Technical Report NOV 28 1966 VINE HO0pap,p.° ~YIADhin |. PINC | DEEP-OCEAN BIODETERIORATION OF MATERIALS — PART V. TWO YEARS AT 5,640 FEET November 1966 NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND U. S. NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY Port Hueneme, California Distribution of this document is unlimited. DEEP-OCEAN BIODETERIORATION OF MATERIALS — PART V. TWO YEARS AT 5,640 FEET Technical Report R-495 Z-FO15-01-99-006 by J. S. Muraoka ABSTRACT As Part V of a series of reports on the biological deterioration of materials in the deep ocean, this report covers the data obtained after exposing metallic and nonmetallic specimens for 24 months on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 5,640 feet. The test specimens were attached to a Submersible Test Unit that was placed on the sea floor on 2 October 1963 and was recovered on 22 October 1965. Preliminary visual examination of the recovered test specimens was made aboard ship, and the final examination, tests, and analyses of these materials were performed at the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Most plastic specimens and all rope specimens were covered with bacterial slime. The cotton and manila ropes were severely deteriorated by marine microorganisms. Wood panels and manila ropes were riddled by marine borers. The surface of all the plastic materials in direct contact with wood were deteriorated by these borers. Glass, rubber, and certain plastic materials were not adversely affected. The results of breaking-strength tests on ropes, hardness and moisture absorption tests on plastics, and insulation resistance and voltage breakdown tests on electrical insulating materials are presented in this report. Distribution of this document is unlimited. Copies available at the Clearinghouse (CFSTI) $3.00. The Laboratory invites comment on this report, particularly on the results obtained by those who have applied the information. CONTENTS page PRE TA GE ete oye tail vat tan Geeta RSMo eS. Calon oi Gy ane facumey ie! Vai-“at io SAS Veunses (eee Oea as iv HNTRO DUGTNO IN: ones, ima tae tse holt sete! Wate tage tidrey bsticeciay nee hepees 1 RESEARGH METHODS: 2) a recente wen iY cine: cowie ce ie He a, © sel trae ee ] @ceanegraphic and! Biologicalslntonmations esr tls) ne nen 1 ThestiMatentc ls: ose scary tert cma Fe ee ak a oe a 5 RESETS tee oo cuss culeaklaiomc ween Lp era ee en PE Seer ey oa He 8 Marine Growth on STU Anchorage Complex. .............-. 8 Recovery. ot SU! pegs be Nero he oe Rb tte fog Chios sey kcsg tin ol aomttec tian sues node 12 Marine: GrowthtonlestaMafermalser pares te “oes hme) Gries 13 Metall’ Panelsir tier cata be ett cue Mec acura oR caactace eae 13 WoodSPanels nt chit trance cet es, day hed Rn calc nnn: Sent ean A 25 Rope Specimenser ttn, ec picde cn taca saat, Fo epic oh ch on eaeecents Di BlaStiCLSpeClMNeNS. ce tak Meum he eee cps kate euetnes Ree ona 33 Wrappings AnouncmelasttCs srt. ussite. Cath he ould Cane aen Omir 34 OVS sinamImsulletiten on NoswlOWitas s.o.9 6 ahd bs 5 bros Bs 36 Electrical Cable Insulation for Single Conductors and MGIRICOMAUC LORS a em Bae hates Ie. 2s oes ete ceed e eaininreaeegis 38 Laminated *Plasticsene, Sec. 6 2 eo Gees epee ee eee 39 Giles 26 ies. Tee, maieteh vou ae oom Mist 0s) alan etass, eerie’ ca eu tou ave tetera: iaeiers 39 SUMMARY“ OESEINDIINGS 2 os tachi Go ecene clas eB ce el eoen Bt ee Sole 40 COINGEUSIOINS yrs. 2, te the RE whkie dein oe Sule win sictiaebceds Cotas Keaweeue 4] FUTURES BIEN INS: Saku ae Rar ek OR cama i el ere am 4] ACKINOWEEDGIMENTS i aise Sere hoe Seas bt CAS shen Ge wale lecencteroms *G e4nBi4 UO sejDDUIDG yDeUESCOy “py ainBi4 When the aluminum buoy which had been exposed about 300 feet below the surface was examined, only a trace of hydroid growth was found (Figure 6). A moderate amount of hydroid growth was found on the polypropylene riser line at various intervals from the surface to 1,500 feet below the surface. Some of the individual hydroid growths were up to 5 inches long. The riser line was used to connect the aluminum buoys to the concrete sinker at the sea floor. Below 1,500 feet, the amount of hydroid growth began to diminish. Considerable hydroid growth was noted ona metal thimble, exposed about 800 feet below the surface (Figure 7). There was very light hydroid growth on the bottom section of an aluminum pinger casing which was exposed about 600 feet below the surface (Figure 8). Attached to one side of the concrete sinker, which was resting on the sea floor 5,600 feet beneath the surface of the sea, was a 6-inch-long round worm. It had laid numerous pink eggs on the surface of the concrete (Figure 9). Reference 5 gives a detailed account of the design, placement, and retrieval of the STU's located at the deep ocean test sites. Be iio Figure 6. Aluminum buoy which was exposed at about 300 feet below the surface. 10 Ors , Leb eye WET LEO Z . f = Figure 7. Hydroid growth on thimble and polypropylene rope. aluminum pinger casing. 11 Figure 9. Round worm found attached to the concrete sinker. Recovery of STU When the STU was recovered from the sea by means of grapple and placed aboard the deck of the ship, a tangled mass of black polyethylene-covered wire cable and polypropylene rope materials was found covering one section of the STU (Figure 10). Only a very light growth of hydroids was found attached to these materials. On the upper section of the STU, a large rock estimated to weigh 500 pounds (Figure 11) was found trapped in the STU frame, resting on top of a metal test specimen rack. There was a thick deposit of manganese dioxide coating over the rock (Figure 12), and the coating was covered with a growth of very small calcareous tube worms. The rock is now in the Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. A smaller rock specimen was also found wedged in between the STU frame. It was riddled by rock-boring molluscs, but neither live borers nor their shells were found in these borer holes. However, attached to the rock were live annulate worms in tubes made of mud and debris; several colonies of pink encrusting bryozoa; a solitary coral (Reference 6 mentions deep sea coral forms); glass sponges; limpets; 12 hundreds of brownish circular egg cases of some unknown animal; and several sea fans or gorgonians (Figure 13). When the gorgonians were first recovered, they were a brilliant orange. After several days, the fanlike growth, which resembles a coral growth, gradually turned white. Apparently when the grapple lowered to the bottom of the sea from the stern of the ship caught the polyethylene-covered steel rope stretched across the sea floor and connected to the top of the STU, the ship was unable to stop immediately, and consequently the STU was tipped over on its side and dragged across the ocean floor for some unknown distance. During this time, the rock samples were acciden- tally caught in the STU frame. The metal test panels and the test specimens in the biological racks were carefully examined, and any organisms attached to these specimens were photographed. The animals were then carefully lifted from the test specimens and preserved in a 5% glycerol-alcohol solution for further examination and analysis in the laboratory. The bio-racks attached to the side of the STU were disassembled. The individual test specimens were placed in plastic bags for later examination, tests, and evalua- tion in the laboratory. The treatment of the test materials aboard the ship was as follows: The wood test panels riddled with marine borers were soaked in an alcohol solution to prevent decay and were placed in plastic bags. The wood panels for fungi determination were placed directly into sterile plastic bags, sealed, and stored in the ship's refrig- erator. The rope specimens for the study of marine microorganisms responsible for the decay of cotton and jute fibers were also placed in sterile plastic bags, sealed, and then stored ina refrigerator. The 3-foot-long plastic rods and tubes and other plastic materials were also placed in plastic bags and sealed. This was done to prevent the loss of moisture present in the plastics so that moisture absorption and hardness tests could be conducted at NCEL. Marine Growth on Test Materials The test materials are listed in Table 4, and the results of their exposure are summarized. Metal Panels. In general there was very little fouling growth on the metal test panels. Species of hydroids (Figure 14) and possibly a Tubularia sp. (Figure 15) were the major attachment organisms. Moderate growths of hydroids were also found on the ends of several nuts and bolts (Figure 16). However, in addition to these growths, a single sea anemone about 1/4 inch in diameter was found securely attached to the surface of a stainless steel panel. Close-up views of the hydroids and Tubularia are shown in Figures 17 and 18, respectively. Typical fouling organisms found on panels placed in shallow water, such as barnacles, tunicates, and bryozoa, were not found attached to any of the panels exposed on the sea floor at a depth of 5,640 feet. 13 Es oe Figure 10. STU I-2 immediately after recovery. The bio-racks are being removed from the STU. 14 Figure 11. The 500-pound rock recovered with STU |-2. PUUUTIE RNG WW A SO RL Figure 12. Thick manganese incrustation over the 500-pound rock. 15 Figure 14. Hydroid growth over stainless steel disk test specimens. 16 17 Figure 15. Hydroid and Tubularia growth on metal test panels. Figure 16. Hydroid growth over a nut and bolt. 18 Figure 18. Close-up view of Tubularia. 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As shown in Figures 19 and 20, the wood bait pieces which were fitted around the plastic rods and tubes, as well as the plywood panels, were riddled by the borers. These have been identified as Xylophaga washingtona Bartsch and Xylophaga duplicata Knudsen. The majority of the borers measured about 1/2 inch in diameter (Figure 21). Some of the damaged wood specimens could easily be broken apart by hand. A complete description of the above-mentioned borers is presented i in References 7 and 8. Generally, the wood specimens which were exposed near the sediment were damaged considerably more severely than those specimens which were exposed about 3 feet above the sediment. This indicates that the deep sea borers are very active in large numbers immediately above the sediment layer and that their numbers tend to decrease in seawater as the distance from the sediment layer increases. A similar phenomenon has been reported in Reference 9. It is possible that these borers may not be present in seawater about 25 feet above the deep sea floor. It is suggested that deep sea currents play an important role in the distribution and settlement of larvae on wood. 26 Figure 21. Close-up view of Xylophaga sp. 2, If the wood panels had been treated with wood preservatives, which are toxic to shallow-water borers, it may be assumed that the panels would be free of deep sea borer attack. However, future tests are needed to verify such an assumption. Marine bacteria and fungi were also responsible for the deterioration of the wood. The surfaces of the test panels were softened by the action of bacteria and fungi. Microscopic examination of the sections through the wood revealed two types of deterioration of wood cells. First, irregular tiny cracks and channels in the cell walls were caused by bacteria. This type of deterioration was the one most commonly found on the surface of the wood. Second, wide channels in the secondary cell walls of the wood were caused by marine fungi. This type of deterioration is known as "soft rot" and was less commonly found on the surface of the wood. Brownish fungi hyphae (without the fruiting bodies) were detected in the wood. An unsuccessful attempt was made in the laboratory to induce fructification by the fungi for classification purposes. Rope Specimens. A heavy growth of slime bacteria was present over the entire surfaces of cotton and manila ropes, and a light growth of slime was present over the surfaces of nylon and polypropylene ropes. The fibers of cotton ropes were decayed severely by bacterial action (Figure 22) and as a result, the fibers were easily pulled apart by one's fingers. Only a few borers were found on the surface of the cotton rope and none of these had bored into the rope. On the other hand, the 1/2-inch-diameter manila rope specimens were severely damaged by both microorganisms and borers. The 4-foot-long specimen exposed near the sediment layer was completely destroyed, and only a few short sections of the rope where a plastic cable clamp was located were recovered (Figure 23). However, the rope specimen exposed about 3 feet above the sediment layer was not as severely damaged and was recovered virtually intact. Although the slime bacteria were responsible for some decay of the jute fibers, the borers were responsible for severing the fibers of the rope. Numerous borers measuring about 3/16 inch in diameter were found deep inside the recovered rope specimen (Figure 24), Two microorganisms isolated from cotton and manila rope specimens which were exposed at 5,640 feet (STU I-3) have been identified as Torulopsis versatilis and Psuedomonas sp. The descriptive and biochemical data of these two microorga- nisms are presented in Tables 5 and 6. Examination of the nylon and polypropylene ropes under a microscope showed that their fibers were neither severed nor damaged by marine microorganisms or borers. On the contrary, the fibers were in excellent condition (Figure 25). Table 7 compares the breaking strength of rope specimens before and after the deep sea exposure. There was some loss in strength in the nylon and polypropylene ropes. 28 STU I-2 Figure 23. Short sections of a 4-foot-long manila rope specimen were recovered after being exposed in the sediment. Bottom specimen was exposed 3 feet above the sediment. 29 Figure 24, Manila Figure 25. Polypropylene and nylon rope specimens. 30 Table 5. Taxonomic Data of Torulopsis versatilis Morphology: Gram stain Shape and size of cells Vegetative reproduction Spore formation (shape) Cultural Characteristics: Pigmentation Pellicle in broth Biochemical Characteristics: Carbohydrate fermentation Glucose Galactose Saccharose Maltose Lactose Carbohydrate assimilation Glucose Galactose Saccharose Maltose Lactose Nitrate assimilation Ethanol utilization Arbutin hydrolysis Litmus milk reaction Starch production 3] Gram positive yeast Spherical cells, no capsule Multiple budding; no mycelium or pseudomycelium No demonstrable spores None Positive Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid (very slight) Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive (very weak) Positive Positive (slow) Positive No change Negative Table 6. Taxonomic Data of Pseudomonas sp. Gram stain Size of cell and spore Diameter of vegetative rods > or < 0.9 yu Motility Gram negative rods, encapsulated Motile with single polar flagellum Mannitol ¢ ammonium salts Negative Acety|lmethylcarbinol (VP) Negative Methy| red Negative Growth on glucose agar, pigmentation Good growth at 25°C, cream Growth at 25° and 37°C Growth only at 25°C Growth in 7% NaCl broth Slight growth Starch hydrolyzed Negative Nitrites produced from nitrates Negative Growth in thioglycollate broth Turbid Indole production Negative Gelatin liquefaction Negative Citrate utilization Negative Urease Positive Pellicle in broth No pellicle Hemolysis on blood agar ¢ sheep RBC Bile solubility Coagulase in plasma HS in KI or TSI slants No change Litmus milk No change Carbohydrates: Lactose Negative Sucrose Negative Glucose Positive Mannitol Negative Rhamnose Negative Arabinose Negative Xylose Negative Galactose Negative SZ nw a Cc 7 & Figure 26. Plastic rods, tubes, and pipe and rubber vacuum hose with wrappings. Table 7. Breaking Strength of Rope Specimens Before and After Deep Sea Exposure ; uy, Broa Breaking Strength (Ib) (in.) Before Exposure After Exposure Cotton Deteriorated by marine organisms Manila Deteriorated by marine organisms Nylon 1,480 Polypropylene 750 J/ Average of two specimens for each test. 33 Plastic Specimens. The 3-foot-long solid plastic rods and vinyl tubes recovered after 24 months on the sea floor in 5,640 feet of water are shown in Figure 26. There were numerous borer holes present underneath the area where large wood bait pieces were fitted over the plastic specimens (Figure 27). The holes ranged from shallow to deep. The lower section, exposed about 0.5 foot above the sediment layer, had more numerous borer holes than on the upper sections, which were exposed about 3 feet above the sediment. In other words, the borers were more active and more numerous near the sediment than 3 feet above the sediment layer. The borers did not penetrate directly into those areas of the plastic not in direct contact with the wood. The borers were unable to do so, probably because the plastics were either too hard or too smooth for the borers to obtain a firm foothold on the surface. The number and size of the borer holes found on the surface of the plastic specimens are presented in Table 4. Figure 27. Plastic materials damaged by borers. 34 The vinyl tubes were also damaged by the borers where they were in direct contact with wood (Figure 28). A vinyl tube (NCEL No. 66) intended for low- temperature use had a very heavy bacterial slime growth over the entire tube and over the plastic, rubber, and burlap wrappings. When recovered, the tube was quite rigid and had decreased in diameter by about 1/16 inch, perhaps because the plasticizer or some other chemicals used in the tube's formulation may have been lost as a result of bacterial slime activity or other effects of the deep sea environment. The other three vinyl tubes listed in Table 4 had a light slime growth over the surface; the diameter of these tubes remained unchanged except where marine borers had penetrated the surface of the plastic under the area of the wood bait pieces. There were light to moderate amounts of hydroid growth and Tubularia growth on the plastic rods and tubes. The heaviest hydroid growth was found over the roughened surface of a nylon rod (Figure 29). No other types of attachment organisms were found on these plastic specimens. Moisture absorption and hardness tests were conducted on the plastic rod and tube specimens. From each of the 3-foot-long plastic specimens, which were stored in a plastic bag aboard the ship, a section about 3 inches long was cut from one end. After each piece was weighed and the hardness tested, the specimens were then dried for 2 months in a room in which the relative humidity was kept at 20% and the temperature was kept at 23°C. When the weight remained constant after this drying period, the specimens were then reweighed and the hardness was tested again. From these tests, it was found that Teflon absorbed the least amount of moisture and cellulose acetate absorbed the most amount of moisture during exposure in the deep sea environment. The information about the moisture absorbed by the plastics and their hardness when wet and when dry is presented in Table 8. The 1/16x3x3-inch cellulose acetate plastic films which were used as spacers between the wood bait pieces and the aluminum bio-rack frame were riddled by borers (Figure 30). These plastic films were in direct contact with the wood so that the borers had attacked the wood first and then continued into the plastic material. Wrappings Around Plastics. The burlap wrappings around the plastic rods, tubes, and pipe and around a rubber vacuum hose were severely deteriorated by bacterial action (Figure 31), and the material could easily be torn apart by hand. A nylon fishing line, which was used to secure the burlap wrappings to the plastic, was not damaged. ~ Severe surface cracking was found over the entire rubber electrical tape wrappings (Figure 32). In some areas for some specimens the wrapping had failed completely, and the underlying plastic was exposed. The damage to the rubber tape was probably caused by the effects of the deep sea environment; however, microorganisms may have been responsible for the deterioration to some extent. 35 SiUaiee Figure 29. Hydroid growth over a roughened section of a nylon rod. 36 Table 8. Hardness and Moisture Absorption Tests of Plastics Durometer Reading (model D) Moisture Absorption Control (dry) Exposed (wet) (%) Materials Delrin 80 80 0.29 Nylon 7\ 63 0.54 Phenolic laminate 89 75 1.82 Polycarbonate 80 80 0.33 Teflon 59 515) 0.002 Cellulose acetate 79 71 1297 Polyethylene 46 44 0.03 Extruded acrylic 89 80 0.23 Polystyrene 85 82 0.08 Cast acrylic 90 82 0.51 PVC pipe 82 74 0.30 Vinyl tube 48 39 0.37 Vinyl tube —2/ =2/ 0.59 Vinyl! tube —2 WASHINGTON» DeCe 20360 COMMANDER» NAVAL SHIP SYSTEMS COMMAND HEADQUARTERS» ATTN MRe EoAe BUKZIN» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20360 COMMANDING OFFICERs Ue Se NAVAL UNDERWATER ORDNANCE STATIONs ATTN MRe Se MILLIGANs NEWPORTs Re Ie 02844 COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTOR» Ue Se NAVAL APPLIED SCIENCE LABORATORY» ATTN MRe De He KALLASs Ue Se NAVAL BASEs BROOKLYNs Ne Ye 11251 COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTORs Ue Se NAVY ELECTRONICS LABORATORY» ATTN MRe Re Ke LOGANs SAN DIEGOs CALIFe 92152 COMMANDER» Ue Se NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY (WHITE OAK)» ATTN MRe 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UNIT» RENNSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE» TROYs NEW YORK 12181 OFFICER IN CHARGEs UeSe NAVAL SUPPLY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITY» NAVAL SUPPLY CENTER» ATTNe LIBRARY» BAYONNEs NEW JERSEY 07002 COMMANDERs AMPHIBIOUS FORCE» UeSe ATLANTIC FLEET» UeSe NAVAL BASEs NORFOLK 9 VIRGINIA 23511 OFFICER IN CHARGEs UeSe NAVAL SUPPLY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITY» NAVAL SUPPLY CENTERs BAYONNEs NEW JERSEY 07002 COMMANDERs NORFOLK NAVAL SHIPYARDs ATTNe METALLURGICAL LABORATORY» CODE 32045 PORTSMOUTHs VIRGINIA 23709 CHIEF CHEMIST (CODE 3205)s NORFOLK NAVAL SHIPYARDs PORTSMOUTHs VAe 23709 HEAD OF LABORATORIES» CODE 3055 BOSTON NAVAL SHIPYARD» BOSTONs MASSe 02129 MRe Se SIROTTAs CODE 0322As NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMANDs WASHINGTON» DeCe 20390 MRe EeMe MACCUTCHEONs ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION» COAST GEODETIC SURVEYs UeSe DEPTe OF COMMERCE» WASHINGTON SCIENCE CENTER» ROCKVILLE» MARYLAND 20852 MRe JOHN Re SAROYANs CODE 303P5 SAN FRANCISCO BAY NAVAL SHIPYARD» VALLEJO» CALIFe 94592 MRe JeRe MOSESs CODE 465 MATERIALS DIVISIONs NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND CONTRACTSs MID PACIFIC, FPO SAN FRANCISCOs CALIFe 96610 CAPTe LeNe SAUNDERS» CEC» USNs COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTOR»s UeSe NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY» PORT HUENEMEs CALIFORNIA 93041 CDRe JeDe ANDREWSs CECs USN» EXECUTIVE OFFICERs UeSe NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY» PORT HUENEMEs CALIFORNIA 93041 CDRe ReCe YVANCEs CECs USNs UeSe NAVY PUBLIC WORKS CENTERs FPO NEW YORK 09593 COMMANDER» MINE FORCEs UeSe PACIFIC FLEETs UeSe NAVAL STATIONs LONG BEACHs CALIFe 90802 DRe AeMe KAPLAN» UeSe ARMY NATICK LABORATORIES» NATICK» MASSe 01760 DRSe Ce LAMANNA AND EeMe SPORNs ARMY RESEARCH OFFICEs OFFICE CHIEFs RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTs WASHINGTONs DeCe 20310 COMMANDING OFFICER AND DIRECTORs UeSe NAVY ELECTRONICS LABORATORY» SAN DIEGO» GNEMES SaitSy72 COMMANDERs NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMANDs NAVY DEPTes WASHINGTONs DeCe 20360 ATTNe RESEARCH DIVISION COMMANDERs SAN FRANCISCO BAY NAVAL SHIPYARDs MARE ISLAND DIVISIONs VALLEJOs CALIFe 94592 ATTNe RUBBER LABORATORY MRe FRED KNOOPs, CODE 03215 NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND, WASHINGTON sy DeCe 20390 MRe PATRICK CAVEs CODE 0321Cs NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND» WASHINGTON» DeCe 20390 MRe JeJe SCHULEs JRe» DIRECTORs MARINE SCIENCES DEPTe» UeSe NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICEs WASHINGTONs DeCew 20390 ARCTIC AEROMEDICAL LABORATORY» USAFs APO SEATTLE» 98731 COMMANDING OFFICERs BIOLOGICAL WARFARE LABORATORIES» FOR DETRICKs FREDERICKs MDe 21701 DRe AeLe ALEXANDER» CODE 6120s NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORYs WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 MRe TeRe PRICEs NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY s WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY» BOX Bs RODMANs CANAL ZONE 09585 TECHNICAL DIRECTOR» UeSe NAVAL RADIOLOGICAL LABORATORYs SAN FRANCISCOs CALIFe 94135 UeSe NAVAL APPLIED SCIENCE LABORATORY» TECHNICAL LIBRARYs BLDGe ls CODE 222, BROOKLYNs NEW YORK 11251 DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HEADQUARTERS» UeSe MARINE CORPS» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20380 CHIEF OF ORDNANCE>s UeSe ARMYs ATTNe RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY » WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 COMMANDING OFFICERs SIGNAL CORPS ENGINEERING LABSs FORT MONMOUTHs NEW JERSEY 07703 COMMANDANT s UeSe ARMED FORCES STAFF COLLEGE, UeSe NAVAL BASE» NORFOLK» VIRGINIA 23511 COMMANDER» AMPHIBIOUS FORCE» UeSe PACIFIC FLEETs SAN DIEGOs CALIFe 92155 NAVY LIAISON OFFICERs DETROIT ARSENAL» CENTERLINEs MICHIGAN 48105 OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs BRANCH OFFICEs BOX 395 FPOs NEW YORK 09510 COMMANDING OFFICERs NAVAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY» ATTNe TECHNICAL DIRECTOR, SAN DIEGOs CALIFe 92152 COMMANDING OFFICER» UseSe NAVAL UNIT» UeSe ARMY CHEMICAL CORPS SCHOOL» FORT MCCLELLANs ALAsw 36205 COMMANDING OFFICER» FIELD RESEARCH LABORATORYs BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY» CAMP LEJEUNEs NORTH CAROLINA 28542 CDRe JeCe LEDOUXs CODE 0425 NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND» WASHINGTON» DeCe 20390 DIRECTOR» SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL DIVISIONs ASW PROJECT GROUP» OFFICE OF NAVAL MATERIAL» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20360 CDRe SePe KROLCZYKs CODE OP-09B51s UeSe NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE>s WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 COMMANDERs ASW FORCESs ATLANTIC FLEET» NORFOLKs VIRGINIA 23511 DRe SePe MEYERSs THE MARINE LABORATORY» UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI» MIAMI5 FLAe 33146 DRe HELEN HAYESs BIOLOGY BRANCHs OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH» WASHINGTON» DeCeo 20360 DRe He Je TURNER» WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION» WOODS HOLE» MASSe 02543 DRe CeEe ZOBELL» DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYs SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY » LA JOLLA» CALIFe 92037 DRe ReYe MORITAs DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY s OREGON STATE COLLEGEs CORVALIS» OREGON 97331 DRe DeJe REISH» BIOLOGY DEPARTMENTs LONG BEACH STATE COLLEGEs LONG BEACHs CALIFe 90804 DRe Je MC Ne SEIBURTHs DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY» UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND» KINGSTON» RHODE ISLAND C2881 DRe DIXY LEE RAYs DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY» UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON» SEATTLE> WASHINGTON 98122 DRe DORA Pe HENRY» DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY» UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTONs SEATTLE» WASHINGTON 98122 DRe FeAe CHASEs JRes DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY» SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONs UeSe NATIONAL MUSEUMs WASHINGTONs DeCe 20560 DRe JeWe HEDGETHs DIRECTORs PACIFIC MARINE STATION OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES» UNIVERSITY OF THE PACIFIC, DILLON BEACHs CALIFe 94929 DRe ReDe GRAHAMs OREGON FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY» CORVALIS» OREe 97331 DRe DOUGLAS MARSLANDs DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY» NEW YORK UNIVERSITYs NEW YORK 10003 DRe MARIAN He PETTIBONEs SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION» MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 9 DIVISION OF MARINE INVERTEBRATE» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20560 DRe CeEe LANEs THE MARINE LABORATORY» UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI» CORAL GABLES» FLORIDA 33146 DRe DeJe ZINN» DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY s NARRAGANSETT MARINE LABORATORY 9 UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND» KINGSTON» RHODE ISLAND 02881 DRe ReHe BAECHLERs UeSe FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY» UeSe DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE» MADISON» WISCONSIN 54301 DRe JOHN Be MORRELL» OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTEs FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY» TALLAHASSEE» FLORIDA 32306 MRe ALLYN Ce VINE» GEOPHYSICS DEPARTMENT» WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION» WOODS HOLE» MASSe 02543 DRe CeHe OPPENHEIMER>s THE MARINE LABORATORY: UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI» MIAMI» FLORIDA 33146 DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN ENGINEERINGs FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY» BOCA RATON> FLORIDA 33432 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY» DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYs BALTIMOREs MD. 21218 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, 77 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUEs CAMBRIDGE» MASSe 02138 DIRECTOR» NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERY INVESTIGATION, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES» WOODS HOLEs MASSe 02543 DIRECTOR» MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORYs WOODS HOLE» MASSe 02543 HEAD,» DEPARTMENT OF METEROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHYs COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGs NEW YORK UNIVERSITYs NEW YORK 10903 ‘ DIRECTOR» MARINE LABORATORIES» UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE» NEWARK, DELe 19711 DIRECTOR» OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE» FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY: TALLAHASSEE» FLORIDA 32306 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, BERKELEY, CALIFe 94/720 DIRECTOR» ARCTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY» PeOe BOX 1070» FAIRBANKS» ALASKA 99701 MRe LeRe SNOKEs BELL TELEPHONE LABSs INCes MURRAY HILL» NEW JERSEY 07971 LIBRARYs BIOLOGY DEPARTMENTs STANFORD UNIVERSITY» STANFORDs CALIFe 94305 LIBRARY» CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYs PASADENA» CALIFe 91109 MRe CARROL Me WAKEMAN, PORT OF LOS ANGELES» PeOe BOX 7865 WILMINGTON» CALIFe 90746 DIRECTOR» NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCILs 2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUEs WASHINGTON» DeCe 20037 DRe WeMs BEJUKIs ASSISTANT DIRECTOR» EDITORIAL AFFAIRS» BIOSCIENCE INFORMATION SERVICE, 3815 WALNUT STe»s PHILADELPHIAs PAe 19104 DRe TeWs JOHNSON, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY» DUKE UNIVERSITY» DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA 27706 DRe TeCe SCHEFFER» UeSe FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY» UeSe DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREs MADISON» WISCONSIN 53705 DRe Re ROBSONs DIVISION OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE» UeSe ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20545 DRe ReDe REIDs OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs NAVY DEPARTMENT» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20360 DRe SeRe GALLERs SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20560 PUGET SOUND NAVAL SHIPYARD» TECHNICAL LIBRARY» CODE 24521Ds BREMERTON» WASH. 98314 DRe JOHN DE PALMA, CODE 35225 UeSe NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICEs WASHINGTON» DeCe 20390 DRe EeGe LOCKEs DIRECTORs UeSe FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORYs UeSe DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREs MADISONs WISCONSIN 53705 DRSe WePe IVERSON AND HeMe HODGEs UeSe ARMY BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES» FORT DETRICKs FREDERICKs MARYLAND 21701 DIRECTORs BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES» UeSe FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICEs BIOLOGY LABORATORY» 734 JACKSON PLACEs NeWes WASHINGTONs DeCe 20006 DRe RUTH De TURNER» MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY» HARVARD UNIVERSITY» CAMBRIDGEs MASSe 02138 DIRECTORs PLASTICS TECHNICAL EVALUATION CENTER» PICATINNY ARSENAL» DOVER» NEW JERSEY 07801 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE» NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMITTEE ON OCEANOGRAPHY s WASHINGTONs DeCe 20418 LIBRARY» SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY» LA JOLLA» CALIFe 92037 DRe PeRe BURKHOLDERs DIRECTOR» MARINE BIOLOGY PROGRAMs LAMONT GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY» COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY» PALISADES» NEW YORK 10964 : BINGHAM OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY» YALE UNIVERSITY» NEW HAVENs CONNe 06520 HANCOCK FOUNDATIONs UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA» LOS ANGELES» CALIFe 90007 DIRECTOR» DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS» COLLEGE STATIONs TEXAS 77843 MARINE LABORATORYs UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI» CORAL GABLES» FLAe 33146 TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER» USPHS» CINCINNATIs OHIO 45236 DIRECTORs BIOLOGY DEPARTMENTs UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIAs 405 HILGARD AVENUE» LOS ANGELES» CALIFe 90024 LIBRARIANs THE BENDIX CORPORATIONs UNDERSEA WARFARE AND OCEAN SCIENCE BRANCHs 11600 SHERMAN WAYs NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CALIFe 91605 DRe De DAVENPORT» DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYs UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA» SANTA BARBARAs CALIFe 92706 DRe BEN CAGLEs OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs 1030 EAST GREEN STREETs PASADENA» CALIFe 91101 DRe ReFe ACKERs HEAD» MICROBIOLOGICAL BRANCH» OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 DRe MARSTON Ce SARGENT» OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT SAN DIEGOs LA JOLLA» CALIFe 92037 MRe GEORGE Te SIMMS» JRes ATLANTIC DIVISIONs NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMANDs NORFOLKs VIRGINIA 23511 DIRECTOR» NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 DRe IeEe WALLENs MUSEUM OF NATIONAL HISTORY» SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONS WASHINGTONs DeCe 20560 DRe JeHe REHNs EASTERN DIVISIONs NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMANDs 90 CHURCH STREETs NEW YORKs NEW YORK 10007 MRe ARLO THOMAS» SOUTHWEST DIVISIONs NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND, SAN DIEGOs CALIFORNIA 92132 DRe IRVIN WOLOCKs NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY: WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 DRe ALBERT LIGHTBODYs NAVAL ORDINANCE LABORATORYs SILVER SPRINGs MDe 20910 MRe MeHe PETERSONs NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 DRe BeFe BROWNs UeSe NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY» WASHINGTONs DeCeo 20390 MRe SIDNEY MILLIGANs NAVAL UNDERWATER ORDNANCE STATIONs NEWPORTs Rele 02844 MRe FeSe WILLIAMSs NAVAL AIR ENGINEERING CENTERs PHILADELPHIAs PAe 19112 MRe RAYMONDO CHICO, UeSe ARMY LIMITED WAR LABORATORYs ABERDEEN PROVING GROUNDs MDe 21005 MRe HAROLD BERNSTEINs NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMANDs NAVY DEPARTMENTs WASHINGTON s DeCe 20360 DRe RICHARD Ce CARLSTONs OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs WASHINGTONs DeCe 20360 DRe MeBe ALLENs LABORATORY OF COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY, KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTEs RICHMONDs CALIFe 94804 DRe ROY NAKAYAMA, NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY» UNIVERSITY PARKs NeMe 88070 DRe OLGA HARTMANs DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYs UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFes UNIVERSITY PARKs LOS ANGELES» CALIFe 90007 DRe THOMAS Pe MAYs HARBOR ISLAND CORROSION LABORATORY» WRIGHTSVILLE BEACHs NORTH CAROLINA 28480 DRe Ce COATESs DIRECTORs NEW YORK CITY AQUARIUM, CONEY ISLANDs NEW YORK 11224 PROFe GEORGE Ee MACGINITEs RTe 1s BOX 93As FRIDAY HARBORs WASHINGTON 98250 DRSe IeExe DAVIES AND EeGe BARHAMs RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTs UeSe NAVY ELECTRONICS LABORATORYs SAN DIEGOs CALIF 92152 MRe EeWe WATKINSs CODE E2005 SOUTHWEST DIVISIONs NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMANDs SAN DIEGOs CALIFe 92132 LIBRARIANs ARTHUR De LITTLEs INCes ACORN PARKs CAMBRIDGEs MASSe 02138 DRe JAN KOHLMEYER»s UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINAs INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES RESEARCHs MOREHEAD CITYs NeCe 28557 DRe ReBe MANNING, DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION» WASHINGTON»s DeCe 20560 ENSIGN RONALD Ce TIPPER» USNs DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY» OREGON STATE UNIVERSITYs CORVALLISs OREGON 97331 MRe FeMe GAVANs ARMSTRONG CORK COes 2500 COLUMBIA AVEes LANCASTER» PAe 17603 MRe VeEw GRAYs NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS» CONNECTICUT AVEe AND VAN NESS STe» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20015 MRe ED BESTs INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSIONs FISHERIES HALL NOe 25 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTONs SEATTLE» WASHINGTON 98105 DRe RICHARD Ae GEYER» SCIENCE SERVICE DIVISIONs TEXAS INSTRUMENTS» INCes 6000 LEMMON AVEes DALLASs TEXAS 75209 LIBRARIANs AEROJET GENERAL CORPORATION, 1100 We HOLLYVALEs AZUSA» CALIFe 91702 LIBRARIANs LIFE SCIENCES DEPARTMENT» TORRANCE FACILITYs NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION» INCe» DOWNEYs CALIFe 90241 LIBRARIAN» GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORPe»s BETHPAGEs NEW YORK 11714 LIBRARIAN» UNITED AIRCRAFT RESEARCH LABORATORIES» EAST HARTFORD, CONNe 06101 LIBRARIAN» PACIFIC DIVISION, BENDIX CORPes 11600 SHERMAN WAYs NORTH HOLLYWOOD» CALIFe 91605 LIBRARIAN, ELECTRIC BOAT DIVISION» GENERAL DYNAMICS» 171 EASTERN POINT ROAD, GROTONs CONN. 06340 LIBRARIAN» ALEXANDRIA DIVISIONs AMERICAN MACHINE AND FOUNDRY COc«s 1025 Ne ROYAL STREETs ALEXANDRIA» VIRGINIA 22314 LIBRARIANs LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT SERVICE COes DIVISION OF LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPe»s ONTARIOs CALIFe 91761 DRe PAT WENNEKENSs OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHs BRANCH OFFICEs 1076 MISSION STes SAN FRANCISCOs CALIFe 94103 DRe RONALD Ae WEISS» NAVAL SUPPLY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITY,» NAVAL SUPPLY CENTER» BAYONNEs NEW JERSEY 07002 DRe RUSSEL Le ZIMMERs BIOLOGICAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT» UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAs UNIVERSITY PARK» LOS ANGELESs CALIFe 90007 MRe AL PORTERs (BLDGe 5200) UNITED TECHNOLOGY CENTER» PeOe BOX 3585 SUNNYVALE> CALIFORNIA 94088 MRe CePe COLOGERs UeSe NAVAL APPLIED SCIENCE LABORATORYs BROOKLYNs NEW YORK 11251 MRe Fe Ge WOODs JRe» NAVAL MISSILE CENTER» BOX 315 CODE N3325 POINT MUGU»s CALIFe 93041 DRe CADET HANDs DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGYs UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY» CALIFe 94720 DRe EUGENE Ce HADERLIE»s UeSe NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL» MONTEREYs CALIFe 93940 MESSRS» STEPHEN BULLOCK AND DAVID LESTER» UeSe NAVAL MINE DEFENSE LABORATORY » PANAMA CITY» FLORIDA 32402 MRe BeKe COUPER: CODE 1622Bs NAVAL SHIPS SYSTEM COMMANDs NAVY DEPARTMENT 9 WASHINGTONs DeCe 20360 MRe BILL POWER» UeSe NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATIONs CHINA LAKEs CALIFe 93557 DRe ROBERT Eo SMITH» BIOLOGY BRANCHs CODE 4465 OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH» WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 MRe Re WISTORTs NAVY STICs BUILDING 525 UeSe NAVAL OBSERVATORY» WASHINGTON » DeCe 20360 MRe HAL HESSs UeSe BUREAU OF MINES» MARINE MINERAL TECHNOLOGY CENTERs 3150 PARADISE DRIVEs TIBURONs CALIFe 94920 MRe HeWe STRAUBs UeSe DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEs WASHINGTON SCIENCE CENTER s ROCKVILLE» MARYLAND 20850 DRe JOHN De DAVISs DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, SMITH COLLEGE, NORTHAMPTON», MASSe 01060 MESSERSe ReEe GROSS AND WeEe GARNEs BOSTON INSULATED WIRE AND CABLE COes BAY STREET» BOSTONs MASSe 02107 DRSe GeHe HUNT AND JeTe BLAKEs SIMPLEX WIRE AND CABLE CO5cs 79 SIDNEY STREET» CAMBRIDGEs MASSe 02138 MRe ReAe CONNOLLYs BELL TELEPHONE LABSes INCes MURRY HILL» NeJe O7971 DRe JOHN Me LEONARD, CODE 6121s UeSe NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY s WASHes DeCe 20390 DRe LEONARD TIETELLs CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LABORATORY L8000-64-35 FRANKFORD ARSENAL» PHILADELPHIAs PENNe 19105 MRe VeJe BAGDONs MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORYs UeSe ARMY ENGINEERING R AND D LABORATORIESs FORT BELVOIR:s VIRGINIA 22060 DRe ANTHONY Re PICCIOLOs NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTERs WASHINGTONs DeCe 20390 MRe ReGe FULLER: DIVISION OF PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS» BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTEs 505 KING AVEes COLUMBUSs OHIO 43201 DRe JOHN We BLAKEs BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTEs DUXBURY» MASSe 02332 MRe BRYCE PRINDLEs SCIENCE DIVISIONs BABSON INSTITUTE» BABSON PARK» MASSe 02157 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[etsy YLT A MSBP tae PIERS eee mt Joy suawiioads 91))DJ@WUOU PUD 91||DJaW Bulsodxe 124jD Pau!DJqo DyOp B44 S1eAOD 410de1 S1Yy WEES CEETp SMF} UE CPO EH eI fHe) CIR eHte PERE] [FSH Ae] IEG] Op) (IO GPE FO SITES Tesh) Ns 02 / ‘upac0 daap aj Ul sjo1sa4DW yO UO!JOIOLJaJap {91K} 01g a4} UO syiodai JO salias D 40 A HO SY 900-66-10-SLO4S-Z “I $|DJ4ayOW JO UOIJDIOL1ayepolg — UDBD0-deeq *| 900-66-10-SLO4-Z ‘I $]Dl4ayDW yO UOIJOIO!IaJapolg — UD|ad0-daaq *| pelsyisspjoun 9961 ON sayy! od 6S S6v-al pxopinw *s “fF Aq ‘19394 0F9'S LY SYUVIA OML ‘A LVd — SIVIYALYW 4O NOILVYOIALIGOIG NVIDO-d33d Aiojpsoqn7 Buisaeui6uq [IAI |OADNY *S “*) pelyisspjour) 996L AON sajji do 6S Sép-dt pxopinw *S *f Aq ‘139394 OF9'S LY SYWIA OML ‘A LYVvd — SIVINALVW SO NOILVYOINSLIGOIs NV3D0-d33d A1oypi0qgo7 Burieeui Bug |!A!ID [DAON *S “A Unclassified Security Classification DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R&D (Security classification of title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report is classified) 1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) 2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory Unclassified Port Hueneme, California 93041 3. REPORT TITLE "Deep-Ocean Biodeterioration of Materials — Part V. Two Years at 5,640 Feet." 4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive dates) July 1963 - February 1966 5. AUTHOR(S) (Last name, first name, initial) Muraoka, J. S. November 1966 59 10 8a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) b. prosect No. Z-F015-01-99-006 TR-495 9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be assigned this report) 10. AVAIL ABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES Distribution of this document is unlimited. Copies available at the Clearinghouse (CFSTI) $3.00. 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY Naval Facilities Engineering Command 13- ABSTRACT As Part V of a series of reports on the biological deterioration of materials in the deep ocean, this report covers the data obtained after exposing metallic and nonmetallic specimens for 24 months on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 5,640 feet. The test specimens were attached to a Submersible Test Unit that was placed on the sea floor on 2 October 1963 and was recovered on 22 October 1965. Preliminary visual examination of the recovered test specimens was made aboard ship, and the final examination, tests, and analyses of these materials were performed at the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Most plastic specimens and all rope specimens were covered with bacterial slime. The cotton and manila ropes were severely deteriorated by marine microorganisms. Wood panels and manila ropes were riddled by marine borers. The surface of all the plastic materials in direct contact with wood were deteriorated by these borers. Glass, rubber, and certain plastic materials were not adversely affected. The results of breaking-strength tests on ropes, hardness and moisture absorption tests on plastics, and insulation resistance and voltage breakdown tests on electrical insulating materials are presented in this report. DD rusted 1473 0101-807-6800 Unclassified Security Classification Security Gieceiticatien KEY WORDS Oceanography Biology Deterioration Materials Deep ocean Fouling organisms Marine borers INSTRUCTIONS 1, ORIGINATING ACTIVITY: Enter the name and address of the contractor, subcontractor, grantee, Department of De- fense activity or other organization (corporate author) issuing the report. 2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION: Enter the over- all security classification of the report. Indicate whether “Restricted Data’’ is included. 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The name of the principal aythor is an ahsolute minimum requirement. 6. REPORT DATE: Enter the date of the report as day, month, year; or month, year. If more than one date appears on the report, use date of publication. 7a. TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: The total page count should follow normal pagination procedures, i.e., enter the number of pages containing information. 7b. NUMBER OF REFERENCES: Enter the total number of references cited in the report. 8a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER: If appropriate, enter the applicable number of the contract or grant under which the report was written. 8b, 8c, & 8d. PROJECT NUMBER: Enter the appropriate military department identification, such as project number, subproject number, system numbers, task number, etc. 9a. ORIGINATOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S): Enter the offi- cial report number by which the document will be identified and controlled by the originating activity. This number must be unique to this report. 9b. OTHER REPORT NUMBER(S): If the report has been assigned any other report numbers (either by the originator or by the sponsor), also enter this number(s). 10. AVAILABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES: Enter any lim- itations on further dissemination of the report, other than those imposed by security classification, using standard statements Such as: (1) ‘‘Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from DDC.’’ (2) ‘‘Foreign announcement and dissemination of this report by DDC is not authorized. ’”’ (3) ‘‘U. S. Government agencies may obtain copies of this report directly from DDC. Other qualified DDC users shall request through ” “U. S. military agencies may obtain copies of this report directly from DDC. Other qualified users shall request through (5) ‘All distribution of this report is controlled. Qual- ified DDC users shall request through ” . If the report has been furnished to the Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce, for sale to the public, indi- cate this fact and enter the price, if known 11, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES: Use for additional explana- tory notes. 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY: Enter the name of the departmental project office or laboratory sponsoring (pay- ing for) the research and development. Include address. 13. ABSTRACT: Enter an abstract giving a brief and factual summary of the document indicative of the report, even though it may also appear elsewhere in the body of the technical re- port. If additional space is required, a continuation sheet shall be attached. It is highly desirable that the abstract of classified reports be unclassified. Each paragraph of the abstract shall end with an indication of the military security classification of the in- formation in the paragraph, represented as (TS), (S), (C), or (U) There is no limitation on the length of the abstract. How- ever, the suggested length is from 150 to 225 words. 14. KEY WORDS: Key words are technically meaningful terms or short phrases that characterize a report and may be used as index entries for cataloging the report. Key words must be selected so that no security classification is required. Identi- fiers, such as equipment model designation, trade name, military project code name, geographic location, may be used as key words but will be followed by an indication of technical con- text. The assignment of links, rales, and weights is optional. Unclassified Security Classification