. pink, on long peduncles. Brazil. G.C. III. 3:301. R.H. 1888, p. 225. ' 60. Lucinnce. Hort.. hybrid (B. Lyncheana X Bnianti). Fls. hirge, in the axils of the lvs., rose. — Int. by Bruant in 1889. 61. Lynchedna, Hook. (B. Roezlii, Regel.). St. erect, tall, succulent, smooth : lvs. green, smooth, ovate-cordate : sinus red : fls. in axillary, drooping cymes, deep, reddish crimson. New Granada. B.M. 6758.— Almost identical with B. semper florens gigantea rosea, but not so strong a grower. 148 BEGONIA microphonia, Willd. Is B. foliosa, No. 14. minidta, Planch. & Linden. Is B. fuchsioides, No. 13. 62. Madam de Lcsseps.^ Fig. 212. Strong, erect grower ; Ivs. acutely lobed, large, margins serrate, green above, red and strongly veined below : fls. large, white, in axillai-y clusters, males insignificant. 63. nelumhiifhUa, Cham. & Sehl. (B. hernandisefolia, Hort.). St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs. large, 12-18 in. long, 8-12 in. wide, peltate, hairy on the under side : tls. small, white or rose-colored. Mex. Koizlii, Regel. See B. Lyncheana, No. 61. 64. B.Paid7iruant{B.mfi.mca.ia,X{l)). St. short, thick : Ivs. large, olive-green tinged with red. deeply lobed : petioles large, long, striped with red ; a ring of fine hairs at the junction of petiole and leaf : tts. abundant, pale pink, large, on long pe- duncles. R.H. 1888. p. 544.— Int. by Bruant in 1892. 65. President Ca mot. Fig. 213. Plant, 2-6 ft. high, leggy: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, aeute-lobed, ribs on the under side red : fls. in a large cluster ; males small, insignificant ; females large, bright red-carmine, 2 in. long, including capsule.— Striking. 66. Sdndersoiii. hvbrid (origin not known. B. Digwelliana, Hort.). Fls. scarlet. 1882. SaUU. See below B. FeastU, No. 53. 67. stigmbsa. Lindl. St. a short, creeping rhizome: Ivs. large, cordate-acute, irregularly toothed, smooth above, hairy beneath, green, with purple-brown blotches : fls. insignificant, white, in cymose panicles. Mes. 68. suhpeltdta nigricans, Hort. (B. nigricans, Hort.). Plant, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. ovate, aciuninate, blood-red below, silvery and slightly hairy above, 4-8 in. long, 2^ in. across : fls. rose-pink, profuse : capsule wings equal , pink. — Vei'y useful for decoration . Var. Pres. de Boureuiltes, Hort. , has Ivs. of a much richer color, and more profusely studded with red hairs : fls. of a deeper pink. G9. Snndprhrvchi.'Hort.. AnAmericanformof B.heracleifolia, var. lougii>ila : Ivs. bronzo-green, silver bands along the nerves, purple uuderneath. 70. rAt/.r5i!om',Hort. (B. metaUicaXsangiiinea). St. 2 ft. high: Ivs. orbicular-acuminate, shiny, smooth, rich purple, red on the under side, veins prominent: fls. insignificant, small, rosy white, on slender peduncles. A.F. 7: 728,— Excellent. veliltina, Hort. See B. metallica. No. 10. II. Semi-tuberous or Socotran Section. 72. Socotrana, Hook. Fip:. 215. Ht. annual, stout and sucL'uhmt, forminjj;- at the base a number of closely set scales or suppressed Ivs. resembling bulbs : Ivs. dark green, orbicular, peltate, 4-7 in. across, center depressed, margin recurved, crenate : fls. in terminal few-fld. cvmes, bright rose. B.M. 6555. Gn,21:327. On. 49:1069. G.C. II. 15:8. A.F. 13:587, 588. -Semi-tubers were brought from the burning hot, sandy island of Socotra by Dr. I. B. Balfour, and given to Kew in 1880. The plant was discovered by Alexander Scott, the gardener accompanying the expedition to Socotra sent out by the Geogr. Soc. of London. Semi-tubers should rest during summer and be planted in heat iu winter. The following are Socotrana derivatives : 73. Triomphe de Lemoine (B. SoeotranaXRoezlii). Stem her- baceous, spreading, then erect and branching into numerous flowering branches : Ivs. large, coriaceous, orbicular, somewhat oblique, margins slightly cenerous,6 in. diam.: fls. in dichoto- mous cymes from axils of Ivs., rose-carmine, female fls. ex- ceedingly rare, males very profuse, plant resembling a large bouquet when in full bloom. G.F.2:rt.37. — Int !>> Lemoine iu 1887. Retains its fls. after they are withered, u r;i!P ..cfurrence in Begonias. Another hybrid from the sami^part-nt is Triomphe de Nancy, with fls. rich jellow in the center, double, and the outer petals of a paler hue.— Int. by Lemoine in 1888. 74. John Heal (B. Socotrana X Viscountess Doneraile). A tuberous variety. Plant intermediate between parents, 9 in. high, branching naturally and freely: Ivs. obliquely heart- shaped, not peltate, as in B. Socotrana; light green: fls. borne loosely on gracefid peduncles, standing well above the foliage. 214. Beeonia Wettsteinii (X J-o). Xu. 71, 71. Wettsteinii, Hort. Fig. 214. St. a foot high, branching from the base : Ivs. slightly lobed, elongated, ovate-acuminate: fls. on long, slender, graceful peduncles, large, in clusters, bright red : capsule large, red and showy, very profuse. zebrina. Hort. See B. angularis. No. 41. every stem developing male flowers, Ij^ in. diam., bright, rosy carmine. Blooms from Sept. to Jan. Gn. 35:691.— No female fls. have been produced from this hybrid, so that seedlings have been impossible. Prop, by cuttings and semi-tubers. Int. by John Heal in 1885. Adonis (John HealXtuberous variety). Plant more robust : fls. twice as large as John Heal, 3 in. diam., all male, soft rose color, on graceful, arching peduncles.— Int. by John Heal. Winter Qem (B. SocotranaXcrimson tuberous variety). Habit like B. Socotrana, but more compact: fls. large, deep carmine,— It combines the characters of the tuber- ous and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by John Heal. Julia (SocotranaXtuberous variety). The plant is very similar to a double summer-flowering tuberous Begonia. It has fls. of a salmon-pink shade. 75. Gloire de Lorraine (B. SocotranaXDregei). Lvs. small, nearly regular, pure green : fls. almost exclusively male, 4- petaled, large, borne in broad panicles, covering the whole superior part of the plant, rose-colored, not deciduous. Gt. 42, p. 111. A.F. 12:842. G.P. 5:247.— Although B. Socotrana is semi-tuberous and B. Dregei has a thickened rhizome, the hy- brid forms show neither, but the base of the stem throws out many shoots, which can be separated and insure the multipli- cation of the plant. Int. by Lemoine in 18U2.— Excellent. 76. Gloire de Sceaxix (B. SoeotranaXsubpeltata). Fig. 216. Plant stout, half shrubby, erect, vigorous, compact, 2 ft. high, 1-1^ ft. across : lvs. dark metallic green, thick, large, red be- neath, veins red above, sub-orbicular, slightly oblique : fls. pro- fuse, beautif\il rose-pink, shiuy, females none. Fls. from Dec. till May. R.H. 1884:516. G.F. 7:185.— Interesting as connecting the fibrous-rooted and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by Thibaut and Keteleer in 1885, Aii^wmniiose (B. SocotranaXinsignis). Lvs. intermediate between parents, but larger than either, oblique; fls. intermediate, clear, deep rose. Fls. all \vinter.— In- teresting as connecting the fibrous-moted and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by John Heal, of Veitch & Sons, 1882. Bijou is another hybrid from the same parents, with large green lvs. and red-carmine fls.; males and females present. III. Tuberous or SuMHER-FLOWERiNrx Section (Figs. 217, 218, 219). A. Stemless, lvs. springing directly from tuber. B. Color of fls. bright red or brilliant scarlet. 77. D&visi, Veitch, Stemless : lvs. springing directly from a rootstock, ovate-cordate, shining green, slightly hairy, underside red, petiole short, fleshy : peduncles, pedicels, and fls. bright red. Peru. B.M. 6252. F.M. 1876:231. G.C. II. 15: 669. -A favorite with hybridists. Has given rise to numerous dwarf, erect-habited garden forms, with small but brightly colored fls. 78. FroBbeli, A. DC. Stemless: lvs. numerous, cordate, acuminate, green, covered with fleshy, purplish hairs : fls. in tall, lax, drooping, branching cymes, brilliant scar- let, large. Winter. Ecuador. Gn. 12, p. 376. — A beauti- ful flowering plant, useful for conservatory work in winter. £. Fropbeli vernalis, Hort., hybrid (Froebeli x Dregei), similar to type. Int. by Deleuil in 1880. BEGONIA 149 79. BB. Color of fls. rose-red or white. rosaeSIdra, Hook. Stemless : petioles, scapes, bracts, and stipules bright red: Ivs. green, 2-4 in. wide, 215. Begonia Socotrana (X %). No. 72. on stout, hairy petioles, 2-6 in. long, orbicular, renifonn, concave, margins lobed, red, toothed : fls. 2 in. across, rcse-red. Peru. H.M. 5680. — Light colored seedlings of this species gave rise to Queen of Whites, put into com- merce in 1878, and destined to be a most important factor in subsequent garden forms of the same color. Int. in 1807. 80. geranioldes. Hook. Stemless, rootstock fleshy : Ivs. radical, reniform, 6 in. across, lobed and toothed, green, hairy, petioles 8 in. long: peduncles erect, 6-12 in. long, reddish, hairy, bearing a lax panicle of fls., each l}4in. across, pure white, with a button-like cluster of yellow anthers. Natal. B.M. .'5583. — Planted in a border in a sunny greenhouse, this is a fine Begonia, flowering profusely during Oct. and Nov. Int. to Kew in 1866. AA. St. present. B. Color of fls. cinnabar-red, orange-red, bright red or scarlet. 81. Bolivi^nsis, A. DC. St. herbaceous, succulent 2 ft. high, branching : Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, ser rate, 3-5 in. long : lis. in drooping panicles, cinnabar scarlet, fuchsia-like ; males twice as large as females Bolivia. B.M. 5657. — The first Tuberous IJegonia intro duced into England, 1864. 82. VMtchii, Hook. St.very short, thick, fleshy, green: Ivs. orbiculate, cordate, lobed and incised, margins cili- ated, green, principal veins radiating from a bright car- mine spot near the center, under side pale green ; petiole thick, terete pilose: fls. 2Hin. in diam., cinnabar-red: capsule smooth, unequal wings. Peru. B.M. 5663. F.S. 22: 2.326. — One of the progenitors of the Tuberous race. Int. 1867. 83. Ch6Uoni, Hort. (B. SedenixBoliviinsis). St. fleshy, 2 ft. high : Ivs. oblique, lanceolate, irregularly lobed : fls. large, orange-red, drooping. Qn. 4: 109.— Int. by Veitch in 1870. 84. Clirkel, Hook. St. purplish, fleshy, stout : Ivs. obliquely-cordate, serrate : fls. in pendulous racemes, abundant, large, bright red. Bolivia. B.M. 5675.— Resembles B. i'eitchii. It was the seed parent of Vesu- vius and Emperor, two important and useful varieties for bedding out. BB. Color of fls. rose-red or pink. 85. Evausiina, Andr. (B. discolor, R. Br. B. grdndis. Dry.). St. herbaceous, branching, smooth, 2 ft. high : Ivs. ovate-acute, sub-cordate, lobed, margins denticu- late, green above, underside and petioles red, peduncles branching, axillary : fls. numerous, flesh-colored, large. Java, China, Jap. B.M. 1473. — A handsome and almost hardy species. Int. in 1804 to Kew. Little cult. now. 86. Baitmannii, Ijemnine. Tubers as large as ostrich eggs : Ivs. lar;,'H. orl'icular, with short, thick petioles: peduiH-h's Is in. lii.Lrli. bejiring panicles of 4-6 fls., which are rose-red, 4-pL-talK'd, from 3— tin. across, and fragrant as roses. Bolivia. Gt. 40: 1348 : 42, p. 25. A.F. 7: 561. G.F. 5: 77. —It is described as plentiful in the moist val- leys of the Cordilleras, where it is eaten by Qattle. Sweet-scented. Distributed by Lemoine in 1890. 87. grdcilis, H.B.K. {B. blcolor, Watson. B. diversi- fblia, R. Grab.). St. erect, not branched, succulent: Ivs. thinly scattered along sts., almost heart-shaped, slightly hairy, lobed, denticulate, ciliate : fls. on short, axillary peduncles, pink. Mex. B.M. 2966. — In axils of Ivs. between stipules a phister of bulbils is borne. These may be gathercil anrl sewn ;is sci-ds. Along with its varieties, annulata, diversifolia, Marti&na, etc., it makes a very beautiful siininit-r-llowiTing greenhouse Begonia. Int. by P. Neil, of Cannon Mills, Edinburgh, in 1829. 88. P^arcei, Hook. St. 1 ft. high, succulent, branch- ing : Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, toothed, gla- brous above, tomentose beneath, pale red on under sur- face : fls. in loose, axillary panicles, large, bright yel- low. Bolivia. B.M. 5545. — It has been the chief factor in the production of the hundreds of yellow, buff and orange-colored garden forms. Int. in 1865. SUPPLEMENT.\RY LIST — TUBEROUS-ROOTED. (A) The following tuberous-rooted species are not known to be in the Amer. trade, but they are in cultiva- tion in greater or less purity : 89. cinnahar\na. Hook. Sts. .annual, short, green, zigzag, slightly downy : Ivs. on short petioles, obliquely ovate, lobed 216. Begonia Qloire de Sceaux (X %). No. 76. 150 BEGONIA and serrated : peduncles 9-12 in. long, red ; fls. einnabar-red, 2 in. across. Bolivia. B.M. +48;i. P.M. 16: 225.— Int. by Hender- son in 1849. 90. crinita, Oliver. Sts. red, hairy. 1 ft. high, : Ivs. ovate-cor- date, irregularly toothed, tinged with red on the under side : peduncles erect, red, producing 3 pale rose-colored fls. Bo- livia. B.M. 5897.— Int. by Veitch in 1866. 91. cyclopkylla,'H.ook. Stemless : Ivs. orbicular, 6 in. across, green, with fimbriated margin : peduncles erect, 6 in. long ; fls. rose-colored, with the fragrance of roses. China. B.M. 6926.— Int. to Kew in 1885. 92. geranifbUa, Hook. St. 1 ft. high, erect, greenish : lv.s. cor- date, lobed, serrated, green, margins red, whole plant smooth: fls. 2 or 3 on terminal peduncles, outer petals orbicular, red ; the two inner obovate, white. Lima. B.M. 3387.— Int. 1833. 93. NataUnsn, Hook. Sts. fleshy, annual, 1-2 ft. high : Ivs. obliquely cordate, lobed, sinuate. 2-3 in. long, green, sometimes mottled with grey, veins reddish : fls. bluish white. 1 in. across. Natal. B.M.4841.-Int. toKewin 1854. 94. octopStala, L'Her. (B. grandiflora, Knowl. & West). Stemless, Ivs. long, succulent, downy, petioles 1% ft. long, cor- date, deeply lobed and serrated, bright green : fls. greenish white, males with 8 petals, females generally fewer. Peru. B.M. 3.559. F.S. 20: 3056-7. A.F. 4: 22.-> (var. Lemoinei) duced from six species ; viz., B. b''i/ir/i-n.-iis, B. Peareei, B. Veitchii, B. roHipflora , B. Davi.^H, and B. Clarkei, by crossiiifT and recrossing : (1) SINGLE-FLOWERED VARIETIES. a. Crimsons and Scakukta.— Admiration, fls. vivid orange- scarlet, of dwarf, compact habit, free flowering : Charles Ballet, rich, velvety vpnnili..ii ; Dr MnxiprR. fl^, l.-.rge. ^vith immense spikes, deep i .il < riiiisnn ; F F. F'lnnr .it^pp. vel- vety crimson, full JIII'I I'm-.' Mis /.'^ir.s.v.;/ , ,\,;-]. tTlowiug crimson; Lothair, ihnk .m''! • ,i i iiiin>' . ■'^•inhf wcftfj?s of Leinster, orange- buff, large, erect fls. ; Miss A . de Rothschild, pure yellow ; Sover- 217. Single Tub Begonia (X y-3 Begonia (X ^3). 95. polypetala, A. DC. St. short, fleshy, annual : Ivs. ovate- cordate, toothed, hairy, with raised veins, 10 in. by 8 in.: fls. with 9 or 10 ovate-oblong petals an inch long, red : ovary hairy, with one lon'g wing. Peru. On. 14. p. 531.— Int. by Froebel in 1878. 96. rubricaiiUs, Hook. Lvs.4-6 in. long, ovate, wavy, eiliate along the margins, deep green : fls. large, males iVain. across, 5-petaled ; females smaller, 6-petaled, reddish. Country un- known. B.M. 4131.— Int. to Birmingham Bot. Oar. in 1844. 97. SMeni, Hort., hybrid (B. Boliviensis XVeitchii?). Lvs. long, pale green : fls. solitary, brilliant red ; females of 4 petals ; males of 5 petals. R.H. 1872: 90.— Int. by Thibaut and Keteleer in 1872. 98. Sutherlandii, Hook. St. annual, herbaceous, 1-2 ft. high, bright red : lvs. 4-6 in. long, lanceolate, lobed aud serrated, green, with red veins and margin ; petioles slender, red : fls. numerous, coppery or salmon-red. Natal. B.M. 5689.— Int. by Backhouse in 1867. 99. tenera. Dry. (B. Tbwaitesii, Hook.). Lvs. radical, cor- date, 5 in. long, coppery green, mixed with purple and blotched with grey, under surface crimson : fls. white, tinged pink. Ceylon. B.M. 4692.— Chiefly interesting as a variegated plant. Int. to Kew in 1852. (aa) The following list comprises some of the best and most distinct of the innumerable garden forms and hy- brids DOW existing, whicli have almost all been pm- nn'lVs G?m, bright scar- \t remely free-flowering; h'ussell, scarlet, one of inson ; huke Zeppelin, (2) DOUBLE-FLOWEREP VARIETIES. a. Crimsons and Si \m i i let; Dandy.intensely I" i^ia7rtin/70, brilliant s'-.M / the best; Trlomphe, rir ii, Im dazzling scarlet fls., new. h. RosE-roLORED.— .A /fAcef^iorct, bright rosy cerise, distinct; Duke of York, deep rose ; Qlory of Stanstead, soft rose, light center ; Hecla, bright, glistening pink, free bloomer ; Rosy Morn, rose-pink, large, broad, wavy petals. c. Whites.— Countess of Craven, pure w^ite fls., dwarf; Miss Edith Wynyie, pure creamy white ; Octavie, pure white blossoms, very floriferous ; Bicotee, delicate white, pink mar- gin, dwarf ; Pnncess May, piu'e white, undulated orcrimpled at the edges. d. YEhljOWS.—Lady Balfour of Burleigh, large yellow fls., erect : Miss Falconer, clear yellow ; Mrs. Regnart, chrome- yellow, petals prettily undulated ; Alice Manning, primrose- yellow blossoms. IV. Rex, or Ornamental-leaved Section. 100. Griffitllii, Hook. {B. pictn, Hort.). St. -lvs. and habit as in B. Rex : Ivs. olive-green, with a broad zone BEGONIA BELLADONNA LILY 151 of grey, tinged with red on tlie under side : fls. large, fleshy, pink : ovary curiously crinkled along the angles. Assam. B.M. 4984. — Int. by Henderson, England, in 1856. 101. Iacini4ta, Roxb. St. perennial : Ivs. roundly ovate, lobed, pubescent, black-purple, with a broad zone of green, reddish on the under side : fls. as in B. Eex. India, S. China. B.M. 5021. -Int. to Kew in 1857. Var. Bowringiina, Hort., has green Ivs. and rosy fls. B.M. .1182. 102. xanthina, TTook. Similar to B. Bex, and probalih only a fonu of th:it >piM'ics : Ivs. large, fleshy, cordate ovate, aciiiiiiiiatc, sinuate-ciliated, dark green above purplish bcueath : fls. yellow : capsule with one large wing. B.M. 4083. -Var. pictiSdlia, Hort., B.M 5102 Var. Ldzuli, B.M. 5107. 103. E6x, Putz. Fig. 220. St. a short, fleshy rhizome from which spring the long-stalked, large, ovate, M t^ \ Ivs., which are hairy and colored a rich metallic gieen with a zone of silvery grey: peduncles erect : fls large, ro.se-tinted, males 2 in. across, with 4 unequal petals , females smaller, with 5 nearly equal petals : o^ arj S angled, with 2 short and 1 long wing. Assam F & 12:1255-1258. B.M. 5101. -This magnificent species is the principal parent in the production of the nuineious omamental-foliaged Begonias. It has been crossed with a few species in the first place, and then h>biid seedlings have been raised again and again from the progeny. Fig. 220 is a copy of a part of the origin il fig ure in Flore des Serres (1857), and is given here for the purpose of showing what this species was like when first known to horticulturists. Following are some of the derivative types of Re-« very bright. Lucy Closson is very similar, but more vigorous, with the blotches more numerous and better distributed. Marquis de Peralta. Lvs. small, margins hairy, numerous silvery spots on surface. Comp.ict, dense grower. Dnchesse de I ^wy ' j^^c^^ ^^ 104. RerX discolor hybrids. I.H. 28: 434. Mad. Jos. Moens silvery white, with green articulations towards the margin'? and a green disc. Mad. Chas. Weber, green, spotted with white Mad. G. Van Meerhe>'ke, silvery, with a narrow gi'een edge and % central green disc running out along the veins. Souv. de Mad la Barone de Bleichnlder, disc and broad margin downy gteen ■central portion silvery. Mad. Funck, disc and broad miigin light apple-green, intermediate portion silvery. Baron A Tm ? ( disc dark green, center silvery, margin broad, dark green sih ei spotted. Others are Mad. Treyve, Mad. Lnizet, Edw. B Ken • nedy, Henri Vibnorin, Pres. Belle, Sir Joseph Hooker, Ed Py 7iuert, Pres.de la Devansaye, Mad.F.Alegatiere, Abel Canure 105. RexXdladema hybrids. R.H. 1888,p.20. R. B.lop91 Lesondii, vei-y similar to B. Rex, but larger leaved, Ad}ien Schmidt, green on the margins, marked and spotted silver in the center. Clementina', lultes very acute, wliite blotches in center. Mad. Alaniaiiny. Ivs, very lar^e. deeply lobed, pure metallic -white, with a i^vvtm cfiili'r. Mad. Isobelle Bellon, finely dentate, lol>ed and undulated, center olive-green, sur- rounded by a zone of white, becoming rose on the inner mar- gin. M. Crousse, very long, dentate, green center, band of silver around margin. Others are Theodore Schmidt, Henri Domeck, Linee, Papillon, Mad. D. Wettstein, D. Wettstein, A. Dalliere, Mad. Georges Bruant, Wilhelm Pfitzer. 106. BexXSocotrana. A plant has been produced which com- bines the characters of the two parents in a pleasing manner: lvs. like B. Rex, but with shorter petioles, and crowded on the stem ; prettily colored : fls. in erect, sturdy racemes, which stand well above the plant ; like B. Socotrana in color, but paler. Plant said to be evergreen.— Interesting as a connecting link between the Rex and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by San- der & Co. in 1897. 107. Miscellaneous Res hybrids of known origin : Rex leop- nrdimis (RexXxanthina, var. Reichenheimei). Very similar to B. Rex, luit much larger. F.S. 13: 1317.— Int. by Van Houtte in 1H59. Qrandis (RexXsplendida). Very similar to B. Rex. F.S. 13:1330. -Int. by Rollison. Otto Forster (RexXimperialis). Dwf. habit : Ivs. obliquely cordate, dark green, marbled with silvery greyish green : fls. greenish white, inconspicvious. Miranda (RexXimperialis, var. smaragdiua). Very similar to above, but marbled with silver, Domini (RexXargentea). Leo- potdi (GriffithiXsplendida). I.H.6:205. Prijice Troubetzkoi, double hybrid (GriffithiXXanthina, var. marmorataand rubro- venia), I.H. 5:158; also, from the same cross, Madame Wag- ner, I.H. 5:161, and Miranda. Countess Louise Erdody (Alex- ander, var. Humboldt Xargeutea-cupreata). Fig. 221. Lvs. obliquely cordate, ovate-acute, the smaller of the two lobes twisted in a spiral manner, with as many as 4 coils ; upper surface silvery, with veins deep green ; under surface reddish, pilose. l.H.31:516. G.C. II. 22:205.— Int. by F. Nemeczik, gar- dener to Count Erdody, a Hungarian nobleman, in 1884. 108. Other Res varieties of unknown or uncertain origin : Louise Closson. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, lobed, veins deep pur- ple, surface blotched with deep purple bronze, metallic luster 119. A type of Tuberous BcEonia double-flowered. Brabant Lvs large purple mai gins and surface hairv otherwise like B Rex Lnme fhittien L\s green with a 7one of glossy siUer towaid tlie teutei co\ered with ■^erv sm lU white spots Btrtha MacOiegor L\s o\ate acuminate lobed white renter ind nnigin gieen Count Et dod / ^lU er white green striped along the \ ems hair\ lobes twisted into a spiral Imrv Matilda Lvs sihery white center ind along veins green margins hairy. Alice White. Large, bright silver, center bronze, satin luster. P. B. Kennedy. BELEMCANDA (East ludian name). Iriddeece. Blackberkv Lily. Leopard Flower. A monotypic genus, coutainine: an interesting hardy, herbaceous perennial plant, which is an old garden favorite. The first of the popular names comes from the clusters of shining, black, roundish seeds, and the second from the flower, which is orange, spotted red. It is more commonly sold as a Pardanthus, which also means Leopard Flower. Perianth segments oblong, the 3 inner slightly shorter and spirally twisting as they fade. Prop, by seeds or by division. Of easy culture in rich, sandy loam and in a sunny place. Commonly spelled Belamcanda. Cliin6nsia, Leman. {Bclamrdnda punci 3 ft.: spines small, 3-parted ; lvs. cuneate-oblong, re- motely spinulose-dentate, rarely entire, 1-2 in. long : racemes few-fld., nodding, about as long as the Iva.; petals retuse or emarginate : fr. short-oval or nearly globular, coral-red. Alleghanies. — The plant sold under this name is usually B. vttlgaris. 5. Sinensis, Desf. From 4-6 ft., with slender, often arching branches and small, 3-5-parted spines : lvs. cu- neate, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, coarsely setulose- dentate, sometimes entire, green or glaucescent beneath, 1-2 in. long : racemes pendulous, slender-peduncled, bright or pale yellow : berries oval or oblong, blood -red. From Caucasus to Himal. and China. B.M. 6573.— A hardy, graceful species, very handsome in fruit. 6. heter6poda, Schrenk. Three to 6 ft.: branches stout, spreading, with few short spines : lvs. broadly obovate, entire or remotely serrate, pale bluish green. lH-2 in. long, some short and some slender-petioled: fls. in long-stalked, few-fld, racemes, orange-yellow, fra- grant: fr. oblong, dark bhie with glaucous bloom. May. Turkestan, Songaria. G.F. 8: 455. — Handsome and very distinct species. 7. integerrima, Buuge. In habit and appearance very like No. 6, and difficult to distinguish without fl. -clus- ters : stems terete and brown : lvs. broad -obovate, re- motely dentate or entire, dark bluish green above : ra- cemes dense and upright. Persia, Turkestan, Songoria. cc. Fls. usually solitary, rarely in fetv-fld. umbels: lvs. entire. 8. Thiinbergii, DC. Figs. 227, 228. Dense, low shrub, 2-4 ft. : branches spreading, deeply grooved, brown, with simple spines: lvs. obovate or spathulate, quite en- tire, glaucescent beneath, K-l)^in. long : fls. 1-3, pale yellow : fr. elliptic or nearly globose, bright red. Apr., May. G.P.2:53. B.M. 6646. R.H 1894 173 A G 18 357 Gng. 4: 241 ; 5: 119, 353, 355. Mn 2 118 A F 8 526 - One of the most valuable species especialh remarkable for its low, dense, horizontal giowth its large brilliant red frs., remaining fresh till the following spring and for its bright scarlet fail-col- oring ; hardy. Very val- uable for borders of walks and drives. Endures par- tial shade. Cattle and sheep do not browse it much. Var. Maximd- wiczi, Franch. & Sav., has the lvs. green beneath. Var. plurifldra, Koehne. with 3-10 fls. in short, i bel-like raceme, is perhaps a hybrid with B. vulga- ris ; it has almost gray branches. China, Japan. BB. Foliage evergreen or half-evergreen. c. Lvs. entire, or rarely with few spiny teeth. 9. buxlfdlia, Poir. {B. dulcis. Sweet). One to 3 ft.: branches brown, grooved ; spines usually 3-parted, short : lvs. cuneate, obovate or elliptic, %-l in. long : fls. solitary, on long pedicels, orange yellow : fr. nearly BERBEKIS BEKBERIS 155 gloliese, hlankish purplo. May. Chile to Strait of Ma- geliaii. B.M. (If)!!.'.. S.H.F.O. II. 1: 100. P.M. 10: 171. — A viTv L'lai'efiil, frfc-tliiwering shrub; one of the hanlii'st of the evurgrpcn species ; will stand the win- ter even north if somewhat protected. 10. stenophylla. Mast. {B. Ddrwini x empetrifbUa) . Height 1-:! ft., with slender, arching branches : Ivs. uarrcuv-i.lilon^', icvciluii' at the margins, spiny pointed, ;2-l'4 ill. \i>\\ix. ilaik L;ncu above: fls. 2-6, in pedun- piny-toothed: pedicels short, 4-tld., somewhat corymbose ; fls. orange-yellow. Terra del Fuego. B.M. 4308. F.S. 3:291. 12. D&rwini, Hook. Height 1-3 ft. : branches brown, pubescent when young : lvs. sessile, cuneate, obovate, usually 3-fld at the apex, glossy dark green above, ^-1 in. long : racemes short, many-fid., pendulous ; fls. orange-yellow, often reddish outside ; style longer than the ovarv ; fr. dark purple. Chile to Patagonia. B.M. 4590. F.S. 7:1103. F.F.G. 2:46. 13. Wallichiina, DC.(iJ.J"(l»ie«OMi,Hort.,notLindl.). Shrub, to 10 ft., with grayish brown branches : spines 3-parted, nearly an inch long : lvs. sessile, oblong-ellip- tic or lanceolate, remotely spiny serrate, shining on both sides, 1-2 in. long : lis. long-pedicelled, nodding, 3-6 in a cluster. Himalayas. B.M. 4656. P.F.G. 1:79. 14. Neuberti, Lem. (B. ilicifdlUi, Hort., not Forst, B. AqHtfolium x viilghrls). Branches grayish brown, without spines, upright : lvs. simple, oval or ovate, sometimes with 1 or 2 smaller lateral Ifts., spiny or setulose-dentate, dark grayish green above, lK-3 in. long: fls. in racemes. Of garden origin. I.H. 1:111. G.C. III. 9:73, 75. — Hardy north, but lvs. not persistent. I o\^ f 1^?*=^ Thunbergn iiD. Fls. in i-ompound. penduloiLs racemes. 15. aristita, DC. Bush, 2-6 ft. : lvs. oblong, semi-per- sistent, usually spinose-dentate, 1-3 in. long : fls. in long-peduncled, compound racemes. Himalayas. B.R. 9:729. 16. JfLmesoni, Lindl. Shrub, much branched : lvs. oblong, 2-3 in. long, with few large and strong spines : fls. orange, in drooping panicles or compound racemes. Ecuador. I.H. 6:201. AA. Lvs. pinnate^ persistent : branches spineless. [Mahonia,) B. Petioles short or almost noyie. c. Racemes few-fid., slender, mostly lateral. 17. Frdmonti, Torr. From ,5-12 ft.: Ifts. 3-7, rigidly coriaceous, ovate or oblong, with few strong, spiny teeth, glaucous, dull, %-! in. long: racemes loose, 3-7-fld.; 229. Berberis Aquifolium (X >^). pedicels slender : fr. at least i-ain. in diam., red, in- flated, and rather dry. W. Texas to Utah and Mex. G.F. 1 : 497. — Remarkable for its pale, glaucous foliage and large berries. Not hardy north. cc. Racetnes many-fid., dense. 18. pinnS,ta, Lag. ^Mahonia fasciculdris, DC). Two to 3 ft. : Ifts. 5-17, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, undulate at the margin and with few spiny teeth, dark green, somewhat shining : fls. in short, fascicled racemes : fr. blue. Calif., N. Mex. B.M. 2396. B.R. 9:702. -Not hardy north. 19. Japdnica, Spreng. (M. Japdnica, DC. B. Bealii, Fort.). Height 5-10 ft.: Ifts. 9-13, roundish or ovate, coriaceous, usually truncate at the base, with large, re- mote, spiny teeth, 2-5 in. long : racemes 3—4 in. long, fascicled: fr- bluish black. China, Japan. B.M. 4846, 4852. P.F.G. 1:11. F.S. 6:79. -Very 'effective by its large foliage, thriving best, like the other Mahonias, in a partly shaded position. Hardy north to New York in sheltered positions. 20. Nepalfensis, Spreng. {B. Japdnica, Hort.). Tall, 4-0 ft. : Ifts. 5-25, rigid, obovate-oblong, repand-toothed, with few spiny teeth on each edge. India to Japan. N. 1:182. A.G. 18:355. BB. Petioles prominent or elongated. c. lyfts. truncate or rounded at the base. 21. Aquifdlium, Pursh (Muhdnia Aquifdlium, Nutt.). Fig. 229. From 3-6 ft. : Ifts. 5-9, oblong or oblong-ovate, shiny dark green above, spinulose-dentate : racemes erect, fascicled: berries blue, small. May. British Co- lumbia to Ore. B.R. 17:1425. L. B.C. 18:1718. P.M.B. 9: 5. — Handsome evergreen shrub, hardy north in shel- tered positions. 22. nervdsa, Pursh. Dwarf evergreen shrub : sts. but a few inches high, tipped with long, husk-like, pointed bnd-scales : Ifts. 11-21, lance-ovate, 3-5-ribbed, remotely spiny-toothed, borne on a strongly jointed stalk : ra- cemes elongated, erect: fr. oblong, blue. Ore. B.M. 3949. L.B.C. 18:1701. F.S. 2:127. P.M. 7:55, as Mahonia glumacea. 23. ripens, Lindl. (Mahdnia repens, Don). Rarely over 1 ft. high, stoloniferous : Ifts. 3-7, roundish ovate or ovate, pale or glaucous and dull above, spinulose- dentate : fls. and fr. like the former. Brit. Columbia to Calif, and N. Mex. B.R. 14:1176. L.B.C. 19:1847. oc. Lfts. cuneate at base, narrow-lanceolate. 24. Fbrtunei, Lindl. Dwarf: lfts. 5-9, distant, nar- rowJy lanceolate; spiny teeth numerous, small : racemes erect, fascicled. China. F.S. 3:287 bis. B. actinacdnfha. Mart. One to 3 ft., evergreen : spines 5- parted : lvs. small, spiny : fis. in sessile clusters. Chile. B.R. 156 BERBERIS 31:55.—-/?. ^thnensis. Prsl. Allied to B. emarginata. Low. dense shrub, with small Ivs. and long spines. Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica.— S. angulosa, Wall. Height 4 ft.: Ivs. deciduous, small, entire or sparsely spinulnse : fls. sulitiiry or few. Him- alayas. B.M. 7071.-JS. Asidti'-,,, V..<:h 'I'line to 10 ft.: Ivs. persistent, oblong, entire or \\ i ! i i ■ ! ■ . ; i w hltish beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. in short, s> , . Himal.— i?. Bel- staniana. Hort. = B. virescens /■ , - Aw niru.s. TAi;ew. = M. emarginata, Yar.—B. Chitria, Hanultnii - 1'. ai i-i 1 1 i /•" ^ ■'/ cituia. Hook. Low: Ivs. small, semi-persisi< n ; ■ . neath, spinulose : fls. solitary, pendulous. Hin! r \l i ]i —B. cono^stifldra,Gn,y. Fiveto7ft.: lvs.per>-i-i i. or broad-obloug, spinose. glaucous beneath : tl- ■: ■ bose clusters. Chile. 'B.M.G"ii.—B. coridcea. \.\ I ' u bunda.— .B. cratceghia, DC. Low: Ivs. small, •■ i '- 'M , entire or spinuJose^: fls. in short, erect raoenn ^ i < m i ent to ilimal. — B, Oretica, Linn. Spiin- " ]>,i i ;> i . . .in ous, small, usually entire: fls. 2-5. in .. :s, S. Eu., Orient.— _B. dealbata, Lindl. I p i ■ i ■.ii, orbicular, with few spiny teeth : raceni< - - m 1 1 .,. n - : ; n^ Mex. B.R. 21:1750.— £.dtdj)ftawa,M.'Ls:. Lvs. .lH<'i(iuuus,s]>arsrly spinulose: fls. loug-pedicelled, fascicled : fr. trauslucid. ( liin;i. — B. empetrifblia, hara. Low: branches slender : Ivs. i)er.sist- ent, linear, revolute at the margin : fls. 1-2, slender-peduueled. Chile to Patagonia. B.R. 26:27.— £. fasciculdris, Sims = B. pinnata.-r^. Fendleri, Gray. Allied to B. Canadensis. Spines S-5-fld : Ivs. obovato-lanceolate, entire or spinulose: racemes dense, pendulous. Colo, to N. Mex. G.F. 1:462.—^. floribunda. Wall. Lvs. deciduous, entire or sparsely spinulose-ciliate : ra- cemes long-peduncled. Himal. B.R. 27:46 (as B. coriaria) and 30:44 (as B. umbeUata) .— 5. Chdmpeli, Koeh = B. Sinensis.— B. keterophylla . Juss. Lvs. persistent, ovate-laii(*cnlatp, entire or with 2-4 spiny teeth: fls. solitary. Straits ff Mn^-ll.ni - £. /WrfVrt. Stev. tt Fiseli.-=B. crat»gina.-J>'. /' I' B. vulgaris. var.—7>. Z/OJ-^KSf's, Benth. Lvs.pf-i-- : > ' -. with few spiny teeth : fls. small, on peduncli-'l, 1 (..■■riM^. Peru. F.S. 6, p. QQ.—B. Lycium, Royle. Lvs. M•lllJ-i..rl.>t.-^u nt, obovate -lanceolate, entire or spinulose : racemes sessile, much longer than the lvs., drooping : fr. violet. Himal. B.M. 7075. — B.p&llida,'&eni\i. Lvs. pinnate, persistent ; If ts. O-l."}. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, spinose : racemes compound, loose. Mes. B.R. 30:16.— £. ruscifblia. Lam. Lvs. persistent, oblong, entire or with few coarse teeth at the apex : fls. 4-5 on a short pedun- cle. Argentina.—^, serdtina, Lange. Allied to B. Sinensis. Lvs. usually entire, bright green : racemes short, dense, pedun- cled. Origin unknown.— J?, serrdta, Koehne (B. microphylla, var. serrata, Hort.). Lvs. small, spinulose, deciduous: ra- cemes dense, much shorter than the lvs. Origin unknown.— B. Sibirlca, Pall. Lvs. deciduous, obovate, remotely dentate- ciliate: fls.short-pedicelled.solitaryor 2-3. Siberia. B.R. 6:487. —B, Sieboldi, Miq. Low: branches brown, 2-edged towaids the end : lvs. oblong, densely ciliate-dentate : raceme few-fld., nodding. Japan.— B. Si&boldi, Hort., not Miq. = B. Amnrensis, var.— ^. tenuifdlta, Lindl. Lvs. pinnate, persistent ; Ifts. 3-7, lanceolate, entire : racemes nodding, very long and loose. Mes. B.R. 30:26.— B. trifoliolAta, Moric. (B. trifoliata, Hartw.). Lvs. 3-foliolate, persistent : Ifts. sessile, pale, coarsely spinose- toothed : racemes short, few-fld. Tex. to Mex. B.R. 31:10. F.S. 1:56. P.F.G. 2:68.-J?. tH/urca, Fort. Allied to B. Nepal- ensis, and probably a var. Leaflets oblong-ovate. 3-pointed at the apex and with few teeth at the base. China. P.F.G. 3:57.— -B. uinhelldta, Wall. Lvs. deciduous, sparsely serrulate : racemes long-peduncled, umbel-like. Himal. B.M. 2549.— JB. vlrescens. Hook. Lvs. deciduous, small, entire or remotely spinulose, pale green : fls. greenish yellow, fascicled, or in very short racemes. B.M. 7116. Alfred Rehder and Fred W. Card. B£RCH£)MIA (derivation uncertain). Rhamndcece. Shrubs, niustly climbing, rarely trees : lvs. deciduous, alternate, slindtr, jietioled, entire or nearly so, with mi- nute stipulfs: Hs. inconspicuous, 5-merous, in terminal, usually leafy panicles : fr. a small berry-like drupe with 2-celIed stone. Twelve species in E. Asia, N. Amer., E. Afr. — Ornamental climbing shrubs, not quite hardy north, with small, bright green graceful foliage, useful for covering trellis work in sunny positions. They grow in almost any soil. Prop, by seeds and by root- cuttings in spring under glass ; also by layering the young shoots and by cuttings of mature wood in fall under glass. scAndens, Koch {B. volubilis, DC). Supple Jack. Ten to 15 ft.: lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, often undulate, 1-2 in. long, with 9-12 pairs of lateral veins : ils. greenish white : fr. bluish black. June. S. states. racemdsa, Sieb. & Zucc. Closely allied to the former. Lvs. cordate, ovate, with G-8 pairs of veins : fls. green- ish : fr. first red, becoming black at length. July. Jap., China. — Hardier than the former, not high-climbing ; attractive in late summer, with its red fruits. Alfred Rehder. BERTOLONL\ BER6AM0T. Name applied to various aromatic plants, I'artit'ularly to members of the Lahidtre, as Meutlia-^ and Alonardas. The Bergamot essence of comnii-n-u is made from a citrous fruit. See Citrus. BllRRIA ( after Dr. Andrew Berry, a Madras botanist) . Syn., Brrnja, DC, not Klein. Tilidcew. A genus of "III- <-r two spfcii's, with no familiar allies. Ammonilla, Ruxb. High tree: lvs. entire, heart-.shaped, li'iii,'-[M-ti.)lHii. smooth, 5-7-nerved, alternate : fls. in ra.M-iii.-s. small, whitr.vrrv numerous: fr. a S-celled cap- suit- witli (1 wings, the- -A-Vl srr.Is with stiff hairs, which rrailily p.-mtratc tin- skin and ]n-oduce a painful itching. Growiug abundantly in the Philippines and Ceylon, where it is one of the largest and most valuable timber trees. The wood, being light and strong, is used for building, for oil casks, and for boats. It is exported as "Trincomalee wood." Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif. q t_ Hastings. BERTHOLLfiTIA (after Louis Claude Berthollet, French chemist). Mi/rtdceo-. Brazil Nut. Para Nut. Cream Nut. Nigger Toe. Large trees : lvs. al- ternate, bright green, leathery, about 2 ft. long, 6 in. broad : fls. cream colored ; calyx parts united and tear- ing into 2 parts when the flower opens ; petals 6, sta- mens many, united into a hood-shaped mass, the upper ones sterile : fr. round, about 0 in. in diam., with a hard shell containing 18-24 3-sided nuts. Fig. 230. Spe- 230 Bertholletia excelsa Cross sectic n ot husk, showing Brazil nuts (X %). cies 2, both of which furnish Brazil nuts. Curiously enough, the common trade name of the Brazil nut is Castanea, which is properly the name of the genus that includes the chestnuts. exc61sa. Humb. & Bonpl. Fig. 230. A tree, 100-150 ft. ; with a snio, Naudin), with Ivs. dark green with a coppery cast, but not spotted or only slightly so. Mirdndaei, Van Houtte. Spots red on the lower Ivs. and white on the upper or younger ones : Ivs. purple beneath. F.S. 21 : 2235 ( 1875). AA. Veins lined on both sides with a white or colored band. B. Blinds and spots magenta or purple. macul&ta, DC. Stem short, decumbent, rooting at the base, densely clothed with rusty hairs : Ivs. long- petioled, cordate, broadly ovate, obtuse, hispid above and at margins, dark velvety green above, often spot- ted; calyx densely clothed with glandular hairs: petals obovate, somewhat acute, rose-colored. B.M.4551. Houtteina, Van Houtte ( B. Van Eouttei, Hort.). Lvs. purple beneath. This was the sensational plant of 1874, and Van Houtte refused $2,000 for his stock of it. It was originated by his propagator, Marchand. F. S. 20:2120. BB. Bands and spots silvery white. c. Spots very distinct. Hruby&na, Van Houtte. This has bars of white con- necting the veins. The under side of the Ivs. seems to be green instead of purple, at least toward the tip. P.S. !381. Sodecki&na, Van Houtte. Distinguished from the above and all others of this group by the abundance of dark red color in the upper surface of the lvs. Veins of the under side prominent and green. P.S. 23: 2382. CC. Spots very faint. LegrelleS.na, Van Houtte (B. Legrdle, Hort.). There are a few longitudinal bars, but they do not connect the veins. Reterred to Gravesia guttata by Coigneaux. F.S. 23:2407. Other trade names are B. guttata. Hook. f.=Gravesia gut- tata.—B. margaritacea, Hort. Biill.=Salpinga margaritacea.— B. priniuliefldra. Hort.= Mouolema primulseflora. — B. pubes- BESCHORNERIA 157 cens, Hort., with long white hairs and a chocolate band down the center. Equador.— .B. punctatissima, Hort.— B. superbis- sima. Hort. (B. superba ? Hort.), with rose colored spots, which are larger and brighter near the margin. F.M. 151 (1875).- Prohal.ly a var. of Gravesia guttata. Wm. Scott, Tarrytown, N. Y., and W. M. BEBTONERlLA. A class of handsome foliage plants, presumably hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila. l.H. vol. 43 (1896). For culture, see Bertolonia. BESCHORNftRIA (after H. Beschorner, German botanisi ). .1 ma rii/lid()cew. Succulent desert plants, al- lied to Hraviia and Uoryanthes. Lvs. in a rosette, glau- cous, roughish at the margins, not so thick, firm or fleshy as in Agave (which has a strong end-spine and horny marginal prickles): rootstock short, tuberous. In Beschorneria, the perianth is usually reddish green, with scarcely any tube and with long, oblanceolate seg- ments; in Doryanthes the perianth is bright red, the seg- ments long, narrowly falcate ; in Bravoa the perianth is red or white, the tube curved, subcylindral, and the segments short. J. G. Baker, Amaryllidea), 161. Culture similar to Agave. The species are very closely allied, and difficult to distinguish. The following are the only kinds well known, and they are all from Mex. They flower at long, irregular periods, as do century plants. The species succeed best when treated similarly to Agaves, with the exception of the soil, which may be made richer by the addition of crushed bone and a little vegetable mold. All of the species need green- house protection in the northern states. Useful for bedding. A. Soughish on both surfaces of Irs. tubifldra, Kunth. Lvs. 12ormore, lK-2 ft. long, 1 in. broad, linear, long-acuminate, narrowest ot the genus. B.M. 4642. — The oldest and best known species. AA. Boiighish beneath and on the margins of lvs. B. Z/vs. very glaucous. Ton61ii, Jacobi (B. Tonelidna, J acohi). Allied to B. tubiflora , hut with looser habit and much broader lvs. Lvs. 15-20, 1-1^ ft. long, 2-2>2 in. broad, short-acumi- nate, and more boldly contracted below the middle. B.M. 6091. BB. IAjs. less glaucous. c. Base of lvs. thick, about K inch. Dekosteriana, C. Koch. Lvs. 15-20. 2-4}^ ft. long, 2-2}^ in. broad, oblanceolate, long-acuminate, very grad- ually tapering both ways from the middle, l-lj^ in. broad above the base ; the bases thickest in the genus. B.M. 6768. CC. Base of lvs. thinner. D. y^arrowed. to less than 1 inch above the base. bracteata, Jacobi. Lvs. 20-30, lK-2 ft. long, 2 in. broad, short-acuminate ; texture thin but firm. B.M. 6641. — In the picture the margins are rougher than in any other species, and they are also wavy or revolute at intervals. DD. jVarrowed to ^ inch above the base. yuccoldes, Hook. f. Lvs. about 20, 1-lK ft. long, 2 in. broad, lanceolate, short-acuminate. B.M. 5203. — The lvs. are broader than in A. tnbiflora, shorter acuminate, and more boldly narrowed below the middle. In the picture cited, the lvs. seem more spreading and less revolute than in the rest of the genus. B. Califdrnica is offered by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif., without description. As Beschornerias can be certainly identified only when in flower, the following key is added : A. Inflorescence racemose. B. Fls. highly colored, purple and reA—Touelii. BB. Fls. dull-colored, reddish green — tubiflora. AA. Inflorescence panicled. B. Fls. 2 or 3 in a cluster— Z>c&o.'ife'r(a)ia. BB. Fls. more numerous in the cluster, 3-7. c. Peduncles bright ved — yuecoides. CC. Peduncle dull reddish hrown — bracteata. G. W. Oliver and W. M. 158 BESLERIA B£8L£BIA (after Basil Besler, Nuremberg apothe- cary, an^ reputed author of the superb Hortus Eystetteu- sis, 1613). Gesnericece. Tropical plants, mostly sub- shrubs, with somewhat 4-angled stems, large, membra- naceous, opposite, petiolate Its. prominently veined be- neath, and yellow, white or purple fls. B. Imray is herbaceous, with serrate Ivs. and yellow axillary fls. B.M. 6341. Prop, by cuttings. None are known to be otfered in America. BfiSSERA (after Dr. Besser, professor of botany at Brody). Mesu'an CoRAP, Drops. An exceedingly pretty summer-flowering bulbous plant, with umbels of pendu- lous lis., which are vermilion outside, have a white co- rona or cup within, and long, purple stamens. It is a monotypic genus allied to Androstephium. Perianth cup-shaped, the tube shorter than the oblong-lanoeolate segmnnts; stamens 6. Culture simple. Bulbs planted out, and lifted when ripe. Belongs to lily family. ilegans, Schult. f. Bulb globular, 1 in. thick, tuui- cated : Ivs. 2-3, about 10-12 in., or even 2 ft., long: scape 1-2 ft. long, hollow, fragile; umbels 4-lfl-flci.; pedicels \-l% in. long ; perianth 9-10 lines long, keeled on the back, variously marked with white within, but usually with vermilion margins and center-band : fls. borne through two months of late summer and early autumn. G.F. 4:125. Gn. 25:423. B.R. 25:34. B.R. 1546, as Pharium fistulosum. P.S. 4:424, as B. viiiiia- /«»(. — Strong bulbs sometimes throw up 6-10 srnpes, with 12-20-fld. umbels. W. M. BfiTA (Latin name). Chenopodidcece. Perhaps adozen or 15 species of herbs, ranging from the Canary Islands to eastern India. One polymorphous species yields the cultivated Beets; This is B. vulgiiris, Moq., the origi- nal form of which is perennial, and grows on the coasts of southern Europe, reaching as far N. as the Straits of Dover. Moquiu (DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2:56) divides the derivatives of this species into three groups : (1) The slender- and hard-rooted, essentially wild forms, includ- ing B. maritimaot Linneeus ; (2) Leaf Beet(-S. Ciclii), comprising the various kinds of Chard or Spinach Beet (see Chard); (3) the common garden Beets, or Beet- root. The ornamental Beets, grown for their handsome colored Ivs., are akin to the Chards. All these races have been developed in comparatively modern times, probably from one original form. Of. Sturtevant, Anier. Nat. 1887:433. See Beet. l. h. B. BETEL, or BETLE. The leaf of Piper Befle, a kind of peppei- used in wrapping the pellets of betel-nut and lime which are commonly chewed in the Orient. The pellets are hot, acrid, aromatic, astringent. They redden the saliva and blacken the teeth, and eventually corrode them. The betel-nut is the fruit of Areca Catechu, a palm. BET6NICA and BETONY. See Stachys. BfiTULA (ancient Latin name i . BetulAcem, a tribe of Cupullferw. Birch. Treesor shrubs, with the bark usu- ally separating into thin, papery plates : Ivs. alternate, deciduous, petioled, serrate : fls. monoecious, apetalous, in catkins, opening in spring with the Ivs.; staminate catkins usually long and pendulous, formed in the au- tumn and remaining naked during the winter, every scale bearing 3 fls., each with 2 stamens divided at the apex ; pistillate catkins oblong or cylindrical, bearing in the axil of every scale 3 naked ovaries : fr. a minute nut, often erroneoitsly called seed, with membranaceous wings, dropping at maturity with the bracts from the slender rachis. About 35 species in N. America, Europe, N. and Oent. Asia, especially in the northern regions. No tree goes farther north than the Birch ; in N.America B. papyrifera reaches66° N. lat., and in Europe B. alba goes to the North Cape, and is still a forest tree at 70°. The hard and tough wood is often used in the manu- facture of furniture and of many small articles, in making charcoal, and for fuel ; from the bark, boxes, bas- kets, and many small articles are made; also canoes from that of the B. papyrifera ; in Rus.sia and Siberia it is used in tanning leather. The sap of some species is used ea a beverage. The Birches are very ornamental park BETl'LA trees, hardy, except 2 or 3 Himalayan species, and espe- cially valuable for cohter climates. Their foliage is rarely attacked by insects, and turns to a bright or orange-yellow in fall. Their graceful habit, the slender, often pendulous branches, and the picturesque trunks make them con- spicuous features of the landscape. Especially remark- able are those with white-colored bark, as B.papyrifera, populifolia, alba, Ertnani, and also B. Maximowiczii with yellow bark. Most Birches prefer moist, sandy and loamy soil ; but some, as B. alba and popuHfolia, grow as satisfactorily in dry localities and poor soil as in swamps and bogs, and they are especially valuable in replanting deserted grounds as nurses for other trees ; both are comparatively short-lived trees. Prop, readily by seeds, gathered at maturity and sown in fall, or usu- ally kept dry during the winter, or stratified ; but B. nigra, which ripens its fruits in June, must be sown at once, and by fall the see 234. Cut-leaved Weepme Birch— Betula alba. 3-lobed. Arctic N.E. Amer., N.Eu., Siberia. B.B. 1:511. —A low, graceful shrub for rockeries and rocky slopes. B. alnoldes. fiamnt. (B. eylindrostachya. Wall.). Tree.50-60 . ovate-oblmig, doubly euspidately serrate: ' ~ =B. iuter- "^n.Regel. i:irsely den- 'II. Wall.= . k brown : >ng: cones 1 1 rub. to 15 iMlnlar be- 233. Leaves of Betula alba. Natural size. bark brown coues r.icemose HiuKtl Tender —/i- t/;'(^ Uiedia,.—B.c,irju,i,rnliu. Klirli It \,-i,{:i - /: n.riih Allied to B. iii-r;( I, v. I,r,,,„l .■llii.ii,- ,.,■ ,,1m,v,,Ic, .• tate : cones r\ liiMlricjil .bi|i:ill /; <-nluf!n'Stil,-h B. alnoldes.-i'. />u/ii(,u'(i, r.ill T..- i,,i-.ni. i,- lvs. ovate, pubescent on the \cjii- l-.M. i. i '.i, oblong. Dahur.. Manchxiria-— /.' 'm- ft.: lvs. ovate, glabrous at leiiL;lli .m.w < neath, 1-2 in. long. Slber., .Mancluai.i. J^ < . /, Bniise B. fruticosa.— -B. ffrdndrs. Schrad.^B. papji In i i /.' ■in>Ksa. Sieb. & Zuce. Allied to B. lenta. Lvs. ovate, un. iikiI l,\ ^.n;.ie. y^-2 in. long : lobes of bracts rounded. .T.-tj. /.' !ui„>iUf!, Schrank. Two to 6 ft.: br.ancblets glandnhiv : hs. J. ^-114 in. long, erenately serrate, glalirous. M. and N. Eu.. N. Asia. — B. hllbrida. Bechst. Natural hvbrid of B. pendulaXpubescens. •Tree.— B. intermedia. Thiim-.is (B. albaXnana). Shrub: lvs. orbicular or ovate, ^^-l in. long, gbabrous. N. Eu.— B. Med- wMjewl. Regel. Tree, allied to B. Ermani : lvs. elliptic, 8-11- nerved ; cones cylindrical. Trans-Caucasia. (Jt. 36, p. ZH.— B. BiuUleana. Trautv. Allied to B. fruticosa. Tree : lvs. smaU, ovate, pubescent on the veins beneath : cones oblong. Cauca- sus. Gt. 36, p. 384.-B. ulmifblia. Sieb. k Zuce. Tree: lvs. ovate, doubly serrate, with 10-14 pairs of veins ; bracts of cone with linear oblong lobes. .Tap.— B. Yoimgipendula, Hort. = B. .alba, var. pendula Youngi. ALFRED Rehdek. BIABUM (old and obscure name). Aro'idea-, Dwarf, tuberous perennials of the same tribe with our native jack-in- the-pulpit. They are hardy in England, but probably are suitable only for pot-cul- ture in the northern U. S. They have a spathe which is tubular at the base, mostly with a long lirah, and usually a long tail- like spadix. They grow a few inches high. Odd. Little known in America. tenuifdlium, Schott {Arum tenuifdlium, Linn.). Lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatu- late, appearing after the fls. decay: spathe long-acuminate, at length recurved and twisted spirally, about 10 in. long, out- side green, streaked purple ; inside dull purple, spotted ; margins wavy : spadix 15 in. long. Spain. B.M. 2282. Pyrdini,Eng.(/Kc;inii(mP.i/ra'»i(, Schott). Lvs. oblong above the middle, narrowing abruptly to a very long petiole, resembling BIARUM Calla paliixtris : spathe green outside, shining, velvety purple within, shorter and broader than inB. tnbiftoriim, at length revolute ; tube swelling, connate only at the very base : spadix thicker and shorter. Syria. B.M. 5324. Bdvei, Blume. Lvs. similar to B. Pyrami : spathe- tube connate a fourth of its length ; blade of spathe lonfier and more narrowly lanceolate, green outside, dark puriile within. Syria, Asia Minor. BlDENS (Latin, twice-toothed, referring to the seed). Compisitte. Bub Marigold. Mostly American hardy annual and perennial herbs, allied to Dahlia and Core- op.sis, and distinguished by the barbed awn.s of the seed, which, in B. fromlosa, our common Stick-Tight, or Devil's Bootjack, are very troublesome by clinging to the clothing. B. grandiflora, Balb., from S. Amer., is a yellow-fld. hardy annual, growing 2 ft. high, bearing glabrous pinnatisect lvs.; occasionally cult. For B. atrosanguinea, Hort., see Cosmos diversifolius. BIENNIAL. A plant living two years ; particularly one which does not bear flowers and fruituntil t'^e second year from the seed. Plants vary greatly in their dura- tion, depending upon the climate in which they grow and the treatment which they receive. Comparatively few plants are true biennials. The common mullein and bull thistle {Cnieus laiweolatus) are examples. Most cultivated biennials become atmuals if grown in a warm or long-season climate, as turnips, celery, cabbage, onion. If the plants are crowded, or not allowed to attain their full development, they tend to run to seed and com- plete their growth the first year. Gardeners are familiar with this fact in celery, carrots and beets. Plants which are practically annuals under such coiulitions, but which have the power of carrying themselves over winter by means of bulbs, corm.s, tubers, and other food-storage parts, have been caUed pi^end-a^tnuats, DeCandolle esti- mates that true or natural biennials comprise 1 or 2 per cent of the total number of species of seed-bearing plants. L. H. B. BIFRENAEIA (Latin for ttviee and strap, referring to tilt* couin'ctive of the pollinia). Orchiddcecf, tribe l^dnr3i7. Hort:=-Teconia. l H. B. BILIIUBI. See Arerrhoa. BILLAEDI£BA (after J. J. Labillardi^re, French botanist and traveler. ) Piltospordcece. Tender Austra- lian climbers with terminal, solitary, pendulous, tubu- lai stalked fls generally yellow, and edilile fr. B. lon- qiflota and B scatidens are cult, abroad as greenhouse climbers B cyniosa, cult, outdoors at Santa Barbara, Calif IS Sollifa heterophylla. BILLBfiRGIA (for the Swedish botanist, J. G. Bill- I / / / e-}na, Hort.). St. very short, or none : Ivs. sheath- ing, deep green, with blotches and zones of gray-white, strongly spine-margined : H. -cluster loose, long and drooping : fls. green or yellow-green, the stamens be- coming long-exserted : bracts salmon or rose, long- lan- ceolate. S. Amer. L. B.C. 20: 1912. B.M. 2686. decdra, Poepp. & Endl. {Selicdctea Baragiiiniihia, Lem). Differs from the last in having longer petals, denser spike and longer bracts : Ivs. 8-10, from 1-2 ft. long, mealy, white-blotched and banded. Brazil. I.H. 11:421. B.M. 6937. BB. Petals not spirally twisting. Bpecidsa, Thunb. {B.amcena,hindl. B. pallida, Ker- Gawl). Lvs. strap-shaped, connivent, and forming a tube at the base, 1-2 ft. long, somewhat spine-margined, green above and lepidote and somewhat striped on the back : fl. -cluster large and loose, erect or drooping ; bracts rose : fls. pale green or whitish, tipped with blue. Brazil. B.R. 1068. — An old and well known species. nutans, Wendl. Stemless, stoloniferous : lvs. linear and long-pointed, 1-2 ft., distantly small toothed, finely striate on the back : fls. 4-8, in a loose, drooping spike ; petals green, blue-edged; bracts lanceolate, red. Brazil. B.M. 6423. On. 32, p. 107. AA. Pis. markedly red or purple. B. Essentially red. thyrsoidea. Mart. Lvs. 1-2 ft., broad-ligulate, spine- margined, concave on upper surface, green above and paler beneath, abruptly acuminate : fl. -cluster shorter than lvs., farinaceous, densely red-bracted : fls. numer- ous, bright red, petals reflexing. Brazil. B.M. 4756.— Showy. Runs into several varieties, some of them with purple-tipped fls. (as vars. spl^ndida and fastuosa, Andre, R. H. 1883:. 300). B. sple'ndens. Hort., is evi- dently one of the forms. Species too near the next. pyramid^lis, Lindl. (Bromelia pi/ntmiditlis, Sims. B. Croyidna, DeJonghe). Afoot higli : differs from the last in having more gradually acuminate lvs.. which are more strongly and distantly toothed and whitish, or even banded on the back : fl. -cluster less farinaceous, broader and looser, the fls. less numerous. Peru. B.M. 1732. BE. Bssentially purple. Mor^Iii, Brongn.(-B. Morelidnn, Hort. B. Wetherellii, Hook.). Lvs. short {1-13^ ft.), with few weak spines, wide, glabrous and green: fl. -cluster exserted and BIRTHWORT 163 drooping, with showy, pointed red bracts, the rachis woolly : fls. with red sepals and purple-limbed petals. Brazil. B.M. 4835.-Very showy. vexillaria, Andr^. Fig. 236. Hybrid of B. thyrso- idea and B. Morelii. Pis. purple : lower bracts long- pointed and red ; spike-erect, exceeding the lvs. R.H. 1889:468. vittita, Brongn. {B. Leopoldi, Hort., not Morr.). Vigorous, 2-3 ft.: lvs. long an, \Mtli «liit. sti. ik..l ].. ti.,1. s and liUulcs 10 It 111 .li nil ti li.iiii. mill,'. . li. Milling I hi-.ti rs dirk 111. mil iiliiiii Ilk. 1' 111 111 .liuii with .1 thin ontt i sill li aii.l I fitirous iniH r .nu i ii. losiiifj^ a loitndt.] wnnKI. (1 St i^d 1 in in di mi , n ti. ul ite.i likt a ^\aln^lt and luiiiimtiil as m tht niitm. i; ( iilt is t.n Litinii ndbihs, Hil.l. I. I*. W.ii.ll ■i.mii^' I'l mi^ inti..l.ioii M\..iith. I.i.k . li 11111. Ihd ili.i\e tiii.l\ S.M.I. ..11 till ri.U'i s ill >M lliiiil\ . I.,tli.,l wilh tiltts id til.nms s, il, s, hill IS 1.1114 as til. ldl.lt , 111 1.1. hill. KM. II li^ul I It in diam segments ill 1 in wi.ie, 1 tt l.in^ ip. \ Idiiiit. ohtiise, with a long . urved tilatnent from tli. hist ot ei.li sinus Ma.ligis, ir (t F I. J4I. FK J J".7 *'' '--' T \hl II It SMI I H BITTER-SWEET 1.1 s /, BtXA (^.nitli Amt rican nam. id tu.i sp. . les lit tropii al tit. s aii.l show^ tis int. niiin il p nm It 111 tlK E .11. 1 W lii.h. s t.ii th. piep ire.i fl.iiii th. .1 iii_. th. . Hs It lilt. (lit ih. Orellana, Lmn H. u'ht ish B M U.ii -It 1^ 1 II houses as an oi n ii t il ing plant will iirodii. . il si/t Plants ti..iii s, ,,1 I liiitt 1.1 pi. 237 Aeawain Blackbe HI.ACKBERKY Willi truit from th. i arliest times, the Blackberry has oid\ r. (tutl\ m*iile its appeaiame among the more oiihih 111.1 pr.miising g mien truits The t\ pe spti les IS Hnhiis i,ni,»h„,,,is ilthoiudi It his l.mght.n known Ullilll tilt II lint /uilns 1,11 WIS I s, , /r»/,„s) It IS I most \ ,11 .hit spt.i, s iii.l th. iniiiilM 1 ot t.irnis whiih mi\ he i..,.^iii/, ,1 .1, p. H.ls .,ii]\ up.iiitlH pi.l„m. lit .d th, liotanist who IS itMewin^ th.iii Th, r, ait siieral tlistinit tiptsoi gioiips in .ultn iti.iii ( 1 1 Tli, Long (instil Pli.kli.rii.s h'lihiis t,„i,„h„,,i,s Th, plants grow till ,n liipii.dif th, 1 iH. (s 11, i .1,4 stilk. .1 1 ith, r hilt l\ s II it, Mid 1 i| . 1 I iiitt il rii. llowt i I liistir IS Ion- I. Ill 111. I I . 11 with 111. iii.lui.liiiltl .w.isst ind iiig ,hii t ,t ii.lit ,11.1, St th. ,. iiti ,1st. Ill ih, liiiit IS ii,.,ni,lh olil.iiig .„ iliinil.l, ship, ,1 sw.,t i,th,i,lull 111 I olor with .liiipi h ts sill ,11 111,1 . 1,.-,. h p I. k. .1 The I i\liii IS out ot tht l„ St 1. I n s. lit itn, s .d this , lass (Jl I'll, Whit, 1.1 I, kill in /i ,i,,,„li,ic \ 11 ,:lli,,i,is SlllllUl to th, lli.M lint with 111 llh Killlld Mll.iwish gltt II , ,n, s ,11,1 inliklsh , 1, nil oi ,i,ilii i ,..l.,i,,l tmit M .ii\ \ 111, ti. s . t this npi lii\, h, , u mti.i.lii. ..1 hut 11.11. hu. itt nil. .1 ).i..iiiiii. II. . (d) The Shoit ( hist, I It: I, kl.i nil s /, „,/, l„i , ,1 \ 11 Sflfiln^. This IS the . .1111111 II. St t nil t ulin iti.l Hli.kl„n\, aii.l m.hnlts sii, h X ,11, It, s ,s 111, s,,^,i. I l,,»t, ,1 111.1 \_ iw nil (Fig J 71 In tills t\p. till . lust. ,s .1. sh, iti 1 hut I. lilt ss, tilt p til. . Is 111.11 ,.1 li.|u, till tiuits sh irtt 1 iiitl 1 .iiiidt r, glossN l.luk tht dlll|.l,|s liigt ,11,1 lll,^ul,lh s,t 111, it ,ll,ts ,1, l,i,i„l s. I\ ,11 1 mm, nl^ s, iiate, "Migg, ,1 ,11,1 I, ss tip, nil- it til, p lint (4) Th, I.eatN ( iiisl, 1 Bl„kli,iii,s J,' mil, I, IS lliisis ilowir iiid iiior, husliN f,,iiii with inu.iw ...lis. h t.iotlli.l h-ht , ololi .1 I. Ill, ts 111,1 sh. lit I lust, 1 11 UI1I4 slliipi, kiMs ltd, liiiuud, d uith til, tioH.is Its I , st ,.,111111. in r. pi, s, lit ,tl\, IS th, 1 ,li\ 11 ,1\, st ( .1 ill, E,„.s, ( lust, 1 Hi i, kl>. Ill, s It- I,, ,11 himii-. iill.s,,-, i I, IS IS I gn, lip ot Iniin.l . lum II, iiig Hit, 11,11,11 ,1, l„tw, ,11th, HI Ilk h. ll\ iiitl tl. wli, n\ I Sit n „l„,,„) 111, I 1 nits hut I l,iu s] ling hiliit ot giowth 111 ,1 ii_ 1 111,1 not, ill d II i\, s sh.iit ,1, ulii ii\ hk, , hi 1 I i._, i.iuiidish tiuits 1111,1, up,,t \, n I iig, 1 ' 1 iii,p, I. ts Th, I.uh Wilson md W ilsou itini i ,i, its l„ st known i,pi,s, lit itiM s (1 ig J H) (d) 'lilt Sni,lHl„k lM>ir>,7i' .»«.,/„/,Hs (Pig J d) A stunh litti, shuil. iriii,,! with M s r,,iin,,l th,,ins with tin, kish wi.lg, sli,|,,l hill, Is whit, nt,l w.iidly h, lu.xth The 1 lust, IS ,1. I. \\ tl «. 1. .1, op, uing liom the CI uter out Willi th, tiiiil 1 iiiidish loos, gnin,,l, V, r> lilnk and -oo.l Kn iwii 111 .iiltn itlon onh as the T..ps\ oiTlee HI, kli.uN |7| rii.ii IS still an.dh.rtNp, ..t Bl i, k II. iM kii. wii IS th. Tholiiliss fi Moiiiitnn l!l„kli, ir\ ( /,' <„„,J „s,s) hut It IS ii.it 111 . iilti\ ition This is I it 11 , tl 11 , 1 l.\ suit, ith nil II 1,1. .1 . ,11, s. nair,>w, sharp 1 It, ,1 I, itl. Is Ih. npp. I oil. s li,.i lie on long, slender 1. it st liks 111 ..p. 11 iliu.i In t. r I short, louudish, gl.issi 1,1 „ k tiiiii within. 1 liiupthts It upens latei til 111 til, ,,1111111 II 1 1 1, I I MS ,11,1 iH not so good in ,|uilit\ l.iitnitii, I , .nit.tth. Bl i, kherrj tribes, s. . I iil,\ E\.,lutiiiii ,.t iiui N itiM Flints 111 Inst BIa,kherr-v intniduc, ,1 into I'ultivation was ill. U I instir, will, h was , xhil.it, ,1 h, ton the Massa . in, ,tts HortKultural So, ut^ in IMl This was tol low 1,1 by the L i\rton a f, w \tais 1 it, r, win, h hi came hmoreproniin, nt Tli, Kitt itiniiv soon diMilt ,1 h,>n ois with this, ami both now I iig, l\ liaM gn , n idai t to tht SnMhi whi.h IS uiitloiil.ti.lh th. in . t width gi iKii % ill. t\ ot till pi.s. iit.li\ This hi, iiiiii\i..ni III. r. 1 ,1 tlillts IS 1 ^ 111, U ,.t p,>,il qn ililx l.ul , \ti. nit h birilj 111,1 pi, .,1,1. tn, Tht I ,pid stud, s ,11 id, l.N tin Bli, kbtrrj in tultnation pio\e that a plait w is itatU 111(1 waiting for it m the pomologit il worlii, aplacc which It has iiroMditsdf cmincntl) fitt, , I to fill, owing both to Its ,1, sirii.l, ,|iiili(iis m g. 11. I ,1 ,11,1 to Its ability to ripnlh \ii\ ,11. 1 ,1. \.I.p 11. w t\p. s At the luescnt tun, it IS on . t th. most iiii].. 1 1 nit most generallj liked 111.1 111 st pi. , lit ihlt hush liuits giown I III ill kl ii\ thiivesonalmost. ill soils, but to leach I il It II . I. ill ,11, Is a strong loam, retentive of moibture ,11 i 1 II hug t w lid tl IV rather than sand Soil must I., w, 11 ,ii nil, ,1 ,t ill tim, s If too nth m humus and uitiog, 11 I t, lull 11 \ tow ird a rank giowth ot plant, with liiiinin h, ,1 1 1 nittiilness, appeals while a light, siiuh soil will 1 111 til I airs the fruit tliiough periods of BLACKBERRY BLACKBERRY 165 drought, which is usually the greatest obstacle to suc- cess with this fruit. For this reason a cool northern exposure is always desirable, and in the region of the Plains, a good windbreak on the south and west is very beneficial. Fertilizers containing a liberal proportion of potash are most suitable. Too much stable manure, or nitrogen in other forms, will induce a rank growth of canes at the expense of fruit. Plants are propagated either by root-cuttings, or by means of the suckers which naturally spring up about the parent plants. The latter are most commonly used in commercial work. Root-cuttings may be made in the fall and carried over winter in sand, or started under glass toward spring, or the cuttings can be made in spring and sowed in furrows, like peas. Planting is best done in spring, as a rule. If set in the fall, each plant should be covered with a mulch of earth or strawy manure, which should be removed in spring. The rows pruning is the methoil of thinning the Blackberry, and judgment must always I'litrr into the question of thin- ning fruit. In the region of the Plains, where moisture is likely to be delicient, both in soil and atmosphere, it is frequently found better not to cut back the growing shoots in summer, but to let them develop one straight cane, which is cut back to 2'A or 3 feet in spring. This will generally develop all the fruit which the plant can carry to maturity under such conditions. A few grow- ers in other parts of the country train to wires, and in that case the shoots are also allowed to grow at will, but are left much longer in spring and tied to the wires for support. Close-pruned, stocky bushes may be covered with straw as a protection against late spring frosts. The best of cultivation is always demanded. In a crop in which so much depends upon an abundant supply of moisture in the soil, none should be allowed to go to waste. Hence, the cultivation should be frequent and 238. ^Vild hybrid of Blackberry and Dewberry. should be about 8 feet apart, and the plants may be set from 2 to 4 feet apart in the row. At the latter distance, cultivation may be given in both directions for the first year or two. With high culture, good results may be obtained by planting in hills, 7 or 8 feet apart each way. Pruning the Blackberry is not difficult, yet upon its proper performance depends much of the success of the crop. The old canes should be removed yearly, prefer- ably in summer, as soon as they have borne their crop of fruit. They then no longer interfere with the symmet- rical development of the young canes, and if gathered and burned at once, much is gained in keeping the field clear of certain fungi and insects. The young canes should be clipped off when they reach a height of 18 inches or 2 feet, in order to induce early branching and a stocky bush with well developed laterals, capable of producing and holding ^lp a heavy crop of fruit. It is very important that the shoots be not allowed to get higher than 2 feet before this clipping is done. They will then elongate and make the bush high enough. If neglected, and later cut back to 2 feet, the buds will be weak, the growth poor, the bush low, and the crop small. The laterals are usually cut back to about 18 inches in length the following spring, but varieties differ in their habit of bearing fruit -buds, and it is not safe to cut by measure. It should be remembered that this spring constant, but always shallow, for deep cultivation dis- turbs the roots and induces increased suckering. In small garden patches mulching may be substituted. Growers in the middle West have found mulching with green clover in the row, and cultivating between, very beneficial. In many parts of the country winter protection is abso- lutely essential to success, and often adds greatly to the yield in other regions, where not considered a neces- sity. This protection is by no means always called for by reason of extreme cold. The winters of Nebraska and Kansas are nearly always milder than those of cen- tral New York ; yet during one of the mildest of these, when the mercury reached zero but once, and was then only five degrees below, Taylor Blackberries were killed to the ground, while the succeeding winter, which was decidedly colder, they came through unharmed. It may be as much a matter of moisture as of temperature. The needed protection is best given by loosening the earth on both sides of the plant, carefully turning it down and covering the tips with soil, laying the next plant upon the roots of this, and so on. In mild climates, covering the tips is sufficient ; in especially unfavorable ones the whole plant must be covered. The cost of this need not exceed $.> to $8 an acre The fruit of the Blackberry should be left upon the 166 BLACKBERRY plants as long as possible before picking, for it is not ripe when it tirst turns black. It should never be exposed to the sun after it is removed from the bushes. The Blackberry generally outyields all the other mem- bers of this family, and is usually one of the moatprofit- 239. Sand Blackberry. able to grow when properly managed, provided the cli- mate and other general conditions are favorable. There are several formidable enemies of the Black- berry, but they are generally easily mastered by the alert and energetic grower. Ctitting out the bearing canes as soon as they are through fruiting will circum- vent the borer which sometimes works in the canes, and will aid in preventing the spread of anthracnose and leaf rusts. The orange rust must be fought by digging up and burning infected bushes as soon as detected, for there is no cure. But this trouble is seldom serious. Fred W. Card. BLACKBEEKY LILY. See Belemeanda. BLACKWOOD, See Acacia. BLADDER NUT, See Staphylea. BLADDEEWORT, See Utricularia. BLANDFOEDIA (after George, Marquis of Bland- ford). Jbilideeie. Tender bulbous plants from Australia and Tasmania, placed by J. G. Baker (Jour. Linn. Soc. 11:364) between Kniphofia and Punkia, but very dif- ferent in general appearance from Funkia. Roots tu- berous fibers : Ivs. in two vertical ranks, narrowly linear, hard, persistent : fls. large, lK-3 in. long, showy, nod- ding, in short racemes, usually orange-red to crimson, with yellow tips. Being tenderer than the poker plant, and of more difficult culture, Blandfordias are rarely grown in America. B. flantmttla, var. princeps, is the best kind. In New South Wales they grow in peat bogs and on shady mountaiu sides. During the growing season they must be shaded from bright sunshine, and during the BLECHNUM resting season they may be placed in a light pit, where they are not crowded or shaded by taller plants. They like a moist atmosphere and plenty of air, but not draughts. The chief element of the potting soil should be peat ; if the peat is heavy, use sand freely ; if light, use some loam, and pack firmly ; if spongy, add some charcoal. Pot after flowering, in early spring, being careful not to overpot, and plan to leave roots undis- turbed for two years at least. A top-dressing each year and liquid manure during growing season, is necessary to produce a good flowering. Prop, by seeds sown in sandy peat with mild bottom beat, or usually by careful and not too frequent divisions of the root, made in early spring, after flowering, at the time of repotting, and preferably when strong offsets are formed. A. Margin of Ifs. not ronghisli. Ciinninghami, Lindl. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, 3^ lines widr. hrc.adiT than in B. flammea : fls. 10-15, or even 20. Hlui' .Mts. of Australia. B.M. 5734. Gn. 24:411.- This has lately been held to be synonymous with B. grandifloru, but it is horticulturally distinct, and the pedicels are shorter. AA. Margin of lvs. ronghish. B. Fls. golden yellow, without any red. aiirea, Hook. f. Lvs. 8-12 in. long, lX-2 lines wide: fls. .'1-0, the only ones in the genus not touched with red ; perianth wide-swelling, sometimes nearly as wide as long, more bell-shaped than any other species. N. S. Wales. B.M. 5809. BB. Fls. red-tubed and yellow-tipped. c. Perianth long, S-i times as long as wide. nbbilis, Smith. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, %-% lines wide, dark green, sharply 3-angled : fls. 4-9, smallest of the genus, and narrowest. Near Port Jackson. B.M. 2003. B.R. 280. fMmmea, Lindl. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 2-2K lines wide: fls. 4-12, typically constricted near the base of the tube and much lower down than in B. Cnnninghami. E.Aus- tralia. B.M. 4819. P.M. 16:354. F.S. 6:585. P.S. 18: 1829, as B. Ciiniiiiiglinnii. Var. princeps, Baker {B. princeps, W. G. Smith), has larger and brighter colored fls., and is the best of the genus. The perianth is longer and less spreading than in the type, and swells very gradually from the base, instead of being constricted near the base. B.M. ()209. P.M. 1875:170. F.S. 22:2314. Gn. 47:1013. cc. Tube short, scarcely twice as long as wide. grandifldra, R. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 3-4% lines wide: Hs. 1U-:hi. Distinguished from all others by hav- ing the tihtnu-nts inserted above instead of at the middle, but iu var, intermedia. Baker, which connects B. gnindi- ftora and n'>hih.'<, tlic filaments are inserted at the mid- dle of the tul'i-. the Ivs. are narrower, and the fls. smaller. Tasmania. B.R. 924. — The name qrandiflora is now a misnomer, as the fls. are smaller than in any other spe- cies except B. nobilis. The rarest species. \y^ jj^ BLANKET FLOWER, See Gaillardia. BLAZING STAR. See Liafris. BL£CHNUM( Greek name for some fern). Polypodia- ceir. K.-itlicr coarse greenhouse Ferns, with piniiatifid or piiiiKitf hs., and rows of almost continuous sori par- allel to the midvein and close to it, covered with a membranous indusium. Blechnums will thrive in al- most any compost, but their lvs. quickly turn brown and then black if watered overhead. Prop, by spores. In Blechnum we have a singular knot in nomenclature. Linnjeus described two species in 1753, and to the West Indian one he gave the name B. orienta te, citing figures, etc., to show that it is the plant that recent writers call B. occidentale. His East Indian plant he simi- larly called B. occidentale. The normal or ordinary usage has been followed below, the name B. orientate being given to the eastern plant. Blechnums are very useful to florists for jardinieres, and for specimen Ferns. To attain best results, it is necessary to maintain an abundance of moisture at the BLECHNUM BLOOMERIA 167 roots, with a drier atmosplierp than most other Perns re • quire, to prevent fruiHls from tiiriiiiii,' Iiruwn duiinjL,' win- ter months. Aveni^'c temp. 'KMi,")*^ F. Scil, t-qual parts of rich loam and h-af-mold or peat. Tht- spon's itf most Blechnums germinate very freely if sown on a compost of loam and leaf -mold or peat in equal parts, and plaeed in a moderately moist and sliadv position in a teni]). of 00- eS'^F. Some of tIm- sp.<-i.-s smd out ert-ep- ing rhizomes, wlii-'h .■ t'oiui.l ih.-ii in :i mixed bor- der of plants whi<-h i.ractically tiikc can- of tlirmselves, there will always be jdenty for one's own tise, and a quantity of roots to spare. The location of such a border is an important con- sideration so far as general effect and efficiency are con- cerned. Along the line of a fence or boundary, near the mai'gin of a walk, drive, or avenue, or next the house, are good locations. The fi'ont line may be straight, curved or irregular in outline, according to the situation or fancy of the owner. The plants will lend themselves kindly to one or all forms, oftri.tiiiies forming aline of tiii-ir own 1)V outu:rowinLr their al- lotted spa.'c. TIm- nunilMTof subjects suitable for this kind of work are many. Begin with the old-fashioned flowers, such as peonies, dicentnis, larkspurs, pt'i-fnuial (top] ties, i)y- rethrums. iris, hcnirro^-allis, and a host of oth.Ts. H..llyli...-ks are most excellent, but in the East the disease or rust must be kept off by thorough spraying. The perennial garden phlox must be added, but see to it that it does not seed the bed and produce a tiresome crop of poor, weedy sorts. The same may be said of the larkspur. In fact, unless some specially marked flowers are wanted for seeds. it is best not to allow border plants to seed in the soil, for they speedily make trouble. Sweet-smelling BORDER plants are very desirable, such as bergamot, monarda, the perennial fennel, with its graceful foliage for blend ing with cut-flowers, a little bush of rue, one of marjo- ram, a plant of the lemon-sceuted verbena or aloysia (which may be wintered over indoors), the scented gera- niums, southernwood, and many others that have old associations, and help to take the memory back of self and friends. Spring flowers must not be neglected, as they "come before the swallow dares." Narcissuses in many kinds are hardy and pennanent ; so, also, are the Darwin tulips, even though unlike the florists' ideal. This recent race of tulips and those of the Gesneriana type live year after year and grow better, besides giv- ing fine blooms for cutting. Crocuses may be placed near the margins in warm corners, planting over them or sowing a few seeds of annuals to cover the soil that hides them in summer. Stocks, zinnias, asters and mignonette are all admissible and most suitable, with a clump or row of sweet peas near the back at intervals. Gladioluses are excellent. The lilies ought to be planted in a group, to do them justice, and the bnlbs can then be covered in fall with a coat of dry leaves or pine needles to protect them. The regal Japan iris needs much wa- ter, and may be given a special bed, where it can be sup- plied freely, other semi-aquatic plants being placed with them, provided the one border does not give the desired variety of soils ; but the whole of the above-named plants may be made to grow in a mixed border if it be properly prepared. One of the best uses of a border is to make it a re- pository or catch-all for hardy plants. Here plant "wild asters and goldenrods, wild lilies and buttercups, and anytbing and everything which interests you in the woods or fields. These plants may be dug even in sum- mer. Cut off the tops, leaving a few leaves just above the ground, plant them firmly, and most of them will live. The border reflects the personality of its maker. One caution must be given, — never spade up or fork over such a border. Let all enrichment be given as a top-dressing in fall, allowing the plants to come up through it as they will. The best time to plant is early in fall, before the soil loses its stored-up warmth, as the idants then get well estab- lished before spring ; but if division and replanting are necessary, wait until things have made a visible start in spring, so that nearby plants are not injured by the 246. An informal border along the fence. "Wf BORDER spade or fork. The border is an important conception in landscape gardening {»ee Jjandscape Gardening). E. O. Orpet. The Hardy Border may be made a most attractive feature of any planting. A good model to follow may often be found along a country road which has not been "cleaned up" into formality and monotony. The charm of the hardy border lies as mnch in its happy faculty of change as in its beauty ; every day of the growing season, and every week of the year, there appear new points of interest. It is apparently nature's workshop, and the changing habits of plants are of vital interest. It is always crowded, never full ; the shy beauty found on a ramble takes its place promptly amoriLr tho nldor friends. With a little care and previous hIim r\ ;it inn, and reasonable preparation of the soil, the li,iiil\ iMtnUr can be made to reflect the preferences and pcrsunality of the planter. The available material is so rich and plentifiil that there need never be duplication. Nor is the best hardy border an expensive luxury ; it requires no rare exotics, and its chief members may well be the com- mon plants of the neighborhood, brought together under conditions which give each a chance for development. A border is recalled which shows as its chief glory in September an enormous boneset ; visitors who exclaim at its beauty do not recognize the roadside weed. This particular border is most catholic in its hospitality to all American plants — no foreigners are allowed admis- sion. In early spring the great fiddle-heads of the un- curling cinnamon ferns mate with the trilliums. and the moss-pink carpets the edge, alternating with the spring beauty and bluet. The columbines hang, their bells against a rocky point, which later is a glory of wild roses. Shady corners have the laurels and the rhodo- dendrons, and the warmth of early summer brings out the yarrow and the rudbeckia, just before the happy succession of asters and goldenrods start on their pro- cession toward winter. No two days show the same blooms ; often a visit in the afternoon gives a totally different impression from the morning view. Artistically treated, and with care to keep out any of the formal and comparatively artificial plants (gera- niums, coleus, verbenas, and the like), the hardy border may be a source of much enjoyment and edification, whether it be in a city back yard or a great park. Often an existing cluster of shrubs or bed of lilies in the home grounds may serve as a starting for the border ; and some fine examples are remembered as incidental ad- juncts to the farm vegetable patch, while one which has a most distinct individuality of beauty unobtrusively flanks a unique Connecticut gi'ass garden. To create an individual hardy border, the planter must divest himself of prejudice, and cheerfully start a burdock where its richness of foliage is needed, backed up with a skunk cabbage for greater breadth of green, if need be. He should estimate plants for theii* beauty, their individuality and their season of bloom, as mem- bers of his general plan. He should be prepared to con- sider any plant a prize in the border if it fits, and any plant a weed if it is inharmonious. J. Horace McFarland. BORECOLE. See Kah. BORONIA (after Francis Borone, an Italian who lost his life at Athens in the service of Dr. Sibthorp). RutdcecF. A genus of Australian shrubs with numerous fls. having a rue-like fragrance : Ivs. opposite, odd-pin- nate, or simple. B. niegastigma and its allies, B.elafior and B. keterophylla, are remarkable for their very large stigma (which is 4-lobed at the base), and their curious stamens, 4 of which are small, yellow, pollen-bearing, and hidden under the stigma, while the 4 large, conspicu- ous ones are dark purple or black, and bear no pollen. The chief value of Boronias is their delicious fra- grance. A small specimen will perfume a whole house for two or three weeks. Boronias are cultivated like Cape heaths in a cool greenhouse. After flowering they should be cut back, in order to make compact, bushy specimens. The leading shoots may be frequently pinched, to prevent a straggling growth. As most of them are natives of barren, sandy places, not bogs, good drainage is necessary. Sour soil is very disastrous BORONIA 171 to them. The English florists set their young plants in the open ground during summer, being careful to shade them with lath frames. Plants that have flowered two seasons are thrown away and replaced by younger speci- mens. Robert Cameron propagates them by cuttings from half-ripened wood inserted in 4-iuch pots, which are filled to within an inch of the top with a compost of finely sifted loam, peat and sand, over which is spread a layer of sharp sand. After a thorough watering, they may be placed under a bell-glass in a greenhouse where the temperature ranges from 45-50° F. , and shaded from bright sunshine. Seeds germinate readily in the same temperature, and make good flowering 247. Boronia megastigma (X %) plants in one season. Seeds can be obtained from Ger- man or Australian dealers, large quantities being col- lected in the wild. Boronias belong to a large class of hard-wooded Australian plants that were popular along with the Cape heaths in the early part of the 19th cen- tury. These were largely replaced by quicker-growing, soft-wooded plants. The renewed interest in Boronias is largely due to the more recently introduced species, of which the first three described below are the best. American florists have lately grown them somewhat for Easter, especially B. lieieropJiylla. Many species are likely to be introduced, as these shrubs are very bril- liant in Australia, blooming when very young, and re- maining attractive for two or three months. A. Stigmas large. B. Lrn. less than 1 in. long : leaflets in 1 or f pairs, plus an odd one. c. .fZs. borne singly megastigma, Nees. Fig. 247. Height about 2 ft. : Ivs. very sparse, ^k---, in. Icitg, sessile, the upper with one pair, the lower with rwn pairs of Ifts. beside the end one ; Ifts. nair"\\ly iinnir : fls. maroon-purple outside. yellow within, borue Irss densely than in Ji. elatior. At times some fls. are chiefly brovm, others chiefly purple. B.M. 6046. -The best species. cc. Fls. borne in whorls of 4 or 6. heterophylla, F. Muell. Height 5-6 ft. in Australia : Ivs. 1-1'.; in. long, sometimes simple, usually with 1 pair, rarely 2 pairs of Ifts. : fls. bright scarlet, but usually pictured as purplish crimson. Differs from U. elatior and B. megasfigma in its larger leaves, fewer Ifts., more brilliant fls. and longer filaments. Cult, only in its var. hr^vipes, Hook, f., which differs merely in the shorter peduncles. B.M. 6845. Gn. .32: 622. -Of "late years it has been grown for Easter by florists to a con- siderable extent. 172 BORONIA B. Irvs . more than 1 in. long : leaflets in SS pairs, plus an odd one. el&tior, Bartl. Height about 4 ft.: pubescence va- riable : Ivs. close-set, 1-2 in. long, yi-% in. broad, petioled. with Ifts. in 2-6 pairs : Ifts. broader and shorter-acuminate than in B. megastigma : fls. dark red-brown, or rosy red, or purple, sometimes showing groups of widely different colors on the same branch, and borne so densely as to hide one side of the branch. B.M. 6285. Gn. 10:39. P.E. 9:491. AA. Stigmas small. pinn^ta, Smith. Lfts. in 2-4 jiairs, very smooth, acute ; peduncles dichoto- mous, 5-7-fld. : stamens 8. B.M. 17i;:i. L. B.C. 5:473. tetrindra, Labill. Lfts. in 4-5 pairs, obtuse, glabrous: branches pilose : pedicels short, 1-fld.: stamens 4. W. M. BOSTON FEBN. See Ifephrolepis. BOTANY. The science which treats of plants ; plant- knowledge. In its widest sense, and properly, it in- cludes much that, by com- mon consent, is usually in- cludi-d in horticulture.— as anirliiiratiou of plants by liuiiH'stication, hybridizing, and the like. BOTEtCHIUM (Greek, in allusion to the grape-like sporangia) . Oph iogloss()ceo^. Native Ferns of woods and pastures, with fleshy roots, broad ternate Ivs., and sporangia borne in a pani- cle, which branches from the common st. Grown in the hardy border, or against a building on the shady side. They require no special treatment, and are little cul- tivated. A. I/f. ample, sessile near tJie middU of the stem. Virginianum, Swz. Moon- wi.uT. Six ill. to 2 ft. high, with a. broad, triangular leaf, with 3 main tri-quadri-pin- 248. Botrychium obliquum. natifid divisions : sporophyll (X !-o. ) long-stalked. Eastern U. S. —The only species which is large enough to make a display. AA. Lt. stalked from near the base of the com- mon stem. obllquum, Muhl. Fig. 248. Plant, 6-15 In. high, with a teruate If. 2-6 in. wide: segments obliquely ovate or ob- long, %-%m. long: sporophyll long-stalked. (B. ter- •natiim, Authors, not Swz., which is a very different Japanese species.) Eastern U. S. diss6ctum, Spreng. Plant, 6-18 in. high, with a ternate, finely dissected If., ,3-8 in. wide, the ultimate divisions -TjY in. or less wide. Eastern U. S. — Evergreen; delicate and graceful. Grows in woods. L. M. Underwood. BOUGAINVILL^A BOUGAINVlLL^A (De Bougainville, 1729-1811, a French navigator). NyctaginAcea^. A half dozen or more species of S. American shrubs, with alternate petiolate entire Ivs. The fls. are small and inconspicu- ous, tubular, the margin 5-G-lobed ; stamens 7-8, on unequal capillary filaments ; ovary stipitate. Fls. in 3's, each one subtended by a very large colored bract. These bracts are very gaudy, and constitute the decorative value of the plants. Two more or less scandent species are chiefly known in cultivation. Bougainvilleas are just now receiving much attention in this country. gUbra, Choisy. Fig. 249. Growing 10-16 ft. high and wide, when planted in the ground and allowed to have its way ; glabrous : Ivs. ovate and acuminate, glabrous and bright green : bracts cordate-ovate, bright rosy red, distinctly veined. Brazil. G.C. III. 23: 168. Gn. 54, p. 257. R.H. 1889:276. A. G. 16:15. A. P. 11:137. P.E. 10: 106. — Free-flowering and liandsimu- ; often grown in pots and kept dwarf. Var. Sanderiina, Hort. Very flo- riferous, bloomingeven in very small pots : bracts deeper colored. Gn. 45:962. A.F.'lO:307; 11 : 977 ; 12:1185. Gng. 4:281 ; 5: 345. — A very worthy plant. spect&bilis, Willd. (B. speeibsa,'Lini\\. B.spUndens, Hort.). Taller and stricter, with larger and thicker Ivs., hairy : fls. in large panicles ; bracts larger, deep rose color, but varying to purple and greenish. Brazil. B.M. 4810,4811. P.M. 12:51. I. H. 42: 30.- Variable ; known also as B. nnisili.iisis. B. hrit,-lr.iit,i and B. Peruviana. Var. lateritia, Leni. {B. latrrilin. Hurt.), has brick-red bracts. I.H. 14: Kid. More sliowy than the last when in full bloom, btit more dillicult to grow, and. therefore, not so desirable. Int. to cult, earlier than B. glabra. refulgens, Bull. Lvs. pubescent : racemes long and drooping, and bracts purple. Brazil.— Perhaps a form of B. spectabilis. l. H. B. There is much confusion in species and varieties of Bougainvilleas in the trade. They seem to vary consid- erably. B. spectabilis and its varieties seem to be un- promising. Our experience with thousands of plants of B. glabra and var. Sanderiana leads us to say that we cannot think of any class of plants so readily handled. BOTTLE-BRUSH. See Metrosideros. BOTTOM HEAT. Said of soil temperature which is hiichtT tliuu tliat of the superincumbent air. Most ten- d