Ach 2 AUG 17 1965 Technical Report = DEEP-OCEAN BIODETERIORATION OF MATERIALS — PART II. SIX MONTHS AT 2,340 FEET August 1965 U. S. NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY Port Hueneme, California No. Kos DEEP-OCEAN BIODETERIORATION OF MATERIALS — PART II. SIX MONTHS AT 2,340 FEET Y -RO11-01-01-042 Type C by James S. Muraoka ABSTRACT This is Part Il of a series of reports on the biological deterioration of materials in the deep ocean. It covers the data obtained after exposing 2,385 specimens of 603 different materials for 6 months (197 days) on the Pacific Ocean floor at a depth of 2,340 feet (Test Site Il). The materials were attached to a Submersible Test Unit (STU). The STU was retrieved in December 1964 and returned to the Laboratory for test and analysis. There were marine fouling organisms attached to the plastic ropes, aluminum buoys, polyethylene-jacketed wire rope, nickel-plated shackles, and on some metal test specimens. Most of the plastic and all of the rope materials were covered with bacterial slime growth. Wood panels, plastics, and Manila rope were attacked by marine borers. Cotton and Manila rope specimens and jute-fiber burlap wrappings were severely deteriorated by bacterial action. Metal, glass, natural and butyl rubber, and some plastics with a smooth and extra hard surface were not affected. The biological effects on materials recovered from Test Site II are briefly compared with materials recovered from Test Site I. Copies available at CFSTI $3.00 Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from DDC. Release to the Clearinghouse is authorized. The Laboratory invites comment on this report, particularly on the results obtained by those who have applied the information. CONTENTS page INTRODUCTION lies Bu etn ec eee oat erie ce ae nea oe eee noe er 1 RESEARCH UMIEIAIOIDISE © S055" atone rei, nee spree see uaa to ono teap whclsot. opeiown ] Oecemocterdiie lMKenmeltOs 6.56606 6050560550500 00005 1 BMollogicall AciVIiiy7. 0656400006 sb 005 coo oD 0 ota OOOO 8 2 UESTMGCHOTICIIGO See intone ie cucmon eee taeic olin 9s aor endo uoas oh echt 7/ RESULTS 5-61 sa Reee ae a acig otane ces Salnae iee Pm Pe semen ee, reads Caahioy oeho™ p 9 Meare Growin on SIU Come caoc oo eo ob bebe os ooo OO 9 Menne Growin Om Vest Menienmels oe65o6000006 60000006 10 ellecttticell Weloe SasclienS 4a. 5040660 o boo g Gon boo oO 10 Rope SISSIMENS>s 6 doc 6 6 00 4.000 0-05 6 80 5 O10 0 6 Oo 010 616 11 PilastietSpeciimemsnmank' Sissel meme emtcled rel a4 statement -aitenvahtoeney Ree 11 OlSsleln Insulation wer INO. IO Wie 6 696 6 66 56500050650 0g 13 Insulated Cables — Single and Multiconductor.............. 13 Were! Saxsitineis 165 6 0.6 6 0.015 .0.0 6 6 65 046 Olio Gavan) (oo 15S) 6 15 WrakfectediWateriallisus waits er chcancbiay Sa ee sa SAS Le cies arate ey IS 15 SUIMIWARY OF FINDINIGS =TeSt SITE IS. bo Ge bo dob coo bo 6 16 COMPARISON) OFF Wes Siumes i ZNNID US 2.6 66965666 6 Gd o¥s ob oo 6 16 CONGLUSIOIN SE ees ea seis te ey nO oe MIST Brit moviches Sno fon 17 FUMWRERPLAN Sars nih:, Gore. i) aie Ie te tee RAT BE 3? 17 lest Site | (Nominal Dentin OF @00O FRESH) os 606 casos 500500048 17 Vest Site Il (Nemitinell Deraiin OF 200 Feai)oc 5 6600060050008 18 RERERENGES wes steed fa cl cyte Saher. cites? ib eae clei crack ee, Rhee erie 19 APPENDIXES A — Biological Effects on Materials Assembled on Bio-racks. ...... 20 B — Examples of Specimens Recovered From Ocean Floor ........ 26 DISTRIBU ONES pire ota coc cee Kyat coee cee Metan ua meen mete sale age 43 OO 4O1e? 4 PREFACE The U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory is conducting a research program to determine the effects of the deep-ocean environment on materials. This research will be of great value in establishing the best materials to be used for deep-ocean construction in the Navy's conquest of "inner space." A Submersible Test Unit (STU), on which many test specimens can be mounted, was designed for the purpose. The STU can be lowered to the ocean bottom and left for long periods of exposure. Planned exposures range from 4 to 48 months at depths of 2,500 to 18,000 feet. Thus far, two deep-ocean test sites have been selected. Test Site | (nominal depth of 6,000 feet) is approximately 81 nautical miles southwest of Port Hueneme, California. Test Site II (nominal depth of 2,500 feet) is 75 nautical miles west of Port Hueneme. Additional test sites at depths of 12,000 and 18,000 feet will be chosen. Various studies concerning the deep ocean will be reported, including (a) causes and rates of corrosion and changes in physical properties of metals and alloys, and degradation of nonmetallic materials; (b) physical and chemical parameters of sea water; and (c) biodeterioration of materials. In addition, techniques and equipment for emplacing, relocating, and retrieving STU's will be reported. INTRODUCTION As part of a research program to determine the effects of the deep-ocean environment on various engineering materials, the U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory in March 1962 placed the first of a series of Submersible Test Units, designated STU I-1, on the ocean floor in 5,300 feet of water at Test Site |. Since then three additional Submersible Test Units, designated STU's I-2, I-3, and |-4, have been placed on the ocean floor at Test Site | (Figure 1). In February 1964 after 4 months in the sea, STU I-3 was retrieved for study. It was loaded with 1,324 test specimens of 492 materials. The effects of deep-sea marine fouling and paring organisms upon these materials has been reported in Reference 1. STU s Il-1 and II-2 were placed on the ocean floor at Test Site II (lat 34°06' N, long 120°42' W), (Figure 1). Figure 2 shows the STU II-1 complex emplaced.2 STU II-1 was recovered in December 1964 after 197 days on the ocean floor. This report presents the materials and methods employed for attracting, collecting, and evaluating deep-sea fouling and boring organisms and the results of field and labora- tory investigations of the materials recovered from STU II-1. A literature survey has been published on fouling and boring organisms and their effects upon various materials submerged in the deep ocean. RESEARCH METHODS Oceanographic Information Concurrently with the STU program, numerous oceanographic and biological data-collecting cruises to Test Sites | and II have been conducted. These have pro- duced information about the environmental parameters, such as salinity, temperature, oxygen content, and biological activity. Such information is essential in evaluating changes in the materials, especially corrosion of metals, exposed on the ocean floor. The environments at both test sites are summarized in Table 1.4/9 Because the rate of corrosion of certain metals and alloys submerged in the sea are greatly influenced by the amount of dissolved oxygen concentration in sea water, it was desired to also investigate the effects of the minimum oxygen zone upon these materials. Test Site II was selected because at this site, at a depth of about 2,500 feet, the dissolved oxygen content in sea water falls toa relatively low value and is known as "the minimum oxygen zone." Below and above this depth, the dissolved oxygen content starts to increase. The underlying causes of the minimum oxygen zone are still imperfectly understood. Biological Activity Rock Samples. Rock specimens were desired from this area to study any fouling organisms attached to the rocks, since they could be expected to attach themselves to other materials placed there. Prior to placing the STU at this site, a pipe dredge —a 10-inch-diameter by 36-inch-long steel pipe with retaining rods welded across the lower end of the pipe — was lowered to the ocean floor from an oceanographic vessel, USNS DAVIS, and the area dredged for rock specimens. Several passes were made across the area but no specimens could be obtained. Sediment Samples. Marine bacteria are one of the major biological agents in the deterioration and fouling of various materials and equipment submerged in the sea. To determine the type and activity of bacteria in this deep-ocean area, sediment samples for bacteriological and biological analysis by standard microbiological methods© were obtained with: 1. A gravity core sampler, which takes cores up to 4 feet long. 2. NCEL's scoop-type bottom sampler, which collects about 225 cubic inches of sediment from a soft bottom. 3. A modified ZoBell bacteriological sampler, used to collect a mixture of sea water and sediment. | Approximately 1,500,000 aerobic and 5,000 anaerobic bacteria were found in a gram of sediment (net weight) collected at the sediment - sea water interface. Sulfate-reducing bacteria were also present in the samples. The sulfate reducers are anaerobic bacteria which obtain their energy by the reduction of sulfate and sulfites in water in the absence of free oxygen. The end product of their metabolic process is hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes are considered to be responsible for the anaerobic corrosion of metals. The sediment samples obtained with the scoop sampler were washed through a screen to collect mud-dwelling organisms. The animals were bottled and preserved in a 5-percent glycerol-alcohol solution for laboratory analysis. A variety of animals were found in these samples. Amphipods and annelids were the most abundant marine organisms collected in the vicinity of STU Test Site II (Figures 3 and 4). 119° 121° ) 120° not to scale Ss Santa Barbara Point Concepcion Test Site Il ~€A BE yan Cee Santa Rosa Gy ee Hueneme >{ = BSS ————S= S i ee | on igue oy Anacapa Is. Los Angeles Wi Test Site | Santa Barbara Is. San Nicholas Is. Santa Catalina Is. er Figure 1. Test Site | (nominal depth of 6,000 feet) and Test Site II (nominal depth of 2,500 feet). aluminum buoy hooks 5/16-in.-diam stainless steel wire, 300 ft Pinger, 12.1 kc, 50 msec/11 sec 5/16-in.-diam stainless steel wire, 400 ft aluminum buoy ]-in.-diam polypropylene braided lift line, 2500 ft ]-in.-diam polypropylene braided line, 1,400 ft grappling wire (polyethylene-jacketed wire rope), 6000 ft 1.3-in.-diam polypropylene braided surge line, 600 ft pinger, 12.2 kc, 50 msec/9 sec pinger/attitude sensor current meter and 12.35 kc, 50 msec/10 sec temp recorder concrete sinker ANZA Figure 2. Schematic of STU II-1 on the ocean floor in 2,340 feet of water. Table I. Summary of Environments at Test Sites | and II Factors Depth, ft fo) Temperature, C Dissolved oxygen concentration, mI/L Salinity, o/oo (ppt) pH Hydrostatic pressure, psi Current, knots Sediment Surface Water 13.0 5.6 33.6 7-7 8:0 Test Site | 5,300 2EOS 1.26 34.56 7.44 2,500 Less than 0.5 Green mud containing glauconite, foraminifera, quartz, etc. Test Site Il 2,340 Vo? 0.42 34.37 7.46 1,030 0.3 max Green mud containing glauconite foraminifera, quartz, etc. *sojduios uawipas ul puno} *sojduips Juawipas ul puno} suOM pljauUY “yp a1nb14 (494U99) UDIDDWND Db pun spodiyudwy -¢ ainbi4 Test Materials Test specimens numbering 2,385 items representing 603 materials were attached to the STU for the exposure test. For evaluating deep-sea biological effects on non- metallic specimens, two aluminum racks (bio-racks) were attached to the STU. Each rack held several plastic rods and tubes 3 feet long, and a 12- by 30- by 1/8-inch laminated phenolic plastic sheet. Numerous smaller test specimens were attached to the plastic sheet; one sheet was secured to the upper section of a bio-rack, and an identical sheet was secured to the bottom. In order to expose the test materials to biodeterioration in mud as well as water, the two racks were attached to the STU so that the lower portions would be buried in the bottom sediment and the upper portions exposed to sea water about 3 feet above the mud line (Figure 5). The bio-rack specimens, listed in Appendix A, were carefully selected and prepared for deep-sea exposure. The 2- by 6- by 1/2-inch wood panels were cut from sound lumber, and the surfaces were cleaned with an alcohol solution and then covered with plastic to avoid contamination. The plastic covers were removed just before the test specimens were submerged. The wood panels were employed to collect specimens of any deep-sea fungi and marine borers which may have been present on the ocean floor. The sections of the 3-foot-long plastic rods, tubes, and pipe, and rubber tubes were treated in different ways. One section of each specimen was roughened, a second section was wrapped in burlap, a third section was taped with plastic and rubber electrical tape, and the fourth was left smooth. The various wrappings were to provide a favorable foothold for the attachment and growth of deep-sea fouling and boring organisms. A large piece of untreated fir wood was fitted around both ends of each specimen to act as bait to attract and lead borers into direct contact with the specimen materials. Four different kinds of rope, such as synthetic plastic fiber rope (nylon and polypropylene) and natural fiber rope (cotton and Manila), were placed on the bio- racks. Electrical cables covered with rubber or plastic insulation of various thicknesses were also placed on the racks. A small pine wood piece was fitted around each cable specimen to act as bait for marine borers. Another group of electrical conductors placed on the bio-racks consisted of 0.015-inch-thick insulation over a No. 16 tin- coated copper wire. The materials used in the formulation of the insulation is presented in Table Il. The wire specimens were 15 inches long. Some were stressed (coiled) and some were nonstressed (straight). Stress was applied by coiling a 15-inch specimen lightly around a 1/4-inch-diameter glass rod and then removing the rod. Both ends of each specimen were sealed with two coats of rubber cement. The specimens were positioned so that one set of ropes and electrical cables would be buried in the sedi- ment (in which bacteria are ordinarily most active), and an identical set would be exposed about 3 feet above the sediment. “J2{OM Ul BUI] PNW ayy eAOqD siNsodxe JO} 91D S}OI19}DW |Od1JUaP! JO Jas Ja4yJOUD a] 14M pnw euj ul ainsodxa 10} 91 sjaund poom pun sadoi jo yas BUD ‘uDED0-deep ayy ul! ainsodxe 40, Appd4 ALS 0 JO Apis ayy Of PEaYIOIJD 21D SHI2OI BY] ‘SHIDI-O!q UO pajquiessp sjoliayDW *G a1nb!4 Table Il. Materials Used in the Formulation of Insulating Materials Test Specimen Plasticizer Filler Antioxidant Polyethylene (standard polyethylene insulation) Polyviny| Chloride (PVC) Cumarone-indene Hard clay and Polymerized GR-S (SBR) resin and micro- water-ground __ trimethyl crystalline wax whiting dihydroquinoline Silicone rubber N Light process 4, 4 thiobis (Type W) oil and Hard clay (6-tert-buty| Ae petroleum m-creosol) Materials containing antifouling paints or other toxic substances were excluded from exposure aboard the STU. The current velocity at a depth of 2,340 feet was not great enough (approximately 0.3 knot) to carry away any toxic substance which might alter the natural biological fauna found in the immediate vicinity of the STU. RESULTS Marine Growth on STU Complex The upper buoy of the vertical riser line was submerged approximately 240 feet below the surface of the water, the lower buoy approximately 940 feet below the surface (Figure 2). A fairly dense attachment of hydroid growth over the upper half section of each of the two aluminum buoys was observed when they were recovered (Figure B-1 in Appendix B). A 2-inch-long pink-colored coelenterate (possibly a sea anemone) was also securely attached to a buoy (Figure B-2). A large number of pink sea anemones, up to 3 inches in diameter at the base, were found securely attached over the entire 6,000-foot length of polyethylene- jacketed 1/2-inch-diameter wire rope (Figures B-3 and B-4). The jacketed wire rope was attached to the STU frame and stretched across the ocean floor to serve as an alternate method of retrieving the STU by means of grappling. Marine Growth on Test Materials As soon as the recovered STU was placed on the deck of the ship (Figures B-5 and B-6), the test panels were examined for attachment organisms and these were photographed. The fouling animals were then carefully lifted from the test specimens and preserved in a 5-percent glycerol-alcohol solution for further analysis in the laboratory. The test specimens at the bottom of the STU had been buried in sediment as planned as evidenced by traces of mud found at two corners of the frame. There were several hundred amphipods (Figure B-7) about 3/8 inch long swarming over the materials on the bio-rack. It is possible that several thousand other amphipods may have been washed off during recovery of the STU. In addition to the amphipods, about two dozen small crabs were also found crawling over the materials on the bio- rack (Figure B-8). One was found wedged in between metal test specimens. There were no signs of typical attachment organisms such as bryozoa, barnacles, or tube worms on any of the metal test specimens. Portions of hydroid colony (branches) were caught on the surface of most of the metal specimens, and there was a cluster of grapelike yellow growth (Figure B-9) securely attached to the surface of a metal panel. A heavy bacterial slime growth covered the entire surface of a 3-foot-long flexible black vinyl tube (NCEL No. 374). This tubing may contain some chemical compound preferred by microorganisms as a source of food; there was only light slimy bacterial growth on the other plastic materials. The burlap wrapping on all the plastic rods and tubes was covered with bacterial slime; the fibers were deteriorated by bacterial action and could be easily torn apart by hand. A few marine borers were found burrowing into the jute fibers. Electrical Tape Specimens All of the plastic electrical tape which was wrapped around the plastic rods and tubes was attacked by marine borers except the tape over vinyl tube No. 374. Most were found boring along the edge of the overlap (Figure B-10 and B-11), and a few were found boring into the tape away from the edge. This indicates that the borers preferred to settle and start boring in a protected area along the edge of the tape where there was very little disturbance from water currents. The borers did not penetrate the plastic tape and into the solid plastic materials underneath. The deepest borer holes showed that some had penetrated approximately three quarters of the way through the 0.010-inch-thick electrical tape. 10 Rope Specimens A heavy growth of slime bacteria was present on the surface of nylon, polypropylene, cotton, and Manila ropes (Figure B-12). The fibers of cotton rope were decayed considerably by bacterial action. The cotton fibers were easily pulled apart by tweezers or one's fingers. Because of the damaged fibers, considerable difficulty was experienced attempting to place a splice at each end of the cotton rope for a breaking-strength test (Figure B-13). Only a few marine borers were found on the cotton, resulting in little damage to the fibers by borers. Manila rope specimens were severely damaged by marine borers. The fibers were severed completely by the boring action of small borers. The 1/2-inch-diameter Manila rope was so heavily infested with borers deep inside the rope that it was impossible to count the numbers present. It was estimated that there were several hundred per lineal inch of the entire length of two 5-foot rope specimens (Figure B-14). In addition to the borers, slime bacteria were responsible for the decay of fiber materials. A splice could not be placed on the Manila rope specimen for a breaking- strength test because of the deteriorated condition of the rope. However, by examining the damage to the hemp fibers, it was estimated that 75 percent of the tensile strength of the rope was destroyed. The deterioration of fishing nets and ropes made of natural fibers has always been a serious problem. It has been recognized that microorganisms are the primary cause of decay of fibers, resulting in loss of tensile strength. The microorganisms responsible are chiefly cellulose-decomposing bacteria. Examination of the nylon and polypropylene ropes under a microscope showed that the fibers of these ropes were not decayed by microorganisms or severed by marine borers. On the contrary, the fibers were in excellent condition. Table III compares the breaking-strength tests of the exposed rope specimens with that of unexposed specimens. Plastic Specimens The 3-foot-long solid plastic rods and flexible tubes after 6 months of exposure are shown in Figure B-15. Plastics not deteriorated by marine organisms are noted later under the heading Unaffected Materials. Cellulose Acetate Rod. Ten borers had penetrated into the solid plastic along the edge of the plastic electrical tape wrapping. The depth of penetration was about 1/64 inch, and the diameter of the largest borer hole was about 1/32 inch. A few borers had also penetrated slightly into the smooth and roughened areas of the rod. Polystyrene Rod. About 25 borers were found boring into the solid plastic along the edge of the tape wrapping. The highest concentration of borer holes was found on the lower 2-1/2 inches of the smooth area of the rod exposed near the sediment. Approximately 100 small borer holes in a 1-square-inch area were found. In addition, a few borers were also present on other exposed areas of the plastic. Table III. Breaking Strength of Rope Specimens Before and After Deep-Sea Exposure 2 Breaking Strength (Ib) R Diameter Sting (in.) Before Exposure After Exposure Cotton 1/2 1,340 Manila 1/2 2,068 Nylon 1/4 1,900 Polypropylene 5/16 1,810 Average of 2 ropes 2jEstimated 75 percent of tensile strength of rope destroyed by marine boring organisms. Extruded Acrylic Rod. Approximately 150 borer holes were present around the solid plastic along the edge of the tape wrapping (Figure B-16). A few had started to penetrate into the smooth and roughened areas of the rod. One of the holes started in the smooth area was about 1/16 inch wide and 1/32 inch deep. Cast Acrylic Rod. Only three borers had penetrated into the acrylic rod along the edge of the plastic tape wrapping. There was evidence where numerous borers had attempted to penetrate into the smooth and roughened areas of the rod. Delrin Rod. A few borers had made very slight indentations on the surface of the plastic along the edge of the plastic tape wrapping. Vinyl Tube (NCEL No. 388). Fifteen borers had penetrated into the vinyl tube along the edge of the plastic tape wrapping. The borer hole with deepest penetration was about 1/32 inch. Approximately 100 shallow borer holes per square inch were found on the lower 2-1/2 inches of the tube exposed near the sediment. Vinyl Tube (NCEL No. 374). A heavy slimy bacterial growth covered the entire surface of the black flexible vinyl tube, including the burlap, rubber, and plastic wrappings. There was no sign of marine borer attack on the tube and wrapping materials. The heavy slime growth may have prevented the borers from establishing a firm foothold. After the tube was recovered and stored in a building at ambient room temperature for 3 weeks, a heavy growth of fungi developed over most of the exposed area. Vinyl Tube (NCEL No. 387). The borers did not penetrate into yellow vinyl tubing; however, about 150 borers per square inch of surface had attempted to penetrate into the plastic on the lower 2-1/2 inches of the tube exposed near the sediment, as evidenced by white etch marks (Figure B-17). Vinyl Tube (NCEL No. 389). Moderate numbers of small, shallow borer holes were found on the tubing. 0.015-Inch Insulation Over No. 16 Wire The 15-inch-long stressed and nonstressed silicone-rubber-insulated wire specimens exposed next to sediment and another identical set exposed to sea water about 3 feet above the sediment were deteriorated by marine animals. Microorganisms, amphipods, and crabs found on the STU may have been responsible for the destruction. The specimens of silicone rubber insulation exposed near the bottom were heavily damaged, exposing the bare wire to sea water in several areas (Figure B-18). Neoprene and GR-S rubber insulations exposed near the sediment were also slightly damaged by the nibbling action of marine animals. However, a set of identical stressed and nonstressed neoprene and GR-S rubber insulation exposed about 3 feet above the sediment were not so damaged. The stressed and nonstressed polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride insulation exposed near the sediment and 3 feet above the sediment were not damaged. The results of insulation resistance and voltage breakdown tests on the recovered wire specimens are presented in Table IV. A long-term laboratory study on the effects of deep-sea microorganisms on these rubber and plastic insulations has been reported./ Insulated Cables — Single and Multiconducter Of the various insulations of varied thicknesses over single and multiconductor wires, the 1/16-inch-thick silicone rubber insulation exposed over the sediment was severely damaged by nibbling and chewing, presumably by amphipods and crabs. Some areas of the insulating material were completely destroyed, exposing the bare wires to sea water (Figure B-18). The silicone rubber insulation exposed about 3 feet above the sediment was also attacked by marine animals but not as severely as the one exposed near the sediment. A few borers had penetrated slightly into the silicone rubber (Figure B-19) and nylon insulating materials. The borer holes found on the silicone rubber were exposed to the sea-water environment. The borer holes found on the nylon, however, were exposed in an area underneath the wooden bait piece. The bait piece exposed near the sediment was severely damaged compared to the piece exposed about 3 feet above the sediment (Figure B-20). The cable insulations other than silicone rubber and nylon insulation were not damaged by marine animals or affected by the deep-sea environment. 13 Table IV. Deep-Ocean Effects on Insulation Resistance of Electrical Insulating Materials Insulation Resistance (megohms) gol Materials = Voltage (iSimilsitbick) Before Exposure y | After Exposure 2/ Breakdown 3/ Exposed in Sediment Straight Wire . | | Polyethylene 20, 100,000 335,000 None Polyvinyl chloride 4,400,000 112,000 None Silicone rubber 6,200,000 Insulation destroyed Failed GR-S rubber4/(SBR) 5,500,000 8,300 None Neoprene » . 36,000 7,200 None Coiled Wire Polyethylene 20,100,000 1,275,000 None Polyvinyl chloride 4,400,000 1,250,000 None Silicone rubber 6,200,000 Insulation destroyed Failed GR-S rubber (SBR) 5,500,000 830,000 None Neoprene 36,000 30,000 None Exposed About 3 Feet Above Sediment Straight Wire Polyethylene 20, 100,000 138,000 None Polyvinyl chloride 4,400,000 97,000 None Silicone rubber 6,200,000 5,200 None GR-S rubber (SBR) 5,500,000 3,800 None Neoprene 36,000 17 None Coiled Wire Polyethylene 20, 100,000 25,000 None Polyvinyl chloride 4,400,000 25,000 None Siliconeirabber 6,200,000 25,000 None GR-S rubber (SBR) 5,500,000 1,700 None Neoprene 36,000 16,600 None Y Average of 8 wires. 2 Average of 2 wires. 3/ Tested at 1,000 volts AC for 10 seconds. 47 Government Rubber Styrene (75/25 copolymer of butadiene/styrene). 14 Wood Specimens A total of 26 wood test panels including pine, fir, ash, maple, oak, and redwood were exposed to determine the effects of deep-ocean animals on different woods. None of the woods were immune from borer attack — including redwood (Figure B-21), which is considered very resistant to insect attack, such as by termites, as well as to decay. A majority of the borers had concentrated their attack in large numbers along the inside edge next to the laminated plastic sheet to which the panels were attached. The panels had become saturated with sea water and had warped, producing a thin crevice between the wood and the plastic sheet. Such an area in the crevice would be ideal for borer activity because it would be protected from the slightest amount of sea currents, which the borers seem to dislike. Very little borer attack occurred on the surface of the 2- by 6-inch wood panels exposed about 3 feet above the sediment, probably because of the presence of currents. The surfaces of only two fir panels and an oak panel facing the sea water were attacked by borers. These panels were exposed at the sediment-water interface and were attached behind the plastic sheet where there was very little current. There was an average of 25 borers per square inch of surface on these panels. Deterioration of the panels was more pronounced where the borers had attacked, in large numbers, over a narrow area along the edges of the panels (Figure B-22). The majority of the borers were 1/16 inch in diameter and had penetrated over 3/16 inch into the wood. The largest borers were found boring into the ends of a large fir wood bait piece fitted over plastic rods and tubes (Figure B-23). Some of the borers were 1/8 inch in diameter and had penetrated approximately 5/16 inch into the wood. When finally matured, the shells of these borers will grow to about 3/4 inch in diameter. The borers were also present throughout the surface of the pine bait piece fitted around the plastic specimens. In one area of the wood there were approximately 200 young borers in a 1-square-inch area (Figure B-24). The average diameter of entry holes was 1/32 inch. The borers inside the wood were 1/16 inch in diameter and had penetrated approxi- mately 1/8 inch into the wood. The molluscan marine borers in pine test panels have been identified as Xylophaga washingtona Bartsch® (Figures B-25 and B-26). Unaffected Materials The borers had failed to penetrate into the following plastics: nylon, phenolic resin, polycarbonate, Teflon, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (pipe), and a yellow vinyl. However, there were numerous small circular etched areas on the surface of many of these plastics. These are areas where the borers had attempted to penetrate into the plastic materials but were unable to do so, probably because of the following reasons: (a) very hard surface — nylon, polyvinyl! chloride pipe, polycarbonate; (b) waxlike surface — Teflon, polyethylene; (c) soft, flexible, and smooth surface — yellow vinyl tube (NCEL No. 387); (d) thick bacterial slime growth — vinyl tube (NCEL No. 374). The laminated plastic specimens were not affected by marine organisms (Figure B-27). Metal, glass, and natural and butyl rubber were also immune to attack. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS — TEST SITE II The effects of deep-sea fouling and boring organisms on the materials exposed for 197 days on the ocean floor in 2,340 feet of water are summarized in Appendix A. General findings were as follows: 1. There is considerable biological activity in the sediment near Test Site II. 2. There was bacterial slime growth on plastic and rope specimens, nickel- plated shackles, and on aluminum buoys of the STU complex. 3. Specimens of cotton and Manila rope fibers and jute fiber wrapping (burlap) were deteriorated by bacterial action. 4. Various wood panels such as pine, redwood, fir, maple, cedar, ash, and oak were attacked by moderate numbers of marine borers, Xylophaga washingtona Bartsch. Some of the larger borers were about 1/8 inch in diameter and had penetrated about 5/16 inch into the wood. The borers had penetrated slightly into some of the plastic rods and tubes. Manila rope specimens were heavily infested with marine boring animals. 5. The following materials were not affected by marine organisms: metal, glass, natural rubber, and butyl rubber. The following plastics with very hard and smooth surfaces were not affected or were only slightly affected: plastic laminates, Teflon, nylon, phenolic resin, polycarbonate, polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride. 6. Marine borers were most active in protected areas, such as crevices or along the edges of tape wrappings, where they were apparently sheltered from sea currents. COMPARISON OF TEST SITES | AND II A comparison of the biodeterioration reported here of materials exposed at Test Site Il (STU II-1) in 2,340 feet of water with that of materials recovered from Test Site | (STU I-3) in 5,640 feet of water (Figure 1), reported in Reference 1, shows some significant differences. There seem to be more and larger marine animals living in or on the soft bottom sediment at Test Site II than at Test Site |. This observation is evidenced by the number of amphipods and large crabs found on STU II-1 materials when recovered. These animals were probably responsible for the damage to the silicone rubber insulation at Test Site II. Silicone-rubber-insulated cables exposed on the sediment at Test Site | were not damaged. Possibly because of its higher water temperature (see Table I), the animals at Test Site II, especially the marine borers, seem to be more active than those at Test Site I. The lower dissolved oxygen concentration found on the sea floor at Test Site II does not seem to have any measurable comparative effect on the animals. The marine borers were found boring into plastic rods, tubes, and tape exposed at Test Site Il. No such borer holes were found on identical material exposed at Test Site 1. However, the test materials were exposed about 2 months less at Test Site I than at Test Site Il. Manila rope specimens exposed at Test Site I] were heavily infested with borers and about 75 percent of the rope's tensile strength destroyed. Manila rope specimens exposed at Test Site | were attacked slightly by few borers, and the rope's tensile strength was not reduced or destroyed. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained to date, from 4 and 6 months exposures, on the biological deterioration of engineering materials in the deep ocean indicate that materials such as glass, plastic laminates, plastic ropes, and certain synthetic rubber materials may not be affected; however, additional data from exposures longer than 6 months are needed to provide assurance of relative resistance of these materials to marine organisms. Because of severe biological deterioration of untreated wood panels (including redwood), jute fiber materials, and cotton and Manila ropes, the use of these materials for deep-ocean applications is not recommended. Electrical cables covered with silicone rubber insulation is not recommended for use on the sea floor in the vicinity of Test Site Il, where large deep-sea crabs exist and presumably attack this material. FUTURE PLANS Investigation of the effects of the deep-ocean environment upon materials is continuing. Test Site | (Nominal Depth of 6,000 Feet) STU I-1 with over 1,000 test specimens exposed on the ocean floor in 5,300 feet of water for a period of nearly 3 years (35 months) was recovered from Test Site | in February 1965. The materials are being examined for corrosion and biodeterioration, and separate reports of the findings will be issued. Two additional STU's (I-2 and 1-4) have been exposed at Test Site | since October 1963 and June 1964 at 5,600 feet and 6,800 feet respectively. They will be recovered later in 1965. Test Site Il (Nominal Depth of 2,500 Feet) In April 1965, STU II-2 was placed on the ocean floor at this test site. Plans are to retrieve it after a year's exposure at this depth. 18 REFERENCES 1. U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Report R-329: Deep-ocean biodeterioration of materials — part |. Four months at 5,640 feet, by J. S. Muraoka. Port Hueneme, Calif., Nov. 1964. 2: . Technical Report R-369: Design, placement, and retrieval of submersible test units at deep-ocean test sites, by R. E. Jones. Port Hueneme, Calif., May 1965. Bo . Technical Report R-182: The effects of marine organisms on engineering materials for deep-ocean use, by J. S. Muraoka. Port Hueneme, Calif., Mar. 1962. 4. . Technical Note N -657: Environment of deep-ocean test sites (nominal depth, 6,000 feet) latitude 33°46' N, longitude 120°37' W, by K. O. Gray. Port Hueneme, Calif., Feb. 1965. 5) . Technical Note N-695: Examples of corrosion of materials exposed on STU II-1 in the deep ocean (2,340 feet of depth for 197 days), by F. M. Reinhart. Port Hueneme, Calif., Feb. 1965. 6. Society of American Bacteriologists, Committee on Bacteriological Technic. Manual of microbiological methods. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1957. 7. U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Report R-358: Deterioration of rubber and plastic insulation by deep-ocean microorganisms, by J. S. Muraoka. Port Hueneme, Calif., March 1965. 8. Marine borers identified by Dr. Ruth D. Turner. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. *2DJ¥D 1810q JO 9d14 “Sd_J1NS B11JUB JBAO YIMOIH aUWI]S ;OIIa420q AADOY ‘Buiddnim adny jo eBpa Buojo D14spjd pljos ul sayoy 1as0q aAlj—AyuaM] "214spjd ou! payossaued siasog aa1y) "9piM YoU! 9] /[ puo deap you! 7e/| sejoy ewosg “Buiddosm adoy 214spjd yo aBpa Buojp sajoy 41910qg QG| 4NOgGy “papoasip JON] "@piM YoUl-Ze/| pup daap YOUl-79/| 4NOqGD sajoy J1a10g *PaydasJ0D JON *payoasjD JON *pajdajj0 JON, *payoajjo JON, *sialog Aq paydya adDjINS S}]ASOY jo DWUWNS cAI hie aqn4 dwia4- mo} 2/9!x2]4 Buo] 1994 € “dO Yyoul-| WIP YoUl=| WIP Youl-| WIP YSU!- | wp Youl-| WoIp Youl-| wip youl-7/€ WpIp Youl=77/6 WIP YoUl-y/¢ WbIp YoUul-7/E wip YdU!-4/€ Huo] 4904 € ‘3|qQD|1DAD Aj] D1ID4aWWOZ UO1}OWNOJU| ¥LE “ON 139N Saqn] O14sp}q [AULA auaiAysdjod 21]A19D 4soD 21]A19D papniyxy aua|Ayyadjod 84DJ99D asojN} aD Teal e4DUCGIDOA|Od Sijenertd uo|AN uld]aq SPL] MA Yc| [PUI S| DILaLD\\/ SAOVY-Old NO GATWASSV STVIYSLVW NO S1lOdd44 TVOIDOTOIE Vv xipuaeddy 20 "UO!JIPUOD jua}jaoxe ul edoy *suaseid yimoiB awiys *siaioq aulinw Aq padosjsap adoi jo ssaujnyass) “yymosH aujs AADa}Y "ALIAIZOD |DLJafIDq hq padnoap siaqij “Yyymos6 ews AAvay *sspjB Jo adpD}1Ns UO sus!UDBH1O0 Bul;noj d1doosoidsiw awosg *pajda4}0 JON “pepIesto JON *pajdaji0 JON *o14sp}d yo aopj}1Ns JaA0 sdaquinu afoJapow Ul sajoy Ja10g ‘JUsWIPaS ayy JOEeU pasodxa d14sDjd jo seyoul Z/|-Z 1aMo] UO YSU! aipNbs sad sajoy Ja10g OG| INoGy “Buiddoim adnj jo abpa Buo|p deap youl ZE/| Of se;oy 1910q uee44!14 *pajyoajjo JON| wip Yyoul=4/| wolp ysul—Z /| BH YOURE / syjBua| snolio/ pei — Buoy; 4904 © Buc] 4904 € ‘G] Yyoul-| 4O2D]q — asoy jpo!Wayo Ayiji4n joseueb piBiiwes 42D]q — asoy jpd1WaYs Ayipiyn jo1euaeb a) qixay4 Mo] |a4 — aqny Bulyoo1ign) pup jan4 uojAN\ (duiey) ojuDyy UO}4OD sodoy apljs edoosois1w ssp] Buiqny wnnodA saqqny Jaqqny TOTES jAuiadjod pazioiysojduy adi O14SD]q 68€ “ON 130N 88€ “ON 140N Z8E “ON 149N 21 Buo| SYPRUSG || SUAS OL “ON J9AO UO!{D]NSU! 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Jaqqny JOd14499]9 ‘edn, uolypjnsul d14sD]}d seqn| pup Spoy D14so]q 12AC Buiddoi py aua|Ayjar|od (DAd) eployo jAuladrjog Jaqqni auaidoan 23 saqqns S-YS 4aqqni 9uo03!| IS suawlseds paj!o5 aua|Ayjar}og (DAd) apo]; 492 jAuladjog Jaqqns auaidoay| 4aqqnd S-YD Jaqqns auo0diyis suawisads 44610445 %8°C 849M SUOI{dIOSqD JaJDAA “sus1UDB10 sulipw Aq pajdajjo you 319M SoyOUIWD] OY) "a9a!d 410g 41} so aw "POOM auf O4U! YOU! 9] /G 19A0 pa}osyauad Poy pud JafauDIp U! YOU! g/| B18M Suai0g BWOS ‘sis1og Aq pa|ppl4 sophINs 2114Ug "YOU! 9] /g 128A0 pay -oiyaued poy ewosg ‘sisiog Aq paxs0440 IV "4aqiy ayn! oyu pamoiing siaiog awos *AJIAI}9D |OLIajInq Aq pado.ysap SISGI4 “B2ODJINS B11JUB JBAO DIVaJIDq aWI]S Ss | Nsoy JO 4 DWWIAS Dad ed’) ‘ace0g1-d-T1W /aspq DIIqDn} UOJyoo ‘@ADOM BUl} ‘UISE D1}OUdYd seyoul ¢ jnogqn x | xX 8/1 $98|qD9 J9914499]8 19A0 adaId BES) EELS 2 [2s [I seqn} puo Spo! D14Sp]d 49A0 adald 4IDq YOUI-O€ X Z/1-€ X Z/1-Z s]@upd YOUI=-9 xX Z X 2/1 UO1fOWIOJU| S59 “NI [ED IN| SO}DUIWD] I14SD]q auld elle S809Iq {IDG UaPOO/A JDpa> poompey EP\/ a|dow ali auld s]auDg UaPOo/MA (dojing) ayn S| DIIa,D\\/ 24 %C'0 REO RE | Ze CLG JAD edhy "LL181-d-TIW ‘2seq D1gQo} sso] ‘uisas Axody QW ed] “@ZE0S 1-d-TIW “28s0q 2141q0} sspj6 ‘uise, sulwnjay SAN 2edéy “€Zv0S1-d-TIW “2espq D14Qo} UojAu ‘ulsai D1;OUaUd a4 edd) “€SE0SL-d-TIW ‘2s0q 911qQD} UO4J4JOD “UISa1 D1}OUaU Add ed4) “AGL LE-d-TIW /aseq 1edpd ‘@ADEM BUI} ‘UISA1 D1;OUaU Cmlalians SOS SACHS SAIS SYLS “ON 1459N “ON 1T3DN “ON 1T4JDN soNRIEOIN “ON 1T49DN 25 Appendix B EXAMPLES OF SPECIMENS RECOVERED FROM OCEAN FLOOR 26 Figure B-1. Hydroids on aluminum buoy. Notice the white aluminum corrosion products. Figure B-2. A 2-inch-long coelenterate, possibly a specie of sea anemone, attached to the aluminum buoy. 27 Figure B-4. Close-up view of deep-sea anemones. 28 "pas ay} WOIy AIBAODAI Ja44D Ajayoipawwt |-|] ALS G q eainbi4 29 : "pas ayy WO1y A1@AODa1 13440 AjayoIpeWW! s4901 UaWIdeds jse4 joDIBOjOIg “9-g e1NbB14 PL. 30 {it Figure B-8. Deep-sea crabs found crawling over STU test specimens. 31 32 Figure B-9. A colony of fouling growth found attached to the surface of a metal test panel. Figure B-10. A marine borer (center) boring into a plastic tape wrapped over plastic rod. (magnified) Figure B-11. Borer holes along edge of plastic tape wrapping. A borer had also attempted to penetrate the tape away from the edge. (magnified) 33 Figure B-12. Cotton, Manila, polypropylene, and nylon rope specimens after recovery. Figure B-13. Fibers of cotton rope decayed by microorganisms. 34 Figure B-14. Fibers of Manila rope destroyed by marine borers. Hundreds of borers are visible on the rope. STU HI-1 Figure B-15. Three-foot-long plastic rods and tubes after 6 months on the ocean floor. 35 Figure B-16. Small borer holes along edge of plastic tape wrapped around a solid acrylic rod. Tape removed to show holes more clearly. (magnified) Figure B-17. Etch marks where marine borers had attempted to penetrate into vinyl plastic tube. (magnified) 36 Figure B-18. Wire showing through silicone rubber insulation where the material was deteriorated by nibbling of marine organisms. Figure B-19. Shallow holes in silicone rubber made by marine boring animals. oy "JUBWIP|S BY} aAOgD Jaa} ¢ fnoqn pasodxe suawiseds uo 49D}40 4YyB1)s (q) ‘yuswWIpas ay} 109U pesodxe suawloaeds Uo aDaid $1Dq UBPOOM JO sUO!}DJ14y9UEd J940q sNOJeUuNU (Dd) :BulMoys sUsWIdeds 4s} a1;qQD9 |DD14499)4 0Z-4 e1nB14 38 Figure B-21. Redwood attacked by Xylophaga washingtona. Some are 1/16 inch in diameter and had penetrated over 3/16 inch. Beenie ercncenasnpce gee ER Figure B-22. Marine borers in ash wood panel, along the edge in large numbers. 39 Figure B-23. Borers in pine wood bait piece for plastic rods and tubes. Some were 1/8 inch in diameter and had penetrated over 5/16 inch. Figure B-24. Borers in pine wood bait piece. They are concentrated in an area where the rope specimens were resting against the wood. 40 Figure B-25. Photomicrograph showing borers deep inside pine wood. (magnified) Figure B-26. Photomicrograph of borers, Xylophaga washingtona. These specimens were about 1/8 inch in diameter. (magnified) 4] 42 fter 6 months on the ocean floor. Imens a Figure B-27. Laminated plastic test spec SNDL Code 23A 39B 39D 39E 39F A2A A3 AS B3 E4 ES E16 F9 Fale F4l F42 Fél F73 P77 J46 No. of Activities ] ] 2 5 3 Total Copies 10 ] 2 5 3 2 DISTRIBUTION LIST Chief, Bureau of Yards and Docks (Code 42) Naval Force Commanders (Korea only) Construction Battalions Mobile Construction Battalions Amphibious Construction Battalions Construction Battalion Base Units Chief of Naval Research - Only Chief of Naval Operation (OP-07, OP-04) Bureaus Colleges Laboratory ONR (Washington, D. 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Director, North Atlantic Fishery Investigation, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass. Director, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Head, Department of Meterology and Oceanography, College of Engineering, New York University, New York Director, Marine Laboratories, University of Delaware, Newark, Del. Director, Oceanographic Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. Director, Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas, Port Aransas, Tex. University of California, Department of Biology, Berkeley, Calif. Director, Arctic Research Laboratory, P. O. Box 1070, Fairbanks, Alas. Mr. L. R. Snoke, Bell Telephone Labs, Inc., Murray Hill, N. J. Library, Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. Library, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. Director, The Wm. F. Clapp Laboratories, Duxbury, Mass. Mr. Carrol M. Wakeman, Port of Los Angeles, P.O. Box 786, Wilmington, Calif. 50 DISTRIBUTION LIST (Contd) No. of Total Activities Copies ] 1 Director, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. ] ] Dr. C. J. Wessel, Prevention of Deterioration Center, Washington, D.C. ] ] Dr. W. M. Bejuki, Prevention of Deterioration Center, Washington, D.C. ] ] Dr. T. W. Johnson, Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, N.C. ] ] Dr. R. Rabson, Division of Biology and Medicine, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C. ] ] Dr. R. D. Reid, Office of Naval Research, Navy Department, Washington, D.C. ] ] Dr. John B. Loefer, Coordinator for Biological Sciences, Office of Naval Research Branch Office, 1030 East Green Street, Pasadena, Calif. ] ] Dr. S. R. Galler, Head, Biology Branch, Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C. ] ] Mr. J. R. Moses, Material Testing Laboratory, Code C400, District Public Works Office, 14th Naval District, Navy No. 128, FPO, San Francisco, Calif. ] ] Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Technical Library, Code 245.1D, Bremerton, Wash. ] ] Dr. John De Palma, Code 3522, U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington, DEG 1 ] Dr. E. G. Locke, Director, U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wis. ] ] Mr. Nelson E. Alexander, U. S. Army Biological Laboratories, Technical Engineering Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md. 1 ] Director, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biology Laboratory, 734 Jackson Place, N.W., Washington, D.C. ] ] Library, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 1 1 Dr. Ruth D. Turner, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 1 ] Director, Plastics Technical Evaluation Center, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J. 1 ] National Academy of Science, National Research Council Committee on Oceanography, Washington, D.C. ] ] Director, Woods Hole Oceanographic Office, Woods Hole, Mass. ] ] Library, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 1 ] Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 51 No. of Activities Total Copies DISTRIBUTION LIST (Contd) Dr. P. R. Burkholder, Director, Marine Biology Program, Lamont Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, N. Y. Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. Director, Department of Biology, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex. Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, USPHS, Cincinnati, Ohio Director, Biology Department, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, Calif. Library, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, Calif. Librarian, The Bendix Corporation, Undersea Warfare and Ocean Science Branch, 11600 Sherman Way, North Hollywood, Calif. Dr. D. Davenport, Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Calif. Dr. Ben Cagle, Office of Naval Research, 1030 East Green Street, Pasadena, Calif. Dr. Clinton Maag, Life Science Department, Point Mugu, Calif. Dr. R. F. Acker, Head, Microbiological Branch, Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C. Dr. Marston C. Sargent, Office of Naval Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. Mr. Eugene Fisher, U. S. Naval Applied Science Laboratory, U. S. Naval Base, Brooklyn, New York Mr. George T. Simms, Jr., Atlantic Division, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Norfolk, Va. Mr. Fredrick J. Danos, District Public Works Office, First Naval District, 495 Summer Street, Boston, Mass. Director, National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, D.C. Dr. |. E. Wallen, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DEG: Dr. J. H. Rehn, District Public Works Office, Third Naval District, 90 Church St. New York 52 No. of Activities Total Copies DISTRIBUTION LIST (Contd) Mr. Arlo Thomas, Southwest Division, Bureau of Yards and Docks, San Diego 32, Calif. Dr. Irvin Wolock, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. Dr. Albert Lightbody, Naval Ordinance Laboratory, White Oak, Md. Mr. M. H. Peterson, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C. Dr. B. F. Brown, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. Mr. Sidney Milligan, Naval Underwater Ordnance Station, Newport, R. |. Mr. F. S. Williams, Naval Air Engineering Center, Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. D. H. Kallas, Naval Applied Science Laboratory, Naval Base, Brooklyn, N.Y. Mr. Raymondo Chico, U. S. Army Limited War Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Mr. Harold Bernstein, Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department, Washington, DEG Dr. Richard C. Carlston, Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C. Mr. J. R. Saroyan, Mare Island Paint Laboratory, Vallejo, Calif. Mr. Thomas A. Johnston, Code RRMA-51, Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department, Washington, D.C. Dr. M. B. Allen, Laboratory of Comparative Biology, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Richmond, Calif. Dr. Roy Nakayama, New Mexico State University, University Park, N.M. Dr. Olga Hartman, Department of Biology, University of Southern Calif., University Park, Los Angeles, Calif. Dr. Thomas P. May, Harbor Island Corrosion Laboratory, Wrightsville Beach, N.C. Dr. C. Coates, Director, New York City Aquarium, Coney Island, New York Prof. George E. MacGinite, Rt. 1, Box 93A, Friday Harbor, Washington Drs. |. E. Davies and E. G. Barham, Research and Development, U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory, San Diego, Calif. Mr. E. W. Watkins, Code E200, Southwest Division, Bureau of Yards and Docks, San Diego, Calif. Dr. Jan Kohlmeyer, University of North Carolina, Institute of Fisheries Research, Morehead City, N. C. Dr. R. B. Manning, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. 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SIU] ZVO-LO-LO-LLOY-A ‘1 $|DIJajDW Jo UO!yDIOLJajapo1g — uDaD0 daeq *| ZvO-10-LO-LLOU-A ‘1 $]DIayDW JO UO|DIOayapo1g — uDEs20 daaq “| peyissoj>2uq 696| Bay “deg €6e-al pyxODINW *S sewoL Aq ‘1334 OVE’Z LY SHLNOW XIS “IH LYVd — SIVIYALVW SO NOILVYONYILAIGOIa NVIDO-d44d Aiojpioqn] Busiaeuibug jIA1D JOADN, *S * palyisspjoury S96L 59V snjji-d €¢ €6e-dl pyxoDINW “S sawoe Aq “13434 OVE’? LV SHLNOW XIS “I LYWd — SIVINSLVW SO NOILVYOINALIGOIa NVIDO-d334d Asoyoi0qo] Buraau!6uq |!A1D |PACN *S “A | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *| A415 48a] Wo1y palaAodai sjoliajowW | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | I l | | I | | Unclassified Security Classification DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R&D (Security classification of title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report is classified) 24 REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Unclassified 1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory Port Hueneme, California 93041 3. REPORT TITLE Deep-Ocean Biodeterioration of Materials — Part Il. Six Months at 2,340 Feet 4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive dates) Series (Part II) December 1964 - April 1965 5. AUTHOR(S) (Last name, first name, initial) Muraoka, James S. 6. REPORT DATE 7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES 7b. NO. OF REFS August 1965 5s 8 8a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) b prosectno. Y-RO11-01-01-042 TR-393 9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be assigned this report) 10. AVAILABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES Copies available at CFSTI $3.00. Release to the Clearinghouse is authorized. Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from DDC. 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY BUDOCKS 13. ABSTRACT This is Part Il of a series of reports on the biological deterioration of materials in the deep ocean. It covers the data obtained after exposing 2,385 specimens of 603 different materials for 6 months (197 days) on the Pacific Ocean floor at a depth of 2,340 feet (Test Site Il). The materials were attached to a Submersible Test Unit (STU). The STU was retrieved in December 1964 and returned to the Laboratory for test and analysis. There were marine fouling organisms attached to the plastic ropes, aluminum buoys, polyethylene-jacketed wire rope, nickel-plated shackles, and on some metal test specimens. Most of the plastic and all of the rope materials were covered with bacterial slime growth. Wood panels, plastics, and Manila rope were attacked by marine borers. Cotton and Manila rope specimens and jute-fiber burlap wrappings were severely deteriorated by bacterial action. Metal, glass, natural and butyl rubber, and some plastics with a smooth and extra hard surface were not affected. The biological effects on materials recovered from Test Site Il are briefly compared with materials recovered from Test Site |. OD) Sk (nes ceanaan Unclassified Security Classification Unclassified Security Classification KEY WORDS Oceanography Biology Deterioration (biological) Materials Deep ocean Environment Fouling organisms Marine borers Sea water Sediments INSTRUCTIONS 1, ORIGINATING ACTIVITY: Enter the name and address of the contractor, subcontractor, grantee, Department of De- fense activity or other organization (corporate author) issuing the report. 2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION: Enter the over- all security classification of the report. Indicate whether “Restricted Data’’ is included. Marking is to be in accord- ance with appropriate security regulations. 2b. GROUP: Automatic downgrading is specified in DoD Di- rective 5200.10 and Armed Forces Industrial Manual. Enter the group number. 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