TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

Natural Science Research Laboratory

Occasional Papers

Museum of Texas Tech University

Number 268 3 July 2007

Description of a New Species of Murina from Vietnam
(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Murininae)

Gabor Csorba, VuDinh Thong, Paul J. J. Bates, and Neil M. Furey

Abstract

During an intensive field survey in 2006 and 2007 a series of three specimens of a white-
bellied and relatively large Murina species was collected in primary forest on limestone karst
in Kim Hy Nature Reserve, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam. A further specimen of the same spe¬
cies was caught in 1998 in semi-degraded evergreen forest in Pu Mat National Park, Nghe An
Province, Vietnam. The specimens, initially considered to be close to Murina leucogasier or
a ‘larger form’ of Murina huttoni (respectively), were subsequently re-examined and are here
described as a new species belonging to the “cyclotis- group”. The species is characterized by
its large size, insertion point of plagiopatagium, and dental features. Currently, it is known from
northern and central Vietnam.

Key words: Chiroptera, karst research, Murina sp. nov., taxonomy, tube-nosed bats,
Vietnam

[See Editor’s Note, page 10]

Introduction

Simmons (2005) included eight species of Murina
(tube-nosed bats, known exclusively from Asia) from
mainland southeastern Asia (Myanmar to Vietnam,
south to peninsular Malaysia). Subsequently, a new
taxon, Murina harrisoni, was described from Cambodia
(Csorba and Bates 2005) and new records for Thailand
were included in Bumrungsri et al. (2006).

The nine species belong to two species groups,
which are defined on the basis of dental features (Corbet
and Hill 1992; Koopman 1994). In mainland south¬
eastern Asia, the “si/z7/a-group” includes M. aurata

Milne-Edwards 1872, M. leucogaster Milne-Edwards
1872, M. suilla (Temminck 1840), and M. tubinaris
(Scully 1881). In this group, the first upper incisor
(I 2 ) is situated anterior to the second (I 3 ) and the crown
area of the first premolar (P 2 ) is half or less that of the
second (P 4 ). In the “cyclotis- group”, which includes
M. aenea Hill 1964, M. cyclotis Dobson 1872, M.
harrisoni Csorba and Bates 2005, M. huttoni (Peters
1872), and M. rozendaali Hill and Francis 1984,1 3 is
situated internally adjacent to I 2 , such that I 2 is scarcely
visible when viewed laterally and the crown area of P 2
is two-thirds or more that of P 4 .

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Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

A recent review by GC of the collections of tube¬
nosed bats from southeastern Asia revealed that there
is an additional tenth species of Murina , which is as
yet undescribed. It is represented by four specimens,
one of which Hendrichsen et al. (2001) had referred
previously to M. huttoni. In this paper, they noted
that it was ‘a larger form’ which shared ‘a number
of characters with M. huttonif and differed from ‘a
smaller form’ from central southern Vietnam, which

Materials

Comparative material. —The following com¬
parative material was used: Murina aenea\ PENIN¬
SULAR MALAYSIA: BM(NH) 64.770 (holotype),
75.2148, 1999.299; THAILAND: PSU-M 05.6,
05.7; Murina cyclotis : INDIA: BM(NH) 9.4.4.4
(holotype); MYANMAR: BM(NH) 50.484; THAI¬
LAND: 78.2383, 82.165; VIETNAM: HNHM
98.3.3., 2000.84.3.; Murina harrisoni: CAMBO¬
DIA: HZM 1.31316 (holotype); Murina huttoni
huttoni : INDIA: BM(NH) 79.11.21.685 (holotype),
14.7.10.32, 16.3.25.25, 20.6.24.3; Murina hut¬
toni rubella: CHINA: BM(NH) 8.8.11.6 (holotype),
8.7.25.11, 8.8.11.5, 96.12.1.1, 96.12.1.2, 97.9.3.2,
98.11.1.3; VIETNAM: HZM 2.32351, 3.32352;
THAILAND: BM(NH) 79.1418; PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA: BM(NH) 67.1606; Murinaputa\ TAI¬
WAN: HNHM 98.19.4., CSOTA15; NTU PB007,
PB022, PB093, KHC002, KHC005, KHC008,
KHC011-013, KHC020, KHC024-026, KHC028,
KHC030, KHC032; ESRI Tl, T2; Murinarozendaali:
MALAYSIA, SABAH: BM(NH) 83.36 (holotype),
84.2025, 1999.300; RMNH 32235; PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA: BM(NH) 1999.301.

The museum acronyms are as follows: BM(NH):
The Natural History Museum, London, Great Britain,
formerly British Museum (Natural History); ESRI:
Endemic Species Research Institute, Chichi, Taiwan
R.O.C.; HNHM: Hungarian Natural History Museum,
Budapest, Hungary; HZM: Harrison Institute, Sev-
enoaks, Great Britain, formerly Harrison Zoological
Museum; NTU: National Taiwan University, Taipei,
Taiwan R.O.C.; PSU: Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Thailand; RMNH: National Museum of
Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands, formerly
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie.

according to Hendrichsen et al. (2001) was ‘very simi¬
lar to specimens of M. huttonii from India’ and indeed,
represents that species. A careful re-examination of
this specimen indicates that it was incorrectly assigned
to M. huttoni and, together with three individuals
subsequently collected from northern Vietnam, in fact
represents a new species to science, belonging to the
Murina “cyclotis- group”. It is described below.

and Methods

Measurements .—The forearm (FA) measure¬
ments were either compiled from the literature
(therefore no sample size is provided in Table 1) or
taken by the authors from dry or alcohol preserved
museum specimens with 0.1 mm accuracy. Cra-
niodental measurements were taken to the nearest
0.01 mm by the authors with digital calipers under a
stereo-microscope. The definitions of measurements
follow a previous study by Csorba and Bates (2005):
STOTL: total length of skull - from the anterior rim of
alveolus of the first upper incisor to the most project¬
ing point of the occipital region; GTL: greatest length
of skull - greatest antero-posterior diameter of skull,
taken from the most projecting point at each extrem¬
ity; CBL: condylobasal length - from the exoccipital
condyle to the posterior rim of alveolus of the first
upper incisor; CCL: condylo-canine length - from
the exoccipal condyle to the anterior alveolus of the
canine; CCW: upper canine width - taken across
the outer borders of upper canines; M 3 M 3 W: upper
molar width - taken across the outer crowns of the
last upper molars; ZYW: zygomatic width - the great¬
est width of the skull across the zygomatic arches;
MAW: mastoid width - the greatest distance across
the mastoid region; IOW: interorbital width - the
least width of the interorbital constriction; CM 3 L:
maxillary toothrow length - from the front of upper
canine to the back of the crown of the third molar;
CP 4 L: upper canine-premolar length - from the front
of the upper canine to the back of the crown of the
posterior premolar; ML: length of mandible - from
the anterior rim of the alveolus of the first lower inci¬
sor to the most posterior part of the condyle; CM 3 L:
mandibular toothrow length - from the front of the
lower canine to the back of the crown of the third
lower molar; CP 4 L: lower canine-premolar length

C SORB A ET AL.-NeW SPECIES OF MURINA FROM VIETNAM

3

- from the front of the lower canine to the back of
the crown of the posterior premolar; CPH: height of
the coronoid process - taken perpendicularly from the

extremity of the coronoid process to the indentation
of the ramus mandibulae.

Systematic Description

Murina tiensa sp. nov.

Murina huttonii Hendrichsen et al. 2001

Holotype. —HZM.2.38178 (field number
NF.030307.3), adult female, in spirit, skull removed.
Collected by N. Furey on 3 March 2007.

Type locality. —An Tinh commune, Na Ri dis¬
trict of Kim Hy Nature Reserve, Bac Kan Province,
Vietnam, 22°11.725'N, 106°01.638'E, ca. 750 m
a.s.l.

Paratypes. —HNHM 2007.28.1. (field number
NF.260407.1), collected by N. Furey on 26 April
2007, Vu Muon commune, Bach Thong district of
Kim Hy Nature Reserve, Bac Kan Province, Viet¬
nam, 22°14.835'N, 105°58.693'E, ca. 750 m a.s.l.;
NF.301006.1 (housed in the collection of Vu Dinh
Thong, Institute of Ecology and Biological Re¬
sources, Hanoi, Vietnam), adult male, in spirit, skull
removed, collected by N. Furey on 30 October 2006,
An Tinh commune, Na Ri district of Kim Hy Nature
Reserve, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam, 22°11.799'N,
106°02.130'E, ca. 650 m a.s.l.

Ref erred material. —HZM 1.31525 (field num¬
ber PM-41), adult female, skinned ex spirit (on 25
November 1998) and skull, collected by Benjamin
Hayes between 18-22 October 1998, Khe Bu River
Valley, Pu Mat National Park, Nghe An Province,
Vietnam, approximately 18°58'N, 104°46'E, 150-
220 m a.s.l.

Diagnosis. —This is a large species of Murina
with a forearm length of 35.2-40.1 mm (Table 1).
The fur is a uniform dirty white on the ventral surface
(Fig. 1). The plagiopatagium is attached to the base
of the first claw. The greatest length of skull is over
17.8 mm. The lateral profile of the anterior part of the
skull is evenly ascending, without a marked concav¬
ity over the orbits, and with the rostrum not uptilted

(Fig. 2a). The first upper premolar (P 2 ) is very large,
antero-laterally compressed, with its crown area ap¬
proximately two-thirds that of the second (P 4 ) (Fig.
3). The mesostyle of the first (M 1 ) and second (M 2 )
upper molars are not reduced but the labial (outer)
face of these teeth is concave in the midpart (Fig. 4).
The mandible is robust, with a high coronoid process;
the length of mandible is over 11.9 mm.

Description. —A relatively large-sized species
of its genus with a forearm length of 35.2-40.1 mm.
The hairs of the dorsal pelage are light yellowish-
red basally, gradually darkening towards the tips,
which are reddish brown; there is no definite colour
banding. The fur is a uniform dirty white on the
ventral surface (Fig. 1). The cheeks have darker
hairs, but there is no distinct facial mask. The ear is
15.6-17.2 mm in length and the conch is without an
emargination on the posterior border. The tragus is
typical of the genus and 7.0-8.1 mm in length. The
plagiopatagium is attached to base of the claw of the
first toe. The tail membrane is densely and evenly
furred above.

The skull is not domed. The lateral profile of
the anterior part of the skull is only slightly ascending
and without a marked concavity over the orbits (Fig.
2a). The sagittal crest is well developed, extending
posteriorly to the lambda; the lambdoid crest is well
defined. The length of the narial emargination con¬
siderably exceeds its width. There is no basioccipital
fissure. The maxillary toothrows are nearly parallel.
The dentition is robust. The second upper incisor (I 3 )
is situated alongside rather than posterior to the first
(I 2 ), such that I 2 is not visible when viewed laterally
(Fig. 2a). I 2 is distinctly but only slightly taller than
I 3 and is much less than half the height of the upper
canine (C 1 ). Both upper (C 1 ) and lower (C T ) canines
are well developed, the height and basal area of each
exceeds that of the corresponding second premolar
(P 4 and P 4 ). The crown area of the first upper premolar

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Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Table 1. Selected external and craniodental measurements offive species from the Murina “cyclotis-groz//? ” (in mm).
FA: forearm length; STOTL: total length of skull; CJvPL: maxillary toothrow length; CP 4 L: upper canine-premolar
length; ML: mandible length; CMf: mandibular toothrow length; CPH: height of the coronoid process. Sample
size in parentheses.

M. tiensa n. sp.

M. harrisoni
(holotype)

M. huttoni

M. puta

M. rozendaali

FA

35.2-40.1

35.9

33-37

30-37

31-34

STOTL

17.39-19.43

18.39

16.95-18.15

16.63-18.09

14.81 - 16.05

(4)

(12)

(20)

(4)

CM 3 L

5.82-6.68

6.49

5.73-6.23

5.79-6.26

5.16-5.53

(4)

(15)

(20)

(5)

CP 4 L

2.84-3.36

3.37

2.65-2.99

2.69-3.01

2.44 - 2.88

(4)

(15)

(20)

(5)

ML

11.95-13.62

13.03

11.17-12.54

11.43-12.45

10.3-10.89

(4)

(14)

(17)

(5)

cm 3 l

6.30-7.21

7.15

6.26 - 6.70

6.34-6.78

5.76-6.14

(4)

(14)

(17)

(5)

CPH

4.38-5.52

5.21

3.87-4.54

3.86-4.51

3.33-4.03

(4)

(13)

(17)

(5)

Figure 1. Living specimen of M. tiensa sp. nov. (paratype, NF.301006.1). Photo
by Neil Furey.

C SORB A ET AL.-NeW SPECIES OF MURINA FROM VIETNAM

5

Figure 2. Lateral view of the skulls of a) M. tiensa sp. nov. (holotype, HZM
2.38178) from Vietnam, b) M. harrisoni (holotype, HZM 1.31316) from Cambo¬
dia, c) M. huttoni (holotype, BM(NH) 79.11.21.685) from India, d) M. rozendaali
(holotype, BM(NH) 83.360) from Sabah, Malaysia. Scale = 5 mm. Drawings
by Gabor Csorba and Anna Honfi.

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Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Figure 3. Occlusal view of left upper (a) and right
lower (b) dentition of M. tiensa sp. nov. (holotype, HZM
2.38178) from Vietnam. Scale = 2 mm. Drawings by
Gabor Csorba and Anna Honfi.

a

b

Figure 4. Occlusal view of upper molars of a) M. tiensa
sp. nov. (holotype, HZM 2.38178) and b) M. huttoni (HZM
3.32352) both from Vietnam. Scale = 1 mm. Drawings by
Gabor Csorba and Anna Honfi.

C SORB A ET AL.-NeW SPECIES OF MURINA FROM VIETNAM

7

(P 2 ) is about two-third to that of P 4 (Fig. 3). The height
of the first premolars (P 2 , P 2 ) is about equal to that of the
second (P 4 , P 4 ) in both upper and lower toothrows. The
first (M 1 ) and second (M 2 ) upper molars have a distinct
mesostyle although the labial (outer) face of these teeth
lacks a protuberance in their mid-part (Fig. 4). The meta¬
cones of the first (M 1 ) and second (M 2 ) upper molars are
distinctly higher than the paracones. The first (M,) and
second (M 2 ) lower molars have well developed talonid,
each with a well defined hypoconid and entoconid. The
craniodental measurements (in mm) of the holotype are
as follows: STOTL 19.43; GTL 19.76; CBL 17.32; CCL
17.11; CCW 5.03; IVPlVPW 6.17; ZYW11.09; MAW 9.49;
IOW4.52; CM 3 L 6.68; CP4L 3.36; ML 13.62; CM 3 L 7.21;
CP A L 3.22; CPH 5.52.

Etymology. —The specific name tiensa is the
Vietnamese for ‘fairy’ and refers to the mysterious and
concealing nature of these rare forest dwelling bats. Its
proposed English name is ‘fairy tube-nosed bat’.

Comparison with Other Species. —On the basis of
its dentition, M. tiensa evidently belongs to the “ cyclotis -
group”. The second upper incisor (I 3 ) is lateral to the
first (I 2 ); the basal area of upper canine (C 1 ) is larger than
that of the second premolar (P 4 ) and the basal area of the
first premolar (P 2 ) is about equal to that of P 4 . Within the
“cyclotis- group”, it is distinguished from M. aenea and M.
cyclotis by shape of the mesostyle of the first and second
upper molars (M 1 and M 2 ). In these latter two taxa, the
mesostyle is greatly reduced or absent; in M. tiensa , it is
well defined.

It shares the following dental characters with M.
harrisoni, M. huttoni , M. puta (from Taiwan), and M.
rozendaali. the mesostyle of the first (M 1 ) and second (M 2 )
molars not reduced and the hypoconid and entoconid of
the first (Mj) and second (M 2 ) lower molars well defined.
However, M. tiensa can be readily separated from them
by a number of other characters. In comparison to M.
harrisoni, which is of a similar size cranially, the insertion
point of plagiopatagium in M. tiensa is at the base of the
claw whereas in M. harrisoni it is at the base of toe. In the
skull, the anterior part of the rostrum is almost straight; in
M. harrisoni it is conspicuously bulbous (Fig. 2).

In comparison to M. huttoni (and the morphologi¬
cally very similar Taiwanese M. puta ) the ventral pelage of
M. tiensa is whitish, whereas in M. huttoni and M. puta it

is grey-brown or light grey. In M. tiensa , the profile of
the anterior part of the skull is almost straight, whereas
in the other two taxa there is a conspicuous concavity
over the orbits (Fig. 2). In the dentition, the labial
face of the first M 1 and second M 2 upper molars is flat
adjacent to the mesostyle in M. tiensa, ; in M. huttoni
and M. puta , it is distinctly convex (Fig. 4).

In comparison to M. rozendaali, the forearm and
all craniodental measurements are much larger in M.
tiensa (Table 1). In addition, the braincase appears
almost flattened as compared to the distinctly domed
skull of M. rozendaali (Fig. 2) and the first premolar
(P 2 ) is about equal in height to the second (P 4 ), whereas
in M. rozendaali it is considerably shorter.

Habitat. —Kim Hy Nature Reserve covers an
area of roughly 150 km 2 (15,461 ha) and is surrounded
by a bufferzone of 20,528 ha (Tordoff et al. 2004).
According to the classification of MacKinnon (1997),
the natural vegetation types at Kim Hy are limestone
forest and submontane dry evergreen forest. The
south, center, and west of the nature reserve (where
the type series originates from) comprise a large area
of limestone karst which is almost entirely forested.
Several large caves are present within the area. The
holotype and male paratype were collected by means
of a mist-net and a four-bank harp-trap (respectively)
in a valley vegetated in closed-canopy karst forest in
pristine condition and situated deep within the south¬
ern interior of Kim Hy Nature Reserve. The female
paratype was netted in a valley on the western flank
of Kim Hy Nature Reserve. Forests on valley floors
within the latter area are heavily degraded (including
an abdundance of wild banana) or cleared for agricul¬
ture, although forests on hillsides and ridgetops (where
the specimen was collected) are comparatively less
disturbed and for the most part retain their structure
and canopy cover.

The fourth known specimen was collected at
an altitude of 150-220 m a.s.l. from Khe Bu river
valley in Put Mat National Park in October 1998.
It was netted flying low over a stream in semi-de¬
graded evergreen forest (Ben Hayes, pers. comm.).
According to Hayes and Howard (1998), the Park is
characterized by large areas of forest, both primary
and degraded, areas of slash and burn, and extensive
areas of limestone karst.

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Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

According to the available data (e.g., Flannery
1990; Francis 1997; Maeda and Matsumura 1998;
Francis et al. 1999) and personal observations, species
of the genus Murina are exclusively forest-dwellers
although at least some species can tolerate disturbance

and also occur in secondary forests.

Distribution .—The species is currently only
known from two localities in Vietnam.

Acknowledgments

In Vietnam, we are grateful to Vuong Tan Tu and
Dao Nhan Loi for their assistance in the field work in
Kim Hy; to Lam Quang Oanh and Nguyen Tien Dung
of Kim Hy Nature Reserve; Trieu Van Luc of Bac Kan
Provincial Forest Protection Department; Fernando
Potess of the People, Resources and Conservation
Foundation; Hoang Hoa Que (Director of Pu Mat Na¬
ture Reserve in 1998) who supported the field work;
Fauna and Flora International Vietnam Conservation
Support Programme and the Social Forestry and Nature
Conservation Programme of the EU who funded it. We
are also grateful to the late Professor Cao Van Sung
of the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
(Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology) for
his assistance with the field work in Vietnam and to
Professor Paul A. Racey of Aberdeen University and
Professor Le Vu Khoi of the Basic Research Programme
in Natural Sciences (Vietnamese Ministry of Science
and Techology) for their steadfast support. We thank
Charles Francis and Hao-Chi Kuo for their expert
advice on Murina. We are indebted to Benjamin D.
Hayes for making the specimen from Pu Mat National

Park available for study. Paulina D. Jenkins (The
Natural History Museum, London), Christiaan Smeenk
(National Museum of Natural History, Leiden), Sara
Bumrungsri (Prince of Songkla University), Ling-Ling
Lee (National Taiwan University, Taipei), and Hsi-Chi
Cheng (Endemic Species Research Institute, Chichi)
kindly provided access to the specimens under their
care. We thank David L. Harrison, Malcolm J. Pearch
and all at the Harrison Institute for their help with the
preparation of specimens and their advice concern¬
ing the manuscript and Anna Honfi of HNHM for the
final elaboration of the drawings. The work of GC
was supported by the SYNTHESYS Integrated Infra¬
structure Initiative Grant and by the Foundation for the
Hungarian Natural History Museum and NF gratefully
acknowledges support for the field research provided
by the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation, UK. We
are most grateful to the Darwin Initiative (DEFRA,
UK Government) for their continued support of the
Harrison Institute’s collaborative program of southeast
Asian bat research.

C SORB A ET AL.-NeW SPECIES OF Mil RINA FROM VIETNAM

9

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Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Addresses of authors :

Gabor Csorba

Department of Zoology
Hungarian Natural History Museum
H-1083 Budapest
Ludovika ter 2., Hungary
E-mail: csorba@nhmus.hu

Vu Dinh Thong

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology
18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District
Hanoi, Vietnam

E-mail: vdthongl 605@netnam. vn

Paul J. J. Bates

Harrison Institute
Bowerwood House
St. Botolph’s Road

Sevenoaks, Kent, TNI3 3AO, Great Britain
E-mail: hzm@btinternet.com

Neil M. Furey

School of Biological Sciences
University of Aberdeen
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Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Great Britain
Email: n.furey@abdn.ac.uk

Editor’s Note: This is a corrected version of OP 268, issued 3 July 2007. In the original printing of this paper,
a printer’s error resulted in the order of the crania in Figure 2 (page 5) being changed. This error is corrected
herein. Based on our reading of the 4th edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, we do
not believe that this error affects the availability of the name Murina tiensa or its date of publication; therefore,
this corrected version of the publication bears the same date as the original publication. If you see a copy of this
publication that lacks this note, please destroy it because it contains the original printer’s error.-RJB

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