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WF onus Sim. : , OTIS EE ose +0 ns ae Tetras w! ad Peery tL es i] : a ie aaa ap ba 7 Wades _ ad ww wwe i+" y te | Ss ; wise OY et WO wn peers fab ¢ Vy wo Wy Pw ; Nuwtt ow a Met Maes Mn Vvw ww ‘ es UrIW UST e vey wwe “ ce SEES on. pee enue MS “ee Ie we MISS AGATE PEL TEE pot be \ w” wi ay y “ : Ey v s” “9 ras — We ‘=. ho snag * 4 a THT SL ce he seemeraey ANOS yr ‘ cd P bed | : bd owe ewe ‘& ¥'l . ‘vw »~ Vy! bd . a Ye S wee # - aod ' ee Sh at ai ao Ww ~~? -_ " % ow) 3 aw ¢ +} i ie . qQ -™~ ad Freee { ni SZ 8S nee! OP he in Aer “ SS Wed VL Ap topteds Bsauee iS aw of 7‘ a = ou & PA ofl si ‘ “PR ak $ e =| inate vy La aw Woaee wy, Bs ye vs aa ‘“$ ahaect - ty a fee ee == @ renin, wagog ‘way gh ” Winqaeere- WA, cheat Pb cnr: Y es iy! Yun aenee le” we tpn ibs eg oa | : ews re ee Pe etell Ws ~ an Wy aw ait wa. hel ti pir vel dul ww * www hy | : Nn pera yy Wey, WYN eae e syne Van qeeere ewe >: - Ff add *) oo «w™ “Nie a, P88 ee oe RA Re SoS vty Te vu vvl evyy. ALLA Wi, =: Vim Uy Wie yen ee A “AY yy : WUMiiaywyeeeees LL aa | || “Vv agg yee? ee enscenre . . | Sr eT TT bd yews" yf tPy ur” : ot | 3 iv dl * TT y “oane ove? WO yey tt? ve | Ld bt ‘hai ID Peey anwar, iN ewes!” ates seb btste wes | | Vl we WwAe ww Vash waned eyes Vay wsuvtveveul amy! yT NEVI cb rewbac uae Uma D | Ho ass eye ervey eul yyy! =, aes 9 - g a — — a Vin a7 ~) FOR OFFICIAL USE. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL ‘G F INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND. > SE Yue f ¥ ~~ > [AS FISHERIES BRANCH. Fé Pes % % 73 oY sa of ee SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS, ot 1908. | % % Bes. ZL. 2 The Decapoda Natantia of the Coasts of Ireland, BY >. ®Srantey Kemp, B.A. This paper may be referred to as— /s “9 O07 43 3 “ Fasheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1908, I. [1910], SS na & ein & He £ sae bd) a ry DUBL a NGS PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OF FICE, By Atex. Toom & Co. (Limirep), ABBEY-STREET. ; ee And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bockseller, from E, PONSONBY, 116, GRAFTON-STREET, DUBLIN ; or WYMAN AND SONS (LTD.), FETTER-LANE, LONDON, EC, ; or OLIVER & BoyD, TWEEDDALE-COURT, EDINBURGH. 1910. Price Three Shallings and Siz Pence. ag ) il. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND. FISHERIES BRANCH. i List oF PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS. (For the years 1901 to 1906 see separate list). Copies of the following papers can be obtained, either directly or through any bookseller, from the Government Sale Agents :—H. Ponsonby, 116, Grafton-street, Dublin; or Wyman & Sons, Ltd., Fetter- lane, London, E.C., and 82, Abingdon-street, Westminster, S.W.; or Oliver & Boyd, Tweeddale Court, Edinburgh; or, in exchange, from the Fisheries Branch, Department of Agriculture, &c., Dublin. Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1907. I.—Massy, ANNE L.,—The Cephalopoda Dibranchiata of the Coasts of Ireland, pp. 39, pl. 3. [1909]. II.—Massy, ANNE L.,—The Pteropoda and Heteropoda of the Ccasts of freland, pp. 52, pl. 1. [1909]. TIT.—Farran, G. P.,—Plaice Marking Experiments on the East Coast of Ireland in 1905 and 1906, pp. 86, charts 38. [1909]. TV.—Mitroy, J. A.,—Seasonal. Variations in the Quantity of Glycogen present in samples of Oysters, pp. 12, diagrams 8. [1909]. V.—STEPHENS, JANE, and §. J. Hickson, Alcyonarian and Madre- porarian Corals of the Irish Coasts, pp. 28, pl. 1. [1909]. VI.—Farran, G. P.,—Nudibranchiate Mollusca of the Trawling Grounds of the East and South Coasts of Ireland, pp. 18. ‘PL909} VII.—CunnincoAm, C. M.,—Report on the Drift of the Irish Sea, ; pp. 11. | . [1909]. VIII.—Honr, E. W. L.,—The Freshwater Eel. A Review of Recent. Contributions. to Knowledge of its Life- Ske PP.» Bee x IX,—Hotr, E.. W.. -L: gal as on the Artificial Propausate of Salmonidae during the Season of 1907-1908, pp. 11, and ~— Substance of Reports received from Clerks of Conservators relative — a dye ; to Salmon Fisheries, pp. 22, and co fmmeers. Hotr, B. W. L .-—Summary of Reports relative to Kel Fry, 1907 1908, pp. 6. | [1909]~ ‘ et ERT ee [1909]. FOR OFFICIAL USE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND. FISHERIES BRANCH. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS, 1908. Nov i. The Decapoda Natantia of the Coasts of Ireland, BY STANLEY Kemp, B.A. This paper may be referred to as— Fisherves, Ireland, Ser. Invest., 1908, I. [1910]. DUBLIN: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, By Auex. THom & Co. (Limitep), ABBEY-STREET. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from E, PONSONBY, 116, GRAFTON-STREET, DUBLIN ; or WYMAN AND SONS (LTD.), FETTER-LANE, LONDOY, E.C, ; or OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE-COURT, EDINBURGRF. 1910. Price Three Shillings and Sia Pence, THE DECAPODA NATANTIA OF THE COASTS OF IRELAND, BY STANLEY KeEmpP, B.A. Plates I-X XII. INTRODUCTION. The material which forms the basis of this paper was almost entirely accumulated during the course of the fishery research work carried out by the s.s. Helga since the year 1901. Owing to the limited opportunities for work of this nature, it has only been possible to investigate some of the more important areas with any degree of thoroughness; it thus happens that from the north coast of Ireland records are available from a single district only, Rathlin Deep, while several species have doubtless escaped detection on the rich southern grounds. The extensive and systematic trawling operations carried out off the east coast, more particularly on the grounds between Dublin and the Isle of Man, have probably yielded a fairly complete census of the forms occurring in the Irish Sea, and considerable attention has been paid to the deep-water dis- tricts to the south-west of Ireland off the coasts of Co. Kerry and Co. Cork. As might be expected, it is in this latter area, in soundings of from 200 to 1,000 fathoms, that the majority of the more interesting species have been obtained. These south-western investigations have been well supplemented by other deep-water work further north, both inside and outside the Porcupine Bank, and off the coasts of Co. Mayo, but the more inshore grounds inside the 100 fathom line still require further examination. In addition to the material obtained by the Helga, a small collection made by the Danish fishery steamer Thor has been examined. These specimens, which were kindly communi- cated to us by Dr. J. Schmidt, were all taken in the Atlantic trough over an area ranging from the Farce Is. to the Bay of Biscay. Canon Norman, to whom I am indebted for the loan of numerous specimens and for the opportunity of consulting literature which was not available in Dublin, has very kindly allowed me to use several hitherto unpublished records, and I have also to thank Dr. Calman, who has spared neither time nor trouble in answering my numerous queries, for the readi- ness with which he has placed his extensive knowledge of this group at my disposal. Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1908, I. [1910.] 1408-. 4 The researches carried out by the Marine Laboratory, which was stationed for some years in Bofin and Ballynakill Harbours, Co. Galway, have probably provided a fairly com- plete list of the fauna which exists in the shallow waters of the bays and creeks facing the Atlantic, while Kinahan’s Dublin and Belfast lists give a good idea of the littoral east coast species. Previous records of Natantia from Irish waters are not numerous, and it has been thought best to incorporate in the present paper all references to any of the scarcer forms. On the Helga the beam trawl was responsible for the cap- ture of the vast majority of the specimens; more especially bags of sprat and mosquito netting attached to the back of the trawl have proved invaluable for obtaining all except the very largest species. If placed in the proper position, in the path of the swirl caused by the passage of the footrope, these nets* invariably catch numbers of organisms which would otherwise escape. The nets fish, though very inefficiently, while being hauled to the surface, and it consequently happens that mid- water species are occasionally caught. Errors arising from this source have been obviated by the frequent use of large midwater nets which secure only such forms as swim freely at intermediate depths. In the case of species occurring in both beam and midwater trawls, further evidence (such as their presence in the stomachs of fish frequenting the floor of the ocean) is necessary before they can rightly be considered to be members of the bottom fauna. Pelagic species of Natantia seem to be active animals, and townets of large size are necessary to effect their capture. A net with a triangular frame, with sides 6 feet long, and a bag of mosquito netting, has yielded good results on the Helga, but in the last few vears has been largely superseded by a mid- water trawl designed by Dr. C. G. Johan Petersen. In this, the bag is made of very stout cheese-cloth, supported by bolt ropes down the seams; it is kept open by means of a pair of otter boards, which are attached by short bridles to the upper and lower extremities of two poles forming the vertical sides of the mouth. 'T'wo sizes of this net have been employed ; the opening in one case is 8 ft. by 4 ft., in the other 103 ft. by 7 ft. Both triangle net and midwater trawl fish while being hauled to the surface, and consequently it is impossible to be certain of the depth at which the specimens were actually caught. Dredges, although frequently employed, more especially on rough ground, do not seem to be very efficient instruments for the capture of the species here dealt with. The material taken by the Thor was for the most part col- lected in a midwater trawl, but fine-meshed otter trawls work- ing on the bottom were also fished. Tables have been provided which will, it is hoped, furnish a ready means of determining the various families, genera, and 1JIn the lists of records these nets are al] included under ‘‘ trawl,’’ i. *OB. 5 species found off our coasts ; in order to give them a somewhat wider application, species found in British waters, but not up to the present known from Ireland, have been included with a brief note on their distribution. All Irish species discovered since Bell’s monograph of Bri- tish Decapods was published (1853) have been described and figured!. The synonymy of many of the species has been fully treated by recent authors, and it has not been thought necessary to repeat it here ; in the majority of cases references will be found only to the more important papers. The descriptions of colour were drawn up from notes taken from living or freshly caught specimens on board the Helga. Among littoral and shallow-water forms great variation is often found, and in such cases notes based on the examination of at most a few specimens probably do not convey an adequate idea of the different phases of colouration to be met with; the case is different in deep-water species, which do not, as a rule, show any marked divergence from a standard type. During the course of townetting observations a large col- lection of iarvae has been acquired. The vast amount of time which would be required for a full treatment of this material prohibits its inclusion in the present paper, but it has been found possible to discuss a few deep-water larvae which could be definitely traced to adult forms. In dealing with all except the commonest species the actual records are given. The temperature and salinity of the water are now regarded as having an important bearing on questions of distribution, and consequently such data, where available, have been appended to each station; it is hoped that this method, though rather cumbrous, will be found of greater ser- vice than mere reference to lists published separately. In treating of specimens caught in midwater, temperature and salinity are given for the surface as well as for the greatest depth fished, as it is impossible to be certain that the speci- mens were not caught during the ascent of the net. The positions are to be regarded as the approximate central point of each haul. Soundings were, as a rule, taken at the beginning and end of each station; both are given, and it will be noticed that in a few cases, in deep water on the Atlantic slope, the two differ widely, owing to the comparatively rapid shelving of the sea bottom in those particular localities. Unless otherwise stated, measurements of all specimens are eae in mm. from the apex of the rostrum to the tip of the telson. According to the views of the committee which sat in 1890 the western limit of the British area coincides with the 1,000- fathom line. All the species hereafter noticed have been found within this area. On a few occasions midwater nets were fished from the Helga outside this western limit; speci- mens caught at such localities do not seem to call for separation from the rest, for it is obvious that there is no natural faunistic 1 With the exception of some Pandalidae, which have been very fully dealt with in recent years by Calman (1896). : FOS: 6 division at or about this line. Although for museum purposes it certainly seems necessary to define some western limit to the British and Irish area, it is evident that its creation is of purely local interest and offers no assistance to the study of distributional problems. Fifty-four species! of Decapoda Natantia are known from Bmtish and Irish waters, and forty-seven of these have been found off the Irish coasts.? Ten species are practically restricted to the littoral and laminarian zones, which extend from high water mark to 15 or 20 fathoms. These are :— Hippolyte varians. Leander adspersus. Hippolyte prideauxiana. Leander squilla. Spirontocaris Crancht. Crangon vulgaris. Athanas nitescens. Philocheras trispinosus. Leander serratus. Philocheras fasciatus. Hippolyte varians, Leander squilla, and Crangon vulgaris are not infrequently found in brackish ditches where the water is of low salinity, while Palaemonetes varians occurs abun- dantly in water that is only slightly brackish. Several species, such as Pandalus Montagu and Pandalina . brevirostris, may be reckoned as visitors to the laminarian zone, recurring there regularly at definite seasonal periods. Beyond the laminarian zone there is no distinct line of de- marcation in the fauna, the species changing by almost im- perceptible gradations until the greatest depths of the Atlantic are reached. The large majority of the British Decapoda Natantia live on or very close to the bottom. The following species have, how- ever, been taken under circumstances which afford the clearest proof that they are free-swimming? :— Amalopenaeus elegans. Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons. Sergestes robustus. Acanthephyra purpurea. Sergestes arcticus. Acanthephyra debilis. Pasiphaé sivado. Hymenodora glacialis. Caridion Gordoni. P. swado and C. Gordon occur constantly on the bottom, but are nevertheless sometimes found in midwater, usually in soundings of no considerable magnitude. The seven remain- ing forms are, as a general rule, bathypelagic, but S. robustus and A. purpurea, having been found in the stomachs of fish 1 Excluding the following three species, which have as yet only been taken near the Channel Islands :— Lysmata seticaudata (Risso), Norman, 1907. Hippolyte gracilis (Heller), Walker, 1899 ieee p. 170). Anchistia scripta (Risso), Norman, 1907. 2 An Index to the genera and species mentioned in this paper will be found at p. 179. * Three other species also probably occur in midwater—Pasiphaé tarda and the two species of Ephyrina, E. Hoskyni and E. Benedictt. I. ’08. ¥ which are known to frequent the ocean floor, must be regarded as members of the benthos as well as of the nekton. Only a very few species are definitely associated with other animals. T'ypton spongicola is found living within sponges of the order Monaxonida, while Richardina spinicincta, the only representative of the Stenopidea yet found in British waters, is probably restricted to the areas peopled by the Hexactinellid sponge, Pheronema, and often referred to as the ‘‘ Holtenia”’ ground. JLeontocaris lar has only been found on two occa- sions, and in each haul Antipatharia and branching corals of the genus Lophohelia occurred abundantly. This, coupled with the highly specialized structure of the species, suggests the possibility of an Alcyonarian association. The following table indicates the months in which ovigerous females of the various species have been found off the Irish coasts. Crangon vulgaris (which is omitted in this table) is to be found bearing ova at almost any time of the year. It is probable that on the Irish coast—as was found to be the case in Lancashire (Herdman, 1893)—C. vulgaris has two prin- cipal breeding periods: in late autumn and early summer. | | 3 i . me a = Ree a es She babel 3 aon Se = 5 Z| A & | = S = 3 = 5) = . © = S | 76 o 5) ae ea Ve eps ie | 2s eles | es rSim@l/seial/2#l S145 /4}alo;4)ea Pasiphaé sivado ........ X | RS bien ae | | | Acanthephyra purpurea ..|....| X Acanthephyra debilis ....|....|.... Nee sraliceca: ak Nematocarcinus ensifer, v. ELL a ee OR See oa X Pandalus Montagui ....| K}....|.... > SU a sional aE ead ora | X Pandalus propinquus ..|.... Tee oP e w's's Xx | Pandalus Bonniert ...... > IED , Ges gp. Co > eat ae Ga scabs ev eranc Se a a Wakes ail arenas kd THOSOMARE MATE «df. 0's. \0's 5 |e ans [oe ee lowes » ee X | X Pandalina brevirostris ..| X| K| X| X| X| X Xx | Hippolyte varians ......|.... Ki X/|X| X| KX} Kj XX; Xi xX Spirontocaris Cranchi' ..|....|.... X| X;} X| X Spirontocaris pusiola ....|.... Roitece fh Moe Xe | BRM GOTAOI oo allo eles \losars cles win |e sie « |'e ees Xx Processa canaticulaia ....| KM \....) K4j.c.. Kie...]....] X | Leander serratus.. ...... | ER NACETOUSPICESUS © 5h. close tis sv sile-ss sffo'w e/ahel ie aio 8 X LAGE (EE ET a Ce | A =| X| X Crangon Allmanni ...... X| X/; X| XX] X Philocheras echinulatus ... X| XK| X/| X/| X|....| X Philocheras trispinosus ..| K|....| K|....| X|....| X WARSLGCHETAS SCULPIUS ee «a2 de ch ocsie ole a ole» o's KX kes ee Philocheras bispinosus ... X| K| X| X| X| X| XK! Xi....| X Philocheras bispinosus, v. TCP CCHIOS. iw pave tbelat Hh ak Mews We 3 3. X Pontophilus spinosus ....| X| X| X Pontophilus norvegicus ..|.... X Richardina spinicineta ..|....|....|...-|...- De alrdta ens, « bisa i | xX 1 | | * Only in deep water off the West Coast, T, -08. 8 ATLANTIC DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH — British and Irish Area. | & | 7 7 eH o alee diglgilzZ lg | a a q Aidisa |< 3 | Sl|m 2 \Sal 2 x4 fia | 8 esl s | re sist a | a x ae ae a | ae | | ws ° io) >o |OSll & & Petar | 2/3] ,/@lel|elgale|2 8 | Boe) | sy ead eee ee ey | A |S sO" | OAS eerie ees | | 3 é 5 |e A \o|a|s ae) a ~ — ~ no} ~ o 5 a 5 3 eel Oy POY a ees 3 | “a, Pl2/S/8\e la ec ia le |S | a l l l 1 | Amalopenaeus elegans .. | KX | age all eo as Wa es oars xX| X| X| X 2 | Solenocera siphonocera X dye ae So Hn ISiee ol Iaciciol bieesllomet ai (cos = - 3 | Sergestes robustus ......| xX ISecol tor co odiancnh 7, Selle, © RerAlnce | - - 4 | Sergestes arcticus ...... Kl. Dee Besar, Gaia’, Ga lee, Sara sips 5 | Pasiphaé sivado ........| Sal eee X > Gai fee, Si Sree feast Peis = So - | 6 | Pasiphaé tarda ........ OE eee. eine , ki |ee. ae, Gaew§ 7 | Pasiphaé princeps ...... Xi. » nie, GRBs erieeix oc 8 | Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons | X |. Mikeicil owe Xx 9 | Acanthephyra purpurea ..| X |. | X || X X 10 | Acanthephyra debilis ....| XK |....| ae BA ey Xx ll | Ephyrina Hoskyni ...... » Beal ca urs PersiSes i aceerl ne Rao Arla 66) S- 0 12 | Ephyrina Benedicti oi] eM | oe opel vaca Gatos alate on eeerpaneereaee Xx 13) Baymenodora :qlacialis’.a-.| ae \os case eeeeee aera Xx X| X 14 | Nematocarcinus ensifer'..| X |. cy dlers X Me ae 15 |. Bresilia atlantica ...... X 16 || Pandalus borealis ......\....\.- at raterall oe, Ge ee Slee Se 17 | Pandalus Montagui...... XiXR| KX) KK) KX) Ky KR) Ke 18 | Pandalus propinquus a Gli crea eee ere Koll Meee): See 19 | Pandalus Bonnieri ...... ee Sal IR a SI edie | ae xX 20.| Plesionika martia ...... Oe ries Ra a eet ire 5 oye eieuetell suerneel eee 21 | Pandalina brevirostris Mi X | Kh RIK Ke Ke ive eee 22 | Hippolyte varians ...... > Glia, alle, Gait? Gellar, iii GER allt Ales Silks oes! [gc 1:23 | Hippolyte pridgauziana ..| XK i... \eds dh Kees). cole Melee lo eee 24 | Spirontocaris spinus2....|.... XK) We | RO ee ee 25 | Spirontocaris Gaimardi ..|....). + tele sceticce melee weil OOK ||) KSI SR tl pmol amine a 26 | Spirontocaris polaris ....|....|.. BS Sosa oe cred cts ciel ee Xi KOK ae 27 | Sptrontocaris Cranchi >, Sie, See, Ge ae, i, Cie Gamers tinier | iS 2. 28 | Spirontocaris pusiola ....|....).. PR ie? See bee), io ley Mee ae Se [He toll X | X 29 | Caridion Gordoni ...... D See . Sal ee. ilies eke Xi) wi Ki. | Rowan 30.| Leontocaris lar ....6..05% xX : 31 | Bythocaris gracilis ...... MK alice 2 te rare ceterterall avers tellers ete xX | X| X| X 32 | Alpheus ruber .......... > Seihanee, Gllanae Seu tier bees bee ee | peeves INF Ecst ieisicr O- 33 | Alpheus macrocheles ....|....|. ob all's a Ge GOAN sah eS Cieioeall |r ceeeteeres e 34 | Athanas nitescens ar ae, Seika, Gaile - Sb Panga (miarcesal sil sSOni(iosall. 9 > 35 | Processa canaliculata ..... K| X| KX! KX} KX] KI XM I....]....]....].-.- 36 | T'ypton spongicola ......|....|. TPE Gate Canis orl aaa Ace - 37 | Leander serratus ........ X| X| X| X| X Me aia (ee Ug es 38 | Leander adspersus ...... > rere ee, allem, Si Ieee tenes Meer ais tit i[m 2 =» a Menaion cuca ee WOR xP KT KL KPT RES | hes 40 | Palaemonetes varians®....1 K | K | Ki Ke | ae. Se ll cele eile eet ee 41 | Crangon vulgaris ...... Xi XX eR eK ie Re eek ; j > eae 42 | Crangon Allmanni ...... Xt At Sy KR oe Fe cnn fee Salitce 43 | Sclerocrangon. Jacquats. 2.) KM \....\..celec clon sates o's X | X 44 | Philocheras echinulatus ..| .M (>...) KM }ss.slecscdoees Mo esis ee | Sane leans 45 | Philocheras trispinosus ... X|....| KX] Ki) KK) MYO 46 | Philocheras sculptus See, We ee, Slee Se eas ee each cig eel eee Al | Philocheras fasciatus ....| X|..9.| KM | MK) M] Ml Milles e | oalee se 48 | Philocheras bispinosus ..| X| K| X| Ki XX XK I....]....}..-.]..-. 49 | Philocheras bispinosus, v.. neglects 4... : < Sate lianas pr id rien acura Kit Re eelee sees sl ae 50 | Aegeon Lacazei ........ CT Fol ue eee ene Ta kl tee Ge ere ay Coe, [Par 51 |-Pontophilus spinosus ....1 KM| XK| X| K| KX] X.| KI....]....]..../.... 52 | Pontophilus norvegicus Be patil sata | nan aPalghs cent ote b Glee Se ee « DS 4 SOROUNC ISAT, so xa ss casstel CE Oe ees aw ernie ee onl oie Xi X| X | X/i...- 54 | Richardina spinicincta xX « sernltReniee| ee 6) 6 te oil tee ' The species from the Irish coast and from near Iceland are referred to the var. exilis. 2 The majority of the British and Irish records refer to tho var. Lilljeborgi. AND IRISH DECAPODA NATANTIA. lL ‘UOISaI UVIPU] ISOM | ‘BY etal eel | "BOLL W “MS es | "RIQUIRDIUIG PUP ‘ST OPIIA “OM ‘SoIOZY | "RaQ Yoryy ‘URIUVIIO}IPO [AT ‘Avosig jo Avg "yaeulUeq “UspoeMg “ONIN o1yoIy Jo "Gg ABMION Jo 4svo_g ‘e[Om) O1OIY JO "Ny ABMION JO 4SBO_ "B09 BIBS] 4 x x * a | > : >e < : >< >: > >< >< aoe »: <>< pe “6 Ue De >< >< >< >< >< x: >< de >< >< Od >< SE DDE DK DS DK D6 DS >>> OKO Dé > >< d€ >< >< DK KK EDD KK DKK OK ere cna” ta o> 5 > pee bee oe de >< yee 16 D6 >6 96 >< >< yet hbk SE SA. Sra HES + TORRE Dk De DE Oe >< >< be tt tee 6 >< ‘ot te De De >< >< >< DE EDIE DED | DK DE DK DK DC DC a>: OK KO “oe eK et i Mr tt Mert ar dt at en ok ae ae al A eee ee art eer a BE ess ee pee be ope bet 2h gga get tek) 2) ae ey Ade wber ee SrAAtS SES SATARRARRNARASAGARSEBALTITTASTSS SSAA * Known from Madeira. I. 08. 10 The tables on this and the preceding pages will give an idea of the Atlantic and extra-Atlantic distribution of the species known from British and Irish waters. From these it will be seen that of fifty-four species, nineteen have been found north of the Arctic Circle, while twenty-six occur in the Mediterranean. Five species of British and Irish Natantia (four of which have not been found S. of Scotland) are known to live on the bottom in water below freezing point. These are Pandalus borealis. Spirontocaris spinus. Spirontocaris polaris. Spirontocaris Gavmardi. Sabinea Sarsi. Other species, now known to be bathypelagic, have been recorded from localities with temperatures below O°C., but it is extremely hkely that in all these cases (with the possible exception of Hymenodora glacialis) the specimens were swim- ming in much warmer layers well above the bottom and were caught during the ascent of the net. EXTRA-ATLANTIC DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH AND IRISH DECAPODA NATANTIA. E | Beate E | | a0 as) | 9 be | q | ° | Cae ° Ba) Beek | ied Fe = rita 5 ewer cee _ a ig ica eo e's eal ime [ats tal ec fetes = ° é g | 8] pe) Doe bee ee [2 | 3 leds | wel é, | S| bo & , | 4 a a at Pan Jeet > ee =) 218 (sai 21 BS |e eee IRIE |S) 2.8 eels aoe 4/S mM | Ala l|42/Hia OAR | a eo ere ee Sergestes robustus ...... | dis eseilievottabs [Senegal = eiciel| eereenioeeae 5 Sergestes arcticus ...... —One, 25 mm. §.R. 282.—18 /11 /'05.—54° 59’ N., 10° 53’ W., soundings 7,000 fathoms. Surface temperature Lig be salinity a0 30 {30.5 temperature at 250 fathoms 9-3° C., salinity, 35-39°/,,. Triangle net, 0-700 fathoms—Six, 17-38 mm Triangle net, 0-200 fathoms—Four, 15-40 mm. S.R. 328.—9 /5 /’06.—51° 32’ N., 11° 53° W., 445-515 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 400 fathoms about 9-5° C.—One, 42 mm. S.R. 329.—9 /5 /’06.—51° 21’ N., 11° 35’ W., 215-415 fathoms Trawl Temperature at 400 fathoms 9-55° C., salinity 35 -33°/ ,. —Two, 34 and 44 mm. ( Cc T5038: 34 S.R. 334. —10 /5 /06.—51° 35’ 30” N., 12° 26’ W., 500-520 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 9-2° C., salinity 35 -10°/ ,, One. S.R. 337.—13 /5 /’06.—51° 21’ 30” N., 12° 9’ W., soundings 768 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-20 fathoms. Surface tempera- ture 11-0° C.—Four, 38-47 mm. S.R. 351.—5 /8 /'06.—50° 19 30” N., 11° 6’ W., 230-250 fathoms. Trawl—Twenty-one, 18-34 mm. §.R. 363.—10 /8 /’06.—51° 22’ N., 12° 0’ W., 695-720 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 600 fathoms 7 -9° C.—Three, 25-35 mm. S.R. 366.—1]1 /8 /’06.—51° 24’ N., 11° 40’ W., soundings 461 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-400 fathoms. Surface temperature 15 -6° C.; at 380 fathoms 9-44° C.—Two, 22 and 31 mm. S.R. 386.—6 /11 /’06.—51° 48’ N., 12° 4’ W., soundings 450 fathoms. Surface trawl. ‘Surface temperature 12-3° C., salinity 35 -37°/ ,,—Four, 17-85 mm. S.R. 442.—16 /5 /’07.—51° 34’ N., 11° 48’ W., 465-508 fathoms. Trawl—Seven, 9-19 mm. S.R. 447.—18 /5 /’07.—50° 20’ N., 10° 57’ W., 221-343 fathoms. Trawl. ‘Temperature at 300 fathoms 9-87° C., salinity 35 -48°/ .,—Two. S.R. 449.—19 /5 /’07.—50° 28’ N., 11° 39’ W., soundings 950 fathoms. - Midwater trawl, 0-800 fathoms—Twelve, 14-44 mm. S.R. 470.—24 /8 /’07.—50° 16’ N., 11° 27’ W., soundings 770 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-500 fathoms. Surface temperature 15-8° C., salinity 35-30°/.,; temperature at 500 fathoms, 9 -03° C., salinity 35-35°/ ,,—Three, 26-36 mm. S.R. 476.—26 /8 /’07.—51° 42’ 30” N., 12° 15’ 30” W., soundings 640 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-300 fathoms. Surface temperature 15°45° C., salinity 35°37°/ .,; temperature at 250 fathoms, 10-19° C., salinity 35+34°/ ,.—Thirteen, 10-26 mm. S.R. 481.—29 /8 /’07.—50° 59’ N., 11° 52” W., soundings 920—1,064 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-900 fathoms—Three. S.R. 486.—3 /9 /’07.—51° 37’ 30” N., 12° 0’ W., 600-660 fathoms. Trawl. ‘Temperature at 500 fathoms &-65° C., salinity 35 -35°/ 5, —Two, 28 and 29 mm. S.R. 488.—4 /9 /’07.—51° 35’ N., 11° 57’ W., soundings 540-720 fathoms. Triangle net, 0-400 fathoms—One, 35 mm. S.R. 492.—8 /9 ’07.—51° 57’ 30” N., 12° 19’ W., soundings 520- 533 fathoms. ‘Triangle net, 0-400 fathoms. Surface tem- perature 15°35°C., salinity 35°39°/.>: temperature at 500 fathoms, 8-53° C., salinity 35:44° /,,—One. S.R. 494.—8 /9 /’07.—51° 59’ N., 12° 32’ W., 550-570 fathoms. Trawl, Five, 25-42 mm. S.R. 503.—12 /9 /’07.—50° 43’ N., 11° 23’ W., soundings 515-990 fathoms. Surface temperature 16-2° C., salinity 35-34°/ ,.. Triangle net, surface—Thirty-three, 9-27 mm. Triangle net, 0-80 fathoms—Sixteen, 9-17 mm. Vertical range.—Sergestes arcticus is ‘a free-swimming species. Adults are usually found at considerable depths, but B08. 35 have on some occasions been taken at the surface; the young stages seem to be confined to the upper strata of the water. The species has been caught over soundings of 139 and 2,516 fathoms (Smith), but although frequently taken by the trawl, there is no certain record that it has ever occurred actually on the bottom. TrRisE CARIDEA. This tribe comprises the vast majority of the species of De- capoda Natantia found in British and Irish waters. Ten fanulies are represented, one of which (Bresiliidae) was estab- lished for the reception of a single species, which has, so far, been found only in the deep water of the Irish Atlantic slope. A. Exopods on at least first four pairs of pereiopods. I. Pereiopods not enormously long and not all slender, all five pairs with long exo- pods. A. Kixopods of second maxillipedes absent or rudimentary; first two pereiopods much longer and stouter than re- maining three, . ‘PASIPHAEIDAE (p. 386). B. Wxopods of second maxillipedes well de- veloped, but without terminal lash ; first two pereiopods not longer or materially stouter than remaining three, . HOPLOPHORIDAE (p. 55). II. Pereiopods very slender and of enormous Jength, especially the three posterior pairs; small exopods on the first four pairs only ; exopods of second maxilli- pedes with terminal lash, NEMATOCARCINIDAE (p.75) B. Pereiopods with only two eapease on the first two pairs, . BRESILIDAE (p. 82). C. Exopods usually entirely absent from perelo- pods, when present on the first pair only. I. Carpus of second pereiopods divided into two or more segments. A. Eyes not covered by a projection of frontal margin of carapace. 1. First pereiopods both simple or both chelate ; rostrum usually of consider- able size and armed with spines. I. ’08. 36 a. First two pairs of pereiopods slender, the first either simple or microscopically chelate, the second with chelae of small size; mandibles with palp, and with incisor and molar processes, . . PANDALIDAE (p. 84). b. First two pairs of perelopods not both very slender, the first with chelae of moderate size, although occasionally smaller than those of second pair; mandibles with or with- out incisor process and palp, H1IpPoLYTIDAE (p. 99). ii. Of the first pair of pereiopods, one 1s simple, the other chelate; rostrum short and unarmed; mandibles with- out palp or incisor process,. PROCESSIDAE (p. 128). B. Eyes usually covered, at least partially, by a projection of the frontal margin of carapace; first pereiopods very robustly chelate, . . ALPHEIDAE (p. 119). II. Carpus of second pereiopods unsegmented, simple. A. First perelopods with small chelae, second pair with larger and more robust chelate, . PALAEMONIDAE (p. 127). B. First pereiopods sub-chelate, second pair slender (rarely absent), minutely chelate or simple, —. . CRANGONIDAE (p. 134). For the purposes of the present paper I have not thought it necessary to make use of super-families as in the scheme proposed by Borradaile (1907). Certainly in the Caridea such groups can at present only be regarded as hypothetical, at any rate until the families themselves are more satisfactorily defined. Famity PASIPHAEHIDAE. Of this family two genera are now known from British and Irish waters. ‘They may be distinguished thus :— I. Rostrum in the form of a post-frontal spine; mandible without palp; gill formula :— ee eee : zB aa | Wall? VeVeLET: EXE Ko 3 GE) RL eas | EDV, | nt hn iy SEN ee a es a Sa | Podobranchiae. ay Rei “ beage? HS | Lys Be An | rud. | | Arthrobranchiae, oe xe ase aes 1 1 1 : Pleurobranchiae, 20 eae aA aes ibe 1 1 j | 1 Pasiphaé (p. 87). I. ’08. 37 It. Rostrum a regular prolongation of the carapace; man- dible with a two- jointed palp ; gill formula :— —— Wik, | VELL IX. | xX. Ri, |: ably, | NEE + A XTY, | | l | | | _ Podobranchiae, 20) tL hepet h Jepes (2 apy | Arthrobranchiae, ... _... Pe | Zon 5 Soe | De leas ] | | Pleurobranchiae, a ee | ou | vee | 1 EOE 1 Parapasiphaé (p. 47). _ Genus Pasiphaé, Savigny. The three species of this genus known from British and Trish waters fall into two groups :— I. Abdominal somites laterally compressed, but not dorsally carinate; telson truncate at apex, : ; ber ich, By sipade: IJ. Abdominal somites laterally compressed and sharply carinate dorsally; telson forked at apex, . é , P. tarda. P. princeps.: A tabular statement of the distinctions between these last two species will be found on p. 42. Pasiphaé sivado, (Risso). PAV, fig. 12: Pasitphaea sivado, Bell, 1858, fig., p. 312. The very rudimentary character of the pleurobranch at the base of the last pereiopod is an interesting feature of this well known form. It consists of a short process bearing five or six lamellae and is apparently developed quite late in the post- larval history of the species; even in specimens measuring 30 mm. no trace of it could be found (cf. Calman, 1903). In the other two representatives of the genus known from Irish waters this podobranch is well developed although smaller - than that at the base of the preceding limb. Size.—The largest specimen observed measures 79 mm. ; individuals up to 4 ins. in length have, however, been re- corded from Loch Fyne (Henderson). Off the Irish coast ovigerous females are rarely found to measure less than 65 mm., but Alcock has recorded an egg-laden female from Indian waters of only 48 mm., while a specimen from the Portuguese coast examined by the author was only 2 mm. longer. ’ 1. “08: 38 Colour in life..—The carapace and abdomen are perfectly clear and transparent, with the exception of a red spot or aggregation of spots near the posterior edges of the second to fifth somites inclusive; the sixth somite has a red dorsal streak on its posterior half and another similarly situated on the ventral aspect. The eyes are black, with a dull reddish reflection. The antenna and outer flagellum of the antennule are dotted with small red spots, a few of which are also pre- sent on the inner antennular flagellum ; the peduncle and an- tennal scale are colourless. The first and second pairs of perelopods are transparent, with a red streak or row of spots along the under side of the basus, ischium, merus and carpus ; the digits are suffused with red and in the first pair there is an additional red spot at the base of the propodus. The third pair is transparent ; the fourth shows red spots on the ischium and merus; the fifth is similar, with red spots, in addition, on the carpus. At the base of each pereiopod there is a red spot on the sternum. ‘The basal joint of the pleopods is marked with a red spot or streak and the tips of the rami are some- times tinged with the same colour; the distal third of the outer uropods is also red. The eggs are quite transparent or very faintly greenish. This description details the maximum development of red pigment observed ; in many specimens it is restricted to only a few of the areas noted above. In no case is there enough red colouring present to detract from the general invisibility of the animal in the water; a feature which has gained for P. siwado the suitable name of ‘‘ ghost prawn.’’ General distribution.—This species is well known in the Mediterranean (Heller, etc.), and has been found rather com- monly off the Portuguese coast (Wolfenden, 1906) and in the Bay of Biscay; it is apparently quite absent from the English Channel and North Sea. It has been taken in the Bristol Channel and is frequent off the west coast of Scotland (Scott). In Norway it is found rarely off the south and west coasts (Sars and Norman). The only extra-EKuropean record is from the neighbourhood of India, where three specimens have been re- corded from the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal (Alcock). Trish distribution.—Adult P. sivado are found fairly com- monly throughout the Irish Sea in soundings of 20 fathoms or more; post-larval specimens are sometimes found at much shallower depths (8-9 fathoms). The species is always to be found in the area known as Lambay Deep, where the sound- ings range from 50 to 73 fathoms. Like Pandalus Montagui aud Meganuctiphanes norvegica it 1s sometimes found in as- tonishingly large numbers; these assemblages appear, how- ever, to be quite temporary. P. sivado has not so far been taken off the south coast of Ireland and in the west is quite scarce and confined to deep water; the records are :— Helga. 15 /7 /?03.—53° 34’ N., 11° 31’ W., 110 fathoms. Trawl—Three 11-5-14 mm. & I. ’08. 39 S.R. 169.—4 /11 /’04.—51° 50’ N., 11° 26’ W., 129 fathoms. Trawl —Seven, 16-24. S.R. 321.—1 /5 /’06.—50° 58’ N., 11° 17’ W., 208-480 fathoms. Trawl —Eleven, 60-73 mm.; several ovigerous. S.R. 329.—9 /5 /?06.—51° 21’ N., 11° 34’ W., 215-415 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 400 fathoms 9-55° C., salinity 35 -33°/ ,, Three, 56-74 mm. S.R. 351.—5 /8 /’06.—50° 19’ 30” N., 11° 6’ W., 230-250 fathoms. Trawl—One, 32 mm. S.R. 383.—6 /11 /’06.—51° 57’ N., 11° 34’ W., soundings 143-180 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-100 fathoms. Surface tem- perature 12:25° C., salinity 35°35°/.,; at 100 fathoms, temperature 10 -3° C., salinity 35°35°/,,—Seventeen, 11-17 mm. S.R. 447.—18 /5 /’07.—50° 20’ N., 10° 57’ W., 221-343 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 300 fathoms a 87° C., salinity 35°48°/ ., Three ; two ovigerous. Vertical range.—Off the Irish coast this species has been found between 8 and 230 fathoms; in Indian waters it is re- corded from 200 to 250 fathoms; in the Bay of Biscay it has been trawled by the Hualey in 412 fathoms ; while in the Medi- terranean it is stated to have occurred in 5438 fathoms (Aden- samer). Post-larval specimens, up to 80 mm. in length, are frequently caught in midwater and less commonly at the sur- face. Although the adult is occasionally found under similar conditions, there can be little doubt that it ives normally on, or very near, the bottom. Pasiphaé tarda, Kroyer. = Pl. IV, figs. 8-11. Pasiphaea tarda, Kroyer, 1845. Pasiphaea norwegica, M. Sars, 1868, Pls. 4 and 5, figs. 65-90. Pasiphaea tarda, G. O. Sars, 1882. Pastphaé tarda, Wollebaek, 1900, Pl. 01, fig. 3. Pastphaé tarda, Hansen, 1908. The rostrum is in the form of a procurved post-frontal spine rising from the dorsal carina ; the apex usually reaches slightly beyond the anterior margin of the carapace. The carapace is slightly less than half the length of the abdomen (excluding the telson) and its greatest depth is about half its length. As in P. siwado it is furnished with a sharp spine at the base of the antennae above the obtusely rounded sinus. A carina de- fines thé superior boundary of the branchial chamber, disap- pearing before it reaches the posterior margin. All the abdominal somites are sharply carinate dorsally with the exception of the posterior third of the sixth; this somite is about one and a half times the length of the preceding and on each side of it a rather conspicuous carina may be seen. The 1108: 40 telson (fig. 10) is about as long as the sixth somite, and is shorter than both inner and outer uropods; it is strongly sul- cate dorsally, apically it is deeply forked and furnished, in the bifurcation, with eight or nine pairs of spines, those at the outer angles being the longest. The eyes are rather larger than in P. sivado, and with a slightly shorter stalk. The basal joint of the antennular peduncle is the longest, and the middle joint the shortest ; the lateral process is sharply pointed, and reaches to the distal end of the basal segment. The antennal scale (fig. 9) is rather more than half the length of the carapace, its outer margin is slightly convex and terminates apically in a long strong spine ; the lamellar portion is rather less than four times as long as broad. 7 The outer maaillipedes do not quite reach to the apex of the antennal scale; the ultimate joint is about one and a third times the length of the penultimate. The first pair of pereiopods reaches beyond the tip of the antennal scale by one half the length of the propodus. The basus and ischium are not armed with ventral spines, but the former is produced distally and basally to an acute point. The merus, which is rather shorter than the propodus, is provided with ten to twelve ven- tral spines; the carpus is very short, not much more than one-fifth the length of the propodus. ‘The fingers of the chela are curved near the tip and cross one another when closed ; the dactylus is rather more than one-third the length of the whole hand. The second pair of pereiopods reaches beyond the first pair, the greater length being due to the longer merus and propodus. ‘The basus is armed below with eight or nine spines, and the ischium with two (fig. 11); the merus bears along its basal edge about eighteen to twenty-five rather strong spines, and the lower distal edge of the carpus is produced for- wards to form a strong tooth. The palm of the chela is rather strongly contracted behind the fingers, and is but little longer than them; the digits are curved near their tips and cross one another when closed. In both the first and second pairs the fingers are provided with numerous stout spinules along their inner faces. The third pair of pereiopods is extremely slender, and reaches to the carpus of the second pair. The dactylus and carpus are very short; the merus is very long, being four times the length of the ischium and two and a quarter times that of the propodus. The fourth pair is very short and reaches only to about the middle of the merus of the third pair; the propodus, which is slightly longer than the ischium, is less than half the length of the merus; the minute dactylus bears a fringe of stiff setae. The fifth pair is almost as long as the third and much stouter; the ischium is equal in length to the carpus and about one-third as long as the merus; the merus and propodus are about equal. The dac- tylus is rather shorter than the carpus, it is spatulate and is provided with stiff apical and ventral setae. Exopods are, of course, present at the base of all the pereiopods ; they decrease in size from before backwards. P08. 41 The outer wropod is much longer than the inner, and is rather less than four times as long as broad. Of the four specimens examined, none possess the secondary stylet at the base of the inner branch of the second pair of pleopods which is characteristic of the mature male. Size.—The four specimens examined yield the following measurements in mm. :— | | | Total length. Carapace.! | Abdomen. Antennal scale.? 70 19°5 39°5 11 65 18 35 | 9°5 59°5 16°5 34 8°5 | 51 14°5 28 8 | 100 mm. probably represents the maximum length of this species. Larger specimens (up to 160 mm.) have been re- corded, but there is evidence to show that these should more properly be referred to Pasiphaé princeps. Colour in life.—According to Wollebaek, in larger speci- mens “‘ the top part of the carapace presents a colourless trans- parency, being elsewhere more or less translucent and milky in hue. The smaller individuals are quite transparent, with parts of the legs and lamellae red.’’ General distribution.—Pasiphaé tarda is known along the Scandinavian coasts from S. Norway to W. Finmark (Sars, Norman, etc.), from Denmark (a single specimen, Meinert), from Iceland and Jan Mayen (Hansen), from Davis Straits and the coasts of Greenland (Hansen and Krdéyer), and from the East Coast of the United States north of Cape Cod (Smith). Three of the specimens examined by the author were caught by the Danish Fishery Steamer Thor at the fol- lowing localities :— 29 /8 /'05.—61° 20’ N., 11° 0° W. Soundings 710 fathoms. Mid- water trawl, 0-164 fathoms—One, 51 mm. a1 /8/05.—57° 46° N., 9° 55’. W. Midwater trawl, 0-274 fathoms—One, 70 mm. 29 /8 /05.—60° 0’ N., 10° 35’ W. Soundings 374 fathoms. Mid- water trawl, 0-548 fathoms—One, 59-5 mm. Lo Bianco (1903) records several small Pasiphaé (8-85 mm.), caught in the Mediterranean near Capri, as P. tarda. In our present state of ignorance regarding the differential characters of post-larval ‘‘ fork-tail’’ Pasiphaé, this record must be looked on with suspicion. 1 Measured in mid-dorsal line. 2 Including apical spine. aiter 42 Irish distribution.—A single specimen only has been found off the Irish coast :— Helga. S.R. 212—6 /5/’05.—51° 54’ N., 11° 57° W. = 370-411 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 350 fathoms 9-82° C., salinity 35 -28°/,,—One, 65 mm. This is the most southern locality from which the species has been recorded in East Atlantic waters. Vertical range.—P. tarda is not confined to the bottom, but is frequently found swimming at intermediate depths. It has been recorded from 60 and 525 fathoms off the Norwegian coast and during the Swedish Arctic expedition was caught in a vertical net lowered to 1,640 fathoms (Ohlin). A single specimen has been found at the surface in the North Sea (Meinert), and off the East Coast of the United States it has been trawled in 140-175 fathoms (Smith). Pasiphaé princeps, Smith. ge Pl. IV, figs. 1-7. Pasiphaé princeps, Smith, 1884, Pl. v, fig. 2. Pasiphaé princeps, Smith, 1886. Pasvphaeia princeps, Faxon, 1895. Pastphaea princeps, Rathbun, 1904. Several specimens trawled in deep water off the west coast of leland are referred to this species. They differ from the original description in certain particulars, but subsequent authors have shown that in most of these very particulars a considerable range of variation exists; there can be little doubt that these Irish specimens, the first that have been found in the East Atlantic, represent a European race of P. princeps. This species is very closely related to Pasiphaé tarda, but attains to a much larger size. P. tarda does not appear to reach a length of more than 10 cms., while the type of P. princeps was more than twice this size. Specimens of P. tarda and princeps of 40 mm. in length, or more, may be separated thus :— Po torda. ; P. princeps. 1. Rostrum a procurved| 1. Rostrum a_ post-frontal post-frontal spine, strongly |elevation of the dorsal carina ascendant from the dorsal|of the carapace, not strongly carina of the carapace and an-/ascendant, and almost in- teriorly concave. variably distinctly sinous an- 7 teriorly (figs. 4-6). 2. Carapace,measuredin the | 2. Carapace, measured in the mid-dorsal line, very little, if|mid-dorsal line, considerably at all, more than half the|more than half the length of length of the abdomen (ex-|the abdomen (excluding the cluding the telson). telson). I. ’08. 43 P. tarda—cont'd. | P. princeps—cont d. 3. Antennal scale (including | 3. Antennal scale (including spine) rather more than half spine) not more than half the the length of the carapace. _—_ length of the carapace. 4. Antennal scale evenly 4. Antennal scale strongly convex throughout its length, convex in its distal third, fur- furnished apically with a long, nished apically with a small, stout spine (fig. 9). short spine (fig. 2). 5. Basus of second pereio- | | 5. Basus of second pereio- pod with eight or nine ventral | pod with at most four ventral spines (fig. 11). ‘spines, sometimes unarmed (fig. 7). 6. Telson narrow at its. 6. Telson broader at its apex, with a deep bifurcation |apex, with a shallower bifur- (fig. 10). cation (fig. 3). The mouth parts of the two species do not appear to offer any important differential characters. Of the fifteen perfect specimens of P. princeps examined, the largest two are males measuring 116 and 1382 mm. in length ; the others, none of which measure more than 75 mm., show no trace of the additional stylet at the base of the endo- pod of the second pair of pleopods. In the largest specimen the rostrum (fig. 1) is dorsally arched behind the apex, and in some of the smaller examples traces of this feature are apparent (fig. 5). As will be seen from the figures, the rostrum differs very considerably in shape and forward extension ; in that of the smallest specimen (37 mm.) no trace even of the sinuous anterior margin is ap- parent. The specimens yield the following measurements m mm. (cf. p. 41) :— | i _. Total length. | Carapace.! | Abdomen. | Antennal scale.? 132 48 he 20°5 116 36 60 16 75 24 38°5 11 69 21°5 37°5 10 68°5 21 36 10 | 67 20°55 | 35 10 65 20 36 10 62 19 | 33 9°5 57 17°5 31°5 8°5 55 16 29°5 8 53 16°5 29 7°5 52°5 16 29 8 51°5 15°5 27°5 75 ie’ 47 14°5 25 | 7 37 12 20°5 5 \ i 1 Measured in mid-dorsal line. 2Ineluding apical spine. T2708. d4 The carapace in all the specimens is dorsally carinate throughout its length, and the abdominal somites, with the exception of the posterior portion of the sixth, show a similar character. The usual lateral carinae are present on the sixth somite and on the carapace above the branchial region. ‘The antero-lateral sinus is almost rectangular in the large speci- mens; in small individuals it is slightly obtuse. The antennal scale is about four times as long as wide and, as mentioned above, its outer margin is strongly convex dis- tally and terminates in a very short tooth. The merus of the first pair of pereiopods bears from 4 to 8 spines on its ventral margin; the inferior distal angle of the basus is produced to a rather blunt point, and neither it nor the ischium are furnished with spines. ‘The merus of the second pair is provided with 12 to 18 ventral spines; the ischium in some specimens shows a single spine on its basal edge, in the others it is unarmed. The basus is in some specimens un- armed, in the others it bears from 2 to 4. spines. Fig. 7 shows the greatest development of these spines found. These spines on the basal and ischial jomts have not been noticed before, and they are very possibly absent in West Atlantic and Pacific examples. The spinulation of the merus is, however, known to be very variable (cf. Faxon, 1895, and Rathbun, 1904) ; in some specimens the merus of the first pair is reported to be unarmed, while that of the second pair is provided with only six spines. The Irish specimens differ from the original deseription in having the telson shorter than the inner uropod; the authors mentioned above have not made any reference to this character when dealing with other specimens of the species, but, judg- ing from the great variation shown in certain other Caridea, is not of any special importance from a systematic point of view. I am of the opinion that some at least of the specimens re- corded by Wollebaek (1909) as Pasiphaé tarda should be re- ferred to this species. His figure (pl. x11) of one of the ‘* gigantic specimens, 140 to 160 mm. long,’’ from the 8S. coast of Norway, is evidently drawn from a specimen of P. princeps. Size.—The largest specimen observed is a male measuring 132 mm.; the type specimen is a female, and measured 215 mm. (Smith). | Colour.—The carapace and abdomen are of a uniform bright vermilion red; the pereiopods are the same colour, with the exception of the fingers of the chelae, which are much darker, almost maroon in fact. The eyes are leaden black. The an- tennal scale is milk white, with a narrow red stripe externally and a broader stripe along its inner margin ; the basal segment is also milk white, outlined with the same red tint. The antenna is white, with a red dorsal stripe ; the antennules and all the other appendages partake of the prevailing vermilion red colouring. RUS. 45 The large example from which this description was drawn up was found dead in the mouth of a fish. Although the specimen was apparently quite fresh, it is possible that the colouring had already been altered in some degree by post- mortem changes. General distribution.—Pasiphaé princeps has been found in the Pacific near the Aleutian Is., in the Behring Sea, off Washington, and off Ecuador (Rathbun and Faxon). In the West Atlantic it has been taken between lat. 37° 59’ and 39° 39’ N., and between long. 70° 58’ and 73° 48’ W. (Smith). I have recently examined specimens of this species from the north side of the Bay of Biscay, from the south of the Wvville Thomson ridge, and from the west coast of Norway. Trish distribution. Helga. S.R. 327.—8 /5 /’06.—51° 41’ N., 12° 16° W. 550-800 fathoms Trawl. ‘Temperature at 500 fathoms 9-22° C., salinity 35 -16°/,, Two, 75 and 37 mm. S.R. 229.—9 /5 /’06.—51° 21’ N., 11°35’ W. 215-415 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 400 fathoms 9-55° C., salinity 35 -33°/,.— One, 67 mm. S. R. 397.—2 2 [0T.— 51° 46’ N., 12° 5’ W. 549-646 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 8-71° C., salinity 35 -57°/,.— One, 132 mm., and macerated fragments of another large specimen. S.R. 400.—5 /2 /’07.—51° 19’ N.,.11° 49" W. 525-600 fathoms. Trawl —Macerated fragments. S.R. 440.—16 /5 /07.—51° 45’ N., 11° 49’ W. 350-389 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 300 fathoms 9-93° C., salinity 35 -46°/,,—Two, 57 and 51-5 mm. S.R. 447.—18 /5 /’07.—50° 20’ N., 10° 57’ W. 221-343 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 300 fathoms 9-87° C. , salinity 35 -48°/(,—Five, 47-69 mm. | S.R. 487.—3 /9 [07 —51° 36’ N., 11° 57’ W. 540-660 fathoms. uals Temperature at 500 fathoms 8-65° C., salinity 35 -35°/.. Macerated fragments of a large specimen. S.R. 490 —7 /9 707.—51° 57’ 30” N., 12° 77 W. 470-491 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 480 fathoms 8-68° C.—Macerated fragments of a large specimen. S.R. 493.—8 /9 /’07.—51° 58’ N., 12° 25’ W. 533-570 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 8: 53° C., salinity 35- see One, 116 mm. S.R. 495.—8 /9 /’07.—52° 0’ N., 13° 10’ W. 346-400 fathoms. Prawn trawl—One, 68 -5 mm. S.R. 505.—12 /9 /07.—50° 39° N., 11° 14° W. 464-627 fathoms. - Trawl—One, 52-5 mm., and macerated fragments of a large specimen. S.R. 506.—12 /9 /07.—50° 34’ N., 11° 19° W. 661-672 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 600 fathoms 8- 22° CC. ., salinity 35 -53°/,,—One, 53 mm. I-08: 46 The large perfect specimen of 1382 mm. (8.R. 397) was found in the mouth of the deep-water Gadoid fish Mora medi- terranea ; the other large example (S.R. 493), which is unfor- tunately very macerated, was taken from the stomach of the deep-water eel Synaphobranchus pinnatus—an enormous meal for a fish only 33 cms. in length. Judging from the numerous occasions on which half-digested fragments of large specimens have been found, the adult is not rare in Irish waters ; it seems probable that the species is very active and manages to evade the trawl in its passage along the bottom. Vertical range.—As far as at present known Pasiphaé prin- ceps is restricted to the bottom. It has been trawled in the W. Atlantic between 444 and 1,842 fathoms (Smith); off Ecuador in 1,132 fathoms (Faxon), in the N. Pacifie in 399 and 859 fathoms (Rathbun) and in the Bay of Biscay in 246 fathoms. The vertical range is, therefore, 246 to 1,342 fathoms. Pasiphaé sp. juv. On several occasions small specimens of Pasiphaé, ranging up to 25 mm. in length, have been met with in deep water off the Irish coast. These specimens show the bifurcated telson typical of P. tarda and P. princeps, but to which of these species they should be referred is by no means clear. ‘The rostra present a close similarity to that found in P. tarda, but a specimen of 37 mm., which can clearly be referred to P. princeps, differs so little from tarda in this respect that the character must be considered untrustworthy in very small in- dividuals. None of these post-larval specimens show traces of spines on the ischium and basus, and the shape of the an- tennal scale and comparative measurements—features by which tarda and princeps may easily be distinguished at sizes of 40 mm. and upwards—do not suffice to determine the two species among the material examined. Seeing that only a single example of P. tarda has been found off the Irish coast, while P. princeps 1s not uncommon, it is probable that these post-larval specimens belong to the latter species, but it is impossible to be certain of this without comparison with authentic young P. tarda. Post-larval specimens have been found on the following occasions :— Helga. CXX.—24 /8 /’01.—53° 58’ N., 12° 22’ W. 382 fathoms. Trawl—One. S.R. 227.—14 /5 /’05.—53° 20’ N., 13° 0’ W. 164 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 120 fathoms 9-5° C.—One. S.R. 351.—9 /8 /’06.—50° 19’ 30” N., 11° 6’ W. 230-250 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 245 fathoms 10-1° C., salinity 35 -43°/,,—Twenty-six. S.R. 359.—8 /8 /’06.—52° 0’ N., 12° 6’ W. 465-492 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 475 fathoms, 9 -04° C., salinity 35 -37°/,.— One, "08: 47 S.R. 440.—16 /5 /07.—51° 45’ N., 11° 49° W. 350-389 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 300 fathoms 9-93° C., salinity 35 -46°/,,—One. S.R. 447.—18 /5 /’07.—50° 20’ N., 10°57’ W. 221-343 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 300 fathoms, 9-87° C., salinity 35 -48°/,,—Iwo. S.R. 449 —19 /5 /’07.—50° 28’ N., 11° 39’ W. Soundings 950 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-800 fathoms—One. S.R. 484. —30 /8 /’07.—51° 35’ N., 11° 57’ W. 602-610 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 550 fathoms, 8-34° C., salinity 35 -32°/,,—One. S.R. 497.—10 /9 07.—51° 2’ N., 11° 36’ W. 775-795 fathoms. Trawl—Two. Thor. 7/6 /°05.—57° 47’ N., 11° 33’ W. Soundings 975 fathoms. Mid- water trawl, 0-820 fathoms—One. . Genus Parapasiphaé, Smith. Parapasiphaé, Smith, 1884. Parapasiphaea, Alcock, 1901. Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons, Smith. el teN Stee Ll Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons, Smith, 1884, Pl. v, fig. 4; Rle vinfgs. L-1. Parapasiphaé sulcatsfrons, Smith, 1886. Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons, Hansen, 1908. The rostrum is a regular prolongation of the carapace, not a post-frontal spine, as in Pasiphaé ; it is acute, unarmed above and below, and reaches to about one-half the length of the eyestalks. The carapace is about half the length of the abdomen and telson combined and is dorsally arched behind the rostrum ; posteriorly it is deep, anteriorly rather narrowed, but not to such an extent as is found in the previous genus. Dorsally it is carinate throughout its length, the anterior third of the carina being depressed and dorsally sulcate; this is evidently a notable feature in large specimens (cf. Smith, Pl. V, fig. 4), but is not so conspicuous in the smaller ex- amples found off the Irish coast. The anterior margin of the carapace is almost straight below the orbital notch and is provided with a minute point between the insertions of the antennae and antennules; the antero-lateral sulcus is rounded, and rather obtuse. laterally a well-marked sinuous carina, runs across the carapace near its inferior margin, disappearing shortly before it reaches the posterior edge, while anteriorly it terminates behind the base of the antennal peduncle. T. *08. 48 All the abdominal somites are dorsally rounded with the exception of the fourth, which shows traces of a dorsal carina, and is produced posteriorly to a short spine which overhangs the succeeding somite. ‘The sixth is less than two-thirds the length of the fifth and is more than half as deep as long. ‘The telson is about half as long again as the last abdominal somite ; it is dorsally sulcate and tapers to a narrow rounded apex (fig. 2), armed with eight spines, of which the outer pair is much the longest. The eyes are two-fifths as long as the antennal scale. The rounded cornea is scarcely as wide as the stalk and 1s set obliquely on it; it 1s quite devoid of black pigment, but it is none the less distinctly facetted. The stalk is produced anteriorly to a small tubercle on its inner dorsal aspect. The antennular peduncle reaches to rather more than half the length of the antennal scale. The ultimate joint is longer than the penultimate ; both together are shorter than the basal segment, which bears externally a lateral process, which does not quite reach to its distal end. The antennal scale is about three and a half times as long as broad!; externally it is convex, and is produced distally to a strong spine, which reaches beyond the rather narrow apex of the lamellar portion. The basal joints of the flagellum reach to about half the length of the scale. The mandibles, maxillae and maxillipedes are figured by Smith (1884, pl. vi. figs. 2-7). The mandibles bear a palp composed of two joints of approximately equal length. The second maxillae, lke those of Pastphaé, do not possess the laciniae found in some other genera belonging to this family. The first and second mazillipedes possess epipods, but no exopods; in the first pair the epipod is large and bilobed and the rounded ultimate segment of the endopod is little more than one-third the length of the penultimate. The epipod of the secone pair is very small an’ rudimentary. The third maxilipedes are provided with a small epipod and a long exopod, which reaches to about half the length of tha penul- timate segment. The two distal segments are together about equal in length to the anti-penultimate. The first pair of pereiopods reaches beyond the antennal scale by more than half the length of the propodus. The chela is about half the length of the carapace and its dactylus is about two-thirds the length of the palm. In the second pair the merus is much longer, and is provided with a few spinules on its inferior margin. The chela is much longer and more slender and the dactylus is only a little shorter than the palm. When stretched forward this pair of legs reaches beyond the apex of the antennal scale by five-sixths the length of the chela. The third pair of pereiopods is very slender and reaches beyond the apex of the eyes. The ischium is nearly half the length of the propodus, the latter being less than two- thirds as long as the merus; both carpus and dactylus are 1Smith states that the antennal scale is three times as long as broad; his description was drawn up from large specimens in which the antenns| scale (and uropods) are wider than in the smaller Irish examples. I. ’08. 49 extremely short. The fourth pair is scarcely as long as the chela of the first pair; the fifth is longer—about equal to the carpus and chela of the first pair. The joints of these two limbs have much the same proportion as in Pasiphaé tarda. The exopods of all five perelopods are well developed, and de- crease in size from before backwards. The small endopod of the first pair of pleopods has much the same form as in the three British and Irish species of Pasiphaé. None of the three large specimens show the secondary stylet on the second pair characteristic of the male. The outer uro- pods are about four times as long as wide; apically they are broadly rounded and possess a short spine on their outer mar- gin behind the apex. Size.—The largest specimen found off the Imsh coast measures only 47 mm.; one of Smith’s type specimens is an ovigerous female, 83 mm. in length. Colour in life.—The whole animal is of an evenly distributed bright scarlet red colour, with very numerous darker red chromatophores, which are less distinct on the flagella and on the first two pairs of perelopods. The corneal portions of the eyes are reddish crimson in colour. Development.— According to Smith (1884), the eggs of this species reach the enormous size of 4 by 5 mm. in shorter and longer diameter; in an ovigerous specimen from Canon Norman’s Museum (now in the British Museum) they are hardly as large as this, measuring 3 by 3°7 mm. On two or three occasions larval forms of rather unusual appearance have been found off the Irish coast; these may undoubtedly be referred to P. sulcatifrons. Although only a few specimens were obtained, a number of stages are repre- sented, the largest of which are clearly specifically identical with post-larval specimens of this species found in the same and in other hauls. The smallest example in the collection measures only 85 mm. This specimen is, unfortunately, not in good con- dition, 4nd cannot be described in detail. . It shows, however, that at this stage the rostrum ‘is represented only by a minute point, the eyestalks are extremely short and almost in- visible in dorsal view, while the antennules are merely formless lobes. The antennal scales are present, but show no trace of the spine at the outer distal angle, the flagella being only about one-third the length of the scale. Three pairs of maxillipedes and the first two pairs of periopods are evident, the remaining pairs of the latter being represented merely by buds. No gills could be observed, and neither pleopods nor uropods are de- veloped. The telson is laminar (fig. 3), with an emarginate apex, furnished apparently with six pairs of. setae. In the same haul (8.R. 231) with this small specimen are two others, measuring about 13°5 and 14 mm. ‘This stage (figs. 4 and 5), with its swollen carapace and very broadly rounded telson, presents a peculiar and very distinct appear- D iL. 3c. 50 ance. ‘The carapace is rather more than half the length of the abdomen and telson combined; it is produced anteriorly to a short rostrum. | Viewed from above, the carapace conceals almost the whole of the eyes. The latter are, of course, un- pigmented and at this stage show no trace of facets. fringe of long setae from the distal end of the preceding joint. All five pereiopods bear long exopods; the branchial formula is :— =a vn. | vi | SEREREE i i 4 | | | —— _ Podobranchiae, v | @p. | ep. rel ep. | ep ep. | ep Arthrobranchiae, ob ey 1 1 Pleurobranchiae, SURG ey Gee ae ees | pe | | The agen on the second eee was first noticed by Smith (H. gracilis, 1886) ; it is sometimes represented by a few lamellae only and in many cases is totally absent. The outer uropod is longer than the inner and is four and a half times as long as wide. : OS. 74 Size.—Sars (1885) records an example of 83 mm. Colour in life.—Sars (1885) states that freshly caught speci- mens are of an exceedingly vivid and brilliant blood red colour. The ocular pigment is opaque white, and the antennal flagella exhibit at their base more or less distinctly alternating trans- verse bands. All the examples of this species found off the Irish coast are very small, measuring only 10 to 29 mm. in length; they nevertheless agree very closely with the description of the adult given above. In the very smallest specimens the teeth on the rostrum are few in number or wholly obsolete and only a single series of gills—pleurobranchs—are apparent. The ocular papilla, a rather conspicuous feature in the adult, is still more evident in these young individuals. General distribution.—Hymenodora glacialis was first de- scribed from a specimen found floating on the surface off the Kast Coast of Greenland. Sars (1885) recorded the species from the collections made by the Norwegian North Atlantic Hixpedition from many stations between lat. 63° and 80° N. and between Greenland and Spitzbergen, and it was again found in the same area by the Swedish Arctic Expedition (Ohlin). The Danish-Ingolf Expedition collected numerous examples near Jan Mayen and Iceland (Hansen). The species has been taken in the Farde Channel (Norman), and frag- ments of a single specimen which may almost certainly be referred to this species were obtained in the Bay of Biscay (Kemp). In the West Atlantic the species has been found between lat. 35° 45’ and 40° 26’ N. and between long. 67° and 74° 36’ W. (Smith). In the Pacific it has been recorded from the Bering Sea and Alaska (Rathbun) and from the Gulf of California, the Gulf of Panama and the Ecuador coast (Faxon). I have examined a specimen caught by the Thor at the fol- lowing locality :— 10 /8 706. 49° 27°) Ni, 18°) 33’ OW. > Soundings’ > 1499 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0O-1,550 fathoms—One, 12 mm. Irish distribution.—This species has been found off the west coast of Ireland on the following occasions :— Helga. S.R. 139—11 /8/’04.—55° 0’ N., 10° 48’ W. Soundings 1,000 fathoms. Triangle net, 0-1,000 fathoms. Surface temperature 14°6° €., at 800 fathoms 7:0° C.—Three, 13-25 mm. S.R. 224—12 /5 /’05.—53° 7’ N., 15° 6 W. Soundings 860 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-750 fathoms—Thirteen, 10-15 mm. SR. 231—20/5 /’05.—55° 1’ N., 10° 45° W. Soundings 1,200 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-1,150 fathoms—Fourteen, 15-29 mm. I. ’08. 75 S.R. 352—5 /8 /’06.—50° +22’ N., 11° 40’ W. Soundings 9800 fathoms. Midwater trawl, 0-750 fathoms—Four, 11-17 mm. S.R. 363—10 /8 /’06.—51° 22’ N., 12° 0’ W. 695-720 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 600 fathoms, 7:92° C., salinity 35°37° /,,—One, 12 mm. Vertical range.—Hymenodora glacialis has been found in soundings of 137 fathoms (Ohlin) and 2,949 fathoms (Smith). Although as a general rule the species is certainly bathy- pelagic, it has on one occasion been found at the surface (Buchholz). There is no proof that it ever lives actually on the bottom. Although it has not as yet been determined with any cer- tainty, it is probable that this species occurs in temperatures below freezing point. Famity NEMATOCARCINIDAE. Gznus Nematocarcinus, A. Milne-Edwards. Nematocarcinus, A. Milne-Edwards, 1881. Eumiersia, Smith, 1882. Nematocarcinus, Spence Bate, 1888. Stochasmus, Spence Bate, 1888. Nematocarcinus, Alcock, 1901. Nematocarcinus ensifer (Smith). HKunuersia ensifera, Smith, Pl. x11, figs. 1-9. Nematocarcinus ensiferus, Smith, 1884, Pl. vit, fig. 1. Nematocarcinus tenutpes, Spence Bate, 1888, PI. Cxxxil, fig. 6. Nematocarcinus ensifer, Faxon, 1895. Nematocarcinus ensiferus, Adensamer, 1898. Nematocarcinus tenuipes, Alcock, 1901. Nematocarcinus ensiferus, Senna, 1903. Nematocarcinus ensiferus, Rathbun, 1906. N. ensifer, var. exilis, Spence Bate. Bi x fica he): Stochasmus exilis, Spence Bate, 1888, Pl. cxxxit, fig. 14 Nematocarcinus exilis, Calman, 1896. Nematocarcinus exilis, Hansen, 1908. The rostrum is straight or slightly ascendant from the dorsal line of the carapace and is from one-third to three-fifths its length. It is strengthened by a strong ridge on either side and is armed dorsally with from twenty-three to thirty-one 18: 76 forwardly directed spines, most of which are articulated ; the posterior eight or ten of these lie behind the orbit and are rather more closely set than the others. Ventrally the ros- trum is unarmed but carries a series of plumose setae. The carapace is less than half the length of the abdomen ; it is furnished anteriorly with a dorsal carina which becomes obsolete shortly before reaching the well marked cervical groove. ‘This groove is continued downwards and forwards on either side and terminates in a small but distinct depression in the hepatic region. The branchial regions are defined superiorly by a groove and another groove also runs back from the posterior edge of the orbit. Anteriorly the supra-antennal and antero-lateral angles are defined by spines. The abdominal sonutes are rather laterally compressed, but are all dorsally rounded. The third is somewhat produced pos- teriorly and forms an obtuse hood over the succeeding somite ; it does not take the form of a spine in any of the specimens examined. The sixth somite is rather more strongly com- pressed than the others and is more than twice the length of the fifth. The telson (fig. 7), which is sulcate above, is about as long as the outer uropod ; dorso-laterally it is furnished with six or seven pairs of short spines. It is evenly narrowed to an apex (fig. 8) armed with three spines; at the outer angles are two of considerable length, over the bases of which two shorter spines are situated, which perhaps represent the distal pair of the dorso-lateral series, while between the two large spines two, much shorter, are found, which are borne on a rounded lobe or projection. The eyes are pyriform, with the black cornea much wider than the stalk and about three-quarters the width of the an- tennal scale. The antennular peduncle reaches to slightly more than half the length of the antennal scale. ‘The lateral process is acutely pointed distally and does not reach the an- terior margin of the basal segment; the terminal joint is very slightly longer than the second. The flagella are of great length; in the male the outer pair are much stouter at the base than the inner and strongly setose ventrally for a distance about equal to the length of the carapace. The antennal scale is about two-thirds the length of the carapace and is only very slightly narrowed apically; it terminates distally in a small spine which does not surpass the lamellar portion. In older specimens (fig. 2) the outer margin is slightly convex, the scale being little more than four times as long as wide; in a specimen 36 mm. in length (fig. 3) it is about five times as long as wide and the outer margin is practically straight. The flagellum is very long, sometimes quite three times the entire length from the rostrum to the telson. The oral appendages have been adequately described and figured by Smith (1882). The third mazillipedes reach to about three-quarters the length of the antennal scale; the terminal segment is about two-thirds the length of the pen- ultimate and the slender exopod reaches to about three-quar- ters the length of the proximal joint. 708. at All the pereiopods are very slender, the last three pairs being of enormous length. The first four pairs bear slender exopods which decrease in size from before backwards. The first pair reaches beyond the tip of the antennal scale by the length of the chelae and sometimes by one quarter of the carpus as well. The carpus is quite three times the length of the chela and is longer than the basus and ischium com- bined. The ischium is not quite as long as the merus and like it may bear a few short spines ventrally. The second pair reaches beyond the tip of the antennal scale by the whole length of the carpus and chela. The chela is a trifle longer than that of the first pair; the carpus which 1s five times its length is about one and a half times as long as the merus. As in all the succeeding pairs a few spines are usually present on the merus and occasionally on the ischium also. The third, fourth, and fifth pairs are very long, surpassing the tip of the antennal scale by the whole of the dactylus, pro- podus and carpus and a considerable portion of the merus also. The carpus, propodus, and dactylus together are rather shorter than the merus and ischium combined. In the third and fourth pairs the dactylus is spiniform and slightly longer than the propodus ; in the last pair it is short, only about one quar- ter the length of the preceding joint; in all three pairs it is partially concealed by a fringe of very long setae from the distal end of the propodus. The branchial formula is the same as in all the other species of the genus :— aX PE | VM | re | | XL | Xm | xt | xy, | | | | | | | Podobranchiae, ... | ep. |1+ep.| ep. ep. | ep. ep. ep. | 35 | Arthrobranchiae, ... ag | ae 2 eee 1 tr. | Pleurobranchiae, | 1 1 | 1 tye ley eyed The endopod of the first pleopod is in the female (fig. 4) about two-thirds the length of the exopod and strongly setose along both margins. In the male (fig. 5) the endopod is a rather broad lamella less than half the length of the exopod ; it is apically emarginate and is provided with a prominence bearing small hooks or cicinnuli in the middle of its inner margin. Inthe last four pairs of pleopods the endopod is only slightly shorter than the exopod and bears a stylet or appendix interna at its base. In the male an additional stylet, the appendix masculina, is present on the second pair (fig. 6). The outer uropods are longer than the inner and rather less than four times as long as wide. I. ’08. 78 The following table will show the measurements (in mm.) of a few of the more perfect specimens examined. | | Total | No. length, | Length Length Length Length of | Length of | of dorsal | rostrum Sex. of of of first fifth teeth | to rostrum. carapace. abdomen. pereiopod. pereiopod. on telson. | rostrum. are pil : a: Pi iielk J phere Sieg Gs Sc ae (aes _ | | 935 | 9 8-5 17 37-5 DES, ils: 60 a eee 73 3 8 17°5 3d | 27°5 58 27 72 °) 85 17 36d: 1 See bo TeG 29 70 eo 95 17 B55 28h bik yh 5D 26 58 Sia i 6 14°5 30 23 | 47°5 25 53 g 5 12'5 28 20 43 25 49 é 4°5 12 25 20 43 | 24 47 g 5 10°5 24°5 le a 38°3 | 27 36 Q? | Buia | 9 Cie ne 14 | Pai | 27 | | | The eggs are small, some on the poimt of hatching do not measure more than 1°‘1x‘67 mm.; they are, of course, con- siderably smaller than this when not so far advanced. Smith gives ‘75 to 8x55 mm. as the average size. This author also states (1886) that one female examined was carrying more than 20,000 eggs. Colour in life.—The carapace and abdomen are transparent pinkish white ; the anterior portions of the former usually ap- pear dull scarlet owing to the oral appendages and gastric regions showing through the faintly pigmented walls. In the abdomen the intestine shows through very plainly dorsally ; in some specimens the pink pigment is very faint, in others much darker, becoming quite red at the posterior margin of each of the first four somites. The rostrum is quite clear and transparent. The eyes show traces of red pigment on the stalks ; the cornea is black, with orange red reflections. The antennules are faintly reddish basally, with red flagella. The basal joints of the antennae are milk-white; the scale is milk- white proximally with its distal two-thirds pale red. The outer maxillipedes and perelopods are red, the former almost scarlet ; the basal joints of the pleopods are pinkish, the rami are pale red. The uropods and tip of the telson are pale red. The fringes of setae are colourless, and the small and numerous eggs are dark orange. — Size.—This species seems to be of much smaller average size in the East Atlantic than in the West. The largest specimen examined measures 83 mm., and ovigerous females may mea- sure as little as 60 mm. Smith has recorded an example of 145 mm. from:the east coast of the United States and num- bers of his specimens were more than 100 mm. in length. The East Atlantic specimens here described as N. ensifer, var. eaxtlis, differ from Smith’s description, of ensifer (1882, 1884) in certain details which probably justify the retention of I. ’08. 79 the varietal name. In typical specimens of N. ensifer the rostrum is very frequently fully as long as the carapace and is in rare cases furnished with one or two spines on its ventral border. The third abdominal somite is prolonged into an acute tooth and the pereiopods seem to be all slightly shorter, the first pair reaching only to the tips of the antennal scales. Indian specimens (described by Alcock as N. tenuipes) ap- pear to resemble the Irish examples rather more closely. ‘The rostrum is two-thirds the length of the carapace and bears about twenty-two dorsal teeth. The third abdominal somite is ‘‘ strongly and subacutely ’’ produced, but the pereiopods are exactly as in the form here described. Possibly tenuipes will also be found worthy of retention as a varietal name. It is worth noting that Alcock describes the colour of his speci- mens as bright orange, whereas the East Atlantic specimens are invariably pinkish white with red appendages. Faxon (1895) has described an interesting feature of the variation of this species off the Pacific coast of America. He finds that the typical form occurs between lat. 0° 36’ S. and 7° 5’ N., while in specimens taken north of lat. 16° 30’ N. the third abdominal somite is much less produced posteriorly and the rostrum bears from one to three ventral teeth. Interme- diate forms are found in intermediate localities. The eggs attached to one of the female specimens were just about to hatch, and from one of these a zoéa (fig. 9) was ex- tracted. The chief features of this larva are the long, sharp, downwardly curved rostrum and an obtuse angle in the pos- terior third of the third abdominal somite. The telson (fig. 10) is apically emarginate and bears seven pairs of plumose setae. ‘The mandibles, maxillae, and maxillipedes are pre- sent, but no pleopods or pereiopods are developed. None of the intervening stages between this zoéa and the adult are yet known. General distribution.—In the Atlantic it is known from the east coast of N. America between lat. 31° 41’ N. and 41° 43’ N. (Smith), from the Bay of Biscay (Caullery), from the neigh- bourhood of Iceland (Hansen), near the Canary Is. (Sp. Bate) and from the Mediterranean (Adensamer, Senna). In Indian waters it has been found in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal (Alcock) ; and in the Pacific from the neighbourhood of the Hawaiian Is. (Rathbun), from the west coasts of America be- tween lat. 0° 36’ S. and 27° 34’ N. and from the Admiralty Ts. and 8. of Japan (Sp. Bate). Irish distribution.—N. ensifer is found quite plentifully in deep water off the coast of County Kerry, as the following re- cords will show :— 3 Helga. S.R. 327—8/5/’06.—51° 41’ N., 12° 16’ W. 550-800 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 9-22° C., salinity 35 -16°/ ,, Twelve, 51-71 mm. 3 1, 05. 80 S.R. 331—9 /5 /’06.—51° 12’ N., 11° 55’ W. 610-680 fathoms. Trawl—Nineteen, 36-62 mm. S.R. 333—10 /5 /’06.—51° 37’ N., 12° 9’ W. 557-579 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms, 9-2° C., salinity 35 -10°/ ,, One, 72 mm. S.R. 334—10/5 06.—51° 35’ 30” N., 12° 26’ W. 500-520 fathoms. Trawl—Five, 58-69 mm. S.R. 335—12/5/’06.—51° 15’ N., 12° 17’ W. 673-893 fathoms. Trawl—Eleven, 61-85 mm., one $2 ovigerous. S.R. 336—12 /5 /’06.—51° 19’ N., 12° 20’ W. 673-720 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 700 fathoms, 6-84° C., salinity 34 -99°/ ,.—Hight, 48-78 mm. S.R. 352—5 /8 /’06.—50° 22’ N., 11° 40° W. Soundings 800 fathoms. Midwater trawl', 750-800 fathoms. Temperature at 70U fathoms 7-33° C.—One, 48 mm. S.R. 363—10/8/’06.—51° 22’ N., 12° 0’ W. 695-720 fathoms. Trawl—Twenty-one, 42-77 mm. S.R. 397—2 /2 /’07.—51° 46’ N., 12° 5’ W. 549-646 fathoms, Trawl, Temperature at 500 fathoms 8-71° C., salinity 35 -57°/ ,, One, 36 mm. S.R. 401—5 /2 /’07.—51° 14’ N., 11° 51° W. 600-660 fathoms, Trawl. Temperature at 580 fathoms 8-35° C., salinity 35 -50°/ ,, -Two, 60 mm., one $ ovigerous. S.R. 477—28 /8 /’07.—51° 15’ N., 11° 47° W. 707-710 fathoms, Trawl, Temperature at 700 fathoms 7-19° C.—Four, 42—72 mm. S.R. 484—30/8/07.—51° 35’ N., 11° 57’ W. 602-610 fathoms. Trawl, Temperature at 550 fathoms 8-34° C., salinity 35 -32°/,,—One, 55 mm. | S.R. 487—3 /9 ’'07.—51° 36’ N., 11° 57° W. 540-660 fathoms, Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 8-65° C., salinity 35 -35°/ ,, Two, 49 and 43 mm. S.R. 489—4 /9 /’07.—51° 35’ N., 11° 55’ W. =720fathoms. Trawl —Seven, 50-62 mm. S.R. 497—10/9 /07.—51° 2’ N., 11° 36° W. 775-795 fathoms. Trawl—Fifteen, 43-80 mm. S.R. 499—11 /9 /’07.—50° 55’ N., 11° 29° W. 666-778 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 600 fathoms, 8°22° C., salinity 39°41°);,,—Three, 48-58 mm. S.R. 506—12 /9 /’07.—50° 34’ N., 11° 19° W. 661-672 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 600 fathoms, 8:22° C., salinity © 39°33° /,.—Highteen, 51-66 mm. This species was originally recorded from the Irish coast by Calman (1896) from. lat. 51° 1’ N., Jone: 149750) Wiieeiee fathoms. Vertical range.—Found off the Irish coast in 520-775 fathoms, in the Bay of Biscay in 439-935 fathoms (Caullery), in the Mediterranean between 411 and 1,980 fathoms (Aden- samer and Senna) and off Iceland in 800-1,128 fathoms (Han- sen). In the West Atlantic it is known from between 384 and 1 Touched bottom. F708. 81 2,083 fathoms (Smith); in Indian waters between 824 and 1,310 fathoms (Alcock); off the Hawaiian Is. in 293-1,314 fathoms (Rathbun), and off the Pacific coast of America in 660-1 ,879 fathoms (Faxon). Although this species was on one occasion found in a mid- water trawl (S.R. 352), there is evidence to show that the net was actually on the bottom, at any rate for part of the haul. Sp. Juv. (nom. icert.) Larva allied to Caricyphus, Kemp, 1909, Pl. xv, figs. 2-8. The specimens found off the Irish coast are, on the whole, considerably larger than those originally described from the Bay of Biscay. The larger examples possess a palp, composed of three rather obscure segments, on the mandible and a stylet at the base of the inner branch of the last four pairs of pleo- pods ; 1n other respects the appendages differ only very slightly from those of the smaller individuals. The branchial formula appears to be :— os eve | Vane," 0 | Sed aaa DON hao. GOIE | XIV. | | | Podobranchiae, Siege) be ep. | ep. ep. WCEP. cep: ep. | | | | | Weartirobranchiae, i... 6... fs... | 2 1 Lee ed 1 Pleurobranchiae,
  • biramous for more than half its length; an- tennal scales well developed; an articulated process on the sixth somite at the base of the uropods , ..- .. Athanas (p. 122). The branchial formula of these two genera is expressed in the following table :— SS Se SSS Te) aie) ae Po oom eye | | Podobranchiae, ne | ep. ep. ep. ep. ep. ep. +tep. Arthrobranchiae, Ty yet os | Piet Dis a: eet # | | Pleurobranchiae, ces ee ee ee i Jey ets a dees i eee : The epipod at the base of the penultimate pair of pereiopods is present in Alpheus ruber but absent in Athanas nitescens. 1. 708. 120 Genus Alpheus, Fabricius. Two British species of this genus are known, only one of which has so far been found in Irish waters :— I. Frontal portion of carapace evenly rounded from side to side and produced to a short spine in front of each eye, thus giving the anterior margin a tridentate appearance ; external mar- gins of antennal scales slightly concave ; right and left chelae of the first pereiopods closely similar in size and shape, without longitudinal carinae and less than three times as long as wide, the dactylus articulating with the pro- podus by a curious lateral and oblique move- ment, : ; : . A. macrocheles. II. Frontal portion of carapace convex over each eye, the rostrum continued backwards as a separate elevation with a groove on either side, anterior margin rounded in front of eyes—not triden- tate ; external margins of antennal scales very strongly concave; right and left chelae of the first perelopods very dissimilar in shape and size, the larger nearly four times as long as wide and with four longitudinal carinae, the dactylus articulating normally in both, . A. ruber. Alpheus macrocheles (Hailstone) (Pl. XIX, figs. 3, 4) is not known in Irish waters. It is common in the Mediterranean and has been recorded from the English Channel from the neighbourhood of Hastings, Jersey, Plymouth and Dodman Point. The long and complicated synonymy of this species will be found in Norman and Scott’s work (1906) on the crus- tacea of Devon and Cornwall!. Alpheus ruber, H. Miine-Edwards. Pl, XEXs Bes, 2: Alpheus ruber, Bell, 1858, fig. p. 271. Alpheus ruber, Norman, 1868 (ubi syn.). Colour in. life.—The dorsal portions of the carapace and ab- domen are bright red; the black eyes showing through the semi-transparent frontal margins. ‘The sides of the carapace, abdominal pleura and pleopods are ivory white. The antennal 1In addition, Alpheus barbara, Lockington, is, according to Coutiére, probably a synonym of this species. A. barbara was found off the coast of California. . T. 708. 121 scales and antennules are pale red dorsally, paler still below. The last four joints of the first pair of pereiopods are red above, fading beneath to an ivory white; the remaiming legs are white, sometimes tinged with red. Size. —The largest specimen examined is a male measuring 43 mm. ; the large right-hand chela of this individual is fully 31 mm. in length. General distribution.—Mediterranean and Adriatic (Milne- Hidwards, Heller, etc.), Algerian coast (Lucas), Bay of Biscay (Fischer). In the English Channel it is known from the coasts of Devon and Cornwall (Norman, etc.). Coutiére is of the opinion that Alpheus Halesi, Kirk, is probably a synonym of this species ; if this is so, the horizontal range of A. ruber extends to New Zealand. Insh distribution.—This species has only been found on a few isolated occasions in Irish waters, but its rarity is perhaps more apparent than real. It was first discovered by Melville (1860) in 60 fathoms off the Arran Is., Co. Galway. In June, 1905, a second speci- men was found in the same district; it was obtained by a sailing trawler in the North Sound, between Inishmore and the mainland. The remaining records are :— Helga. R. 10—3/5 /’05.—15 miles off Mine Head, Co. Waterford. 41-42 fathoms. Trawl—One, 43 mm. S. 361—20 /2 /06.—134 miles W.48. of Chicken Rock, Isle of Man. 354-36 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 35 fathoms 70°C., salinity 34-05°/,,—One, 23 mm. S. 560 and 561—24 /10 /’07.—12-15 miles W.S.W. of Chicken Rock, Isle of Man. 343-42 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 30 fathoms 12-75°. C., salinity 34-04°/,,—Highteen, 34-42 mm. The trawling grounds off the east coast of Ireland have been fished again and again, but Alpheus ruber has only been found on the occasions mentioned above. Apart from the in- terest afforded by the occurrence of the species In compara- tively large numbers at a single point in a large and ap- parently uniform area, the records are valuable as constituting the most northern limit of its known horizontal distribution. In the Irish Sea the specimens were found on a bottom of soft mud, whereas the Waterford and Galway examples were taken on ‘rough stony ground. Vertical range.—Alpheus ruber is usually found in about 30 or 40 fathoms of water. It has been recorded from 61 fathoms in the Mediterranean (Adensamer). i “Os. 122 Genus Athanas, Leach. Athanas nitescens (Montagu). PIX he) 5: Athanas nitescens, Bell, 18538, fig., p. 281. Athanas veloculus, Spence Bate, 1888, Pl. xcv1, fig. 1. Colour in life.-—Numerous large closely set red chromato- phores are distributed over the carapace and abdomen. Dor- sally a broad white stripe runs from the base of the rostrum to the apex of the telson, crossed at the base of the latter by a transverse red line ; behind each eye there is a lenticular white patch. On the antennular and antennal peduncles are a few large red pigments spots ; the flagella themselves are yellowish. The third maxillipedes are transparent, tinged with red at the base. The first three pairs of pereiopods are heavily banded with red, but the last two are transparent. The uropods are bright red. No opportunity for observing the range of colour in this species was afforded. After long preservation in dilute for- malin specimens often exhibit a rather marked blue colora- tion. ‘This is probably a prominent characteristic .of some individuals when living. Size.—The largest specimen examined measures 20 mm. General distribution.—Athanas mnitescens is found com- monly in the Mediterranean and Adriatic (Heller, etc.) ; it has been recorded from the Cape Verde Is. (Sp. Bate sub A. reloculus) and is well known on the west coast of France (Barrois, Fischer, etc.). The species has also been found in Denmark (Meinert), Sweden (Goés), and off the south and west coasts of Norway (Sars), but in these localities it seems to be very scarce. Pearson (1905) has examined specimens from Ceylon. On the English coasts A. nitescens is known from Devon and Cornwall and from Cullercoats in Northumberland (Norman, Sp. Bate, etc.). Irish distribution.—Like HAippolyte prideauxiana this species is in Irish waters essentially littoral, and consequently does not come within the scope of the operations of the Helga. On the west coast it is probably far from uncommon. It has been frequently found in Blacksod Bay, Co. Mayo, and in Bofin and Ballynakill Harbours, Co. Galway, and has also been taken near Roundstone and Oranmore. On the Co. Clare coast it has. been recorded from Lahinch and Bally- vaughan, while two examples were found in February, 1908, at Valencia, Co. Kerry. On the east coast of Ireland it is known from Larne Lough, Co. Antrim (Rankin) and from Kingstown and Killiney, Co. Dublin (Kinahan). I. 08. 128 Vertical range.—Exclusively littoral on the west coast of Ireland, but frequently found in the Mediterranean between 20 and 30 fathoms. Famity PROCEHSSIDAE. GEeNnus Processa, Leach. Nika, Bell, 1853. Processa, Stebbing, 1905 (ubi syn.). Bell recognized two British species of this genus, Nika edulis, Risso, and N. Couchi, Bell. As has been several times suggested, the latter of these is probably founded on an ab- normal specimen of the former. N. Couchi has only twice been recorded ; the type specimen was taken off the Cornwall coast and the capture of a second example is very briefly noticed by Patterson (1898) in an account of the Crustacea of Great Yarmouth: this specimen, like the type, has unfortu- nately been lost. Nika edulis, or as it should more correctly be called, Processa canaliculata, is a form which shows an exceedingly wide range of variation, and in the absence of a more detailed description the second species is best omitted from our lists. Processa canaliculata, Leach. Nika edulis, Bell, 1853, fig., p. 275. Processa canaliculata, Stebbing, 1905 (ubi syn.) Colour in life.—The carapace and abdomen are dull whitish with faint reddish pigmentation. This pigmentation is very pale on the carapace, but is more pronounced towards the posterior margin of each abdominal somite and over the base of each pleopod; on the telson and uropods it is still more evident. The eyes are black with reddish reflections. The antennular and antennal flagella are reddish, the scale of the latter being transiucent. The two terminal joints of the outer maxillipedes are bright red; the remaining joints of this limb and also the first pair of pereiopods are faintly dotted with red ; the other four pairs are quite pale. The gastric and cardiac regions are of a darkish red colour and show through the semi-translucent carapace. Size.—The largest specimen examined is a female bearing eggs, 68 mm. in length. This individual was trawled in the Trish Sea; off the west coast the species does not seem to attain to such a large size. Very small ovigerous examples are found.on both coasts; one of these measures only 28.mm. The variation exhibited by this species is far greater: than in any other Decapod known from British waters. Speci- mens taken in the Irish Sea do not as a rule differ widely 08. 124 from one another, but in the west such a great diversity of form is apparent that if it were not for the long series of inter- mediate examples, the creation of at least two additional species would be justifiable. Two large specimens selected at random from the Irish Sea material and from the west coast collections compare as fol- lows :— Trish Sea. 2 67 mm. Form = slender, abdomen one-third as deep as long. Antennal scale one-half the length of the carapace and nearly six times as long as wide. Penultimate joint of anten- nular peduncle nearly twice the length of the ultimate. Third maxillipedes reaching beyond the apex of the anten- nal scale by little more than the ultimate joint. Fifth pereiopod reaching beyond the apex of the anten- nal scale by the dactylus only. Bofin Harbour, Co. Galway. 2 45 mm. Form stout, abdomen one- half as deep as long. Antennal scale almost three-quarters as long as the carapace, and scarcely four times as long as wide. Penultimate joint of an tennular peduncle about one and a quarter times as long as the penultimate. Third maxillipedes reach- ing beyond the apex of the antennal scale by the whole of the two ultimate joints. Fifth pereiopod reaching beyond the apex of the an- tennal scale by rather more than the propodus and dac- tylus. In both these specimens the second pair of pereiopods are, as usual, of unequal length, but in other examples from the west coast a very remarkable degree of variation exists in this respect, for in many cases the long right-hand! pereiopod is very considerably shortened, in some instances to such an ex- tent that both right and left are exactly equal and do not reach beyond the antennal scale by more than the length of the chela. The principal variations observed in the series of Trish speci- mens may be summarised thus :— Form of carapace and abdomen stout or slender. Eye scarcely wider than, or fully one and a half times as wide as, the greatest breadth of the antennal scale. Rostrum falling slightly short of, or- extending a little beyond the eye. | [. °08. 125 Antennal scale less than four to fully six times as long as wide and from one-half to three-quarters the length of the carapace. . Penultimate joint of antennular peduncle equal to, or fully twice the length of, the ultimate joint. External maxillipede reaching beyond the apex of the antennal scale by one or by two of the terminal joints. Second pereiopods equal or unequal; the right often quite twice the length of the left with about forty carpal joints, frequently shorter, with a corresponding reduction in the number of carpal joints, occasionally equal in length to the left with a minimum of eleven joints in the carpus. Left leg with eleven to twenty-one carpal joints. Fifth pereiopod varying from slightly longer to consider- ably shorter than the fourth; reaching beyond the apex of the antennal scale by scarcely the length of the dactylus or by as much as the dactylus, propodus and part of the carpus. The last three pairs of perelopods comparatively stout or slender. | In respect of the size of the eye and proportional lengths of the rostrum, antennal scale, and joints of the antennular peduncle, a closely similar range of variation has been noticed by Miss Rathbun (1906) in specimens taken in American waters off the coasts of Florida and California. Among these examples some were found in which both pereiopods of the first pair possessed chelae. This very remarkable variation has not so far been met with in Irish waters. In all the Irish specimens the telson is suleate above and provided with six apical spines, of which the intermediate pair are the longest and strongest. Dorsally two pairs of spinules are usually found. General distribution.—In European waters Processa cana- liculata extends from S$. Norway to the Mediterranean, in- cluding the Black Sea. It is well distributed round the Eng- lish and Scotch coasts and in certain localities is often found abundantly. The species has also been recorded from Ma- deira (Stimpson), 8. Africa (Stebbing), Ceylon (Pearson), Bermuda (Rankin), from N. Carolina to Trinidad (Rathbun), from San Diego, California, to the Gulf of Panama (Rath- bun) and from Japan (Ortmann). Irish distribution.—During the course of fishery investiga- tions P. canaliculata has been constantly found off the east coast of Ireland. ‘There is little variation in these specimens ; all are of the slender form and correspond closely in character with the large female noticed above. In these waters the species appears to be most abundant between 20 and 40 fathoms; on several occasions it has been trawled in large numbers in the neighbourhood of Rockabill Lighthouse. Off the south and west coasts the species seems to be widely | me be 126 distributed ; the records are, however, scanty and it is prob- able that it is much scarcer in these districts than in the Irish Sea. Among the preserved material from these coasts the greatest possible variation exists, but the forms which show the widest differences from those taken in the Irish Sea were nearly all found in Bofin and Ballynakill Harbours, Co. Gal- way. In these two localities the species was frequently caught during the period in which the marine laboratory was stationed there. The other south and west coast records are :— Helga. CXVIT.—23 /8 /’01.—36 miles W.N.W. of Cleggan Head, Co. Galway. 743 fathoms. Dredge—One, 10 mm. CXXI.—24 /8 /’01.—64 miles N.W.EW. of Cleggan Head, Co. Gal- way. 199 fathoms. Trawl—Seven, 11-14 mm. W. 4—22 /3 /’04.—Dingle Bay, Co. Kerry. 35 fathoms. Trawl—One, 29 mm. W. 6—23 /3 /’04.—7 miles 8. by W. of Tearaght Lighthouse, Co. Kerry. 40-53 fathoms. Temperature at 45 fathoms 8-1° C. —Five, 32-46 mm. ~ S.R. 146—24 /8 /’04.—80 miles W.N.W. of Slyne Head, Co. Galway. 181 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 158 fathoms 9-52° C. —Qne, 11 mm. R. 9—3/5 /’05.—174$ miles 8.W.iW. of Coningbeg Lightship, Co. Wexford. 40 fathoms. ‘Trawl—One, 45 mm. R. 10—3 /5 /’05.—15 miles off Mine Head, Co. Waterford. 41-42 fathoms. Trawl—Two, 22 and 31 mm. S.R. 257—5 /9 /’05.—47 miles W.N.W. of Cleggan Head, Co. Galway. 105 fathoms. Largetownet on bottom. Temperature at 100 fathoms 10-0° C.—One, broken. W. 40—W. 47—8 /9 /’05.—Off Black Head, Galway Bay. 98-15 fathoms. Trawl. Bottom temperature 14-0-15-1° C.— Frequent in Rays’ stomachs. R. 15—1/11/’05.—9 miles 8. W. of Coningbeg Lightship, Co. Wexford. 374-41 fathoms. Trawl. ‘Temperature at 30 fathoms, 12'2° C., salinity 35-21°/,.—One, 20 mm. W. 50—18 /2 /’06.—Blacksod Bay, Co. Mayo 43-53 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 4} fathoms 5-4° C.—One, 28 mm. — P. canaliculata was found by the Royal Irish Academy ex- pedition of 1886 in Berehaven and Bantry Bay, Co. Cork, and the species has also been taken at Roundstone, Co. Galway, Valencia Harbour, Co. Kerry, and Cove, Co. Cork. Vertical range.—Found off the Irish coast between 3 and 199 fathoms, but apparently of rare occurrence outside the 100 fathom line. Off the American coasts it ranges from shallow water to 111 fathoms (Rathbun), while in the Mediterranean it has been recorded from depths of 216 fathoms (Senna) and 326 fathoms (Adensamer). J. ’08. 127 Famity PALAHMONIDAE. The three British and Irish genera may be distinguished thus :— I. Rostrum very short, unarmed; antennules biramous—the outer flagellum not split; second pair of pereiopods assymmetrical ; [no palp on mandible]. Living in sponges, . Lypton. II. Rostrum well developed, bearing teeth above and below ; antennules triramous—the outer tlagel- lum split; second pair of perelopods symme- trical. Free living. A. Mandible with a two or three jointed palp, . Leander-(pp. 128, 129). B, Mandible without palp, . Palaemonetes (p. 129). The genus Typton, Costa, is very closely related to Pontonia, Latreille ; many authors consider that the characters of these and of a few other allied genera entitle them to rank as a separate family, the Pontonidae. Of Typton, one species only, T. spongicola,+ Costa, has been found within the British area, but it has not so far been observed in Irish waters. It has been recorded three times from the coasts of Devon and Cornwall (v. Norman and Scott, 1906), where it was found living within the sponges Desmacidon and Homoeodictya. Of the genera Leander and Palaemonetes, four species, all of which were known to Bell, are found off the British coasts. Of these Leander squilla is certainly one of the commonest, yet it was not hitherto known that this abundant form differed from the two allied British species, L. serratus and L. ad- spersus in such an important character as the number of joints in the mandibular palp. Recently Dr. Calman, having had occasion to examine these species, discovered that in L. squilla only two segments are to be found in the palp, whereas three are present in L. serratus and adspersus. ‘This most interest- ing information Dr. Calman has very kindly placed at my disposal—as may be seen from Pl. XX, figs. 2, a-c, I am able to testify to the accuracy of his observation. On the following pages the principal characters of the British species of Leander and Palaemonetes are summarised in the form of a table. 1 For synonymy consult Norman, 1868. L ’08: 128 Leander serratus (p. 130). Rostrum trending definitely upwards at apex, without chromatophores. Rostrum armed _ dorsally with six to eight teeth,* which do not extend into the distal third; the posterior tooth situated on the carapace well behind the orbital notch, the second either immediately over the orbital notch or slightly behind it. Rostrum armed ventrally with five, less commonly with four, teeth. Shorter ramus of the outer antennule fused to the longer for about one quarter its length. Shorter ramus reach- ing only about to the apex of rostrum. Antennal scale widest bas- ally, its outer margin prac- tically straight. | Mandibular palp three-— jointed. | First pair of pereiopods’ falling short of apex of anten- nal scale. Leander adspersus (p. 181). - Rostrum hardly trending at all upwards at apex, the lower half thickly sprinkled with small dark chromato- phores. | Rostrum armed dorsally with five to seven teeth!, which extend well into the distal third; the posterior tooth situated on the carapace well behind the orbital notch, the second slightly in front of or immediately over the orbi- tal notch. Rostrum armed _ ventrally with three, rarely four, teeth. Shorter ramus of the outer antennule fused to the longer for about one-third _ its length. Shorter ramus reach- ing beyond the apex of ros- trum by more than three- quarters of its free length. Antennal scale widest bas- ally, its outer margin slightly convex. Mandibular palp _ three- jointed. First pair of pereiopods reaching to, or extending a little beyond, apex of anten- nal scale. Second pair of pereiopods | reaching beyond apex of an- tennal scale by about one-— third the length of the chela. | Chelae of second pair longer | than carpus, with dactylus as — long as, or at least three-quar- | ters the length of, the palm; carpus considerably shorter than merus. Second pair of pereiopods reaching beyond apex of an- tennal scale by nearly the whole length of the chela. Chelae of second pair longer than carpus, with dac- tylus more than three-quar- ters the length of the palm; carpus longer than merus. 1 Not counting the small distal tooth which is usually present, and which forms the upper portion of the bifid apex. . dl E-08. Leander squilla (p. 182). Rostrum upwards at apex, chromatophores. Rostrum with which extend well into the distal third; two _ posterior teeth situated on the carapace well behind the orbital notch, | the third tooth either imme- | diately over the orbital notch | or slightly behind it. Rostrum armed _ ventrally with three, very rarely with two or four, teeth. Shorter ramus of outer an- | tennule fused to the longer for about two-fifths its length. | Both free rami and from one- | third to two-thirds of the fused portion extending beyond the apex of rostrum. Antennal scale widest bas- ally, its outer margin slightly convex. Mandibular palp two- jointed. | First pair of pereiopods reaching to, or extending a little beyond, apex of anten- nal scale. Second pair of pereiopods reaching beyond apex of an- tennal scale by the whole length of the chela and usually by a portion of the | carpus as well. Chelae of second pair longer than carpus, with dac- | tylus little more than half the | length of the palm; carpus | longer than merus. trending slightly | without | armed dorsally | seven to ten teeth!, 129 'Palaemonetes varians (p. 182). Rostrum practically straight, without chromatophores. Rostrum armed _ dorsally with three to five teeth!, which do not extend into the distal third; the posterior tooth situated on the cara- pace a little behind the or- bital notch?. Rostrum armed ventrally with two teeth, less com- monly with one. Shorter ramus of outer an- tennule fused to the longer for nearly three-quarters its length. Both free rami and from two-thirds to the whole of the fused portion extend- ing beyond the apex of ros- trum. Antennal scale as wide dis- tally as basally, its outer margin practically straight. Mandible without palp. First pair of pereiopods falling short of, or extending a little beyond, apex of an- tennal scale. Second pair of pereiopods falling short of apex of an- tennal scale, or reaching beyond by as much as the length of the chela. Chelae of second pair shorter than carpus, with dactylus rather less than two-thirds the length of the _ palm; carpus longer than METUS. 1 Not counting the small distal tooth which is usually present, and which forms the upper portion of the bifid apex. 2 Rostrum very rarely armed with one, two, six, or seven teeth dorsally. and wholly unarmed or with three teeth ventrally (v. Weldon 1892). ae eG: 130 Certain genera of Palaemonidae such as Palaemon, Palae- monella, Amphipalaemon, Palaemonetes and Leander form such a homogeneous group that few reliable characters are available for their determination, and consequently the num- ber of joints of which the mandibular palp is composed, or its total suppression, become indications of primary importance. The question therefore arises whether squilla and serratus should not properly be placed in different genera, even though the only character which can be found to justify such a view is afforded by the segmentation of the mandibular palp. As a precedent for such a course the genera Palaemonella and Palaemon might be cited, in which the chief and perhaps the only differential characteristic lies in this very detail of a two or three jointed palp. Nevertheless it seems best for the pre- sent to retain the three species under the genus Leander}. It is difficult to estimate the value of a single character of such a nature as this without a thorough investigation of all the genera of the family, and until this much needed work is undertaken the matter is best left untouched. Bell distinguished the four British species from one another by characters drawn almost solely from the rostral dentition, and although it is true that all four can, as a rule, be deter- mined by this feature alone, yet the considerable variation which exists renders it in practice less useful than others. From the table on the preceding pages it will be noticed that apart from the important question of the mandibular palps all four species can be determined by the characters afforded by the second pair of pereiopods. GENUS Leander, Desmarest. Palaemon, Bell, 1858. Leander serratus (Pennant) Plex is? ae ect Palaemon serratus, Bell, 1858, fig., p. 302. The colourmg in life of this and of the three succeeding species 1s extremely variable and doubtless depends largely on environment. The species are littoral in habit and have only rarely been found during the investigations of the Helga; it is therefore not possible to discuss their colouration in any adequate manner. 1The type of the genus Leander is DL. erraticus, Desmarest, which Spence Bate (1888) quotes as a synonym of L. natator (Milne-Edwards). Stimpson (1860) cites L. natator as the type species, and Dr. Calman in- forms me that specimens in the British Museum labelled as this species » possess a three-jointed palp on the mandible. T3708. 131 Size.—L. serratus is the largest of the three British species and frequently attains a length of 100 mm. or more. General distribution.-_Leander serratus has been recorded from the Danish and Dutch coasts (Meinert), from Belgium (van Beneden), from both north and west coasts of France (Milne-Edwards, Barrois, Fischer, etc.) and from the Medi- terranean (Heller, etc.). It is found abundantly off the Eng- lish coast, more particularly in the south ; off the Scotch coast it 1s apparently very rare (Herdman, 1880, records P. serra- tus? from Lamlash Bay). Irish distribution.—This species is abundant on most parts of the Irish coast. As at present understood its range ex- tends as far north as Larne, Co. Antrim (Rankin), on the east coast and as far as Blacksod Bay, Co. Mayo, in the west. In the south-east, south and west it occurs plentifully and, although it has not as yet been noticed in the-north, it is very probable that it will be found there in course of time. Vertical range.—Essentially a littoral species. Leander adspersus (Rathke). Pi, Xe ties. 2, ac. Palaemon Leach, Bell, 1858, fig., p. 307. Palaemon Fabricu, Mortensen, 1897 (development). Leander adspersus, Senna, 1908 (ubi syn.). The pigment spots which Bell mentions on the lower blade of the rostrum (fig. 2a) afford a ready and certain means of separating this species from its allies when alive. The colour- ing is fairly permanent in weak formalin but disappears rapidly in spirit. Size.—The largest specimen examined measures 65 mm. Leander adspersus is by far the rarest of the three British and Irish species, but in Norway it is found in great abund- ance and is fished commercially with considerable profit. General distribution.—L. adspersus 1s known from west and south Norway (Sars, Wollebaek, etc.), from Sweden (Goés), from Denmark (Meinert), from the Prussian coast (Zaddach), from the west coast of France (Fischer), in the Mediterranean and Adriatic (Heller, Adensamer, etc.) and in the Black Sea (Czerniavsky). In the English Channel it has been recorded frony Poole Harbour (Bell) and Weymouth (W. Thompson) and has also been found in the Thames estuary. Irish distribution. This species was first recorded from the Trish coast by Melville (1860) from Galway Bay. During the last two years it has frequently been found in the same dis- trict, near Oranmore, Co. Galway, where it occurs in company with L. squilla and L. serratus. The only other Irish t 2 I. 08. 132 locality in which the species has been recognised is Bofin Harbour, Co. Galway, a few specimens being found among the samples of Leander preserved on the Marine Laboratory. Vertical range.—L. adspersus is usually found in less than 5 fathoms of water. In the Mediterranean, however, it was taken on one occasion in a dredge fishing between depths of 7 and 197 fathoms (Senna, 1903). Leander squilla (Linnaeus). Bly XOxXe ties 3 aac: Palaemon squilla, Bell, 1853, fig., p. 305. Leander squilla, Senna, 1903 (ubi syn.). Size.-—The largest specimen examined measures 60 mm., but it is probable that individuals frequently attain a greater length than this. General distribution.—L. squilla is known from west and south Norway (Sars, Appellof), from Sweden (Goés), from Denmark (Meinert), from the north and west coasts of France (Fischer, Barrois, etc.), in the Mediterranean and Adriatic (Heller, Senna, etc.) and in the Black Sea (Czerniavsky). It is also known from the Azores (Barrois), from Madeira (Dana), from the Canary Is. (Brullé) and from St. Vincent in the Cape Verde Is. (fide Senna). The species is found abund- antly off the English coasts; it occurs also in Scotch waters, but seems to be rather scarce. Irish distribution.— Leander squilla is of common occurrence in shallow water all round the Irish coast. Vertical range.—In the British area this is an essentially littoral species, but in the Mediterranean it has been found in as much as 30 fathoms (Senna). GENUS Palaemonetes, Heller. Palaemonetes varians (Leach). PL XX) tes 4s ae. Palaemon varians, Bell, 1853, fig., p. 309. Anchistia migratoria, Heller, 1863, Pl. vim, fig. 20. Palaemonetes varians, Weldon, 1892. Palaemonetes varians, Norman and Scott, 1906 (ubi syn.). The development of this species is very remarkable. In Northern Europe, where it is found close to the sea in water that is more or less brackish, the young are liberated in a late zoea stage. In Southern Europe P. varians occurs in per- fectly fresh water and the development is greatly abbreviated, for the young emerge from the egg with all the limbs, except the uropods, fully formed (v. Mayer, 1881, and Boas, 1889), 7. OS. 133 Size.—The largest specimen examined measures 42 mm. General distribution.—P. varians is known from Sweden (Goés), Denmark (Heller and Meinert), Friesland (Metzger), Belgium (van Beneden), and France (Milne-Edwards). In the Mediterranean and Adriatic it has been found in numerous localities, including Lakes Garda and Trasimene in Italy and L. Albafuera in Spain (Heller, etc.) ; it has been recorded from Kgypt (Heller) and is known in the Black Sea (Czerniavsky). This species is found rather commonly in suitable localities on the south coast of England, extending northwards on the east coast as far as Durham (Norman). I know of only one record from the Scotch coast—Firth of Clyde (Henderson, 1886). Irish distribution.—Palaemonetes varians is probably not uncommon in Ireland ; owing to its peculiar habitat it is doubt- less often overlooked. It is known from the following locali- ties : Co. Antrim.—Glynn (Rankin). Co. Down.—Belfast and Strangford Loughs (Bell on the authority of Thompson). Co. Dublin.—In a slightly brackish pond at Sutton (S.W.K.). “‘ Pools on Merrion Strand ’’ and at Kingstown and Killiney (Kinahan). . Co. Wicklow.—In a pond of almost fresh water close to the sea at the mouth of the Vartry River. Co. Wexford.—In ponds of almost fresh water close to the sea at Courtown. In brackish ditches communicating with the mouth of Wexford Harbour, near Rosslare (S.W.K.). Co. Cork.—In brackish ditches EK. of Queenstown (S.W.K.). Co. Kerry.—In ditches of almost fresh water at Darry- nane (S.W.K.). Dingle and Ventry, “‘ fresh- water ’’ (Dublin Museum). Co. Mayo.—Lough Leam and adjacent ditches, brackish water (8.W.K.). In Ireland this species is generally found in pools or ditches of almost fresh water, close to, but not directly communicating with the sea. It is usually taken in company with Neomysis vulgaris, on which it feeds freely, with the larvae of the dragon fly, Ischnura elegans, and with various species of Rhynchota, chiefly of the genera Gerris and Corizxa. It is only in the southern part of its distribution that P. varians has been found at any great distance from the coast line (as in L. Garda and lL. Trasimene). ‘The species has never been recorded from any of the Irish lakes, and it does not seem likely that it occurs in them. T. ’08. 134 Famity CRANGONIDAE. The number of British and Irish species of Crangonidae has been nearly doubled since Bell in 1853 wrote his British Crus- tacea. JXinahan’s treatment of the family eight years later is very inadequate and his figures are most misleading, while the other literature is much scattered. Short descriptions of each species are therefore given here, and these, taken in conjunc- tion with the figures, should afford a ready means of deter- mining the various forms. The confusion which exists among the genera of this family must have struck the most casual observer, yet the question ‘is in reality very simple, for the whole difficulty may be traced to the incorrect application of Guérin-Méneville’s Aegeon. Such species.as echinulatus, trispinosus, sculptus, fasciatus, neglec- tus and bispinosus have all at various times been referred both to it and to Cheraphilus, and some also, with less reason, to Pontophilus. An examination of cataphractus, the type species of Aegeon, at once shows that none of them should rightly be referred to that genus. A. cataphractus has deep sculpture and spinous ridges on both carapace and abdomen, the first pereio- pod bears a setose exopod, the endopod of the last four pairs of pleopods is nearly as long as the exopod and bears an appendix interna at its base and the inferior apices of the branchiae point forwards, giving them a most characteristic C-shaped appearance, which may be at once seen on raising the gill cover. None of these features are present in the six species mentioned above, but the question still remains whether two genera may not be represented among them. Jn this connec- tion Gurney’s researches on laval Crangonidae (1903) are of great importance. He examined the larvae of eight species, and found them to fall naturally into three groups, which he thus defines :— “1.—Vulgaris and Allmanni : characterised by a one-jointed maxilla-palp and the absence of an exopodite on the second leg in the mysis stage. ‘*2.—Trispinosus, nanus (=bispinosus), echinulatus and fasciatus ; characterised by their two-jointed maxilla- palp, possession of five pairs of exopodites in the mysis stage, form of the rostrum and arrangement (paired) of the abdominal spines. ‘*3.—Spinosus and norvegicus: distinguished from the second group by their extremely elongate body form, shape of the rostrum, possession of a long median spine on the third abdominal segment, and by the form of the tail plate.”’ Group 1 is the genus Crangon and group 3 Pontophilus. Group 2 combines species which have been referred both to Aegeon and to Cheraphilus. Gurney therefore called it by the former name, which had the advantage of priority. This, as I have shown above, is due to a misconception of the characters F, -08: 135 of Aegeon; the four species of group 2, to which sculptus may certainly be added, must therefore be referred to Cheraphilus, or rather to Philocheras, a name proposed by Stebbing (1900) to replace Cheraphilus, which at its institution by Kinahan contained spinosus, the type species of Pontophilus. The deep water form Lacazei is now the only British and Irish species which can correctly be assigned to Aegeon, and the capture of Milne-Edwards’ Jacqueti involves the inclusion of Sclerocrangon among our native genera of Crangonidae. Norman’s solitary record of Sabinea brings the total number up to six, which may be separated thus :— I. Second pereiopods chelate. A. First pereiopods without an exopod ; endopod of last four pairs of pleopods much less than half the length of the exopod, divided into two segments and without an appendix in- terna at the base. i. Lateral process of antennules acutely pointed distally ; second pereiopods with dactylus less than half the length of the propodus. a. Carapace without strong sculpture; an ar- throbranch usually present at base of third maxillipedes, . Crangon (p. 136). b. Carapace with very strong sculpture; no arthrobranch at base of third maxillipedes, Sclerocrangon (p. 139). i. Lateral process of antennules distally truncate or rounded ; second pereiopods with dactylus much more than half the length of the pro- podus, Philocheras (p. 143). B. First pereiopods oat (or without’) an exopod ; endopod of last four pairs of pleopods nearly as long as exopod, composed of a single seg- ment and with an appendix interna at the base. i. Second peretopods reaching at least to distal extremity of carpus of first pair; inferior apices of branchiae turned forwards, an ar- throbranch at base of third maxillipedes, Aegeon (p. 155). ii. Second pereiopods at most not reaching beyond distal extremity of merus of first pair, usually much shorter; inferior apices of branchiae turned backwards, no arthrobranch at base of third maxillipedes, . . Pontophilus (p. 159). IT, Second pereiopods simple, not chelate, . . Sabinea. 1 This exopod is present_in all the known British species. 1; *08. 136 Only a single specimen of Sabinea has so far been found within the British area. It was dredged by Norman in 1861 in the neighbourhood of the Shetland Isles, and was recorded by him as S. septemcarinata (Sabine). In a recent paper (1908), Hansen expressed the opinion that the specimen jis in reality an example of S. Sarsi, Smith, a species which extends much further south than the Arctic S. septemcarinata, Canon Norman presented his specimen to the British Museum and there, through the kindness of Dr. Calman, I was able to examine it. The. specimen, which is unfortunately dry, is, as Hansen suggests, an example of Sabinea Sarsi, Smith. Genus Crangon, Linnaeus. Steiracrangon, Kinahan, 1861. Rostrum depressed ; carapace smooth, without longitudinal dentate carinae. Hyes present. Lateral process of anten- nules acutely pointed distally. First pair of pereiopods with- out exopod; second pair chelate, long and slender, reaching to tips of first pair, dactylus less than half the length of pro- podus, carpus considerably longer than ischium; dactylus of fourth and fifth pairs not laminar. Endopods of last four pairs of pleopods very much less than half the length of the exopod, divided into two segments and without appendix in- terna at base. Inferior apices of branchiae turned backwards. Formula :— a jp ASB ataie | Toe, |) oe. | XI. |x | xm, XIV. | | ee | | Podobranchiae, v5 | EP. | ep. ep. aye Aas | ae ok eh garbhrobranchiaes 0 W ser} jieceul|| Agee 2 | Pleurobranchiae, ... | ... | ate sd 1 1 1 1 | 1 | The two British and Irish species of Crangon may be thus recognised :— I. Sixth abdominal somite dorsally smooth, C. vulgaris (p. 187). IT. Sixth abdominal somite dorsally channelled and bicarinate, : . C. Allmanni (p. 188). 1This arthrobranch is absent in C. antarcticus, Pfeffer, a species which Calman (1907) retains in the genus Crangon. Reliable informa- tion as to the presence or absence of this gill in the other species of the genus is necessary before a true estimate of the generic value of the character can be formed. T. 08. 137 Crangon vulgaris, Linn. Pie XX! fas.” 1 ,'a-d: Crangon vulgaris, Bell, 1853, fig., p. 256. Crangon vulgaris, Sars, 1890, Pl. 1, figs. 1-28 (develop- ment). Crangon vulgaris, Ehrenbaum, 1900 (life-history). Rostrum dorsally hollowed, rather broad at base, and taper- ing to an evenly rounded point. Carapace armed with three spines, one in the mid-dorsal line about one-third the distance from the rostrum to the posterior edge of the carapace, the others placed laterally and slightly in advance of the median spine. From the posterior edge of the orbit a narrow groove runs outwards and backwards, becoming obsolete at about the middle of the carapace and there is also a shallow depression between the orbital and antero-lateral angles. Posterior halt of carapace unarmed, smooth, and rounded. Abdominal somites all rounded above, though occasionally the sixth is shghtly flattened dorsally. Basal joint of antennular peduncle longer than second and third combined and furnished below with a stout spine beset with hairs; lateral process acutely pointed and reaching distal end of joint ; second joint about equal in length to third ; outer antennular flagellum in the female not reaching the apex of the antennal scale. Antennal scale (fig. 1 b) straight along its outer border and terminating in a tooth which extends beyond _ the lamellar portion, much narrowed distally and about two and three-quarter times as long as broad. First peretopod with the merus armed with a stout spine in the middle of its inner border. Colour in life.—Uniform light or dark mottled grey, often with an almost black transverse band across the posterior portions of the fourth abdominal somite. The telson and uropods are also very frequently darker than the general colouring. As has been repeatedly noticed, this species is usually of a dark colour when found on a muddy bottom, whereas specimens living on sand are of a much lighter shade. Size.—Large specimens attain a length of 70 mm. or more. Crangon vulgaris is very largely fished off the English and Scotch coasts, but in Ireland it is very rarely, if ever, used for food. | —. General distribution.—N.E. Atlantic from the White Sea (Birula) and East Finmark (Norman) to the Mediterranean (both north and south shores); usually found in abundance. Kréyer has recorded the species from Iceland. T. *08. 138 Crangon vulgaris has been recorded from the E. coast of N. America and from several localities in the Pacific, but these specimens are in all probability referable to C. septemspinosa, Say, an extremely closely allied form, which differs from C. vulgaris only in the shape of the antennal scale (v. Rathbun, 1904). Trish distribution.—Abundant all round the coast, more espe- cially on a sandy bottom. Vertical range.—Common off the Irish coast in 0-10 fathoms, - and more rarely found up to 20 fathoms; in the Christiania fjord it has occurred in 80 fathoms (G. O. Sars) and in the Brevik Fjord in 50-65 fathoms (Wollebaek). In the West Atlantic it has much the same range; Kingsley (1878) states that it is common in 70 fathoms. Crangon Allmanni, Kinahan. Crangon Allmanni, Kinahan, 1857. Steiracrangon Allmanni, Kinahan, 1861, fig. 111. Crangon Almanni, Sars, 1890, Pl. 1, figs. 29-31 (develop- ment). Crangon Allmann, Wollebaek, 1908, Pl. v1, figs. 1-50. This species is very closely allied to C. vulgaris, but may be easily distinguished by the deep longitudinal groove and parallel carinae on the dorsal aspect of the sixth abdominal somite. The rostrum also is slightly narrower than in the preceding species and the outer antennular flagellum of the female reaches considerably beyond the apex of the antennal scale (v. Wollebaek, 1908). Colour in life.—The carapace and abdomen are brownish grey, composed of thinly distributed brown, with occasional yellow chromatophores, frequently verging to a dark maroon tint on the telson and uropods. Occasionally the general colouring inclines to reddish. The eyes are greyish black. The pereiopods, more particularly the last two pairs and the propodus of the first pair, are dotted with red chromatophores. The gastric and cardiac regions are very dark and usually show conspicuously through the carapace. Size..—The largest specimen examined, an ovigerous female, measures 58 mm. Were it not for Sars’ important contribution to the life his- tory of this species, one would be inclined to follow Ortmann in regarding the characters of C. Allmanni as merely of sub- specific value. Sars has, however, shown that the two forms are easily distinguishable at a very early stage. Larval C. vulgaris possess a strong backwardly directed spine on the third and a pair of lateral spines on the fifth abdominal somite. In larval C. Allmanni the spine on the third somite is obsolete and the pair on the fifth much shorter. Fy 7°08. 139 General distribution.—C. Allmanni is confined to the N.E. Atlantic and extends as far north as West Finmark, the Mur- man coast and the White Sea (Birula). It appears to occur plentifully over the whole of the North Sea and has been re- corded from Sweden (Goés) and Iceland (G. O. Sars). It is found on both east and west coasts of England and Scotland and less commonly in the English Channel. In August, 1906, large numbers of C. Allmanni were taken by the Huzley on the north side of the Bay of Biscay. This is the most southern point from which the species is known. Irish distribution.—Abundant off the east coast; in the south it is apparently much scarcer, but has been taken in considerable numbers off Dungarvan, Co. Cork. It has not so far been observed in any west coast locality to the north of Co. Kerry, but it seems probable that it will be found there in the course of time. In the south-west it has been taken in Bantry, Ballinskelligs and Dingle Bays, and also in deeper water in the neighbourhood of the Fastnet Rock, the Skelligs and the Blasket Is. Vertical range.—-Found commonly in the Irish Sea in 20 to 73 fathoms, and less frequently between 10 and 20 fathoms. Off the west coast it has occurred between 30 and 84 fathoms. Metzger records this species from 6 fathoms in the Skagerrak and Cattegat, while on the N. side of the Bay of Biscay it has been found in as much as 146 fathoms. Genus Sclerocrangon, G. O. Sars. Rostrum either securiform, much compressed and expanded below, or spinose. Carapace strongly sculptured, carinate and dentate, antero-lateral angles large and laterally expanded. Eyes present. Lateral process of antennules acutely pointed distally. First pair of peretopods without exopod ; second pair very slender and minutely chelate, reaching at least to the middle of the propodus of the first pair, dactylus very much less than half the length of the propodus, carpus longer than ischium ; dactylus of fourth and fifth pairs not laminar. En- dopod of last four pairs of pleopods very much less than half the length of exopod, divided into two segments, and without appendix interna at base. Inferior apices of branchiae turned backwards. Formula :— aie | VIL | VHL | - Ix. | x. | XL | XII. | XIII. | XIV. | Podobranchiae, & teh ep: | Gpry ek | SOF | bad | ty Arthrobranchiae, ... |... jee | ows ia | Nes SoHE: OAS | Pleurobranchiae, ... | iin 1 1 1 I. 08. 140 I have followed Smith and Faxon in placing Milne-Edwards’ Jacqueti (=Agassizi) under Sclerocrangon and this I do not doubt to be correct even though it becomes rather difficult to frame a definition which will exclude the genus Crangon. Now that the arthrobranch on the third maxillipede is known to be absent in Crangon antarcticus and possibly also in other species of that genus, the sculpture of the carapace (a most unsatisfactory character in Crangonidae) is almost the only feature available. The reduction of Sclerocrangon to the rank of a sub-genus, as suggested by Ortmann, will perhaps solve the difficulty, but further investigation may show that the sternal spines of the male and the greatly abbreviated meta- morphosis (v. Sars, 1890, and Wollebaek, 190%) afford satis- factory indications of its generic validity. T'wo groups of species are comprised in this genus ; one con- tains such forms as boreas, salebrosus, atrox, and ferox, while the other includes Jacqueti, munita, procax and other allied species. This second group, although properly regarded as belonging - to Sclerocrangon, is nevertheless much more closely allied to Crangon than the first. Sclerocrangon Jacqueti (A. Milne-Edwards). Bie SOSGNL, Hes, Jeu0) Pontophilus Jacqueti, A. Milne-Edwards, 1881. Pontophilus Jacqueti, A. Milne-Edwards, 1882. Ceraphilus Agassizi, Smith, 1882, Pl. vir, figs. 4-5a. Pontophilus Jacqueti, A. Milne- Edwards, 1883, Pl. 40. Ceraphilus Agassizi, Smith, 1885. Sclerocrangon Agassizi, Smith, 1887. The rostrum consists of an acutely pointed spine, which trends upwards and is concealed when viewed from above by the long anterior median spine of the carapace; it is rather short and does not reach the tips of the eyes. The carapace is rather broad ; both it and the abdomen are covered with a short and very sparse pubescence. The outer orbital angle is defined by a sharp spine about as long as the rostrum, but con- siderably shorter than that which terminates the broadly eXx- panded lateral angles. A median dorsal carina extends the whole length of the carapace; the prominent anterior spine overhangs the rostrum, reaching beyond its apex and a second stout forwardly directed spine is situated on the cardiac region ; between these two a small tubercle is usually present. On each side of the median carina is found a gastric spine, and below this a strong hepatic spine supported by two carinae, one of which runs backwards to the posterior edge of the cara- pace, while the other is less pronounced, leading downwards 1 Miss Rathbun (1904) has described several very closely allied species belonging to this group under the genus Crangon. Tf. "08: 141 and backwards and disappearing on the branchial region. From the orbital spine a strong carina runs backwards, fading away between the gastric and hepatic spines, and from the antero-lateral spine, another, even more sharply defined, ex- tends towards the branchial region, becoming obsolete below the hepatic spine. Behind the posterior median spine a faint transverse ridge is situated, reaching downwards on each side to the upper hepatic carina. In the male the two dorsal spines of the carapace are usually conspicuously longer than in the female. The abdominal somites are rather broad ; the first three are smooth and rounded above in the female, while in the male they often show traces of dorsal carination. On the fourth and fifth somites the dorsal carina is conspicuous in the male, but in the female it is not so pronounced and is sometimes quite obsolete. The sixth somite bears four longitudinal carinae ; posteriorly the margin is produced to a sharp spine on either side of the telson and laterally as an acute angle out- side the bases of the uropods. The pleura of the first three somites are pointed below. The antennular peduncle (fig. 9) reaches to rather more than two-thirds the length of the antennal scale ; the second joint is considerably longer than the third and both together are shorter than the basal segment. The lateral process reaches to the distal end of the basal segment; it is pointed anteriorly and is much longer than broad. The antennal scale is about two and half times as long as broad; its outer edge is slightly con- cave and is produced to a stout apical spine which extends a little beyond the distal end of the lamellar portion. The basal joint of the flagellum reaches to about three-quarters the length of the scale.t The outer maxillipedes are slender, reaching considerably beyond the antennal scale. The first three pairs of pereiopods are practically glabrous, bearing only a very few setae. The second pair (fig. 10) is very slender, reaching beyond the middle of the propodus of the first pair ; the dactylus is scarcely one-fifth the length of the propodus and the carpus and merus are about equal in length, each being a little longer than the ischium. The third pair is very slender and rather longer than the second. The fourth and fifth pairs are much stouter than the two preceding ; the former is longer than the latter and about equal in length to the third. The telson is longer than the uropods ; it is broadly sulcate dorsally and tapers to a sharp point. It is armed with two or three pairs of dorso-lateral spinules and its inferior margins are strongly ciliated. The outer uropods are slightly shorter than the inner and are from two to three times as long as broad. , In the male there are four thoracic and five abdominal sternal spines; these are absent in the female. As has been already stated by Faxon (1895), the second pleopod of the male 1In this respect Milne-Edwards’ figure is quite erroneous, Tas. 142 differs from Sars’ original description of the genus in having the inner branch simple. Only a single male example of this species, 23 mm. in length, has as yet been found in the East Atlantic. In this specimen the antennular flagella do not differ markedly in length or thickness from those of the female. Smith (1882) states that in the male the flagella are twice as long as the peduncle, with the outer ramus longer and very much stouter than the inner, or than the outer flagellum of the female. Size.—One of the specimens recorded from the West At- lantic was as much as 72 mm. in length. Ovigerous females from the British and Irish area measure only 30-33 mm. Colour in life.—The carapace is of a rather faint dull purple grey colour; this is darkest dorsally and anteriorly, becoming paler laterally. | Posteriorly the carapace shows a faint mot- tling of red—on the abdominal somites are larger patches of rather faint purple grey and red; the pleura of the first and fifth somites are unpigmented, those of the second, third and fourth show at the posterior basal angles a large grey patch surrounded with red. The pleura of the sixth somite are grey ; the telson is unpigmented and transparent. The eyes are reddish, with grey stalks. Uhe antennular peduncle and antennal scale are purplish grey with reddish mottling ; the flagella are transparent, with the exception of the inner ramus of the antennule, which is basally of a reddish colour. The ante-penultimate joint of the outer maxillipede is purplish grey and the propodus of the first pair of pereio- pods is mottled with the same colour. All the other joints of the outer maxillipedes and pereiopods are transparent, with the exception of the basus of the fourth pair of the latter, which bears a red spot. The pleopods are unpigmented, but there are faint reddish markings in the centre of each uropod. General distribution.—Sclerocrangon Jacqueti was first found in the East Atlantic by the Travailleur, and has since then been dredged on several occasions off the East Coast of the United States between Charleston and Cape Cod. Although hitherto unrecorded, this species was taken within the British area by both Porcupine and Triton expeditions mear North Rona. The localities are :— Porcupine. August, 1869.—59° 34’ N., 7° 18’ W., 542 fathoms, bottom tempera- ture 6-5° C.—One, small (in Mus. Norm.). Triton. St. 10, 1882.—59° 40’ N., 7° 21’ W., 516 fathoms, bottem tem- perature 7-8-8 -1° C.—Four ovigerous females, 30-33 mm. (in Mus. Norm.). | I. *08. 143 Trish distribution.—This species has been found off the west coast of Ireland on the following occasions :— Helga. S.R. 353—6 /8 /’06.—50° 38’ N., 11° 32’ W., 250-542 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 8-58° C., salinity 35 -46°/ ,. Two, 35 and 21 mm. S.R. 477—28 /8 /’07.—51° 15’ N., 11° 47’ W., 707-710 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 700 fathoms 7-19° C.—One, 23 mm. Vertical range.—Smith records specimens from depths of 440 and 950 fathoms. Grnus Philocheras, Stebbing. Cheraphilus, Kinahan, 1861 (partim). Philocheras, Stebbing, 1900. Rostrum depressed ; carapace with or without longitudinal dentate carinae. Eyes present. Lateral process of antennule subquadrate or rounded, never distally acuminate. First pair of pereiopods without exopod ; second pair chelate, not par- ticularly slender, reaching slightly beyond carpus of first pair, dactylus much more than half the length of propodus, carpus equal to or rather shorter than ischium ; dactylus of fourth and fifth pairs not laminar. Endopod of last four pairs of pleo- pods very much less than half the length of the exopod, com- posed of two segments, without appendix interna at base. In- ferior apices of branchiae turned backwards. Formula :— ae [vm | vor | om | x Wi) Mab) | XT, | Ry Podobranchiae, -- {| ep. | ep. | tep. Arthrobranchiae, Nae =e | bea 1 Pleurobranchiae, ee Bad see oe 1 ft 1 1 t The following table will serve to discriminate the six British and Irish species of Philocheras. I. Apex of rostrum rounded or triangular. A. Carapace with three spines in the median line, P. echinulatus (p. 144). B. Carapace with one or two spines in the median line. i. Carapace with one median and a pair of lateral spines, the median being somewhat in ad- vance of the lateral, = . P. trispinosus (p. 146). i. (G8: 144 il. Carapace with one median spine, behind which is a second small tubercle-like spine (occasionally obsolete). a. Numerous minute tubercles arranged in longitudinal series on either side of the median line, : Rs bispinosus (p. tome b. No tubercles on either side of the median gline, ; . P. bispinosus, v. neglectus (). 153). IT. Apex of rostrum squarely truncate or emarginate. A. Apex of rostrum squarely truncate; only one spine on median line of carapace ; abdomen smooth and unsculptured; antennal scale with only the usual distal spine on its outer edgen = . P. jascratus (py Lowen B. Apex of rostrum emarginate ; several spines on median line of carapace; abdomen strongly sculptured ; antennal scale with a stout spine at about the middle of its outer edge, P. sculptus (p. 148). Philocheras echinulatus (M. Sars). ie Ol ines 7 ae Crangon echinulatus, M. Sars, 1861. Crangon serratus, Norman, 1862. Cheraphilus echinulatus, G. O. Sars, 1882. Cheraphilus echinulatus, G. O. Sars, 1890, Pl. u, figs. 1-21 (development). : Rostrum dorsally hollowed and rather broad at base, taper- ing to a finely rounded point. Carapace with antero-lateral angles produced to a sharp point, armed with five longitudinal dentate carinae, one median and two pairs of lateral. Median carina armed with three stout equidistant spines; first lateral. with six spines, of which the second and third are rather widely separated from each other, the sixth close to the pos- terior margin and sometimes obsolete. Between the first lateral and the median carinae another row of teeth is fre- quently present on each side; they are very small and three or four in number; the second and third are on a line with the first two median spines, while the third is situated behind the posterior median spine and from it a carina runs towards the posterior margin. ‘Third lateral row consisting of a well- marked carina which extends from close behind the orbital angle to the hinder edge of the carapace ; it 1s furnished with two stout spines on its anterior third, in front of which an- other very small tooth is often present. First two abdominal sonutes dorsally. smooth; third and fourth carinate on their posterior half, the former often only I. ’08. 145 very feebly so; fifth sharply carinate ; sixth dorsally channelled and bicarinate. On close examination the carinae of the fourth and fifth somites are seen to consist of a pair of fine ridges which meet posteriorly. Telson dorsally sulcate, and slightly longer than outer uropods. Basal jomt of antennular peduncle longer than second and third combined, its lateral process quadrate in outline, reach- ing distal end of segment; second joint longer than third. Antennal scale (fig. 7b) concave along its outer border, much narrowed distally and three times as long as broad; apical spine long, projecting far beyond the lamellar portion of scale. In this form, as in all the other species of Philocheras, the chela of the second pair of pereiopods (fig. 7d), although of comparatively large size, is weak and probably of but little service to the animal. The dactylus is much more than half the length of the propodus, but the inner margins of the claw are almost parallel and their apices are not provided with ungues. Size.—The largest specimen examined measures 38 mm. ; Scott (1902) records an example of 45 mm. Colour in life.—The carapace and abdomen are dorsally of a somewhat greenish tinge, due to the admixture of lemon yellow and sienna brown chromatophores; laterally there are numerous, large, dark maroon chromatophores along the in- ferlor margins of the carapace and on the abdominal pleura. The telson is coloured with a mixed pigmentation of lemon yellow, sienna, and maroon. ‘The eyes are greenish black. The antennal scale and antennules are sparsely mottled with yellow and sienna brown. The outer maxillipedes are spotted with maroon, with a few clear red chromatophores distally. The first and second pereiopods are maroon, the former with a few red spots at the terminal end of the propodus. In the last three pairs of pereiopods the ischium is maroon; in the third pair the remaining joints are transparent, while in the other two there are red chromatophores on the merus and carpus. The pleopods are maroon, faintly tipped with red. Some specimens are very sparsely pigmented; in these all trace of the red pigment is frequently absent, while the lateral maroon markings are very faint. General distribution.—This species is not particularly com- mon: it is known from the western and southern coasts of Norway, the North Sea, off the coasts of Scotland and on the N. side of the Bay of Biscay. Irish distribution.—On the east coast trawling grounds P. echinulatus is not infrequently found, but it has not so far been observed off the south coast. Off the west coast it has been taken on the following occasions :— Helga. CX XI.—24 /8 /'01.—53° 52’ N., 11° 56’ W. 199 fathoms. Trawl. Many, 9°5—29 mm. K Te70; 146 CXXI—13 /7 /’03.—53° 34’ N., 11° 29’ W. 120 fathoms. Trawl— Twenty-nine, 10-17 mm., and one ¢ ovigerous, 27 mm. S.R. 85—5 /2 /’04.—51° 44’ N., 10° 43’ W. 72-75 fathoms. Trawl —One, 28 mm. W. 7—24/3/’04.—51° 49’ N., 11° 8’ W. 100 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 100 fathoms, 9°8° C.—Two, 2 ovigerous, 21 and 28 mm. S.R. 107—9 /5 /’04.—53° 37’ N., 11° 33’ W. 121 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 116 fathoms, 9°3° C.—Two, 24 mm. S.R. 145—23 /8 /’04.—53° 24’ 30” N., 11° 38’ W. 112 fathoms. Trawl—One, 25 mm. | S.R. 150—25 /8 /’04.—53° 54’ N., 12° 19° W. 220 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 186 fathoms, 945° C.—One, 29 mm. S.R. 165—3 /11 /’04.—52° 6’ N., 11° 44’ W. 244 fathoms. Dredge Temperature at 230 fathoms, 10°4° C., salinity 35°61° /,,— Five, 21-28 mm. S.R. 321—1 /5 /’06.—50° 58’ N., 11° 17’ W. 208-480 fathoms. Trawl—One, 26 mm. S.R. 338—13 /5 /’06.—51° 28’ 30” N., 11° 39° W. 291-330 fathoms. Trawl.—One, 26 mm. S.R. 351—5 /8 /’06.—50° 19’ 30” N., 11° 6’ W. 230-250 fathoms Trawl—Sixteen, 12-16 mm. S.R. 362—9 /8 /’06.—51° 34’ 30” N., 11° 277 W. 145-160 fathoms Trawl. Temperature at 150 fathoms, 10:05° C., salinity 35°37° /,,—Thirty-seven, 10-17 mm. There is only one previous record of the occurrence of P. echinulatus off the west coast of Ireland; a single specimen was found by the Fingal in 175 fathoms, 34 miles off Achill Head, Co. Mayo. Vertical range.—30 to 291 fathoms. Most authors give 50 to 60 fathoms as the normal depth. Off the east coast of Ireland it has occurred in 30 fathoms, and, as may be seen from the above records from the west coast, 1t has been taken on one occasion ($.R. 338) in at least 291 fathoms. This constitutes a considerable increase in the known _bathy- metric range of the species, the previous greatest depth being 218 fathoms (Appellof, 1906). Philocheras trispinosus (Hailstonc). Pl. XXI*figs. 2, a-and b. Pontophilus trispinosus, Hailstone, 1835. Crangon trispinosus, Bell, 1858, fig., p. 265. Cheraphilus. trispinosus, Kinahan, 1861, fig. v. Aegeon trispinosus, Norman and Scott, 1906. Rostrum broad, dorsally hollowed, its apex bluntly triangu- lar; carapace broad, furnished with three spines, one median and a pair of lateral. The median spine is situated on the OS 147 anterior third of the carapace ; the lateral spines are slightly posterior to itt and are continued backwards for a short dis- tance as carinae. The posterior half of the carapace is smooth and rounded, with the exception of a groove which runs obliquely upwards and backwards behind the lateral carinae. Abdominal somites rather broad, all evenly rounded above ; telson somewhat sulcate dorsally. Basal joint of antennular peduncle about as long as second and third combined, the subquadrate lateral process reaching somewhat beyond the end of the segment; second joint con- siderably longer and wider than the third. Antennal scale (fig. 2b) with its outer margin slightly convex, less than two and a quarter times as long as wide, the apical spine falling short of the sharply angled distal end of the lamellar portion. Size.— Up to about 27 mm. Colour in life. —The carapace and abdomen are mottled with golden yellow, sienna and umber brown chromatophores ; usually the yellow and sienna are dorsal and the umber lateral. The sienna colouring is sometimes absent and in some specimens the yellow predominates to a very large extent, giving the whole animal a beautiful golden appearance. In other specimens both yellow and sienna are only faintly per- ceptible, the carapace and abdomen being semi-translucent, with umber brown speckling. The eyes are greyish black. The eyestalks, antennules and antennal scales show umber brown or brown and yellow chromatophores; the flagella are sometimes marked with red. The distal joints of the outer maxillipedes and first pereiopods are also marked with umber brown and yellow pigment spots, the latter being of large size ; the second and third pereiopods are colourless, while the last two pairs show brown and yellow markings on the merus and carpus and sometimes also on the ischium. ‘The pleopods, telson and uropods follow the general colouring of the abdo- men. General distribution.—P. trispinosus is not uncommon in many parts of the North Sea and English Channel and ex- tends south to Gironde (Fischer), the Azores (Barrois) and to Marseilles (Gourret), but is apparently known in the Medi- terranean only from the last locality. It has been recorded from the east coast of Scotland (Scott), from the west coast (Patience, Firth of Clyde) and from the Shetlands (Norman), but is not known on the Scandinavian shores. Trish distribution.—First taken in Irish waters off Skerries, Co. Dublin. During the course of fishery investigations P. trispinosus has been found very frequently near the Kish and Burford Banks, off the mouth of Dublin Bay, in 10-12 fathoms 1 By this character P. trispinosus is very readily distinguished from young Crangon vulgaris, to which it bears a superficial resemblance. 4 T. 708. 148 of water and has also been found in the Bay itself. The other records are :— Helga. S. 337—30/11/’05.—4 miles N.E. of Howth Head, Co. Dublin. 13-17 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 16 fathoms 77° C.—Three. ; S. 350—5 /12 /05.—14 miles N.E. of Clogher Head, Co. Dublin. 10 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 9 fathoms, 88° C.— Four. W. 50—13 /2 /’06.—Blacksod Bay, Co. Mayo. 44-53 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 4 fathoms, 5°4° C.—One. W. 58—10/9/’06 —Off Minard, Dingle Bay, Co. Kerry. 10 | fathoms. Trawl—Twenty-one. 7 S. 466—17 /10 /’06.—2 miles E. of Drogheda, Co. Louth. 8-10 fathoms. Trawl—One. S. 493—19 /2 /’07.—14 miles HE. of Drogheda, Co. Louth. 54-8 fathoms. Trawl—Three. Also found in small numbers at Ballynakill and Bofin Har- bours, Co. Galway. In addition to these, the species has been recorded from Port Magee and Lough Kay, off Valencia Island (Walker), and there are specimens in the Dublin Museum from Sea- point, Co. Dublin and from Smerwick, Dingle and Round- stone Harbours. Vertical range.—Littoral to 22 fathoms (Metzger). Philocheras sculptus (Bell). Bly XAT, fies! 76, ‘avand *b: Crangon sculptus, Bell, 1853, fig., p. 263. Aegeon sculptus, Kinahan, 1861, fig. 9. Crangon sculptus, Heller, 1863, Pl. vi, fig. 14. Rostrum much broader at apex than at base, dorsally hol- lowed and apically emarginate. Caurapace with a distinct median carina and two pairs of in- distinct lateral carinae, the median bearing two stout spines, one close behind the rostrum and the other situated about one- third the length of the carapace from the posterior edge. In addition to these there are also in the median line two much smaller spines or tubercles, one placed between the two large spines and the other behind the posterior spine. First lateral carina of carapace represented by short obscure ridges, usually five in number, which are not produced anteriorly in the form of spines; second lateral carina consisting of two ridges, the foremost of which is prominent, sharply carinate, and produced anteriorly to a spine which is slightly in advance of the foremost spine of the median line. There are also four #08. 149 short ridges, the foremost of which is very obscure, on the pesterior part of the carapace between the first and second lateral carinae. The whole carapace is covered with a short and close pubescence. Abdominal somites all strongly sculptured laterally and dor- sally, the raised portion being glabrous and the depressions pubescent; pleura of the first four bluntly pointed below. First two somites dorsally rounded; third, fourth and _ fifth sharply carinate, sixth bicarinate. The carinae of the third, fourth and fifth somites, when closely examined, show faint traces of bicarination, this, however, is not so pronounced as is the case with P. echinulatus. Inner uropod considerably longer than the outer and about equal in length to the deeply grooved telson. Basal joint of antennular peduncle longer than second and third combined, its distal end reaching somewhat beyond the anterior portion of the subquadrate lateral process; second joint about equal in length to third. Antennal scale (fig. 6 b) about two and a half times as long as broad, its outer edge slightly concave and bearing at about its middle a stout spine, in this feature differmg from all other European and perhaps from all known Crangonidae. The apical spine reaches beyond the lamella of the scale. Merus of first pereiopods not furnished at its outer distal edge with the spine which is present in all other members of the genus. Colour in life-—Extremely variable. Gosse (1853, p. 155) gives a close description of two forms. In one specimen noticed on the Helga the carapace and oral appendages were pale yellowish buff, with a minute blue spot in the mid- dorsal line of the former near the posterior edge. The first four abdominal somites were umber brown with whitish mottling, verging to maroon laterally, and with a few pale sienna spots; the last two somites and the telson were pale, with very faint sienna markings. Another specimen was of a general brick-red colour, with minute darker dots; others had an umber brown carapace with a whitish abdomen, some pos- sessing in addition a transverse umber band across the proxi- mal portion of the fifth abdominal somite; others again were uniform umber brown, with the exception of the sixth ab- dominal somite and the telson, which were whitish. One example showed a type of coloration closely resembling that of P. trispinosus, the carapace and abdomen being very pale . mottled grey, verging to a dark maroon laterally. e Size.—The largest specimen observed measures 24 mm. General distribution.—P. sculptus has been recorded from the Adriatic (Heller), Finistere (Barrois), Guernsey (Norman) and off the coasts of Devon and Cornwall (Bell, Norman, etc.). Off the west coast of Scctland it is known from the Minch and Lamlash Bay (Norman) and from the Firth of Clyde (Patience). . I. 08. 150 Irish distribution.—This species is by no means common in Irish waters, but has been taken in some numbers in one or two localities. Kinahan mentions it as not uncommon off Bray, Co. Wicklow, and he also found specimens off the Gobbins, near Belfast. Melville has recorded it from the Arran Is., Co. Galway. Other records are :— Helga, S. 82—30/7/’02. 2 miles off Dalkey, Co. Dublin, 14-15 fathoms. Trawl—One female, ovigerous, 19 mm. S.R. 96—3/5/'04. 70 miles S.W. of Fastnet, Co. Cork. 82 fathoms. Bottom townet—One, 24 mm. S.R. 182—28/1/’05. 24 miles off Bray Head, Co. Wicklow. 15 fathoms. Townet. Temperature at 13 fathoms, 7°62° C., salinity 34:43°/... One, 18 mm. R. 8, 3/5/05. 164 milesS. W. of Coningbeg Lightship, off Co. Wexford. 40 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 38 fathoms, 8°9° C., 15-19 mm., several ovigerous females. = 9—3 /5/’05. 174 miles 8.W. of Coningbeg Lightship, off Co. Wexford. 40 fathoms. Trawl. Twelve, 14-17 mm. W. 47—9 /9 /"05—Off Black Head, Co. Galway. 7-10 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 8 fathoms, 148° C. One, 11 mm. R. 17—1/2 /’06.—1334 miles 8.8.W. of Hook Point, Co. Wexford. 40 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 39 fathoms, 8°6° C. Five, 10-20 mm. R. 26—16 /8 /’06.—14 miles S. of Helvick Head, Co. Waterford, 143-16 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 15 fathoms. 11:3° C. Two, 18 mm. R. 29—17 /8/’06.—15 miles S.E. of Mine Head, Co. Waterford. 40-42 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 38 fathoms,9 6° C., salinity 34:74°/,... One, ovigerous female, 22 mm. S. 530—3 /5 /’07.—Off Kingstown, Dublin Bay. 43-63 fathoms. Trawl. Two ovigerous females, 16-18 mm. In Ballynakill Harbour, Co. Galway, the species is very scarce ; only three specimens were found during four years. Vertical range.—Usually found between 5 and 40 fathoms ; the 82-fathom record (8.R. 96) constitutes, I believe, a con- siderable increase in the known bathymetric distribution of the species.! 1The specimen recorded from 300 fathoms, off the S.W. Coast of Ire- land as Aegeon sculptus (Calman, 1896, p. 3), is to be referred to Aegeon Lacaget. Fa OG 151 Philocheras fasciatus (Risso). Pl. XXII, figs. 3;a-and b. Crangon fasciatus, Bell, 1853, fig., p. 259. Aegeon fasciatus, Kinahan, 1861, fig. vim. Crangon fasciatus, Heller, 1868, Pl. vit, fig. 10. Crangon fasciatus, Norman, 1887. Rostrum very broad, dorsally hollowed, and abruptly trun- cate at apex. Carapace with a single median spine in the an- terior third; from this spine a carina runs backwards, becom- ing obsolete before reaching the posterior edge. On either side of the middle line are two lobe-like folds, the outer of which reaches further forwards than the inner; anteriorly these lobes are well-defined and rounded. From the orbital spine a carina runs backwards and outwards and meets a third lateral lobe which is more pointed; inferiorly this lobe is de- fined by a groove, which runs towards the branchial region, and superiorly by another groove which runs backwards past the posterior ends of the two inner lobes, becoming obsolete near the middle line on the cardiac region. Abdominal somites dorsally smooth and rounded ; occasion- ally very faint traces of dorsal carination are discernible on the fourth and fifth. Telson dorsally sulcate and shorter than both inner and outer uropods. Basal joint of antennular peduncle about as long as second and third combined, its lateral process distally rounded and reaching to the end of the segment; second joint longer than third. Antennal scale (fig. 3b) only about twice as long as broad, its outer edge convex; the short apical tooth does not surpass the distal end of the lamella. The joints of the second pereiopods are proportionately much wider in this than in the other species of the genus. Size.—The largest specimen examined measures 19 mm. Colour in life.—The carapace and abdomen are,.as a rule, whitish, the latter having two transverse dark umber brown bands, one across the fourth somite and the other across the posterior half of the sixth somite, telson, and uropods. In some specimens the carapace is dark umber brown, in others the posterior of the two abdominal bands is missing ; forms occur very rarely in which all trace of the brown pigment is _ missing. | It should be noticed that the striking brown banding in this species also occurs in P. bispinosus v. neglectus and in some forms of P. sculptus. The colour of these smaller Cran- gonidae is extremely variable, and cannot be considered of any value for systematic purposes. General distribution.—P. fasciatus has been recorded by various authorities from the Adriatic and Mediterranean and is also known from the Azores (Barrois), Gironde (Fischer), the Channel Is. (Norman), the Scilly Is. (Vallentin), from 13708: 152 the coasts of Devon and Cornwall (Bell, Norman, etc.), Norfolk (Patterson) and Northumberland (Norman). Off the Scotch coast it is rare; Firth of Forth (Scott), Firth of Clyde (Patience). Irish distribution.—Off the Irish coast this species is widely distributed, but not common anywhere. It has been recorded from Sandycove, Co. Dublin; in the Strangford and Belfast districts from Portaferry, Donaghadee, Ballyholme Bay and off the Gobbins (Kinahan), and from Larne Lough (Rankin). On the west coast Melville found it off the Arran Is., Co. Galway. The species was found not uncommonly in Ballynakill and Bofin harbours, Co. Galway; in Valencia harbour, Co. Kerry, Miss M. Delap has found a single specimen near Glanleam, and it has also occurred in small numbers in Blacksod Bay. Vertical range. —littoral to 30 fathoms (Heller). Off the Trish coast the species has not been taken in more than 15 fathoms. Philocheras bispinosus (Hailstone and Westwood). Pl. XXI, figs. 4, a and b. Pontophilus bispinosus, Hailstone and Westwood, 1835, p. 271) fie, 30: Crangon nanus, Kroyer, 1842. Crangon bispinosus, Bell, 18538, fig., p. 268. Cheraphilus bispinosus, Kinahan, 1861, fig. tv. Aegeon nanus, Norman and Scott, 1906. Rostrum short, dorsally hollowed, apex rounded. Cara- pace with two spines in the median line, one in the anterior third and one further back in the posterior third, the latter often reduced to a mere tubercle. On either side are numerous minute tubercles arranged in a more or less longitudinal series ; of these, one row is more pronounced than the rest and con- sists of about fourteen tubercles forming a rather wavy line from close behind the orbit to the posterior margin of the carapace. The line is interrupted at about its middle by a groove which runs backwards and upwards, becoming obsolete before it reaches the median line of the carapace behind the posterior dorsal spine or tubercle. Abdominal somites smooth and dorsally rounded, with the exception of the fifth and sixth, on which very obscure tubercles in longitudinal series may usually be observed. ‘Tel- son sulcate above, about as long as the outer uropod. Basal joint of antennular peduncle about as long as second and third combined, its subquadrate lateral process not quite reaching the distal end of the segment; second joint longer than third. Antennal scale (fig. 4b) rather narrower than in the preceding species—slightly more than two and a half times L..708. 153 as long as wide ; outer margin straight or slightly concave, the apical spine not exceeding the lamellar portion of the scale. Colour in life.—Pale mottled grey or reddish, with darker mottling along the inferior edges of the carapace, pleura, and pleopods. Another form observed was of a dark mottled grey, still darker laterally with whitish patches on the dorsal aspect of the carapace, third, fourth and sixth abdominal somites, and at the apex of the antennal scale. I am indebted to Mr. Alexander Patience for a specimen from the Firth of Clyde which shows a type of coloration closely resembling that of the var. neglectus ; the carapace is of a reddish chestnut colour, a band of the same tint being found across the fourth and fifth abdominal somites and another across the telson and uropods. This type of coloration seems to be very rare, but it furnishes an additional proof of what I have stated above—that colour is of the very slightest systematic importance among the species of the genus. Size.—This species attains a length of about 20 mm. Scott (1902) inentions ovigerous females of only 1] mm. The characteristic row of tubercles on either side of the carapace are best seen if the superficial moisture from the specimen is absorbed with blotting-paper before examination. The Irish examples of P. bispinosus appear to belong to a race in which the tuberculation of the carapace is compara- tively weakly developed. In no case is this feature as strongly pronounced as it is in certain specimens from the Norwegian coast. The latter individuals, which are in Canon Norman’s museum, represent an extreme type, the whole of the cara- pace and part also of the abdomen being covered with large and prominent spinules. General distribution.—P. bispinosus is very common in the N.E. Atlantic; it extends from the Lofoten Is., N. of the Arctic Circle, to the English Channel, but is not known from Iceland. Barrois (1888) has recorded the species from the Azores. Irish distribution.—Abundant all round the Trish coast. Vertical range.—Occurring at all depths in the Irish Sea and off the west coast descending to as much as 200 fathoms. Philocheras bispinosus, var. neglectus (G. O. Sars). Pl. XXI, figs. 5, a and b. Cheraplilus neglectus, G. O. Sars, 1882, Pl. 1, fig. 7. Crangon neglectus, Norman, 1887. Cheraphilus neglectus, Hansen, 1908. This form has been found off the Irish coast on only one occasion and the specimens which were then obtained were so T. '08. | 154 evidently distinct from any Irish examples of P. bispinosus that, notwithstanding Appelléf’s statements (1906, p. 180), I was convinced that two well-defined species were represented ; but recently, after a close examination of a very large number of specimens from Canon Norman’s museum, I have been forced to alter my views on the subject. From the examples collected by Canon Norman it is easy to select a series showing every possible intermediate form between P. bispinosus and neg- lectus. Typical specimens of the var. neglectus are characterized by the perfectly smooth carapace without trace of tuberculation on the dorso-lateral ridges or elsewhere ; under a high power the general surface is seen to be very finely reticulate with numerous minute depressions and punctures. The posterior spine in the median line of the carapace is reduced to an obscure tubercle or is wholly obsolete. The rostrum is slightly more rounded at the apex than in P. bispinosus and the grooves on the carapace are rather less distinct. The colour in life of the Irish specimens, which are in every feature typical of the var. neglectus, is as follows :—The cara- pace is uniformly pale, pale with a sprinkling of brown dots, or uniform dark chestnut brown. The abdomen is pale, with a transverse chestnut brown band across the fourth somite ; the pleura and pleopods show dark mottling. On the teison and uropods there is a narrow transverse brown band consist- ing only of a pair of chromatophores on the telson and one on éach of the uropods. The brown banding cannot be considered at all satisfactory as a specific character. It is wholly absent in two recent well- marked examples of the var. neglectus which were caught in the Bay of Biscay and, as already stated, similar colouring frequently prevails in P. fasciatus and P. sculptus and has once been observed (v. p. 158) in a typical bispinosus. Practically all the specimens which Canon Norman has so kindly permitted me to examine showed a certain amount of surface spinulation ; in the case of the better marked examples ot the var. neglectus this was, of course, exceedingly obscure, but certainly no individual was found to possess as smooth a carapace as the Irish specimens. In course of time it will perhaps be found that the relation- ship between P. bispinosus and neglectus is somewhat of the same nature as that which seems to exist between Spiron- tocaris spinus and S. Lilljeborgi, and that the two forms are quite distinct in certain areas, while in others they occur in company with intermediate forms. Size..—Three of the Irish specimens are ovigerous females, and are 135, 14 and 15 mm. in length; the fourth specimen is a male, and measures 14mm. Scott (1902) records a speci- rnen of 18 mm. General distribution.—This rare form was first described by Sars from the west coast of Norway. It has been four times recorded from the coasts of Scotland : by Norman (1887) FOS. , 155 from Loch Tarbert and from the Shetlands,! by Scott (1902) from the Firth of Forth, and by Patience (1908) from the Firth of Clyde. It is known also from the S. coast of Iceland (Hansen) and has been found on the N. side of the Bay of Biscay (Kemp). Irish distribution.2—Only on one occasion has this form been found off the Irish coast :— Helga. R.S.--3/5/'05.—164 miles 8.W. of Coningbeg Lightship, off Co. Wexford. 40 fathoms. ‘Trawl. Temperature at 38 fathoms, 89° C., salinity 35°03°/,.—Four, 133— 15 mm., three $ ovigerous. Vertical range.—Off Norway this species has been found between 2 and 6 fathoms and on the Scotch coast between 8 and 10 fathoms. Hansen records it from 20-45 fathoms in the neighbourhood of Iceland and it has occurred in 75 fathoms in the Bay of Biscay (Kemp). Genus Aegeon, Guérin Méneville. Egeon, Risso, 1816. Pontocaris, Spence Bate, 1888. Rostrum depressed; longitudinal dentate carinae on both carapace and abdomen. yes present. Lateral process of antennules distally pointed. First pair of pereiopods with a setose exopod; second pair chelate, reaching shghtly beyond carpus of, or nearly as long as, first pair, dactylus about one- third the length of propodus, carpus shorter than ischium ; dactylus of fourth and fifth pairs not laminar. Endopod of last four pairs of pleopods only slightly shorter than exopod, one-jointed and with appendix interna at base. Inferior apices of branchiae turned forwards, giving the whole gill a characteristic C-shaped appearance. Formula :— | — | VIL | VIII. IX, X, | XI, | XII, | XII | XIv. | | Podobranchiae, AB | ep. |l+ep.) ... | BE ie | cia | Arthrobranchiae, ... | en ae 1 | | Ms | | Pleurobranchiae, ee | eos oa Balen i | 1 1 | 1 | il 1 | 1I am indebted to Canon Norman for the information that these Shet- land specimens, which he recorded in 1869 as Crangon fasciatus, are in reality (ay he suggested in 1887) examples of neglectus. 2Mr. A. O. Walker has very kindly allowed me to examine the speci- mens recorded by him from Valencia (1898, p. 163) as Crangon EGE AE These specimens, three in number, are of extremely small size, ca. 7 mm.; they, however, show distinct traces of lateral tubercles, and I strongly suspect that they are only young specimens of typical P. bispinosus. 1. OB: 156 Aegeon Lacazei (Gourret). Pl. XXII, figs. 1-5. Crangon Lacazei, Gourret, 1888, Pl. xu, figs. 19-23; Plexi tos | 10) Aegeon Brendani, Kemp, 1906. The rostrum is short, depressed, and about half the length of the eyestalks; it 1s very deeply emarginate apically and provided near the base with a pair of small, semi-obsolete lateral spinules. The carapace is very strongly convex, deeper than broad, and furnished with seven dentate carinae, of which the three lateral pairs are curved in dorsal view. The spine at the outer edge of the orbit is but little longer than the rostrum, but the antero-lateral angle is very strongly pro- nounced and reaches considerably beyond the eyes. The median carina of the carapace bears four strong forwardly directed teeth, of which the third is the largest ; the first lateral row consists of six teeth which decrease in size from before backwards, the hindmost, however, not being reduced to mere spinules as in the case of A. cataphractus. The second lateral carina terminates anteriorly in the antero-lateral angle; it is interrupted in its anterior third by a depression which runs from the back of the orbit towards the branchial region. In front of this depression the carina is represented by a single spine; another spine, which is situated immediately behind the sharp antero-lateral angle, appears more properly to be- long to the third lateral row. Posterior to the depression the carina is divided into six or seven teeth; the anterior of these is sharp, but the others are semi-obsolete and in most speci- mens are little more than nicks in the carina. The third lateral carina, which runs close to the inferior margin of the carapace, consists of a stout anterior spine (mentioned above), behind which is a row of very obscure spinules which very fre- quently are scarcely perceptible. . The abdominal sonutes are all finely and sharply sculptured. The first somite bears a pair of dorsal carinae which are pro- duced anteriorly to sharp forwardly directed teeth; outside these is a short interrupted carina, bearing two small but sharp teeth, which continues the curve of the first lateral carina of the carapace; the second lateral carina is also con- tinued on to this somite, where it is represented by several blunt elevations. The second somite bears in its middle a stout forwardly directed dorsal spine. The third and fourth somites are each furnished with three dorsal carinae, of which the two outer are posteriorly divergent. The fifth and sixth somites are armed with a pair of dorsal carinae, outside of which traces of a second pair are visible ; the median pair of the fifth are slightly divergent posteriorly; those of the sixth are parallel, notched so as to show two pairs of backwardly directed spines, and posteriorly carried back beyond the edge I. ’08. 157 of the somite to form a pair of sharp spines on either side of the telson. The sixth somite is about one and a half times the length of the fifth. The lateral portions of all the somites are occupied by obscure elevations and depressions; in the male the pleura are bluntly pointed below, but more rounded in the female. The telson is not quite one and a half times the length of the sixth somite, but is somewhat longer than the inner uropod, slightly sulcate dorsally, and terminates in an acute point, which, in perfect specimens, is provided with a few long setae ; dorso-laterally it 1s furnished with one or two very minute pairs of spinules. The eyes are short and widest distally; the cornea, which is black, occupies only a comparatively small area at the apex of the stalk. The peduncle of the inner antennae reaches more than half the length of the antennal scale ; the lateral process is apically pointed and scarcely reaches to the distal end of the basal seg- ment, the second joint 1s rather longer than the third. In the female the two flagella are of about equal thickness, the inner, which is longer than the outer, bemg somewhat shorter than the peduncle. In the male (fig. 3) the imner flagellum is quite twice the length of the peduncle, while the outer is shorter and greatly thickened basally. The antennal scale (fig. 4) is almost twice as long as wide ; its outer edge is very definitely concave and the apical spine projects beyond the lamellar portion. The oral appendages do not appear to differ in any im- portant particular from those of A. cataphractus, but are pro- vided with finer and less dense fringes of setae. In both species the podobranch at the base of the second maxillipede is practicaily rudimentary, consisting only of a few simple plates. The pereiopods also bear the closest resemblance to those of A. cataphractus ; as a whole they are rather more slender and a trifle longer than in that species and the setae are finer and less numerous. The small exopod at the base of the first pair of pereiopods is rather densely clothed with fine setae. In the second pair the propodus, carpus, and merus are all nearly the same length and each shorter than the ischium. The third pair is longer and more slender than the fourth and fifth which are of about equa] length. The first five abdominal sterna are each furnished with a small median tubercle which is far less conspicuous than the stout spine present in cataphractus. The inner wropod is narrow, about six times as long as broad, and is much longer than the outer, which is little more than three and a half times as long as broad. _ Size.—The largest specimen is a female measuring 32 mm. Through the good offices of M. Penot I have been able to compare the Irish specimens, which were recently described as A. Brendani, with authentic examples of A. Lacazei from I. 08. 158 the Gulf of Marseilles. There is no doubt that A. Brendan is a synonym of the species found by Gourret, though this is by no means evident from his description and figures. Aegeon Lacazei may be readily distinguished from all other known species of the genus (with the possible exception of A. Habereri, Doflein) by the comparatively narrow an- tennal scale with concave outer edge. Doflein (1902) describes the antennal scale of his A. Haberer: from East Asiatic waters as oval, but in a rather rough figure the outer edge appears to be concave. Miss Rathbun (1906) when recording specimens of this form from Hawaiian waters, does not allude to the shape of the antennal scale, but mentions that the median — carina of the carapace is five-toothed in the female and that the outer antennular flagellum of the female is not more than half as thick as the inner. These characteristics are certainly not present in A. Lacazet. In addition to the shape of the antennal scale, A. Lacazei may be distinguished from A. cataphractus, the common Medi- terranean form, by its more slender build and fine sculpturing, by the number of teeth on the second lateral carina of the carapace and by the greater length of the sixth abdominal somite (in A. cataphractus the fifth and sixth somites are of much the same length). General distribution.—Until quite recently this species was known only from the Gulf of Marseilles, where the type speci- mens were found. In addition to the Irish examples I have examined a number of individuals caught by the Huzley on the N. side of the Bay of Biscay. Irish distribution.—All the specimens were found in deep water off the south-west of Ireland. The records are :— Helga. S.R. 165—3 /11 /’04.—52° 6’ N., 11° 44’ W., 244 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 230 fathoms 10:4° C., salinity 35-61°/ ., —Two, 14 mm. S.R. 171—5 /11 /’04.—52° 7’ N., 11° 58’ W., 337 fathoms. Trawl. —Six', 23-32 mm. S.R. 188—3 /2 /’05.—51° 53’ N., 11° 59’ W., 320-372 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 300 fathoms 10-12° C., salinity 35-50°/_. —One, 24 mm. S.R. 321—1 /5/’06.—50° 58’ N., 11° 17’ W., 208-480 fathoms. Trawl.—One, 16 mm. S.R. 330—9 /5 /’06.—51° 16’ N., 11° 37’ W., 374-415 fathoms. Traw Temperature at 400 fathoms 9-55°C., salinity 35-33° /,° —One, 17 mm. S.R. 362—9 /8 /’06.—51° 34’ 30” N., 11° 27’ W., 145-160 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 150 fathoms 10-05° C., salinity 35 -37°/ ,, One, 24 mm. 1 The type specimen is a female measuring 32 mm. E. ’08. 159 The Dublin Museum contains a single specimen of this species taken by the Lord Bandon expedition in 1886. It was found in lat. 51° 11’ N., long. 11° 31’ W., at a depth of 325 fathoms. Vertical range.—Found off the Irish coast in 160-374 fathoms and in the Bay of Biscay in 240-246 fathoms. Gourret states that the type specimens were found between 38 and 44 fathoms. ‘This record is very remarkable and is not improbably based on error. There is reason to believe that the specimens were caught by a local fisherman and came from deeper water than Gourret supposed. Genus Pontophilus, Leach. Rostrum depressed ; carapace usually with longitudinal den- tate carinac. Hyes present. First pair of peretopods with, or without, a small exopod; second pair slender, chelate, and very short—rarely reaching distal extremity of merus of first pair, carpus very much shorter than ischium ; dactyli of fourth and fifth pairs not laminar. Endopod of last four pairs of pleozods only slightly shorter than exopod, composed of a single segment and with an appendix interna at base. In- ferior apices of branchiae turned backwards ; formula :— | | | = viL | vit | 1x | ef Iege ee aa t-cuu Et e047 | | | | | luis : _ Podobranchiae, Sai Le ps | 1+ ep.| tep.? Ae | ee : Arthrobranchiae, | | sent Cle | epost | : | | | | _ Pleurobranchiae, See | 1 1 | 1 1 1 H | i | | | Alcock (1901) has stated that the absence of an exopod on the first pair of pereiopods is characteristic of Pontophilus ; this exopod is, however, present in P. spinosus, the type species of the genus, and also in P. norvegicus. The two British and Irish species of Pontophilus may be separated thus :— I. First lateral carina of carapace armed with three teeth, the second with two teeth, P. spinosus (p. 160). - II. First lateral carina of carapace armed with two teeth, the second with only one, P. norvegicus (p. 162). 1This epipod when present is rudimentary. 1.08 160 Pontophilus spinosus (Leach). Pl. XXI, figs. 8, ard. Crangon spinosus, Bell, 1853, fig., p. 261. Cheraphilus spinosus, Kinahan, 1861, fig. vu.t Crangon spinosus, Heller, 1863, Pl. vit, fig. 16. Pontophilus spinosus, M. Sars, 1868, Pl. 1, figs. 38-46 ; Pl. 11, figs. 46, 47. Pontophilus spinosus, G. O. Sars, 1890, Pl. 11, figs. 1-20 (development). Rostrum short, slightly hollowed dorsally, broad at base, tapering rapidly to a narrow rounded apex, and bearing at about its middle a small short spinule on either side. Cara- pace broad, with five longitudinal dentate carinae ; the median with three stout teeth and frequently with one or two minute spinules in addition in front of the most anterior. First lateral carina also bearing three stout teeth, second lateral with two on its anterior half. Antero-lateral angle flanked by a short carina which rapidly becomes obsolete, vanishing com- pletely on the branchial region. First four abdominal somites very faintly carimate dorsally ; fifth with two pairs of posteriorly divergent cariae; sixth with two pairs of parallel carmae, the outer pair usually very obscure. Telson dorsally sulcate and rather longer than the inner uropod. Basal joint of antennular peduncle very slightly longer than second and third combined, furnished in the middle of its in- ferior margin with a stout forwardly directed spine; lateral process acutely poimted and reaching slightly beyond distal end of segment. Second joint longer than third and almost as broad as long. Antennal scale (fig. 8b) m adult specimens not quite two and a half times as long as wide; outer edge somewhat convex proximally and slightly concave distally, apically produced to a sharp spine reaching beyond the distal end of the lamellar portion of the scale. Colour in life.—Uarge specimens show a very striking type of coloration. The carapace and abdomen are mottled reddish brown. JDorsally the carapace has a prominent bluish white patch extending from the base of the rostrum to the second median spine and bounded laterally by the first lateral carina. Similar bluish white patches are present on the abdominal somites, telson and uropods. A pair of dorso-lateral patches are present on the first somite, there is a prominent trans- verse band on the posterior edge of the third somite, a broad band extends across the base of the telson and uropods, and there is also a spot of the same colour at the apex of the outer uropods. The eyes are greyish. The outer maxillipedes, 1 The spinulation of the carapace in this figure is quite imaginary. es Oe 161 perelopods, and pleopods are thickly spotted with red, the antennal scale and antennules being more sparsely dotted with the same colour. Size. —The largest specimen examined is 52 mm. in length. Off the Irish coast this species appears to grow to a large size only in comparatively shallow water (60 fathoms or less). Very small specimens, of from 10 to 15 mm., from deep water off the west coast, invariably possess the two small ad- ditional teeth in front of the median anterior tooth; the ros- trum is deeply hollowed above and in side view arched, with its lateral spines much more pronounced than in large speci- mens; the antennal scale also is narrower, externally shghtly concave, its apical spine not reaching beyond the lamellar por- tion. A curious variation in the armature of the garapace occurs in the case of an example 10°5 mm. in length from 74 fathoms, 30 miles W.N.W. of Cleggan Tower, Co. Galway. Here the posterior tooth of the median line and the middle tooth of the first lateral are entirely missing. In all other respects, how- ever, this specimen bears the closest resemblance to the small forms mentioned above, so that I have no hesitation in regard- ing it merely as an abnormal example of P. spinosus. General distribution.—Pontophilus spinosus is known from south and west Norway as far north as lat. 62° 35’ (Sars, Nor- man, etc.), S. of Iceland (Hansen), Sweden (Goés), Denmark (Meinert) and generally throughout the North Sea. It has been recorded from the Bay of Biscay (Caullery) and has been repeatedly found in the Mediterranean and Adriatic (Senna, Heller, etc.). Off the English and Scotch coasts this species is moderately common, extending from the extreme south as far north as the Shetland Is. Trish distribution.—Not uncommon on the east coast trawl- ing grounds outside the 20-fathom line, and equally plentiful oft the south and west coasts. Vertical range.—Found off the east coast in 10 to 738 fathoms ; in the west the species has been trawled in as much as 244 fathoms. In the Mediterranean P. spinosus occurs in much deeper water, Adensamer records it from 664 fathoms and Senna from 8638 fathoms. Tos: 162 Pontophilus norvegicus (M. Sars). Pl. XXI, figs. 9, a and b. Crangon norvegicus, M. Sars, 1861. Pontophilus norvegicus, M. Sars, 1868, Pl. 1, figs. 1-25; Pl. ty igs lige’. Pontophilus norvegicus, G. O. Sars, 1890, Pl. Iv, figs. 1-20 (development). Pontophilus norvegicus, Wollebaek, 1900, Pl. 1, fig. 2. Rostrum narrower and relatively rather longer than in the preceding species, shghtly hollowed dorsally, terminating in an acute point, and armed at about its middle with a pair of small lateral spinules. Carapace with five longitudinal dentate carinae ; the median armed with three stout teeth, in front of which a small tubercle is occasionally found, first lateral carina with two teeth on its anterior half; second lateral with only one tooth placed in advance of the median anterior tooth. A short carina extends backwards from the antero-lateral angle as in the last species. First four abdominal sonutes dorsally smooth and rounded ; the fifth with very faint traces of posteriorly divergent carinae, sixth bicarinate. Telson dorsally sulcate, rather shorter than inner uropods, Eyes considerably larger than in P. spinosus. Basal joint of antennular peduncle much longer than second and third com- bined, the second joint longer than broad ; otherwise similar to the preceding species. Anlennal scale (fig. 9b) not narrowed distally, nearly three times as long as wide, its outer edge con- cave and furnished with an apical spine which does not exceed the lamellar portion of the scale. In this species as well as in P. spinosus the fingers of the chelae of the second pair of legs meet only at the tips and bear ungues, that of the fixed finger being longer than that of the dactylus. The whole hand agrees almost exactly with the de- scription and figures given by Stebbing (1905) for P. gracilis. Colour in life.—The carapace and abdomen are dorsally of a pale and dull reddish brown colour, often having a mottled ap- pearance owing to certain small areas being less thickly pig- mented than the rest. The red-brown colouring is darkest on the posterior portions of the last three abdominal somites. Anteriorly the carapace is semi-transparent, the black gastric regions showing through the walls. laterally a few sparse umber brown chromatophores are mixed with those of reddish brown on both carapace and abdomen, while on the former there are also two conspicuous bands of pure white which run obliquely upwards and backwards from the posterior margin. Traces of this white colouring may also be observed on the pleura of the first two abdominal somites. : I. ‘08. 163 The eyes are dull black with golden brown reflections. The antennal scale is mottled with many dark brown and with a few red chromatophores ; the apical spine is orange as are also all three pairs of flagella. The outer maxillipedes are pig- mented with dark umber brown. The first pair of pereiopods are of a rather redder tone; the second and third pairs are brownish red basally with transparent terminal joints; in the fourth and fifth pairs the dactylus is colourless, the propodus, carpus, merus, coxa and basus are reddish brown, while the ischium is transparent with a few white chromatophores. The pleopods, uropods and telson are dull mottled reddish brown. mi an ovigerous female the eggs were a pale wood-brown colour. Size.—P. norvegicus is known to attain a length of 64 mm. (Ohlin) ; but an ovigerous female from the Irish coast measured only 38 mm. As in the case of P. spinosus small specimens possess a rela- tively longer rostrum than in the adult and the small addi- tional tooth is always. present in front of the median anterior spine. In a few small specimens (from S.R. 364) the posterior spines of the median and of the first lateral carina are missing, while other examples taken at the same time exhibit the nor- mal spinulation. This variation is similar in character to that described above in the case of P. spinosus ; the very small size of the specimens suggests the phenomenon is possibly due to immaturity. General distribution.—Pontophilus norvegicus is known from Spitzbergen (Ohlin), Iceland (Hansen), E. Finmark to S. Norway (Norman and Sars), Sweden (Goés), Denmark (Meinert), and from the Bay of Biscay (Caullery). The species has been found off Greenland and in Davis Straits (Hansen), and has been taken oi the east coast of America from Nova Scotia to Long Island (Smith). Irish distribution.—P. norvegicus has been found on many occasions off the west and south-west coasts of Ireland. Out- side the 300-fathom line it is by far the commonest Decapod met with. The species is doubtless abundant at suitable depths over the whole of the N.E. Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay northwards. The Irish records are :— Helga. , CXXI.—24 /8 /’01.—53° 52’ N., 11° 56’ W., 199 fathoms. Trawl— One, 15 mm. S.R. 152-27 /8 /’04.—54° 7’ N., 11° 37’ W., 220fathoms. Trawl —Fragments. S.R. 164—3 /11 /’04.—52° 6’ N., 12° 0’ 30” W., 375 fathoms. Dredge. Temperature at 350 fathoms 9-78" C., salinity 35°70°/,, —One, 45 mm. Cie] Se Oe 1. 0S: 164 SR. 171—5 /11 /’?04,—52° 7’ N., 11° 58’ W., 837 fathoms. Trawl — Thirteen, 18-46 mm. S.R. 172—5 /11 /’04.—52° 2’ N., 12° 8’ W.,454 fathoms. Tarwl— Nine, 19-43 mm. S.R. 188—3 /2 /’05.—51° 53’ N., 11° 59’ W., 320-372 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 300 fathoms, 10-12°C., salinity 35 -50°/..—Thirty-one, 22-53 mm., including several ovigerous females. S.R. 212—6 /5 /’05.—51° 54’ N., 11° 57’ W., 375-411 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 350 fathoms 9-82° C., salinity 35 -28°/ ,. —Six. S.R 327—8/5/’06.—51° 41’ N., 12° 17’ W., 550-800 fathoms. Trawl. ‘Temperature at 500 fathoms 9-22° C., salinity 35 -16°/ ,.—Six, 41-52 mm. S.R. 331—9 /5/’?06.—51° 12’ N., 11° 55’ W., 610-680 fathoms. Trawl—Hight, 22-24 mm. S.R. 353—6 /8 /’06.—50° 39’ N., 11° 32’ W., 250-542 fathoms. | Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 8-58° C., salinity 35 -46°/ ,.—Many, 14-51 mm. S.R. 359—8 /8 /’06.—52° 0’ N., 12° 6’ W., 465-492 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 475 fathoms 9-04°C., salinity 35-37°/ ., —Five, 12-5-45 mm. S.R. 363—10/8/’06.—51° 22’ N., 12° 0’ W., 695-720 fathoms. Trawl—Three, 30-46 mm. S.R. 364—10 /8 /06.—51° 23’ 30” N., 11° 47’ W., 620-695 fathoms. Trawl. ‘Temperature at 600 fathoms 7-92°C., salinity 35 -37°/ ,, Nine, 11-12-5 mm. S.R. 387--7/11/°05.—51° 47’ N., 12° 12’ W., 530-535 fathoms. Trawl. ‘lemperature at 500 fathoms 9-13° C., salinity 35 -39°/ ,, One. S.R. 397—2 /2 /’07.—51° 46’ N., 12° 6’ W., 549-646 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 8-71° C., salinity 35-57°/ .. —Two, 21 and 23 mm. S.R. 398—2 /2 /’07.—51° 45’ N., 12° 2’ 30” W., 547-549 fathoms. Trawl—One ovigerous female, 39 mm. S.R. 400—5 /2 /’07.—51° 18’ N., 11° 50’ W., 525-600 fathoms. Trawl—Ten, several ovigerous females. S.R. 440—16 /5 /’07.—51° 45’ N., 11° 49’ W., 350-389 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 300 fathoms 9-93° C., salinity 35 -46°/ ,. —One. S.R. 447—18 /5 /’07.—50° 20’ N., 10° 57’ W., 221-343 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 300 fathoms 9-87° C., salinity 35 -48°/ ,,—Twenty-eight, 23-31 mm. S.R. 448--18 /5 /’07.—50° 21’ N., 11° 0’ W., 343-346 fathoms. Trawl-—Seven, 25-44 mm. S.R. 477—28 /8 /’07.—51° 15’ N., 11° 47’ W., 707-710 fathoms ‘Trawl. Temperature at 700 fathoms 7-19° C.—Six. S.R. 482—29 /8 /’07.—51° 16’ N., 11° 26’ W., 368 fathoms. Eel-trawl —Four. S.R. 484--30 /8 /’07.—-51° 35’ N., 11° 57’ W., 602-610 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 550 fathoms 8-34° C., salinity 35 -32°/ —One. J. *08. 165 S.R. 486—3 /9 /’?07.—51° 37’ N., 11° 59’ W., 600-660 fathoms. Trawl—One, 41 mm. S.R. 487—3/9 /07.—51° 36’ N., 11° 57’ W., 540-660 fathoms Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 8-65° C., salinity 35 -35°/ ,, Seventeen, 14-53 mm. S.R. 489—4 /9 /’07.—51° 35’ N. 11° 55’ W., 720 fathoms. Trawl —Several. S.R. 490—7 /9 /’07.—51° 57’ 30” N., 12° 7’ W., 470-491 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 480 fathoms 8 -68° C.—Nine, 37-61 mm. S.R. 491—7 /9 /’}07.—51° 57’ 30’ N., 12° 13’ W., 491-520 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 8-53° C., salinity 35 -44°/ .,—Nineteen, 37-65 mm. S.R. 493—8 /9 /’07.—51° 58’ N., 12° 25’ W., 533-570 fathoms. Trawl—Thirteen, 36-57 mm. S.R. 4943/9 07.51° 59 N., 12° 32’ W., 550-570 fathoms. Trawl—Twenty-nine, 13-58 mm. S.R. 495—8 /9 /’07.—52° 0’ N., 13° 10’ W., 346-400 fathoms. Prawn trawl—Two, 48 and 55 mm. S.R. 496—8 /9 /’07.—51° 54’ N., 12° 54’ W., 473-500 fathoms. Trawl—One, small. S.R. 497—10 /9 /’07.—51° 2’ N., 11° 36’ W., 775-795 fathoms. Trawl —One. S.R. 499—11 /9 /’07.—50° 55’ N., 11° 29’ W., 666-778 fathoms Trawl. Temperature at 600 fathoms 8-22° C., salinity 35 -41°/ ..—Six, 138-30 mm. ) S.R. 501—11 /9 /’07.—50° 49’ N., 11° 22’ W., 447-625 fathoins. Prawn trawl—Four. : S.R. 502—11 /9 /’07.—50° 46’ N., 11° 21’ W., 447-515 fathoms Trawl. Temperature at 500 fathoms 88° C., salinity 35°37°/ ,. —I'wenty-six, 14-57 mm. S.R. 504—12 /9 /’07.—50° 42’ N., 11° 18’ W., 627-728 fathoms. Trawl—Fifteen, 11-49 mm. S.R. 505—12 /9 /’07.—50° 39’ N., 11° 14’ W., 464-627 fathoms. © Trawl—Twelve, 32-49 mm. S.R. 506—12 /9 /’07.—50° 34’ N., 11° 19’ W., 661-672 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 600 fathoms 8-22° C., salinity 35 -53°/ ,. —I'wenty-one, 12-61 mm. This abundant species has only once previously been re- corded from British waters—by Norman (1894) in a distribu- tion table of the Crustacea of Norway. The locality is :—- Porcupine. St. 47—August, 1869.—59° 34’ N., 7° 18’ W., 542 fathoms, bottom ‘temperature 6-5° C.—One.. Vertical range.—As will be seen from the above records P. norvegicus is found off the Irish coast between 199 and 775 fathoms. Smith mentions it from 101 fathoms off the east coast of N. America; off the Swedish coast it has been found I. “OS. 166 in only 80 to 90 fathoms (Goés, fide Ohlin), while Sars has re- corded it from 30 fathoms off the Norwegian coast. The species does not seem to have been hitherto caught in as much as 775 fathoms. Tring STENOPIDEA. Famity STHNOPIDAE. Genus Richardina, A. Milne-Edwards. Richardina spinicincta, A. Milne-Edwards. Pl COX, fies 0: fiichardina spinicincta, A. Milne-Edwards, 1881. Richardina spinicincta, A. Milne-Edwards, 1882. Richardina spinicincta, A. Milne-Edwards, 1883, Pl. 41. The rostrum is strongly compressed and about half as long as the carapace measured in the mid-dorsal line. Dorsally it is armed with from nine to eleven evenly spaced teeth, behind which a small blunt tubercle is usually found situated on the carapace ; ventrally the rostrum is provided with from two to five teeth on its distal half. The carapace is broad and only slightly compressed ; at about its middle there is a prominent transverse cincture of procumbent spines, about thirty in number, which extends downwards on either side for rather © more than half its depth, an additional spine being present in front of the most inferior of the series. Behind the base of the rostrum there is a second transverse row of forwardly- directed spines; these are six or eight in number and are in- terrupted in the mid-dorsal line by a carina which runs back- wards from the rostrum, becoming obsolete shortly before it reaches the posterior series of spines. The anterior margin of the carapace is produced and rounded below the orbital notch; there is a small spine above the base of the antennae and a number of spinules on the rounded inferior angle. The abdominal somites are all smooth and evenly rounded dorsally ; the first somite is not overlapped by the pleura of the second. There is a minute spinule on the posterior margins of the fourth and fifth somites above the acutely pointed in- ferior angle, while on the proximal part of the sixth, near the lower margin, there is a pair of stout spines. The telson (fig. 10) is about the same length as the inner and outer uropods and is deeply sulcate in the mid-dorsal line, the convex portions on either side being strongly spinose.!_ There is a single very strong lateral spine on either side at about the middle, and 1 The arrangement of the dorsal spines seems to be subject to consider- able variation. In fig. 10 (which illustrates the only perfect telson ob- served) it will be noticed that they are not even placed symmetrically. EL 08: 167 from this onwards to the apex the margins are clothed with long setae. The apex is rounded with a minute central point and a blunt spine marking each outer angle; it bears eight long setae and a few short hairs. The eye (fig. 3) is short; the corneal area is indistinctly marked off from the stalk ; it only shows the very faintest traces of facets, and is entirely devoid of black pigment. The stalk is considerably wider than the cornea and bears seven strong spines, two on the outer side and five on the inner superior aspect. The antennular peduncle reaches about to the apex of the rostrum. ‘The proximal joint is much longer than the two following combined; it bears at its base a short forwardly directed lateral process. The second joint is almost twice the length of the third and is furnished with three spines, two on the inner and one on the outer aspect. In the female the flagella are very long and of about equal thickness; the outer and lower ramus is the longer. The basal joints of the an- tennae are spinose below. ‘The antennal scale (fig. 2) reaches beyond the rostrum by almost one-half its length and is almost three and a half times as long as wide. The outer edge is strongly concave and bears from two to five teeth! in addition to that which forms its distal termination. The lamellar por- tion is narrowed anteriorly and slopes away rather rapidly from the apical spine. The flagellum is much longer than the en- tire length of the animal. _ The mandibles (fig. 4) bear a curved three-jointed palp ; the incisor and molar processes are only separated from one an- other by a groove. The characters of the two pairs of maxillae and the first two maxillipedes are shown in figs. 6-8. The third mazillipedes are seven-jointed, and when stretched for- wards reach beyond the middle of the antennal scale. The exopod is long, reaching beyond the distal end of the ischium, and the merus is provided with a double row of spines on its outer and inferior aspect. All the joints are strongly setose ventrally. The first three pairs of peretopods are chelate, the third pair — being very much the longest. The first pair reaches slightly beyond the apex cf the antennal scale; the carpus is a little longer than the merus and the chela is about three-fifths the length of the carpus. The second pair reaches beyond the an- tennal scale by the whole chela and nearly one-third of the carpus ; the merus is three-quarters the length of the ischium and the chela is half as long again as that of the first pair. The legs of the third pair are equal and symmetrical (thus sharply contrasting with R. spongicola, Alcock and Anderson, in which one is immensely bigger than the other); they are stouter than any of the others and reach beyond the antennal scale by the chela and four-fifths of the carpus. The merus is only slightly longer than the carpus and the large chela is 1 Milne-Edwards (1888) does not figure any spines on the outer margin of the antennal scale. Although these are present in all three Irish examples, it is quite possible that they are sometimes missing. T. 408: 168 fully one and a quarter times the length of the former. 'The number and arrangement of the spinules on the dorsal and ventral aspects of the merus, carpus and propodus seems to be subject to considerable variation. The fourth and fifth pairs of legs are about equal in length, each being shghtly shorter than the third. The merus is a little shorter than the carpus and about one-third longer than the propodus. ‘The carpus and propodus are subdivided into several rather obscure joints ; in both pairs the carpus 1s composed of five joints and the propodus of four. The dactylus is simple and acutely- pointed and more than one-third of the propodus in length. The branchial formula is :— = | vo. | von) ox. | x. | xa | xm | xm) xy. | | Podobranchiae, At | ep. | l+ep.. ep. | ep. | ep. | ep. | ep. | | Arthrobranchiae, _... | be igi eee 2 2 2 | 2 eee | | Pleurobranchiae, | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 | There is a small rounded setose lobe immediately above the base of the last pair of pereiopods. The first pair of pleopods are uniramous in the female; the rest are biramous, with both inner and outer branches broadly lanceolate. ‘The outer uropod (fig. 9) is about twice as long as wide ; it is broadly rounded at the apex and bears four or five spines on its outer margin. The lamella is stiffened by two longitudinal parallel ribs. The imner uropod is rather less than three times as long as wide and has only a single longi- tudinal rib. The eggs of this species are very large, measuring approxi- mately 2 mm. by 1°5 mm. in longer and shorter diameter. Size.—The largest specimen examined measurés about 21°5 mm. Colour in life.—The carapace is very pale red, almost trans- parent, with numerous red chromatophores on its posterior half ; the hepatic region is yellowish and shows faintly through the cephalothoracic walls. The first five abdominal somites are pale rose red; the sixth somite, telson, and uropods are transparent. The rostrum and eyestalk are rather thickly dotted with minute red chromatophores; the corneal area is pale orange and very strongly refractive. The antennules, antennae, third maxillipedes, pereiopods and pleopods are all transparent ; the mandibles, maxillae and first two maxilli- pedes are deep red. The eggs, when first extruded, are deep black in colour, but change immediately to a salmon pink when placed in spirit. The larvae enclosed within eggs attached to one of the speci- mens are in a very advanced condition and are apparently 2. OS, 169 almost ready to emerge. From an examination of these it appears that the young are liberated in a very advanced state of development, as might be expected in the case of a species bearing such large eggs. In these larvae all the pereiopods and pleopods are present, although the uropods are not yet free ; the telson is deeply bifurcate much as in Spence Bate’s figure of the protozoea of Spongicola venusta (1888, Pl. xxrx, fig. 2). General distribution.—The type and the only previously re- corded specimen of this species was dredged by the Travailleur in 1880 in the Bay of Biscay. A closely allied, but apparently distinct, form, Richardina Fredericu, has been found by the Puritan expedition in the Mediterranean (lo Bianco, 19038). Irish distribution.—Three specimens of Richardina spint- cincta have been found off the Irish coast :— | Helga. S.R. 331—9 /5/’06.—51° 12’ N., 11° 56’ W., 610-680 fathoms. Trawl—One ovigerous female, 21:5 mm. S.R. 364—10 /8 /’06.—51° 24’ N., 11° 47’ W., 620-695 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 600 fathoms 7-92° C., salinity 35 -37°/ ,, One, 16 mm. S.R. 506—12 /9 /’07.—50° 34’ N., 11° 19’ W., 661-672 fathoms. Trawl. Temperature at 600 fathoms 8-22° C., salinity 35 -53°/ ,,—One ovigerous female, 20 mm. It seems probable that the genus Richardina, like other genera of Stenopidae, is definitely associated with sponges. R. spongicola was found in Indian waters in Hyalonema Ma- sont. None of the examples of Rf. spinicincta were actually found in sponges, but the Hexactinellid, Pheronema Gray, was taken in large numbers in the first haul, S.R. 331, and less abundantly at S.R. 506. Vertical range.—661-672 fathoms. I. *08, 170 ADDENDUM. Glyphocrangon longirostris (Smith). While this paper was in press, a single specimen of the genus Glyphocrangon was obtained by the ss. Helga off the W. coast of Ireland. Hitherto no representative of the family Glyphocrangonidae has been recorded from British and Irish waters. The specimen is unfortunately only about half grown ; 1t mea- sures 40 mm. in length and was caught at Station $.R. 851, lat. 50° 47°5’ N., long. 11° 43’ W., 900 fathoms. It agrees in almost every detail with Smith’s original description of Glypho- crangon (=Rhachocaris) longirostris (1882, p. 51, pl. v, fig. 1, pl. vr, fig. 1) drawn up from a specimen 54 mm. in length and also with Faxon’s remarks (1895, p. 143) on the same in- dividual. When freshly caught the animal was ivory-white in colour with a suffusion of pink on the rostrum, the anterior part of the carapace, the oral appendages and the first pair of pereiopods. The corneal area of the eyes was pale orange without a trace of black pigment. According to Smith’s amended description (1886), drawn up from specimens 99-107 mm. in length, the eyes in full-grown examples are “‘ dark colored as in the other species.”’ In the Irish specimen now recorded arthrobranchs appear to be absent from the bases of the first two pairs of pereiopods, in accordance with Alcock’s definition of the subgenus Plasto- crangon though not with MacGilchrist’s account of G. longi- rostrist (2) from the Indian Ocean. ) Apart from the record just mentioned, considered doubtful by the author, only eight specimens of G. longirostris are known; four of these were found off the east coast of the United States between lat. 31° 41’ and 39° 35’ N., 1043-1073 fathoms (Smith), and four off the S. African coast between 660 and 800 fathoms (Stebbing). 1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xv, 1905, p. 239. I. ’08. 171 LIST OF REFERENCES. Adensamer, 1898.—‘“‘ Decapoden gesammelt auf 8.M.S. Pola, 1890-94.” Denk. d. Math. Naturwiss. Classe d. K. Akad. Wien, Bd. LXV. 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Calman, 1907.---‘‘ Crustacea Decapoda of the National Antarctic Expedition.” Caullery, 1896.—‘‘ Crustacés Schizopodes et Décapodes; Resultats Scientifiques de la Campagne du Cauwdan.—Ann. Univ. Lyon. XXVI. Chun, 1888.—“ Bibliotheca Zoologica,” Vol. L. Coutiére, 1899.—‘‘ Les Alpheidae.”—Ann. des Se. Nat. Zool., Ser. 8 Vol. 1X. Coutiere, 1905.—‘: Note préliminaire sur les Eucyphotes recueillis par S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco.”—Bull. Mus. Océanog. Monaco, No. 48. Coutiere, 1906,-—‘‘ La Synonymie et le Développement de quelques Hoplophoridae.”—Bull. Mus. Océanog. Monaco, No. 70. Coutiére, 1907 (1).—‘‘ Sur quelques formes lJarvaires d’Eucyphotes provenant de J’Expédition antarctique suédoise.”— Bull. Mus. Paris, No. 9. Coutiere, 1907 (2).—‘“Sur quelques formes larvaires enigmatiques d’Eucyphotes.”-—Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco, No. 104. 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Hist., Ser. 6, Vol. 1X. b,“08. 179 LN DH Xx OF GENERA AND SPECIES, THE REFERENCES ARE TO PAGES. ee Acanthephyra, 50. affinis, 68 debtlis, 59. —— gracilis, 59. lanceocaudata, 68. pellucida, 60. —— purpurea, 506. var. multispina, 57. adspersus, Leander, 128, 131. Aegeon, 155. Brendan, 156. cataphractus, 158. fasciatus, 151. Haberert, 158. Lacazet, 156. —— nanus, 152. sculptus, 148. trvispinosus, 140, afinis, Acanthephyra, 68. Agassizi, Cheraphilus, 140. Sclerocrangon, 140. Allmanm, Crangon, 138. Steivacrangon, 138. Alphetdae, 119. Alpheus, 120. barbara, 120. Halest, 121. macrocheles, 120. vuber, 120. Amalopenaeus, 13. Amalopenaeus elegans, 14. —valens, 19. Anchistia megratoria, 132. scripta, 6 angulatus, Caricyphus, 54. Amtsocarts, 54. annulicorms, Pandalus, 86. antarcticus, Crangon, 136. arcticus, Sergestes, 30. Athanas, 122. mitescens, 122. veloculus, 122. atlantica, Bresitha, 82. Bt barbara, Alpheus, 120. - Benedict, Ebhyrina, 71. bispinosus, Cheraphilus, 152. Crangon, 152. —— Philocheras, 152. var .neglectus, Philocheras 153. —— Pontophilus, 152. bisulcatus, Sergestes, 28. Bonniert, Pandalus, 92. borealis, Pandalus, 86. Brendam, Aegeon, 150. Bresiliidae, 82. Brestlia, 82. atlantica, 82. brevirostvis, Pandalina, 97. Bythocarts, 117. gracilis, 117. Payer, 118. CG: canaliculata, Processa, 123. cavamote, Penaeus, 13. Caricyphus, 54. angulatus, 54. larva allied to, 81. CARIDEA, 35. Caridion, 108. Gordont, 109. cataphractus, Aegeon, 158. Cheraphilus, 143. Agassizt, 140. bispinosus, 152. echinulatus, 144. neglectus, 153. spinosus, 160. trispinosus, 146. Couch, Ntka, 123. Cranch, Hippolyte, 106. Spirontocaris, 106. Crangonidae, 134. Crangon, 136. Allmanm, 138. antarcticus, 136. bispinosus, 152. echinulatus, 144. fasciatus, I5I. nanus, 152. neglectus, 153. norvegicus, 162. sculptus, 148. serratus, 144. u 2 1.108: Crangon spinosus, 160. trispinosus, 146. vulgaris, 137. Cryptocheles, 99. gmaea, QQ. cultellata, Hippolyte, 103. Bs debilis, Acanthephyra, 59. Systellaspis, 59. Dichelopandalus, 85. Doryphorus, 108. Gordont, 109. |B Egeon, 155. echinulatus, Cheraphilus, 144. Crangon, 144. Philocheras, 144. edulis, Nika, 123. elegans, Amalopenaeus, 14. Gennadas, 14. ensifer, Nematocarcinus, 75. ensifera, Eumiersia, 75. Ephyrina, 68. —— Benedicti, 71. Hoskvm, 68. ervaticus, Leander, 130. Eumiersia, 75. exilis, Nematocarcinus, 75. exilis, Stochasmus, 75. F. fasciatus, Aegeon, I5I. — Crangon, I5I. Philocheras, 151. fascigera, Hippolyte, oo. Fabricu, Palaemon, 131. . Gaimardi, Spirontocarts, 103. Gennadas, 13. elegans, 14. parvus, 13, T4. valens, 19. . glacialis, Hymenodora, 72. Glyphocrangon longirostris, 170. Gordont, Caridion, 109. Doryphorus, 109. gordomana, Hippolyte, 10g. var.exilis, Nematocarcinus, 75. 180 gracilis, Acanthephyra, 59. Bythocaris, 117. —— Hippolyte, 6. —— Hymenodora, 72. Hi: Haberert, Aegeon, 158. Halest, Alpheus, 121. Hippolytidae, 99. Hippolyte, roo. —— Cranchi, 106. cultellaia, 103. fascigera, 100. —— gordoniana, 109. gracilis, 6. —— pandaliformis, 103. —— prideauxiana, I0t. —— pusiola, 107. —— securifrons, 103. ae SPL STG. —— Thompsoni, 97. varians, LOO. viridis, TOT. —— Yarrelli, 106. Hoplophoridae, 55. Hoskym, Ephyrina, 68. Hymenodora, 72. glacialis, 72. gracilis, 72. I: Jacquett, Pontophilus, 140. Sclerocrangon, 140. iB, Lacazez, Aegeon, 156. lar, Leontocaris, 113. lanceocaudata, Acanthephyra, 68. Leacht, Palaemon, 131. Leander, 130. adspersus, 128, 131. ervaticus, 130. natator, 130. —— serratus, 128, 130. squilla, 129, 132. Leontocaris, 113. lar, 113. Paulsoni, 116. leptocerus, Pandalus, 92. var. Bonmert, Pandalus, ga. I. ’08. leptorhynchus, Pandalus, 86. Lilljeborgt, Hippolyte, 103. Spirontocaris, 103. longtrostris, Glyphocrangon, 170. Lysmata seticaudata, 6. M. magnificus, Sergestes, 30. macrocheles, Alpheus, 120. martia, Plestontka, 93. martius, Pandalus, 93. membranacea, Solenocera, 20. membranaceus, Penaeus, 20. Meyert, Sergestes, 30. migratoria, Anchistia, 132. Montagu, Pandalus, 86. var. tridens, Pandalus, 88. N. natator, Leander, 130. nanus, Aegeon, 152. —— Crangon, 152. neglectus, Cheraphilus, 153, Crangon, 153. Nematocarcinidae, 75. Nematocarcinus, 75. —— ensifer, 75. Var. extlts, 75. —— tenurpes, 75. Nika, 123. edulis, 123. Couch, 123. nitescens, Athanas, 122. norvegica, Pastphaé, 39. norvegicus, Crangon, 162. Pontophilus, 162. isd Palaemon, 130.- Fabricu, 131. Leach, 131. serratus, 130. —— squilla, 132. varians, 132. Palaemonetes varians, 129, 132. Palaemonidae, 127. Pandalidae, 84. pandaliforms, Hippolyte, 103. Pandalina, 97. ran 181 Pandalina brevirostris, 97. Pandalus, 85. annulicornis, 86. —— Bonmeri, 92. borealts, 86. leptocerus, 92. var. Bonniert, 92. leptorhynchus, 86. —— martius, 93. —— Montagu, 86. var. tvidens, 88. propinquus, 89. Parapastphae, 47. sulcatifrons, 47. parvus, Gennadas, 13, 14. Pastphaé, 37. norvegica, 39. princeps, 42. stvado, 37. sp. ? juv., 46. tarda, 39. Pasiphaeidae, 36. Paulsont, Leontocarts, 116. Payert, Bythocaris, 118. pellucida, Acanthephyra, 66. Penaeidae, 12. PENAEIDEA, I2. Penaeus, 12. cavamote, 13. —— membranaceus, 20. stphonocerus, 20. Philippt, Solenocera, 20. Philocheras, 143. bispinosus, 152. var. neglectus, 153. —- echinulatus, 144. fasciatus, I5I. sculptus, 148. tvispinosus, 146. planipes, Tropiocarts, 71. Plestontka, 93. martia, 93. semilaevts, 93. Sicherit, 93. polaris, Spirontocaris, 103. Pontocarts, 155. Pontophilus, 159. bispinosus, 152. Jacquett, 140. —— norvegicus, 162. spinosus, 160. tvispinosus, I40. : prideauxtana, Hippolyte, rot. princeps, Pasiphaé, 42. Processa, 123. —— canaliculata, 123. . L308: Processidae, 123. propinquus, Pandalus, 89. purpurea, Acanthephyra, 50. pusiola, Hippolyte, 107. Spirontocaris, 107. pygmaea, Cryptocheles, 99. aR. Richardina, 166. spinicincta, 166. Rinkt, Sergestes, 32. vobusta, Sergia, 25. vobustus, Sergestes, 25. vuber, Alpheus, 120. Sh Sabinea, 136. Sarst, 136.° septemcarinata, 136. Sarsi, Sabinea, 136. Sclerocrangon, 139. A gassizt, 140. Jacquet, 140. scripta, Anchistia, 6. sculptus, Aegeon, 148. Crangon, 148. Philocheras, 148. securifrons, Hippolyte, 103. Spirontocaris, 103. semuaevis, Plestontka, 93. septemcarinata, Sabinea, 136. Sergestes, 24. arcticus, 30. bisulcatus, 28. —— magnificus, 30. —— Meyert, 30. Rinkt, 32. vobustus, 25. vigilax, 32. Sergestidae, 24. Sergia, 24. serratus, Crangon, 144. ——— Leander, 128, 130. —— Palaemon, 130. seticaudata, Lysmata, 6. Sicheru, Plestontka, 93. stphonocera, Solenocera, 20. stphonocerus, Penaeus, 20. sivado, Pasiphaé, 37. Solenocera, 13. membranacea, 20. —— Philippi, 20. stphonocera, 20. spinus, Sprvontocaris, 103. 182 spinus, Hippolyte, 103. spinicincta, Richardina, 166. spinosus, Cheraphilus, 160. Crangon, 160. Pontophilus, 160. Spirontocaris, 102. Crancht, 100. Gammardt, 103. polaris, 103. pustola, 107. securifrons, 103. spinus, 103. var. Lilljeborgt, Spiron- tocarts, 103. spongicola, Typton, 127. squilla, Leander, 129, 132. Palaemon, 132. Stenopidae, 166. STENOPIDEA, 166. Steiracrangon, 136. Allmannt, 138. Stochasmus, 75. exis, 75. sulcatifrons, Pavrapasiphae, 47. Systellaspis, 50. debtlis, 59. i tarda, Pasvphaé, 39. tenutpes, Nematocarcinus, 75. Thompsom, Hippolyte, 97. tvispinosus, Aegeon, 146. Cheraphilus, 146 Crangon, 146. —— Philocheras, 146. —— Pontophilus, 146. Tropiocaris, 68. planipes, 7X. Iypton spongicola, 127. Vi. valens, Amalopenaeus, 19. Gennadas, Io. varians, Hippolyte, 100. Palaemon, 132. Palaemonetes, 129, 132. veloculus, Athanas, 122. - vigilax, Sergestes, 32. Virbius, 100. viridis, Hippolyte, 101. vulgaris, Crangon, 137. ¥.. Yarrelli, Hippolyte, 106. FOS. 183 EXPLANATION OF PLATES [I-XXITII. Prary 1. Amalopenaeus elegans, Smith. Fig. 1.—-Lateral view of an adult male, Fig. 2.—Telson, Fig. 3.—Second maxillipede, Fig. 4.—First maxillipede, Fig. 5.—Second maxilla, Fig. 6.—First maxilla, Fig. 7.—Mandible, aN a Fig. 8.—Abdomen of a specimen 19 mm. in length, from below, showing distribution of blue pigment, Fig. 9.—Third pereiopod, setae omitted, showing distribu- tion of blue pigment, - Fig.10.—Second pereiopod, setae omitted, "showing distribu- tion of blue pigment, a Fig.11.—First pereiopod, setae omitted, showing distribu- tion of blue pigment, Fig.12—Third maxillipede, setae omitted, showing distribu- tion of blue pigment, ! Fig.13.—Antennular peduncle, setae omitted, showing dis- tribution of blue pigment,.. Fig.14.—Eye, ae on Fig.15.—-Thelycum, Fig.16.—Petasma, Prats IT. Solenocera stphonocera (Philippi). Fig. 1.—lLateral view of an adult male, Fig. 2.—Petasma, viewed from behind, slightly “flattened, Fig. 3.—Transverse section of antennular flagella, showing tubular structure. Fig. 4.—Mandible, sae a5 ay ah ae Fig. 5.—First maxilla, Fig. 6.—Second maxilla, Fig. 7.—First maxillipede, Fig. 8.—Second maxillipede, Priate LIT. Sergestes robustus, Smith. Fig. 1.—Lateral view of a female (antennal flexure further enlarged), Fig. 2.—Rostrum, ” Fig. 3.—Basal segments of lower antennular flagellum of male, ae be Fig. 4.—Terminal segment of third maxillipede, Fig. 5.—Second Maxillipede, Rese omitted, Fig. 6.—First maxillipede, ; KR KG. Ra OK Pn Nunes SG SOS OS eS ok Gee SO ae A. 08; 184 PuatE IIl.—continued. Fig. 7.—Second maxilla, Fig. 8.--First maxilla, Fig. 9.—Mandible, Fig.10.—Ouiline of outer uropod, Fig.11.—Petasma, left half, seen from behind, Fig.12.—Dorsal view of cephalic region, Sergestes arcticus, Kroyer. Fig.13.—Dorsal view of cephalic region, Fig.14.—Petasma, left half, seen from behind “(medium stylet further enlarged), a Fig.15.—Basal segments of lower antennular flagellum of male, Fig.16.—Outline of outer uropod, Fig.17.—Terminal segment of third maxillipede, Fig.18.—Restrum, : Fig.19.—Lateral view of a female, Puate LV. Pasiphaé princeps, Smith. Fig. 1.—Lateral view of a large male, Fig. 2.—Antennal scale of a specimen 75 mm. in length, Fig. 3.—Telson of the same specimen, Fig. 4.—Rostrum of a specimen 67 mm. in length, Fig. 5.—Rostrum of a specimen 75 mm. in length, Fig. 6.—Rostrum of a specimen 37 mm. in length, Fig. 7.—Basus and ischium of second pereiopod of a specimen 67 mm. in length, Pasiphaé tarda, Kroyer. Fig. 8.—Lateral view of a specimen 69 mm. in length, Fig. 9.—Antennal scale of the same specimen, Fig.10.—Telson of the same specimen, Fig.11.—Basus and ischium of second pereiopod of the same specimen, Pasiphaé sivado (Risso). Fig.12.—Telson, PLATE V. Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons, Smith. Fig. 1.—Lateral view of the largest Irish specimen, Fig. 2.—Apex of telson in the same specimen, Fig. 3.—Telson of a larva measuring 8°5 mm. Fig. 4.—Dorsal.view of a larva measuring about 14 mm., Fig. 5.—Lateral view of the same specimen, Fig. §.—First maxilla of the same specimen, Fig. 7 —Second maxilla of the same specimen, ... Fig 8. —Maxillipedes, perelopods and pleurobranchs of the same specimen, Sb XX KIER a oe KK RX Ry OSE eG Kee OS Nita ered Oe, OS, KOM x ORO OL Or Or $08. 185 PiatEeE V.—continued. Fig. 9.—Telson and uropods of a Bro measuring about 15°5 mm., aie Fig.10.—Telson of a specimen measuring about 15 mm., Fig.11.—Lateral view of the same specimen, Fig.12.—Mandible, Fig.13.—First maxilla, | Fig.14.—Second maxilla, . of the same specimen. Fig.15.—First maxillipede, Fig.16.—Second maxillipede, | Fig.17.—Third maxillipede, ) Fig.18.—First maxillipede of a pare measuring about 16°5 mm., a Fig.19.—Second maxillipede of the same specimen, Fig.20.—Second maxillipede of a _ specimen “measuring about 17 mm., Fig.21.—Mandible of a specimen measuring 38 mm., PuaTteE VI. Acanthephyra debilis, A. Milne-Edwards. Fig. 1.—Lateral view of an adult male, a a Fig. 2._-Eye of a specimen 33 mm. in ee seen from EE ICLOW sss. Big. 3. ae maxillipede of a ‘specimen 33 mm. in length, Fig. 4.—Sixth abdominal somite and basal dgynts of uro- pods, seen from below, Fig. 5.—Lateral view of a larva measuring 10° 2 mm., Fig. 6.—Outline of egg to the same scale, Fig. 7.—Telson of the larva, 10°2 mm. in length, Fig. 8.—Antennal scale and antenna, ) Fig. 9.—Third maxillipede, | Fig.10.—Second maxillipede, > of the same specimen. Fig.11.—First maxillipede, Fig.12.—Second maxilla, Fig.13.—Lateral view of a post-larval specimen measuring 2 men, Fig.14.—Telson of the same specimen, Fig.15.—Lateral view of a post-larval specimen, measur- ing 15°38 mm., [The black pee represent photophores.] Prate VII. Ephyrina Hoskynt, Wood-Mason. Fig. 1.—Lateral view of the Irish specimen, Fig. 2.—Mandible. Fig. 3.—Fuirst maxilla. Fig. 4.—Second maxilla. Fig. 5.—First maxillipede. Fig. 6.—Second maxillinede. Ephyrina Benedicti, Smith. Fig. 7.—Rostrum and eye of the Irish specimen, KG KK RAK a KK x xX EK ee ee IE DEK XS 28 x 2°5 15. 2.08. 186 Puate VIII. Hymenodora ‘glacialis (Buchholz). Fig. 1.—Lateral view of an oviepnan female, after G. O. Sars, se ers oh eee Fig. 2.—Second Taeeilla of an fda specimen, oh = x 5. Fig. 3.—Fuirst maxillipede of an adult specimen, <) e PuaTE IX. Nematocarcinus ensifer (Smith), var. exilis, Spence Bate. Fig. 1.—Lateral view of a female, 2. Fig. 2.—Outline of antennal scale of an adult, xi = Fig. 3.—-Outline of antennal scale of a specimen 36 mm. in length, Fig. 4.—Endopod and exopod of first plecpod of female, Fig. 5.—Endopod and exopod of first pleopod of male, Fig. 6.—Endopod of second pleopod of male, Fig. 7.—Telson, : Fig. 8.—Apex of telson more highly magnified. Fig. 9.—Zoea just emerged from g8 fee i x 28. Fig. 10.—Telson of zoea, dee He >: x 98. ie. Oe, eae OO SL es PLATE X. Bresilia atlantica, Calman. Fig. 1.—Dorsal view of cephalic region of a female 23 mm. in length, ss x 12. Fig. 2.—Rostrum of another female, x 21°55. Fig. 3.-—Rostrum of the male specimen, x 96. Fig. 4.—Second maxillipede, ae Fig. 5.—Chela of first pereiopod, x 19. Fig. 6.—Endopod of second pleopod of male, x 26. Fig. 7.—Endopod of first pleopod of male, x 3]. Pandalus Montagut, Leach. Fig. &.—Rostrum of an abnormal specimen, ... a x 6:5. Puate XI. Pandalus propinquus, G. O. Sars. Fig. 1.—Dorsal view of the cephalic region of a specimen from shallow water measuring 53 mm., ae x 5, Fig. 2.—-Carapace and rostrum of the same “specimen, lateral view, x "ae Fig. 3.—Dorsal view of ‘the cephalic region of a specimen from deep water measuring 57 mm., x 25. Fig. 4.—Carapace and rostrum of the same specimen, lateral view, oe i = eee x 5, Puate XII Plesiontka martia, A. Milne-Edwards. Fig. 1.—Lateral view of an ovigerous female, ... fe so) Ge Fig. 2.—Second maxilla. Fig. 3.—Endopod of first pleopod of male, .__.. rsa x 4:5, Fig. 4.—Endopod of first pleopod of female, ... — ee x 4B. I. ’08. 187 Fig. PuatTeE XIII. Hippolyte varians, Leach. 1.—Lateral view of a female, 2.—Mandible, 3:—First maxilla, 4.—Second maxilla, 5.—-First maxillipede, 6.—Second maxillipede, ... 7.—Outline of antennal scale, Hippolyte prideauxiana, Leach. 8.—Outline of antennal scale, 9.—Lateral view of a female, . 10.—Rostrum of another specimen, Puate XIV. Spirontocaris spinus (Sowerby). 9.—Lateral view of the Irish specimen, Spirontocaris spinus var. Lilljeborgs (Danielssen). 1.—Lateral view of the Irish specimen, 3.—Rostrum of another specimen, 4.—Second pereiopod, 5.—Outline of antennal scale, 6.—Mandible, 7 Virst ele 8.—Second maxilla, 9.—First maxillipede, g 10.—Second maxillipede, PLATE XV. Spirontocaris Cranchi (Leach). 1.—Endopod of first pleopod of a young aes 2.—First pleopod of a female, 3.—Rostrum, typical form, 4.—Rostrum, abnormal form, 5.—Second pereiopod, Sprrontocaris pusiola (Kroyer). 6.—Lateral view of a female, ¢.—Endopod of first pleopod of a adult male, &8.—First pleopod of a female, Piate XVI. Caridion Gordoni, Spence Bate. 1.—Lateral view of an ovigerous female, 2.—-Rostrum of a specimen 21 mm. in length, 3 "i \ Rostra of two smaller specimens, 5.—-Outline of antennal scale, DOI DOIG ORS emer XK aK TRON SOS IN KE ee I une oe PS DS 9°5. So) ia 16°5 I. ’08. 188 Fig. Fig. Fig. . 13.—Antennule, g. 14.—First pleopod of male, . 15.—First pleopod of female, . 16.—Outer uropod, 7 1 7——Telson, PLATE X VI.—continued. 6.—Basal joint of antennular peduncle, 7.—Second maxillipede, 8.—First maxillipede, 9.—Second maxilla, ig. 10.—First maxilla, ig. 11.—Mandible, ... . 12.—Apex of telson, Puate XVII. Leontocaris lar, Kemp. 1.—Lateral view of the type specimen, a female, 2.—Second pereiopod, right side,. Ke 3.—Papillae from hinder margin of merus of second pereiopod, left side, A 4.—Mandible, ee 5.—First maxilla, 6.—Second maxilla, 7.—First maxillipede, 8.—Second maxillipede, 9.—Rostrum of another specimen, a . male, sae Ree 10.—Chela of second pereiopod, left side, viewed dorsally, oe a =; a3 11.—Chela of second pereiopod, left side, viewed laterally, 12.—Antennal scale and basal joints of antenna, Pirate XVIII. Bythocaris gracilis, Smith. 1.—Dorsal view of the cephalic region of the Irish specimen, a male, aut 2.—First pleopod of the same specimen, 3.—Telson of the same specimen on pes further enlarged), se a Bythocaris Payerw (Heller). 4.—Dorsal view of the cephalic region of a young male, 5.—First pleopod of male, 6.—Telson, Puate XIX. Alpheus ruber, H. Milne-Edwards. 1.—Lateral view of a male, 2.—Dorsal view of cephalic region of a female, Kes KP he Me Oe x KEG OR IR Nw ow SG OX RS, OS OG Ke Kn OK x 19°5. 19°5. 19°5. 19°5. 19°5. 19°5. 19°5. 8:5, 13-5. 9°. 21. 21. 22. 21. 21. 17. 20°5. 20°5. 22. 22. 21. 21. 22. 18 10°5. (or) Es 08. Fig. Fig. Fig. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 189 Alpheus macrocheles (Hailstone). 3.—Chela of first pereiopod, right side, ae: 4.—Dorsal view of cephalic region of a female, eG Athanas nitescens (Montagu). 5.—Lateral view of a female, x oor PuLaTE XX. 1, a—e.—Leander serratus (Pennant). 2, a-—e.—Leander adspersus (Rathke). 3, a—e.—Leander squilla (Leach). 4, a—e.—Palaemonetes varians (Leach). a. Rostrum. b. Mandible. c. Outline of antennal scale. d. Basal portion of outer antennal flagellum.. e. Second pereiopod. Puate XXI. 1, a—d.—Crangon vulgaris (Linnaeus). 2, a&b.—Philocheras trispinosus (Hailstone). 3, a&b.—Philocheras fasciatus (Risso). 4, a& b.—Philocheras bispinosus (Hailstone). 5, a&b.—Philocheras bispinosus var. neglectus! (G. O. Sars). 6, a& b.—Philocheras sculptus (Bel!). 7, a—d.—Philocheras echinulatus (M:. Sars). 8, a—d.—-Pontophilus spinosus (Leach). 9, a&b.—Pontophilus norvegicus (M. Sars). a. Carapace seen from above. b. Outline of antennal scale. c. Endopod and exopod of third pleopod. d. First and second pereiopods. Pirate XXII. Aegeon Lacazer (Gourret). 1.—Dorsal view of the type specimen, a female, Kanne 2.—Lateral view of carapace of the same specimen, i aS. 3.—Antennule of a mate. 4,.—Outline of antennal scale, B65: 5.—First and second pereiopods, x 6:5, Aegeon cataphractus (H. Milne-Edwards). 6.—Outline of antennal scale, x 14, Sclerocrangon Jacquett (A. Milne-Edwards). 7.—Dorsal view of a female, ae race 8.—-Lateral view of carapace of the same specimen, Ct anaemic 9.—Antennule. 10.—First and second pereiopods, % GD 1 Philocheras neglectus on plate. I. 708. 190 Puate XXIII. Ttichardina spinicincta, A. Milne-Edwards. Fig. 1.—lLateral view of an ovigerous female (telson Ee Fig. 2.—Antennal scale, oe eh : Fig. 3.—Right eye seen from above, Fig. 4.—Mandible, me Fig. 5.—First maxilla, Fig. 6.—Second maxilla, Fig. 7.—First maxillipede, Fig. 8.—Second maxillipede, Fig. 9.—Inner and outer uropods, Fig. 10.—Telson of another specimen, 23460. (Wt. P. 72). 3, 3, 3,3. 875. 6. 1910. (9/08)—A. T. & Co., Ltd, ES SOK Ks OK KEK MK 75. 16°5. 37°5. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 19°5. 21. Weller &Graham.L'¢ Litho,London. S.W.K. del. Amalopenaeus elegans. Solenocera siphonocera. S.W.K. del Pa) ee ¢ poe, Amalopenaeus elegans. ——_——— Ee ; } aa ae eae 9 1.08 / “4 i —>" =~ . > SSS Hi) > a on {fy \ , wx SS LIT 7 D - IF LEP IT ral . DOT. ey Solenocera siphonocera. S.W.K. del ico EER ie ‘suosjiqeojns aeydisedeued . en ee ae ‘snoiqoue saqsedues ‘6j-<| S#ly ‘snjsnqou seqsesdues ‘27]-]| ssiq ‘T2P- ‘PP MMS QL | "Ts SANS Weller & Gruham.L™., Lithos..Londor.. 288/ > ‘ * cn ‘ i te pre vie", J°% Dp = a = ‘del. S.wW.K. Figs.1—l2, Sergestes robustus. Figs. 13-19 , Ssergestes arcticus. Pia: ‘suoujiqeojns aeydise deued ‘OpeAis geydised ‘Z| 314 ‘epueq seydiseq ‘[]- 9 Ssi4 ‘sdaculud oeydiseg ‘7-]| '‘sal4 ‘PR. TSP SENS Weller&Graham L'4 Litho, London S.W.K. del. Figs.I-7. Pasiphaé princeps. Figs.8—Il, Pasiphae tarda. Fig. 12, Pasiphaeé sivado. , 80, ‘Al Id = wie ¥ - aa ae > ee Se ee ee ‘suoajiyeojns aeydisedeued I. ' 288s. Parapasiphae sulcatifrons. ‘siyjigap weudydeuquesy OFT RP IEEE RT CO CI ADOT ERASE ET, U indon. ‘TSP MMS 266/ S.W.K. del. Acanthephyra debilis. "80/1 a dy Me een La ach Nae S| De ae pee arate ko ndon Weller & Graham. L'4 F PLVII. os y cA aia SS Oss S.W.K. (ilelh. | Weller’ Graham, U Litho, London Figs. 1-6. Ephyrina Hoskyni Fig.7, Ephyrina Benedictt. a a —— parr Pee ii. ie OS. — SE aR ot al a ‘siyelne]s eropouswAY Weller & Graham, L‘? Litho, London. ‘SIJIXO “UPA ‘UaJISUD SNUIDTeD07TeWIAN Teh SILAS (= S 1) (= t) 4 ° 4S £ 1 J = ; ise} as © iS ao es) ‘= Cy) a = I \ | a! SSS AA Sem, ey ns S.W.K. del. Nematocarcinus ensifer. var. exilis. ec... Os: ——— — Weller & Graham, L™, Lithos..London . Figs. 1-7, Bresilia atlantica. Fig. 8. Pandalus Montagul. P ZS Oe i" ‘| aioe. ihe tans Seman Pl. XI. Weller &: Graham,LY, Lithos. London. - a = s y Fs es TS TDS f ¢ , ‘ ei = paraie cdi : PE ana = = ———— an nae es eee ow RUA GREEN To 21 ) eI eso anne : a Se 2 ae = = = My 4 (\ p SN i} Mj y Q\ j . I A! -e \ i. Os: 288i. S.W.K. del. Pandalus propinquus. a ee “elQUeW = PYIUOISS|d OAWXWXn—ac#7 Weller & Graham L'4 !itho,London 2881. 268]. Pie Ali Weller& Graham Lt? Litho,London. S.W.K. del. Figs.1-7, Hippolyte varians. Figs. 8-10, Hippolyte prideauxiana. } y ® a , » v4 cn “i a Pee aie a ata NS oy ee M1 /, ea | ja Lf ( ff YY Figs.1-7, Hippolyte varians. Figs. 8-10, Hippolyte prideauxiana. XIV. ime EOS. ‘IgJogelyry ‘4ueA ‘euids stieo0quouids “oO, —2 “Ssiq ‘eurds sisedoquouids ‘| “S14 SR Nes Weller& Graham. L'? Litho,London Z288/ S.W.K. del. Fig. 1, Spirontocaris spina. Figs. 2-10, Spirontocaris spina, var. Lilljeborgi. B0.1 AIX ‘Id be P Ph XY. 1.’ O8. ‘ejotsnd staeoo0quouids ‘9-9 ‘sZiyq "IyoueIy) SlueDOQUOUIdS ‘G-| ‘SPI Vd iN’ Wella & Graham L#, Lithos.. London = PURVE: O08. E. él "1uUOpuoy UOoIplued PP MMS Weller & Graham,L®, Lithos.,Londor PI: XVII. "12 ] STUBO O7DU0S'"T ‘TOP ANS . Lzwos..London. Kelia &-Crahkem Ee yi yj Y, WV: S \ \: u ; . “Uf, Yj ZZ Z Li}4 ant EEA SW. del. Leontocaris lar. TF 80.1. fa ee P= > , ’ a 7 : ’ ; i art “~ rm o>‘ er... \ ae). ‘ J 7 ese a @ > M Saea mets VE ees NRO - 5 ee ye ey re Us 6th oe = See eee | ot _« i Ph a fa) + } . Ls ks i Cl ‘ s a f as 3 if ; ty 5 <2 i Se : ; 5 ' ¥ 7 aes < rm ' ‘ E E d ' 5 . a Va : 2 7 iJ eh a he oe ; : j a 1? 2 4 . . : - é 0 Sy ye i ce e- a : : 3 = | > ‘ 3 a 5 . * ¥ = % q * ~ & : i : 3 ft ‘7s eT; : é i r c } 4 i ‘ i rT ‘ — ‘ Be Lf « H ‘ - -§ 3 * bs hi ie = i i z } f * ie 5 se : h; on | ace ; - = } ¥ ~ 5 ~ is - - - i ' f . ol 5, + af > = Welter &- Greham.L™, Lithos.Londor. acilis. ayerl. r : Figs. 1 - 3, Bythocaris Figs. 4- 6, Bythocaris S.W. K. del. ‘sugoseqiu seuPUuqy ‘S “SI ‘sajayoouseu sneydiy “by ‘Se ‘sdij “deqnu sneydiy ge ye Say 288/ 192 SW K. del ZZ, rreeesteseessnes ay V wae com Y PP Ry bi fry ZS 2 /] Ls Figs.1, 2, Alpheus ruber. Figs. 3, 4, Alpheus macrocheles. Fig. 5, Athanas nitescens. ve »"— ae o ‘ ak aa oo —. 4 — — —— _, agi Be, @, CO Weller& Graham, L'? Litho,London Sw.K. adspersus. - stes varians. S.W.K. del. Figs,l a@-e, Leander serratus. Figs,3 a-e, Leander squilla. Figs. 2 a-e, Leander adspersus. Figs. 4 a-e, Palaemonetes varians. Weller & Graham. U* Lirhe Landon Weller & Graham, U4 Lithe.London 1b, Philocheras Fasciatus. 6, Philocheras sculptus. 6, Pontophilus norvegicus. yh a PI.XXI 28&I Weller &Grabam U* Lithw London S.W.K. del. Fig. |. a—d@, Crangon vulgaris. Fig. 2 a—é, Philocheras trispinosus. Fig. 3 a—4, Philocheras Fasciatus. Fig 4. a6, Philocheras bispinosus. Fig. 5 @—é, Philocheras neglectus. Fig.6 @—6, Philocheras sculptus. Fig. 7. a—d, Philocheras echinulatus. Fig. 8 a@—d, Pontophilus spinosus. Fig.9 @—6, Pontophilus norvegicus. hn, ty tor ite Pr AL ? { 4 2881 Weller& Graham, L'? Litho,London. Jacqueti. procrangon 2881 S.W.K. del. Figs. 1-5, Aegeon Lacazei. Fig. 6,Aegeon cataphractus. Figs. 7-10, Sclerocrangon Jacqueti. Pl XX. Wf ‘ hy ‘ Weller& Graham, U* Litho, Landon oe. \ A | Hy "4 j Hy) Hi } aay) 2388/ / \ mie PI, XA. Weller&Grenam. U¢ Litho.London. S\W.K. del. Richardina spinicincta Richardina spinicincta 80/1 TWXX “Id Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1908. I.—Kemp, S. W.,—The Decapoda Natantia of the Coasts of Ireland, Pps A903 pl. 238; ) [1910] IT.—AsHwortH, J. H.,—Polychaeta of the Coasts of Ireland. 1I.—Areni- colidae and Scalibregmidae, pp. 4. [1909]. YII.—SoutuHern, R.,—Polychaeta of the Coasts of Ireland. J1.—Pelagic Phyllodocidae,. pp. 11, pl. 3. [1909]. IV.—Horr, BO Wee das: ane L. W. Byrne,—Third Report on the Fishes of the Atlantic Slope. The Holocephali’ or Chimaeras, pp. 26, pl. 4. | | 1910]. De a ae F cia ¢ 2. Tee eae Rl ie rh ue er mB Ei PAPCORTATTYN\,. | aa Ps " HATA seerges katte T gg toe Pp a 4 ApAmis ae WY ropjaaiag JAN A sacractas t Lnaatp

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