DARWINISM TESTED
BY THE
SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE.

DARWINISM TESTED

BY THE

SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE.

DARWINISM TESTED

BY THE

SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE.

Cranslated from the German

OF

PROFESSOR AUGUST SCHLEICHER,

WITH PREFACE AND ADDITIONAL NOTES,

BY

DR. ALEX. V. W. BIKKERS.

LONDON :
JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN, 74 & 75, PICCADILLY.
1869.

BRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.

AW and order pervade the aniyerse ; as

we proceed in unbiassed investigation

of the realm of nature we see the clouds of

wonder and ignorance dispelled by the torch

of knowledge and truth. As the Italian
poet has it :—

La maraviglia

Dell’ ignoranz’ é la figlia,
E del saper

La madre.

I have always looked upon the idea of creation
from nothing as so absurd, so inconsistent, so
unphilosophical, as hardly to deserve the very
name of an idea except by way ot courtesy.
My favourite study, glossology, or the

science of language, was the first to convert

8 TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.

me to Darwinism. Here, as elsewhere, I
trusted to the grand principle of analogy
which underlies so many more of the mys-
teries of nature.

Ever since 1864, when Fritz Mueller
published his remarkable pamphlet, “fuer
Darwin,” a test of Darwinism by one parti-
cular group of animals, the Crustacea, it
occurred to me that other investigators of
natural science might apply the main prin-
ciples laid down in the “ Origin of Species”
to their own particular branch of study.

It is but fair to say that Dr. Mueller had
been forestalled in his attempt by one of his
countrymen, August Schleicher, a distin-
guished glossologist, and a Professor at the
University of Jena. His open missive (or
public letter) to Professor Ernst Haeckel,
his learned colleague and the great cham-
pion of Darwinism in Germany, is the

pamphlet here presented in an English garb.

TRANSLATORS PREFACE. 9

As the translator of Dr. Mueller’s treatise
says of himself—“ My chief object has been
to furnish, as nearly as possible, a literal
version of the original, regarding mere ele-
gance of expression as of secondary impor-
tance in a scientific work.” It is always
hard to have to deal with any scientific
dissertation written on a subject, the termi-
nology of which is still unsettled, and in a
language living on its own stock, possessing
such words as Entwickelungsgeschichte, Ur-
sprache, Grundsprache, lautlich, Lautform, and
others of a similarly embarrassing nature.

Not the shadow of a doubt lurks in my
own mind that the science of language, al-
though still in its infancy, is the highest
and at the same time the easiest test of Mr.
Darwin's theory.

It is with such a conviction that I venture
to issue this English translation of Professor

Schleicher’s brochure, not only as an addi-

10 TRANSLATORS PREFACE.

tional witness to the soundness of Darwin’s
theory, nor even as a mere adding of mate-
rial to the literature of Darwinism, already
represented by the names of Bree and Dau-
beny (1860), of Von Pelzen (1861), of Rolle
(1863), of Flourens (1864), of Hallier and
Young (1865), of Haeckel and O. E. Schmidt
(1866), of Professor Omboni (1867), of
Buechner and Twemlow (1868), and last,
not least, of Fritz Mueller, whose testimony
hardly reached England before the begin-
ning of this year.

The fruit of my labour may be regarded
in no other light than that of an humble
palm-leaf on the shrine of a man who has
promulgated truth in his attempt to cut
short the existence of error.

It may not be superfluous for the non-pro-
fessional student of language to receive the
additional assurance that all data furnished

by the German glossologist, as far as his

TRANSLATORS PREFACE. itt

own department is concerned, are acknow-
ledged axiomata in the science of language,
with the sole exception, perhaps, of the very
bold statement (p. 47) concerning the im-
possibility of a common origin of speech, in
which I for one do not concur.

Not until after I had finished my trans-
lation of Professor Schleicher’s remarkable
pamphlet did I receive information of the
author’s premature demise, which occurred
at the close of the past year. I embrace
this opportunity to express my sincere
thanks to Professor Ernst Haeckel of the
University of Jena for this and other
valuable communications directly or in-
directly connected with the subject of Dar-
winism.

A. V. W. B.

Lonpon, Oct. 5th, 1869.

S

L,Ae8)

=i.
fate

”

DARWINISM TESTED

BY THE

SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE.

OU would leave me no peace until I began
reading Bronn’s translation* of the
much discussed work of Darwin “On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection, or the Preservation of Fa-
voured Races in the Struggle for Life.”

I have complied with your request; I have

* “Ueber die Entstehung der Arten in Thier- und Pflan-
zenreich durch natuerliche Zuechtung, oder Erhaltung der
vervollkommneten Rassen im Kampfe ums Dasein.” The
work was translated from the second edition by Heinrich
Georg Bronn, an eminent German naturalist, and published
at Stuttgart in 1860.—T.

14 DARWINISM TESTED BY

waded through the whole of the book, in
spite of its being rather clumsily arranged,
and heavily written in a curious kind of
German, and the greater part of the work I
was tempted to read again and again. My
first thanks are now offered to you for those
repeated inducements of yours which ended
in my study of this incontestably remark-
able work. In supposing that Darwin’s
“Origin of Species” would please me,
you were thinking no doubt, in the first
place, of my amateur gardening and
botanizing. I confess that our garden-
ing presents many and many an oppor-
tunity of observing for example that
“struggle for life’ which we are wont
to decide in favour of our chosen pets, and
which, in the language of ordinary life,
goes by the name of “weeding.” Another
point, which the gardener may experience

more often than he wishes, is how one

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 15

single plant is capable of spreading, as soon
as it finds room and favourable oppor-
tunities. Finally, with regard to “the
variation of species,” to “ inheritance,”
in a word, with respect to “selection,”
there also is a large field of observation
and experience for a man who has so Jong
ridden the hobby of cultivating in diffe-
rent directions one of our beautiful flowers
that is most capable of variation.

Yet, my dear friend, you were not alto-
gether on the right track, when you wished
to make me acquainted with the remarkable
book, on account of my love for garden-
ing; Darwin’s views and theory struck me
in a much higher degree, when I applied
them to the science of language.

What Darwin lays down of the animal
creation in general, can equally be said of
the organisms of speech—nay, it is quite

accidentally that I pronounced an opinion

16 DARWINISM TESTED BY

coinciding in a remarkable degree with
Darwin’s views on “the struggle for life,”
on the extinction of ancient forms, on the
widely-spread varieties of individual species
in the field of speech, as far back as the
year 1860—that is to say, contempora-
neously with the publication of the Ger-

man Darwin.*

Can you wonder now that
the book has made so strong an im-
pression on me?

If you further wish to know what kind
of an impression the “Origin of Species,”
has made upon me, I am quite willing
to gratify your curiosity, and that of the
public at large. To point out how the main
features of Darwin’s theory are applicable

to the life of languages, or even, we might

* Professor Schleicher states in a foot-note that the original
English edition, although published in November, 1859, was
still unknown to him when he published his “ Deutsche
Sprache” (1860). The passage in his own work here alluded
to will be found translated in the Appendix.—T.

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 17

say, how the development of human speech
has already been unconsciously illustrative
of the same, such a labour cannot fail to
captivate you, the energetic champion of
Darwinism. Moreover, I am inclined to
believe that for others likewise my com-
munication will not be altagether devoid
of interest. Whilst, therefore, in the first
place, I am addressing you, allowing my-
self the harmless pleasure of surprising
you with an “open letter,’ I am, above
all, appealing to the naturalists, whom I
should wish to take more notice of lan-
guage than they have hitherto done. I do
not here exclusively refer to a physiological
investigation of the various sounds of
speech, a study which has made considerable
progress of late, but also to the observation
and application of linguistic varieties in their
significance for the natural history of man.
What if those linguistic varieties were

B

18 DARWINISM TESTED BY

to form the basis of a natural system con-
cerning the wnique genus homo? Is not the
history of the formation and progress of
speech the main aspect of that of the deve-
lopment of mankind ? Thus much is certain,
that a knowledge of linguistic relationship
is absolutely requisite for anybody who
wishes to obtain sound notions about the
nature and being of man.

It is my earnest desire that the natural
history method should find more and more
favour with those who investigate the
subject of language in general. In this
respect the following lines might induce a

young glossologist* to take a leaf out of

* Tam the first, as far as I know, to use this modern
Germanism, or Jenaism, for the scientific, philosophical inves-
tigator of language; but a name had to be coined or adapted
for the man of science, who is neither to be compared with
the linguist nor to be confused with the philologer. The
heart-rending complaints about innovation, about foreignisms

—genus and species—will invariably be found to arise from

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 19

the books of able botanists and zoologists.
I pledge them my word that they will
never repent it, and, for my own part, I feel
how much I am indebted to such works as
Schleiden’s “Science of Botany,”* Carl
Vogt's “ Physiological Letters,” + &c., for my
conception of the nature and life of speech.

Those books were the first to teach me
the history of growth and development.
We may learn from the experience of the
naturalist, that nothing is of any im-
portance to science but such /ucts as have

been established by close objective ob-

the side of those who are utterly ignorant of the nature of
human speech. Foreign coin is not necessarily base coin; it
is at least entitled toa fair test. If a French “smasher ”’
offers us such a coin as “ bibliophile” or “ patoisophile,” it
will, of course, be refused by anybody who has not forgotten
his government of the Greek verbs.—T.

* An English translation by E. Lankester was published
in 1849.—T.

+ “Physiologische Briefe fuer Gebildete aller Staende,” 3
parts. Stuttgart and Tuebingen, 1845-47, 8vo.—T.

B2

20 DARWINISM THSTED BY

servation, and the proper conclusions
derived from them; nor would such a
lesson be lost upon several of my colleagues.
All those trifling, futile interpretations,
those fanciful etymologies, that vague
groping and guessing—in a word, all that
which tends to strip the study of language
of its scientific garb, and to cast ridicule
upon the science in the eyes of thinking
people—all this becomes perfectly intolerable
to the student who has learned to take his
stand on the ground of sober observation.
Nothing but the close watching of the
different organisms and of the laws that
regulate their life, nothing but our un-
abated study of the scientific object, that,
and that alone, should form the basis also '
of ovr training. All speculations, however
ingenious, when not placed on this firm
foundation, are devoid of scientific value.

Languages are organisms of nature ;

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 21

they have never been directed by the will
of man; they rose, and developed them-
selves according to definite laws; they grew
old, and died out. They, too, are subject
to that series of phenomena which we
embrace under the name of “life.” The
science of language* is consequently a
natural science; its method is generally
altogether the same as that of any other
natural science.t In this respect, the
“Origin of Species,” which you urged me
to read, could not be said to he so very
far beyond my own department.

Darwin’s book is, in my opinion, called
forth by the tendency of our age, save that

passage where the author, humouring the

* “Die Glottik,” as the author says.—T.
+ Largued this very point in the spring of the current
year in a course of three lectures, “‘ On the Formation and
Progress of Human Speech,” delivered to the members of

the “ Torquay Natural History Society.”—T.

22 DARWINISM TESTED BY

proverbial narrow-mindedness of his coun-
trymen in matters of religion, delivers him-
self of the scarcely consistent confession
that his views are not incompatible with the
idea of the creation. Of course it is not
our intention to touch upon that point here,
but the passage is one in which Darwin
contradicts himself ; his statements admit
only of the notion of a gradual formation
and development of organisms, not by any
means of the idea of a sudden starting from
nothing. The only logical conclusion to be
drawn from Darwin’s theory is that the
common beginning of all living organisms
must be sought in that single cell, whence
proceeded, in the course of ages and ages,
the entire fulness of the now existing living
beings and of those already recovered ; that
simplest form of life is now to be found in
those organisms which are still on the lowest

stage of development, and likewise in the

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 23

embryo of higher beings. Darwin’s book,
then, it appears to me, is in perfect harmony
with those fundamental notions of philo-
sophy which we find more or less con-
sciously or deliberately expressed by the
greater part of those who have written on
natural science. I will enter into some par-
ticulars.

The tendency of modern thought is unde-
niably towards monism. Dualism, whether
you are pleased to define it as the contrast
of spirit and nature, of contents and form,
of appearance and reality, is no longer a
firm ground to stand upon, if we wish to
survey the field of modern science. To the
latter there is no matter without spirit
(without the unavoidable force that governs
it), nor, on the other hand, any spirit with-
out matter. We might say, perhaps, that
there is neither matter nor spirit in the

usual acceptation of the words, but only a

24 DARWINISM TESTED BY

something which is the one and the other
at the same time.* It is true we are still
without a philosophical system of monism,
but the history of the development of
modern philosophy is clearly indicative of a
struggling for it. Besides, it should not be
overlooked that the process of scientific
labour has decidedly assumed a different
aspect, 7 consequence of the modern way of
thinking, and of looking at things in
general. Whereas it was once customary
first to prepare the system and then to
mould the object accordingly, we now pro-
ceed exactly in the opposite direction. It is
now more than ever necessary to occupy
oneself with the most minute special study
of the object, without thinking at all of a
systematic upbuilding of the whole. We

* To charge this view—which is founded on observation—
with materialism is equally unjust as to lay it at the door of

spiritualism.—A.

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 25

bear with the greatest placidity the lack of
a philosophical system answering to the
condition of the closest and minutest of our
special investigations, convinced, as we are,
that such a system cannot be framed as yet,
or rather anxious to forbear from the at-
tempt until we can command a satisfactory
supply of reliable observations and trust-
worthy data from every sphere of human
knowledge.

The importance which the observation of
facts* has acquired for science in general, but
more especially for natural science, is the
unavoidable result of the monistic principle,
which does not look for anything behind the
things, but looks upon the object as iden-
tical with its form or appearance. Observa-
tion is the foundation of modern knowledge;

nothing else is acceptable but the necessary

* Prior to the framing of a system.—T.

26 DARWINISM THSTED BY

conclusions arrived at through that channel.
All a priori fabrics, all cut-and-dry systems,
are not entitled to any higher consideration
than any other witty trifling; their place is
in the lumber-room of science.

Now observation teaches us that all living
organisms, which fall at all within the
proper reach of our observation, vary accord-
ing to definite laws. These changes or varie-
ties, this life, is the real essence or being of
any organism ; and we never know anything
about the latter until we are cognizant of
the former in their undivided entirety. In
other words, so long as we are ignorant of
how a thing arose we cannot be said to
know it. The great importance which the
developmental history and the scientific
cognition of the life of the different organisms
has assumed for the natural science of our
time, is the necessary result of the principle

of observation.

THH SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 27

The importance of developmental history
for the cognition of the individual organism
is universally acknowledged. It was first of
all applied to zoology and botany. It is
well known that Lyell has represented the
life of our planet as a series of regularly
and gradually arising variations; a sudden
and abrupt entering upon new phases of life
is here equally unknown ‘as in the life of
any other organism of nature. Lyell ap-
peals likewise to the observation of facts.
Since the observation over a very short
period of recent earthly life yields nothing
more than the fact of a gradual variation, we
are certainly not justified in pre-supposing
anything to have been different in the past.
I have always started with a similar view in
examining the life of languages, which falls
likewise within the range of our immediate
observation during its ultimate, most recent

and comparatively very short period of

28 DARWINISM TESTED BY

existence. Yet this short time, a span of
some thousands of years only, teaches us
with a most positive certainty that the life
of the organisms of speech runs on according
to definite laws in variations perfectly gra-
dual, and that we have not the slightest
right to suppose that it has ever been other-
wise.

Now Darwin, and those that preceded him,
went a step further than the other zoologists
and botanists; not only have individuals,
said they, a life, but likewise the species and
the races; they, as well, have arisen gra-
dually ; they, also, are subject to continual
changes according to definite laws. Like all
our modern scholars Darwin appeals to ob-
servation, although naturally spreading over
a short period, just as in the life of our
planet and in that of languages. Since the
fact is noticeable that the species are not

altogether constant or stationary, their capa-

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 29

bility of variation is clearly, however
restrictedly, to be regarded as a point of
observation. A mere accident—namely, the
shortness of the period over which we are
able to extend such observations as might
be called practical—is the main reason why
the variation of the species does not, on the
whole, appear so very important. We have
merely, consonantly with the results of other
observations, to suppose that for thousands
of millions of years there have been living
beings in existence on our earth, and we
shall soon understand how it was possible
for the now-existing species and races to
arise through continued gradual variations,
analogous to those which have actually
fallen under our own observation.

It appears, therefore, to me, that Darwin’s
theory is but the unavoidable result of the
principles recognised in the modern science

of nature. It is founded upon observation,

30 DARWINISM TESTED BY

and is indeed an attempt at a history of
development. Just what Lyell has done
for the history of the life of the earth, Dar-
win has attempted for that of the inhabi-
tants of our planet. The theory of “the
origin of species” is, therefore, no accidental
apparition, not the product of one individual
head, but the true and legitimate offspring
of our inquiring age. Darwin’s theory is a
necessity.

The rules now, which Darwin lays down with
regard to the species of animals and plants, are
equally applicable to the organisms of languages,
that is to say, as far as the main features are
concerned.

To demonstrate this proposition is the
end and aim of these pages; but we did not
deem it superfluous to point out in a general
way how one common character pervades
the whole cycle of the natural sciences—

among which ranks the science of language

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 31

—namely, the modern principle of observa-
tion.

Let us now take up the origin of species,
and consider how far it is possible to con-
front the science of language with the views
represented by Darwin.

It is necessary to observe beforehand, that
although the relationship in the specifica-
tion of human speech is, in the main, iden-
tical with that in the realm of nature, yet
the terminology of the glossologist is diffe-
rent from that of the naturalist. This I
must request you not to lose sight of, for all
that will follow depends upon it. What the
naturalist terms a genus the glossologist
calls a family, and such genera as are more
closely related are often called the classes or
branches of a family. I by no means deny
that there is no more unanimity with regard
to determining a genus or a family among the

glossologists than among the zoologists and

32 DARWINISM TESTED BY

the botanists; this is a peculiarity recurring
in all classification and specification, to which
T shall have occasion to refer again.* The
species of a genus are what we call the lan-
guages of a family, the races of a species are
with us the dialects of a language; the sub-
dialects or patois correspond with the
varieties of the species, and that which is
characteristic of a person’s mode of speak-
inet corresponds with the individual. It
is well known that the individuals of one
and the same species are never altogether
and absolutely identical ; it is the same with
the individual of speech; “native accent”
is always more or less strongly developed.

What Darwin now maintains with regard

* And which has beset the translator here with great
difficulties, which he does not flatter himself that he has
altogether surmounted.—T.

+ Native accent I venture to call it: a phenomenon well

worthy of the investigation of the physiologist.—T.

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 33

to the variation of the species in the course
of time, through which—when it does not
reveal itself in all individuals in like manner
and to the same extent—one form grows into
several distinct other forms by a process of
continual repetition, that has been long and
generally recognised in its application to the
organisms of speech. Such languages as
we would call, in the terminology of the
botanist or zoologist, the species of a genus,
are for us the daughters of one stock-
language,* whence they proceeded by gra-
dual variation. Where we are sufficiently
familiar with any particular family of speech

we draw up a genealogical tablet similar to

* I know no better word to render Grundsprache, since
the term primitive language is the one which I have reserved
for Ursprache.—T.

+ Vide the one drawn up in the “ Appendix” to Max
Mueller’s first series of “Lectures on the Science of Language,”
p- 411 in the fourth edition.—T.

C

od DARWINISM TESTED BY

the one which Darwin attempted for the
species of animals and plants. Nobody doubts
or denies any longer that the whole Indo-
germanic* family of speech—Indic, Iranie,
(old Armenian, Persic, &c.,) Hellenic, Italic,
(Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, with the daughters
of the former,t) Keltic, Slavonic, Lithu-
anian, Teutonic or German, that all
these languages, consisting of numerous
species, races and varieties, have taken their
origin from one single primitive form
of the Indo-Germanic family; the same re-
mark holds good with regard to the lan-

guages of the Semitic family, which is well

* T would have taken the liberty of substituting our more
usual appellation of Avian, especially because I have already
referred the naturalist to Dr. Mueller’s tables, but for the
author’s own way of using the word; an inconsistent termi-
nology is the cause of much misunderstanding.—T.

+ That is to say, modern French, Italian, Spanish and Por-
tuguese, Provengal as ow spoken in some parts of the South
of France, and Wallachian, forming the group of Romance or

neo-Latin languages.

THH SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 30

known to include Hebraic, Syriac, Arabic,
&c.,* as well as of all other families of
speech.t By way of illustration, we add{

genealogical tree of the Arian family of
speech representing what we imagine to be
the gradual development of the same; in
comparing this with Darwin’s diagram, } one
should not forget that the author of the
“ Origin of Species” had to draw up an ideal
scheme, whereas we have represented the
actual process of development of a given

family.|| Besides, it was not feasible to

* The Aramaic is the northern branch of the Semitic
family.—T.

+ There is one other family of speech already properly
classified: the Turanian.—T.

t See after the Appendix.—T.

§ Page 130 of the fourth English edition. —T.

|| Better to be compared, and more in harmony, with Dar-
win’s scheme, is the likewise ideal diagram of the development
of the different species and sub-species of speech from one
primitive form, which I have drawn up in my “ Deutsche
Geschichte,” S. 28.—A.

c 2

36 DARWINISM TESTED BY

make our table a correct picture in every
respect; the sub-dialects (varieties) could
merely be pointed out; the ramifications of
the Iranic and Indic branch we were com-
pelled to omit.

Tf our diagram could speak it would
express itself most likely in the following
strain :—

At a remote period of the existence of
the human species, there was a language,
a primitive language,* which we can pretty
clearly recognise in the so-called Indo-Ger-
manic languages to which it has given
birth.t This primitive language, after
having been spoken for several generations
—the people who used it probably increas-

ing and extending meanwhile—gradually

* “ Ursprache” in the original.—T.
+ In its application to grammatical forms I have made the ex-
periment in my Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of
the Indo-Germanic Languages. Weimar, Bohlau, 1861-2.—A.

THH SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 37

assumed a different character in different
parts of its domain, until at last it branched
off into a couple of languages, or possibly into
more than two, of which two only survived ;
the same applies to all ulterior ramification
and division. Both these languages again
submitted repeatedly to the process of
ramification. The one branch or offshoot
which, on account of its ulterior career, we
will call the Slavonic. Teutonic divided in
its turn through gradual re-ramification—
Darwin’s continual tendency to divergency
of character—into Teutonic and Slavo-Lettic;
of these the former became the mother of
all the Germanic languages and dialects,
whereas the latter gave rise to the Sla-
vonic and Lithuanian (Baltic, Lettic)
tongues. The other language which, by
the process of ramification had developed
itself out of the Indo-Germanic primitive
form, the Ario - Graeco - Italo - Keltic—

38 DARWINISM TESTED BY

pardon the sesquipedalian combination—
again divided into a couple of idioms of which
the one, the Greeco-Italo-Keltic, became the
parent of Hellenic, Albanic, and of Italo-
Keltic, the latter, so called because Italic
and Keltie arose from it, whereas the other
produced the Arian* language, the closely
connected stocks of the Indict as well as of
the Iranic (Persic) class. It would be

* The most ancient inhabitants of India and Irania (Persia)
both called themselves Arians; hence the name for the common
stock-language of Indic and Iranic.—A.

+ The stock-language of the Indic class has beer preserved
to us in the language in which the old religious hymns of the
Indians, the Veda hymns, are written. From that idiom
proceeded in one direction the middle-Indic forms, the Pra-
krit branches (further away the neo-Indic languages and

‘dialects—z.e., Bengalese, Mahratta, Hindostanee, and cognate
tongues), and in another direction Sanscrit, a written or lite-

rary language, which was never the language of the people,
but the medium of the post- Vedic Indian literature; in some

measure the Latin of India, the written Latin of the Romans,
which remains up to the present time the vernacular of the

learned.—A.

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 39

superfluous to go on with the translation
of our diagrams into words.*

It would of course be easy to draw up a
similar tree of any other family of speech
of which the point of mutual kinship is
sufficiently established.

In such languages and dialects as are
closely related, we see an indication of
recent separation from the common stock ;
the more any languages of the same family
vary in character, the earlier we suppose
was their migration from the native hearth, |
since we place the variety to the account of
a longer individual development.

Now it is possible that you, my worthy
colleague, and such naturalists as have
not devoted themselves to the study of

human speech, may feel inclined to ask

* For further details I refer to my “ Deutsche Sprache,”
8.71, &—A. .

40 DARWINISM TESTED BY

me whence we derive all this knowledge.
To draw up a tree, similar to the one
here adduced as illustrative of the develop-
ment of speech, for such species of animals
and plants as are sufficiently investigated,
thereby supposing that they are descended
from primitive forms, and to determine
the latter in their principal features, is
certainly not anything impracticable. But
the question is whether it is admissible to
suppose that such primitive forms ever did
exist. Who gives you, glossologists, the
right, you might ask, to give out that
those stock- and primitive languages which
you have arrived at through the existing
forms of speech, can be safely taken for
realities? Who assures us that your genea-
logical trees are anything better than the
productions of your imagination? How is
it that you are so unanimously convinced

of the variation of species, of the rami-

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 41

fication of one form into several others in
the course of ages, whereas we, zoologists
and botanists, look upon all this as the
questio vexata, whilst several among us, con-
sidering the existence of the species spon-
taneous or beginningless, are coolly sitting
in judgment over Darwin because he
holds very much the same opinion, with
regard to the animal and vegetable king-
dom, as you do of the species of language?

Here is my answer. To trace the de-
velopment of new forms from anterior ones
is much easier, and can be executed on a
larger scale, in the field of speech than
in the organisms of plants and animals.
For once the glossologist has an ad-
vantage over his brother naturalists in this
respect. We are actually able to trace
directly in many idioms that they have
branched off into several languages, dialects

&c., for we are ina position to follow the

42 DARWINISM TESTED BY

course of some, nay, of whole families of
them during a period of more than two
thousand years, since a faithful picture of
them has been left us in writing. This,
for instance, is the case with Latin. We
know the ancient Latin quite as well as
the Romance languages, its unmistakable
offspring, partly through the process of
ramification and partly through foreign
influence, which you, gentlemen, would
call crossing ; we know the ancient Indic ;
we know the idioms which first emanated
from it as well as its less distant offshoots,
the neo-Indian dialects. So you see that
we have a firm and solid ground to stand
on for our observation. What we know
now of those languages which, owing to
an accident, we have been able to watch
for so long a period of time, because the
people who spoke them have been obliging

enough to leave written records behind

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 43

from a comparatively early time, may
be otherwise supposed in respect of other
families of languages, which do not possess
those exponents of their earlier forms. We
therefore know positively from the obser-
vation of collected facts that languages
change as long as they live, and for
this knowledge we are indebted to the art
of writing.

But for the invention of the art of writing
the student of language would never have
imagined, up to the present day, that such
languages as Russian, German, and French,
for example, are descended, after all, from
one and the same stock. Nay it is quite
possible that nobody would ever have
hit upon the idea of a common origin
for any languages whatsoever, however
closely related, or ever would have sup-
posed that a language is subject to any

change at all. Without written records

44, DARWINISM TESTED BY

we should be still worse off than the
zoologists and botanists, who have at all
events remains of anterior formations at
their disposal, and whose scientific objects
are generally more open to. observation
than languages. As it is, we are better
off for materials of observation than the
other naturalists, and therefore we have
forestalled you in the idea of the non-
creation of the species. Perhaps also the
changes may have generally taken place
in shorter periods of time in language
than. in the animal and vegetable king-
doms, so that the zoologist or botanist
could only be favourably contrasted with
us, if he had been able to observe in some
genera at least a complete chain of what
we might call pre-historic forms, and these
moreover represented by specimens care-
fully preserved—that is to say, flesh and
blood, leaf, blossom, and fruit. The kin-

THE SOIENCEH OF LANGUAGE. 45

ship of the different languages may con-
sequently serve, so to speak, as a paradig-
matic illustration of the origin of species,
for those fields of inquiry which lack, for
the present at least, any similar oppor-
tunities of observation. Besides, as we
have already remarked, the difference in
observing-material is merely quantitative,
not specific, for it is an acknowledged
fact that the capability of variation applies
in a certain degree to the animal and
vegetable kingdoms.

From what we have thus far stated
with regard to the ramification of one
primitive form into several others, gradually
diverging the one from the other, it fol-
lows that it is impossible to draw any
definite and distinct lines of demarcation
for the different stages of human speech—
that is to say, for language, dialect, patois,

&c. The varieties indicated by these terms

46 DARWINISM TESTED BY

have gradually developed themselves and
grown out of each other; they differ more-
over characteristically in every group of
languages. Thus, for instance, the re-
lationship between the various languages
of the Semitic family is essentially diffe-
rent from that between the offshoots of
the Indo-Germanie stock, and quite distinct
from both is the kinship of the Finnie
languages (Finnish, the idioms of the
Lapps and Magyars, &c.) This will ex-
plain the fact that no glossologist is as
yet able actually to give a satisfactory
definition of language in contradistinction
to dialect, and so forth. What some call
a language, others term a dialect, and vice
versd. Even the field of the Indo-Germanic
languages, however accurately explored, is
a point in evidence. Thus many glos-
sologists speak of the Slavonic dialects,

others of the Slavonic languages; even

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 47

the various idioms which constitute the
German or Teutonic language have some-
times been spoken of as dialects.

Darwin says* in his book: “Certainly
no clear line of demarcation has, as yet,
been drawn between species and sub-
species—that is, the forms which, in the
opinion of some nattralists, come very
near to, but do not quite arrive at, the
rank of species; or, again, between sub-
species and well-marked varieties, or be-
tween lesser varieties and individual diffe-
rences. These differences blend into each
other in an insensible series; and a series
impresses the mind with the idea of an
actual passage.” Well, if for the terms
species, sub-species, variety, we substitute
the words language, dialect, patois, as

used by the glossologist, Darwin’s state-

* Page 60 of the fourth original edition.—T.

48 DARWINISM THSTED BY

ment holds perfectly good with regard to
those divergences of speech in the bosom
of one family, of which we have already
illustrated the gradual process of develop-
ment.

But how stands the fact with the
creation of the genera? that is to say,
in the glossologist’s phraseology, with the
self-development of those mother-languages
which have given birth to the different
families of speech? Do we here observe
the same phenomenon as we did in the
offshoots of a family; do those parent
idioms again descend from a common stock,
and all these in the end from one single
primitive form of speech?

This question might be decided with
greater certainty if we had examined the
primitive form of a good many more
families of speech through their descendants

than we have done, but for the present

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 49

we are almost entirely unprepared for that.
Something however is to be arrived at with
regard to the question raised, from the
observation of such languages as we are
sufficiently acquainted with.

Above all, the varieties of those special
families of speech, which have been care-
fully examined, are so great and of such a
nature, as to render it impossible for any
unbiassed mind to believe in a common
origin. Nobody, for example, is able to
imagine a language that could have given
birth, let us say, to Indo-Germanic and
Chinese, to Semitic and Hottentot;* nay,

even if we take the primitive forms of more

* T think it hardly fair to put a whole family in juxta-
position with single offshoots, especially when morphologically
belonging to different orders or stages of the species. I un-
reservedly admit that the Arian and Semitic are two clearly
distinct systems of grammar, but does that touch the radical

elements of the languages based upon either P—T.

D

50 DARWINISM TESTED BY

cognate families, as of Indo-Germanic and
Semitic, we cannot arrive at the conclusion
that they have descended from a common
parent. What we may call a material
derivation of all languages from one
common primitive form, we may safely
suppose to be impossible.

But the question assumes a different
aspect with regard to the form of speech.
All the languages of a higher organization—
as for instance the Indo-Germanic parent
which we are able to examine—show by
their construction, in a striking manner,
that they have arisen from simpler forms,
through a process of gradual development.
The construction of all languages points
to this, that the eldest forms were in reality
alike or similar; and those less complex
forms are preserved in some idioms of the
simplest kind, as, for example, Chinese.

In a word, the poimt from which all

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 51

languages had their issue were significant
sounds, simple sound-symbols of percep-
tions, conceptions, and ideas, which might
assume the functions of any grammatical
form, although such functions were not
denoted by any particular expression,
although they were not organized, as we
might say. In this remote stage of the
life of speech, there is consequently no
distinction in word or sound* between
verbs and nouns; there is neither declen-
sion nor conjugation. Let us endeavour by
one example to illustrate our meaning.
The oldest form of those words, which in
modern German sound That, gethan, thue,
Thaeter, thaetig,t was at the dawn of the
Indo-Germanic primitive language dha, its

meaning, to put, to do: old Indic, dla;

* Jautlich.—T.
+ The same holds good with the corresponding forms in
English, deed, done, do, doer, doing.—T.

D2

52 DARWINISM TESTED BY

old Bactric, da, Greek, %, lLettic and
Slavonic, de, Gothic, da, high German, da.
Now this dia is found to be the common
root of all the words given above, and
although this cannot be demonstrated here,
it is an established fact to any student of
the Indo-Germanic family of speech. When
this primitive idiom had reached a higher
degree of development, certain particular
relations began to be expressed by the
agglutination or duplication of the radical
elements, which still retained the function
of words, and had an independent existence.
To indicate, for instance, the first person of
the present tense, one said dha-dha-ma ;
whence grew afterwards, as the result of
the fusion of elements and the variability
of roots, the trisyllable dhadhdmi, old Indic,
didhémi; old Bactric, dadhdmi; Greek,
rim; old high German, ¢0m, tuom, for

fétomi ; modern German, fhue. In that

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 53

oldest form dia, slumbered the different
grammatical relations,* verbal and nominal,
with all their modifications, unsevered as yet
and undeveloped, as we may observe in those
languages that have remained stationary on
this simple stage of development. What we
have shown by an illustration selected at
random, applies to all Indo-Germanic words.

You, and your fellow naturalists, will best
understand my argument, when I charac-
terize the radical elements as the cells of
speech, not yet containing any particular
organs for the functions of nouns, verbs, etc.,
and in which thesefunctions (the grammatical

relations,) are no more separated yet than

* Ernest Rénan is, so far as I know, the only glossologist
who holds the opinion that all the so-called parts of speech
‘had their respective functions eked out for them, so to say, at
the very dawn of language. Does he imagine that they issued
forth from an arsenal of human speech as “the blue-eyed
maid” burst forth, speared and shielded, from the head-womb
of thundering Jove P—T.

54 DARWINISM THSTED BY

respiration and digestion are in the one-
celled organisms, or in the ovary of the higher
living beings.*

We assume therefore that all languages
have had the same original form. When
man had found his way from gesticulation
and imitation of sound, to sounds expressive
of meaning, these were yet mere forms of
sound without any grammatical relation.
Still, with regard to the sound-material of
which they consisted, and in respect to the
meaning which they expressed, those sim-
plest beginnings of language differed among
the different people; this is evinced by the
diversity of languages that have developed
themselves from those beginnings. We
suppose, therefore, an innumerable mul-
titude of primitive languages, but all alike,

of one and the same form.

* Compare K. Snell, “die Schoepfung des Menschen.”
Leipzig, 1863, S. 81, ete.—A.

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 55

Somewhat analogous is, probably, the
origin of the vegetable and animal orga-
nisms; the simple cell is, no doubt, the
common primitive form of those, as the
simple root is that of the languages. The
simplest forms of the later animal and vegeta-
ble life, the cells, we may likewise suppose to
have originated in a multitude at a certain
period of the life of our earth, just as the
simplest words in the world of speech.
These incipient forms of organic life, that
could neither be called animals nor plants,
afterwards developed themselves in various
directions. Just so the radical elements of
the languages.

Since we are able to observe within a
historical period that the changes in any
language, when used by any people under
essentially similar conditions of life, are
symmetrical in the mouths of all indivi-

duals who speak it, we assume in conse-

56 DARWINISM TESTED BY

quence thereof that language developed
itself in a like manner in the case of like
men. For the method which we have
developed above, namely to conclude from
the known to the unknown, does not allow
us to suppose any other laws of life, in
any period which lies beyond the range of
our observation, than those which we have
remarked over the course of observation to
which we have had access.

Under different circumstances languages
develop themselves also in a different
manner ; nay, it is highly probable that the
diversity of languages is in direct ratio to
that of the conditions of man’s life in
general. The original dispersion of the
languages over the earth must therefore have
been a very regular one; neighbour-idioms
must have more resembled each other than
the vernaculars of men who lived in different

parts of the world. Issuing from a certain

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 57

point, and in proportion as they deviated
from it, the languages must have grouped
themselves in continually increasing devia-
tion from the stock-idiom, since geographical
distance entails a growing variety of climate
and vital conditions. Even now we imagine
that - we observe traces of the absolute
necessity of that regular division of speech.
The American languages for instance, the
idioms of the South-Sea Islands, clearly point
to a common type in spite of all their
variety. Nay, even on the Huropean-Asiatic
continent, where the linguistic relationship
has been subject to such important change
owing to historical events, even there we find,
undeniably, certain groups of essentially
similar branches of speech. Indo-Germanice,
Finnic, Turkic, Tataric, Mongolic, Tun-

gusic,* as well as Dekhanic, (Tamulic etc.,)

* The author's mandshurisch, not being very usual in our

58 DARWINISM TESTED BY

all these idioms, for instance, resemble each
other in the suffix-construction, that is to say
in this, that all formative elements, all sym-
bols of relation are grafted upon the termina-
tion of the root ; they are never placed before
or in the middle of the radical element.*
Let the roots be represented by /, one
or more suffixes by s, infixes by 2, prefixes
by p, and we shall be able to explain
our meaning in a very few words, as
follows: the verbal form of all the idioms
named is denoted by the morphological
formula Rs; for the Indo-Germanic family
it would be more correct to use the

formula R*s, for R* denotes any root

English terminology, I have taken the liberty of substituting
Tungusic, the language to which the vernacular of the Mand-
shu tribes belongs.—T.

* Exceptions, as, for instance, the augment of the Indo-
Germanic verb, are merely apparent, but this we cannot enter
into. Compare 7.a@ on the augment my “Comp. der vgl.
Gramm.” &c. S. 292, s. 567.—-A.

“THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 59

capable of regular change to the end of
expressing relation, as, for instance, Band
Bund, Bind-e; Hlug, Fheg-e, flog; grabe,
grub; riss, reisse ; &-d-rov, AetT-w, Aé-owT-a,
and so forth. Other languages have more
than one verbal form; the Semitic family
for instance has R*, p R*, R's, p R's, ete.
Yet in spite of this great contrast to the
Indo-Germanic family which is represented
by the formula p R* (being the prefix-
construction), the two neighbours do again
concur in this respect that they are the
only idioms which are known for a cer-
tainty to have the radical form R*.

Such striking analogies in the con-
struction of families geographically allied
we imagine to be the posthumous births
from the time of the earlier and earliest
career of human speech. The homes and
hearths of those languages which are

essentially analogous in their principle of

60 DARWINISM TESTED BY

construction; we hold to be not very re-
mote from each other. The floras and
faunas of the isolated parts of the world
present a characteristic type in a similar
way as the languages do.

Now we observe during historical periods
how species and genera of speech dis-
appear, and how others extend themselves
at the expense of the dead. I only remind
you, by way of illustration, of the spread
of the Indo-Germanic family and the decay
of the American languages. In the earlier
times, when the languages were still
spoken by comparatively weak populations,
this dying out of forms of speech was, no
doubt, of much more frequent occurrence,
and, as the idioms of a higher organization
must have existed for a very long time—
as evinced by their superior development,
by their senile forms, and by the slow

variation of speech in general—it follows

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 61

that the pre-historic period of the life of
speech must have been a much longer
one than that which falls within the
limits of historical record. Of course we
have no knowledge of any language be-
fore the time that the people who spoke
it committed its forms to writing. We
must therefore suppose myriads of years,
or at any rate a very long period, which
witnessed the disappearance of organisms
of speech and the breaking up of original
relationship.* It is very possible that
many more species of speech perished
during the course of that time than the
number of those which have prolonged
their existence up to the present day.
This explains the possibility of so great
an extension as for instance that of the

Indo-Germanic, the Finnic, the Malay and

* Comp. Deutsche Sprache, S. 41, ete.—A.

62 DARWINISM THSTED BY

South-African families, which, over a large
territory, branched off into such a multi-
tude of directions. A similar process is
assumed by Darwin with regard to the
animal and vegetable creation; that is
what he calls “the struggle for life.” A
multitude of organic forms had to perish
in this struggle in order to make room
for comparatively few favoured’races. But
let Darwin speak for himself. He says:
“The dominant species of the larger do-
minant groups tend to leave many modi-
fied descendants behind, and thus arise
new groups and sub-groups. In propor-
tion as these arise, the feebler groups, in
consequence of their common inheritance
of imperfection, incline to a common ex-
tinction, without leaving any modified
issue behind on any part of the surface
of the earth. The complete extinction of

any group of species may often be a

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 63

very slow process, when some _ species
manage to prolong their languishing ex-
istence for a long time yet in sheltered
or isolated places.” This happens with
languages in the mountains; I merely
eall your attention to the Basque in the
Pyrenees, which is the ruins or remnants
of an idiom which can be proved at one
time to have been widely spread; the
same phenomenon may be observed in
the Caucasus and elsewhere.

“Tf any group has once been extin-
guished it can never appear again, because
a chain in the link of generation has
been broken.”

“This explains how the extension of
dominant species which admit of the
greatest variation, peoples the earth in
the course of time with other forms of
life, closely related though modified; and

how these generally succeed in supplant-

64 DARWINISM TESTED BY

ing those groups of species which succumb
to them in the struggle for existence.”*
Not a word of Darwin’s need be changed
here if we wish to apply this reasoning to
the Janguages. Darwin describes here
with striking accuracy the process of the
struggle for existence in the field of human
speech. In the present period of the life
of man the descendants of the Indo-
Germanic family are the conquerors in
the struggle for existence; they are en-
gaged in continual extension, and have
already supplanted or dethroned numerous
other idioms. The multitude of the Indo-
Germanic species and sub-species is illus-

trated by our genealogical tree.

* Unfortunately I have not the edition at hand from which
the German translation has been made. It must have differed
a good deal from the fourth edition used by myself, and this
may account for, if not excuse, my not having used, perhaps,

Mr. Darwin’s exact words.—T.

THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 65

The extinction of such a vast multitude
of idioms entailed the death of many
intermediate forms; the migration of the
peoples caused the shifting of the original
kinship of languages, so that it may now
happen that.idioms of essentially different
form have all the appearance of neighbours,
whereas no intermediate forms are found be-
tween them. Such, for instance, is the case
with the Basque, a stray island in the Indo-
Germanic Archipelago. Darwin says essen-
tially the same of the relations of animals
and plants.

This, my dear friend and colleague, is
about what occurred to me as I studied
your favourite Darwin, of whose theory
you are such an energetic advocate and
missionary, so much so that, as I have just
been informed, you have even incurred the
wrath of journalistic zealots. Of course
no more than the principles of Darwinism

E

66 DARWINISM TESTED.

could be applied to the languages. The
realm of speech is too widely different from
both the animal and vegetable kingdoms to
make the science of language a test of all
Darwin's inductions and their details. ‘

So much the more positive however, in
the realm of speech, is the origin of species
through gradual ramification and the preser-
vation of the higher organisms in the struggle
for existence. The two main points in
Darwin’s theory have this in common with
many other important discoveries, that they
are confirmed even in those spheres which
at first had been left unnoticed.*

* Darwin briefly touches the point of languages, and
rightly suspects that the mutual kinship of the same would be
a confirmation of his theory—A. Vide p. 498, 4th Edition.

APPENDIX.

(See the Note, page 16.)

URING so long a period, extending over

thousands of years, the primitive relations
might easily be shifted and disturbed, for
languages are not as plants tied to their
respective habitats; their bearers are
nations capable of any change of seat
and even of vernacular. Since we see in
a less distant period, nay, up to the
present day, how languages disappear and
how the boundaries of speech are shifted,
nothing is more natural than to suppose
that many more languages disappeared,
and that the shifting of the primitive

E 2

68 APPENDIX.

relationship of the geographical distri-
bution of speech was much more violent,
at a time when each language was the
vernacular of a comparatively limited
number of individuals. Thus arose the
now observable anomalies in the distri-
bution of languages over the earth, par-
ticularly in Asia and Europe.

We assume therefore that languages
arose in a very great number; such as
were neighbours resembling each other,
although arising independently, and —
taking Indo-Germanic or Semitic, say, as
the centre—spreading more or less in this
or the other direction. Many of these
primitive languages now, or perhaps the
greater part of them, died out in the
course of ages; owing to this others
gradually extended their territory, and the
geographical distribution of languages was

so much disturbed that it became im-

APPENDIX. 69

possible to discover hardly any traces of
_ the primitive law of distribution.

Whilst therefore the surviving idioms,
with the increase of the people that
spoke them, gradually divided themselves
into several branches (languages, dialects,
&c.), many of the primitive languages
which had arisen independently of each
other, gradually died out. This very pro-
cess—the decrease of the number of
languages—is going on speedily and in-
cessantly, even in our days, for instance
in America. Here, likewise, let us be
satisfied with the observation of the fact
and leave it to philosophy to search
for a clearer conception and explanation

from the essence of mankind.

THE END.

-SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREE

COVENT GARDEN.

Mt

ij]

The special attention of the reader ts directed |

to the following announcement.

MmOGLEN’S [LIBRARY

Mik BEST AUTHORS,
History. | Theology.
Science. Poetry.

Romance.

NDER this title a series of Standard Works is in preparation, which,
it is believed, will meet with general approval, and receive very

wide support. It is true we have library editions printed in large type,
and with ample margins, and we have miniature editions so small that
a volume may be carried in the waistcoat pocket. We have also editions
between these sizes, in gilt bindings and otherwise decorated ; but there
is no series extant giving the best text, in the clearest possible type,
elegant in appearance, convenient in size (so handy that a volume may
be taken in the pocket, or in the corner of the knapsack), and sold at a
price that the poorest in the land may buy, yet so good in quality and
appearance as to be suitable to the wants and the tastes of the rich
and the educated. Such a series as that last described it is believed
Horren’s Lisrary will supply.

The series will be valued by the student of slender means for its
good text and low price.

It will be acceptable to the wealthy and the refined by reason of its
handsome appearance and convenient size.

For village and colonial libraries, and as school prizes and gift books,
the works comprising Horren’s Lisrary will be especially suitable.

Each volume will be under the supervision of a competent editor.
Particulars of the works that are to compose ‘Hotten’s Library’ will
be given at the end of the first volumes of the series.

LONDON, LEIPZIC, MELBOURNE, anp NEW YORK.

JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN, 74 anv 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON.

ANTIQUARIAN AND HERALDIC BOOKS.
(See QUARTERLY REVIEW for July, 1865.)

A new edition (the Third), with large additions, is now ready, price 15s. only.

Noble and Gentlemen of England; or, Notes touching the Arms and
Descents of the Ancient, Knightly, and Gentle Houses of England, arranged in their respective
Ccnunties, attempted by EvELYN PHILIP Surrey, Esq., M.A., F S.A., one of the Knights of the
Shire for the County of Warwick. 4to., with numerous heraldic illustrations.

A very interesting work on the English Families now existing that were regularly established either as

knightly or gentle Louses before 1500.

It notices zlso "he ancient and present estates of these county families. The work possesses considerable
zalue to those who are interested in geuealogical and heraldic studies.

ANECDOTES OF THE ‘LONG PARLIAMENT’ OF 1645.
Now ready, in 4to., half morocco, choicely printed, price 7s. 6d.,

The Mystery of the Good Old Cause: Sarcastic Notices of those Members
of the Long Parliament that held places, both Civil and Military, contrary to the Self-denying
Ordinance of April 3, 1645; with the sums of money and lands they divided among themselves.

Gives many curions particulars about the famous Assembly not mentioned by historians or biographers.

The bistory of almost every cour:ty in Enzland receives some illustration irom it, Genealogists and auti-

quaries will fiud in it much interesting matter.

Now ready, in 4to., very handsomely printed, with curious woodcut initial letters, extra cloth, 18s.;
or crimson morocco extra, the sides and back covered in rich fleur-de-lys, gold tooling, 55s.,

Roll of Carlaverlock; with the Arms of the Earls, Barons, and Knights
who were present at the Siege of this Castle in Scotland, 28 Edward L., a.p. 1300; including the
Original Anglo-Norman Poem, and an English Translation of the MS. in the British Museum;
the whole newly edited by Thomas Wricut, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

A very handsome volume, and a delightful one to lovers of Heraldry, as it is the earliest blazon or arms
known to exist.

UNIFORM WITH ‘MAGNA CHARTA.’
Roll of Battle Abbey; or, a List of the Principal Warriors who came

over from Normandy with William the Conqueror and settled in this country, 4.D. 1066-7, from
Authentic Documents, very carefully drawn, and printed on fine plate paper, nearly three feet
long by two feet wide, with the Arms of the principal Barons elaborately emblazoned in gold and
colours, price 5s.; by post, on roller, 5s. 4d.

A MOST CURIOUS DOCUMENT, and of the greatest interest, as the descendants of nearly all these Norman
Couquerors are at this moment living amongst us. NO NAMES AR# BELIEVED TO BE IN THIS ‘BAITEL
ROLL’ WHICH ARE NOT FULLY ENTITLED TO THE DISTINCTION.

Handsoumely tramed and glazed in carved oak, of an antique pattern, price 22s. 6d.

Warrant to Execut> Charles I. An Exact Facsimile of this Important
Document in the House of Lords, with the Fifty-nine Signatures of the Regicides, and Corres-
ponding Seals, admirab y executed on paper made to imitate the Original Document, 22 in. by
14in. Price 2s.; by pos, « 4d.

Handsomely framed and glazed in -arved oak, of an antique pattern, 14s. 6d.

Sa NoW READY.
Warrant to Execut: Maz Queen of Scots. The Exact Facsimile of

this Important Document, including the Signature of Queen Elizabeth and Facsimile of the
Great Seal, on tinted paper, made to imitate the original MS. Safe on roller, 2s.; by post, 2s. 4d.

Handsomely framed and glazed in carved oak, of an antique pattern, 14s. 6d.

YORKSHIRE BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Now ready, 8vo., half morocco, very neat, price 5s. 6d.,

Bibliographical Account of nearly 1,500 Curious and Rare Books, Tracts,
MSS., and Engravings, relating to the History and Topography of Yorkshire. Collected by
Mr. Horren. With numerous Descriptive Notes, Literary Anecdotes, &c. Illustrated with
curious wood engravings, from Blocks formerly in the possession of the eccentric JoHN CoLE, of
Scarborough. Interleaved for MS. Notes, Additions, &c.

Only Firry Copres have been printed on THICK PAPER, for the use of Yorkshire Antiquaries and

Topographers.

Kar Catalogues of Curious Books,—Books relating to Family History, Topography, Heraldry
Portraits, Views, Miscellaneous Engravings, &c., published at short intervals.

_*,* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under-
signed, who will forward per return. The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASES be given

JOHN CAMDEN Horten, Publisher, 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London.

BOOKS ON LANGUAGE AND DIALECTS.
(See THE SPECTATOR, September, 1865.)

- BY PERMISSION OF H.I.H. PRINCE LUCIEN BONAPARTE
The Song of Solomon, in the North-Derbyshire Dialect. Edited, wit’

Notes, &c., by THomas Hatuam, Esq.—In 1 small vol., square 24mo., exquisitely printed.

Uniform with the other small books in Dvalect issued by H.I.H. Prince Lucien Bonaparti is i
first time the North-Derbyshire Dialect has been specially treated of. patente: ie ae the

The School and College Slang of England; or, Glossaries of the Words

and Phrases peculiar to the Six great Educational Establishments of the country.—Preparing.

Dictionary of Colloquial English; the Words and Phrases in current

use, commonly called ‘Slang’ and ‘ Vulgar ;’ their Origin and Etymology traced, and their use
illustrated by examples drawn from the genteelest authors.—Preparing, in 2 vols., Svo.
This work will comprise the well-known * Slang Dictionary,’ and present the reader with an extract from
English Printed Literatire, in Mlustration of the actual use of each expression. It will be endeavoured to
select such illustrations as shall be not only valuable as such, but interesting in themselves.

Now ready, price 2s. 6d.; by post 2s. 10d.,
Dictionary of the Oldest Words in the English Language, from the Semi-

Saxon Period of a.D. 1250 to 1300; consisting of an Alphabetical Inventory of Every Word found
in the printed English Literature of the 13th Century, by the late HerBeRT COLERIDGE, Secre-
tary to the Philological Society. 8vo , neat half morocco.

~ An invaluable work to historical students and those interested in linguistic pursuits.

This day, in crown 8vo., handsomely printed, price 7s. 6d.,

Glossary of all the Words, Phrases, and Customs peculiar to Winchester

College. See ‘School Life at Winchester College,’ recently published.

In preparation, crown 8vo., uniform with the ‘Slang Dictionary,’

Lost Beauties and Perishing Graces of the English Language. Revived

and Revivable in England and America. An appeal to authors, poets, clergymen, and public
speakers. By Dr. CuanLes Mackay.

* Ancient words
That come from the poetic quarry
‘As sharp as swords.'—HaMILron's ‘Epistle to Allan Ramsay.’

The Romany in Europe: a Complete History of the Gipsies since their

first appearance amoung the Nations of the West. With Notices of their Customs, Language, the
various Laws enacted, &c., and the Books relating to them. By WiLLiaM PiINKEKTON, F.S.A.,
F.A.S.L.—Preparing, in 8vo., handsomely printed.
An entirely original work upon this curious subject. -Many of the notions which have long obta‘ned con-
gerning the origin and first appearance here of the Gipsies are now proved to be erroneous and without
the slightest foundation.

This day, price 6s. 6d., pp. 328; by post 7s.,
Slang Dictionary; or, the Vulgar Words, Street Phrases, and ‘Fast’

Expressions of High and Low Society ; many with their Etymology, and a few with their History
traced. With curious illustrations: Literary Slang; Religious Siang; Fashionable Slang; Mili-
tary Slang; City Slang; University Slang; Dandy Slang; Legal Slang; Theatrical Slang; Shop-
keepers’ Slang.

“It may be doubted if there exists a more amusing volume in the English language.’—SPECTATOR.

*Valuable as a work of reference. SATURDAY REVIEW.

* All classes of society wili find amusement or instruction in its pages.’—TIMES,

BEST FRENCH LESSON BOOK EVER PUBLISHED.
Ordinary price, 5s. ; a few copies now offered at 3s. 6d.

Vocabulaire Symbolique. A Symbolic French and English Vocabulary
for Students of every age. By RAGoNET. Illustrated by many hundred Woodce.s, exhibiting
familiar objects of every description, with French and English explanations, thus sian.ping the
French terms and phrases indelibly on the mind.

Direct application must be made to Mr.

Hotten for this worr.

* * Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under
signed, who will forward per return. The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASLS be given

JoHN CamMpEN Horren, 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London.

BOUKS OF HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, éc, WORTH HAVING.
(See THE TIMES, January 22.)

Anecdotes of the Green Room and Stage; or, Leaves from an Actor’s
Note-Book, at Home and Abroad. By GrorGE VANDENHOFF. Post 8vo., pp. 336, price 2s.

Includes original anecdotes of the Keans (father and son), the two Kembles, Macready, Cooke, Liston,
Farren, Flliston, Braham and his Sons, Phelps. Buckstone, Webster, Charles Matthews, Siddons, Vestris,
Helen Faucit, Mrs. Nisbet, Miss Cushman, Miss O'Neil, Mrs. Glover, Mrs. Charles Kean, Rachel, Ristori,
and many other dramatic celebrities.

Eerjeau’s (P. C.) Book of Dogs; the Varieties of Dogs as they are found
in Old Sculptures, Pictures, Engravings, and Books. 1865. Half morocco, the sides richly
lettered with gold, 7s. 6d. :

In this very interesting volume are 52 plates, facsimiled from rare old Engravings, Paintings, Sculptures,
&c., in which may be traced over 100 varieties of dogs known to the ancients.

This day, elegantly printed, pp. 95, wrapper 1s., cloth 2s., post free,
Carlyle on the Choice of Books. The Inaugural Address of Thomas

CARLYLE, with Memorr, ANECDOTES, Two PorTRAITS, and Virw of his House in CHELSEA.
The ‘ Address’ is reprinted from ‘The Times,’ carefully compared with twelve other reports, and is
believed to be the most accurate yet printed.

The leader in the ‘ Daily Telegraph,’ April 25th, largely quotes from the above ‘Memoir.’

In foolscap 8vo., cloth, price 3s. 6d., beautifully printed,
Gog and Magog; or, the History of the Guildhall Giants. With some

Account of the Giants which guard Englisz and Continental Cities. By F. W. Fatraoxt, F.S.A.
With illustrations on wood by the author, coloured and plain.

The critiques which have appeared upon this amusing little work have been uniformly favourable. The
*Art-Journal’ says, in a long article, that it thorm ghly explains who these old giants were, the position they
occupied in popular mythology, the origin of their names, and a score of other matters, all of much interest
in throwing a light upon fabulous portions of our history.

Now ready, handsomely printed, price 1s. 6d.,

Hints on Hats; adapted to the Heads of the People. By Henry Melton,
of Regent Street. With curious woodcvits of the various style of Hats worn at different periods.

Anecdotes of eminent and fashionable personages are given, and a fund of interesting information relative
the History of Costume and change of tastes may be found scattered through its pages.

This day, handsomely bound, pp. 550, price 7s. 6d.,
History of Playing Cards; with Anecdotes of their Use in Ancient and

MopERN GAMES, CoNJURING, FoRTUNE-TELLING, and CARD-SHARPING. With Sixty curious
illustrations on toned paper. Skill and Sleight of Hand; Gambling and Calculation; Cartomancy
and Cheating; Old Games and Gaming-Houses; Card Revels and Blind Hookey; Piquet and
Vingt-et-un: Whist and Cribbage; Old-Fashioned Tricks.

A highly-interesting volume.’—MorninG Post.

———

This day, 8vo., pp. 600, handsomely printed,
The History of Signboards, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day;

with Anecdotes of Famous Taverns and Remarkable Characters. By Jacop Larwoop and Joun
CambeNn Horren. The volume has been divided into the following sections: General History of
Signboards; Historic and Commemorative Signs; Heraldic and Emblematic; Animals and
Monsters; Birds and Fowls; Fishes and Insects; Flowers, Trees, Herbs, &c.; Biblical and
Religious; Saints, Martyrs, &c.; Dignities, Trades, and Professions: tne House and the Table ;
Dress, Plain and Ornamental; Geography and Topography; Humorous and Comic ; Puns and
Rebuses; Miscellaneous Signs; Bonnell Thornton’s Signboard Exhibition.

Nearly 100 most curious illustrations on wood are given, show ng the various old signs which were formerly

hnng from taverns and other houses. The frontispiece represents the famous sign of ‘The Man loaded with
Mischief,’ in the colours of the original painting said to have been executed by Hogarth.

*,* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under-
signed, who will forward per return. The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASES be given.

JoBN CAMDEN Horren, Publisher, 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London.

BOOKS OF HISTORY, BIOGRAPITY, dc, WORTH HAVING.
(See THE TIMES, January 22.)

Pp. 336, handsomely printed, cloth extra, price 3s. 6d.,
Holidays with Hobgoblins; or, Talk of Strange Things. By Dudley

Cosre.Lo. With humorous engravings by GrorGE CRUIKSHANK. Amongst the chapters may
be enumerated: Shaving a Ghost; Superstitions and Traditions; Monsters; the Ghost of Pit
Pond; the ‘Vatcher of the Dead; the Haunted House near Hampstead; Dragons, Grittins, and
Salamanders; Alchemy and Gunpowder; Mother Shipton; Bird History; Witchcraft and Old
Boguey; Crabs; Lobsters; the Apparition of Monsieur Bodry.

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO HONE’S WORKS.
In preparation, thick 8vo., uniform with ‘Year-Book,’ pp. 800,

Hone’s Scrap Book. A Supplementary Volume to the ‘Every-Day Book,’

the ‘Year-Book,’ and the ‘Table-Book.’ From the MSS. of the late W1LL1am Hong, with
upwards of One Hundred and Fifty engravings of curious or eccentric objects.

BARNUM’S NEW BOOK.
Humbugs of the World. By P. T. Barnum. Pp. 320, crown 8vo., cloth

extra, 4s. 6d.

‘A most vivacious book, and a very readable one.’—GLOBE.
‘The history of Old Adams and his grisly bears is inimitable. —ATHENZUM.

ae History of Humbugs by the Prince of Humbugs! What book can be more promising?’—SaTuRDAY
EVIEW.

This day, new edition, with numerous illustrations,

Log of the ‘Water Lily’ (Thames Gig), during Two Cruises in the
Summers of 1851-52, on the Rhine, Neckar, Main, Moselle, Danube, and other Streams of Ger-
many. By R. B. MAnsFIELD, B.A., of University College, Oxford, and illustrated by ALFRED
TuHompson, B.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge.

This was the earliest boat excursion of the kind ever made on the Continental rivers. Very recently the
subject has been revived again in the exploits of Mr. MacGregor in his ‘Rob Roy Canoe.’ The volume will
be found most interesting to those who propose taking a similar trip, whether on the Continent or elsewhere.

This day, in two vols., 8vo., very handsomely printed, price 16s.,
THE HOUSEHOLD STORIES OF ENGLAND.

- Popular Romances of the West of England; or, the Drolls of Old Corn-
wall Collected and edited by Ropert Hunt, F.R.S.

moran analysis of this important work see printed description, which may be obtained gratis at the
pu er’s.

Many of the stories are remarkable for their wild poetic beauty; others surprise us by their quaintness ;
whilst others, again, show forth a tragic force which can only be associated with those rude ages which
existed long before the period of authentic history. i

Mr. George Cruikshank has supplied two wonderful pictures as illustrations to the work. One is a portrait
of Giant Bolster, a personage twelve miles high.

Robson; a Sketch, by Augustus Sala. An Interesting Biography, with
Sketches of his famous characters, ‘Jem Baggs,’ ‘Boots at the Swan,’ ‘The Yellow Dwarf,’
‘Daddy Hardacre,’ &c. Price 6d.

This day, post 8vo., with numerous illustrations,

School Life at Winchester College; or, the Reminiscences of a Winchester
Junior. By the author of ‘The Log of the Water Lily,’ and ‘The Water Lily on the Danube.’
This book does for Winchester what ‘Tom Brown's School Days’ did for Rugby—explains the every-day life,
mliar customs, fagging, troubles, pleasures, &c., &c., of lads in their college career at William of Wyke-
Fan's great public school. At the end there is an exteusive Glossary of the peculiar Words, Phrases, Cus-
toms, &., peculiar to the College. THE ILLUSTRATIONS HAVE BEEN TINTED IN IMITATION OF WATER-
CoLouR DRAWINGS.

*.* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under-
signed, who will forward per return, The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASES be given,

JoHN CaMpEN Horven, Publisher, 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London,

SCIENTIFIC AND USEFUL BOOKS WORTH HAVING.
(See THE ATHENUM, March 10.)

Post 8vd., cloth extra, full gilt, 12s. 6d.,
NEW EDITION OF MR. EMANUEL’S IMPORTANT WORK
(lately reviewed in ‘The Times,’ four columns) is in preparation :—

Diamonds and Precious Stones: their History, Value, and Properties,

WITH SIMPLE TESTS FOR ASCERTAINING THEIR REALITY, By H. EMANUEL, F.R.G.S. With
numerous illustrations, coloured and plain.

Although this Work is intended as a plain and practical Guide to Buyers and Sellers of Precious Stones, the
History and Literature of the subject have uot been overlooked. Anecdotes of the peculiar accidents and
strange fortune which have attendel some Jewels are given, and what is hoped will be found a valuable
Bibliography of the subject is aided as an Appendix at the end.

EVERY HOUSEKEEPER SHOULD POSSESS A COPY.
Now ready, in cloth, price 2s. 6d. ; by post 2s. 8d.,

The Housekeeper’s Assistant: a Collection of the most valuable Recipes,
carefully written down for future use, by Mrs. B——, during her forty years’ active service.
As much as two guineas has been paid for a copy of this invaluable little work.

TIiow to See Scotland; or, a Fortnight in the Highlands for £6.

A plain and practical guide.—Price 1s.

Now ready, 8vo., price 1s.,

List of British Plants. Compiled and Arranged by Alex. More, F.LS.

This comparative List of British Plants was drawn up for the use of the country botanist, to show the differ-
ences in opinion which exist between different authors as to the numberof species which ought to be reckoned
within the compass of the Flora of Great Britain.

This day, neatly printed, price 1s. 6d.; by post 1s. 8d.,
Mental Exertion: its Influence on Health. By Dr. Brigham. Edited,

with additional Notes, by Dr. AgTHUR LeaReD, Physician to the Great Northern Hospital.
This is a highly-important little book, showing how far we may educate the mind without
injuring the body
The recent untimely deaths of Admiral Fitzroy and Mr. Prescott, whose minds gave way under excessive
mental exertion, fully illustrate the importance of the subject. ’

GUNTER’S CONFECTIONERY.
Now ready, 8vo., with numerous illustrations, price 6s. 6d.,

The Modern Confectioner: a Practical Guide to the Most Improved
Methods for Making the Various Kinds of Confectionery; with the manner of preparing and
laying out Desserts; adapted for private families or large establishments. By WILLIAM JEANES,
Chief Confectioner at Messrs. Gunter’s (Confectioners to Her Majesty), Berkeley Square.

* All housekeepers should have it.’—DaILY TELEGRAPH.

*,* This work has won for itself the reputation of being the STANDARD ENGLISH Book on the prepara-
tion of all kinds of Confectionery, and on the arrangement of Desserts.

Now ready, 2nd edition, in binding ornamented with postage stamps, price 1s.; by post Is. 2d.,

Postage Stamp Collecting, a Standard Guide to; or, a Complete List of
all the Postage Stamps known to exist, with their Values and Degrees of Rarity. By Messrs.
Bevvars and Davis.

4a This SEconD EDITION gives upwards of 300 Stamps not in the previous issue.

“A work upon which the authors, Messrs Bellars and Davie, have been engaged for three years. It includes
&n account of the Mormon Stamp issued by Brigham Young in 1852..—LoNvoN REVIEW.

In 1 vol., with 300 Drawings from Nature, 2s. 6d. plain, 4s. 6d. coloured by hand,
The Young Botanist: a Popular Guide to Elementary Botany. By T. S.
Rawpu, of the Linnean Society.

An excellent book for the young beginner. The objects selected as illustrations are either easy of access a3
specimeus of wild plants, or are common in gardens.

*,* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under-
signed, who will forward per return. The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASES be given.

JOHN CAMDEN Horren, Publisher, 14 and 75, Piccadilly, London,

ANTIQUARIAN AND HERALDIC BOOKS.
(See QUARTERLY REVIEW for July, 1865.)

Now ready, in 8vo., on tinted paper, nearly 350 pages, very neat, price 5s.,

Family History of the English Counties: Descriptive Account of Twenty
Thousand most Curious and Rare Books, Old Tracts, Ancient Manuscripts, Engravings, and
Privately-printed Family Papers, relating to the History of almost every Landed Estate and Old
English Family in the Country; interspersed with nearly Two Thousand Original Anecdotce,
Topographical and Antiquarian Notes. By Jonn CaAmpen HortTen.

By far the largest collyction of English and Welsh Topography and Family History ever formed. Each

Peco ras a small price affixed for the convenience of those who may desire to possess any book or tract that

interests them.

In 1 vol., 4to., on tinted paper, with 19 large and most curious Plates in facsimile,
coloured by hand, including an ancient View of the City of Waterford,

Illuminated Charter-Roll of Waterford, Temp. Richard II. Price to
Subscribers, 20s.; Nont-Subscribers, 30s.

Of the very limited impression proposed, more than 150 copies have already been snbscribed for. Amongst
the Corporation Muniments of the City of Waterford is preserved an ancient Illuminated Roll, of great
interest and beauty, comprising all the early Charters and Grants to the City of Waterjord, from the time of
Henry Il. to Richard Il. Full-length Portraits of each King adorn the margin, varying from eight to nine
inches in length—some in armour and some in robes of state. In addition are Portraits of an Archbishop
in full canonicals, of a Chancellor, and of many of the chief Burgesses cf the City of Waterford, as well as
singularly-curious Portraits of the Mayors of Dublin, Waterford, Limerick, and Cork, figured for the most
part in the quaint bipartite costume of the Second Richards reign, peculiarities of that of Edward III.
Altogether this ancient work of art is unique of its kind in Ireland, and deserves to be rescued from oblivion.

AN INTERESTING VOLUME TO ANTIQUARIES.
Now ready, 4to., half morocco, handsomely printed, price 7s. 6d.,

Army Lists of the Roundheads and Cavaliers in the Civil War.

These most curious Lists show on which side the gentlemen of England were to be found during the great
conflict between the King and the Parliament. Only a very few copies have been most carefwiy reprinted
on paper that will gladden the heart of the lover of choice books,

Now ready, 12mo., very choicely printed, price 6s. 6d., ;

London Directory for 1677. The Earliest Known List of the London
Merchants. See Review in ‘The Times,’ Jan. 22.

This curious little volume has been reprinted verbatim from one of the only two copies known to he in
existence. It contains an Introduction pointing out some of the principal persons mentioned in the list.
For historical and genealogical purjoses the little book is of tae greatest value. Herein will be found the
originators of many of the great firms and co-partnerships which have prospered through two pregnant
centuries, and which exist some of them in nearly the same names at this day. Its most distinctive feature is
the early severance which it marks of ‘goldsmiths that keep running cashes,’ precursors of the modern
bankers, from the mass of the merchants of Londun,

Now ready, price 5s.; by post, on roller, 5s. 4d.,

Magna Charta. An Exact Facsimile of the Original Document

preserved in the British Museum, very carefully drawn, and printed on fine plate paper, nearly

8 feet long by 2 feet wide, with the Arms and Seals of the Barons elaborately emblazoned in gold
and colours. A.D. 1215.

Copied by express permission, and the only correct drawing of the Great Charter ever taken. Handsomely

feared and giazed in carved oak, of an antique pattern, 22s. 6d. It is uniform with the ‘Roll of Battie

A full translation, with Notes, has just been prepared, price 6d.

Folio, exquisitely printed on toned paper, with numerous Etchings, &c., price 28s.
Millais Family, the Lineage and Pedigree of, recording its History
from 1331 to 1865, by J. BERTRAND Payng, with Illustrations from Designs by the Author.

Of this beautiful volume only sixty copies have been privately printed for presents to the several members
of the family. ‘’he work is magnificently bound in blue and gold. These are believed to be the only etchings
of an heraid.c character ever designed and etigraved by the distinguished artist of the name.

Apply direct for this work.

SOO ooOouwuoo

*,* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under-
signed, who will forward per return, The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASES be given,

JoHN CampEN Horren, Publisher, 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London.

ANTIQUARIAN AND HERALDIC BOOKS.
(See QUARTERLY REVIEW for July, 1865.)

Preparing, in small 4to., handsomely printed,

A List of the Anglo-Norman Families, from the different Battle Abbey

Rolls, Domesday Book, and the MSS. preserved in the Record and other Public Offices of
England, &c., &c.; showing the True Sp:lling, with the numerous and peculiar variations of the
names of several thousand distinguished Families from Normandy, Flanders, the Netherlands,
Germany, Burgundy, Champagne, Maine, Anjou, Picardy, Guienne, Gascony, Poitou, and
Brittany, who came over in the train of the Conqueror, anno 1066-1307.
To the searcher after English family history the above work will be of the greatest value. There are but
few families in this country who cannot claim a relationship to one or other of the names mentioned in the
‘ List.’

HERALDRY OF WALES.
Only 50 copies printed, in marvellous facsimile, 4ta., on old Welsh paper, half morocco, 12s. 6d.,

Display of Herauldry of the particular Coat Armours now in use ia
the Six Counties in North Wales, and several others elsewhere; with the Names of the Families,
whereby any man, knowing from what family he is descended, may know his particular Arms,
By Joun ReEyNoups, of Oswestry, Antiquarian; with nearly One Hundred Coat Armours
Blazoned in the Old Style. Chester, printed 1739.

From a Unique Copy, of priceless value to the lover of Heraldry and Genealogy.

In remarkable facsimile, from the rare original, small folio,
Caxton’s Statutes of Henry VII., 1489. Edited, with Notes and Intro-
duction, by Joun Rak, Esq., Fellow of the Royal Institution.

This is the earliest known volume of Printed Statutes, and is further remarkable as being in English. It
contains some very curious and primitive Legislation on Trade and Domestic Matters. such as :—

Price of Hats and Caps Giving of Livery Correcting Priests

French Wines Concerning Customs Against Hunters

Act for Peopling Isle of Wight Fires in London Marrying a Woman against her
Against Butchers Rebels in the Field Wil, &c.

Price 3s. 6d.; or with the Map, 15s.,
Dorsetshire: its Vestiges, Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Danish. The whole

carefully classified, and the finest Examples of each pointed out.- Also adapted as an Index to
the Illustrated Map, on which the several Sites are indicated. From the Personal Researches and
Investigations of CHARLES WARNE, F.S.A.

‘Let a man carry with him also some card or book describing the country wherein he travelleth, which will
be a good key to his inquiry..—-LoRD Bacon.

In the press, 4to., Part I.,
The Celtic Tumuli of Dorsetshire: an Account of Personal and other

Researches on the Sepulchral Mounds of the Durotiges; forming the First Part of a Description
of the Primeval Antiquities of the County.

In small 4to., handsomely printed, 1s. 6d.,

Esholt in Airedale, Yorkshire: the Cistercian Priory of St. Leonard,

Account of, with View of Esholt Hall

THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT EXHIBITION.
2 vols., 8vo., 830 pages, scarce, 12s. 6d.,

Evans’s Catalogue of Engraved Portraits, the largest ever formed, com-
prising Thirty Thousand Portraits of Persons connected with the History and Literature of Great
Britain, the Colonies, and America; with concise Biographical Notices.

*.* Copies of this admirable Catalogue are now very difficult to procure. The above is a good clean
copy in boards,

Mr Hotten has formed a large collection of ENGRAVED PORTRAITS, and will give orders from this list
his best attention, his own stock of Portraits numbering upwards of 20,000.

*,* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under-
signed, who will forward per return. The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASES be given

JOHN CaMDEN HotTtTEN, Publisher, 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London,

HUMOROUS AND AMUSING BOOKS WORTH HAVING.
(See SATURDAY REVIEW, October 29.)

In one vol., exquisitely printed from silver-faced type, price 4s. 6d.

Choicest Jests of English Wits; from the Rude Jokes of Ancient Jesters

to the refined and impromptu Witticisms of Theodore Hook and Douglas Jerrold; including the
cream of Joe Miller: comprising the best sayings, facetious and merry, which aave contributed

to give to our country the name of Merry England. Edited by W. Moy Tuomas, Esu.
Norr.—This work has been in preparation since 1858. Nearly 500 curious old Jest Books and collections of
famous Witticisms are under examination for materials. It is believed that no similar compilation issued

since the days when Jack Mottley compiled the book of Jests usually attributed to ‘Joe Miller’ will be found
to excel the above for true wit and refined humour.

Uniform with the above, exquisitely printed,

The Choicest Humorous Anecdotes and Short Stories in the English

Language.

Uniform with the above, exquisitely printed,

The Choicest Epigrams in the English Language.

Uniform with the above, exquisitely printed,

The Choicest Humorous Poetry in the English Language.

AN EXTRAORDINARY BOOK.
Beautifully printed, thick 8vo., new, half morocco, Roxburghe, 12s. 6d.
Hotten’s Edition of ‘Contes Drolatiques’ (Droll Tales collected from the

Abbeys of Loraine). Par Batzac. With Four Hundred and Twenty-five Marvellous, Extrava-
gant, and Fantastic Woodcuts, by GusTAVE DorRE.

The most singular designs ever attempted by any artist. This book is a fund of amusement. So crammed
is it with pictures that even the contents are adorned with thirty-three illustrations. Direct application must
be made to Mr. Hotten for this work.

THE ORIGINAL EDITION OF JOE MILLER’S JESTS. 1739.
Joe Miller’s Jests; or, the Wit’s Vade Mecum; a Collection of the most

brilliant Jests, politest Repartees, most elegant Bous Mots, and most pleasant short Stories in the
English Language. An interesting specimen of remarkable facsimiie, 8vo., half morocco, price
9s. 6d. London: printed by T. Read, 1739.

Only a very few copies of this humorous book have been reproduced.

NEW BOOK OF IRRESISTIBLE HUMOUR.
This day, handsomely printed on toned paper, price 3s. 6d.

Hotten’s ‘Josh Billings: His Book of Sayings;’ with Introduction by
E. P. Hrneston. companion of Artemus Ward when on his ‘ Travels.’

For mauy years past the sayings and comicalities of ‘Josh Billings’ have been quoted in our newspapers.
Flis hnmour is 0 a quieter kind, more aploristically comic, than the fun and drollery of the ‘delicious
Artemus,’ as Charles Reade styles the Showman. If Artemus Ward may be called the comic story teller of
his time, ‘Jush’ can certainly be dubbed the comic essayist of his day. Although promised some time sev,
M1. Billings’ ‘Book’ has only just appeared, but it contains all bis best and most mirth-provobing articles,

This day, in three vols., crown Svo., cloth, neat,

Orpheus C. Kerr Papers. The Original American Edition, in Three
Series, complete. Three vols., 8vo., cloth, sells at #1 2s. 6d., now specially offered at 15s.

A most mirth-provoking work. It was first introduced into this country by the English officers who were
quartered during the late war on the Caualian frontier. They found it one of the drollest pieces of composi-
tion they had ever met with, and so brought copies over for the delectation of their friends.

Abridgment of ‘Orrpoevs C. Kerr,’ price 1s.

Notice.—Mr. Hotten (Artemus Ward’s Publisher in this Country) has

just issued another Book of real Wit and Humour, ORPHEUS C. KERR (office-seeker) PAPERS.
The price is 1s., and readers of Mr. Hotten’s edition of the ‘ Biglow Papers’ and ‘ Artemus Ward’
will not regret any acquaintance they may form with ‘Orpheus C. Kerr.’

*,* Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct to the under-
signed, who will forward per return. The name of the Publisher MUST “WN ALL CASES be given,

JOHN CAMDEN Horven, Publisher, 74 and 75, Piccadilly, London.

HUMOROUS AND AMUSING BOOKS WORTH HAVING.
(See SATURDAY REVIEW, October 29.)

In one vol., choicely printed,

Piccadilly Riddle Book: an entirely New Collection of the best Puns,

Conundrums, and other ‘Small Talk.’ Gathered together by the Honourable HueH RowLey,
and illustrated by nearly ONE HUNDRED Comic Desiaens from his pencil.

Preparing, in 4to., exquisitely printed on ivory paper,

Puck on Pegasus. Entirely New Edition, greatly enlarged, with’ |

additional illustrations by Noe, Paton, MrILuats, JoHN TENNIEL, RICHARD Doy.ie, M. ELLEN
Epwakps, and other distinguished artists.

THACKERAY AND GEORGE CRUIKSHANK.
In small 8vo., cloth, very neat, price 4s. 6d. 4
Thackeray’s Humour. Illustrated by the Pencil of George Cruikshank.

Twenty-four Humorous Designs executed by this inimitable artist in the years 1839-40, as illus-
trations to ‘THe Fara Boots’ and ‘Tur Diary oF BarBek Cox,’ with letterpress descriptions
suggested by the late Mr. Thackeray.

THE ENGLISH GUSTAVE DORE.
This day, in 4to., handsomely printed, cloth gilt, price 7s. 6d.; with plates uncoloured, 5s.

The Hatchet Throwers; with Thirty-six Illustrations, coloured after the
Inimitably Grotesque Drawings of ERNEST GRISET.

Comprises the astonishing adventures of Three Ancient Mariners, the Brothers Brass of Bristol, Mr.
Corker, and Mungo Midge.

‘A Munchausen sort of book, The drawings by M. Griset are very powerful and eccentric.—SATURDAY
Review.

This day, in crown 8vo., uniform with ‘BrcLow PaPers,’ price 3s. 6d.

Wit and Humour. By the ‘Autocrat of the Breakfast Table” A volume
of delightfully humorous Poems, very similar to the mirthful verses of Tom Hoop. Readers will
not be disappointed with this work

Cheap edition, handsomely printed, price 1s.
Vere Vereker; a Comic Story, by Thomas Hood, with Punning Illustra-
TIONS by WILLIAM BRUNTON.

One of the most amusing volumes which have been pnblished for a long time. For a piece of broad
humour, of the highly-sensational kind, it is perhaps the best piece of literary fun by Tom Hoop.

In 1 vol., 8vo., handsomely printed,

A Pedlar’s Wallet. By Dudley Costello. With Illustrations.

Immediately, at all the Libraries, .

Cent. per Cent.: a Story written upon a Bill Stamp. By Blanchard
JERROLD. With numerous coloured illustrations in the style of the late Mr. Leech’s charming
designs.

A Story of ‘The Vampires of London,’ as they were pithily termed in a recent notorious case, and one
undoubted irterest.

AN ENTIRELY N"2W BOOK OF DELIGHTFUL FAIRY TALES.

Now ready, square 12mo., handsomely printed on toned paper, in cloth, green and gold,
price 4s. 64. plain, 5s. 6d. coloured (by post 6d. extra),

Family Fairy Tales; or, Glimpses of Elfland at Heatherston Hall. Edited

by CHOLMONDELEY PENNELL, Author of ‘Puck on Pegasus,’ &c., adorned with beautiful pict:
of ‘My Lord Lion,’ ‘ King Uggermugger,’ and other great folks.

This charming volume of Original Tales has been universally praised by the critical press.

Pansie: a Child Story, the Last Literary Effort of Nathaniel Hawthorne |

12mo., price 6d.

Rip Van Winkle; and the ‘Story of Sleepy Hollow.’ By Washin

Irvine. Foolscap 8vo., very neatly printed on toned paper, illustrated cover, 6d.

*,” Where any difficulty occurs in the supply, postage stamps may be remitted direct te the und .
signed, who will forward per return, The name of the Publisher MUST IN ALL CASES be giv

JOHN CAMDEN Hortren. 74 and 75. Piccadilly. Tondon.

RO A794.

cd basen Se
nS ce we ae a

CES
ay

4
4