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COAL FLORA

OF
BY

LEO LESQUEREUX.

VOLS. I AND II, BOUND TOGETHER.

I

Entered, for the Commomvealth of Pennsylvania, in the year 1880, according

to acts of Congress,
By WILLIAM A. INGHAM,
Secretary of the Board of Commissioners of Geological Survey,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at
Washington, D. C.

GEOLOGY LIBRARY

s

I SI

Eleetrotyped and printed by
LANE S. HART, State Printer,
Harrisburg, Pa.

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS.

His Excellency, HENRY M. HOYT, Gomrnoi\

and ex-officio President of the Board, Harrisburg.

Akio Pardee, Hazleton.

William A. Ingham, ------- Philadelpliia.

Henry S. Eckert, -------- Reading.

Henry McCormick, -------- Harrisbnrg.

James Macfarlane, -------- Towanda.

John B. Pearse, - - - Philadelphia.

Joseph Willcox, -------- Philadelphia.

Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, ------ Johnstown.

Louis W. Hall, - - - - ----- Harrisburg.

Samuel Q. Brown, - - - . _ . - - Pleasantville.

SECRETARY OF THE BOARD.

William A. Ingham, ------- Philadelphia.

STATE GEOI-.OGIST.
Peter Lesley, ---------- Philadelphia.

1880.

ASSISTANT GEOLOGISTS.

Persifor Frazer — Geologist in charge of the Survey of Chester county.
Ambrose E. Lehman — Topographical Assistant, for mapping the South
Mountain.

E. V. d'Invilliers — Topographical Assistant, for mapping the Easton-Read-
ing range.

Franklin Platt — Geologist in charge of the Satistical Survey of the An-
thracite coal fields, &c.

W. G. Platt — Geologist in charge of the Survey of Armstrong and Jefferson
counties.

R. H. Sanders — Topographical Assistant in Franklin county.
I. C. White— Geologist in charge of the Survey of Susquehanna and Wayne
counties.

J. F. Carll — Geologist in charge of the Survey of the Oil Regions.
H. M. Chance — Geologist to report on the Mining of the Anthracite coal
fields.

C. A. Ashburner— Geologist to report on the Geology of the Anthracite
coal fields.

A. W. Sheafer — Assistant in the Anthracite coal fields.

F. A. Genth — Mineralogist and Chemist at Philadelphia.
F. A. Genth, Jr — Aid in the Laboratory.

A. S. McCreath— Cliemist, in charge of the Laboratory of the Survey, 223

Market street, Harrisburg.
John M. Stinson— Aid in the Laboratory at Harrisburg.
C. E. Hall— Geologist in charge of the Survey of the Philadelphia belt,

and Palaeontologist in charge of the Museum.
M. Chapman— Aid in the Museum.

H. C. Lev^^is— Volunteer geologist for the survey of the gravel deposits of

south-eastern Pennsylvania.
Leo Lesquereux— Fossil Botanist, Columbus, Ohio.

E. B. Harden— Topographer in charge of Office Work, <fec. 1008 Clinton street,
Philadelphia.

F. W. FORMAN— Clerk in charge of the Publications of the Survey, 223 Market
street, Harrisburg.

Charles Allen— Aid.

Philadelphia, February 6, 18S0.

To Ills Excellency Governor Henry M. Hoyt, Chairman
of the Board of Commissioners of the Second Geological
Survey of Pennsylvania :

Sir: It is with the sincerest satisfaction that I have the
honor to transmit Mr. Lesquereux's complete report upon
the vegetable remains found in the coal measures of Penn-
sylvania and other States of the Union.

The scope and thoroughness of this work, representing
as it does, investigations uninterruptedly continued through
a long life time, — the high authority of its distinguished
author among men of science, — the affluence of materials
at his disposal, — the enlightened action of the Board per-
mitting these materials to be represented to the eye of the
student by so large a number of admirably designed and
executed plates — and the hearty interest taken in the proper
preparation of the book by many of our fellow citizens who
appreciate the progress of human knowledge in every di-
rection— all this has made my official connection with it
delightful, and assures me that you will accept and publish
it in the conviction that none of your geological reports will
prove more satisfactory to the people of the State or reflect
more luster on the Survey.

The most remarkable geological report upon the forms of
extinct life ever published in America, that of Professor
James Hall, of Albany, consists of a series of quarto vol-
umes of text and plates, together or in separate volumes,
the last of which have not yet passed through the press.
This rich jiroduct of the combined industry and genius of
one of its citizens has been given to the world at a great
expense by the State of New York ; but in a form suitable
only to use in public and private libraries. It cannot be
taken into the field, nor can it find its way into more than
a few of the retired sj^ots where local geologists are busy.

(yP.)

Vi P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The edition is necessarily of moderate size and the volumes
are expensive. But it is so great a work, so thorough and
accurate, so copious and comj^lete, so systematic and easily
referred to, that it has not only made its-author famous all
over the civilized world, but done much towards placing
American science on a par with that of Europe, and the
Legislature of New York in the front rank of enlightened
governments. No doubt it will be re-cast and i^ublislied in
some manual form for general use and circulation.

What such a manual of molluscan palaeontology, descrip-
tive of the forms and habitats of the shell fislt of early
geological times, would be to American field geologists, this
work of Mr. Lesquereux is — a manual of the forms and
habitats of the plants once growing in the swami)s of our
American coal fields, or floated out into open water and
embedded in the dejposits at the, bottom of the Carbonifer-
ous sea.

Every genus of ancient seaweed, fern, bamboo-like Cala-
mite, and cone tree which, up to the x^resent moment, has
been brought to light in mining the American coal beds,"^^ or
in surveying the surface of the coal fields, is here described,
and X)laced in its natural connection.

Every species hitherto discovered is named and described,
and as many of them figured as seemed needful to assist
the mining geologist in the identification of beds (so far as
plant-remains can do that,) or to enlighten the scholar of
nature in this branch of learning.

It is more than supposable, indeed, that other species^ and
perhaps other genera.^ remain to be discovered. In fact,
every month, thus far, has brought to light some new and
interesting variety of form. But the total of the botany of

* That is, the coal beds of the old coal era. The lignite plants of the Atlantic
coast, and the Cretaceous and Tertiary coal plants of the Mississippi valley,
Rocky mountains and Pacific coast, as well as the Permian j^lants of Western
Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and the New Red plants recently discovered
in New Jersey, are not included in this report. It is confined exclusively to
the carboniferous and sub-carboniferous plants of the old coal fields. Mr.
Lesquereux's elaborately illustrated memoirs on the Cretaceous and Tertiary
plants of the Rocky Mountain region, California, and the Mississippi valley,
are to be found in the published reports of the United States Surveys of the
Territories, &c

LETTER.

P. vii

the coal measures may be truly said to have assumed a per-
manent and (in the main) unchangeable aspect ; and this
manual, therefore, can justly claim to be not only a reliable
but an all sufficient guide to those who wish to understand
the subject.

The best guarantee for its accuracy is the reputation of
its author — a reputation first made more than forty years
ago in the peat bogs of Switzerland, and afterwards ex-
tended by successive surveys of similar surface dex30sits in
Germany, Scandinavia and Great Britain. Transferring
his botanical studies to America in 1848, Mr. Lesquereux
accejDted service on the First Geological Survey of Penn-
sylvania in 1851, and made the first rej)ort on the coal plants
of the State, published as a separate memoir by Prof. H.
D. Rogers, in the Geology of Pennsylvania, 1858, vol. II,
pages 837 to 884, w^ith 20 quarto plates. In his introduc-
tion to it. Prof. Rogers thus writes :

''The following new species of fossil plants, 110 in num-
ber, are some of the results of a systematic investigation
of the fossil flora of the carboniferous strata of Pennsyl-
vania and the adjacent coal fields of Ohio and Virginia,
undertaken a few years ago by my able assistant in this de-
partment of the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Leo
Lesquereux, Esq., formerly of Switzerland, now of Colum-
bus, Ohio.

"By far the greater part of the specimens were collected
by himself. A few of the new species were first seen and
studied by him in the rich local cabinets of Mr. Clarkson
of Carbondale, and of the Rev. W. Moore of Greensburg,
to whom our best thaidvs are due for their liberality in thus
opening their collections for the discription of what was new.
Many of these hitherto undescribed forms were discovered
in the slates associated with the beds of anthracite in the
coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania, which compared with
the bituminous coal measures of western Pennsylvania,
appear not only to contain a greater variety of sj^ecies, but
to present them in a condition of more jjerfect preservation
for study.

' ' The new species here briefly described by Mr. Lesque-
a

viii P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

reux constitute about one half of the total number of well
defined forms hitherto detected by him in the coal measure
and lower carboniferous rocks (the Vespertine series) of
Pennsylvania ; more than one hundred of the two hundred
and twenty sj^ecies examined by him proving to be entirely
identical with species already recognized in the European
coalfields." * ^ ^ 4t * ^

Between the years 1853, the date of Mr. Lesquereux' s re-
port to Professor Rogers, and 1879, the date of the present
report to the Board of Commissioners of the Second geo-
logical survey of Pennsylvania, Mr. Lesquereux has made
elaborate reports to the State geologists of Kentucky, In-
diana, Illinois, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama and Cali-
fornia, and to the United States geologists of the Terri-
tories, all of which may be found in the published volumes
of their reports, many of them copiously illustrated by
plates of figures. A list of these memoirs, those relating
to coal plants, will be found in the indexes at the close of
this report ; and references to them by name and page occur
all through it.

The number of his new species, 110 in 1858, has swelled
in 26 years to 350 ; and the total number of species described
in this report amounts to more than six hundred.

Leaving the author to state in his own excellent way the
generalizations, both of a botanical and of a geological
kind, at which he has so slowly and laboriously arrived, in
the course of the most extensive palseobotanical investiga-
tions on both Continents ever made by one individual, I
recommend his report to your consideration, and remain, sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. P. Lesley.

Columbus, Ohio, January 31, 1880,

Prof. J. P. Lesley,

State Geologist of Pennsylvania :

Deak Sm : My report on the Coal Flora of Pennsylvania
and tlie 6tlier United States having been delivered to you
some months ago, and the first half of it, as far as to the
end of the Ferns, being now printed as a separate volume,
I offer, at your suggestion, the following remarks as a short
preface to it reserving, the more elaborate Introduction,
which I have prepared to the whole work, to be inserted at
the close of the descriptions in the second volume.

The want of some convenient book for the study and de-
termination of fossil plants in the Coal measures has al-
ways been and still is the chief difficulty which discourages
both students and collectors.

True, a great number of works on the subject have been
published ; but they are all either partial or local in their
character. They describe, and illustrate by figures, either
some one group of Coal plants, or a number of isolated- spe-
cies, or those of some particular European coal field.

The best and most famous of these works is that of Brong-
niart, Histoire des Vegetaux Fossiles, published at Paris in
the years 1828-1844, and left unfinished at the death of that
illustrious botanist.

The student of the vegetation of the Carboniferous age,
therefore, can pursue to advantage his researches only after
having first procured a series, in fact a whole library, of very
costly books ; and will sometimes find himself compelled
to peruse a number of volumes, in order to arrive at the de-
termination of a single species.

We now have, it is true, the Vegetable Paleontology of
Schimper, — an admirable work, the faithful friend and as-

( ix p. )

X p. KEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

sistant of the phyto-paleontologist. But the use of this
book demands an already intimate acquaintance with fos-
sil botany, and therefore cannot be recommended for be
ginners or collectors. As it describes all the as yet known
species, from the earliest (Silurian) to the latest (Pliocene)
geological formations, nearly six thousand in number, the
descriptions are of course very brief ; and as the Atlas
which accompanies it consists of only one hundred and ten
plates, only. such figures are given as serve to illustrate es-.
pecially the essential characters of the genera.

It is hardly necessary to say that the determination of
the vegetable remains of the Coal, in their usual fragment^
ary condition of Fern-fronds, stems, bark of trees, etc. can-
not be made with any degree of accuracy from mere descrip-
tions.

My purpose in preparing this work on the Coal flora of
the United States, from materials which I have been pro-
curing and stadying for years, has been to make it a kind
of manual, to meet the deficiency of books. Thus far, our
libraries contain only heterogeneous, partial and local re-
ports on the coal plants of this continent. I wish to offer
to amateurs in this field of research the means of conven-
iently and successfully studying those vegetable remains of
a remote age, so widely and abundantly distributed tlirougli-
out the vast American coal fields, and of late so actively
sought after and so carefully collected and preserved by in-
telligent observers.

This aim has not yet been as fully attained as I could de-
sire ; for, a number of the species which I have described in
the text are not figured in the Atlas. But it is to be consid-
ered that the possible number of plates is indefinitely great.
Fossil species, especially those of plants, are generally rep-
resented by mere fragments, or accidentally exposed parts,
of a whole plant. In some cases the complete elucidation
of a single species would require, for itself alone, a number
of large x^lates. The cost of an exhaustive representation
may be imagined. It is possible, however, that the Board
of Commissioners of the Survey may see fit to authorize a

LETTER. P. Xi

second volume of plates, additional to tlie Atl^ already
published.

To compensate for any deficiency of figures as far as pos-
sible, I have given in greater detail descriptions, either of
different parts of such plants as are only jmrtly figured, or
of plants not as yet figured at all. Tlie prolixity of such
descriptions is unavoidable.

I have described all the species of vegetable forms known
to me as occurring in the coal measures — not only of Penn-
vania — but of the United States ; and I have included among
them plants of Carboniferous tyx)es discovered in the older
or so-called Devonian rocks.

As far as my researches teach me, the Carboniferous
measures find their u^^per limit at one or two hundred feet
above the Pittsburg Coal. In the measures lying above
this limit another flora has been discovered, of which some
of the sx)ecies have a character re^^resentative of Permian
types. This flora has been studied by Prof. L C. White,
of West Virginia University at Morgantown, and Prof. W.
M. Fontaine, now of the Yirginia University at Charlottes-
ville, whose conjoint report upon it is being just published
by the Board as Report of Progress PP.

Thus, I trust, the student of fossil botany will find two
easily accessible books with which alone he can pursue his
researches through the whole Carboniferous system from
top to bottom.

My materials have been derived from every available
source. I have endeavored to see all accessible localities
offering a chance for obtaining specimens. I have examined
both private collections and the cabinets of scientihc insti-
tutions, and have widely offered my assistance in determin-
ing specimens for any who were willing to transmit them
for that jmrpose. This has brought to me a mass of ma-
terials which I have put to use in notes or figures.

Yery valuable assistance has been rendered to my re-
searches by a large number of persons, testifying thus their
interest in the i)reparation of the work. Indeed, I freely
acknowledge that it would have been deprived of a consid-
erable part of its importance but for the communication of

Xii P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

rare materials furnished by the long, expensive and sys-
tematic explorations of Mr. 1. F. Mansfield in the roof
shales of his Cannelton coal bed ; by the immense collection
of plant-remains put at my disposal by Mr. R. D. Lacoe of
Pittston ; and by the generous contributions of Dr. J. H.
Britts of Clinton, Mo., and others.

The localities of specimens, and the names of contributors
are carefully recorded in the descriptive text ; and to all
who have helped me in my long researches I hereby send
these words of grateful remembrance.

Prof. Louis Agassiz was the first promoter of this Coal
Flora of the United States. After his death, the Museum
of Comparative Zoology which he founded at Cambridge,
Mass. generously allowed me the use of the materials ap-
pertaining to the institution, with permission to make them
known as opportunities for benefiting science occurred.
But without your own interest in the publication of this
w^ork it would probably never have seen the light. To Prof.
Agassiz and to yourself, my two highly honored friends,
therefore, I should dedicate it, were it not the jjroperty of
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Very respectfully yours,

L. LESQUEREUX.

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

Page.

Letter of transmittal serving as Preface, ix

FinsT pAirr.

Description of genera and species of fossil plants of the
U, S. carboniferous measures,

CELLULAR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Page.

1st Class — Fungi, 1

Rhizomorplia, Roth, 3

2d Class— Thalassopitytes, 4

Taonuriis, Fish. Ost., 6

Palseophycus, Hall., 9

Asteropliycus, Lesqx., 12

Conostyclms, Lesqx., 14

VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

ACROGENS.
3d Class — EQUISETACEyE.

Order 1. Calamarice^ 17

Calamites, Suck., 19

Bornia, Roem., 30

Calamodendron, Brgt., 32

Asteropliyllites, Brgt., 34

Annularia, Brgt., 44

Splienophyllum, Brgt., 51

Calamostachys, Sclip., 59

Macrostachya, Schp., 60

Equisetites, Sclip., 62

Trochophyllum, Lesqx., 63

4tli Class— FiLiCACEyE, (Ferns,) 65

( xiii p. )

Xiv P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESC^FEREUX.

rage.

Order 1. JSfeuropterids^ 73

NeuroiDteris, Br^^t., 75

§ 1. Nenropteris, (Cycloptericls,) 77

§ 2. Neuroj)teris, (Nepliroj^terids,) 81

§ 3. Nenropteris, (Eiineuropterids,) 88

§ 4. JN'eiiropteris, (Pacliydermate.) 106

Odontopteris, Brgt., 124

Lesleya, Lesqx., 142

DictYox)teris, Gutb., 143

Uncertainly related to tlie order.

Megalox3teris, Daws., 147

TiBiiiopteris, BrgL, 153

JSTeriopteris, Newb., 154

Ortliogoniopteris, Andrews, 155

Danaeites, Goepj^., 156

Idiophylhim, Lesqx., 159

• Order 2. AletJtopterids, 162

Lescnropteris, Schp., . 162

Callij)teridinm, Weiss, 164

• Aletliopteris, St., (Emend,) 175

Protobleclinnni, Lesqx., 188

Order 3. Fseudopecopterids^ 189

Psendopecopteris, Lesqx., 190

§ 1. Psendopecopteris, (Gleichenites,) 190

§ 2. Psendopecopteris, (Dicksonioides, ) 195

Order Jf. Pecopterids^ 221

Pecopteris, Brgt., 223

§ 1. Pecopteris, (Goniopteris,) 223

§ 2. Pecopteris, (Cyatheites,) 230

§ 3. Pecopteris, (villons,) 250

§ 4. Pecopteris, (crestate,) 255

§ 5. Pecopteris, (of mixed relation,) . 261

Oligocarpia, Goepp., 265

Order 5. Sphenopterids^ 268

Splienopteris, Brgt., . 269

§1. Splienopteris, (Pecopterids,) . .269

§ 2. Splienopteris, (proper,) 274

§ 3. Splienopteris, (Hymenophyllites,) 281

CONTENTS. P. XV

Page

§ 4. Splienopteris, (of mixed relation, ) 290

'Eremopteris, Sclip., 292

Order 6. Adiantites^ ^rgt., 297

Tripliyllopteris, Sclip., 297

Arcliseopteris, Daws., . 299

Ferns of uncertain attribution.

Crematopteris, Brgt., 307

Pacliypteris, Brgt., 308

Rliacopliyllum, Sclip., 309

§ 1. Rliacopliyllum, (Neuropterids,) 310

§ 2. Rliacophyllum, (Hymenopliillites,) . . ^ . . 314
§ 3. Rliacophyllum, (Fucoides,) 324

Separate Fructifications of Ferns.

Sorocladus, Lesqx., 327

RacMs of Ferns.

Rachiopteris, Schp., 331

Rliizomas of Ferns.

Stigmarioides, Lesqx., 333

Stems or Trunlcs of Ferns.

Stemmatopteris, Corda, 337

Caulopteris, LI. and Hutt., • 343.

Megaphytum, Artis, 348

Psaronius, Auct., 353

DETERMINATION AND DESCRIPTION

OF THE
FOUND IN THE

COAL MEASURES OF THE U. S. OF NORTH AMERICA.

CELLULAR ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Fungi.

These plants, generally of a soft cellular tissue, are soon
decomposed under atmospheric action. Though extremely
numerous at the present time, very few have been found
fossil. It is merely from the recent formations, the tertiary
especially, that some species have been described. They are
mostly referable to Hypoxilece^ a class of minute plants, in-
termediate between the Furigl and the Lyclienes which ap-
pear like dots or small black spots, attached to decaying
leaves or stems. The characters of these vegetables are de-
rived, in their original state, from minute spores or seeds,
inclosed in capsules of diverse forms. They can be studied
only with a microscope of a high x^ower, and therefore can-
not be positively determined from fossil specimens. Two
species of this kind only have been described from the coal
measures of Europe : Excipula Neesii^ Goepp. , and Dipla-
zites RJidbenliorstii^ Gein., both discovered upon the epi-
dermis of pinnules of ferns.

In the North American Coal measures, remains of stems
and leaves of large size, like those of the Cordaltes^ are

REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

often dotted with iSTnall, convex, round or oval protubor-
ences, which, breaking through the tissue and deranging its
regular conformation, seem to represent small Fungi like
species of SpJieria. It is however extremely hazardous to
consider them as organized bodies. For in many cases,
these pustular projections are evidently produced by mere
physical cause or mechanical agency. In the semi-anthra-
cite coal of Trevorton, for instance, not only the vegetable
remains, but the shale, even the coal, are covered and filled
with round vesicles, perfectly similar in shape and size to
species of Hypoxileoe. Some fossil stems and leaves, there-
fore, seem really to have been inhabited, when living, by
groups of Spherice. But as the same kind of produc-
tions are seen upon inorganic matter as well as upon re-
mains of plants, they are evidently the result of a casual
interrujjtion in the process of evolution and dispersion of
gazeous substances, like the vesicles produced by the action
.of caloric upon a mattei in a state of semi-liquefaction.

In the Geol. of Penna., 1858, p. 847, I have referred to
Folyporites Bowmanni, LI. & Hutt., a form which closely
resembles the hard mushrooms, Bolets or Polypores^ seen
in the woods now, attached to the branches of trees, and
characterized by concentric zones of alternate layers of
different color. The English si^ecimen on which the fossil
species was established has been recognized as a scale of
fish. The American one is much larger ; the zones less
regular ; and as no animal remains have been found in the
/Anthracite measures in connection Avith it, it cannot be sup-
posed to represent a fish scale. I have seen, of late, in
beds of hard ferruginous clay of the Colorado Tertiary,
iTagments marked with alternate red and yellow bands,
I'egularly placed around a basilar or eccentrical point,
[)resenting an appearance like that of the specimen of the
Carboniferous, and seemingly explaining its nature.

The organism described here below is of a far different
character, and is to my persuasion the representative of a
true Fungm..

FUNGI.

P. 3

Khizomokphia, Rotli.

Fungous filaments of hard substance, dlsposedin branch-
es abnormally diinded and often anastomosing ; generally
limng under the decaying bark of trees.

Until noAv, these plants have been very rarely fonnd
with origans of fructification, and therefore are considered
as a kind of Mycelivm, adventive filaments which repre-
sent the first stage of life of the mushrooms.

Rhizomoiipha Sigillart.e, Lesqx. PI. B, Fig. 11.

Amer. Phil. Soc, Oct. 1877,2^. 174-

Stem or principal axis flattened, irregularly round or
'polygonal in outline, divided all around inbranches^ either
sinq)le or forliing, ectn anastomosing in various directions^
inflated upwards^ club shaped and obtuse^ slightly flat-
tened by compression; surface marlced^ by a netting of
narrow lorinMes resembling veins ^ wilh intermediate tie in
T,einlets.

The figure exactly represents the specimen. The central
or primar.y axis is quite flat, the branches half round, in-
flated to the obtuse apex, one to three millimeters broad
in the lower part, divided at the base or joined by abnor-
mal anatomosing divisions, often connected in the upper
part by thin filaments in riglit angle, scarcely perceivable
without glass. The surface of the flattened axis is smooth,
that of the branches wrinkled.

This form, examined by competent mycologists, has been
recognized as very closely allied to Rhi'wmorpha subcor-
ticalis., and other species of the present time. Its rela-
tion to Fungineoe has not been contradicted. Indeed, it
cannot be compared to anything else than to a Hhizomorpha,
except, perhaps, to the borings of some insects into the
wood or under the bark. The furrowed passages of insects,
however, have by their regularity, especially in the equal
dimensions of their tunnels, a far different character. In
this specimen the axis is flattened, while the branches are
gradually thicker toward the apex, and the filaments de-
rived from the branches are seen penetrating around or on

4 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEP.EUX.

both sides, like very slender threads, scarcely perceivable
to the eye. No work of insects can produce such divisions.

For authorities supporting the reference of this vegetable
to a RMzomorpJia^ I mention the names of Dr. Casimir
E-oumegu^re, of Toulouse, France, and of Prof. Chas. H.
Peck, of Albany, both celebrated micologists, to whom
I owe the communication of numerous specimens for com-
parison. Prof. Sam'l H. Scudder, of Cambridge, examined
the specimen in regard to its possible i^elation to borings
of insects, of which he has made a peculiar study. He
considers the characters of the organism as without relation
to any kind of animal process. His opinion on this sub-
ject is unquestionable.

Habitat — Shale of the Cannelton coal, under the bark of
a Sigillaria. The habitat of this organism is an almost
positive proof of its relation to JRhizomorplia^ plants wdiich
at the present epoch live under exactly the same circum-
stances.

Marine Plaints, or Thalassophytes.
These plants, generally composed, like the Fungi, of
soft cellular tissue, have rarely been preserved in a fossil
state. Even at the present time, and though the shallow
shores of the sea are inhabited by a luxuriant vegetation
of Fucus, and covered by heaps of their remains thrown
out by the waves ; though on some parts of the ocean, and
far from any land, the surface of the sea is covered by a
vegetation of those marine plants {Sargassum), whose
branches and filaments are so thickly interwoven, that they
sometimes become impassible to ships ; though also in the
cold regions of both Arctic and Antarctic oceans, species of
Algse are found of immense stature, either of a prodigious
length, or of a thickness equaling that of the trunks of large
trees, — remains of marine plants are scarcely, if ever, found
imbedded, in a state of preservation, either in sand, in clay,
or in any other compound, where woody plants generally
remain unimpaired and preserved with their normal shape
for ages. This difference between the Avoody, or vascular
tissue of the land plants, and the cellular compound of the

TIIALASSOPIIYTES.

marine, or fresh water Algce^ mere filaments glued together
or imbedded in vegetable mucus or gelatine, explains at
once not only why the remains of Fucoids are so rarely
found petrified, but also why marine plants could not have
entered into the formation of the coal for an essential con-
stituent, as some naturalists of old believed it. I have had
the opportunity of visiting, in exploring the different
phases of the formation of the peat, the shores of the
Northern European seas, from Russia to Denmark, Hol-
land and France ; and in this country, those of Virginia,
North and South Carolina, especially on the borders of the
Dismal Swamp ; and nowhere have I been able to find any
trace of a deposit of seaweeds preserved from decompo-
sition under any kind of superposed materials, sand, clay,
etc. And nevertheless, in some of the countries visited, the
shores in many localities are strewn with immense heaps
of those plants thrown out by the waves. Marine vegeta-
bles, though they may appear of hard leathery texture,
like some of the most common species of Fiicus^ soon dis-
integrate, and ]3ass into a gelatinous, half fluid matter, which
penetrates the sand, so that the lowest strata of these heaps,
when exposed to atmospheric action, do not generally pre-
serve traces of their organism for more than one year.

In the experiments of Lindley, made in studying the com-
parative duration of the various groups of plants analogous
to those which are recognized as entering into the compo-
sition of the coal, the author omitted the marine plants,
well knowmghow soon they are decomposed and destroyed
when immersed in fresh water, or under the influence of
humidity. It is, as everybody knows, the contrary with
the land or woody plants whose tissue is indefinitely pre-
served by immersion.

Prof. Schimper remarks on this subject, Paleont. Yeget.,
1, p. 149, that the number of the living Algse is very great,
as seven to eight thousand species have been described ;
that from the dispersion of the Thalassophytes in the sea
now, the banks of Sargassum between the Canary Islands
and Newfoundland, the floating prairies of Fucoids between
Japan and the Kurile Islands, we should suppose that a

6 P. ki:port of progress, leo lesquereux.

large number of these plants would be found petrified in
the geological strata, but that on the contrary their remains
are extremely rare in the marine, and still much more so in
the fresh water formations. That only one hundred and
eighty fossil species are known until now, while the living
species are counted by thousands.

The absence of fossil Thalassophytes is still more marked
in the Carboniferous formations than in any other. It is
questionable whether any species of true marine Algce had
been recognized in these formations before 1866, when I
described Caulerpites marglnatus^ Trans. Amer. Philos.
Soc. Vol. XIII, p. 313, from remains found in a kind of
carboniferous limestone at the horizon of the Millstone grit.
This plant, as seen in the description, is closely allied to
Fucoides Cauda-GaUi\ a species which had been already
traced from the upper strata of the Silurian to the Devonian
Chemung, and which Prof. J. Hall supposed as possibly ex-
tending its habitat to the lower Carboniferous. I have since
that time received from the coal measures specimens of fossil
remains positively representing marine organized bodies.
The characters of some of them are, however, very peculiar,
and as they may be considered as doubtfully ascribable to
vegetables, they have been all described here and separately
figured in PI. A and B in order to review the subject with
all the materials obtained up to this time. As seen in the
references, some have- already been published in a Report
of the Geological survey of Indiana.

Taonurus, Fish. Ost.

F'uGoides, Vanuxem. Taonurus, Fish. Ost., 1858. >Spi)-02)hyton, Hall
1866. I^hysophycus, /Schp., 1869. Cancellophycus ? Sap. in Hit. 1879.

Frond memhranaceous^ derived. from utricules attached
to a lateral or central axis., erected or twisted in spiral.,
flattened in various ways., ribbed ; ribs or strice curved.,
scythe shaped, converging to the borders, which are either
free, naked, or attached on one side or all around to the
axis or its branches.

TAONURUS.

TAOxuiius M AEG IN AT US, Lesqx.^ PI. A, Figs. 1-6.

Caulerpites marginatus, Lesqz., Travis. Amer. Phil. Soc, Vol. XIII^
p. 314, PI' VII.

Physophicus marginatus, Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 206.

Frond derived from a fucoidal cylindrical axls^ brancli-
ing in its lower part^ enlarged upwards to a small utri-
cule which gradually expands into a lyrate lamina^ folded
in irregular strice^ curving scythe shaped and converging
on both sides to the flattened smooth border.

I have examined in place and figured the essential parts
of the plant. F. 6 represents, it seems, fucoidal filaments
branching and si3reading into the mud as radicular ap-
pendages. They depend from a simple, tubulous, some-
what broader axis, f. 4, which gradually enlarges into an
inflated or fiat lamina bordered by two branches of the
primary stem. The laminee, when fully developed, are
generally in the form of a lyre, plaited into long nearly par-
allel wrinkles converging to both borders, narrower, how-
ever, and more elongated or decurring on one side than on the
other, as in f. 1. Sometimes, as in f. 3 and 5, the axis is
not divided or split. It is lateral, merely curved, and bears
a narrow lamina, with folds passing from the base of the
curve to its top. The appendages, base of f . 1 and 2, are appar-
ently enlarged filaments serving as points of attachment of
the fronds to a hard substance, as a kind of hold-fast, such
as is seen for the support of species of marine plants whose
base is either divided and spreading into soft ground, or
flattened and glued u|)on rocks or hard materials.

Fhysophicus Andrcei^ Stur., Culm flora, p. 1, PI. XX YI,
f. 1-5, is distantly related to this species.

Habitat — Ferruginous shale intervening in the horizon
of the Millstone grit, on Slippery rock creek, Lawrence
County, Pa. The shale is dark gray, the impressions,
very distinct under water, become effaced when dry.

Taonurus Colletti, Lesqx., Ft. A, Fig. 7.

Chondrites Colletti, Lesqx., Oeol. Bept. of III., IV, p. S?9.

Frond large, narrowed^ to a basilar support^ obovate in
outline ; lamina cut into lacinice joined in their length, or

8 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

separated^ cin^ved up in half circle^ converging to the bor-
ders.

This species seems, like the former, to be derived from a
cylindrical axis, to which it appears as attached by its nar-
rowed base. The relation of the two parts is not positively
ascertained ; for though the specimens examined are numer-
ous enough, none of them but this show any connection
to a fucoidal filament. The general character however is
not dissimilar to that of the former species ; only here
we have the lamina totally separated from the frame
formed around the fronds by the fucoidal filaments, in f. 1
and 2, of the same plate. The base of f. 1 shows a mode of
attachment very much like that of f. 7. The shaj^e of the
frond is also very similar. The wrinkles of the surface
are more distinct in this species, often cut through and sep-
arated as lacinise. Other specimens show the divisions still
more clearly, and the lacinise sub-cylindrical. The size of
the fronds is very variable and their outlines also. Some
of them half round, or even disciform, are intermediate be-
tween the former species and T. Cauda-Galll.

8piroj)hyton typum^ Hall, (16th Ann. Rep. of the Nat.
Hist, of New York, p. 80, with woodcut,) is, at least, as far
as seen from the figures, closely allied to this species, if
not identical with it. It dilfers by the lacinise more indis-
tinctly interwoven, not parallel, not separated.

Hahitat — Towle's mill, five miles east of Lodi, Fountain
Co., Inda., horizon of Coal No. 5, of the Hlinois section.
Communicated by Mr. John Collett. The specimen figured
was received from Dr. J. H. Britts, and obtained in Mis-
souri, near the base of the coal measures of that State.

Taonurus Cauda-Galli, {Flsch. Ost.,) Vaiiux.

Fucoides Cauda-Galli, Vanuz., Geol. Rept. Third District of New York,
p. 128 and wood cuts.

General form of the frond, circular^ hut with the outlines
rarely defined ; ridges or lacinicB curving from the center
all around, more abruptly bent to the margin, UJce the
feather of a cocTt^ s tail.

PAL^OPHYCUS.

The species is distinct from the former ones by the circu-
lar form of the frond, and the disposition of the lacinise
around a central point. Its size is very large, some of the
fronds measuring one foot. It is locally extremely com-
mon, as for example at the base of the Millstone grit, along
the western borders of the coal measures of East Kentucky,
where I have seen large surfaces of Sandstone entirely
covered with its remains.

All the forms of Taonurus^ considered as specifically
different, may perhaps be modifications or varieties of one.
They are rarely found in a good state of preservation, ^nd
are difficult to study. F. 1-6, of PI. A, indicate the
mode of development of these plants, as from a vesicular
production or inflation of the top of the cylindrical axis,
the membrane plaited or lacerated filling the space between
the separate and distended borders, which are either per-
sistent and distinct, or gradually merged into the laminse.
Prof. J. Hall considers their growth as an unfolding of the
axis in a spiral progression, hence the generic name of Spi-
rojpliyton^ proposed by him for these plants.

Pal^ophycus, Hall.

Frond expanding hy dichotomous^ repeated sub-divi-
sions, from a radical simple axis ; branches cylindrical
or sliglitly flattened, obtuse, sometimes umbonate, either
simple or anastomosing by dimsions in right angle ; sur-
face smooth or dotted.

This genus has been established by Hall, in Paleont. of
New York, vol. I, p. 1. Its definitioii is here somewhat
modified, according to the characters of the species which
I refer to it. It is the equivalent, in name at least, of
the old genus Fucoides of Brongniart, which, used as it was
originally for the description of marine plants of different
characters, even of Grap tolithes, had become too indefinite
for classification. Schimper, narrowing its limits, has pre-
served it for species of the type of Fucoides antiquus,
Brgt., {Bylhotrephis antiquata, Hall), and of Palceophycus.
The last name proposed before the modification of the
genus Fucoides, should be preserved for the American spe-

10 p. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

cies of marine plants answering to tlie characters fixed by
Hall. They are of a type widely represented in the old
formations of this continent, and rarely recognized in Eu-
rope until now

Pal^^ophycus Milleki, Lesqx., PI. A, Figs. 8-8h. i

Geol. Rept. of Ind., 1875, p. 136, Fl. J, /. IS,

Frond large ; hrancJces either erect or expanding around
a central axis., forking in acute angle of divergence^ or an-
astomosing between them, cylindrical or slightly flattened^
generally thicker towards the oMuse apex^ sometimes um-
honate^ cut across or strangled by deep lines at r ight angles
to the axis ; surface smooth or punctate.

Even on the same specimen, the characters of this ]3lant
are extremely variable, as seen f. 8, which represents
it with a number of its peculiar modifications. The ramifi-
cation is dichotomous, or irregularly anastomosing. Gen-
ally the branches become thicker towards the obtuse apex,
but they are also regularly cylindrical and of equal size in
their whole length, or here and there bossed, or abruptly
cut and prolifer, bearing at their intersections small branch-
es implanted w^ow stumps, a kind of sub-division analo-
gous to that of the living Caulerpa prolifer a, Lamour., of
Florida. The surface, also, though generally punctate, and
marked here and there with prominent papillse regularly
placed in spiral, (1 8 and 8/^, enlarged), is smooth in some
parts of the branches, as if the dots had been here and
there partially erased by the action of the waves. Some
of the branches of .the specimens of Mx'. Miller are much
larger than those figured, varying from four to fifteen mil-
limeters in thickness.

The species is distantly related to P. tnbularis. Hall,
Paleont. of New York, v. I, p. 7, PL II, f. 1, 2, espe-
cially like an undescribed fragment figured in the same vol.,
PI. XXI, f. 3, from the Calciferous sandstone.

/TttZ^/Ya^^Concreiions of Carbonate of Iron in a bed of
clay over Coal L of the Ind. Geol. Reports, Vigo County.

Communicated by Prof. E. T. Cox and Mr. J. F. Miller,
of Bichmont, Ind,

PAL^OPHYCUS.

P. U

PAL.EOPIIYCITS GRACILIS, Lesqx., PL Flgs. 9-lOa.

Geol. Bept. of Ind., 1875, p. 137, PL I,f. 4-5b.

Frond small, enlarging upwards by repeated dichotomy ;
branches cylindrical, forking in a more or less open angle
of divergence, slender, gradually decreasing in thickness
from the base up to an obtuse point, easily split horizon-
tally, sometimes slightly punctate, generally smooth.

The whole frond as represented f. 9, is a little more than
three centimeters long, and ^>-;>rly as broad in its upper
part. The thickness of the main stem, as far down as it
can be seen, is two millimeters, decreasing upwards to the
obtuse apex of the cylindrical branches, scarcely half a
millimeter thick.

This species is evidently of the same type as the former,
essentially differing by the small size of all its parts. Even
its surface is also sometimes dotted or rough, though gen-
erally smooth. These two forms bear to each, other the
same relation that Chondrites antiquus St., has to Buthot-
rephis gracilis. Hall, which Goeppert considers as varieties
of the same species. Without taking into account the
great difference in the size, and the form of the branches of
the plants figured, the first by Goeppert, Uebergsg., PL I,
f. 1, the second by Hall, 1. c, PL XXI, f. 1, it is certainly
hazardous to unite in one species fragments of marine
plants of Europe and of the United States, from some like-
ness remarked in the figures. Buthotrephis antiquata.
Hall, 1. c, PL II, f. 6, and B. gracilis. Hall, appear to be
the same species, but different from the European Chon-
drites antiquus. Though it may be, the plants described
here as BalcEophycus, are clearly distinct from any of those
named above.

Habitat — With the former, and communicated by Prof.
E. T. Cox.

Paljeophycus divap.icatus. Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of Ind., 1875, p. 138.

Frond flattened into creeping branches diverging around
the central axis ; brandies cylindrical, or more or less

12 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

flattened by compression^ irregularly forking and anasto-
mosing hy cross diolslons, nearly equal in size in their
whole lengthy oMuse, surface smooth.

The species differs from P. Miller i by the more slender
branches, generally simple or united by anastomosis or
divisions by branchlets at right angles. The surface is
quite smooth and the facies different, somewhat like Fhy-
topsis cellulosum^ Hall, Paleont. of New York, I, p. 39,
PI. IX, f. 1 to Id, which, according to Emmons, represent
a polyp. Our plant is smaller in all its parts, of an amor-
phous compound, evidently of the same generic division as
both of the former species. I should even have considered
it a variety of P. Milleri^ but for the difference in the mode
of its divisions, and for its smooth surface.

HaMtat with the former. I have seen one specimen only,
from the cabinet of Mr. 1. F. Miller.

AsTEROPHYCUS, Lesqx.

Stem shorty cylindrical ; frond expanded and dimded
star-like from the top of the central axis ; segments flat-
tened or inflated.

AsTEROPHYCUs CoxiT, Lcsqx.^ PI. ^, Figs. 5^ 6.

Geol. Rept. of Ind., 1875, p. 139, PI. II.

Divisions of the fronds flattened, large, oblong, obtuse
or ob cor date ; surface deeply and irregularly wrinkled
lengthwise.

The figures represent the specimen in half its size, and
merely half of its surface, for it bears five of those star like
vegetable remains, placed in rows, three on one side, two
on the other. The largest is twelve centimeters in diame-
ter between the ends of the opposite divisions, the small-
est only six centimeters, and the divisions are in all radia-
ting in five or six, from the central axis. Sometimes they
appear doubled, or superposed, as independent of each
other, and separately growing from the center, above those
of which the lower surface only is seen, the lower divisions
being joined near their base, those above apparently sep-

ASTEROPHYCITS.

P. 13

arated in the whole length. The younger blades or shoots
are somewhat cylindrical and scarcely striate, rather
transversely rugose, narrowed to the point of attachment,
as seen, f. 5. A specimen communicated by Rev. H.
Herzer, bears a longer fragment of the axis, to the base of
which are attached numerous cylindrical short branches,
one to two centimeters thick, spindle shaped, evidently
basilar supports of the plant, serving as lateral holdfasts,
same as seen at the base of some AlgcB of the present time.
Another specimen has the surface strew^n with longer cyl-
indrical basilar filaments, similar to rootlets or fastening
ligaments, also like those of living marine plants, which,
when of large size, have both the filaments like roots, and
above them appendages which help to the support of the
plants.

Habitat — Hard sandstone or quartzite, connected with
the coal beds of the cut off of the Wabash, near New Har-
mony, Ind., Upper Coal measures, E. T. Cox. Sandstone
bed of the Lower Coal measures, near Rock Castle, Ky.,
Rev. H. Herzer.

AsTEEOPHYCUS SIMPLEX, Sjp. Tiov.^ Ft. B, Flgs. 7, 8.

Frond composed of cytindricat spindte-sliaped' brandies^
placed star-like around a central axis., free to the base.

I have represented only a fragment of a larger specimen,
which bears a number of fronds diversely placed upon the
surface of the stone, or without any regular disposition in
regard to each other. They are not all as symmetrical as
those of the fragments figured, or at least their regularity
is impaired by the imbedding of some of the rays. These
branches, about eight in number, two and a half to four
centimeters long, five to seven millimeters in diameter in
the upper enlarged part, are exactly spindle shaped, grad-
ually enlarging from a narrow base to above the middle,
and thence more rapidly narrowed to a blunt point. The
central axis is circular and varies in size in proportion to
the rays which join it Avithout connection of their borders.
The surface is smooth or irregularly dotted. The shale is
strewn with cylindrical flexuous creeping branches, ap-

14 P.

REPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

parently related to the fronds, either as support or as con-
necting iiLaments between them. Indeed the star-like, so
called fronds, ai)X)ear as scattered upon heaps of radicular
filaments mixed in every direction, ver}^ numerous, often
filling the clay, Avithout any of the regularly conformed
bodies. The generic affinity of the phmt with the former
is evident.

Habitat — Ferruginous clay near Beaver, Penna., above
the Millstone grit. Discovered by Prof. I. C. White. The
specimens figured have been kindly communicated by Mr.
Jos. Hartman, of Pittsburg, Pa.

Co^vTOSTYCiius, Lesqx.

Stipe cylindrical, continiious ; frond enlarging from
the ha.se npioards in tlie shape of a plate or of a cup, or
increasing by success Im superposed layers or concentrical
lamlncB ; toy cup-shaped^ concave.

For the diagnosis of this genus, in Greol. Pept. of Ind.,
1875, p. 142, I had a single specimen, PI. B, f. 4, and from
its peculiar shape and the abrasion of the borders of the
laminae in the enlarged border, T hypothetically considered
this border as the lower part of the frond and figured it
npside down. A number of other specimens, f. 1 and 3,
prove the error of this supposition. These organized bod-
ies, whose reference to plants is questionable, have in their
mode of growth a relation to some marine Algce of our
time, the Acetabular ice ^ which bear, on a continuous stipe,
successive umbrella shaped fronds, the lower rendered solid
by incrustation of calcareous matter. In the fossil species
described here the fronds appear thick, all of the same hard
compact substance. But for this character also, we have a
point of comparison in species of Zonaria, whose fronds
are composed of divers branches enlarging fan-like in half
circular blades, cut on the borders in parallel oblong
lacinise, the whole plant being of a hard, opaque, thick sub-
stance.

These organisms, however, might be considered as sponges;
for the fossils described here find a degree of analogy in

CONOSTYCHUS.

P. 15

some species of the order of the HexactlnellidcB, Smith, e. g.
for the cup shaped form, CapelUa riigosa^ Goldf., and
Camerospong ia f unglformis^ Goldf. ; and for fronds en-
larged umbrella-like, flat on the top and undulate crenate
on the reflexed borders, in Coelojptycliium agaricoides^
Gold.^ But none of the sponges have a continuous axis,
and even in a fossil state, their surface is always rugose.

In comparing, the figures in the two plates A and B,
the characters of all the species which they represent,
denote in all an evident analogy of development which
does not leave any doubt of their relation to the same
class of natural productions. The cylindrical branches
of PI. A, f. 8, are reproduced in the stipes of f. 4 ; and its
top expansion explains the mode of division of the cyl
indrical filaments which bear the starlike fronds, f. 7 and
8, PI. B. The generic relation of this last plant with
Asteropliycus Coxii^ PL B, f. 5 and 6, is clear enough.
Both diifer from sponges by their characters, and tlierefore —
as we see in f. 1 and 3 the same mode of development as in
f. 5 and 6, excepting only the mode of division of the
fronds, lobate in these last, entire in the others — we have to
refer the whole either to sponges or to vegetables. The first
alternative has for it a less degree of evidence than the sec-
ond. The only objection against the reference of these
bodies to vegetables is in the thickness and compactedness
of the fronds. But, as seen above, there is an analogy
of composition in the Acetahularice, — which have the
outer frond thickened by incrustations of calcareous
matter in such a way that these plants have often been con-
sidered as corals, while the upper divisions are soft, and
also in the hard compact texture of the Zonarice.

CoNosTicHus Broadheadi, 8p. nov., PI. B, Figs. 1 and '2.

Stipe shorty cylindrical^ transversely ribbed ; frond semi-
globular^ cup shaped., concave insidCy distinctly three cos-
tate aad deeply wrinkled lengthwise on the outside ; sub-
stance thicTc. ,

* Handbuch of Palaeontologie by W. P. Schinjper and Karl A. Zittei, 2d
lief., 1879.— A work of which only two parts are published as yet.

16 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

I owe the comnmnication of this beautiful specimen to
Prof. Ct. C. Broadhead. It has been very exactly repre-
sented, both for the inside and the outside characters. It
is a little more than eight centimeters across at its top, and
five centimeters up from the apex of the stipe to the bor-
ders, which average one centimeter in thickness. They ap-
pear composed of superposed layers of amorphous stony
matter. The outside, exactly cup shaped, has three equi-
distant, strong ribs, more than one centimeter high and as
broad at the enlarging base, with large wrinkles disposed
lengthwise, and regular rugose branchlets, which seem as
sculptured by hand, for the outside ornamentation of the
cwp. The inside concavity is irregularly rough, about two
centimeters deep at the Hat bottom, covered by a layer of
inorganic matter.

Habitat — Shale near the base of the coal measures, Ver-
non County, Mo., about half way between Xevada and
Fort Scott ; Prof. G. C. Broadhead"!

CoxosTicHus PROLiFER, Sp. noi\, Fl. B, Fig, 3.

Frond thicTc^ disciform^ disposed in successive series
upon a continuous^ narroio^ cylindrical stipe.

The disks, someAvhat cup-shaped, abruptly curving on
the outside of the axis, with a nearly fiat base, concave in-
side, are grown superposed to each other, attached to a
stipe whose remnant is seen in the center of the disks.
These are easily separable by the breaking of the axis,
smooth, both inside and outside, only irregularly wrinkled
at the borders, five to six centimeters across, the upper
ones gradually smaller.

I have seen a few specimens of this species, two only in
a good state of preservation, both with three superposed
plates separating by the breaking of the axis, the upper
X3late bearing, like the lower ones, a fi-agment of the stipe
in its center, showing its size and form and indicating a
further continuation of the process of development.

Hah itat—T\\e specimen figured has been communicated
by Prof. G. C. Broadhead, from the same locality as the
former ; others, from Kentucky, were found by Rev. H.
Herzer, with fragments of Asterophycus Coxii.

CALAMAKIiE.

P. 17

Co^fOSTiCHTTS ORNATUS, Lesqx.^ PI. B, Fig. 4.

Gcol. Rept. of Ind., 1875, p. I42, FL 7", /. 6.

Frond ohconical, composed of superposed layers grad-
ually increasing in size from the base upwards^ and reg-
ularly lohate on the borders by deep lines., diverging star
like from the axis, amd passing up to the top.

The mode of development of this plant, in accordance
with that of the two former species, is from a cylindrical
basilar axis, by successive layers or laminae formed around
it in continuous superposition. These laminae are regu-
larly cut on the borders by deep lines, which pass like rays
from the central axis to the borders of the lobes, being on
the same plan or opposite. The broken part near the base
shows that these laminae or successive fronds were not ag-
glutinated, but free and superposed to each other like those
of the former species, merely differing by the greater prox-
imity of quite flat plates of equal thickness. These plates
are not so thick as in the former species, as probably their
close superposition prevented the incrustation of foreign
matter. The star-like divisions marked upon the broken
surface are in correspondence with those of Aster ophycus.

Some remains, showing affinity to those described above,
are figured by Hall, Paleont. of New York, vol. II, PI. X,
f. 9 a, &, 10. The author considers them as roots of Bytho-
trephis.

Habitat — Sandstone of the Coal Measures, between Coal
1 and 2 of the Geol. Section of Illinois, Mr.- I. H. South-
well.

VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, OR
ACROGENS.

Calamaki^.

Plants herbaceous or arborescent ; stems fistulose^ ar-
ticulate^ traversed at the articulations by a solid wall
{diap7iragm\ marked on the outside face of the bark by
longitudinal parallel narrow ribs and furrows ; leaves
2 P.

18 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

verticillate^ free in their wJiole length or confluent at hase,
linear -lanceolate or suhspatulate or wedge forni^ simple^
nerved or plurinerved ; branches from the axils, of the
leaves, verticillate.

To this order, represented in tlie vegetation of tliis epocli
by the Equisetacece (Ilorso-tail family), I refer the genera
Bornia, Calamodendron, Aster or)hyllites, Annularia,
f^plienojphyllum, G alamo stachys, Macrostachya, Equiset-
ites and Trochophyllum f

The plants of this order are very common in the Carbon-
iferons measures, often found imbedded in sandstone, but
more generally in the coal, where they constitute by their
remains distinct layers of combustible matter, sometimes
of remarkable thickness, iis represented in the IS'orth
American Coal Measures, their characters are taken merely
from the inside and outside impressions of the bark, and
from the branches, leaves and organs of fructification,
transformed into coal, or preserved upon the stony mat-
ter imbedding their remains.

A marked difference seems to exist in the structure of
the trunks, and in the character of the texture ; some
authors, who have been able to study it from silicified
specimens, have separated these plants into two groups,
one referred to the Equisetacece, the other the dicotyledo-
nous gymnosperms, under the names of Calamitea and
Calamodendron. The evidence on the subject is not yet
sufficient for definitive conclusions, and, deprived of the
means of pursuing anatomical researches of that kind, for
until now we have had no silicified specimens of any re-
mains of these plants in the North American Coal measures,
I follow here the distribution admitted by Schimper, refer-
ring to CalamaricB all the coal plants whose characters re-
cognized from the outside of the remains, agree with the
above description.

The students who wish to become acquainted with the
views of the Phytopaleontologists upon the difficult subject
of the internal structure of the Calamites, will find abund-
ant materials exposed and discussed in the works of Petz-
hold, Cotta, Brongniart, (who in his Tableau des Genres

CALAMITES.

P. 19

reverses a former opinion expressed in the Histoire des Yeg-
etaux fossils,) linger, Goeppert, Ettingsliausen, especially
in the English authors Binney and Williamson, (who are
contradicted by Dawson, of Montreal,) and more recently in
Weiss, Grand 'Eury and Stur. The whole matter is re-
viewed by Schimper in a clear and very interesting resume,
Paleont. veget. I, p. 291-312.

Calamites, SucTc.

Plants arborescent ; trunks cylindrical^ articulate; artic-
ulations variable in distance, rapidly closer towards the
ndrroioed ob conical base; surface narrowly ribbed and
furrowed lengthwise ; ribs equal, simple, parallel^ con-
tracted or rounded at the articulations ; branches nearly
at right angles, verticillate like the leaves, which a,re lan-
ceolate acuminate, simple nerved.

The Calamites are rarely found with branches attached
to the trunks, and still more rarely with leaves attached to
the branches. I have never .seen in the American Coal
Measures branches bearing leaves in connection with a
trunk of Calamites except of one species.

Schimper has described most of the species of Astero-
phyllites under the generic name of Calamocladus, which
represents their derivation from Calamites as branches. This
relation is generally admitted, but I think that the branches
with leaves, found attached to trunks, have to be described
in their totality as Calamites ; all the others whose relation
to trunks is not positively known find their place in the old
genus Aster ophyllites.

The species of Calamites are vaguely defined in their
characters. Those who have on hand only a fevv'- specimens
recognize easily marked differences and may therefore in-
definitely multiply the species. But after a prolonged com-
parison of a large number of fragments of these plants,
the points of differences, appreciable at first, become blended
or gradually pass into each other in such a way that
some authors, like Ettinghausen, have merged all the forms
into a simple original type, recognizing one s]pecies only.
If, as it seems proved. Aster ophyllites are branches of Cala-

20 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREOX.

mites, as these branches have positively characters distinct
enough to force their distribution into a number of species,
the trunks cannot represent a single type with mere varie-
ties. Therefore variations, though obscurely distinguishable
upon the bark of the trunks, have to be considered as
specific. This is the opinion of the generality of Phyto-
paleontologists and my experience forces me to admit it as
really authorized.

Roots of Calamites are as rarely found attached to the
stems as are the branches. Grand 'Eury in his Flore
Carbonif^re, a splendid work recently published, represents
the base of stems as obconical, gradually pointed, some-
times curved, even horizontal, short pointed at both ends,
and thus subterranean with close articulation, bearing, in-
stead of leaves, bundles of narrow flat rootlets diverging
around at right angles. It seems therefore that the lower
part of the stems represent a kind of rhizoma, as the artic-
ulations sometimes bear instead of radicles small obconical
branches really bases of stems of the same plants. One of
the ti.gures however represents a linear narrowly ribbed and
articulate rhizoma, emitting at the articulation either radicles
or obconical fragments of stem. I have seen on ferruginous
nodules of Mazon Creek fragments of linear, leaf-like ap-
pendages which seem to belong to Calamites as roots. I
have also described with Q. Cannceformls scars of rootlets,
but have never found any kind of organs referable to
roots attached to stems of Calamites, not even on the basi-
lar fragments of these plants, seen standing in groups or
as a forest imbedded into sandstone at Carbondale. Grand
'Eury observes that these vegetable organs are easily de-
stroyed, soon disappear, and that more generally the base
of the trunk is naked.

Calamites Suckowii, Brgt., PI. L Figs. 3, ^.

Calamites Suckowii, Brgt., Hist, d.veg. foss., p. 124, PI. XV,/. 1-6; XVI,
f. 2-4. Gein. Verst., p. 6, PI. XIII, f. 1-6. Weiss, Foss. flo., p. 117, PI.
XIII, f. 5. Heer Fl. fos. Hebr., IV, p. 46. Lesqx., Geol. of Penna., 1858,
p. 850; Geol. Rept. of Ills., II, p. 445- Schp. Paleont. Veget., 7, p. 812, PI.
XVIII, f. 1.

a nodosus, Brgt., I. c., p. 133, PI. XXIII, f. S.

C. communis, Ett. Beitr. in Natur. Abh. von W. Haidinger, IV, 1, p. 73.

CALAMITES.

P. 21

Stem generally broader than the space between the artic-
ulations {inter nodes); ribs half round or planoconvex, ob-
tuse at the articulations; f urrows narrow, obtusely cari-
nate; tubercles {impressions of leaves) more or less dis-
tinct, oval.

The stems average seven to twelve centimeters in thickness
when not flattened. The epidermis is very thin, smooth and
the bark also thin, the ribs distinct, the articulations some-
what variable, close toward the base. When decorticated,
the under surface, distinctly ribbed, is narrowly striate
lengthwise, more obscurely so on the outside surface.

This most common species of our coal measures is gener-
ally represented in flattened fragments in the shale over-
laying the coal, but always in cylindrical sections of stems
in the sandstone. Near Carbondale, Pa., there is a stand-
ing forest of Catamites, stems or trunks, buried in a bed
of hard sandstone twenty feet thick or more. From an in-
clined tunnel cut through this sandstone to the coal below,
such a mass of fragments of stems have been taken out
that a long viaduct has been constructed of them. All the
fragments represent the same species ; all have their origi-
nal cylindrical shape preserved, but many are folded or
plaited on the surface in various directions, as are generally
the hollow stems like those of reeds by the compression of
an outside force.

The tubercles are mostly oval, but also sometimes round,
half globular, smooth, placed at the top of the ribs, rarely
at their base.

Habitat — All the strata of the middle coal measures from
the conglomerate to the Pittsburg Coal, or in the Anthracite
from the Mammoth Yein to the Salem Vein.

Calamites major, Weiss.

Foss.fl.,p. 119, PL XIII J. 6; PL XIV, f. 1.

Stem large ; internodes short; ribs broader, somewhat
angular or obtuse in joining the articidat ions ; scars large
oval ; cortex thicker,

Weiss has separated this species as intermediate between
C. SucJcowii and C. gigas, I think, with good reason. The

22 P.

liEPOllT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEKEIJX.

specimen which I refer to this and which had been left as
uncertainly referable to one of these two species, is a large
stem, twenty-four centimeters broad, flattened to a thick-
ness of five centimeters ; the articulations are only four to
four and a half centimeters distant ; the ribs nearly three
millimeters wide, convex, with concave furrows, and the
coaly bark nearly twice as thick as in the generality of the
specimens of C. Suclcowii. The characters are definite and
evidently different from both the related congeners, and the
sj)ecimen preserved in concretions is very distinct.
Habitat — Mazon Creek concretions.

Calamites ramosus, Artis, Fl. /, Fig. 'B.

Artis, Antedel. Phytol., PL IT. Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. PL XVII,
f. 5, 6. Giitb., Abdr., p. 18, PL II, f. 6. Gr. d'Eary, FL carb, p. 20, PL II,
/. 4. Lcsqx., GeoL of Penna., 1858, p. 850; Geol. Bept. of Ills., II, p. 445.

C. /Suckowii, jSchp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 812.

Stem branching ; articulat ions distant ; ribs flat ; f ur-
rows narrow ; tubercles ocal^ often undefined at both ends
of the ribs ; scars (f branches large, round.

This species is evidently distinct from C. SucJiowii by
the distant articulations, the branches attached to the
middle of the articulations, covering them with their large
scars extending equally both ways, above and below. The
branches are large, comparatively to the stems, as seen from
the specimen figured, which measures nine centimeters in di-
ameter (flattened) and the branch nearly three centimeters.
Another specimen from Cannelton, twenty-eight centi-
meters long, four and a half centimeters broad (flattened),
has five articulations, the basilar ones four and a half centi-
meters distant, the upper ones seven to eight, with flat, dis-
tinct ribs, ra,ther continuous than alternating, more or less
inflated at the articulations, or wdth indistinct undefined
tubercles and branch scars large and round. Still another
specimen from the same locality, forty- three centimeters
long, seven centimeters broad (flattened), has only three
articulations, sixteen to eighteen centimeters distant, one
of them with a branch somew^hat oblique, ten centimeters
long, one and a half centimeters broad at the narrow^ed
base, without any articulation. All the specimens I have
seen of this species present the same characters. Per con-

CALAMITES.

P. 23

tra, from the immense number of fragments of C. Siicliowii^
mentioned above as seen at Carbondale, I have not found a
single one marked with scars of a branch and none with
long internodes.

Habitat — It is not as common as C. Sicckowil^ though
distributed also over the whole thickness of the middle coal
measures, Gate Yein, near Pottsville, Murphysborough
and Duquoin, Ills., Cannelton, Pa., in fine specimens.

Calamttes ramifer, St nr.

Culm Flora, p. 82, PL III,f. 3, 3b, 4. PL IV, f. 2, 3, 4 ; f. 18, p. S6.

Stem smalt; hark thin; articulatiMhs and furroios
scarcely marJced upon tlie harJc, distinct on the dicorticated
surface ; furrows close^ narrow^ flat^ some converging,
others continuous ; ribs very narrow ; tubercles scarcely
distinct ; brandies narroioed to the base; articulations
d-istarit.

This description of the author concords in most of its
points with the characters of a conglomerate species, of
which a large number of fragments have been obtained
at Pittston, Pa. The main stem about ten centimeters
broad, with distant articulations, is marked on the cortex
with flat, scarcely distinct furrows, and very narrow ribs, the
whole surface being very thinly lineate. The tubercles are
indistinct or none. The x)rimary branches, nearly two cent-
imeters broad (flattened), have articulations twelve centi-
meters distant, the secondary branches five millimeters
broad have them six centimeters distant, and bear whorls
of leaves and branchlets of a third order, with gradually
shorter sub-divisions and shorter leaves. The leaves are
flat, lanceolate-acuminate, slightly narrowed from the
middle to the point of attachment, comparatively long, two
centimeters in the lowest whorls, with a broad, rarely dis-
tinguishable medial nerve. By their 'size and shape these
leaves are remarkably similar to those of Aster ophyllites
foliosus, as figured by Gein. Yerst., PI. XVI, f. 2. But
in this last specie^ the articulations are close, and as seen
f. 1, the branches are rapidly decreasing in size up-
wards. In the sub-conglomerate species, the branches are

24 P.

EEPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

long and cylindrical. If, as indicated by Scliimper, As-
terophyllites foUosus^ of LI. & Hutt., and of Gein., is re-
ferable to Catamites Buckoioii^ our American species has
nothing comparable to it except the leaves. It could be
more easily confounded with C. ramosus^ but is evidently
different by its narrow furrows, only one millimeter broad,
while in a stem of the same diameter those of the former
species are three millimeters wide ; by the absence of tu-
bercles, and especially by the contraction of the ribs, three,
more generally four, towards deep round points, scars of
small adventive buds, jjlaced on the articulations, some-
times very close to each other. On one of my specimens,
these bud scars are only four to five millimeters distant,
and thus all the ribs, without exception, are converging in
fascicles of three to six to these scars. The contraction of
the ribs is perfectly distinct under the thin bark, but ob-
scure upon its smooth surface. Remarkably enough, the
larger scars of developed branches change the direction of
the ribs in an opposite way, the middle ones being abruptly
cut by the borders of the branches, while the lateral, forced
outside, turn around the scar or are continuous. A dispo-
sition of the same kind, but far less regular, is often re-
marked on specimens of C. approximatus, as figured by
Gein. Yerst., PI. XI, f. 2 and 5 ; PI. XII, f. 1-2; also by
Schimper, atlas, PI. XIX, f. 1, etc. This however is a spe-
cies far different by its close articulations, broader ribs,
and generally distinct tubercles.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate shale, Campbell's ledge, near
Pittston. Specimens in the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe.
The last specimen described, with ribs converging to the
articulations, is from Cannelton, communicated by Mr. I.
F. Mansfield.

Calamites CA:NN^iEF0RMis, Sclitotli., Pt. 7, Fig. 1,

Schloth., Petrf.,p. 398, PL XX,/. 1. Brgt. Hist. d. Veg. foss.,p. 131, PI.
XXI. Gein. VersL, p. 5, PI. XIII, f. 8; PI. XIV, f. 1, 2, 4. Gr. Ey., Fl.
Garb., p. 21, PL III,f. 1-2. Lesqx., GeoL of Penna., 1858, p. 850. Schimp.
Paleont. vegeL 1, p. 316, PL XX, f. 1-3.

C. decoratus, Brgt., I. c.,p. 123, PL XIV, f. 1-5. Artis,AntediL PhytoLj
PL XXIV.

C. suckowii, Heer, PL fuss. Helv., IV, p. Ifi.

CALAMITES.

P. 25

Btem large; articulations variable in distance ; fnr rows
hroad^ obtuse, sometimes marked in the middle by a sJtarp
thin line ; ribs convex, wedge-form, and alternately joined
at the articulations ; scars of leaves distinct, obsolete or
absent.

The species is much like C. SucJwwii, and separated from
it by rather indefinite characters. The ribs are larger,
more distinctly convex, wedge form, and alternately con-
nivent at the articulations ; the furrows broader, more ob-
tusely carinate. The ribs are generally broader, more flat-
tened toward the obconical base of the stems, sometimes
bearing distinct round tubercles, a form which has been
separated by Brongniart as C. decoratus. The ribs of this
species are sometimes as large as those of C. Gig as, as
seen by the fragments figured by Schimper 1. c, and by
Geinitz 1. c, PI. XIV, 1 2. One of my specimens, from
Mazon creek, the basilar part of a flattened stem, nine
centimeters in diameter, has the ribs five millimeters broad.
The specimen bears round or oval scars, irregularly placed
over the whole stem, five millimeters in diameter, evidently
scars of roots, marked by central punctiform, convex,
broad papillae, like the vascular scars of Stigmaria. This
form is transient to C. gigas, and as far as I can see, sepa-
rated from it merely by the smaller size of the stems, and its
habitat in the true coal measures. It seems to represent
the fragment described by Goepp., as C. variolatus, Fl. d.
Uebergsg., p. 124, PL V. It is the only specimen I have
seen of this character.

Habitat — It has the same distribution as C. Suclcowii, but
is more rarely found.

Calamites Gigas, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg.foss.yp. 186, PI. XXVII. Weiss, Foss.fl.,p. 117, PI. XIII,
f, 8; PI. XIV, f. 2. Schp., Paleont. veget., 1, p. 319, PL XX, f. 2, 4.

Stem very thick ; ribs six to eight millimeters wide, con-
vex, without tubercles, wedgeform, and alternate at the
articulations.

I have a mere fragment, showing by its outside curve to
be part of a trunk thirty or thirty-five centimeters in

26 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

diameter, witli convex ribs seven millimeters broad, and
sharp narrow furrows. From the presence of this speci-
men, I consider the locality where it was found as Permian
or permo-carboniferous.

Habitat — Rocky Mountains in Sandstone with C. Cistii^
and the trunks remarked upon in the description of Cala-
modendron. Communicated by the U. S. Geol. Survey of
the Territories, under the direction of Dr. F. Y. Hay den.

Gala MITES approximatus, Scliloth. — PI. /, Fig. 5.

C. approximatus (et interruptus ?) Schloth,, Petref., p. 399,400, PL XX,
f. 2. Artis. Antedel. PhytoL, PL IV. LL &. HutL, Foss. fl., I, PL
LXXVU; III, PL CCXVI. Brgt. HisL d. veg. foss., p. ISS, PL XV, /. 7,
8; PL XXIV. Gein., Vcrst.,p. 7, PL XI, /. 1-5; PL XII, /. 1-3. Hcer.
FL,foss. Helv., IV., p. 46, PL XX, /. 5. Lesqx. QeoL of Penna., 1858, p.
850; Geol. Pept. of 111., II, p. 445. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. SI4, PI.
XVIII, f. 2; PL XIX.

C. cruciatus, elcngatus, allernans, difformis, Petzholdi, leiodermus, Gutb.

C. varians, St. Germ. Weiss.

C. co7nmu7iis, Ett., ex parte, etc.

Stems very mriable in size ; cortex comparatively tTiiclc ;
articulations someioTiat contracted., close^ especially to-
wards the base ; ribs indistinct on the baric, clearly marked
on the impressions of the underside^ convex^ with deep
furroios^ tioo or three sometimes converging at their base
on the articulations.

This species is the most common and the most variable
of all. The distance between the articulations is never as
long as the width of the stems ; it varies between one cent-
imeter and three. When flattened, the steins ai^e often
split lengthwise as in f. 5. Therefore they seem to have
been hollow cylinders without woody axis, like C.
Sucliowii.

There is, however, as yet a great deal of uncertainty about
the true characters of this species. C. cruciatus, Brgt. , gen-
erally considered by European authors as a variety of C.
approximatus., dilfers especially by the convergence of some
of the ribs to the round points, placed npon the articula-
tions, as described above from a specimen referred to C.
ramifer. This variety is very common. Greinitz, 1. c,
represents it especially. The figures of Schimper's Atlas

GALAMITES.

P. 27

of the Paleont. veget., 1. c, represents also a specimen
with this cliaiMcrcr. GrancrEvuy, Fl. Carb., p. 294, con-
sidering this CalamUe as the bark of a Calamodendron,
refer it to the Cotyledonous. As seen from the section of
a trunk, PL XXX, f . 7, of his vvorlv, this bark is the outer
layer of a concenrric series of thick woody zones. In the
large number of Carboniferous specimens which I have ex-
amined of this so-called variety of C. ajyproximatus^ I
have been able to see only a comparatively thin bark,
and under it, the striae representing the impression of the
under surface resting upon clay or inorganic matter, with-
out traces of woody fibers underneath, or any coaly matter
representing them.

Ilahatat — It is found in its numerous varieties in all the
strata of the middle coal measures.

Calamites Cistii, Brgt. — PI. /, Fig. 6.

Brgt. Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 129, PI. XX. Gein., VersL, p. 7, PI. XII, f.
4, 5 ; PI. XIII, f. 7. Heer, FL foss. Helv., IV, p. 47, PI. XX, f. 8. Grd. \E.,
Fl. Carb., p. 19, PI. II, f. 1, 8. Lesqx., Geol. of Penna., 1858, p. 850;GeoL
Bept. of 111., II, p. 445. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 818.

C. varia7is, Weiss, Foss. fi., p. II4.

Articulations about equally distant except toioard the
base ; ribs narrow^ half roiuid^ loitJi obtuse striate fur-
rows; tubercles generally absent or small^ round., indis-
tinct.

This species is easily recognized by its regular narrow
ribs, either convex or half round, the length of the inter-
nodes greater than in C. SucJcowii,and the general absence
of leaf tubercles. The stems are generally of small size, at
least, never as large as the distance between the articula-
tions.

Habitat — Not rare in the middle Coal measures ; espe-
cially common in the anthracite basin of Penna.; Carbon-
dale, Pittston and Wilkesbarre. I have seen one specimen
only from the concretions of Mazon Creek.

Calamites dubius, Artis.

Antedel, Phytol., PI. XIII. Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 180, PL XVIII,
f. 1-3. Lesqx., Geol. of Penna., 1858, p. 850. Schp., Paleo7it. Veget., 1, p. 818.
C. Mstriatus 7 Lesqx., I. c., p. 850, PL II, /■ 1.

28 P. r.EPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Articulations distant; ribs narrow^ of the same charac-
ter as those of the former ; furrows more distinctly striate :
tubercles mostly obsolete.

This species is very mucli like the former. It essentially
differs by larger stems and longer internodes, sometimes
thirty to fifty centimeters long. Therefore, fragments of
this species, one foot long or more, are sometimes found
without articulations. The lines or stria3 of the surface are
more distinct than on any other species of Calamites. The
ribs average one millimeter in width ; rarely, and only when
flattened, two millimeters.

The fragment figured as C. bistriatus, Lesqx., 1. c, may
be referable to this species. The ribs are however twdce
as broad, the furrows very narrow, rather acutely carinate
than obtuse. It might be compared to C. BucJcowii, but
for the absence of tubercles, the distinctly striate surface
both upon and under the bark, and the contraction of the
articulations. As I have not seen any other fragment simi-
larly related than the one figured, the species is left uncer-
tain.

Habitat — Same as the former. Mr. R. D. Lacoe has
many very large specimens of both these two last species
in his cabinet. The first are from E vein (Butler v.) of
Pittston ; those referable to this species come from Olipliant
]N"o. 1 vein.

Calamites pachyderm a, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss.j p. 1S2, PL XXII.

Stem large; bark thick; articulations distant; ribs
scarcely marked on the outer surface^ but distinct under
the bark,flat^ unequal^ often converging ; tubercles obso-
lete.

This species is not mentioned by any other of the Euro-
pean authors, except Grand' Eury, who places it among
the doubtful species. He has, however, seen standing
Calamites^ with the characters described by Brongniart.
I cannot say anything more positive on the subject. I
have found in the conglomerate sandstone of Caseyville,

CALAMITES.

P. 29

Ky., large pieces of bark, twenty to thirty centimeters
broad, five to eiglit millimeters thick, with the under surf ace
distinctly and unequally ribbed, and traces of distant ar-
ticulations. There is also, in the State cabinet of Illinois,
a fragment answering exactly to Brongniart's description,
with the same characters, thickness of the bark especially,
as the specimens from Casey ville, and the under surface
more distinctly ribbed. These are the only fragments
which I have considered as referable to the si3ecies. Like
most of the vegetable remains imbedded in Conglomerate
Sandstone, they are badly preserved, and the characters
always more or less uncertain.
Habitat — Conglomerate measures, Caseyville, Ky.

Calamites of uncertain relation.
Calamites disjunctus, Lesqx.

Geol. of JPenna., 1858, p. 850, PI. II,/. 5.

Stem small ; articulations comparatively distant, thicJc,
marJced in tlie loicer part hy an inflated ring ; surface
punctate and dotted.

I have seen only as comparable to the fragment described,
a specimen from Cannelton, which probably represents the
same species. The articulations are at equal distances, a
little more than two centimeters, marked just underneath
or in the middle, by a distinct elevated ring, which cuts the
ribs square, without deranging their direction exactly, as
in Bornia radiata. The ribs are quite flat, striate, but
rendered somewhat obscure by a corrugation of the surface^
comparable to the dotting upon the first specimen described
under this name.

Habitat — Cannelton, Pa., I. F. Mansfield. The specimen
described in Geol. of Penna., 1. c, was found at the Gate
Yein, near Pottsville.

Calamites gracilis. Sp. nov., PI. LXXV.f. 17.

Branch narrow; articulations close, strangled; ribs
flat ; furrows marked by a mere line; cortex compara-
tively thick.

30 P. REPor/r or peogress. leo lesquereux.

This branch, originally more than twenty centimeters
long, is only five millimeters broad, with articnlations two
centimeters distant, narrowed or strangled. The flat ribs
are marked merely by thin lines representing the furrows.
'No branches of Calamites or of any species of this
section are to my knowledge comparable to this. The
pieces of bark surrounding the articulations, seem like re-
mains of sheaths, and give to this fragment the aspect of a
stem of Equisetum. But the pellicle of bark, thick, at
least comparatively to the size of the stem, is merely irreg-
ularly lacerated, as by erosion, and does not show the
border teeth of a sheath. I found this specimen in a bed
of black ferruginous limestone, with impressions of marine
invertebrates, and a few decomposed and indistinct vege-
table fragments. The coaly bark and the stride are char-
acters which prevent its reference to marine plants.

Habitat — Upper Coal strata, Western Kentucky.

BoRNiA, Boem.

Stems cylindrical, articulate and furrowed as in Cala-
mites ; articulations scarcely contracted ; ribs cut square
or obtuse at the articulations, continuous, not alterning,
tliinly striate; cortical cylinder tliick ; teams mrtlcilldte,
free, linear -lanceolate.

BoR]N"iA RADiATA, {Brgt.,) ScJip. — PI. I, Fig. 7.

Bornia transitionis, F. A. Boem., Paleont., Ill, PI. VII, f. 8. Grd. 'E.,
Fl. carh., p. 54.

Calamites radiatus, Brgt., Hist. d. Veg.foss., p. 122, PI. XXVI, f. 1, 2.
Heer, Foss. FL dev., Bar en Insel, p. 82, PI. I-VI.

C. iransitionis, Gocpp., Foss., Fl. d. Uebergsg., p. 116, PL III, IV,
XXXVIII. Paivs., Dev. PL, Quat. Journ. GcoL Soc., Nov., 1862, p. SG9.

V. variolaius, Goepp.. I. c.,p. 124,

C. obliquus, Goepp., I. c.,p. 121, PL VI, f. 9, 10.

C. uiidulatus, lesqx., GeoK liept. of Arks., II, p. 812, PL IV, f. 7, 7a.

C. inornatus. Daws., 1. c., p. 810.

Noeggerathia crassa, Goepp., I. c., p. 220, PL XL.

Bornia radiata, Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 385 ; III, p. 454, PL XXIV,
/. 1-10.

Archaeocalamites radiatus, Siitr. Culm Flora, j). 74. PL II, f. 1-6 ; III,
f.1,2; IV, V,f. 1.

The character of the species is that of the genus.

P. 31

The stems, as far as I have seen them on numerous spec-
imens from the sub-conglomerate Carboniferous of Alabama
are small, five to eight centimeters in diameter ; the ribs
and furrows, one to three millimeters broad, are effaced on
the surface, very distinct on the decorticated cylinder, and
distinctly striate lengthwise. The articulations are gener-
ally very narrow, as cutting across the ribs, which are thus
continuous, parallel and without deviations. In some rare
cases, however, the articulations are slightly contracted.
Heer, 1. c, has given a very detailed description of the
species, with six plates of remarkably fine illustrations,
and critically examined all the forms described by other
authors which he refers to this species. ISTo mention is
made of the internal structures of these plants. Roemer
only says that the internal cylinder is surrounded by a
zone of cellular matter, and Stur describes the stem as
formed of a central cylinder, placed at a distance of the
epidermis.

Mr. R. D. Lacoe has in his cabinet a beautiful specimen
of this species, obtained from the sub-conglomerate shale
of Campbell's ledge, near Pittston. It is a branch, four-
teen centimeters long, five millimeters broad, with articu-
lations two and a half centimeters distant, surrounded by
whorls of thirty to forty linear, canaliculate leaves, less than
one millimeter broad, six and a half centimeters long,
straight up or very oblique, some of them curved inward.
This branch is of the same character as the fragment rep-
resented in Schimper's Atlas, 1. c, PI. XXIY, f. 2. The
leaves seem to be joined at the base two together ; at least
they are approximate by two at the base.

Ildbitat — Common in the sub-conglomerate measures of
Alabama ; communicated by Mr. J. II. Aldrick. Found
also near Pittston, by Mr. P. D. Lncoe. The specimen de-
scribed by Prof. Dawson, as C. transitionis^ is from the
Hamilton Group ; that of C. inornatus^ from the Genessee
slate, both of ISTew York State.

32 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Calamodexdroi^, Brgt.

Central cylinder striate lengtlmise and articulate^ sur-
rounded hy a thick woody cylinder, or harlc, with outside
surface smooth.

It is on the anatomical structure of this outside zone, es-
pecially, that the discussion bears concerning the reference
of these plants to cryptogam ous, or to cotyledonous gym-
nospermous plants.

Calamodendron ? Species, PI. LXXV, Fig. 16.

Internal ribbed cylinder small, variable in size; ar-
ticulations deep but narrow, irregular in distance ; ribs
flat, cut square at the base, and continuous ; furrows dis-
tinct, but very narroio ; bark thick, smooth.

The whole specimen, eight and a half centimeters long,
is figured. The internal cylinder has the characters of Cat-
amites approximatus, differing merely by variation of
its size, being inflated in the middle to sixteen millime-
ters in width, while a little above, its breadth is decreased
to one centimeter. The articulations are also more varia-
ble in length than in any of the specimens of C. approxi-
matus which I have seen. They are marked by distinct
points, apparently the bases of bundles of vessels. The
bark, transformed into hard cannel coal, averages six mill-
imeters in thickness, and is not enlarged in accordance
with the variation in size of the internal cylinder, so that
its borders are nearly parallel. This queer conformation is
not peculiar to this single specimen, for I find it still more
evident in some large fragments which may represent a
different species, and which have been recently received
from the Rocky Mountains.

The largest of these fragments, thirteen centimeters in
diameter, is exactly cylindrical, marked on its outside by
articulations, regularly distant, two and a half centime-
ters, much inflated, with half-round projections at different
distances, corresponding in character and position to the
small round scars seen upon f. 16. The surface is regu-
larly ribbed, the ribs flat or slightly convex, the furrows

CALAMODENDKON".

P. 33

sharply carinate, but very narrow. The whole is a com-
pound of coarse sandstone, and except the outside marks,
no trace of central or internal axis is seen. On other speci-
mens the central axis is partly covered by the bark, or by
an outer-layer of tissue, variable in thickness, five to
twenty millimeters, measured at different parts of the
same line of circumference. The outer surface is also
marked transversely by prominent rings corresponding to
the articulations of the internal cylinder, and vertically
by longitudinal ribs which, though broader, seem to cor-
respond to those of the central axis. In all the fragments,
all the ribs, either of the surface or of the internal cylin-
der, are equal in width in their whole length, without trace
of convergence at the articulations. One of them is re-
markable for this fact: the internal cylinder is broadly
channeled, half hollowed in the middle, as by a flexure,
and the outer zone is in places much thicker, as if it had
filled the depression under it, measuring on one side of the
fragment only one to two millimeters in thickness, while it
is twenty-two on the other. That this variation is not caused
by compression, is seen by the horizontal inflated rings and
the regular ribs of the surface, which preserve the same
direction and relative distance. There are, however, other
specimens evidently curved, with the concave side without
bark, and the convex one more or less thickly covered with
it. Others of these trunks vary in diameter from three to
twelve centimeters. In some of them the ribs of the sur-
face tend in opposite directions or zigzags, from every suc-
cessive articulation, at an angle of about 140°.

In comparing these fragments to the beautiful figures
representing restored stems of Arthropitus and Calamo-
dendron^ in Grd.'E., PI. XXX, f. 7 and 8, it is evident that
the large specimens from the Rocky Mountains are refer-
able to one of these genera — probably to Arthropitus ^ while
the specimen of PI. LXXV, f. 16, may represent Cala-
modendron approximatum^ Cotta, which Goeppert men-
tions in Perm. FL, p. 180, as synonymous with Calamites
approximatus. The stem of this species, as figured by
Dawson, Quat. Journ. Geol. Soc, May, 1866, is small, only
3 P.

34 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

two and one half centimeters, and has the articulations at
irregular distances, like the fragment f. 16, of our plate.

I have, however, also from Cannelton, another specimen,
whose character seems to contradict this reference. It is a
stem of the same size a^ the one figured, also flexuous or
variable in thickness, twenty-two millimeters in the middle,
where it is more inflated, contracted only a little lower to
eleven millimeters, with the articulations close — five to eight
millimeters distant. On the inflated j)iiTt of the stem, the
articulations bear large oval scars, six millimeters long, five
millimeters broad, four millimeters distant, transversely,
alternating with others of the same character, placed higher
up at intervals of three short internodes. The close artic-
ulations, the ribs and the scars, are like what we should
expect to see on branches of 2^ Macro stacliya^ representing,
in a reduced scale, the upper part of Atl., PI. Ill, f. 14.

Habitat — The specimen figured is from Cannelton, found
by Mr. I. F. Mansfield, as all the specimens mentioned from
this locality. The other large ones were sent from Colorado,
with Catamites gigas^ by the collectors of the U. S. Geo-
logical Surveys under the direction of Dr. F. Y. Hay den.

AsTEROPHYLLiTES, Brgt. Calamocladus, ScTip,

Stems articulate ; hranclies opj^osite ; central axis hollow
or solid ; leai^es verticiUate^ free to tJie base, linear, acu-
minate, simple nerved. Fructifications in elongated ears
bearing round sporanges in the axils of the leaves,

Brongniart, Grand 'Eury, and some other authors, con-
sider either all the Aster ophyllites, or some species of the"
genus, as referable to the Phaenogamous Gymnosperms, as
branches of Calamodendron. I do not know as yet any
species with characters different from those of the Cala-
marice. Some of them represent, evidently, branches of
Catamites, and have been described by Schimper as
Calamocladus. Paleont. Yegt. 1 p. 423.

ASTEROPHYLLITES.

P. 35

ASTEROPHYLLITES EQUISETIFORMIS, Sclllotll. — Fl. 11^ Fig.

S, 3a, PI. Ill, Figs. 5-7.

Casuarinites equiseti/ormis, Schloth., Flor. d. Vorw., PL I,/. 1 ; 11^ f. 3.

Asterophyllites equiseti/ormis, Brgt., Prodr., p. 159. Poehl, Paleont.,
X VIII, p. 22, PI. Ill, f. 5. Gein. Verst., p. 8, PL Ji VII, f. 1-3. Germ., Verst.,
p. 21, PL VIII. Goepp., Perm. FL, p. 86, PL 1, f. 5. Lesqx. GeoL of
Penn'a, 1858, p. 851. Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 4^.

A. ovalis, ? Lesqx., GeoL of Penn'a, 1858, p. 851, PL I,f. 2.

A. erectifolius, Andrews, GeoL RepL of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 425, PI.
XL IX, f. 3.

Hypurites longifolius, LL & Ilutt., Foss.Jl. PL CXCI.
Calamocladus equisetiformis, Schp., Paleont. Veget., l,p. 324. PL XXII,
f. 1, 2, 3. Crepin, Bull. Acad. Belg., XXXVIII, Nov., 1874, P' 7.

Frimary'branclies long, obscurely striate ; cortex thick ;
lateral hranclies more or less ohlique, simple ; leaves linear,
acuminate, straight or curved inside ; costa thick.

It is one of the most common species of the genus, and being
of hard texture, is generally found in well preserved speci-
mens. The best I have seen is a branch eighty-eight centi-
meters long, the stem one and a half centimeters broad at
the base, gradually narrowed to two millimeters near the
top, (broken.) The lateral branches, ten centimeters long
at the base, also become gradually shorter upward, to live
centimeters. The leaves, one to one and a half centimeters
at the base, half as long at the apex of the branches, are a
little more than one millimeter broad. The articulations
upon the main stem are surrounded by a vertical column of
leaves appressed against the stem like sheaths ; but on frag-
mentary specimens, these leaves are mostly destroyed, or
sometimes open. The number of leaves, seen on different
specimens, varies from ten to twenty in each whorl. They
can, however, rarely be all counted, being often destroyed in
part, or imbedded in the stone. The width also varies from
one half to one millimeter, and the length sometimes reaches
to fifteen, even seventeen millimeters. The stems are gener-
ally deprived of the bark. The articulations are neither en-
larged nor contracted, merely slightly inflated a little above
and below the point of insertion of the leaves. In young
branches the articulations are very close and the leaves
crowded in spikes.

36 P. EEPORT OF PEOaRESS. LEO LESQTJERETJX.

According to Dr. Feistmantel, Flor. d. Bohm. SteinkoM,
p. 117, PL X, f. 3, the fructifications are in long spiciform
branches, with short internodes, bearing leaves like those
of the branches of Aster opliylUtes^ with sporanges placed
in the axils of the leaves. The description and figure
agree with the fragment, described Geol. of Penn'a, 1858,
p. 851, PI. I, f. 2, as ^. ovalis. These fructifications are
very rare. They are comparable to those of Atl., PL III, f.
5-7. The branches are, however, narrower on the specimens
figured here. It may be referable to another species.

Habitat — The whole extent of the coal measures ; more
prominent in the upper strata. The fine specimens men-
tioned above are from Cannelton, Pa. In the Anthracite,
it is most common at the Gate Vein, near Pottsville.

ASTEROPHYLLITES AT^^THRACINUS, HeeV,
Fl.foss. Helv., IV, p. 50, PL XVIII, f. 2, S.

Articulations very close; leaves much longer than the
internodes^ imbricate, curved inward, linear, slightly
narrower at the base; medial nerve obsolete.

This form, as described by the author, appears to be a
good species. At least I have seen a number of specimens
which represent it, especially in the more compact, thicker
leaves, without trace of medial nerve. The articulations
are three and a half to four millimeters distant in the whole
length of the branches, the leaves at least twice as long as
the articulations, are slightly narrower at the base. There is
an unimportant difference from the European form, in the
direction of the leaves, which are straight up, not generally
curved inward. But even some of the figures of the author
represent them in that way.

Habitat— Q2ii\ne\ton, Pa., Mr. I. F. Mansfield; more rarely
found than the former. The museum of Princeton College
has splendid specimens of this species, from the same
locality.

ASTEROPHYLLITES LOT^GiFOLius, Brgt. {Prodr.)

Ll. & Hutt., Foss.fl., PL XVIII. Oein., VersL, p. 9, PL XVIll,f. S, 8,
Heer., FLfoss., Helv., IV, p. 50, PL XIX, f. 8.

CALAMITES.

P. 37

Calamites tenuifolius, Ett., Steink. v. Stradonitz, p. 5, PI. F-T, /. 5 ;
iSteink. v. Badnitz, p. 27, PL II, f. 1-8 ; PL III, 4.

Calamocladus longi/olius, Schp., Paleont. VegeL, I, p. 32S.

Branch generally small^ loitJi distant articulations^
distinctly striate; leaves numerous^ very long^ open^
linear, subulate, flat, flexuous.

The leaves vary from three to ten centimeters long, av-
eraging seven to eight. Tliey are very narrow, scarcely
one millimeter broad, flat, rather flexuous than rigid ; me-
dial nerve distinct.

The synonimy of this species is not quite clear. Astero-
pJiyllites tenuifolius, St., II, PI. XIX, f. 1, 2, referred to
this species by Schimper, rather resembles A. rigidus, as well
as Bruckmania longifoUa, St., II, PI. LYIII, 1 1. Aster-
opJiyllites comosus and Jubatus, LI. & Hutt., Foss. fl., PL
CYIII, and CXXXIII, seem by their crowded leaves and
broad stem to represent a dift'erent species.

Habitat — More rarely found than the following, which
it resembles. Wilkesbarre, Pittston, Pa., from the sub-
conglomerate CamjibeH's ledge; Morris, 111., in many
specimens.

ASTEROPHYLLITES RIGIDUS, Gcin,

Ver^L, p. 9, PL XVII,f. 7-8. Brgt. Prodr., p. 159. LL & Hutt., Fos.fl.,
PL CCXI. Lesqx., GeoL Rept. of IlL, IV, p. 424, PL XXI, f. 4, 4b.
Calamocladus rigidus, Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 824.

Branches somewhat thicker ; articulations shorter ; sur-
face indistinctly or very narroioly striate ; leaves rigid,
deeply concave or half cylindrical ; nerve thick.

These characters are seen from good specimens preserved
in the nodules of Mazon Creek, as the essential differences
which separate the species from A. longifolius, to which
it is closely allied. The leaves are of about the same
length. One specimen from Mazon Creek, has them ten
centimeters long, another only four and a half.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek ; Cannelton ; Pitts-
ton, Brown Colliery, E., as seen in the cabinet of Mr. R.
D. Lacoe.

38 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ASTEROPHYLLITES SUBL^VIS, LeSqX.
Oeol. of Fenn'a., 1858, p. 851, PL I,/. S.

Brandies thick; articidations close, equidistant; sur
face of the stem smooth, merely nndulate lengthioise helow
the inflated articulations ; learns short, linear, gradually
acuminate ; brandies short, with two to four whorls of
short leaves.

This species is easily known, by its comparatively broad
(five to ten millimeters), smooth stems ; the. short inter-
nodes, thirteen to fifteen millimeters ; the short leaves,
half as long as the internodes, flat, half open, gradually
narrowed from the base to the acumen ; and the short
branches generally placed on the same side of the stem,
none longer than the internodes, oblique, with two or three
whorls of short open leaves. I have many specimens of
this plant from the same locality, but no Calamites, which
by concordance of characters, could be supposed to be its
trunk.

Habitat — Shale of the Anthracite of Rhode Island —
Mount Hope Coal ; Mr. James H. Clark. Also found at
Cannelton, one specimen only.

ASTEROPIIYLLITES FOLIOSUS, LI. & Hutt.

Foss.fl., PI. XXV, /. 1. Gein. VersL, p. 10, PI. XV and XVI. Lesqx.,
Geol. of Penn^a., 1858, p. 851. Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 424.

Hydatica prostrata, H. columnaris, Myriophyllum gracile, Artis, Anted.
Phytol., PI. I, 5, 12 (roots and rootlets).

Wolkmaimia disticha, St., Vers., 1, p. 30, PI. XLVIII, f. 8 {spikes).

Bechera dubia, St., ibid., p. SO, PI. LI,f. 3 (branches and leaves).

Asterophyllites lanceolatus, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a., 1858, p. 852 (spike).

Calamocladus foliosus, Schp., Paleont. Vegei., I, p. 326.

Annularia. longifolia 1 Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 422, PI. XXI, f. 1, 2.

Branches slender, narrowly striate ; learns shorter than
the articulations, mrticillate, eight or ten in a whorl, dis-
tinct at the base, linear -lanceolate, obscurely nerved ; fruc-
tifications in spikes with close articulations and long lan-
ceolate imbricating learns or scales.

The specimens which I refer to this species, all in nod-
ules from Mazon Creek, exhibit the following characters :
A long root, one centimeter thick, articulate at great dis-

A8TEE0PHYLLITES.

P. 39

tances, with the surface obscurely striate, marked by deep
points in irregular positions, evidently scars of rootlets.
The radicles from the articulations are flat, two millimeters
broad, also distantly articulate, with branches in whorls,
half a millimeter broad, short or very long and flexuous.
The whole surface of the specimen is covered by these
rootlets, derived either from the articulations or from differ-
ent parts of the stem and of the branches, as marked by the
dots of their scars. With this, we have other specimens
representing leaves and stems. One has a branch attached
to the articulations of a large-ribbed stem of Calamites^
two and one half centimeters broad, with flat or slightly
convex ribs two millimeters broad, furrows sharp but very
narrow, answering to the characters of Calamites ramosus
by the ribs and the position of the derived branches. These
have the articulations close and the leaves imbricated in
tufts as in Gein., 1. c, PL XYI, f. 1. They are certainly
not spikes but branches bearing leaves of Calamites. These
leaves in their crowded state are rarely distinct, but can be
seen sometimes separate. They have the same characters
as the leaves f. 2, of the same plate, in Gein., 1. c. They
are twelve to fifteen millimeters long, two millimeters
broad in the middle, lanceolate, sharply acuminate, with
a thick medial nerve three fourths of a millimeter broad.
The identity of these fragments with those figured by the
German author is positive, and I consider as referable to
the same species the fragments described Geol. Kept, of
111., lY, f. 1 and 2, as Annularia longifolia.

Now, with this I have a fertile specimen, a fragment also,
with a deeply-ribbed axis, three millimeters broad, with
short, inflated articulations, five millimeters distant, and
leaves of just the same width and length as those of the
species, with a very broad nerve, bearing oval sporanges at
the articulations.

This may represent the fruiting branch of this plant
for all the fertile spikes of Aster opJiyUites show, as far as
they are known, bracts of the same character as the leaves
of the species to which they belong.

I have indeed many fragments comparable to those

40 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

figured by Sternb., PL XLYIII, f. 3a 3b, as Wolkmannia
disticha^ positively spikes, or ears, and not agglomerations
of leaves crowded and imbricated at tlie top of the branches,
as in Geinitz's figure. The pedicels of these ears one centi-
meter broad, are closely articulate, the inflated articulations
being only three to four millimeters distant, with linear-
lanceolate, distinctly and sharply nerved leaves, seven
millimeters long, or twice as long as the internodes, and
therefore imbricated. They are abruptly constricted at the
top to five millimeters, half their size, and bear long ears,
nearly two centimeters thick, Avith close articulations, sur-
rounded by long lanceolate leaves, larger than those of the
stem, and also twice as long as the internodes. The spikes
have the characters of the cones of Macrostachya. Their
reference to the species is not certain. They are described
in G-eol. of Penn'a., 1. c, as Aster ophylUtes lanceolatus.

Grand 'Eury, in his Flor. Carb., p. 31, has represented
in wood cuts, branches which he considers as probably re-
ferable to A.foliosus^ a siDecies, which he says, may per-
haps represent Calamites Cistii. I have from Cannelton a
fragment of a branch, wdiich in its characters is perfectly
concordant with the figure given by the French author, and
agrees also with his diagnosis of A. foliosus. The branch
is six millimeters thick, the articulations eight to nine mil-
limeters distant, marked by two parallel inflated rings,
leaving between them a furrow or depression of about one
millimeter broad, where are distinctl}' seen the small, oval,
horizontally enlarged tubercles, bases of leaves. A few of
them are still preserved on the border of the stem. These
leaves are exactly lanceolate, very sharply and gradually
acuminate, distinctly nerved. The surface of the stem is
a pellicle of coaly matter, indistinctly striate, the striae be-
ino; without correlation to the scars of the leaves. But un-
der this thin bark, the broad, flat, or slightly convex ribs are
seen, and they correspond to the tubercles. This specimen
resembles, in a very reduced scale, f. 4, of PI. Y, in Grd. 'E.,
1. c, with this exception, however, that so far as can be
seen, the leaves of our specimen are free to the base. This
fragment seems to represent and explain the peculiar char-

ASTEROPIIYLLITES.

P. 41

acter of Calamites disjunctus^ Lesqx., Geol. of Penna., p.
850, PL II, f. 5.

Habitat — Most of the specimens described are from the
nodules of Mazon Creek. The cones of Macrostachya are
from the upper shale of the Anthracite, near Pottsville, not
rare. Also found at Cannelton.

ASTEROPHYLLITES GRANDIS, St.

Bechera grandis, St., Fl. d. Vorw., 1, p. SO, PI. XLIX, f. 1. LI. & Hutt.,
Foss.Jl., I, PL XVII and XIX; III, PI. CLXXIII.

Asterophyllites grandis, Gein., Verst.,p. 8, PL XVII, f. 4-6.
Bechera delicatula, St., 1. c.,p. 31, PL XLIX,f. 2.
Calamites nodosus, LL & Hutt., PI. XV and XVI.
C. cannoeformis, Gein., Verst., PL XIV, f. 5.
Calamocladus grandis, Schp., Paleont, Veget., 1, p. 825.

Stems distinctly striate and contracted at the articula-
tions : learns operi^ narrowly linear -lanceolate, short, of
thin texture; nerw indistinctly marked.

This species closely resembles A. equisetiformis It is
separated by its shorter, more delicate, narrower leaves,
generally open, flattened upon the stone, or slightly curved
inward from the middle. I have never seen specimens of
this species with large stems nor with leaves as long as one
centimeter. The midrib is not easily seen, even with a
magnifier. The stem is more distinctly costulate, and the
internodes comparatively longer.

Bechera grandis, as figured by LI. & Hutt., PI. XIX,
seems referable to the former species rather than to this
one.

Habitat — The variety with small, narrow, delicate leaves,
is common in the shale of the Anthracite coal of Rhode
Island. Specimens with longer leaves are from Morris, 111.
The species is generally rare, except at the first mentioned
locality.

Asterophyllites fasciculatus, Bjp. nov., PI. Ill,

Figs. l-Jf.

Stems comparatively thicJc; branches dichotomous, fasci-
culate or opposite, distinctly striate under the inflated
articulations ; internodes short; leaves short, lanceolate;

42 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

fructifications in narrow^ linear spiTces ; sporanges oval
in the axils of the leaves.

Tlie main stem, f . 2, with opposite branches, as in all the
species of the genus, is four millimeters at the base, gradu-
ally narrowing to the apex, with articulations one centi-
meter distant, inflated, also proportionately shorter in the
upper 23art. In the tuft of branches confusedly mixed upon
a separate specimen, f. 1, the largest is six millimeters broad,
and the internodes much shorter, varying between three
and six millimeters. The stems are distinctly obtusely cos-
tate, the ribs in the decorticated state corresponding to the
round tubercles, points of attachment of the leaves. These
are three to four millimeters long, sessile by their whole
base, lanceolate-acuminate, or gradually tapering up to a
sharp point. They seem as if joined at their base, an appear-
ance caused by a narrow ridge of the cortex which surrounds
the articulations, projecting just in the middle, covering
the point of attachment of the leaves, which is distinct only
under the bark in round small tubercles. The fructifica-
tions as seen, f , 3 and 4, are in spikes four millimeters broad,
three to five centimeters long, bearing sporanges superposed
upon the axils of the leaves. These sporanges were easily
detached, as they are often found sparse upon the shale
aside of the spikes, as seen f . 3, which, with the enlarging,
f. 3a, 3b, 3c, show their mode of attachment as axillary
by a very short pedicel, and their broadly oval form.

The ramification of f . 1 is in discordance with that of f .
2, and indeed with the mode of branching of all the Astero-
jjliyllites. I can explain it only in supposing that f . 2 shows
a tuft of basilar branches, or rather of creeping rhizomas.
But fructifications are found spread upon the specimens
bearing these tufts, even with fragments of spikes, which
essentially show the identity of both forms.

Habitat — Clinton, Mo. Shale above the coal; kindly
presented in fine specimens, by Dr. J. H. Britts.

AsTEROPHYLLiTES GRACILIS, Lcsqx. Fl. 11^ Figs. U-5a.

Geol. Eept. of Arks., II, p. 310, PI. II, f. 4, 4a, (1860.)

Stems and branches very slender^ obscurely striate; leaves

ASTEKOPHYLLITES.

P. 43

shorter than the internodes^ in whorls of eight to ten, open^
curved upwards ; fructifications of the same character as
in the former species, in spikes distinctly smaller.

The species is very slender in all its divisions. The pri-
mary stem, at least as far as it is known, is, for the largest
specimen a little more than one millimeter in diameter,
more generally half as broad. The branches truly capillary
in form and size, are simple or divided, oblique. The leaves
of the main stem are three millimeters long, and those of
the branches scarcely half as long, and all so narrow that
it is not possible to distinctly see the costa. The spikes,
f . 5 and 5a, are of the same character as those of the former
species, differing, however, much by the size and the glob-
ular form of the nutlets.

Two other species, closely related to this if not identi-
cal, have been published, from the sub-conglomerate coal
measures. The first, by Prof. Dawson, A. parvula, Can.
Natur., vol. YI, p. 168, f. 6, a, b, c; the other by Prof.
Andrews, A. f minutus, Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II
p. 424, PI. LI, f. 4, 4a. In both, but especially in this last
species, the internodes are shorter, and the leaves more
crowded. They have the appearance of A. delicatulus,
Brgt., as figured in Roehl. Paleont., XVIII, PI. II, f. 6.
It is impossible, from the imperfect state of too small speci-
mens, to definitively judge the value of the characters
indicated as specific.

The likeness of Prof. Andrew's species to A. gracilis
and to A. parvulus, is remarked by him.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate Coal of Arkansas in small
fragments. Woodworth coal mine, Alabama, Mr. J. H.
Aldrich.

Remarks FeuctificatiooN^s of Asterophyllites.

Grand 'Eury, in resuming the result of his own researches
and of the phytopaleontologists who have given attention to
the subject, considers the organs described as Wolkmannia
by Authors, as the spikes of Asterophyllites, which, he
says, have not yet been referred to their respective species.

44 P. KEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Among others he describes Yollanannia gracilis^ Fl. carb. ,
PL y I, f . 1, a branch only half as thick as the one of our PI.
Ill, f . 12, or like the fragment described as Aster opTiylUtes
ovalis^ Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 851, PI. I, f. 2, and
Atl., PL III, f. 5-7, a species referred by Feistmantel to
A, equisetiformis. With this we have now the two other
species described above, whose reference to their stem-
bearing leaves is indubitable, and which, therefore, bear
their true generic names. Another species of Grd. ^ E.
VolJcmannia pseudosessilis^ PL YI, f. 3, is partly repro-
duced on our PL III, f. 11, enlarged. It shows the spo-
ranges as born upon a somewhat long pedicel, curved down,
so that the ovules appear as placed between the articula-
tions. F. 7, of our plate, represents a specimen in nodules
from Mazon creek. The sporanges seem indeed pedicelled,
either pending or supported higher than the axils of the
leaves. It is impossible to positively ascertain the relative
position of the ovules, therefore their reference to A. ovalis^
or to^. equisetiformis not sufficiently proved.

Annularia, Brgt.^ Prodr.

Stems articulate^ striate^ with a strong diapJiragm tra-
versing it at the articulations ; branches opposite, nearly
in right angle from the articulations ; learns verticillate,
lanceolate, spathulate or Ungulate, abruptly or gradually
acuminate, sometimes obtuse, even emarginateat the apex;
fructifications in long cylindrical spikes, with close ar-
ticulations and narrowly lanceolate bracts, bearing round
sporanges in the axils of the leaves, or double, oval ones,
pedicelate and attached in the middle of the internodes.

These plants appear to have lived in water. The mode
of division of the branches in right angle, and the disposi-
tion of the leaves in whorls not exactly circular, but gen-
erally with longer leaves in the upper part and on the sides,
show that the branchlets and leaves were expanded upon
the surface of the water or the mud of the swamps. The
internodes were hollow, closed at the articulations by a solid
diaphragm, which is seen upon remains of plants in an ad-

ANNULAEIA.

P. 45

vanced stage of decomposition, as a white round spot snr
rounded by a ring, whicli unites the leaves at their base.

Ais-Js-ULARiA LONGiFOLiA, Brgt. — Fl. II, Figs. 1, ^, ^a, '2aa,
PI. Ill, Figs. 10, 12.

Brgt. JProdr., p. 156. Germ. Verst., p. 25, PI. IX. Gein., Verst., p. 10
PI. XIX, PI. XVIII, f. 8-9, {fruit). Roehl, Foss. fl., p. 28, PI. IV, f. 6,
15. Feist., Boem. Steink. fl., p. 128, PI. XV, f. I-4. Heer, Fl. foss. Helv.,
p. 51, PI. XIX, f. 4, 5. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 852., Geol. Eept. of
III., II, p. 444. Sckp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. S48, PI. XXII, f. 5-10.

Annularia fertilis, St., Fl. d. Vorw., I, PL LI, f. 2.

A, spinulosa, St., ibid., p. 28, PI. XIX, f. 4.

Bruckmannia tuberculata, St., ibid., J, p. 29, PI. XLV,f. 2.

Asterophyllites tuberculatus? LI. and Hutt., Foss. fl., PI. XIV, (fruit).

Equiselum stellifolium, Harl., Trans., Geol. Soc. of Penn'a., l,p.261, PI.
XIV, f. 4, (18S5).

Stem narrowly striate; leaves in whorls of eigliteen to
twenty-four, lanceolate, spatJiulate, more or less abruptly
acuminate ; medial nerve "broad, distinct, fructifications
in long cylindrical spiTces.

The leaves vary upon the primary stems from one and
one half to five centimeters long, and from two to three
millimeters broad. They are generally largest above the
middle, gradually narrowing downward to the point of at-
tachment, and more rapidly to the acumen. The midrib
is broad, deeply impressed, and the borders of the lamina
reflexed or convex, as seen f. 2a, which, enlarged, shows the
point of attachment to the ring, and 2aa, which represents
the cross section of a leaf. Sometimes, especially upon
shales, the leaves are flattened by decomposition and com-
pression.

F. 12, of PL III, represents a fragment of a fruiting
stem preserved in nodules. From outside appearance, it
has the characters of the spike figured by Grd. 'E., Fl.
carb., PI. yi, f. 1, 2i%Yolkmannia gracilis, St., or fructifi-
cations of Aster opliyllites, while f. 10 of the same plate,
partly reproduced from Grd. 'E. 1. c, f. 4, is referred by the
French author to Bruclcmannia tuberculata, St., considered
as the fruit of Annularia longifolia.

Possibly the specimen represented f. 12, does not show

46 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the true character of the fructifications ; for I have now
from Cannelton a number of others, upon shale, which by
thickness of the ribbed axis, dis230sition and form of leaves
or bracts, are similar and where the ovules are not exactly
axillary but placed between the whorls of leaves or in the
middle of the internodes. This is seen by circular rows of
deep points, scars of pedicels, even some of them still bear-
ing fragments of pedicels, as in PL III, f. 10. I cannot dis-
tinctly see upon these specimens if the ovules are double ;
for they are generally covered by the whorls of bracts,
pressed upon them, or by large flakes of macrospores, de-
rived from the ovules, and so abundant, per places, that
they cover the whole axis between the whorls, even part of
the bracts. These spores, one millimeter in diameter, are
half globular on one side, triquetre or tricostate on the other,
like those of the Lycopodiaceous, Atl. PI. LXYIII, 1 76,
LXIX, f. 9a, Ida. But on one of the specimens from Mazon
Creek, some of the ovules are detached from the spike and
scattered aside of it. They measure, flattened, one and an
half millimeter in diameter and one of them is double, like
those at the top of Atl. PI. Ill, f. 10 None however are
open and no spores are visible. And still, another speci-
men represents a spike, twelve centimeters long, with the
axis as broad as that of f. 12. It has the articulations a
little more distant, five to six millimeters, without any trace
of points or scars of pedicels in the internodes. The
ovules appear auxilliary and the whole is similar to the
fine figure in Gein. PI. XYIII, f. 8, copied in Schimper's
Atlas, PI. XXII, f. 8, as fruit of A. longlfolia. From the evi-
dence obtained of these fragments, we may well admit
that they reiDresent what the European authors consider as
fructifications of A. longifolia^ and also that these fruc-
tifications contradict the reference of these plants to the
Equisetaceoe. The character of the spores is positively Ly-
copodiaceous though the subdivision of the stem and the
disposition of the leaves or whorls have the character of the
Equisetaceoe. The group of Annular ice appears there-
fore intermediate and distinct. It should have been sepa-

ANNULAKIA.

P. 47

rated by Brongniart or Grand 'Eury who have botli observed
the characters of the spores.

To this group is referable the plant described below as
TrochopJiylhim linear which, as indicated from specimens
discovered by Prof. E. B. Andrews, has Lycopodiaceous
spores like Annularia^ and inflated, club shaped, or linear
obtuse leaves which though free to the base are in whorls
and attached to semi-globose papillae which takes the place
of the rings of Annular ia."^

Habitat — Very common in the coal measures, especially
in the lower strata above the millstone grit.

Annularia inflata, Lesqx., PL 11^ Fig. 21),

Oeol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 423, PL XX, f. 1 to 3, (fine specimens). iSchp.,
Faleont. Veget., Ill, p. 459.

Stem obscurely striate, rather smooth ; branches and ar-
ticulations as in the former species ; learns rather longer.,
more numerous, inflated, semi -cylindrical, club shaped
and obtuse ; casta none, or obscurely seen when the leaves
are flattened by compression.

The essential character which separates this form from
A. longifolia is the thickness of the leaves which, distinct-
ly inflated, are club shaped and obtuse at the apex. This
peculiar feature may be the result of habitat under water,
or in more shaded localities ; a casual inflation by superflu-
ence or turgescence of the cellular tissue. The costa, then,
is a central vascular bundle, as in leaves of Stigmaria. The
number of leaves is somewhat greater, perhaps from the same
cause. Schimper indicates for A. longifolia, twenty to
twenty- six leaves per verticil. I could never see more than
twenty to twenty-two upon the best preserved specimens,
w^hile in this species there are generally twenty-four to
thirty-tw^o in the large whorls. It is remarkable that the
medial vein of this form is never seen flattened or de-
pressed, as it always is, even in the inflated leaves of A.
sphenophylloides, which apparently thicken sometimes
ander a similar influence.

This form has not been remarked by European authors ;

*This group shaU be considered in detail, with figures for its iUustration.

48 P. REPOET OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

and indeed I have never found it distinct or with inflated
sub-cylindrical leaves, except in the concretions of Mazon
creek.

Habitat — Mazon creek, in nodules. I refer also to this
form a few specimens from Cannelton.

Ani^ulaeia Calamitoides, ScTtjp,

Paleont, Veget., I, p. SIfi, PL XXVI, /. 1.

Stem thick; branches closely articulate; stem leaves
long^ erect, numerous ; branch leaves sliorter, linear lance-
olate, gradually acuminate.

This species, beautifully represented by Schimper, 1. c,
is easily mistaken for a variety of A. longifolia. It is
especially distinct by the long stem leaves, erect and ap-
pressed in whorls along the stem ; by the more sharply acu-
minate leaves of the branches, which are not open, but
curved at the base, and erect from the middle upward.

The species is very rare in the coal measures of this con-
tinent, and I can refer to it only a few specimens from the
nodules of Mazon creek. The stems are a half to one and
a half centimeters thick, when flattened; the leaves some-
what broader and shorter than in A. longifolia, some acu-
minate, others obtusely pointed, flat, of a thinner texture,
the medial nerve being often preserved 'alone. Some of the
specimens, with crowded top leaves, obtained in nodules,
like that figured in Geol. Eept. of 111., lY, PI. XXI, f. 1.,
seem referable to this species.

Habitat — Mazon creek, in nodules. The best specimen I
have seen, is No. 87 of the collection of fossil plants, in the
museum of Princeton College.

Annularia sphenophylloides, Zenlc,, PI. II, Figs. 8, 9.

Galium spenophylloides Zenk., Leon, and Bronn., Jahr buck 1883, p. 398,
PL V.

Annularia sphenophylloides, Guth., Gosa. v. Sachsen, p. 71. Gein., VersL
p. 11, PL XVIII, f. 10. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 852, PL l,f. 5, 5a,
Geol. RepL of III., II, p. 4U. Schp., PaleonL VegeL I, p. 847, PL XVII,
f. 12, 13.

A. brevifoUa, BrgL, Prodr., p. 156. Heer, Fl. foss. Helv., IV, p. 51, PL
XIX, f. 6-9.

A. galioides, LI. and HutL, Foss. fi., PL XXV, /. 2.

ATOULARIA.

P. 49

^tem slender; hranches opposite^ in right angle to the
stems ; verticils Jlat^ twelm to twenty learns ; leaves longer
on tlie outside^ spatliulate^ slightly emarginoie^ or obtuse^
or abruptly apiculate, more or less recurved on the borders.

The leaves, of hard texture, vary from three to ten milli-
meters in length. With the disposition of the branches in
right angle, and the close verticils, generally of the same
size upon the same specimen, the plants present a very beau-
tiful appearance, resembling small open roses flattened upon
the stone. The large form with leaves more inflated, ten
to twelve millimeters, resembles the smallest verticils of
A. injiata. It has, however, a very broad medial nerve,
and the apex of the leaves is either obcordate or tipped by
a short acumen, (mucronate). In some specimens of this
variety, the medial nerve is enlarged at the top of the leaves,
forming a kind of receptacle, which resembles that of the
fructifications of Trichomanes^ a likeness still more remark-
able when this enlargement of the nerve is, as generally,
filled by a black pulverulent matter.

Habitat — Found in most of the strata of the coal meas-
ures above the Millstone grit ; abounds in the nodules of
Mazon creek. Is also at Cannelton and in the upper beds
(Salem and Tunnel) of the Anthracite around Pott^ville.

Annularia MmuTA? Brgt.

Hor. a Wood, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, vol. XIII, p. 347, PI. VIII, f. 2.

Branches very slender^ thread-like; internodes distant;
verticils with few very small spathulate obtuse leaves ;
nerve indistinct.

This plant is very small in all its parts ; the stems as thin
as thread ; the internodes five to six millimeters long ; the
largest primary verticils only five millimeters in diameter,
while those at the apex of the branches are scarcely two
millimeters. The leaves, seven to eight in each verticil, are
oblanceolate, larger above the middle, obtuse, gradually
narrowed to the base.

As remarked by Dr. Wood, A. minuta^ Brgt. Prodr. p.
155, has not been identified. It is considered by Ettings-
4 P.

50 P.

REPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

hausen as a variety of A. radiata, Brgt., a plant of a
totally different character, and I believe that we have in
the si)ecimen described above what the French author has
mentioned under this specific name.

Habitat — The fragment figured by Dr. Wood is in the
cabinet of the Academy at Philadelphia, i3resented by Dr.
Dixon, from the coal fields of W. Virginia. I have frag-
ments of the same form from the Gate Vein, near Pottsville.

Annul ART A radiata, Brgt.

Aster op hyllites ro.diatus, Brgt., Class, d. veg. foss., Mus. d'hist. nat.f
VIII, PL XIII, f. 7, (7iot described) . Gein., Verst., p. 11, PL XVIII, f. 6, 7.
iSchp., Paleont, Veget., 1, p. 849.

A. acicularis, Daivs., Dev. pL, Quat. Journ. GeoL Soc, XVIII, p. 311,
PL XIII, /. 16.

A. radiata, St., FL d. Vorw.,p. 81.

Learns long and slender^ gradually narrowing from the
middle to the base and upwards to tTce needle-pointed apex;
verticils with few leaves^ flat.

The verticils of this species have ten to fourteen leaves,
six to twelve millimeters long, one millimeter broad in the
middle, and the costa indistinct.

Habitat — It is rare in our coal measures, and apparently
a sub-conglomerate species. I have seen a few specimens
only of this, from a coal bed near Sharon, Tennessee, (sub-
conglomerate.)

AnNULARIA EmERSONI, Sp. 710V.

Stem comparatively strong^ distinctly striate^ divided as
in A. sphenophylloides ; verticils a little smaller; leaves
tJiick, oblanceolate^ taper -pointed; costa none, or immersed
and obsolete.

This i3lant has the same general aspect as the small forms
of A. sphenophylloides, and also about the same number
of leaves, but these are all gradually acuminate, or taper-
pointed, from the middle upwards, and without any trace
of nerve. The leaves are two to four millimeters long,
less than one millimeter broad in the middle ; the main
stem a little more than one millimeter. It differs from

SPHENOPHYLLUM.

P. 51

A. minuta, by the larger and taper-pointed leaves; from
A. Dawsorii^ especially by the smaller size of the leaves,
the absence of a costa, and the leaves more abruptly acu-
minate. 1 should, however, consider this last species as
a large form of A. Emersoni^ if the habitat was not so far
different; Dawson's plant being referred to the Devonian,
while the specimens we have, are all from an upper coal of
the horizon of the Pittsburgh vein.

Habitat — St. Clairsville, Ohio ; roof shale of the coal.
Mr. E. V. Emerson.

Annularia Dawsoni, Sclijp.

Paleont. Veget., 1, p. 850.

Asterophyllites latifolia, Daws., Dev. pi., Quat. Journ. Geol. iSoc, XVIII,
p. 311, PI. XIII, f. 17.

Stem slender; branches in rigJit angle; internodes some-
loJiat distant; leaves in verticils of eight to ten leaves, el-
liptical-lanceolate, narrow, acuminate.

Differs from the former by the slender rachis, the leaves
longer, distinctly nerved, and the verticils more distant,
with fewer leaves. The substance of the leaves is not thick,
rather membranaceous than coriaceous ; the medial nerve
distinct from the middle downward is mostly effaced to-
wards the acumen. From the mode of division of the
branches in right angle, and the unequal shape of the ver-
ticils, this species is evidently an Annularia.

Habitat — Warrior Coal seam, Ala. Mr. F. H. Aldricli.
According to Prof. Dawson it is abundant in the lower coal
of St. John, New Brunswick.

Sphej^ophyllum, Brgt.

Plant herbaceous ; stems articulate, inflated at the ar-
ticulations, ^innately, bip innately divided ; leaves verti-
cillate, sessile, wedge form, with lateral borders entire,
crenulate, dentate or laciniate-lobate at the upper margin ;
medial nerve none ; veins straight, d ichotomo us ; fructifi-
cations in cylindrical spikes, with bracts curved upwards
in a sharp flexure from near the base ; sporanges globular,
in the axils of tlte bracts.— PI. Ill, /. 8, 9, copied from

52 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQFEREUX.

Grd. Fl. cart., PI. 77, /. 11^ as fruciificatlons of
S. oblongi/olium, Gein.

This genus, beautifully illustrated in Schp., Paleont.
Yeget., PI. XXV, constitutes a natural group, without an-
alogy to any other of the ancient or present vegetation. Its
range of distribution is from the Silurian to the top of the
Carboniferous.

It is with Sphenopliyllum, as with Aster ophyllites^ An-
nularia^ etc. Some authors are disposed to refer it to the
PhiBnogamous gymnosperms, while others consider it as
positively related to the Equisetacece^ from the mode of di-
vision of the stems and the fructifications. These plants,
like the Annularia^ were evidently water plants, whose
emerging branches were expanded upon the surface. Some
species have the leaves more or less divided, often expanded
in the upper 23art of the whorls, according, it seems, to
their growth, either on the surface of the water or above it.

Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii, Brgt. PI. 11^ Figs. 6^ 7.

iScheuchzer, Herb, diluv., p. 19, {1709).

Palmites verticillatus, Schloth., Beitr., 1, p. 57, (ISO4) ; Petref., p. 396, PL
II,f.24, {1820).

BotiUaria mar silecE folia, St., Vers., II, p. 30, 33, {1820).

Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii, Brgt., Prodr.,p. 68, {1822). Germ., Verst.,
p. 13-16, PL VI. Coemans & Kickx., Monogr., p. 10, PL I, /. 1, la. Lesqx.
Geol. of Penn'a., 1858, p. 852, PL I, f. 8, 8b. OeoL Bept. of HI., II, p. 444.
Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 339. PL XXV, f. 19-21.

S. emarginatum, Gein., Verst., p. 12, PL XX, f. 2, 2a, 7.

Verticils of five to nine leaves ; leaves broadly cuneate^
rounded and crenulate at the upper border ; veins free
at the base, much divided ; spikes thicTc, cylindrical.

This species, the most common and most beautiful of the
genus, is easily known by the undivided rounded upper
borders of the leaves, which often appear entire or very
slightly crenulate, but are sometimes acutely dentate, as
seen in our figure. The whorls vary much in diameter, the
leaves being from one half to nearly two centimeters long,
and equally as variable in width. The spikes are rarely
found attached to stems bearing leaves, and therefore it is
rarely possible to refer them to their species.

SPHENOPHYLLUM.

P. 53

Habitat— whole thickness of the coal measures, from
the millstone grit upward

Sphenophyllum emakginatum, Brgt.

Class, d. Veget.foss.,p.234,Pl. VIII. Gein.,Verst., p. 12, Pl.XX,f. 1,8,4.
Heer, Fl. foss. Helv., IV, p. 58, PI. XIX, f. 15. Lesqx. Geol. of Penn'a.,
1858, p. 853. Geol. Kept, of 111., II, p. 444. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 839.

Var. Brongniartiannum, Coem .& Kx., Mo7iogr., p. I4, PI. 1.

S. Schlotheimii, LI. & Hutt., Foss.fl., PL XXVII.

Leaves narrower^ truncate at the top^ obtusely dentate.,
primary nerves confluent at the base.

This species differs from the former, merely by propor-
tionately longer narrower leaves, cut horizontally (not
rounded) at the upper margin, and the primary veins joined
at the base and less divided. Its leaves resemble those of
the main stem of Atl. PL II, f. 6. The species is easily
confounded with the former.

Habitat — Upper coal measures. Anthracite basin of
Pennsylvania, near Pottsville, Gate vein. Duquoin coal,
111., etc., not common.

Sphenophyllum longifolitjm. Germ.

Sphenophyllites longifolius. Germ., Isis,p. 426, PI. II, f. 2. Verst.,p. 17,
PI. VII, f. 2.

Sphenophyllum longifolium, Gein., Verst.,p. 13, PL XX, f. 15-17. Coem.
& Kx., Monogr., p. 17, PL I, /. 4, 4a. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 840, PL
XXV,/. 22, 28.

S. lati/olium, Wood, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., XIII, p. 847, PL VIII, f. 3*

Stem long, robust ; leaves large, wedge form, bifid or en-
tire at the upper border, with lobes merely crenate, or deeply
dentate, or cut in acuminate lac in ice ; veinlets numerous.

A beautiful, very large species of which we have many
specimens showing its great variety. One of them, an-
swering to the typical form, has the leaves three centime-
ters long, with the upper margin either merely crenate or
obscurely bilobed, six in a whorl, forming nearly a circular
verticil. The primary veins, two only, distinct and thick
at the base, are repeatedly dichotomous in ascending, and
join the borders, divided in twenty-four to thirty veinlets.

54 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The epidermis of the leaves is transformed into a coaly-
layer, somewhat thick, and very closely lined lengthwise.

To this form is referable S. latlfolmm, Wood, 1. c. , which,
at first sight, seems too different to be considered as a mere
variety. But I have for examination a large specimen which,
by the diversity in the shape of the leaves, shows still
more marked deviations from the tyj)e. Its stem, eight
millimeters broad, is striate lengthwise by two or three nar-
row ribs ; its surface both in the corticated and decorticated
state is smooth and the articulations scarcely inflated. The
verticils bear six to eight leaves, comparatively very long
(six centimeters), only ten millimeters broad in the middle,
some of them entire, merely crenate at the upper border or
bilobate, the lobes one centimeter long or more, entire or
cut into thin linear lacinise, live to seven millimeters long.
The veins, very distinct and in two at the base, are divided
four times up to the border where the veinlets number
twenty-four to thirty-two. This beautiful species is, how
ever, rarely found preserved in such line specimens as this
one, or with stems bearing leaves ; more generally the frag-
ments are single whorls, with shorter leaves, like the
typical form first described. Geinitz, 1. c, has three fig-
ures, which represent the three varieties of this species as
described here.

Habitat — Rare but a2:>parently distributed through the
whole thickness of the middle coal measures. The speci-
men in the cabinet of Prof. Andrews is from Barnesville,
Ohio, horizon of the Pittsburgh coal. I have a beautiful
verticil in nodules from Mazon Creek. Some other fine
fragments are from the coal of Cannelton, communicated
by Mr. I. F. Mansfield, one representing exactly the form
figured by Dr. Wood. Another with two whorls of broad
leaves seventeen millimeters long, horizontally cut at the
entire upper crenulate margin, is from Clinton, Mo., pre-
sented by Dr. J. H. Britts.

SPIIENOPHYLLUM.

P. 55

SpHENOPHYLLUM EIIOSUM, LI. & Hutt.

Foss.Jl., PL XIII. BunVy., Quat. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. Ill, p. 4SO,
PL XXIII. Coem. & Kx., Monogr., p. 19, PL I, f. 5, 5a, 51). Heer, Fl.foss.
Helv., IV, p. 53, PL XIX, f. II-I4. ISchp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 84I.

Sphenophyllum dentatum, BrgL, Prodr., p. 68 and 172.

S. ernargmaturn, Gein., Verst., p. 12, PL XX, f. 6.

Var. SaxifragiLfoLiuyn, Coeyn. & Kx., Monogr., p. 21, PL I, /. 6c. Schp.,

Paleont. Veget., 1, p. 342.
Rotularia polyphylla, St., Fl. d. Vorw., I, p. 42, PL L.,f. 4.
Sphenophyllum quadrifid,um et Jimbriatuni, Brgt., Prodr., p. 68 and 172.
S. trifoliatum, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 853, PL 1, f. 7.
SphenophylUtes saxi/ragoefolius. Germ., Verst., p. 17, PL VII, f. 1.

Leaves narrowly cuneiform; upper borders truncate and
sharply dentate; primary nerves confluent at base; veins
six to twelve; verticils normally in six leaves., or in twelve
by subdivision.

Var. Saxi/ragcefolium. Leaves loedge form, bipartite
to below the middle ; lobes cut into two deep, sharp teeth,
or acutely dentate. Verticils as in the normal form in
six or twelve by divisions.

The species is very rare in the American coal measures ;
at least in its normal form. I have not seen any specimens
positively referable to it. Of the variety I have a good
specimen from the upper coal of Ohio, a long br.anch, with
distant articulations, slightly inflated, marked by one or
two strong ribs, and leaves one centimeter long, with scarce-
ly distinct veins.

Habitat — Roof shale of the St. Clairsville coal, horizon
of the Pittsburgh coal.

Sphenophyllum bifuPwCatum, Lesqx. PI. LI, Fig. 10, 10a.

Geol. Rept. of Arks., II, p. 309, PL I, f. 2. Schp., Paleont. Veget., 1,
p. 344.

Stem thick, deeply costate ; articulations much inflated ;
whorls in six leaves, cut to below the middle in two lobes^
more or less deeply bidentate; primary veins separated
to the base and distinct, effaced into the divisions ; fruc-
tijicaMons in narrow cylindrical spikes; sporanges large,
nearly globular, slightly contracted to the point of attach-
ment in the axils of linear -lanceolate, acuminate bracts,
which are open, slightly carved upward .

56 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LE8QUEREUX.

As Prof. Schimper remarks, in describing this species,
1. c, it is SO much like>S'. saxifragcefollum^ that one might
easily consider it as identical. The difference is, however,
marked by the strongly inflated articulations of the stem,
covered with a thick coaly cortex ; by the regularity of the
divisions in all the stems and branches of the specimens,
and especially by the peculiar appearance of the leaves,
which, sometimes cut in four or live lobes, have the lateral
ones shorter, dichotomous-like, as in the subdivisions of
the leaves of some HymenophylUtes.

The fructifications also may serve as diagnosis to this
species ; for the bracts are not sharply folded at the base,
a character generally considered as proper to this genus ;
but 023en, only curved up as in AsterophylUtes^ resembling
those of the spike of Atl. PI. Ill, f. 5. The spikes are not
seen attached to branches bearing leaves, however, but
three of these are parallel, as if derived from a branch upon
the same specimen, which bears nothing besides these fructi-
lications but leaves and fragments of this SpJienopJiyllum.
The habitat of the species in the sub-conglomerate meas-
ures, at least as far as known until now, seems to confirm
the assertion that it is truly different from the European
plant.

Hahatat — Sub- conglomerate coal measures of Arkansas.
Male's coal. Shale of the Harmon coal, near Hazelgreen,
Ky., (sub-conglomerate.) The fruiting specimen (Sp. 13) is
in the museum, comp, zool. of Cambridge.

Sphexophyllum cornutum, Lesqx., PI. LYI^Flgs. 5^ 5h.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 421, PI. XIX, /. 1-5.

Stem tMck^ a little inflated at the articulations, obscurely
striate; branches nearly in right angle; verticils in six
leaves, joined above the base, broadly cuneiform, divided
from, the middle into seven or nine linear, obtuse, nearly
equal lobes ; veins distinct, flat, four to five at the base of
each leaf, forking once only, each division ascending to
the top of one of the lobes.

I found this peculiar species at Colchester, and had the

SPHEI^OPHYLLUM.

P. 57

opportunity of observing it in many fragments, mostly
small, as tlie shale of the coal is very brittle. I have seen,
however, a few of the detached verticils, nearly entire,
circular. Part of one is figured 5a. The leaves appear as
glued on the borders near the base ; but the lines wdiich
pass from the base to tlie acute sinusses, are lines of separa-
tion of the leaves, and do not represent veins, for all the
veins of the leaves of the genus correspond to an expansion
of the lamina into lobes. As seen from some detached
leaflets fixed upon the borders of the stems, whose base is
broadly cuneiform, the connection is apparent only, and due
to superposition of the borders. The epidermis of these
leaves is thin, smooth, of a dull black color.

Might not this peculiar form be merely a variety of the
former species i Besides the peculiar mode of divisions of
the leaves, the nervation is of a different character. The
veins are fiat, sometimes appearing as double, on account of
their slightly inflated parallel borders. The stem, also is
scarcely ribbed, and its coaly surface is thin. The sub-
divisions of the leaves are of the same character in all the
fragments observed, either of the stem or of the branches.

Habitat— ColcliesteT, 111., horizon of the Morris coal.

Sphenophyllum oblongifolium. Germ.

Sphenophyllites oblongi/olius, Germ., Verst., p. 18, PL VII, f. 8.

Sphenophyllum ohlongifolium, Gein., Verst., p. 12, PI. XX, f. 11-14- Coem.
& Kx, Monogr.^ p. 26, PL I, /. 8, 8a. Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. S44, PL
XXV, f. 5-8, (9, bracts.)

Stems slender^ striate^ inflated at the articulations^
branches oblique., mrticils in six leaoes, small obovate-
cuneiform^ bifid at the top ; lobes entire ; mins simple at
the base., forking once under tlie lobes.

This description is made from a fine specimen bearing
stem and branches. The leaves are very small, three milli-
meters long, one and a half to two millimeters broad in the
upper part, all cut into tAvo angular or taper pointed per-
fectly entire lobes, the leaves having only one primary
nerve, simple, forking under the divisions and entering each
of them. This specimen is in concordance of character

58 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

witli the figures and description of Germar, 1. c, except
that tlie leaves are not oblong or obovate, but distinctly
wedge-form, gradually and equally narrowed to the base
and thus somewhat like those of 8. angustifolium of
the same author. Schimper remarks in the synonymy of
this species, about the figures given by Gfermar, that the
teeth of the lobes have not been represented, and indeed
his f. 6, 1. c, has the lobes tridentate, but f. 7 has them en-
tire ; hence this difference is of no account.
Habitat — ^Clinton, Mo., Dr. J. H. Britts.

Sphenophyllum filiculme, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a^ 1858, p. 858, PI. I,f. 6.

Branches slender, very long, filiform; verticils of six
leaves, the lateral twice as long as the two inferior ones, all
cuneiform, truncate at the upper margin ; yrimary nerves
two or three, separated at the base, forking twice.

There is often, in the verticils of SpJienophyllum, as in
those of Annularia, an unequal disposition of the leaves,
the lateral ones being somewhat longer than the others.
But I have not seen, except in this species, this inequality
so distinct and so persistent, for it is remarked without
modification upon all and the whole of the specimens. The
wdiorls being always composed of six leaves, the two lateral
of each side are twice as long as those of the lower side.
It is also remarkable lliat ex(?ept in Sphenophyllum {JRotu-
laria) oblong i folium, as figured by Germ. & Kaulf., Pfl.
Abdr., PL LXV, f. 3, no fragment of any species of Sphe-
nophyllum is represented by the authors with leaves of un-
equal length. This peculiar conformation is explainable
by the mode of growth of the plants in expanding their
ramifications at the surface of the water, and for this reason,
I should have been disposed to consider this species as a
variety of 8. erosum, on account of the truncate upper bor-
ders of the leaves, if the other characters had been identi-
cal. But it is not the case. In S. filiculme, the stem or
branches are very long, flexuous and slender ; the epider-
mis of the leaves is thick, and upon it the veins are very

SPHENOPHYLLUM.

P. 59

distinct ; but it is easily effaced or detached in pieces, and
the under surface does not show any trace of venation.
These two characters are not remarked upon S. erosum.
And still, the primary nerves, two or three, are separated
to the base while they are united in ^. erosum. These dif-
ferences appear to be persistent, for I have been lately ad-
vised by Profs. Fontaine and White that they have found
the species in numerous specimens in the upper coal meas-
ures of Yirginia, and that from careful examinations they
consider it positively different from any others of the
Genus.

Habitat — The whole extent of the coal measures. I have
from Clinton, Mo., a fine specimen, a simple branch, twelve
centimeters long, received from Dr. J. H. Britts. Others
are from Newport, Rhode Island ; others still, from Gate
Vein, New Philadelphia and Pottsville, Pa.

Calamostachys, Schp.

This generic name is employed by Schimper for the de-
scription of spikes comparable to those of Atl., PI. Ill, f. 17,
19, generally but still doubtfully considered as fructifica-
tions of Aster ophyllites.

Calamostachys PRoeLONGUs, sp. nov.

Spikes mry long and comparatively narrow ; scales ap-
pressed^ linear, obtuse.

These spikes placed in the same direction, about one
dozen of them, upon the same piece of shale, and flattened
by compression, are seven to eight millimeters in diameter
and fourteen centimeters long, some of them flexuous.
The articulations, two millimeters distant, are covered with
appressed, linear scales, joined on the borders, truncate or
obtuse, about of the same length as the articulations.

The spikes differ from all the species referred by the
author to this genus, first, by their great length compared
to their width, and especially by the obtuse scales, which
closely appressed and covering the whole stem, rather re-

60 P. EEPOKT OF PKOGEESS. LEO LESQUEREUX. .

semble those of Machrostacliya than those of Calamosta-
cliys. The spikes are longer than those hgiired by Geinitz
as Asterophyllites foliosus^ Verst., p. 10, PI. XVI, f. 4;
twice as long and merely slightly broader than those of the
splendid specimen of Roehl, Paleont., XVIII, PI. VII, f. 1,
described as Yolkm.annia elongata, and these two last spe-
cies have the scales lanceolate acuminate. I should rather
consider these spikes as referable to a new species of Ma-
crostachya^ but as yet no stem referable to this genus has
been observed in connection with them.

Habitat. — Pittston, Pa., Ontario Colliery, Vein C, com-
municated by Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

Macrostachya, Schp.

Plants arbor escent, articulate; articulations close^ cor-
tex tliin, smooth or mry thinly striate ; impressions of the
internal surf ace plano-costate ; furrows very narrow^ alter-
nating at the articulations ; leaves appressed^ linear^ cari-
nate in the middle^ or marked with a medial nei^ve^ acumi-
nate^ finally truncate; leaf scars marked upon the articu-
lations by transversely oval rings, like the links of a chain ;
scars of branches verticillate, large, round, umbonate^
with a stigmarioid central mamilla; spikes mry large j
cylindrical ; bracts lanceolate, costate in the middle, im-
bricate, scarcely longer than the internodes.

Macrostachya infuxdibuliformis, Schp. — Fl. Ill,
f U, 17-W.

Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 333, PI. XXIII, f. 13-18 (stems and spikes).

Equisetum infundihuliforme, Bronn, in. Bishoffs, Crypt. Gew., I, p.
52, PL VI, f. 4, 9, 10. Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. 119, PL XII, f. U-16,
Gutb., Verst., p. 30, PI. Ill b, /. 5, 6. Germ., VeisL, PL XXXII, f. 3, as
Equisetum. Weiss, foss. fl., p. 122. Grd' E, FL carb.,p. 48, PL XXXIl,
f.l.

Equisetites infundibuliformis, Gein., Verst., p. 3, PL X, f' 4-7 (8 ?), (PL
XVIII,/. I f).

Calamitcs verticillatus, LI. & Hutt., II, PL CXXXIX.
C. Germarianus, Goepp., Foss. fl. d. Uebergsg., p. 122, PL XLIl, f. 1.
Huitonia Carinata, Germ., Verst., p. 90, PL. XXXII, f. 1, 2.
Asterophyllites tuberculata, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a., 185S,p. 852.
A. aperta, Lesqx., Ibid., p. 852, PL l,f. 4.

MACEOSTAOHYA.

P. 61

The cliaraciers are the same as for the Genus.

My specimens represent two fragments of stems without
leaves. These are known to me only from the description
of Scliimper, which I have translated here. Both speci-
mens are much alike, one eight centimeters broad, with the
scars of the spikes a little more than two and a half centi-
meters in diameter, the other in nodules, four and a half
centimeters broad, has the scars one and a half centimeters
transversely measured. Both have only one row of large
scars, and under it the stem is closely articulate, the inter-
nodes being on both specimens only one centimeter wide.
In the nodules, the leaf scars are very distinct, transversely
oval, as in Schp., f. 14, 1. c, nearly live millimeters hori-
zontally, and two and a half vertically, bearing in the cen-
ter a small circular mamilla.

The spikes are not always curved, as figured in Geinitz,
but generally straight, oblong, or larger in the middle, nar-
rowed upwards, acuminate, Atl., f. 19, and equally narrowed
downward, either to a short pedicel or to a point of at-
tachment, f. 18 and 19. The scales closely imbricated, are
linear, contiguous on tlie borders to near the apex, where
they are triangular acute, as at top of f. 17, or contracted
into a sharp acumen, as f . 19 and 19a. Their apex is rarely
distinguishable ; for they are so closely appressed that the
upper part of an inferior verticil imbricating the lower jDart
of a superior one, they become conf nsed by compression,
and also generally broken.

I am not certain that f. 20 represents the same species.
It may be a spike, in an advanced stage of maturity, with
open verticils. It is described and figured from a deficient
fragment in Geol. of Penn'a., 1858, 1. c, as Aster ophyllites
aperta. The axis is striate, gradually enlarged upwards
from the base, and the scales, all truncate, form across the
stem a succession of open verticils like fluted collars.

From the narrowed base of f. 19 and 20, and also from
the description of a fragment given with Aster ophyllites
foliosus^ it would seem that these spikes were short pedi-
cillate, while the impression, f. 18, which evidently repre-
sents the base of a spike of this species, tends to show that

62 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

they were rounded and narrowed to a sessile base. F. 18
may represent the cross section of a spike near its base.
Schp., f. 17, 1. c, cox)ied from Gerniar, shows at its base a
short smooth pedicel, quite narrow comparatively to the
spike. And Atl. f.'20, may represent a different species,
even, as said above, be referable to another genus.

The figure of a si3ike of Machrostachya^ as reconstructed
by Grand 'Eury, Fl. carb., 1. c, represents the scales coming
out in right angle from the rachis, abruptly bent up-
wards and imbricated at or near the apex. Atl. f . 20 may
be compared to that of the French author, in su^Dposing that
we have here the representation of the inside of a spike, with
the horizontal base of scales preserved, while the upper part
has been destroyed. But in the specimen wdiich is repre-
sented, Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c, the verticils are merely half
open, inclined upwards from their base, in the same position
as those of Atl., f. 19.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon creek, Mr. S. S. Strong,
Cannelton coal, the largest stem, and a number of sx)ikes,
some intermediate in size between f. 17 and 19. Specimens
f. 18 and 20 are also from the same locality, all obtained by
Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Equisetites, Schp.

Plants arborescent ; stems articulate ; articulations sur-
rounded with more or less distinctly costate slieaths^ deeply
dentate on the border,

Equisetites occidentalis, Lesqx.^ PI. III^ Fig. 15^ 16.

Stems small^ narrowly ribbed lengthwise ; sheaths long
and. thicTc^ cut at the margin in shorty triangular^ acute,
large teeth.

I have many specimens in nodules and one upon shale
which seem to represent all the same species. One is the
lower part of a stem, three centimeters broad, narrowed and
rounded to the base, where it shows traces of short articu-
lations. It is narrowly but distinctly striate, and except
from near the point of attachment, there is no articulation

TROCHOPIIYLLUM.

P. 63

but the one preserved witli the sheath, four centimeters
above the base. The line or articulation at the base of the
sheath is marked by transversely oval scars precisely like
those of Macrostachya infundibuliformis. The divisions
of the sheath as indicated by a strong nerve, ascending to
the points of the teeth, are about five millimeters broad,
the teeth, partly imbedded into the stone, are short, appar-
ently like those of f. 16.

F. 15 is also a sheath from a specimen in nodules. It is
exactly represented, and is, like that of the former, of a
very coarse texture, with thick, prominent nerves. It is
narrowed and rounded to the base towards the line of in-
sertion which is about one centimeter in diameter. An-
other specimen of the same kind shows the teeth distinctly
as in f . 16, which is from a specimen upon shale flattened
and not quite distinct in its lower part. It aj)pears doubly
nerved and may represent a different species.

Organs of this kind are extremely rare in our coal meas-
ures. I have never seen any in a tolerable state of preser-
vation except those of the nodules.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek, Mr. S. S. Strong.
Cannelton Coal, the specimen f. 16; Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Plants Doubtfully Referable to Calamari^.

Trochophyllum, Lesqx.^ {iiec Wood).

Branches of small size., cylindrical; articulations
onarJced by small tubercles scars of the points of attach-
ment of the learns ; leaves verticillate^ free to the base.

The name Trochophyllum was proposed by Dr. Horatio
C. Wood, Proc. Acad, of Nat. Sci., Phil., Oct., 1860, p.
438, as a substitute for Annular ia^ which is preoccupied
in the sub-kingdom of Mollusca by Schumacher, Essay
Nat. Syst., 1817. Annularia, Brgt., Prodr., 1828, has been
admitted by all thePhytopaleontologists of Europe, and the
precedence in the use of the name for mollusca cannot autho-
ri ze i ts elimination, employed, as i t is, for a fossil pi an t . Even

64 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Hochstetter has taken the name of Annularia in his Fl. II,
p. 680, (1841), for a group of plants of the Apocyneoe.
Moreover, as a generic name, TrocJtophyUum, which merely
signify leaves in whorls, is too indefinite, and also not ap-
propriate for plants whose leaflets are joined at their base
by a ring (ctnnulus). It may be used, as I do it here, for
the provisory description of too incomplete vegetable re-
mains representing a character common to different genera,
and which has to be elucidated by subsequent researches.
As seen by the descriptions of the so-called species, one of
them is apparently referable to the Lycopodiacece.

Trochophyllum lixeare, sp. noi),, PI. Ill, Fig. ^Jf-25h.

Branches slender, indistinctly articulate; leaves in close
verticils, linear, oblique, rounded and narrowed to the
point of attachment.

The stems are only one and a half millimeters broad and
flattened equally in their whole length, with articulations
indicated merely by the small gibbous points of attachment
of the leaves, like small tubercles closely placed in circular
rows. The articulations are not quite one millimeter dis-
tant, the leaves broader than the stems, one to one and a half
millimeters, rounded at the base to the point of attachment,
or to a very short pedicel, and' then linear, apparently
obtuse, without any trace of costa. They were it seems of
thin or soft texture. Flattened upon the stone, they be-
come effaced or broken in the upper part as seen f. 24 and
25, so that the apex is scarcely distinct. F. 255 shows the
scars much enlarged. They are not joined by groves or
striae.

Habitat. — Found in a quarry of a sub-carboniferous sand-
stone at Newark, Ohio, by Dr. Roeminger, State Geologist
of Michigan. The specimens, two only, are very small.
The compound is a ferruginous soft grained sandstone.

* Recently, and since writing the above, I have seen a number of speci-
mens which evidently represent the same species, but under different char-
acters, indicating the relation of these plants to the LycopodiacecE. The dis-
coverer, Prof. E. B. Andrews, is preparing a description with figures of these
plants found iu the Waverly sandstone of Ohio.

FILICACE.E.

P. 65

TiiocnoPiiYLLUM CLAVATUM, sp. uov.^ PI. Ill, Flgs. 21-23.

stem indistinctly articulate, striate lengthwise between
the scars ; learns In r ight angle, ten to tweloe in a verticil,
as seen from t?ie scars of the surface, spatulate, oMuse,
marked In the 7niddle hy a medial nerve, inflated toward
the point.

The branches four millimeters broad in the flattened
state, were exactly cylindrical, and of the same size in their
whole length, without transversal line of articulations.
The verticils of leaves are about three millimeters distant,
the leaves in right angle to the stem, eight to ten millime-
ters long, enlarged towards the obtuse apex, and gradually
narrowed from below the middle to a small round point
of attachment.

As seen from f. 21a to 23, the scars are round, deep points
nnder the bark, alternate (f. 21a), with a narrow ridge
descending on both sides, and j)assing across and a little
below the scars of the inferior verticils. Upon the bark,
the leaf scars appear like small tubercles, either pointed or
concave in the middle, f. 22-23a, enlarged. The narrow
strife depending from the scars, f . 23a, have the appearance
of alternate short flat ribs. The articulations are not en-
larged, but merely marked by the position of the leaves and
of their scars. The bark is comparatively thick ; the leaves
often immersed u]3on the stone are rarely distinct, the lat-
eral ones only are preserved.

These fragments have a kind of relation by the scars and
the ribs of the stems to Equis elites mlrahillls, St., Eleuthe-
rophyllum mlrabile, Stur. Could they be branches of this
remarkable species, so rare and so little known %

Habitat — Found in a bed of friable black shale in the
barren measures, about one hundred feet lower than the
Pittsburgh coal, between Irwin station and Pittsburgh, Pa.
Mr. W. D. Moore.

FiLiCACE^. (Ferns.)

Fossil remains of this order of plants have been discov-
ered in the Silurian of this continent and of Europe, as far
6 P.

66 P. KEPORT OF PROGKESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

down as the Cincinnati group. Here the remains of F^'rns,
branches or pinnjB of large size, already bear characters
denoting an advanced stage of develoj)Tnent.

The Lycopods, close relatives of the Ferns, have been
fonnd also in formations of the same period. But their
remains are of diminutive size, stems without leaves, like
those of plants of an incipient race. It may be surmised,
therefore, that the origin of the Ferns is older, and probably
contemporaneous with the first traces of land vegetation.

This fact is also indicated by the preponderance of the
Ferns in the coal measures, a preponderance clearly mani-
fested by the considerable number of their species, and by
the enormous size of the plants.

Atmospheric moisture and a high uniform degree of tem-
perature, essentially contribute to the vegetation of the
Ferns. These elements were at the highest, and it seems,
equally distributed over our planet, during the carbonif-
erous period. Hence the luxuriance of the Ferns which,
at this epoch, covering the low grounds, have contributed
at least one half of the materials of the coal.

From the Carboniferous to the present time, Ferns are
recognized in every formation, but gradually less predom-
inant. For however abundant they may have been in some
circumstances, they have never since entered into the com-
position of the deposits of combustible minerals, coal, lig-
nite, peat, in as remarkable a proportion as in the carbon-
iferous times.

The number of species of coal Ferns cannot be j^ositively
ascertained now, on account of the difficulty of their iden-
tification from fragments generally too small, representing
mere parts of fronds, which may differ only in some of
their sub-divisions. Thus, parts of one and the same frond
have been sometimes described under different specific or
even generic names. Prof. W. P. Schimper, in his last
work on vegetable Paleontology, records eight hundred and
seventy species of coal Ferns, but supposes that from the
uncertainty of the determinations, the real number may
not be above six hundred.

Considering, however, that a fusion of two or more species

FILICACE^.

P. 67

into one may as easily result of tlie similarity of some of
the fragments, as. a multiplication of species from the di-
versity of others, and considering also that the study of the
coal flora of this continent has greatly increased the ma-
terials relating to its history, especially by some new types,
species, even groups of Ferns, I am inclined to believe
that this beautiful family is represented in the Carbonifer-
ous by more than one thousand species.

This number still remains far below that of the Ferns
living and known at the present time, when more than three
thousand species are known. But a comparison between
the old and present floras, tending to give an idea of their
characters and of their riches, cannot be made without
taking into consideration the physical circumstances of the
globe at the difl'erent epochs. The flora of the coal is lim-
ited to certain classes of vegetables by the absence of nu-
merous types unknown at that time in the vegetable king-
dom, while the uniformity of the climate over the whole
surface of the earth reduces the causative influences, or the
modification of forms or characters, to a degree eqidvalent
to what they may be now, within the area of a single low
island of the Pacific ocean.

The number of species of Ferns in the Phillipine Islands
is three hundred. Java and South Eastern Africa have
about four hundred. Counting the species of the islands of
the Gulf of Mexico and of the Eastern inter- tropical coast
range, six to seven hundred are recorded. In alLthe coun-
tries above mentioned, the variations of the climate, of the
geological and geographical features, multiply ad infinitum
the causes wliich may influence the vegetation and diversify
The distribution of plants, to thus increase the number of
species, even without taking into account the succession in
the deviation of types resulting from the work of nature
in space of time, or during the ages which separate the coal
epoch from the present. It is evident that, considered on
this point of view, the number of species of Ferns of the
coal, compared with that of our epoch, indicates for that
old formation a multiplicity, a diversity of vegetable forms

08 P. KEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

of whicli the present flora cannot give an idea, even in the
localities endowed with the most luxuriant vegetation.

It is upon the warm islands of the Pacific ocean and the
Gulf of Mexico ; also in the equatorial low region of Bra-
zil, along the Amazon river, that this beautiful family of
plants, attains now its greatest development. In these
tropical regions, a comparatively large number of the Ferns
becomes trees which sometimes reach to an altitude of one
hundred feet. Rivaling the Palms by their shape, their
port, they are superior to them by the elegance of their
fronds and leaves, indefinitely cleaved into sub-divisions
of exquisitely graceful and constantly varied patterns.
Though high these trees may be, the diameter of the trunks,
generally simple or without branches, and exactly cylin-
drical, is never considerable. It scarcely measures one foot.
In this also the superiority of the vegetation of the Ferns
at the coal epoch is evidenced, even in comparison with the
present growth of these trees in the most favorable circum-
stances afforded by the climate ; for in the carboniferous
measures of Ohio and Kentucky, silicified stems of Ferns
have been found, measuring, in their perfectly cylindrical
shape, more than two feet in diameter.

The Ferns belong to the highest order of the Cryptogams
(the Acrogens), plants with a distinct axis, growing from
the apex only, composed of woody fibres and vessels. They
have that in common with the EquisetacecB ; but they differ
from them by the spiral development of their stems and
branches, by their leaves, flat laminae, either entire or di-
vided in multiple sections, according to the characters of
their compound venation.

Concerning their growth, the Ferns are perennial, herba-
ceous, climbing, or arborescent. The fronds, before expan-
sion, are involute in spiral, like a watch spring, and gradu-
ally unfold in the development of their stems and branches.
( Circinnate Ver a a t lo ?i. )

As herbaceous, the Ferns grow in tufts from inflated root-
stocks, {rliizoma,) or come out successively from a more or
less elongated creeping organ of the same kind. A large
number of the species of the Carboniferous are bushy Ferns,

FILICACE^.

P. 69

many of tliem of very large size, known merely by frag-
ments of stems or branches with leaves. Parts of fronds
are seen sometimes on the roofs of the mines, measuring
from three to four meters, and proportionally large, with
flattened stalks, fifteen to twenty centimeters broad.

As arborescent, the stems of Ferns are erect, cylindrical,
and woody ; their fronds, then, open successively from the
top, expanding umbrella-like, by the curving back of their
petioles, sometimes very long. In separating from the stem,
they leave upon the trunk deep, oval scars, preserved dur-* ^
ing the whole life of the trees. Atl. PI. 59 and 60.

Trunks of Ferns, mostly silicified, are plentifully found
in the sandstone of the middle coal measures of Ohio and
Kentucky. Their internal structure is distinctly preserved
and may be studied by thin lamels, cut by the lapidary
and polished appropriately for microscopical examination.
In connection with the coal, the presence of tree Ferns is
recognized, mostly in the roofing shale, by fragments of bark
with scars of the petioles. Even impressions of scars are
seen upon coal or coal shales without any remains of bark.

The rhizomas of bushy Ferns, generally of a soft, cellular,
easily decomposed tissue, are rarely found petrified in the
coal measures. Two species only, both American, are descri-
bed by Scliimper under the generic name of MMzomopteris.
They rather represent the bases of petioles than true
rhizomas. A few remains of true root stalks, preserved in ^
ferruginous concretions of 111., are described in this volume.

The description of Ferns refers to the characters of their
different parts as follows :

Fronds are the leaves of Ferns in their whole, including
the stalks or petioles. They are either simple, without
divisions of the axis ; or branching, the branches {piiince)
being primary, when attached to the main axis; secondary,
as divisions of a primary pinna, and so on, tertiary, quater-
nary, etc. Hence the fronds are simple, simply pinnate,
bi, tri, polypinnate.

The divisions of the petiole {RacMs), answer to the same
description as primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. These divi-
sions of the fronds are more or less arbitrary for fossil Ferns

70 P. REPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

mostly found in fragments of pinnae, whose fronds or pri-
mary divisions are often merely conjectural. The largest
fragments of a compound pinna is generally considered as
a primary pinna, often named leaf, and the description
made accordingly.

For the description of Fern leaves or pinnules, sometimes
named simple pinnse, the same terms are generally used as
those applied to the dicotyledonous plants. They are en-
tire or lobed, j)innate, bi,^ tri-pinnate, compound, multiple,
etc.*

The more important characters in the determination of
the Ferns are taken from the venation and the fructifications.

The vascular structure of Ferns is composed of cords or
indurated vessels or tissues, termed scalariform, which
branch from the base of the previous frond into the nascent
bud of the forthcoming one, and lengthen upwards with
the growth of the plant. It consists of two or more cylin-
drical, flat or channeled filaments or chords, which, on
reaching the leafy part of the fronds, divide and ramify
through all its parts. The ultimate ramifications ending
in the leafy part (lamina), and called veins, either radiate
from the base of fronds or segments in a flabellate manner,
or more generally are produced from a midrib (costa), v^hich,
in simple fronds, is a continuation of the vascular cords of
the stipes, or in segments of fronds, a branch of the rachis
from which they are produced, f

Therefore two essential types of venation are marked in
the FeiTis of the coal. Either the leaves or leaflets are
without midrib. Then all the veins come from their base,
or from the point of union to the rachis, and pass up to-
wards the borders in exjianding fan-like by multiple, alter-
nate, forkings (dichotomy). The venation is then flabellate
and dicJiotomous . Or the leaves or leaflets have a midrib
or cosia, from which the veins are produced, passing to-
ward ; the borders, either in right angle to the midrib, or in

* M st of the botanical terms used in this volume are found in the glossary
of Gray's Lessons of Botany. A few peculiar to phytopaleontology are lo-
cally explained.

t Historia filicum, by John Smith.

riLICACE^.

p. 71

a more or less acute angle, simple or forking in divers ways,
straight, curved or flexuous, etc. In their relation to the
midrib they are called primary veins ; their divisions
secondary or venules ; the branches of these veinlets. The
veins are called forked when they divide in two branches ;
Mfurcate in more than two ; pinnate when the primary
veins produce venules either alternate or opposite in regular
order on both sides.

In living Ferns the leaves and pinnules of a number of
species have an anastomosing venation, the apices of the
branches of each proximate fascicle uniting with another
and forming regular square, rhomb oidal, or unequal-sided
meshes. As yet this kind of venation has not been ob-
served in any species of coal Ferns of this continent. The
areolcB or meshes of Dictyopteris are formed by undula-
tions of the veins, not by anastomose.

The fructification of the living Ferns offers quite as valu-
able characters for their determination and classification as
the venation.

The fruit-dots are generally placed upon the lower surface
of the laminae or pinnules, in receptacles supporting or con-
taining the isporanges)^ capsules which bear the (sor i), glom-
erules of seeds. But the position of the sporanges, their
form, the disposition of the sori, are rarely distinct enough
upon fossil specimens to oft'er reliable points of observation.
In some cases, and for silicified specimens only, the charac-
ters of the fruit-dots have been distinctly seen and described.
As until now no deposits of silicified fragments of Ferns
have been found in this continent, it would be an useless
task to base the classification of the Ferns of the American
coal measures upon characters which cannot be, or have not
been studied here. Even in Euroj^e, after the remarkable
publications {t7ie 8y sterna and the Gattungen)^ where Goep-
pert attempted to expose the classification of the fossil Ferns
from their fructification, this system has been generally
abandoned.

It is therefore upon the characters clearly seen, those
taken from the distribution of the pinnjB and of their
branches ; from the forms and sub-divisions of the pinnules

72 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

or leaflets, and especially from the venation, that the de-
scriptions of the fossil Ferns are made.

Brongniart has proposed a simple and clear classification
based on those characters. Though some carboniferous
types may not And an appropriate place in it, it has been
and is still now generally followed. It was given first in
Histoire des Yegetaux fossiles 18^28 — 1837, and later some-
what modified in Tahleaux des Genres des Yegetaux fos-
siles, 181^9. Schimper's lucid and abridged exposition of
the system is as follows : *

1. Frond simple or with compound pinnules, free or ad-
hering without midrib, or with a midrib appearing near the
base, but vanishing upwards ; veins dichotomous, flabellate.
{NeuropteridecB. )

2. Frond bi-tri-pinnate, with pinnsB or pinnules narrowed
to the base, flabelliform, entire or scarcely lobed ; veins
diverging from the base without a more distinct midrib.
{AdianUdecE.)

3. Fronds like the former ones, diversely lobed ; veins pin-
nate or bi- pinnate from the base ; secondary divisions very
oblique. {Sphenopteridece .)

4. Fronds simple, pinnate or bi-tri-pinnatifid, with pin-
nules generally adhering by their base to the rachis, often
confluent, forming only more or less deep lobes, entire or
denticulate, not lobed ; secondary veins pinnate or dicho-
tomous. {PecopteridecB.)

Another classification applied to living and fossil Ferns,
and based also upon the venation, has been proposed by
d'Ettingshausen in a work illustrated by pliysiotypical
plates of great excellence. The divisions of the Ferns, as
established by this author, are very numerous and cannot
be easily understood without the illustrations. Schimper
has also given a synopsis of this system, Paleont. Yeget., I,
p. 365, etc.

I have therefore, in this work, followed Brongniart' s classi-
fication, with SQme changes in accordance to the characters
of the plants which have to be described.

The first secticm is limited as indicated above by Brong-

* Paleont. Veg^t., I, p. 365.

NEUROPTERIDS.

P. 73

niart ; the second section is that of the Alethopterids allied
to the Neuropterids by their nervation but evidently dif-
ferent by the fructifications.

The Pecopterids are left as described by Brongniart for
the third section ; and I admit to the Sphenopterids as a
mere sub-division of this family, the Adlantldes^ especially
represented by Archoeopterls,

NEUROPTERIDS.

The Genera Neuropteris^ Lesley a, Dictyopteris and Odon-
topteris, are the only ones which I refer to this section.
They represent a very distinct, most interesting group of
the Ferns of the coal, all bushy plants of great size, with
broad rachis, pinnae and pinnules of the most beautiful
forms. Science has vainly searched for an analogy of these
Ferns to some of those living at this time. No species of
this group has passed above the Permian.

The first Genus admitted and described by Brongniart, in
this section, Cyelopteris, was established for leaflets of
great size, generally orbicular, as indicated by the name,
related to Neuropteris by their venation, but which al-
ways found isolated, could not be positively referred to the
original plants wherefrom they had been derived. To these
the author added two species — Cyclopteris dig 'data and Q.
flabellata^ which, related to the Jurassic types Baiera
or Salishmria^ do not find place with the Ferns. Of this
kind are the Whittleseya, or allied types, represented in
Atl. PL ly, f. 1-3.

By and by the true identity of the species of Cyclopteris
{Neuropterids) which, later, Brongniart separated in his
Tableau de Genres, under the name of Nepliropterls^ have
been more or less positively identified as true Neuropteris^
species which bear upon the same pinnae, and according
to the position which they occupy, some leaflets with a
flabellate dichotomous venation, without any midrib
{NepTiropteris)^ and others with a distinct middle nerve,

74 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

from which the veins curve in diverging and anastomosing
toward the borders, true Neuropteris.

As this genus is widely represented in the North Ameri-
can coal measures, not merely by species whose characters
are definite and often peculiar, but also by a prodigious
number of specimens, sometimes filling whole layers of
shale, it has been possible to follow the multiple variations
of these plants, and to refer to their original types, sepa-
rate leaflets which, seen isolated in collections, may be
easily, and have been often, considered as representing
different species. In the final report of the G-eol. of Penn'a,
1858, I had already figured part of a pinna of Neurojpteris
hirsuta, PI. Ill, f. 6, showing the relative position of
large terminal pinnules marked with a distinct costa,
to small basilar ones, leaflets with the characters of true
Cyclopteris, without trace of medial nerves, all the veins
being dichotomous and flabellate from the more or less en-
larging base. In the same work are represented also,
PI. lY, f. 1-16, the extremely variable forms of the pin-
nules of the same species which could be identified by
the hairs of the surface. Since then, in pursuing researches
in the same direction, I have had opportunity to recognize
the relation of the large leaflets, Cyclopterls^ to different
species of Neuropteris^ either by immediate attachment
upon the rachis of pinnae, bearing both the neuropterid
and the cyclopterid leaflets, as in Neuropteris rarlner-
vis ; or by evidence of some characters x)eculiar to both
kinds of pinnules, as in those of N.fimbriata, N. uiidans^
etc. Therefore, both genera Cyclopteris and Nepliropteris
are eliminated from this group.

Other devonian Ferns, described as Cyclopteris^ by Geop-
pert, Unger, and Dawson, have been referred to Archoeop-
teris, Adiantites, Aneimites, Triphyllopteris^ and other
divisions which have no relation to the Neuropterids. Two
species of Goeppert, Cyclopteris polymorpha and C. fron-
dosa, are separated by Schimper under the name of Cardiop-
teris, as intermediate to Neuropteris and Odontopteris.
This type has not been recognized as yet in the fossil flora
of this continent.

NEUROPTERIS.

P. 75

Neuropteris, Brgt.

Fronds simply^ hi^ tri-pinnate ; j^innules varying from
round to ovate, oMuse, or obtusely acuminate, mostly entire,
rounded, cordate, or auricled at the base, attached to the
rachis by the middle; sessile, or rarely short pedicelled ;
veins either from the base of the pinnules or from a costa,
diverging fan-like and arched backwards, in passing
towards the borders, many times dichotomous ; costa
generally dissolved at or below the middle ; basilar veins
simple or in fascicles.

The question concerning the characters of the fructifica-
tions of Neuropteris is still undecided, and demands some
consideration.

Brongniart, Hist, d Yeg. foss., has represented a leaflet
of Neuropteris flexuosa, PI. 65, f. 3a, bearing at the fork-
ing of the veins, between their branches, in the proximity
of the mid-rib, small, oblong, obtuse tubercles, resembling
sporanges, which he considered as fructifications of this
species. Later, recognizing the same kind of organism
upon a specimen of Pecopteris Defrancii, preserved in the
museum of Strasburg, he abandoned his first opinion, from
the fact that, upon some of the pinnules, these small excres-
cences did cover the whole surface, while in others, few
only were seen between some of the veins, and others still
had none at all. He further remarks, that their repartition
had no regularity, like the fructifications of Ferns, and that
he has seen alterations of the parenchym, by parasite
Cryptogams, ui3on living Ferns of different genera, Polypo-
dium, Aspidium, Pteris, etc., presenting the same appear-
ance. These organisms have been observed often since by
phytopaleontologists. I figured them already in Geol. of
Penn'a, 1858, PL V, f. 3, attached to the leaflets of Neu-
ropteris gibbosa, remarking, p. 858, that there were near
the midrib, between the veins, and exactly following their
directions, some short narrow depressions which, by their
form and symmetry did appear of an organic nature ; but
that it was Hot possible to ascertain if they were truly the
fructifications of these plants. Since then, I have found

76 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

them always of the same form, in the same position, in
one, two, or more rows, near the costa, at the forks of the
veins, between two branches, and following their direction,
therefore more or less oblique to the mid-rib. They are, as
described above, mammillate or inflated, sometimes, when
in a mature state, apparentlv concave, the oval small, cav-
ities appearing as bordered by a narrow rim ; mostly all of
the same size, about one millimeter long and half as broad.
A number of specimens of Neuropteris Clarksonl, N. hir-
suta^ N. Loschii^ etc., in the cabinet of Mr. Lacoe, of Pitts-
ton, abundantly bear those small mammillse upon the leaf-
lets.

Professor Heer has observed upon tiie under side of tlie
pinnules of N. Jlexuosa^ another kind of tubercles, placed
in two regular rows, following the directions of the veins,
oblique to the midrib, and in the middle of the space
between the costa and the borders. From their regular
position, he considers them as fructifications, and as different
from those which he has seen also uj)on the same sj)ecies,
and which he says are always irregularly placed, and of
the same character as those described by Brongniart. I do
not put into question the reality of the observation of my cele-
brated friend. I must say, however, that upon many speci-
mens I have seen those tubercles not merely at a distance
from the midrib, but generally in a regular order of dis-
tribution, following always the direction of the veins, and
of course either nearly parallel to the costa, or in various
angles, according to their distance from it, even nearly at
right angles when placed between veins very curved, and
toward the middle of the laminae.

On another side, the observations of Brongniart on the
likeness of small parasite plants seen upon living species of
Ferns and similar to those of the Neuropterids is correct. I
have seen these parasite, species of Hysterium^ also upon
the leaves of Salishuria. But in these as upon living Ferns,
the tubercles though generally placed between the veins and
parallel to them, are sometimes across or traversing them
in right angle, a position that I have never observed upon
the supposed sporanges of Neurojpteris,

NEUROPTERIS.

P. 77

The fact of these being true sporanges is confirmed in
some degree by the discovery of the fructifications of Odon-
topteris by Grand 'Eury, described, Fl. Carb., PL XIII,
f. 4. Tlie sporanges are about of the same form as those
of NeuTopteris but borne upon the point of tlie veins
or of tlieir branches on the border of tlie leaves. It may
be, therefore, that the fructifications of Neuropteris are
sporanges, always placed between the veins, either iri-egu-
larly scattered in the middle of the leaflets or in some cases
disposed in one or two regular rows as seen by Prof. Heer.

These remarks show the insufficiency of the characters
offered by the fructifications for the determination of fossil
Ferns. The observations of Brongniart have been published
in 1828, and since then, or for half a century, paleontologists
pursuing their investigations into the nature of the remark-
able group of the IS'europterids, have not been able even to
positively ascertain if the tubercles so rarely observed upon
the leaflets are mere parasite protuberances or true spo-
ranges. With few exceptions the veins of the Neuropte-
rids are distinct, and their position, carefully compared, es-
pecially their number as counted in a given space along the
borders, ought to be mostly taken in account in the speci-
fication of their fossil fragments.

From their relative affinities the species of Neuropteris
are grouped in four sections Cyclopterids^ Nephropterids^
Euneuropterids^ Pachydermate and Anomalous Neurop-
terids.

% 1. Cycloptekids.
Neuropteris reniformis ? Brgt.^ PI. IV, f. 6.

Cyclopteris reni/ormis, Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. Foss., p. 216, PI. 61, Ms,/. 1.
Nephropteris reniformis, Schp., Paleont. Veget., 1, p. 4SO.

Leaflets symmetrical, round, entire, slightly undulate
on the borders, deeply indented at the point of insertion ;
mins distinct from the base, diverging fan-liJce, arched,
dichotomous and distant.

Except the characters of venation, little is known of this
species described by the author from mere fragments. His

78 P. PvEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

figure represents only the lower part of a leaflet, precisely
the part which has been half destroyed upon our specimen.
It merely shows identity in the form of the pinnule. But
in the European species, the veins, simple at the base and
divided in outside branches, are rather pedate than dicho-
tonious, and this character is not distinctly observable ux)on
our fragment. The American form differs from Cyclopteris
orbicularis^ Brgt., which I consider as identical to Neurop-
teris rarinervis^ by its thick coriaceous texture and smooth
surface. The veins are thin or divided in two or three parallel
vascular filaments, deeply immersed into the parenchima
which thus upraised in the intervals, takes the appearance
of very thick obtuse veins. The distance of the veins along
the border is three fourths of a millimeter. It is not pos-
sible to distinctly see upon our specimen if the base of the
leaflet is auriculate. It appears as if the fragment of stem
closing the notch was pressed upon the border of the lamina,
either casually joined to the leaflet, or perhaps a fragment
of rachis to which it was attached.

Habitat — The two only leaves known of this Fern were
found in a lot of specimens sent for determination by
Prof. E. A. Smith, of Tuscaloosa, Ala. One of them, in-
dicating the outlines of the leaves, is figured ; the other is
very fragmentary. The specimens have no labels. The
color and consistence of the matter, a gray soft shale, are
the same as in other fragments obtained from Helena mines,
Ala. As I have never seen the species in the middle coal
measures, its origin in the sub-carboniferous coal of Ala-
bama is more than probable.

Neuropteris dilatata, LI. & Butt.

Cyclopteris dilatata, LI. & Hutt., Foss. fl., II, PI. 91. B.
Nephropteris dilatata, Schp., Pal. Veget., 1, p. 430.

Lekflets very large., transversely oval; texture tliin ;
veins distant, dichotomous^ diverging fan-like.

This species is as yet represented in our flora by two
splendid specimens, leaflets, one measuring fourteen cen-
timeters transversely, and seven in vertical line ; the other.

NEUROPTERIS.

P. 79

twenty-two centimeters by eleven. The base is expanded
in large anricles, pas^^ing around the circular j)oint of in-
sertion and overlapping each other. In the largest leaf,
the overlapping borders are erased, but they are still two
and a half centimeters broad where they join each other
under the point of attachment. The borders are undulate ;
the veins fifteen millimeters apart, or twice as distant as in
the former species, irregularly inflated, sometimes split
into two parallel fascicles, rarely in simj)le thread-like fila-
ments. These leaflets clearly represent the English species
distinguishable from the former as from any congener by
the large size, the lateral widening, the thin substance of
the lamina, and the distant veins. I have been unable as
yet to recognize these cliaracters in any other of the Ameri-
can Neuropterids.

Habitat — Clinton, Mo. Lower coal measures. Commu-
nicated by Dr. John H. Britts.

Neuropteris triciiomanoides ? Brgt.^ PI. IV, Fig. 4.

Cyclopteris trichomanoides, Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. PL LXI^ his,
f. 4. Lesqx., Oeol. of JPenn'a, 1858, p. 856. Sehp., Paleont. Veget., 1, p. 42I.
Heer, Fl./oss. Helv., IV, p. 17, PI. VI, f. 16.

Leaflets nearly round and equilateral^ deeply notched
at the point of attacJiment^ entire or undulate ; ceins thin^
diichotomous^ flahellate, nearly straight or slightly arched
in passing to the borders, lohere they become very close.

I have figured the largest of the leaflets referred to this
species. It is somewhat more enlarged on one side than
on the other. A number of others from the same locality
are precisely equilateral, with borders slightly undulate, as
in the specimen figured by Brongniart. The thin veins are
free to the base, not fasciculate, close, especially so, near the
borders, where they become scarcely distinct to the naked
eye, there numbering forty to fifty per centimeter.

These large leaflets are not rare at Cannelton, where also
are found separate neuropterid pinnules and fragments
of pinnae of a species which I have referred to JSfeuropteris
capitata, Atl. PI. XXIII, f. 2, 3. The venation of all these
specimens is of the same character. The fragment, f. 1,

80 P. EEPORT OF PROGIIESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

is from Illinois. It differs by the veins slightly more
distant, though quite as thin. No' cyclop terid pinnules
have been found in connection Avith it. It is, therefore,
possible that the Cannelton plants, both the small and
large leaflets, may represent a new species, though they have
as characters the same peculiar enlargement of the termi-
nal pinnules indicated by the specific name. On another
side, the specimens referred to this species in Geol. of Penn'a,
1858, have the same character of venation as those of Can-
nelton, but the fragments of Neuropteris^ seen at the same
locality, represent mostly N. cordata^ or N. angustifolia^
Brgt. The identiflcation of the American specimens w^ith
the species of Brongniart is, therefore, doubtful. It is
based only on the similarity of shape and size of the
leaflets, and on the same distribution of the veins, which,
according to the remarks of the author, are thin and very
close on the borders.

Habitat — Gate Vein, near Pottsville. Not rare in the
shale at the base of the bed of Cannel coal, at Cannelton,
Pa.

Neuropteris laciniata, Lesqx.

Oeol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 855, PL XIX, f. S.

Cyclopteris laciniata, Lesqx., Boston Jour. S. N. H., Vol. VI, p. 4I6.

Leaflets thick^ quadrato-orMcular^ cordate; borders
fringed^ from below the middle upwards^ by long^ flex-
tLous^ thread lilce^ acuminate dimsions ; veins dichoto-
mous., flabellate^ very close, nearly straight.

By its nervation, the leaflet is related to the following
species, but it greatl}^ differs by its thick texture and the
scaly surface obliterating the nervation which is seen only
when the epidermis is destroyed. The fimbriate divisions
of the borders are also much closer and thinner. It seems
to represent the cyclopterid form of Odontopteris squa-
mosa, found at the same locality, whose venation and thick
ei^idermis are of the same characters. This last species
however has the leaflets entire. But the upper pinnae of
N fimbriata presents the same difference, the large leaflets
only being fringed.

NEUROPTERIS. P. 81

Habitat — Muddy Creek vein, between Pottsville and
Treinont, Pa.

§ 2. Nephroptp:rids.
Neuropteris fimbriata, Lesqx., PL F, Figs. 1-6.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 430; IV, p. 384, PI- VI. f. 4. Schp., Paleont.,
Veget., Ill, p. 474-

Cyc.lopteris fimbriata, Lesqx., Boston Journ., S. N. H., Vol. VI, p. 4I6
Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 855, PI. IV, f. 17, 18.

Fronds hi -trip innately dioided ; primary fyinncB appar-
ently large^ triangular in outline ; secondary divisions
linear^ slightly oblique ; pinnules alternate^ oval or ob-
long^ obtuse^ rarely entire^ generally fringed from the mid-
dle upioards., distant, attached to the rachis by a broad
base, the upper ones slightly decurring ; veins distinct,
Jlabellate and dichotomous from the base ; rachis finely
equally striate, more or less punctate.

The first specimens found of this species are the large
cyclopterid leaflets figured, Geol. of Penn'a., I808, I. c,
one of which f. 6 is copied. Later, this species was found
in Illinois in numerous specimens, representing its various
characters. A part of a pinna with smaller leaflets attached
to a flexuous rachis, f. 3, was described in both the Repts.
of 111., Vol. II and lY. Others of cyclopterid form like
f. 2, show the mode of distribution of the leaflets upon the
rachis ; a third, f. 1, is a pinna with small pinnules mostly
entire, some of them, as seen on the right part of the flgure,
having the top already slightly laciniate, while f. 4 and 5
represent detached and isolated pinnules of the same char-
acters. We can thus follow the divers forms of the leaves
in their connection with the upper pinnse, or with the lower
branches. They j^reserve the same characters, the shape
only being modified in the cordate base, as in f. 4 and 5,
without any variation in their venation. The texture is not
thick, rather delicate, the veins always distinct, forking
generally twice, in the small leaflets, f. 1 ; far more distant
and distinct than in N. Loschii, Brgt. ; even more distinct
6 P.

82 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

than in j\\ tenui/olla, Brgt., both species to which the
upper branches with small pinnules are comparable by their
size and shape.

Prof. Heer considered the first specimens of this fine spe-
cies as perhaps representing fruiting pinnules of some Cy-
clopteris, or as having had the border casually lacerated
by maceration and compression. But later he obtained
from the anthracite of Switzerland a species, Cyclopteris
lacerata^ with leaflets laciniate like ours by a natural sub-
division of the borders, differing, however, by a more dense
nervation.

Habitat — Salem vein (upper coal measures) ; Pottsville,
New Philadelphia, Pa. I have seen it in private collections
at Charleston, Ya., and abundantly in nodules procured
from Ohio, in the cabinet of Dr. Hildreth, of Marietta.
The geological station of these last specimens is unknown
to me. As the species is not rare in the low coal of
Morris, Ills., and in the nodules of Mazon Creek; as it is
present, also, at Cannelton, and indeed in most of the collec-
tions which I have examined, it appears generally distrib-
uted in the middle coal measures, from the Conglomerate
upwards, as far up as the Salem vein. It has not been
found, as yet, in the sub-carboniferous measures.

Neuropteris dextata, Lesqx.^ PI. F, Figs. 7, 8.

Boston Journ., S. N. H., Vol. VI, p. 418. GeoL of Penn'a, 1858, p. 859,
PI. V, f. 9 and 10. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 447.

Cyclopteris undans, Lesqx., Ibid., p. 855, PL. IV, f. 21, 22.

Pinnules ovate^ ohtase^ truncate or snbcordate at the
base., irregularly lacerate-dentate, and lobed in the upper
part; xeins dichotomous^ Jlabellate^ slightly arched in
passing to the border., thin., close.

We have still here the neuropterid and cyclopterid
forms of a species which is extremely rare in our coal
measures. The outline of the pinnules is about the same as
in N. fimbriata; but the venation is quite different, the
veins being thin, close, slightly arched; and the texture
of the pinnies thick, hard, and rigid. No remains of rachis
have been found in connection with these leaflets, though

NEUROPTERIS.

P. 83

the three pinnules on the left of f. 7 appear to be, or to
have been attached to a racliis (destroyed). I considered
at first the large pinnules as different, and from their close,
rigid venation supposed them to be cyclopterid form
of iV. undans. They differ, however, by more distinct,
stronger veins, and by the dentate borders. By the nerva-
tion, this species is allied to Cyclopteris ciliata^ Heer, Fl.
foss. Helv., lY, p. 17, PL YI, f. 24, in the same degree of
affinity that N. fimhriata is to Cyclopteris lacerata of the
same author.

Habitat — Blakely and Gate veins, near Pottsville, Pa.

J^EUKOPTEKis RoGERSi, Lcsqx.^ PI. VI, Figs. 7-10.

N. speciosttj Lesqx., Boston Journ., iS. N. H., Vol. VI, p. 417.
N. Rogersi* Lesqx., Qeol. of renn'a, 1858, p. 856, PI. VII, /. 2. Schp.,
Faleont. Veget., I, p. 445.

Flnnce or pinnules large, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, or obtusely pointed, even slightly cuspidate, deeply
cordate or distinctly auricled, entire; veins dichotomous
from the base or from a thin middle vein, flabellate, slight-
ly arched^ very distinct, turning upwards in reaching the
borders.

The pinnules vary in size from four and a half to four-
teen centimeters long, and from three to six centimeters
broad, below the middle, where they are the widest. Some
of them, like f. 7, are oblong-lanceolate, comparatively
narrow ; others, like f. 9 and 10, are much shorter, compara-
tively broad, nearly oval, generally with a symmetrical
base, but sometimes with one side slightly more enlarged
and prolonged downward. This character seen, f. 9, indi-
cates that these pinnules are not simple, but were origin-
ally attached to a common racliis, though all have been
found isolated. The nervation is rather neuropterid, as
generally the pinnules have a narrow costa, not thicker
than the lateral veins, appearing like a continuation of

* The change of name wgs made with the assent of Professor Henry D.
Rogers, the director of the survey of 1858, to whom the finest species then
known from the coal flora of this country was appropriately dedicated.

84 P.

KEPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

them. But in some specimens, in the small leaflets espe-
cially, the veins are all flabellate from the base.

This species is not comparable to any of the congeners.
From JV. liirsuta and N. angustifolia^ both species
very variable in the form of the leaflets, it differs by the
more distant equal, sharp veins, not inflated or fascicu-
late toward the base, abruptly turned up along the borders,
and equi-distant in their whole length ; by the thin sub-
stance of the leaflets, their smooth shining surface and the
deeply cordate auricled base, always marked by a compar-
atively small circular point of attachment. It is one of the
most beautiful and most rare of the American species of
Neurojpteris,

HaMtat — South Salem vein, behind Port Carbon, Pa.,
found in roof shale from an abandoned shaft, just north of
the village, and also opposite on the other side of the creek
in the same vein, from a thin bed of coal which was still
worked in 1868. The pinnules are rarely orbicular. I
found only one of this shape and even not distinct enough
to positively show specific identity. Recently, 1879, two
specimens of this species have been sent from Cannelton,
Pa., by Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Neuropteris gibbosa, Lesqx.^ Fl. VI, Figs. 1-6.

Boston Jour. S. N. H., Vol. VI, p. 4I8. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 858, PI.
V, f. S.

N. Undans, Lesqx., Boston Jour. S. N. H., Vol. VT, p. 4^8. Geol. 0/
Penn'a, 1858, p. 859, PL V,f. 1-^.
N. gibbosa and N. undans, Schp., Paleont. Veget., 1, p. 446.

FinncB large, I i near -lanceolate ; "pinnules oblique, sub-
alternate, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, cordate or truncate
at base, more or less deeply undulate on the border s ; veins
flabellate from the enlarged base, very thin, many times
dichotomous.

From the examination of numerous specimens referable
either to N. undans or to N. gibbosa, I now believe that they
all represent the same species. The separation could be
made merely from the surface of tire pinnules, shining or
smooth in N. gibbosa, dull or dusky black in ISf. undans.

NEUROPTERIS.

P. 85

I generally found the veins in this last form more inflated
towards the base even fasciculate. But these difl'erences
are of too little specific value. The terminal pinnules,
large and undulate, represented, Geol. of Penna., 1858,
PI. v., f. 1-2, have not been observed in any other speci-
mens. They seem however reproduced on a reduced scale
in f. 4 and 5 of our plate, small upper pinnse of the same
species. The lateral pinnules are not distinctly undulate
and the terminal ones not as large. They have all the same
kind of venation. The round leaflet is evidently attached
to the broken base of a pinna bearing the lateral pinnules
in the upper part of the specimen. F. 6 is the cyclopterid
form of the same species with characters of nervation simi-
lar to those of F. 20, PL IV., of the Geol. of Penna., 1858.
Its analogy is wdth N. aurlculata^ Brgt., from which it
especially differs by the longer, lanceolate, narrower and
equal leaflets.

Habitat — Upper Anthracite Coal measures. Gate and
Salem veins, near Pottsville, Pa. I have received also the
cyclopterid form from Cannelton, one specimen only.

Neuopteris auriculata? Brgt.^ Fl. VI, Fig. 11.

Brgt., Hist. d. Veget. foss., p. 236, PL LXVl.

Germ., Ver&t.,p. 9, PI. IV. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 443.

Frond large, M-pinnate ; pinnules open, round, renl-
form or oval, sessile, and attached by a large base, cor-
date or auriculate, with borders undulate or sinuate;
costa merely basilar or none ; veins diverging from the
base, very thin and close.

I am unable to ascertain if the fragment figured here,
represents the European species. I have, as yet, not seen
any other specimen of the American coal flora which could
be positively referred to JSf. auriculata. This fragment
does not show the characters of the middle pinnse repre-
sented by Brongniai't ; but Germar, who has described this
species also, and given a fine illustration of it, I. c, has,
in f. 2, the upper part of a pinna, with two lateral leaflets
and a terminal one so perfectly according in character with
the fragment figured here, that it w^ould not be possible

86 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

to doubt identity, if the veins were somewhat more curved
in our specimen. This species, if truly American, is ex-
tremely rare in our coal measures.

Schimper rightly refers JY. Villersii, Brgt., to this spe-
cies. The plant described under this last name in Geol.
of Penn'a, 1858, p. 858, PI. Ill, f. 3, has its leaflets of a
different size on each side of the pinnse, in the same way
as in the figure given by the author, but the lateral veins
are more distant, stronger, and not as curved. It is prob-
ably referable to N. callosa.

Habitat — Cannelton, Pa., Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Neuroptekis inflata, Lesqx., PI. YII, Fig. ^^-ia.

Geol. Kept, of III., II, p. 431, PI. XXXVIl, f. 2. ScJip., Paleont. Veget.,
Ill, p. 475.

Filicites conchacus? Germ. & Kaulf., Abdr.,p. 227, PI. LXVI,f. 5.

Bi-pinnate ; rachis thick^ irregularly striate; pinnce
linear ; pinnules alternate or sub-opposite., oval., obtuse,
rounded to the base., sessile; veins flab ellate and inflated
from the base., dichotomous^ curved^ thin and close along
the borders ; upper surface convex.

Comparing the fragment of pinna, f. 4, with that f. 2, it
is at first diificult to admit them as representing the same
species. The peculiar form of the oval leaflets, rounded to
an enlarged point of attachment, slightly enlarged at the
inferior basilar rounded corner; the nervation, veins in-
flated, and thus apparently thick towards the base, becom-
ing very thin and close along the borders, where they count
25-30 per centimeter ; the convex surface, the distant pin-
nules, slightly oblique, and the comparatively broad rachis,
all present the same character. The thick rachis of the
large pinna, f. 2, ascends high up into the terminal leaflet.
The second pinnule in descending preserves still an acumi-
nate fragment of the rachis, but except this, the venation
is exactly cyclopterid. The difference in the size of the
pinnules is very great. The large ones, f. 3, are four
and a half centimeters long, and as broad, while those of
the pinna, f. 4, are only fifteen millimeters long, and six
broad. A difference quite as marked is seen in other spe-

NErjKOPTERIS.

P. 87

cies of JS'europteris ; e. iV. ClarJcsoni, etc., and indeed
it is often a difficult task to ascertain the identity of the jjin-
nules of the upper pinnse with those of the lower ones.

Filicites concliaceus^ Germ. & Kaulf., shows by the figure
and the remarks of the authors, a great affinity to this
species. In the description, they comi3ared the pinnule to a
flattened Pectinite or shell, and mention the veins as close
from the middle upwards, and very thin along the borders.
The two opposite leaflets figured in the Geol. Kept, of 111.,
I. present the same appearance as also the one f. 3, of
our plate. But the fragment of a single leaflet, which the
German authors had for examination, is too imperfect ;
even the borders are erased in the whole circumference, and
the description of the venation is incomplete. From it,
the pinnule may be referred quite as w^ell to Neurox>teris
Germarl.

Habitat,— K}\ the specimens seen from this species, repre-
senting large leaflets, are in nodules from Mazon creek.
The others, small ones, as f. 4, are from Montevallo coal
mines, Ala., communicated by Mr. T. H. Aldrich.

Neukoptekis Collinsii, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. S82, PI. V, Figs. 5, 6. Schp., Paleont. Vegel
III, p. 473.

Flnniiles large^ ovate or ohomte^ broadly obtuse^ entire;
base truncate, large; mins inflated at the base and there
distant, dichotomous, slightly arched, becoming thin, close,
and more divided from the middle upwards.

The venation and the large size of the pinnules are the
same in this species as in the former. The leaves are
comparatively longer, averaging six centimeters long
and three broad, oblong or obovate, gradually narrow-
ing to the base, not rounded and cordate ; the veins more
distinct, though quite as thin, and the surface flat not in-
flated. In the former species the leaflets are marked in the
middle by a depression like an effaced costa, which is not
apparent upon those of this species. The differences are,
perhaps, not marked enough to authorize a separation.

Habitat — Same as the former; nodules of Mazon creek.

88 P.

KEPORT OF PROGKESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

§ 3. EUXEUROPTERIDS.

Neuropteris iiirsuta, Lesqx., PI. VIII, Flf/s. i, 4, 5, 7,

9, 12.

Boston Journ. S. X. J£., Vol. VI, p. 417. Geol. of Pertn'a, 1858, p. 857,
PI. Ill, f. 6, PI. IV, f. 1-16. Geol. Rept. of III., Il,p. 427; IV, p. S80. Schp.,
Paleont. Veget., I, p. 445.

Frond h(\ tripinnate; primary plmice very large, secon-
dary divisions alternate, oblique., lanceolate; ultimate pin-
nce trifoliate in the lower part of the branches ; becoming
simple in the upper part ; middle leaflets large, lanceolate,
obtuse, entire or undulate; cordate and sessile to the rachis
when simple; pedicellate when compound or bearing one
or two smcdl round or oval leaflets at the base ; lower sur-
face hairy; costa distinct, strong, and ascending to three
fourths of the lamince in the middle pinnules only; veins
dichotomous, arched, thin and close, flabellate from the
base in the lateral or basilar leaflets, with rarely a trace of
a mid-rib.

This species is most polymorphous, not merely by the
enlarging of the pinnules into cyclopterid leaves, ex-
tremely variable in form, generally round, unequilateral,
sometimes with the point of attachment on one side; but es-
pecially by the multiplication and subdivisions of the small
basilar leaflets, which, generally simple round or oval reni-
form in shape, become double in preserving the oval form
of each division, or lanceolate, or variously cut into two or
more linear obtuse lobes, and digitate as in f. 8. The me-
dial leaflets of this species are sometimes broader at the
base, and shorter, truncate, more rapidly narrowed up-
wards, but never pointed. The venation is close ; the vein-
lets average forty to fifty per centimeter on the borders,
and are indistinct, or buried in the epidermis, which be-
comes inflated between them. The terminal pinnules, as
seen, f . 4, are lanceolate, obtuse, either entire or with a short
obtuse lobe in the middle. The under face of the leaves is
always supplied with rigid hairs one to three millimeters
long, sometimes few, scattered here and there, and indis-
tinctly seen, more generally numerous, close, and percepti-

NEUEOPTEKIS.

P. 89

ble with the naked eyes. The cyclopterid divisions, at
least the large ones, are often smooth.

Except the villosity, the characters of this species are
much like those of the following, and in some cases it is
very difficnlt to ascertain the reference of the leaflets gen-
erally found detached from the rachis, and often mixed
together. The main rachis deprived of the leaflets, f. 12,
is cylindrical, minutely lineate. It often bears the remains
of the basilar support of the pinnules, broad at the base,
triangular acuminate, resembling short spines. Sometimes,
but rarely, as in f. 5, part of the short basilar pedicel re-
mains attached to the leaflets.

It is probably upon one leaf of this kind that Brong-
niart made his species, JY. ScheucJizeri, Hist. d. Veg. foss.,
p. 230, PI. LXIII, f. 5. The characters are exactly those
of iV^. angust (folia, a species commonly found at Wilkes-
barre, wherefrom the author received the American speci-
men which he refers to it.

Habitat — Most of the coal beds from the base to the
upper part of the middle coal measures. Extremely abun-
dant at the Pittsburgh coal, the Salem vein, etc., and there
sometimes mixed with the following ; less predominant in
the low coal of 111., Morris; very rare at Mazon Creek,
where it is superseded by JV. decipiens. I have never seen
it from the sub-conglomerate measures.

Neukopteris angustifolia, Brgt.—Fl. VIII, Figs. ^, 3,

6, 8, 10, 11.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 231, PI. LXIV,f. 3, 4.

N. acuti/olia? Brgt., ibid., p. 231, PL LXIV,f. 6, 7. Elt., Fl. v. Bad-
nitz, p. 32, PL XVII 1, f. 5. Gein., VersL, p. 22, PL XXVII, /. 8.
Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 433.
N. cordata, Buyih^y, FL of Cape Breton, PL XXI.
N. heterophylla, Lesqx., GeoL of Penn^a, 1858, p. 859.

Primary pinnce, dicliotomous, alternately forking in
branches of a thick rachis ; pinnae very long, in a broad
angle of divergence ; pinnules simple or trifoliate, tlie
medial ones linear lanceolate, obtuse, the basilar, small,
reniform or oval ; venation same as in the former species.

The two pinnules figured by Brongniart as N. angusti-

90 P. KEPORT OF PROGPwESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

folia^ have the apex broken ; but the shape is so exactly
similar to that of a large number of leaflets observed in the
Am. coal measures that it is scarcely possible to doubt
their identity. Those representing N, acutifolia, also
figured by Brongniart, are quite as numerous. The first
are represented by f. 6, the others by f. 2, of our plate.

A very large specimen of this species in the Cabinet of
Mr. S. S. Strong, of Morris, represents part of a bipinnate
frond more than thirty centimeters long, rather dichoto-
mous than pinnately divided ; for the rachis, half a centi-
meter broad, has the lateral branches of the same size, by
the forking of the main axis. The pinnae are seven and a
half centimeters distant, open and very long ; none, how-
ever, is preserved whole. The longest part, the upper one,
is fifteen centimeters. It bears distant alternate pinnules,
rarely simple, more generally trifoliate, each of these com-
posed, as in the former species, of a large medial pinnule
and of one, more generally two basilar ones. The average
size of the terminal leaflets is six centimeters long, longer
in the middle of the pinnse, shorter and smaller towards
the base, one and a half to two centimeters broad, all linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, of the same form as in Atl., f. 2, 3, 6.
The basilar leaflets are small, oval or reniform, often
enlarged laterally, all with the veins closer than in N.
lilrsuta. The leaflets are all smooth, without trace of
hair. The main rachis bears also between the pinnae some
jjinnules generally simple and shorter. Therefore we have
here the same kind of ramification and disposition of pin-
nules as in JSf. auriculaia and N, Clarlcsoni^ a disposi-
tion recognized also in N. Desorii and N. LoscJiH., as
seen for this last species from the beautiful specimen fig-
ured by Roehl, Paleont., XYIII, p. 37, PI. XVII, which
shows not only the divisions of the fronds, but also the
relative position of the cyclopterid leaflets. It is, there-
fore, presumable that all the species of Neuropteris have
an analogous mode of branching and bear in the lower part
of the fronds cyclopterid pinnules, either sessile upon the
main rachis by a narrowed i)oint of attachment, or j)laced
at the forks and surrounding the base of the branches as in

NEUROPTEUIS.

P. 91

rarinerxis^ wlien they become enlarged and auricled
around their supports.

I remarked in my description of N. angusiifolia^ Geol.
Kept, of 111., IV, p. 468, that I had received from Mr.
Strong, of Morris, a splendid fragment, in a concretion
from Mazon Creek, representing the top of a pinna of
N. hursuta^ in the process of unfolding or still curved
in spiral, whose leaflets, very hairy on the lower side, are
narrow, linear lanceolate, and equal at the base, like pin-
nules of JS'. angustifoUa. This might provoke a doubt on
the value of this last species. But as it has never been
found represented with leaflets bearing hairs when fully
developed, the characters taken from the shape of the pin-
nules when not yet quite opened are not reliable, and this
unfolding pinna is, therefore, referable to N. liirsuta.
The specimen is, however, very valuable as proving the
true reference of the Genus Neurojpteris to Ferns, a refer-
ence put in question by some authors.

Habitat — Found like the former in the whole thickness
of the middle coal measures, but more abundant at the
base; Cannelton, Morris, and Clinton; also at the Salem,
Gate, and Mammoth veins of the anthracite. Not seen in
the sub-carboniferous.

NEUIiOPTEUTS CORDATA, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 229, PL LXIV, f. 5. LL and Hutt, Foss. fl., I, PL
XLI. Schp. Paleont. Veget., T,p. 432. Ord. ^ Ey, Fl. carb.,p. 119.

Pinnules {ultimate pinncB) large, short-pedicellate,
deeply cordate at base, oblong, acnminate ; borders slightly
undulate ; medial nerve immersed, dissolved from the mid-
dle ; veins curved in diverging to the borders, repeatedly
dichotomous.

The above description is that of Schimper. That of
Brongniart is less explicit and his species is represented by
the flgure of a single leaflet, a terminal one. Lindley and
Hutton describe the large pinnules as oblong, cordate at
base, acute at the apex, with perfectly entire margin and
without any other midrib than what is produced by the
united base of the veins. The English authors, however,

92 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

represent, with the large leaves, a number of small, reniform
or circular leaflets, scattered upon the same piece of shale,
which they presume referable to the same species as basal
leaflets of one of the pinnate divisions of the leaves. The
numerous specimens found in the Am. coal measures, rep-
resenting JY. Jilrsuta, JY. angiistlfolla and N, declpiens^
some of them figured in the Atlas have exposed the pecu-
liar characters of this group of Ferns, all bearing trifoliate
pinnse, with deciduous pinnules rarely found attached to
the rachis. This however does not afford any light on the
identification of that N. cordata. I have always been and
am still uncertain in regard to the true characters of this
species. It seems to be a variety of N. angustlfolla^ from
which it differs essentially by the broader terminal leaflets.
For, this last species is generally represented in tlie same
localities by both, narrow pinnules, like those of PI. YIII,
f. 2 and 6, mixed with broader ones corresponding in shape
to Brongniart's and LI. and Hutt. figures of cordata.
The venation of all these leaves is exactly the same, but
none answer to some of the characters indicated by the
European authors who say, of the pinnules, that they are
acute, and of the costa, that it is very thin (Brgt.), or accord-
ing to LI. and Hutt., that it is no other than what is pro-
duced by the united base of the veins. In the American
specimens the top of the pinnules is more or less obtuse,
or sometimes obtusely acuminate, and the costa is always
distinct, rather broad and flat to above the middle.

In all the species of this group, the basilar pedicels re-
main sometimes attached to the terminal pinnules as a
continuation of the costa. It is probably from one leaf of
this kind that is made N. Sclieuchzeri^ Brgt., 1. c, p. 230,
PI. LXIII, f. 5. The characters of this species are in con-
cordance with those of the leaflets of N. angustifolia^
which sometimes pedicellate and rounded at the base, are,
as the author says, neither truncate nor cordate (Atlas PI.
YIII, f. 2). The American specimens referred to N. cor-
data by Brongniart, are from Wilkesbarre, where both N.
liirsuta and N. angustifolia are common.

Habitat — Same as N. angustifolia.

NEUROPTEKIS.

P. 93

Neukoptekis DECiPiENS, Sp. nov.

Fronds pinnate; ultimate pinnce simple or trifoliate;
leaflets large^ of thicJc texture, the middle ones ohlong, more
or less gradually narrowed to an obtuse apex, cordate at
the base, hairy ; costa strong, continuous to near the apex ;
veins dicJiotomous, curved, distinct, somewhat distant.

The leaflets referable to tliis species resemble by their
form and size the laro-est of those of ]Sf. hirsuta. The dif-
ference is in the still larger size of the middle pinnules,
more rapidly narrowed to a more acute point, and especially
in the more distant and distinct veins. The costa is a
little more enlarged towards the base and the pedicel, often
attached to it, is broader. However it would be impossible
to separate the species without closely considering the
lateral veins which, thin and more distinct, are nearly twice
as distant. In counting the veins along the borders, in a
given space, and upon a large number of specimens of as
equal size as possible, they average, as seen above, forty per
centimeter on leaflets of Neuropteris hirsuta and only
twenty-eight on those of this species. The hairs are gen-
erally strong and closely spread on the lower surface.

Haditat — Nodules of Mazon Creek where specimens of N.
hirsuta are rare. I have also a few specimens of this
species from the shale of Centralia Coal shaft. 111.

Neuropteris easciculata, Lesqx., PL XXIV, Figs. 5, 6.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. S81, PI. V, /. I-4. /Scfip., Paleont. Veget., Ill,
p. 472.

Bip innate ; leaflets of medium size, entire, cordate or
oblong, acute or acuminate ; surface smooth ; midrib thin,
continued to the point, veins thin, somewhat distant, dicho-
tomous and arched.

I have not seen of this species any pinna, but merely de-
tached leaflets, and mostly terminal ones, generally fascicu-
ulate by the sub-division of the pedicel. The pinnules,
five to nine centimeters long, one and a half to four centi-
meters broad, are oblong, either tapering to a point, or
abruptly contracted to an acumen, as in f. 5. The acumi-

94 P.

REPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

nate apex already separates this species from the former.
The midrib is narrow, rather thin, but perceptible to near
the point of the leaflets ; the veins are about at the same
distance as in JSf. decipiens^ twenty-five in one centimeter,
on the borders. The texture is thin, the leaflets sometimes
split in the middle.

The peculiar subdivisions of the rachis, as seen, f. 6,
might be taken as casual, and therefore considered of no
value as a character. I have however seen very few simple
leaflets of this species, while a number of others present
this peculiar mode of division as may be seen in three fig-
ures, 1, 2, 3, of the Geol. Kept, of 111. quoted above. It
would seem therefore that we have here some late and modi-
fied representative of a remarkable type of Ferns of the
sub-carboniferous seen upon the same plate in Megalopteris
fasciculata^ f . 2, whose nervation is intermediate to Neuroy-
terls and Aletliopterls and whose rachis is similarly sub-
divided as support of the upper pinnules. The species are
figured upon the same plate for comiDarison.

Habitat— Mazon creek, in nodules ; Neleysville, 111., first
coal above the conglomerate.

Neuropteris Clarksoni, Lesqx., Fl. 7X, Figs. 1-6.

Boston Journ. S. N. //., v. VI, p. 417. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 857,
PL VI, f. 1-4. Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 428. Schp., Paleont. Veget., 1,
p. 44s.

Frond trip Innate; pr imary rach is eery large^ dichoto-
mous ; pinncB open., long^ lanceolate or linear -lanceolate ;
pinnules simple^ variable in shape from broadly triangu-
lar., reniform^ obtusely or acutely pointed^ to lanceolate
and linear -lanceolate ; costa thick, ascending to above the
middle ; veins strong, distant, curved, dichotomous.

The multiple forms of this species would render identifi-
cation of the leaflets a very difiicult task, if its venation
was not of a distinct character. The cyclopterid leaflets are
broadly triangular, with generally a long auricle or lobe on
one side, which often bears a midrib, as well as the primary
part of the lamina. As in iV. angustifolia, the main rachis
supports scattered leaflets of different size, f. 2, sometimes

NEUEOPTERIS.

P. 95

very large. The terminal leaflets are lance-sliaped, deeply
undulate on the borders, or cut in one or two irregular lobes
on each side. The venation is very strongly marked, always
clear and distinct, the middle nerve thick, especially at the
base, abruptly dividing above the middle, and the veins, in
an acute angle of divergence, moderately curved, generally
tw^ice forked, are thicker toward the point of attachment.

This species has in its size, in the divisions of the fronds,
in the form of the leaflets, variable according to their posi-
tion either upon the main rachis, or upon its branches, a
very intimate relation to JY. auriculaia, a species common
in the European coal measures. The great difference in the
character of the nervation is, however, easily ascertained,
and sufficient to separate them.

Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston, has in his cabinet a large
slab covered with fragments of this Fern, especially part of
a frond, fifty centimeters long, with the upper pinnse dich-
otomous or exactly forking, twenty-five centimeters long.
The pinnse are separated by pinnules generally large and
triangular, attached to the main rachis. On the lower
pinnae the inferior leaflets become larger, triangular, either
broadly and deeply cordate or auricled ; or even some ones
are narrowed nearly abruptly, as if they were attached by
the corner of a triangle. This specimen has a large num-
ber of pinnules, bearing the supposed fructification of JVeu-
ropteris.

Habitat — This species is locally very abundant ; for ex-
ample, in the north of the Pennsylvania anthracite basin,
Oliphant, Wilkesbarre, Pittston, Carbondale. It is, per
contra, very rare in the Western coal basin. From Mis-
souri I have received only one separate pinnule which
seems to be referable to it. The specimen is in bad state
of preservation. Mazon creek has it in separate pinnules,
well preserved in nodules. In Ohio I have not seen it. It
has been collected in fine and numerous specimens at Can-
nelton, Pa., by Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

96 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Neuiiopteris plicata, Stenib., — Fl. X, Figs. i-^.

ISt. Vers.y II, p. 74, PI. XIX, f. 1-S. Brgt., Hist. d. Veg./oss.,p. 248.
Neuropteris flexuosa, Lesqx. Geol. of Penn^a, 1858, p. 852-857.

Frond polyp innate ; racliis tTik-k, rounds striate;
pinncB linear^ lanceolate to the apex ; pinnules open or in
right angle, disjoined, oblong, obtuse, entire, flexuous on
the borders, sessile or short pedicellate ; terminal pinnules
lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, lobed on one side; mins
thin and close, dichotonious, curving to the borders from a
thin middle vein, effaced, near the point.

It is very difficult to separate from the descriptions and fig-
ures of the authors, and without specimens for compari-
son, some species of this group, especially this one from
N. flexuosa. The description of N. plicata, by Sternberg,
agree with the character of the plant figured here, which,
in some of its forms, has the borders more distinctly undu-
late-j^licate than seen upon the figures. The author de-
scribes the thin midrib, the very close, thin lateral veins,
and the lanceolate terminal pinnule, which, from his figure,
has the same form as that upon our specimens. Brongniart,
Goeppert, and Unger, have merely repeated the author s
description, and Schimper does not even mention the
species.

On another side, of N. flexuosa, to which I was disposed
to refer those specimen, Brongniart figures only one leaflet
and a fragment of a pinna whose terminal pinnule is broken,
and particular!}^ remarks in the description that the leaf-
lets are close and always imbricated along the borders.
Schimper says of the same species that the primary nerve
is indistinct, and dissolved near the base. Both these char-
acters are at variance with what is seen upon the American
plant, as also the character which gives the name to the
species, the flexuous racliis. A terminal pinnule of N.
flexuosa, Avith the same form as that of f. 2, of our plate,
is given by Gutbier, Abdr., PI. VII, f. 1 and la; but the
lateral leaflets are shorter without trace of a midrib, and
thus far different from the characters indicated by Stern-
berg's description. I cannot, indeed, recognize in any

NEIJROPTERIS.

P. 97

Amei'ican specimens the true JV. flexnosa, Brgt., for, by
conii^arison, I find the cliaracters of N. j)Ucata^ especially
a thin, distinct midrib in tliose wliicli I formerly referred
to this species in Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c. — N. Lebertl^ Heer,
Fl. foss. Ilelv., p. 22, PI. II, f. 8-10, seems really referable
to Sternberg's sj^ecies. Per contra, N. pUcata^ as figured
by Poehl, foss. fi., PL XIIT, f. 8, with leaflets veined in
right angle to the midrib, and PI. XX, f. 7, is far different
from the plants which I refer to it.

Habitat — Especially found in the upper part of the mid-
dle coal measures. It abounds at Pomeroy, also in the
Pittsburgh coal. Numerous •sxjecimens have been sent by
Prof. I. C. White, from a vein of coal four hundred feet
above the AVaynesburg coal. Seen also, but rarely, at Can-
nelton, and in the nodules of Mazon creek. Sent by
Prof. Worthen, from an ujij)©!' coal of Fayette county, 111.

Neukopteuis i:otundteolia ^ Brgt— Ft. XIII^ Fig. 8.

Brgt., Hist. cl. Veg. foss., PL LXX,f. 1. Gatb., Abdr., p. 56, PL

VII, f. S, 4. Lesqx. Geol. Bept. of III., II, p. 428. Schp., Palcont. Veget.,
I,p.44l'

Bipinnaie ; pinnules siib-opposite^ imbricating on the
borders^ shorty broad., very obtuse^ rather enlarging at the
top, sessile ; costa distinct at the base ; veins thin but dis-
tinct, ctose, dicliotom ons, arched in passing to the borders.

The only fragment in my possession may be too imper-
fect to afford satisfactory evidence for identification. Comr
paring it, as it is, to the one quite as fragmentary, figured
by Brongniart, nnder this name, no difference whatever is
appreciable. The leaflets are in the same position, in right
angle on one side of the pinnae, obliquely placed on the
other ; the nervation is of the same character. The author
suj)posed that his specimen might represent a variety of
N. flexuosa. By the close venation of the pinnules, it
rather resembles an enlarged form of N. Loschii, while it
is identified by Geinitz to N. auricutata. The fragment
represented by Gutbier, 1. c, though too small, agrees well
enough in its (diaracters with the figures and description
of the species. But the pinnules referred to it by Roehl,,
7 P.

98 P. REPORT OF PROGliESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

foss., H., p. 35, PL XII, f. 4b, are mere basilar leaflets of iV.
angust (folia, or iV. cor data.

Habitat — The specimen figured here is from Gate or
Salem Vein, near Pottsville. Another specimen of the same
character in the State Cabinet of 111., is from Grayville, a
high coal like the former.

Neuropteris Loscnii, Brgt., PL XI, Figs. l-J^.

Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. PI. LXXIII and LXXII, f. 1. Gutb.,
Ahdr., p. 55, PI. VI IT, f. 6. Roehl, Foss. fl., p. 37, PL XVII {splendid speci-
men). Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1S58, p. 858. GeoL liept. of JIL, II, p. 428.
Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 437. Heer, Fl.foss., HeIv.,IV, p. 2S, PI. III,f. 6-8.

Gleicheyiites neuropteroides, Goepp., Syst.,p. 186, PL. IV and V.

Frond jpinnately dicliotomous ; pinnce open, linear,
sligMly narrowed to an obtuse terminal pinnule ; pin-
nules oblong, sub-cordate, very obtuse, more or less en-
larged oil tJie lower side of the base, sessile ; costa distinct
near the base, effacing above ; veins thin, close, dlcho-
tomous.

The species, as far as it is known from American specimens,
has generally small pinnules, variable in size from one half
to two centimeters long and four to ten millimeters broad.
They very gradually shorten from the base of the pinnje to
the apex. The lower basilar leaflet only of each pinna is
longer, enlarging at the apex, even unequilateral and at-
tached by one side as seen at the base of the lower pinna, f . 1.
These dimori)hous leaflets explain the characters of the un-
equilateral large leaves described by Brongniart as Cyclop>-
teris obllqua. The terminal pinnule is oval, obtuse, un-
equilateral in the middle, or more enlarged on one side. In
the upper part of the primary pinnae, as seen, f . 4, the second-
ary ones becoming shorter, pass gradually to simple pinnules
by the diminution in size and number and the cohesion of
die lateral leaflets. The veins are thin, close but distinct,
slightly thicker towards the base, where they unite to a
midrib more generally marked by a depression which is ef-
faced above the middle as seen f. 3.

Sometimes the lateral veins become undulate and united
in oval meshes, as in species of Dlctyopteris. One specimen
from Cannelton has this variety very clearly marked upon

NEUIiOPTEMI^^.

P. 99

a bipinnate branch of which all the leaflets are true JSfeurop-
teris by their dichotomous veins, while a single one, at the
base of a pinna, has distinctly the venation of Dictyopteris.
The mode of branching of this species is seen on the splendid
specimen figured by Roehl, 1. c, with cyclopterid pinnules
attached to the broad rachis, as remarked already.

A detached leaflet of Oyclopteris of this species is ob- •
servable upon the specimen f. 1. It is equilateral and
slightly undulate on the borders. Others are generally
found upon the shale bearing remains of this fine Fern.
They are cordate or auriculate, equilateral or unequilateral.
Roehl refers these leaflets to C. trichomanoides^ Brgt., a
reference contradicted by the too great distance of the veins
on the borders.

This species closely resembles by the form of its leaflets
N. tenuifolia, which however always differs by more dis-
tant secondary veins and by the terminal leaflet lanceolate.

Habitat — From the base, to the highest beds of the mid-
dle coal measures, passing above into permo-carboniferous
beds. I have found it in beautiful specimens in the red
clay beds of Marietta, higher than the Pomeroy coal, gen-
erally associated with Pecopterls arhorescens. Abounds in
the horizon of the Pittsburg coal in Ohio ; not rare in the
nodules of Mazon Creek ; also at Cannelton, Pa., and Clin-
ton, Mo. It is one of the finest, most common and most
distinctly characterized species of the group.

Neueopteuis VEiiMicuLARis, Lcsqx., PL X, Figs. 5-10.

Lesqx., D. Owens, Geol. Rept. of Ky,, IV, p. 4S4. Geol. Itept. of III., Ily
p. 428; IV, p. S85, ri. VI, f. 1-3. >Schp. raleont. veget., IV, p. 474.

F innately divided; pinnce linear^ slightly narrowing
upwards to a deltoid or oblong, obtuse terminal pinnule ;
lateral leaflets open, mostly in right angle, oblong, obtuse^
sub-cordate, rounded or truncate at the base, with the in-
ferior lobe slightly prolonged ; midrib broad near the base^
distinct to the middle ; lateral veins forking two or three
times, distinct, irregularly inflated, moderately curving
in passing to the borders.

The species has been observed in many specimens, all

100 F. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LE3QUEREUX.

fragmentary, representing mere simple pinnae, and these not
even entire, except one lately sent by Prof.- Wortlien. In
all these specimens, the characters, as represented upon
the plate,, the peculiar form of the terminal pinnules and
the venation are the same. The leaflets api:>ear to have
been of soft texture, with a thick epidermis, as the veins
are sometimes immersed into it. More generall}^, the sur-
face seems partly destroyed by maceration and the thread-
like veins then exposed and salient, separate easily in frag-
ments, looking like broken parcels of rain worms. The
pinnules, close, contiguous by the borders and oblique in
the uj^per j)i\vt of the pinnae, are in right angle and distant
in the lower part. They vary in size from three millimeters
long, f. 9, to four centimeters, f. 7. Sometimes in specimens
unaltered by maceration, the veins are visible only per place
or pierce the epidermis by their sharji, cylindrical, hard
texture. But, even upon one and the same specimen, a
fragmentary deterioration of the surface expose them dis-
tinctly or detached in fragments. The racliis is half round,
striate in the middle, smooth and fiat on the borders.

Habitat — Koof shale of the lower coal 1, of Ky. Nod-
ules of Mazon creek, and shale of Morris coal. I have from
Cannelton a single leaflet apparently referable to this
species.

Neuropteris tenuifolia, Brgt.—Fl. XII, Figs. {If) 2-9.

Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. S4I, PL. LXXII, /. 3. Goepp., Si/sL, p. 197.
Lcsqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 858. Geol. Rept. of Arks., JT, p. PI. V,
f. 2-G. Geol. Rept. of Ills., II, p. 428. Schp., Paleont. Verfet., I, p. 430.

Cyclopteris elegans, Lesqx., Boston, Journ. S. N. II., VI, p. 4IG. Geol.
of Penn'a, 1858, p. 856, PL V, f. 4.

N. fiexiiosa, var. tenuifolia, Ileer, Fl. foss. Ilelu., IV, p. SI, PL III,
/• 4, 5.

Leaf hip innate; pinncB small, s ub -linear ; ])inniiles
variable in direction, open or oblique, close or distant, al-
ternate, oblong, either obtuse or narrowing to an obtuse
apex, cordate or more generally rounded and equilateral
at the base; casta thick, dloiding above the middle; veins
clearly marked, though thin, inflated toioards the base,
forking twice or more in the large leaflets.

Though I consider this form as positively representing

NEUKOPTEKIS.

P. 101

Brongniart's species, there is still in the characters of our
leaves some deviation from the European type. The lateral
leaflets are either ^larro wed to an obtuse point, but quite as
often oblong, obtuse, not generally close and imbricating,
along the borders, but often separated even distant. The
terminal pinnule, however, is always lanceolate, compara-
tively long, and obtusely acuminate, exactly as it is figured
by the author, and also the midrib is thick and well
marked to above the middle. Brongniart says of the veins,
that they are close and very thin. Though very thin, a
character which separates this si3ecies from the former, they
are always distinct and more distant than in jV. LoscJili.
¥. 8 and 9, Atl., rejjresent the cyclopterid pinnules of
this sj)ecies, always unequilateral, one of the sides being
generally prolonged into a long auricle, while the other is
rounded. This disj)osition is already remarked in the lower
leaflets of the branch f. 4, rounded on the uj^per side and
extending to an acuminate lobe on the other.

Fig. 1, is doubtfully referred to this species. The pinnae
are very long, not open, but curved inward ; the pinnules,
contracted in the middle, are equilateral and rounded at the
base. At hrst I considered the specimen as referable to
N. gigantea^ St., but there is a great difference in the
shape of the j^iiniules, which, in the Eurox^ean species, are
oblong, oval, and evidently scythe-shaped. Neither the
specimen on wliich Sternberg's species is made, nor this one,
have any terminal leaflets, hence their form cannot be con-
sidered. The affinity is marked in the contraction of some
pinnules in the middle, as in f. 1, clearly seen in f. 2 and
3, and in the distance between the leaflets which is the
same ; those of f . 5, also, are rounded to the base, and equi-
lateral, as in f. 1. The venation is of the same character.
There is a difference only in the length of the pinnae and
the form of the cylindrical racliis, which is rather smooth
than striate.

Prof. Heer, 1. c, considers this species as a mere variety
of N. flexiiosa^ Brgt. If the plant described here is the
true N. tenuifolia^ Brgt., it is certainly different from N.
Jlexuosa by the nervation, the size of the pinnules, the

102 P. IIEPORT OF PR0GRP:SS. LEO LESQUEKEUX.

shape of the terminal leaflet, and the consistence of the tex-
ture. As said above, I am unable to recognize in the
American specimens any fragment referable to "N. flexuosa,
or answering to the characters indicated by the author, and
seen upon European specimens preserved in the cabinet
of Dr. D. Owen. Per contra, N. tenulfolla^ is one of the
more common plants of the coal measures of this conti-
nent.

Habitat — ^The species follows about the same distribution
as N. LoscJiii. It appears earlier, however, as I have found,
in the sub-carboniferous coal of Arkansas, specimens still
more positively referable to it than those hgured in the
Atlas. It is not rare in the low coal of Missouri, Illinois,
Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and equally abundant in the
upper anthracite beds. — Salem, Gate vein, etc.

Neukopteris SUBFALCATA, Sp. 1101^.^ PI. XIII^ Ftgs. 5, 6.

Bipinnate ; pinnules in right angle to a narrow rachls,
siib-opposite, oblong^ obtuse, more or less distl)ictly sythe-
shaped, snb-cordate, and equilateral at the base, contigu-
ous, imbricated on the borders, or distant ; casta narrow,
discernible to near the apex ; veins close, distinct, scarcely
inflated, curving in passing to the borders, forking two or
three times.

Besides the fragments figured, I have seen still two other
parts of pinnse, with smaller pinnules of the same charac-
ters. The leaflets vary from one to three and a half centi-
meters long, and from four to twelve millimeters broad.
They are all more or less curved upwards, (scythe-shaped,)
rounded or sub-cordate and equilateral at the base, either
sessile or short pedicelled, generally close and imbricate,
the specimen, f . 6, being the only one with distant pinnules.
The venation is close, more distinct, and slightly more dis-
tant than in N. Loschii.

Except that the leaflets are imbricate and the midrib
distinct, not immersed, these fragments might be still
more than the one of KM., PI. 12, f. 1, considered as repre-
senting N. gigantea, St. The form of the leaflets of

NEUKOPTEKIS.

P. 103

f. 5 is the same, the ultimate rachis quite slender, the
veins very close ; therefore, the essential characters corre-
spond Avith those of the European species. For Geinitz,
Verst., p. 22, PI. XXVIII, f. 1, describes and figures it
with a distinct midrib. All the authors, however, admit
as essential characters the great distance of the pinnules.
I cannot, therefore, decide on the sj)ecific identity. It is,
however, supposable that there may be a difference of rela-
tive position of the leaflets in some pinnae of a Fern which
appear to have had a very large frond. Heer, Fl. foss.
Ilelv., p. 22, PI. VI, f. 22, has a species, JY. montana^ Avhich
seems to differ from the American form, merely by narrower
leaflets.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate coal measures. Montevallo
coal mines, Ala., locality indicated by Mr. T. H. Aldrich
for the specimens not figured. The others sent by Prof.
E. A. Smith, without labels, are upon gray shale of the
same matter as those from the Helena coal.

Neuroptetus capitata, Lesqx.^ PI. XXIII^ Figs. 1-3.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 3S3, n. VI T, f. 1. Schp. Paleont. Veget., Ill,
p. 473.

Leaf hi-tripinnate; iDrimuiry pinnce triangular in out-
line; secondary., divisions open, linear ; pinnules close
short., oMong, very obtuse or half round, joined to the
rachis by a short broad pedicel ; terminal pinnules very
large, deltoid, obtusely acuminate; costa none; veins very
thin and close, dichotomous moderately curved.

This species is distinctly characterized by the peculiar
form of the terminal leaflets, and the comparatively small
size of the lateral x^innules wdiicli measure only about one
third of its length. -They are alternate or sub-opposite,
truncate at the base, wdth the inferior lobe more or less dis-
tinct and prolonged. The veins sometimes come out of the
enlarged jjoint of attachment, wherefrom they diverge fan
like. By this character, the species is related to the sec-
tion of the Nephropterids. Often however, the pinnules
bear traces of a basilar midrib, which in some leaflets is
marked to near the middle. The lateral pinnules of f. 2,

104 P. IIEPORT OF PKOGKESS. LEO LESQUEKEUX.

show the venation straight from the enlarged base, similar
to that of species of Odontopterls. But this enlarging of
the base of tlie upper leaflets which become clecuri'ent, is re-
marked on other species of the genus, especially in N.
teimifolia. F. 3 is very probably one of those pinnules of
peculiar form, attached to the main rachis, like those of N.
ClarJiSoni, seen AtL, PL 9, f. 2. The veins are as close as
in JSf. Loscliii ; the texture of the leaflet is rather thin.

Hctbltat — Lower coal measures of Illinois ; nodules of
Mazon Creek, and roof shale of Murphysborough Coal.
Represented at Cannelton by some specimens, with leaflets
like f. 2, 3, and by cyclop terid leaves described as N. tri-
cliomanoidcs ? This species is very rare.

Neuropteims Missouriei^sis, Sp. nov., Fl. VII, Figs. 5, 6.

Finnatdp du^ided. Raclils thlcli% striate ; plwnce short,
linear, hi rujlit a ngle ; lateral pi iinules ocal, obtuse, round
or truncate at the base, sessile ; terminal leaflets very large,
oblong or ovcde, obtuse; midrib distinct; veins forJcing
twice, curved to the borders.

By the large size of the terminal leaflets, compared to that
of the lateral pinnules, this sp^ies resembles the former. It
is clearly, distinct not merely by the shape of the leaflets,
the lateral ones rounded at the base, sessile, the terminal
oblong, obtuse, but also by the nervation. The midrib is
very distinct and prolonged ; and the veins not half as close
and numerous. They are thin and thus intermediate in
characters between those of ]Sf. Loschll and N. rarlnervls.
The imbricated lateral leaflets of f. 5 are by form and rela-
tive position exactly like those of N. rotundlfolla. But in
this last species the pinnules have no distinct midrib and a
more compact venation.

Habitat — Clinton, Mo. Communicated by Dr. John H.
Britts, in three specimens.

NEUIIOPTERIS.

P. 105

NEUKOPTElilS GKANGEKf, Bigt., PI. XIII, Fig. 0.

Brgt., Hist. d. Vcg., /oss.,p. 237 PL LXVIII, f. 1. Schp., Paleont. Veget.,
i, p. 441.

Neuropteris Cistii, Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. 238, PI. LXX, /. 3.
Schp., Paleont. Vegct., 1, p. 44I.

Biplnnate ; iJinncB long, alternate, veri/ open; pinnules
close or distant, alternate, oblong, obtuse, dilated near tlie
base, sub -pedicellate; midrib indistinct, immersed; "ceins
distinct and distant, moderately curved, forking twice.

By the addition of the modified character on the rehdive
position of the leaflets, close or distant, the above diag-
nosis describes both N. Granger i and N. Cistii. Brongniart
ah^eady supposed that these two species might be the same,
and Schimper who examined the specimens is of the same
opinion. Though this Fern is rare, I have seen a number of
specimens, most of them now in the museum of Oomp. Zool.
of Cambridge. Tliey clearly represent one species only, the
characters of both being observable even upon a same speci-
men. The difference in the distance of the jnnnules is re-
marked already upon Brgt's figure of Granger i. 1. c, those
of the lower X)inna3 being close and contiguous, while those of
the upper are more or less distant. PL LXX of Brgt., 1. c,
represents a branch with still more distant leaflets, simihir
to that of AtL, f. 9. The other characters are c(mimon to
both. Generally the pinnules are enlarged near the base or
rounded to a flat short pedicel; sometimes rounded or sul)-
cordate and sessile, they become slightly narrower to the
obtuse point and vary in size from eight to eighteen milli-
meters long and from Ave to twelve millimeters broad, near
the base, where they are the widest. The nervation is the
same in both ; a midrib, indistinct by immersion into the
parenchyma, marked from the base to above the middle by
a depression; and lateral veins sharply cut, generally fork-
ing twice, thus somewhat distant, moderately curving in
j)assing to the borders.

Schimper quotes as referable to this species Adiantites
{Cyclopteris) lieteropliyllns, Goepp. Syst., p. 222, PI.
XXX Y, f. 1., 2. From the description of the author who
characterizes the form of the pinnules as sub-orbicular, the

106 P. REPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

upper ones obovate, decumng, and the veins very numer-
ous {creberrimis), it cannot be identified with Brgt's.
species, which seems until now exclusively American.

Habitat — Prof. Brongniart received the specimens of iV.
Grangeri from Zanesville, and those of N. Cistii from
Wilkesbarre. My own specimens in the collection of the Mu-
seum of Cambridge are from Salem and Gate Veins, near
Pottsville; the specimen figured here is from New Philadel-
phia, an upper coal of the same horizon. But I have found it
also at the lo^A^est vein of the Shenandoah basin, under the
mammoth and seen a fine specimen of it obtained from the
Raush Creek vein, the equivalent of the Mammoth, by Mr.
Wetherell of Tremont. This shows the vertical distribu-
tion of the species to be a wide one. It is generally very
rare and until now obtained in fragments of small dimen-
sions. I have not seen any pinnae as large as the one figured
by Brongniart. The species is allied to ]Sf. Loscliii by the
form and size of the leaflets and to N. teniilfolia by the ven-
ation.

§ . Pachydermate.
Neup.opteris Smitjisii, Lesqx.^ Fl. XITI^ Figs. 1-3.

Geol. Bept. of Ala., 1876, p. 76.

Frond polypinnate, apparently large; primary divi-
sions lanceolate, open from a broad, striate r acids ; ulti-
mate 2^inncB in right angle to a narroio raclvis, linear,
lanceolate to the apex ; pinnules distant, small, broadly
oval, or nearly round, suh-truncate or sub cordate at the
base; terminal pinnule large, oblong or broadly ovate ;
middle nerve distinct to near the point, deeply impressed
into the thicTc epidermis ; lateral veins sharply marked,
curved bacli to the borders which they reach in right angle,
forJcing once at the middle, sometimes once more from tJie
very base.

This fine very distinct species had apparently a frond of
large size. Though I have mostly small fragments of it like
those figured, its leaflets wdth broken parts of racliis are
spread upon the whole surface of large specimens. It is at

Ts^EUROPTERIS.

P. 107

once recognized by its small, oval or round thick leaflets, the
terminal pinnules comparatively large, the deep midrib, and
the sharply salient veins.

I do not know any European species closely allied to this.
N. micTopliylla^ Brgt., has leaflets of about the same size.
But they are obtusely lanceolate, and according to the de-
scription of the author, the veins are indistinct. jSf. Lind-
leyana^ St., has small leaflets and salient veins, at least as
seen by the figures in LI. and Hutt., Foss. fl., PI. XLIX,
under the name of N. Loscliii. But neither by the shape
of the pinnules, especially of the terminal one, nor by their
position on the rachis, can it be compared to this.

Habitat — Black Creek vein, New Castle coal, Ala., very
abundant. Splendid specimens have been sent me from
that locality by superintendent Tlios. Sharp, and later by
T. H. Aldrich. I saw it first in the collection of Prof.
Eng. A. Smith. The species has been discovered also in
Virginia at the Quinnimont Coal by Prof . Wm. H. Fontaine,
there associated, as in Alabama, with Spheiiopterls Hoeii-
ingliausl and other sub-conglomerate forms.

Neuropteris elrodi, 8p. nov.^ PL XIII, Fig. Jf.

Pinnce large; rachis smooth ; divisions in right angle ;
nltimate pinncB linear -lanceolate ; pinnules small, lance-
late, obtusely acuminate ; nervation and texture of the leaf-
lets same as in the former species.

Possibly this form may be a variety of N. Smithsii. The
shape of the pinnules is however far different and as I have
received most of its specimens from Indiana, without any
leaflets like those of the former, its separation appears
really legitimate. The rachis is smooth, not striate and the
pinnules lanceolate and still more distant. These are the
only characters which may be rcorded as peculiar to it. It
is closely related to Neuropteris Dluhoschi, Stur, Culm
Flora, p. 183, PI. XI, f. 9, whose leaflets of the same shape
are still longer. The deep midrib is prolonged to near the

* Conglomerate series of West Virginia, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d series, May,
1866, p. 380, described as possibly a var. of Neui-opteris Lindleyiyia, St.

108 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

X)oint and the lateral veins reach the borders also at right
angle. But the author describes them as very close, while
in this species, they are comparatively distant.

Habitat — Montevallo seam, Ala. T. H. Aldrich. The
specimen lignred is in the Cabinet of the Alabama State
Geol. Snrvey, without labels. Sent mostly from the Whet-
stone grit of Orange county, Ind., by Prof. E. T. Cox.

Neuropteris obscup.a, Sp. nov.

Blp hiiiate ; rachls hroad^ obscurely striate; plnncB open^
close^ alternate ; pinnules variable in size and form^ ob-
lorig^ either very obtuse^ even enlarged to the top^ or longer^
with both sides parallel, obtuse or narrowed to an obtuse
apex, truncate at the base ; mnation obliterated by a thick
hard epidermis ; midrib inflated, effaced in the middle;
veins obsolete lohen the epidermis is preserved, distinct
under it, very close and numerous, scarcely arched, dlch-

Ot ODIOUS.

The leaflets unite in their form and size the characters of
both N. Loschll and N. pllcata; they are, however, more
variable in size, sometimes half round, sessile, broadly ob-
long, very obtuse, truncate at the base, with the lower
lobe prolonged, and a terminal pinnule, short, obtuse, en-
larged in the middle on one side, or oval, nearly ecxuilateral,
only more rapidly narrowed to the j^etiole on one side
than on the other. On one of the specimens, the lateral
leaflets measure less than one centimeter long, and are
nearly as broad. On the reverse of the same, they are
eighteen millimeters long, six millimeters broad, with par-
allel sides and obtuse apex, and upon another, the pinnules,
two and a half centimeters long, eight millimeters broad at
the base, are rounded to a short petiole, and lanceolate acu-
minate, exactly similar in shape to N. acuminata, Brgt., as
ligured by LI. & Hutt., Foss. Fl. 1, PI. LI. Separate leaf-
lets present still other jDeculiar forms, one of them, ap-
parently a cyclopterid j^innule, six centimeters long, is
divided from a little above the unequilateral and oblique
base in two lanceolate obtusely pointed and parallel lobes,

NEUKOPTERIS.

P. 109

eacli fourteen niillinieters broad, and five centimeters long.
Tlie surface is a thin lamina of hardened coaly matter,
opaque, or polished, through which the convex midrib is
obscurely seen ; the veins, however, are totally obscured.
But Avhen the ei)idermis is detached the venation is dis-
tinct. The lateral veins are very close, forking four or five
times, numbering five per millimeter along the borders,
only slightly arched and rough. All the parts of the plants
are rigid. The main rachis is convex, obscurely lineate, as
seen through the epidermis. The ultimate i^innje are o2:»en,
X)arallel, close, and the pinnules are either very close, im-
bricated on the borders, or more distant, with a narrow in-
terval between them.

Until recently I had seen of this species only separate
pianules scattered UT)on pieces of shale of different localities.
Though I recognized an evident affinity in the characters of
these leaflets, especially in the nervation and the peculiar
epidermis, I was unable to identify and determine them,
on account of their very variable forms, and the}^ have been
therefore, left undescribed until now.

Habitat-Si. Clairsville, Ohio, from a high coal, equiva-
lent of the Pittsburgh bed. Mr. P. W. Emerson sent from*
that locality the sj)ecimens described above. The plate be-
ing engraved already, they could not be figured. I found
the first j^innules of this species in a bed of hard shale, be-
low Tamaqua, Penn'a. Later, some better ones, but still
very fragmentary, Avere obtained from the Tunnel vein of
Sharp mountain, below Tremont. This vein is the equiva-
lent of the Salem vein, of Pottsville, wherefrom I had also •
a few scattered leaflets. A very rare species.

Neuropteris RARiNERvrs, Buiib' y PI. XV, Fir/s. £--5.

Bunb'y., Coal form, (f Cojjc Breton, Quat. Geol. Jour., Ill, %>. 420, PL
XXII. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, j). ^59. Geol. Be'pt. of III., II, -p. 428,
PL XXXIII, f. 1-5; PL XXXIV, f.l; IV, p. S86, PL VIII, f. 1 to 6. Schp.,
Paleont. Veget., I, p. 440 ; III, p. 474.

Frond large, polyp Innate ; primary raclus thicJc ; p)innce
broad, triangular in outline ; ultimate pi nncB long, linear
or linear -lanceolate ; pinnules small, distant, alternate,

110 p. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

• sessile, cordate at base, oblong, sllgMly or gradually nar-
roioed iifpioards, obtuse ; midrib enlarged at the base, di-
mdlng in the middle of the lamina; mlns thick, distant,
forltlng once or twice.

The species tlioiigli variable is easily recognized by the
thick texture of its leaflets, the small cordate, or obscurely
lobed jjinnules, the terminal ones being comparatively long,
lanceolate, obtuse, or blunt at the apex, generally lobed at
the base. The veins are rather flat than thick, inflated on
their borders by fascilles of vessels which, by maceration,
become sometimes more divided or distant, the veins then
appearing double. In order to show the relation of the
cyclopterid j)innules by identity of the character of the
veins, I have figured branches and leaflets of this species
in Vol. 2, 1. c, of the Geol. Rep. of 111.; and in Yol. 4, I
have represented a branch, Atl., f. 3, which shows in its
natural position a cyclopterid pinnule on one side, and on
the other, a pinna with leaflets of the common shape. I
have since received from Morris, where the species abounds,
large fragments of stems of this species, one measuring
three and a half centimeters across, flattened, coarsely irreg-
ularly striate, covered with cyclopterid pinnules, seven to
eight centimeters in diameter, nearly exactly round. They
do not appear to embrace the stems but seem to be attached
to one side of it by the central round point, the basilar
auricles overlai:)ping each other. Another specimen has
these pinnules unequilateral wdth the lobes more prolonged
one side as in those of the Geol. Rept. of 111., II, PI.
XXXIII, f. 4 and 5, and others only cordate at the point
of attachment, as f. 3, of the same plate. A¥e may there-
fore follow them in a variety of contours and size which gives
an idea of the dimension and the beauty of this Fern. The
veins are in all these pinnules of the same character, dis-
tant, deeply impressed into the thick epidermis, Avhich in-
flated in the intervals, appears ribbed or costate like the
bark of Catamites. These leaflets seem to represent Cyclop-
teris obicularis, Brgt., and I should not doubt the identity
if JSf. rarinervis had been found in the Eurojiean Coal meas-
ures.

NEUROPTEFvIS.

P. Ill

JTabUat— Very common in the lower beds of the Western
Coal Measures of Illinois, Murpliysborongh and Morris, es-
pecially ; of Missouri, Clinton ; also in a shaft near Ells-
worth, Kansas. In Pennsylvania, it is especially abundant
at Room Run mines, above Mauch Chunk. Specimens
from Oliphant, No. 1 vein and from Wilkesbarre, Oakwood
colliery F, are in the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

Neuroptekis com ace a, Lesqx., FL XVIII, Fig. 6.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 387, PL VIIT, f. ?, S. Schp., Paleont. Veget.
Ill, p. 475.

PinncB lanceolate ; pinnules linear -lanceolate, obtusely
acuminate, the lower ones long, obscurely lobed or deeply
undulate toward the base ; medial nerve thick, continuous;
lateral veins curved, forking twice ; substance thick, cori-
aceous.

Species intermediate between the former and the follow-
ing one. The substance is very thick, the surface covered
with a coating of coaly matter, through which the veins
are obscurely seen. Under the epidermis, detached per
fragments, the impression of the lateral veins, is distinct.
They are distant, curved, forking generally twice. The
venation is of the same type as in iV. rarinerms, the
veins only being more curved, simple, not divided or in-
flated on the sides. The form of the lateral leaflets much
longer at the base of the pinnae, some of them slightly
cuspidate, lobed or undulate ; the thici^ texture of the pin-
nules, which leave a deep impression upon the stone, au-
thorize a specific sejjaration. A still more fragmentary
specimen represents a terminal pinnule, Avhich, shorter and
twice as broad as that of N. rarinerois, bears on one side,
above the middle, a deeply cut, oblong, obtuse lobe.
This character has not been observed in any of the numer-
ous specimens of the former species.

Habitat — Mazon creek only. Collection of the Museum
of Comp. Zool. Cambridge, N. 228, 229.

112 P. r.EPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Ineuropteris DESOPtii, Lesqx., Fl. XIV, Figs. 1-7 ;
PI. XV, Fig. 1.

Boston Journ. i8. N. H., vol. VI, p. 4I8. Geol. of Penn'a^ 1S58, p. 859,
PL V, f. 11, 12. PI. XX, f. 6-8. Geo. lit. III., H p. 4S0. >Schp., P d. Veg.
I, p. 447.

Fronds large, pinnate or dicJiotomous ; pinncE eitJier long,
o'pen, inclined ypioards, linear-la/nceolate; or sliort, in right
angle to the rachis; pinnides dimorphous, according to
their position on the main rachis, or on its branches. On
the pinna they are ojjposite, generally lanceolate, graducdly
narrowed to an obtuse apex, undulate or lobed; on the rachis
they a.re shorter, broader, deltoid, diversely cut in obtuse
unequal lobes; costa distinct, either more or less enlarged
at the base, effaced upwards, or thin and continuous from
the base to the point ; lateral veins distinct, thin, forking
t ic ice.

The subdivision of the fronds and the shape of the pin-
nules of this species, are more variable than in any other of
the group. The fronds pinnately dichotomous, like those of
X. Clarltsoni, bear also, like this Fern, leaflets of variable
shape, according to their position upon the pinnae or the
main rachis. These are broader, shorter, more deex^ly lobed,
and far different in size, as in AtL, PI. XIV, f. 4; the others
more generally lanceolate, entire, as 1 2 and 3, are undulate,
lobed at the base, even pinnately lobed, as in PI. XY, f. 1 ;
generally oj)posite, distant in the lower part of the pinnje,
close towards the top, and then gradually connate, forming a
compound lanceolate, i^innately lobed and obtusely i)ointed
terminal pinnule. The cyclopterid leaflets, PI. XIV, f. 5
and 6, are cut, lobed or lacerated in various ways ; some-
times, as in f. 6, i)rolonged on one side at the base into an
enlarged reniform dentate lobe. The veins distinct, thin
and close, are not flattened, as in X. rarinervis, but cy-
lindrical or sharply cut ; the substance of the leaves is
about of the same thickness, its surface is polished, and
this, with the distinctness of the veins, gives to the frag-
ments of the i:>lant a peculiar facies which enables the stu-
dent to recall them easily to the type;

NEUKOPTERIS.

P. 113

All the specimens described and figured in the Geol. of
Penn'a, 1858, 1. c, rej)resent mere small fragments of this
Fern, even mere pihnules. They were, however, all referred
to the species before larger parts of the pinnse had been
found. The rachis is flat, broad, distinctly striate.

In considering the form of the pinnules, JV. coriacea has
more affinity to this species than to JSf. raririervls. The
only essential difference is in the more coriaceous texture, in
the surface, which in N. coriacea is opaque, not shining, and
in the more distant lateral nerves.

Habitat — Upper beds of the anthracite ; Salem and Gate
vein, near Pottsville; Blakely vein near Archbald ; Wilkes-
barre, not rare at these localities; found also at Cannelton,
by Mr. I. F. Mansfield ; not seen in Illinois.

Neuropteris Germari, Goepp.—-Pl. XVIII, Figs. 3-5.-

Filicites crispus. Germ, and Kaulf., Abdr., p. 229, PI. LXVI, /. 6.
Adiantites Germari, Goepp., Syst.,p.218. &chp.y Paleont. Vcget., l,p.'426.
Cyclopteris Germari, Lesqx., Geol. of Pcnyia, 1858, p. 856 PI. V, /. 5.

Pinnatdi/ divided ; pinnules thick and flat, sessile, en-
larged at the point of attachment, rounded in outline, en-
tire or variously lohed or laclnate ; veins flahellate from
the base, dlchotomous, distant and distinct.

Schimper remarks on this species that it is unsatisfactor-
ily known. Our specimens afford a little more light on its
characters, but as tliey are all fragmentary, representing
small parts of pinnae, there is still a degree of uncertainty
about the true relation of this peculiar Fern. AtL, F. 3
is a separate pinnule, apparently cut in the middle in-
to two large lobes, with borders diversely lobate or lacin-
ate, and with the nervation of this species. F. 5, copied
from the Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, is part of a pinna, with
broad, striate rachis and pinnules opposite, round in out-
line, more or less cut in irregular accuminate lobes on the
upper side, entire on the lower, enlarged at the base, with
veins parallel, in emerging from the rachis, or odontopte-
rid, as in, the leaflet figured by Germar and Kaulfus. F.
4 is a branch with broad flat striate rachis, like that of f. 5,
8 P.

114 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

bearing on one side seven pinnules, the two superior ones
obtusely, irregularly lobate, the others with the upper bor-
ders lacinate, the lower merely obtusely lobed. This figure
is so like that of Odontopteris Reichiana^ as represented
in Gein., Yerst., PI. XXYI, f. 4, that it seems positively
referable to this species. The nervation, however, is more
neuropterid, and the undivided lobes are all round or
very obtuse, none of them pointed, as in the European
plant. The thick substance of the leaflets also, as marked
in our specimens and in Fllicites crispus. Germ., and Adi-
antites Germari, Goep., species united by Geinitz to Odon-
topteris Reicliiana^ evidently separate these plants from
Fucoides Crispus, Gutb., Abdr., pi. I, f. 11, and F. denta-
tus, Gutb., ibid., f. 1, 2, 4, which, like Odontopteris Reichi-
ana^ are of a thin substance, and have a different nervation.
I have not seen any European specimens representing these
two last species, which I consider as referable to Rhacophyl-
lum, without relation to Odontopteris ReicMana, of the
same author, as figured PI. IX, f. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7. Schimper,
Paleont. Yeget., adopts the same views, and cannot see how
Fllicites crispus^ Germ., ixndi Adiantites Germari, Goepp.,
may be identified with Odeiitopteris Reichiaiia. Neither
can I see how the two last named forms, and the one which
I have figured and described as iV". Germari^ might be put
with Adiantites^ a genus which has its affinity to Archoeop-
teris^ or to the Spenopterids. Their jjlace is between
Nenropteris and Odontopteris, like that of 0. alpina.
Atl., f. 4 is, however, essentially neuropterid. I have
seen from Mazon creek still another specimen which bears,
on one side of the rachis, a leaflet divided in narrow acute
lacinise from the base, like RJiacophyllum, while the pin-
nule on the other side is merely slightly lacerate or undu-
late on the borders. The leaflets are thick and coriaceous.
Fig. 4 shows such a degree of relation to iV. Desorii, that
I was disposed to consider it as the same, and am still un-
certain if it may not be a deformation of that polymorphous
species. The venation has the characters of N. Germari^
more distant veins inflated at the base, thinning near the
borders, etc.

NEUROPTERIS.

P. 115

Habitat — Salem Vein, Pottsville, specimens, f . 4. Nodules
of Mazon creek, spec. f. 5 and the other mentioned above,
both in the collection of the Museum of Comp. Zool. of
Cambridge. Specimen f . 3 is from a sub-conglomerate shale
or sandstone at the horizon of the Chester limestone, in
Mercer Co., Illinois, communicated by Prof. A. H, Worthen.

Neui^opteris callosa, nov.^ Fl. XVI, Figs. 1-8.

Bipinnate ; ultimate pinnce linear ; leaflets alternate,
sessile hy a broad base, oblong or oval, obtuse ; veins fla-
bellate from the base., strongly marked, slightly curved;
cyclopterid pinnules cordate at the point of attachment,
unequilateral, polymorphous.

This species is at once recognized by its tliick subcori-
aceous texture and its venation. The middle nerve is only
marked by a depression; the veins, somewhat thick, fork
ing once or twice, slightly curved in ascending to the bor-
ders, come out from the enlarged base of the leaflets, which
in small or top pinnse, as in f. 1, are more or less decurrent.
The cyclopterid pinnules, whose reference is clearly made
by the characters of the nervation, are broadly reniform in
outline, more or less equilateral at the base, with the bor-
ders entire or cut in short, obtuse or acute, irregular
lobes. F. 5 shows that palmate division already remark-
able in leaflets of Neuropteris hirsuta and N. angustifolia.
This species differs from the former by thinner, closer veins,
not or little inflated towards the base, and from the follow-
ing by the entire borders of the leaflets, a close venation,
etc.

Habitat — Upper Coal strata of Penna. and Ohio. New
Philadelphia, between Pottsville and Tamaqua, from a vein
of coal considered the equivalent of the Salem. More
abundant at Pomeroy; two specimens of cyclopterid pin-
nules are from Wilkesbarre. All belong to the Museum of
Comp. Zool. of Cambridge.

116 P. IIEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Neuroptehis crexulata? Brgt., PI. XVI, Figs. 9-11.

Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. 2S4, PI. LXIV, /. 2, 2a. Lesqx., Geol. of
Peyin'a, 1S58, p. S59, PL V, f. 6. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 442.

Frond Mpinnate; ijIiitke long, linear ; lyinnules ojjen^
sessile, distant, alternate or opposite, ovate, deeply cordate;
borders more or less distinctly crenulate; veins dicliotom-
ous, distant.^ slightly curved toioards the borders.

If the plant figured and described here agrees in some of
its characters with Brongniart's species, it is so different in
others, that identity cannot be positively asserted. Accord-
ing to the anthor, the pinnules are contracted at the base,
not cordate, and his figures show them pedicellate, not ses-
sile. The venation seems to agree ; for if the veins are de-
scribed as thin and distant, they are figured thick, both
characters apparently contradictory, but agreeing with
what is seen upon the American specimens. As far as it is
known, the pinnules vary little in shape and size ; they av-
erage three centimeters in length and nearly two in wddth
measured towards the enlarged base, ovate, obtuse, gener-
ally slightly contracted in the middle ; and evidently ses-
sile. The midrib is formed by confluence of the base of
the veins, Avhicli fork twice and pass up with a slight curve
to the crenulate borders. The veins generally thin, often
appear thick by immersion into the epidermis which they
cut into deep narrow furrows. Brongniart says of his en-
larged f. 2a, that it represents the veins too thick. It is
the same with f. 10a of our plate, the veins are more ex-
actly represented upon the pinnules of natural size. The
crenulations of the borders are caused by immersion of the
veins into the parenchyma, forcing it out and protruding
between them ; some of the leaflets where the epidermis is
erased are entire, as seen in the upper fragment of f . 9. This
is also different from what is marked upon the enlarged f . 2,
of Brongniart, w^here the veins are all ending into the teeth.
I am not perfectly satisfied that the specimen f. 11, repre-
sents the same species. It has the same characters of ner-
vation; but the leaflets are longer, narrower, and the borders
more irregularly crenate. It evidently shows two segments
of upper pinnae bearing the terminal pinnules and a few of

NEUROPTEKIS.

P. 117

those underneath, none of them having the basilar part
preserved.

IlaMtat — Wilkesbarre. The leaflet flgiired in Geol. of
Penn'a, 1. c, is from Salem vein. It is narrowed to the
point of attachment and more irregularly crenulate, having
its affinity with f. 11, made from a specimen from the Tunnel
vein, near Tremont, same horizon as the Salem vein; where
spec, of f. 9 and 10 have been obtained. I have seen, also,
a few specimens from Cannelton.

Neuropteris Evenii, Lesqx., Fl. XVI II, Fig. 7.

Geol. Rep. of III., II, p. 430, PI. S6, f. 4. Schp., Paleont. Veget,, III,
p. 475.

F innately dimded ; pinnules alternate., distant^ ovate^
cordate at hase^ short pedicelled; veins distant^ Jlabellate
from the hase^ or derived from a thin midrib ; curved.

This form is a remarkable one. By the shape of the leaf-
lets, their thick substance and the venation, it is similar to
the former species, and though the borders are evidently
entire, it would be impossible to separate it, but for the
short, curved, distinct pedicel, by which they are attached
to the rachis, The veins also, clearly marked, though thin,
are not immersed into the parenchyma. As no other speci-
men similar to this has ever been seen, I am unable to ascer-
tain if the differences are constant, or if it represents a
mere variety. Specimens from Cannelton referable to the
former species have the borders of the pinnules entire, but
the leaflets are sessile.

Habitat — Mazon creek. The specimen was formerly pre-
served in the cabinet of Mr. Jos. Even, of Morris.

Neuropteris Agassizi, /Sp. nov.^ Fl. XVII^ Figs. 1-^.
Frond large ; pinnce simple, linear ; pinnules sessile,
or short-pedicellate, reniform., semi-circular, or oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, either smaller and undivided, or larger
and lobed; borders entire or creiiulate; veins Jlabellate
and dichotomous from the base, curved baclaoards, thick,
and distant.

This Fern, the most beautiful of all those of this genus,

118 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

is remarkable, especially by the peculiar divisions of its
large pinnules, attached to a narrow cylindrical rachis.
The pinnules are either simple, (not lobed,) round or reni-
form, truncate, sessile or pedicelled at the base, two centi-
meters long, and two and a half centimeters broad, at lea^t ;
or much larger, three to six centimeters long, two to five
centimeters broad at the base, truncate and sessile, pin-
nately cut on the borders, in the direction of the veins,
into two to four obtuse lobes, and half round at the top.
The borders in the small leaflets are crenulate or nearly
entire ; in the larger pinnules the teeth are more distinct
and generally tipped with a short point; the venation is
cj^clopterid in the small leaflets ; the large ones have, like
JY. crenulata^ a medial nerve formed by continuity of the
base of the veins, inflated downwards. The veins are thick,
immersed into the parenchyma, or exposed at the surface ;
much curved backwards, forking twice, and distant.

Prof. J. E. Teschemacher has figured a small fragment of
this species in Boston Journ. S. N. H., vol. Y, PI. XXXIY,
merely mentioning it, p. 383, as referable to Neurojpteris or
Odontojpteris. This figure is copied, f. 4. The same speci-
men bears some lanceolate leaflets, comparable by form and
size to those of Odontopteris Alpina, with a cyclopterid
nervation and entire borders.

This species is not a true Neiiropterls. With the two
former ones and Odontopteris Alpina it constitutes a pecu-
liar group, which need to be separated under a new generic
name.

Habitat — Mount Hope coal mines, near Portsmouth,
Rhode Island, communicated b^^ Mr. J. H. Clark, of New-
port in numerous specimens, now in the museum of Comp.
Zool. of Cambridge. Prof. Teschmacher had his speci-
men from the same locality. I have never seen any from
another.

§ . Anomalous.
Neuropteris anomala, 8p. nov.^ PI. YII^ Fig. 1.

Pinnately divided. Pinnce large, lanceolate; rachis
hroad^flat^ striate; pinnules opposite, open, truncate to a

NEUROPTERIS.

P. 119

mry short pedicel^ ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; veins dis-
tant, curved, dlcliotomous, forJced tioo or three times, ir-
regularly sub-dividing into tldri, sparse filaments ; midrib
thick at the base, distinct to the middle of the lamince.

The fronds of this pecular species seem to have been
very large. The specimen figured represents a simple
pinna, twenty-five centimeters long, with seven pairs of
opiDOsite, distant pinnules, five to seven centimeters long
and two to two and one half centimeters broad, in the mid-
dle. The terminal pinnule is free, short pedicellate, of the
same form, only slightly smaller. The lateral pinnules
abruptly rounded to the nearly equilateral base, are subtrun- ^
cate, attached to the rachis by a short pedicel formed by
the enlarged costa; the lower are generally ovate, more or
less rapidly acuminate, the upper ones oblong and some-
times, as seen on a specimen not figured, linear from the
base to above the middle. In this last specimen none of
the leaflets are preserved entire, the longer fragment is
six centimeters and its borders" are parallel for the whole
^ length. The venation is of a peculiar type. The middle
nerve is a prolongation of f ascites of vessels which, j)arallel
in the flat rachis, diverge into each pinnule, and from the
midrib, by the same kind of sub-division, curve towards the
borders. They generally fork twice and besides, are sub-di-
vided in thread-like, thin filaments, which diverge obliquely
across the laminae without uniting Avith other veins, though
often crossing them before they become effaced. The
epidermis is thin and pellucid when humected, and thus, the
distribution of the veins is discernable in all its details as
seen in the enlarged f. la. The other specimen has the
lateral veins more compact but also flattened and subdivided,
the thread-like vessels being closer and more generally paral-
lel. The flat rachis is regularly striate by the parallel jux-
taposition of the vascular bundles.

Though, by the shape of the leaflets, this species is com-
parable to Neuropteris acuminata, Brgt., it is quite dis-
tinct from it by all the other characters. I have observed
sometimes a like abnormal subdivision of the veins in thin

120 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

threads, in specimens of Odontopteris Schlotheimil^ when
found in an advanced state of maceration.

Habitat — The specimen figured, No. 430 of the collection
of the Museum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge, is from the
gray roof shale of the coal of Morris, 111., obtained by Mr.
Jos. Even. Prof. Thos. C. Porter found the second speci-
men at the Tunnel Vein of Sharp Mt. below Tremont and
kindly presented it to the Survey.

NeUROPTERIS VERBEN.EFOLIA, LesqX., Ft. XVIII,

Figs, i, 2.

Geol. Kept, of III., II, p. 4-81, PI- XXXVII, f. 1; IV, p. 885, PI. VI,
/. 5, 6. Schp., PaleonU Veget., Ill, p. 476.

Frond pinnate; racMs cytliidrlcat, thuity striate ; pin-
nce slmpte, appareiitty tong ; plimutes targe, obtong, or
ovate, rounded at the base to a short, flat pedicel, serrate
on the borders ; midrib thin, effaced above the middle ;
veins thin, dlckotomous, moderately curved in passing to
the borders.

The first leaflet found of this fine and remarkable species
is larger than those figured here and split in the middle ;
its base is partly destroyed. Two others, found after at
the same locality, represent exactly the characters observed
on the first leaflet, and besides shoAv the mode of attach-
ment of the pinnules. They vary from ten to eleven centi-
meters long, and proportionally broad. The veins are thin,
partly derived from the enlarged base, partly from the nar- /
row midrib, generally divided three or four times. In the^
specimen f . 1, the pinnules by their form and the short teeth
of the borders, somewhat resemble those of iY. o^enulata;
but the enlarged base, the venation, as also the teeth, sharp
though short, and entered by the veins, distinctly refer it to
this species. The leaflets appear to have been of a delicate
texture. The upper ones, in f. 2, are somewhat erased and
punctulate, or spotted by maceration.

Prof. Scliimper, 1. c, remarks that this splendid fern,
easily recognizable by its leaflets, regularly dentate, and of
a size unknown in the Genus Neuropterls, has no analogy

NEUROPTERLS.

P. 121

to any species either of living or of fossil Ferns, except, per-
haps, of some Marattice. The form and nervation of the
pinnules recall those of the genus Phyllopteris^ Brgt.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon creek, 111. — all the speci-
mens.

Neuropteiiis biformis, Sp. non.. PI. XlII^ Fig. 7.

Bipmnate; piiince lanceolate ; pinmdes coriaceous, close
and very oblique in the loioer part, distan t and in right
angle, toioards the top, lanceolate, obtuse, rounded on both
sides to the midrib, and equilateral at the base ; border
undulate; middle nerve thick and persistent to the point ;
lateral veins curved backwards, close, and inflated, dis-
tinct, simple or forking once or tiolce.

This fragment of a pinna is the only representive of the
species. The substance of the leaflets is thick, coriaceous,
with the surface shining ; the pinnules close near the base
and more distant in the upper part, give to the plant the ap-
pearance of being composed of two different species. The
veins are curved backward, like those of an Alethopteris or
Callipterldium, and but for the mode of attachment of the
leaflets, the species would be referable to this last genus.
The terminal pinnule, of which the base only is preserved,
has the mode of attachment of an Alethopteris.

Habitat — The specimen flgured, No. 34 of the collection
of Prof. Eng. A. Smith, of Tuscaloosa, is derived from the
Alabama coal measures, but the locality is not marked.

Species insufficiently known.

Neuropteris aspera, Sp. nov., PI. XIII, Figs. 10-12.

Pinnate; ^pinnules very oblique.^ narroioly lanceolate,
accuminate ; midrib thin, dividing near the top; lateral
veins dlchotomous, curved, close, salient.

As positively answering to this description, I have seen
of this Fern only the three small specimens figured. The
facies of the leaflets is remarkable, on account of the very
deeply marked, close, cylindrical, rough veins, which fork
three to five times, and though very thin, are easily counted

122 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

along the borders, numbering elglit per millimeter. They
come out of the midrib in an acute angle, and distinctly
curve to the borders from the middle of the areas. The
fragments may represent pinnules not yet fully developed
at the top of opening pinnae.

Tliis supposition seems confirmed by the characters of
another fragment of a pinna representing live linear-lanceo-
late pinnules, curved upwards, like those of f. 11, about of
the same form, bearing each two round leaflets at the base.
The veins very distinct, sharp, but not as close as in the
specimen described, number four per millimeter ; the sur-
face is hairy. This specimen apparently represents the top
of a young pinna of Odontopteris Worthenil.

Quite recently I have found in the Cabinet of Princeton
College another specimen (M. 764) which affords some more
evidence on these x:>lants. It is a pinna nine and a half cen-
timeters long, with the lower pinnules alternate, the four
terminal ones fasciculate, all of them very oblique, curved
upwards or falcate from the point of attachment, linear-
lanceolate, obtusely accuminate, five and a half centimeters
long, eleven millimeters broad at the base, with borders en-
tire or slightly undulate. The medial nerve is broad, flat,
very distinct; the lateral veins are also sharj^ly cut, slightly
curved, forking three to four times, distant on the borders ;
the surface is covered by a coating of rigid polished long
hairs, generally disposed in the direction of the veins, longer
than those of iY. liirsuta^ all characters indicating a close
relation to Odontopteris Worthenil.

Habitat — Murphysborough, 111., low coal, in the same
bed of shale with Odontopteris Worthenii, The last speci-
men is from Cannelton, Pa. — Mr. 1. F. Mansfield.

Neuropteris fissa, Lesqx.

Geol. of JPeym'a, 185S, p. 857, PL III, f. 2.

Pinnule oval, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base;
borders undulate ; teins dlchotomous from a thin middle
nerve, thin, distant, undulate, and. slightly curving in
passing to the borders, where they become effaced.

The leaflet is split in the middle, by compression it seems.

NEUKOPTERIS.

P. 123

It cannot be compared, on account of its venation, to the
cyclo^Dterid pinnules of N. rarinervis^ but may be related
to N. dilatata^ LI. & Hutt. The pinnule has a distinct
costa, and therefore represents a true J^feuropterls.
Habitat — Gate vein, near Pottsville, Pa.

Neuhopteuis minoii, Lesqx.

Geol. of renn'aj 1858, p. 859, PL III, Fig. 4.

Frond hipinnate ; pinnce short, linear, sessile upon a
thick round striate racliis^plnnides oval, sessile, separated^
or united in the upper part of the pinnce ; terminal leaf-
lets very small oval; veins thick, twice forked, obsolete.

This species is apparently made from an erased specimen
of N. Desorii.
Habitat — Taniaqua, found by Prof. E. Desor.

Neuropteuis acuminata, Brgt.

Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. 229, PI. LXIII, f. 4. LI. and Hutt., foss.fl., I, PI.
LI.

Filicites acuminatus, Schloth., Petref., p. 412.

Neuropteris S7nilaci/olia, Sternb., Fl. d. Vor\., II, p. 29-33.

Frond pinnate or bipinnate ; pinnules alternate, short
pedicelled, aurifulate-cordate, symmetrical, acuminate,
entire.

I have seen only one specimen Avith three detached leaf-
lets which might be referred to this species. They are en-
larged at the cordate base one of them with a short pedicel
and acuminate. They have exactly the shape of those
figured by Brongniart, still more resembling those figured
by LI. and Hutt. The veins are thin but distinct, many
times forking from a narrow costa effaced above the mid-
dle. The nervation is not described by the author. As
these leaflets are detached and as I have never seen any
other specimen in the coal measures, I am not certain about
their reference.

Habitat — Black vein of W. W. Wood, near Pottsville,
specimen No. 276, of the Collection of the Museum Comp.
ZooL, Cambridge.

124 P. REPORT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUEKEUX.

Odox i optemis, Brgt.

Fronds large^ 1) I p innate ; piniKB opposite or suh-alter-
nate; pinnules of various forms, generally ohlong, ob-
tuse, joined to the rachis by their whole base sometimes de-
current, either disjointed and separate to the base,or connate
to the middle, generally becoming confluent towards the
top of the pinnce and gradually effaced in passing to a
terminal leaflet ; lower pinnules sometimes attached to the
main rachis and difform ; veins emerging fromthe rachis,
more rarely from a midrib ; veinlets thin, dichotomous,
diverging straight or in curve, in passing to the borders.

This genus is so intimately allied to Neuropteris, that
some of its species liave been considered as indifferently re-
ferable to one or to the other of the genera. As far as I
knew these plants, from American specimens, they differ
esi3ecially by the absence of the large round cyclopterid
leaflets, generally observed with species of Neuropteris and
which I have not as yet remarked with Odontopteris.
Grand' Eury however refers to this genus a number of those
cyclopterid leaves, (among others C. trichomanoides, Brgt.)
which I have considered and described as Neuropteris from
identity of some peculiar characters.

The species of Odontopteris, like those of Neuropteris,
were bushy ferns with immense fronds. The celebrated
French author, quoted above, has seen them flfteen to twenty
feet long, with petioles thirty to forty centimeters broad.
To him also we owe, it seems, the discovery of the fructifi-
cation of this kind of Ferns. He has represented in his Fl.
carb., PL XIII, f. 4, leaflets of a species which he names
Odontopteris sorifera, bearing upon the end of each divis-
ion of the veins, at the point of contact to the borders, oval
inflated corpuscles, apparently sporanges, slightly emar-
ginate at the outside, passing a little out of the borders,
and split in the length. They are remarkably similar to
the fructifications of some living Angiopteris or Marattia
like M. purpurascens or M. fraxinea, Sm., and for that
reason as also on account of the analo^^y of structure of the

ODONTOPTEllIS.

P. 125

petiole, both this author and Brongniart relate Odontopteris
and Neuropteris to the tribe of the Marattlce.

Fragments of j)innie of Odontojyteris Schlotlieimil and 0.
hritannica^ bearing inflated pinnules, were formerly con-
sidered by Goeppert and Geinitz as representing the fruit-
ing organs of these species. They have been later recog-
nized by the authors themselves as a peculiar kind of de-
formation without relation to fructifications. A leaflet of
this kind is figured Atl., PL XX, f. 2.

In order to facilitate the classification, some authors have
separated the species of Odontopteris into i3eculiar groups,
according to the characters of the venation. Weiss, es-
pecially, Foss. H., p. 31, admits three subgenera as follows :

1st. Odontopterids proper {Xenopteris), for species with
pinnules marked by numerous, equal, parallel veins, com-
ing out of the rachis without any midrib.

2d. Mixoneura for those with leaflets of a mixed vena-
tion, or with pinnules xenopterid-neuropterid and even cy-
clopterid in one and the same species. Odontopteris Alpina^
Atl., PI. XIX, is a fine exemplification of the characters of
this group.

3d. For the species whose leaflets ha ve a midrib more oi'
less distinct, oblique, vanishing upwards, and besides, nu-
merous secondary veins, equal and parallel, emerging from
the rachis.

As far as evidenced by American species, the two first di-
visions might be admitted for a classification ; but this
could be of little advantage for the student, as it is often
very difficult to decide, from imperfect fragments, to which
of these groups the specimens may be referable. It is the
case for separate pinnules of 0. Alpina.

Odontopteris tenuinervis, Lesqx.^ Ft. XXII, Figs. 3.

Neuropteris iemdnervis, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a, p. 859, PI. V,f. 7, 8.

Finnoe apparently linear ; pinnules ohlong, enlarged
npioards, obtuse, entire or irregularly denticidate at the
apex ; borders undidate ; middle nerve very thin, effaced
at the middle by siihdivision ; veins from the rachis or

126 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

from the midrib^ slightly arched, dicJiotomous, thin and
close.

I have not seen any other specimens than the two figured.
By their mixed nervation, they are referable to Neurop-
teris, as evidently as to Odontopteris. Their relation to 0.
suhcuneata, is indicated by the form of the pinnules and
for this reason they have their place in this genus. The two
leaflets f. 8, irregularly toothed or lacerated in the upper
part, are comparable by this character to Neuropteris den-
tata, PI. y, f . 7, 8 a species which, by the form of the pin-
nules and the nervation is, however, a Neuropteris.

The rachis of this fern is comparatively large, striate.

Habitat — Gate vein, near Pottsville ; very rare.

Odontopteris alpina, Gein., PI. X/X, Figs. 1-5.

Neuropteris alpina, St., Fl. d. Voriv., II, p. 76, PI. XXII, f. 2. Heer,
FL.foss., Helv., IV, p. 26, PL VI, f. I4, 15.

Odontopteris alpiyia, Geiyi., Verst., p. 20, PI. XXVI, f. 12; XXVII f. 1

O. obtusa, Brgt., Hist, d.veg.foss., p. 255, PL LXXVIII, {fide Schimper)
LL and HutL, Poss.fi., 1, PL XL.

O. Lescurii? H. C. Wood, Trans. Am. PhiL Soc., v. XIII, p. S48, PL VIII
f. 8, 8c.

Frond large, loith a broad flattened striate racliis; pinnoe
irregularly divided; pinnules either large, oblong -obtuse,
or smaller, round or reniform, sessile by their whole base,
or rounded to a broad point of attachment '; veins dicho-
tomous, curved, emerging from the rachis and parallel, or
from the narroioed base and flabellate.

The beautiful specimens figured here expose the variety
of characters of this remarkable Fern. F. 1 has two kinds
of divisions of the main rachis ; one by forking in an acute
angle of divergence, like the dichotomy of a large branch,
while on the other side, the pinnse with a narrow rachis, are
short, in right angle or even turned back. The pinnules
have also two marked characters of shape and venation ;
the large ones, oblong-obtuse, two to four centimeters long,
one centimeter broad, oblique or in right angle, f . 1, are with
few exceptions neuropterid ; while those of f. 2, close or
distant, and much smaller, vary in size and shape, and have
on a same pinna the venation of both Neuropteris and

ODONTOPTERIS.

P. 127

Odontopteris . The veins are distant and distinct, forking
generally twice ; the ultimate pinnules are long, lanceolate,
obtuse, the upper lateral leaflets becoming confluent at their
base.

The species is not satisfactorily represented by European
authors. Sternberg and Heer merely figure an ultimate
pinna, with some of the leaflets obtusely pointed. Geinitz
has two fragments, one with pinnides oblong-obtuse, like
those of Atl., f. 1, the other with small, short divisions, con-
nate to near the top, both with veins undulate, a character
which I have not remarked in any American specimen. Of
0. oMusa^ LI. and Hutt., Goeppert makes 0. Lindleyana^
which Schimper refers to this species. The flgure given by
the English author represents a mere fragment of a pinna,
with small oval pinnules apparently of a different type.

The fragment described as 0. Lescurll^ by Dr. H. C.
Wood, 1. c, apparently represents a variety of this species
with leaflets broader at the base, even enlarged into half
round lobes, and intermediate between 0. Alpina and Neu-
ropteris AgassizL It may be a good species.

Habitat — Mount Hope coal mines, near Newport, Rhode
Island. Jas. H. Clark. The museum of Comp. Zool. of
Cambridge has numerous specimens of the species. It is
also in the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston, from
Oly pliant. Pa., No. 1 Vein.

Odontopteris Newberuyi, Lesqx.

Odo7itopteris neuropteroides,^ Newb^y, Geol. Bept. of Ohio, Paleont., I,
p. 381, PL XL VII, /. 1-3.

Frond hipinnate ; pinnce of tower part of frond tlnear
in outline^ composed of twenty or more pinnules^ of loJiicli
the terminat one is targe and irreguta,r^ as in Neuropteris^
the upper pinnce shorter and broader^ loltJi the terminat
pinnule relatively smaller; pinnules of T^arlous form,
those near the base of lower pinnce ovoid and cordate, pre-
cisely like those of Neitropterls ; upper ones more or less
cuneate, strongly decurrent, the upper side of base free, as

* Name pre-occupied by Koemer, Pflanzen des productiveii Kohleng. am
Hartz, 1S60, Paleont. Vol. IV, p. 187, PI. XXX, f. IJ.

128 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQIIEREIJX.

in Otojjteris ; lyinnnles of the upper pinnce linear^ often
acute, connate and decurrent at base.

This species has, by the diversity of some of its charac-
ters, a relation to the former ; the venation, however, is
much closer. By the shape of the pinnules it may be com-
pared to Odontoj^teris oMusa, as figured by Brgt., Hist. d.
Yeg. foss., PL 78, f. 4. It is related to 0. neuropteroides,
Roem., 1. c, by the terminal pinnules of the same form;
but the lateral ones are larger and comparatively broader.
It is a distinct and fine species.

Habitat — Coal No. 1, of Mahoning and Summit counties,
Ohio. Also on Mill creek, near Youngstown, Ohio. I owe
to Prof. Wm. M. Fontaine the communication of specimens
from the conglomerate series of West Yirginia, Quinni-
mont coal seam, which are most jorobably referable to the
species. They have been described by the discoverer in
Amer. Journ. Sci., 3d series, vol. XI, p. 378, as represent-
ing, j)erhaps, a Nenropteris. Prof. Newberry rightly re-
marks that separate leaflets of this fern look precisely like
those of Neuropteris.

Odontopteris coRjsnjTA, nov., PI. XXII, Figs. 7-9.

Frond pinnate ; racliis thiclc, obtusely striate; pinnules
long, lanceolate in outline, entire in the lower part, dii^ided
from the middle upwards into lateral, linear -lanceolate,
obtusely acuminate lobes, gradually shorter and more ob-
tuse toioards the base of a long lanceolate terminal pin-
nule; reins dichotomous, more or less curved, emerging
from a distinct primary nerve, or from thin lateral ones.

We have of this remarkable species only four specimens,
three of which, the best preserved, have been figured. The
best, f. 8, an ultimate pinna, is apparently attached to a main
thick rachis, of which a fragment only is preserved. The
pinna is ten centimeters long, two centimeters broad in the
middle, rounded at the upper basilar side to the point of at-
tachment, more enlarged, and slightly auricled on the other,
entire and gradually enlarging up from the base to the
middle. The upper part is irregularly or pinnately divided

ODONTOPTERIS.

P. 129

into linear, obtusely acuminate, lateral segments, obliquely
diverging, about two centimeters long, passing up to shorter,
three to hve millimeters half round lobes, at the base of a
long terminal linear-lanceolate pinnule, gradually narrowed
to an obtuse apex. • The characters of f. 7 are about the same;
it shows only the upper part of a much larger pinna, which,
if entire, would be about twenty centimeters long. F. 9 rep-
resents another of those polymorphous divisions, attached
to the rachis, whose analogy of shape is remarked in Neurop-
teris ClarJcsonl, 0. Alplna^ etc. It is sessile, truncate, or
slightly cordate at the base, only four and one half centime-
ters long, and palmately irregularly divided from below^ the
middle into hve lobes, of about the same shape as in f . 8. The
midrib in this specimen is indistinctly marked upon all the
lobes. The lateral veins are somewhat thick, not very close,
forking three or four times, much curved backwards, near
the base, nearly straight, in the lobes; numbering fifteen to
twenty per centimeter along the borders. The substance
is subcoriaceous. When the somewhat thick epidermis is
erased, the veins appear under it, and in some places, as
split in filaments, irregularly passing from one to another,
as in pinnules of DictyojiteTis.

This species has some distant likeness to the following,
and I supposed at first that it might be referable to the
same. By comparison of sj)ecimens the veins are seen to
be of a different character, especially thicker and closer.

Habitat — Cannelton. Discovered by Mr. I. F. Mans-
field ; not seen elsewhere.

Odontoptehis iiETEROPiiYLLxV, Lesqx., ri. XX/, FUj. 6.

Geoh Rcpt. of ILL, II, p. 433, PL XXXVIII, /. 2-5. Schp., raleont'
Veget., I, p. 464.

Frond bipmnateh/, irregularly divided ; pinnce lanceo-
late in outline ; pinnules alternate^ entire^ obovate^ decur-
ring and distinct, the lowest reniform or half round, be-
coming smaller, lanceolate, pointed and. recurved in the
secondary divisions; terminal pinnules linear-obtuse or
obovate, sometimes reniform; veins mostly derived from
9 P.

130 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the racliis^ tliin^ 'parallel^ except in the basilar round
pinnules, distant, generally forking once.

This species is extremely polymorplious. Of tlie speci-
mens obtained at the same locality, numerous enough, but
all fragmentary, I have figured four, in the Geol. Rept. of
111., 1. c. — F. 1 is represented upon our plate ; f. 2 and 3 are
fragments of pinuiie with broad, distinctly and distantly
striate rachis, alternately divided in pinnules of conform
shape, obovate or cuneate-obtuse, decurring but not con-
nate, rather distant, five to twenty millimeters long, three
to seven millimeters broad, near the top, where they are the
widest. The terminal pinnule is two and a half centime-
ters long, one centimeter broad in the middle, where it is
enlarged, sub-lobate and free, the upper lateral pinnules
not being confluent Avitli it. F. 4, of the same report, rep-
resents two other lateral pinnules, similar to the lower
branches of Atl., f. 6, with the lower leaflets half round or
reniform, the veins flabellate or curved, dicliotomous, and
the upper divisions oblong or obovate, like the upper leaflet
of the middle branch of the same figure.

The fragment f. 6 seems to represent a rachioid i^innule,
like f. 9, of the former species.

No other Odontopteris known until now from European
authors has any relation to this. Two small branches, fig-
ured by Dr. H. C. Wood, Jr., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, Vol.
XIII, PL VIII, f. Sd and 9, and described p. 348, as 0.
Lescurii, {omitimg f. 8, 8a, Sh) may represent this species.
The pinnules have the same form as the upper ones of f. 2,
of the 111. Kept., 1. c. But the S2:)ecimens are too small for
positive determination, and the venation is not indicated.

Habitat — Murphy sborough. It is not rare in the roof
shale of the coal, there, but until now it has been found
only in small fragments. A specimen has been sent by Mr.
AVm. Gibson from Spring Creek, Indiana.

Odoxtopteris Wortiienii, Lesqx. Fl. XXII, Fig. 1.

Gcol. Rept. of' III., II, p. 432, PL XXXVI, f. 1. Schp., Paleont. Veget.,
I, p. 463.

Frond pinnate; rachis thiclc, irregularly striate; upper

ODONTOPTERIS.

P. 131

pinncB longer, linear-lanceolate, pirmately divided into
ohovate or ohlong-obtuse lobes, connate at the base and sub-
decurrent, confluent toioards the top, passing into a lanceo-
late obtuse terminal pinnule ; lower tlivisions pinnatijid
at the top and the base only, with the middle part entire ;
loioer lobes half attached to the rachis, enlarged upwards, '
reniform; veins thin and close, dichotomous, curved ; sur-
face hairy.

We have many specimens of this line species, but none
better than the one figured. The others mostly represent
merely simple pinnae, pinnately lobed on one side, entire
on the other, like the lower one of f. 1. Some pinnules are
entire and similar in shape to those of Neuropteris decip iens
— smaller, however. The veins are all from a thick middle
nerve, which represents the rachis of a secondary pinna ;
they appear extremely thin in the middle of the lamina, on
account of the hairy surface which render them confused ;
at the borders and joining it, they are inflated, distinct,
numbering only thirty to thirty-five i3er centimeter. The
si^ecies is, like the former, remarkable by the variable and
abnormal divisions of its pinnae.

Habitat — Mazon creek, in nodules ; received from Mr. S.
S. Strong. I have seen also one specimen in the collection
of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston.

Odontopteris alata, Lesqx. Ft. XXI, Fig. 1.

Cat. Carb. foss. pi., p. 6, PL I, /. 1. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 456.

Frond b ip innate ; pinnce oblique, linear, sub-opposite;
pinnules ovate, subrhomboidal, obtuse, confluent to the
middle and decurrent ; terminal pinnule lanceolate, ob-
tusely acuminate, lobate at the base by the confluent upper
lateral lobes ; basilar leaflets attached to the rachis by a
broad base, quadrangidar or broadly cuneate, truncate or
slightly emarginate at top ; veins parallel in joining the
rachis, thin bid distinct, forking once at or above the
middle.

This sj^ecies is closely related to the following, and ac-
cording to Schimper's remark, the fragment figured ma^^

132 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

represent the upper part of a small pinna of the same plant.
It differs by the pinnules comparatively smaller, the largest
one centimeter long, none broader than five millimeters,
oblong, obtuse, very oblique to the racliis (never pointed and
falcate at the upper part, as in O. Brardii) ; by the basilar
l^innules attached to the rachis, and by the terminal leaflet
larger, much longer, lanceolate, and obtusely pointed.
Schimper remarks that in 0. Brardii^ the basilar pinnules,
in the upper part of the pinnae, are also attached to the
rachis. This is seen, indeed, PI. 75, of Brgt., 1. c, where a
pair of these pinnules is joined to the rachis as decurring
to it at the base of one of the ux)i)er pinnae, and as a pro-
longation of them. Such a partial displacement of the
lower pinnules is seen also upon some species of Neurop-
teris ; but it seems then casual, while, on our specimen,
the lower pair of leaflets appear normally attached to the
main rachis, the one below the terminal pinnule being in
the middle of the space separating the two upper branches.
The terminal leaflet of 0. Brardii, also, is always very small,
oval, and in no way similar to that of this species. The
venation, however, is positively of the same character, and
notwithstanding the differences mentioned above, the rela-
tion appears so close, that I might have admitted Schim-
per's oi^inion and considered this plant as a mere variety of
0. Brardii , if the specimens representing both forms had
been found at the same local it}^, and did not have altogether
a different facies.

Hahitat — Tremont ; probably from the Tunnel vein. The
specimen was found by Mr. P. W. Sheaf er, of Pottsville,
and presented to the Cabinet of the Scientiflc Society of
that locality.

Odontopterts Brardii, Brgt.- PI. XXI, Fig. 2.

Brgt., Hist. d. Veg.foss., p. 252, PI. L XXV and LXXVl. Schp., Paleont.
Veget., 7, p. 454. Heer, Fl. foss. Helv., IV, p. 25, PL. VII, /. 1-7.
O. intermedia, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of Arks., II, p. 313, PI. V, /. 7.

Fronds very large, hipiiinate : piimce alternate, from a
thick sub-striate racliis, open, linear -lanceolate toward the
apex ; pinnules rJiomhoidal- ovate, scythe- shaped and acu-

ODONTOPTERIS.

P. 133

minate, confluent to the middle^ gradually smaller to-
wards the top of the pinnw^ with a small ovate or ovate-
lanceolate terminal leaflet ; basilar pinnules attached to
the base of the pinnce^ cuneate^ emarginate or lohate ; vena-
tion of the same character as the former^ more obscurely or
coarsely marked.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology of Cambridge lias
large specimens of this species, agreeing in their characters
with those of the European form, the veins generally indis-
tinct, or obscured by a thick epidermis. The fragment f.
2, of our plate, described as 0. intermedia^ 1. c, differs
from 0. Brardii^ by the more obtuse leaflets and the irreg-
ular thickness of the veins, some of them more inflated
towards the base and also near the slightly crenulate bor-
ders.

Prof. I. E. Teschemacher, Boston Journ. S. N. H., v. Y,
p. 382, PL XXX, has described and finely represented the
normal form of this fern, a large fragment of a pinna, from
the coal mines of Rhode Island. As it is generally the case
on specimens of the anthracite of that State, the leaflets
expanded on one side of the pinnse are longer and sharply
acuminate, while on the other they are contracted, much
shorter and nearly truncate. The same configuration is
remarked in the description of 0. deformata.

Habitat — Subconglomerate Coal, Jenny Lynd prairie,
Arks. Specimens of the nornuil form, with very large pin-
nse, are not rare in the coal of Rhode Island.

Odontopteris squamosa, Lesqx.

Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 419. Geol. of Pemi'a, 1858, p. 860, PL
XIX, f. 2.

Frond pinnate ; pinnce long., lanceolate ; p innules oblong^
obtuse or truncate at the top, disconnected at the base;
terminal pinnules small, oblong, obtusely lobed on the
sides by connection of the upper lateral pinnules ; veins
very thin, close, dichotomous.

Schimper considers this form, like 0. intermedia, as re-
ferable to 0. Brardii. The difference is how^ever marked.

134 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The veins are thin, twice as close ; the leaflets not connate at
the base, but rather distant. It seems more closely related
to 0. obtusa^ Brgt., (0. Ungulata, Goepp.) as figured Hist,
d. veg. foss., PI. LXXYIII, f. 4, and I should have united
it to this species but for the great difference in the size and
shape of the terminal leaflets. In this fragment as in that
figured by Brongniart, the veins are obscured by a coating
of coal which covers the surface as a scaly epidermis, Avhich
is easily detached, however. The last character recognized
also upon the leaflet described as Cyclopteris laclniata^ led
me to suppose that it might represent the same species, a
supposition supported by identity of venation and b}^ the
discovery of these two specimens at the same locality.

Habitat — Muddy Creek, a coal vein formerly opened and
now abandoned, near the road between Tremont and Potts-
ville. Pa.

Odontopteris subcuneata, BunVy, PI. XXII, Figs.

i and 5.

Bunb'y, Quat. Geol. Journ., IIT,p. 427, PI. XXIlI,f. 1. Lesqx., GeoL
Itept. of III., II, p. 4S3, PI. XXXVI, f. 8. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 46I.

P innately ditnded; pinncB long, linear ; pinnides dis-
tant, alternate or opposite, oblique, either ovate or cuneate,
obtusely acuminate, auricled and narrowed to a broad
2^0 int of attachment ; or oborate, broadly obtuse, drawn
out at the lower base into a short half round, auricle grad-
ually effaced in the upper jycirt of the pinncB ; terminal
pinnules large, lanceolate, obtuse; veins all from the
rachis, parallel at the base, dichotomous, diverging and
more or less curved^ towards the borders.

The species is distinct and its characters recognized in all
the specimens. The rachis is sometimes finely striate as by
the decurring of the veins into it, a character observed by
Bunbury and which is marked only upon few specimens.
The pinnse seem to have been long and linear. The leaflets,
either opposite or alternate, generally distant, even near the
top of pinnse, vary in length from one and a half to three
centimeters long and from one to one and a half centime-
ters broad, a little above the point of insertion, where they

ODONTOPTEKIS.

P. 135

are unsymmetrical, or inflated to a short obtuse auricle.
They are oblong or obovate, very obtuse, sometimes, how-
ever, obtusely acuminate, as on the left side of f. 5. The
point of attachment, generally broad, is narrowed, however,
in some of the large inferior pinnules into a short pedicel.
The terminal pinnule is free, comparatively large, as seen f. 4.
Another specimen, with upper leaflets alternate, one and a
half centimeters long, has the terminal pinnule nearly
linear, obtusely acuminate, six and a half centimeters long
and only one centimeter broad. The venation is always
odontopterid, all the veins being derived from the racliis,
without any trace of a midrib, a character which evidently
separates the species from 0. tenuinervls. They are more
or less curved, dichotomous, clearly marked, not very close,
numbering thirty per centimeter on the borders. The sub-
stance of the leaflets is somewhat thick, not coriaceous, how-
ever. I have seen a specimen bearing a pinna with close
nearly imbricate leaflets, without basilar auricles, excex)t on
the lower pair of pinnules.

Habitat — Rare in our coal measures ; most of the speci-
mens seen until now are from the nodules of Mazon Creek.

Odontopteris vEQualis, Lesqx., PI. XX/, Fig. 8.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 434, PI. 86, f. 2.

FinncB lanceolate ; pinnules coriaceous^ convex, oval or
oblong, obtuse, distant, attached to the racJds by the whole
base and nearly in right angle to it, oblique and. connate
only in the upper part of the p imice ; ter m inal 2^ inn ales
small, lanceolate, obtuse ; veins parallel at the base, dis-
tinct, very thin, slightly diverging upwards, generally
forJiing once above the middle; rachis smooth.

The species was described in the Kept, of 111., 1. c, from
a too fragmentary specimen. Atl., F. 8, representing the
largest part of a whole pinna, gives some more light upon
the general characters of this Fern. It is rigid, X)innately
divided into sessile pinnules, the lower ones seventeen milli-
meters long and one centimeter broad, nearly exactly oval,
truncate at the point of attachment, all of the same form,
gradually smaller towards the upper part, where they be-

136 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

come confluent, passing to a lanceolate obtuse terminal
leaflet. In the specimen of the Kept, of 111., the leaflets
are all connate at their base, but the lower ones are more
deeply disjoinrecl, and in ri,2;ht angle to the racliis. The
substance of the pinnules is coriaceous ; the surface dis-
tinctly convex ; the veins immersed into the epidermis are
very thin, scarcely distinguishable, one millimeter apart,
diverging upwards towards the borders, but parallel at the
base. It is evidently a distinct species, without analogy to
any other of the coal measures.

Habitat — Mazon Creek, 111., in nodules; Cannelton, Pa.,
very rare.

Odontopteris ScHLOTiiEiMir, Brgt.^ PI. XX, Figs, i, '2.

Filicites osmiindcc/orniis and F. vesicalaris, Schloth., Petref., pp. 412 and
41s. Flor. d. Voriv., PL lll.f. 5; XIII, /. 26.

Odontopteris Schlotheimii, Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., 2'>- 256, PL LXXVIII,
/. 5. Goepp., Gatt., F, VI, p. 9S, PL VI, f. 1, 5. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a,
1858, p. 860, PL VII, f. 1. >Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 46O.

Weissites vesicutaris, Goepp., Sgst., p. 14. Gein., Verst. d. ZechsL, 1, p.
2, PL VIII, f. S.

Frond Iji-jp innate ; ijrimary divisions oblong -lanceolate^
more enlarged in the middle; secondary pinnce in right
angle^ or sliglitly oblique^ pinnately divided in oval., ob-
tuse pinnules or lobes^ the lower ones nearly free^ the others
gradually smaller^ more and more connate toward the apex,
loliere they pass into a small deltoid or lanceolate obtuse
terminal pinnule ; veins parallel from the base, distinct
and distant, forked above the middle.

This species is well known ; however, no specimens have
been figured until now, representing entire pinnjB like that
of our plate. The parallel position of these pinna) indi-
cates them as primary subdivisions of a large frond. They
vary from twenty to thirty centimeters long, even more,
and are apparently in right angle to the main rachis. The
secondary pinnjE, also in right angle, five to ten centimeters
long in the middle, become shorter towards the base, and
bear alternate leaflets, generally connate to the middle. To-
ward the upper part of the primary pinnse, the lobes become
connected in their whole length, and the secondary divisions

ODONTOPTEP.rS.

P. 137

pass into entire, oblong, obtuse pinnules, with a three or
four lobed terminal leaflet. The veins are distant, par-
allel at the base, curving downwards to the rachis, or joining
it in right angle, distinct, forking once. In the basilar
leaflets, whose shape is generally round, the distribution of
the veins is palmate from a central basilar point, as in 0.
alpina. The rachis of this species when flattened, is ex-
actly linear, and distinctly striate, like a leaf of Cordaites.
I have seen fragments of it, two and a half to three centi-
meters broad. F. 2, copied from Goepp., Gatt., 1. c, repre-
sents inflated leaflets which, as said above, were considered
formerly as fruiting parts of this species, but have been
more recently recognized as casual deformations due prob-
ably to the action of some insects. A similar inflation is
remarked on the borders of some pinnules of this species
in specimens from Morris.

Habitat — Tremont new vein, in large specimens. Found
also at the Tunnel vein, near the same place. St. Clairs-
ville, Ohio, in a Coal equivalent of the Pittsburgh Vein,
Mr. P. W. Emerson. More generally found in the upper
strata of the middle coal measures, rarely in the lower. It
has been obtained, however, by Mr. S. S. Strong, in the
shale above the coal of Morris, 111.

Odontoptekis subckenulata, 8p. nov.^ PI. XX/,
Figs. 5, 6.

O. crcii'ulata, Lcsqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1838, p. S60.

Frond bi-2?innate ; pirince linear-lanceolate ;
attacTied by tlie whole decurring base to the nar ow rachis^
disjointed^ rhomboidal^ obtuse or truncate^ dist- nctly cren-
nlate ; veins all from the rachis^ parallel a-' the base,
forlced from the middle, distant.

This S2:>ecies resembles 0. crenulata, Brgt., Bist. d. veg.
foss., p. 254, PI. 78, f. 1-2, but differs by its shorter broadly
obtuse leaflets, crenulate all around, not lanceolate, nor lo-
bate or deeply crenate at the apex. The larger pinnules, f.
6, about one centimeter long and nearly as large^ are broadly
obtuse, some of them obliquely truncate and pq'ially cren-

138 P. liEPORT OF PEOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ulate all around the borders. They are sessile by tlieir wliole
base and decurrent, bordering the rachis l)y a narrow mar-
gin. In the upi^er x)art of the primary pinnae, as seen f. 5,
the secondary divisions gradually pass to simple, linear-
lanceolate, obtuse pinnules, undulate on the borders by the
gradual shortening- of the lobes. They are distinctly crenate
and decurring as in f. 6. Brongniart's sj^ecies is closely re-
lated to 0. Brardii, to which it is united by some authors;
this one has its affinity to 0. Schlot/ieiml/, from which it
essentially differs by the crenulate borders. I have seen a
number of fj'agments of this plant, all from the same lo-
cality and with identical characters, the jDinnules only being
variable in size, according to the inferior or superior posi-
tion of the pinnae.

Habitat — The large specimen communicated by Mr. W.
Lorenz, chief engineer of the Philadelphia and Reading R.
R., is from Salem Yein, near Pottsville. The other is from
the Tunnel Yein below Tremont, same horizon Another
fragment found there also, represented, Atl., PL XVI, f.
11, and described with Neurojpteris creaulcuta, Brgt., has
a great affinity to this sx^ecies and may perhaps be referred
to it.

0D0^'T0PTERIS A13BREVIATA, Sp. nov.^ PI. XXI, Fig. 7.

P innately divided ; pinncB apparently open, parallel,
close ; pinnules alternate, oblong or sub-linear, obtuse, dis-
connected, rounded to the rachis and joined to it by a
broad base; borders undulately lobed, but entire ; costa
broad, gradually tliinning upioards and effaced below the
point ; veins diverging in an open angle from the midrib,
slightly curving towards the borders, forlted above the
middle.

The leaflets, nearly equal, gradually, slightly shorter to-
wards the top of the pinnae, average one and a half centi-
meters long and eight millimeters broad, at their base.
They preserve from the base to the top of tlie pinnae (ten
centimeters longj exactly the same form and size. Near
the base, they are a little enlarged into one pair of more

ODONTOPTERIS.

P. 139

distinctly marked lobes, then upwards merely nndulate and
then gradually entire to the obtuse apex. The veins are
distinct, twice as close as in 0. Scldothehnll^ to which the
species is comparable, and generally inflated from the mid-
dle to the borders, Atl., f. la. The parallel position of the
two branches indicates the fragment as detached from a
I)rimary pinna of large size.

Habitat — Pitts ton. Collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe. Spec-
imen No. 172, from Carbon Hill shaft, C vein.

Odontopteius spiienoptekoides, >S^. nov.^ PI. XX7,
Figs. 3-Jf.

Bip innate ; secondary pinnce lanceolate^ joined by a
narroio mar gin of the racMs, distant^ p innately deeply
lohed; lobes triangular^ acute^ deeply creiiate ; teins dis-
tant at the base^ more or less decurring^ either all from
the rachis and' parallel at the base^ or branching from a
middle decicrring nerve, forking once.

I have nothing of this species but the two fragments fig-
ured. By the narrow flat margin following the rachis and
uniting the pinnae ; by the attachment of the veins of some
of the lobes to a decurrent midrib, as seen f. 3, and by the
direction of the veinlets, each to the point of the teeth, the
species seem really referable to Sphenopteris. But in most
of the sub divisions, especially in those of f. 4, and also in
those of f. 3, when not very oblique, the emergence of the
veins from the rachis is clearly marked. Comimring f . 3 to
f. 2 of the same plate, a fragment doubtfully referable to
0. Brardii, whose rachis is also flattened along the borders,
whose veins are, some of them at least, joined to a more
inflated medial one, representing a costa, the relation be-
tween the two species is evident. It would amount to
identity, if the pinnules of f. 2 were crenulate. In both,
the x)inna) are short, three to four centimeters, divided in
about seven pairs of alternate lobes, more and more con-
nate towards the acute terminal pinnules, and the lower is
lobed on the inferior side.

Habitat — One of the specimens, communicated by Dr.

140 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Britts, is from Clinton, Mo. The other, more distinct, is in
a nodule from Mazon creek.

Odoxtopteris gp.acillima, Newb'y.

Oeol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. S82, PL 46, /. 1-3.

Frond h Ip Innate ; pinricB close^ long and narroio^ paral-
lel^ open; pinnules shorty rhomholdal, acute^ confluent to
the middle; mins strong., mostly three^ attached to the
rachis and parallel at the hase^ the central divided in three
brandies from the middle.

This species is remarkable by its narrow, very long, linear
pinnae, one of which, hgured, is fifteen and a half centime-
ters long, seven millimeters broad in the middle, slightly
and gradually narrower both toward the base and the apex.
The species is not less remarkable by its nervation. Of the
three veins, rarely four, Avliich, parallel at the base, ascend
in curving upwards towards the borders, the middle one,
stronger in the lower part, divides in three branches near
the middle, the two lateral branches being opposite, the
medial one ascending to the acute and scythe-shaped i^oint
of the pinnules.

The author remarks that the fertile pinnae are of the
same form, only relatively narrower, and that the fructifica-
tions are somewhat different from those of 0. Schlotheimli^
the entire surface of the fronds being covered with sori.'

This species is without relation to any other of the coal
measures. It resembles, by its narrow, long pinnae, Alethop-
teris serrula^ Lesqx. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 865, PI.
XII, f. 1, but the divisions of the pinnules and the nerva-
tion are of a far different character.

Habitat — Coal No. 1, (sub-conglomerate,) Youngstown,
Ohio.

Species insufficiently known.
Odontopteris brardleyi, Lesqx.

Geol. Bept. of III., IV, p. S90, Fl. VIII, f. 11.

F innately divided; pinnules distant., swMl^ lanceolate-
acuminate., rounded at the base and somewhat prolonged

ODONTOPTEKIS.

P. 141

on ilie inferior side, with a short, distinct pedicel ; middle
nerve either totally obsolete, or obscurely marlied from th,e
middle doioniDard ; veins thin, dichotomons, diverging
toivards the borders, distinct only under the removed epi-
dermis.

Until recently I had not seen any specimen which might
elucidate this species, described from a single leaflet, not
even preserved entire. Among the specimens communi-
cated lately by Mr. F. W. Emerson, there is a fragment of
a pinna, four and a half centimeters long, bearing six j)airs
of sub-opposite leaflets, the terminal one destroyed. It is
from this pinna that the diagnosis is made. The pin-
nules are distant, lanceolate, sharply acuminate, oblique-
\y truncate at the base, the superior basilar lobes being cut
obliquely, and the lower ones prolonged in the same direc-
tion. The surface is covered by a coating of coaly matter,
which obliterates the veins. The facies of the Fern is most
like that of Neuropteris acuminata, Brgt. ; but its leaflets
are not half as large. I do not believe, however, that it re^)-
resents a Neuropteris, at least the nervation, as far as it
can be discerned through the epidermis, is of the same tyi:)e
as in the pinnule flgured in the 111. Rept., 1. c. These frag-
ments may, however, belong to two different species.

Habitat — Concretion of Mazon creek, a single leaflet. —
Shale over the coal of St. Clairsville, Ohio, an upper coal.
The distribution of the fragments in the upper and lower
coal render their identily more doubtful.

OdONTOPTEKIS DEFOllMATA, ^p. IIOV.

Bi or trip innate ; primary pinnce long, linear -lanceo-
late, narroio ; secondary pinnce short, sessile, linear-lan-
ceolate; pinnules connate at the base only, becoming con-
fluent near the top, small, five to six millimeters long,
lanceolate, with a blunt apex; veins nearly straight, thin,
parallel, or slightly diverging, dichotonious.

The specimens representing this species are deformed by
contraction of the i^innules on one side, and expansion on
the other, as is often the case with the vegetable remains of

142 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the anthracite of Rhode Island. The general characters
agree with those of 0. Brardli. The pinnules, however,
are much smaller, of the same size about as those of 0.
minor ^ Brgt., and rather obtuse than acute. It is an inter-
mediate form of uncertain relation, esi^ecially on account
of the deformation of the remains.

Habitat — Mount Hope coal mines, near Newport, Rhode
Island, communicated by Mr. Jas. H. Clark. The speci-
mens from which the above diagnosis is made, are 0. 17 and
O. 57 of the collection of the Museum of Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge.

Lesleya, Lesqx.

PiniicB simple^ mry entire^ sub-lanceolate^ gradually
narrowing towards the base, traversed by a thick costa
effaced under the apex ; xeins oblique, curved, equal, re-
peatedly dicJiotomous.

This description is the exact translation of Brongniart's
diagnosis of the Genus Glossopteris, with the omission of
the last sentence, indicating the characters of the veins as'
being sometimes anatomosing or reticulate. On this Schim-
per remarks, Paleont. Yeget. 1, p. 644, that Brongniart, in
his Tableau des genres, considers the partial reticulation
of the veins marked only near the middle nerve, as the es-
sential character of this genus ; but that the description of
the nervation is not perfectl}^ exact, as the anatomoses are
not limited to the area bordering the rachis, but are seen too
near the borders, where they become only more rare.

The leaves described here under the above generic name
do not show any trace of anastomoses or reticulation of the
veins, not even in their connection to the rachis. It would,
therefore, be inappropriate to refer them to a group of
plants whose essential character is different, and which rep-
resents only species of the Indian and Australian Carbon-
iferous.

This genus is related by some of its characters to Neurop-
teris and by its venation of its fine species especially to

Megalojjteris.

LELLEYA.

P. 143

Lesley A ghandis, Sp. nov., PI. XXV, Figs. 1-3.

Leaves or pinnce apparently simple, broadly lanceolate,
ohtusely pointed, largest in the middle, gradually nar-
roioed to the base; borders entire or deeply split ; nerve
very thick, half round, thinning to near the point, where
it is effaced by dimsion ; veins dichotomous, moderately
curved in traversing the lamina, distinct.

The relation of this species, at least by its more marked
characters, is with Neuropteris. Excex)t for the strong
' round midrib, it should be referred to that genus. The
three fragments figured, the only ones seen until now, indi-
cate the leaf as simple and basilar. The largest, f. 1, finely
preserved, is twenty-two centimeters long, eight centime-
ters broad in the middle, narrowed nearly in the same
degree downward to the base, which seems to have been
slightly decurrent, and upward to an obtuse apex. This
leaf is entire, while that of f. 2, apparently in a more ad-
vanced state of decomposition, is more or less deeply split
along the borders, thus divided in lobes or lacinise of differ-
ent size. This splitting indicating a thin texture of the
laminae, is probably casual and mechanical, though the base
of the lacerations is in some places an obtuse, narrow
sinus, such as could result from the separation of the lobes
during the growth or development of the leaves. In any
case, it cannot be considered as a normal character. Others
and irregular erosions seen f. 1 and 3, have the borders also
smooth, like the sinuses of f. 2.

The lateral veins, exactly represented, do not fork as re-
I)eatedly as in species of Neiiropjteris: They are more equal,
less curved, slightly turning npwards near the borders,
where they number twenty-five to thirty per centimeter.

Habitat — Soft shaly sandstone, base of the Chester Lime-
stone. Communicated by Prof. A. H. Worthen.

DiCTYOPTERIS, Gutb.

Frond bipinnate; pinnides cordate, truncate or rounded
at the base, sessile or short pedi celled, oblong-obtuse or

144 P. r.EPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

lanceolate^ entire; veins Jlexuous^ connected by flexures
and intersections^ forming a more or less distinct and
close reticulation of polygonal meshes.

This genus is, like the former, intimately allied to Neu-
ropteris. As seen from Dictyopteris rubella, AtL, PI.
XXIII, f. 7-10, the more common forms of species of Neu-
ropteris^ are represented in it, either by small oblong ob-
tuse pinnules, f. 8, similar by size and shape, even by the
short pedicel, to the lateral leaflets of Neuropteris capi-
tata^ f. 1, of the same plate ; or by lanceolate pinnules,
truncate at the point of attachment, with undulate borders
like those of Iseuropteris gihhosa, AtL, PL YI, f. 2, while
the cyclopterid character is clearly seen in f. 10 of the same
plate. The reticulation of the lateral veins is more or less
close and distinct in the different species of Dictyopteris^
but generally the veins may be followed in their direction
towards the borders and the undulations seen coming close
to each other, often without connection of the flexures.
This character is represented for Sclieuchzeri, in Roem.,
Paleont., YIII, PL XXI, f. 12. I have given also an en-
larged figure of the same distribution of the veins of D.
rubella, in Rept. of 111., 1. c. Sometimes indeed the undu-
lations of the veins are short and joined at their angles,
and the veinlets pass across either above or under them,
and thus multijjly the meshes. It is the case in D. obliqua.
But I have not seen any real anastomosing of the veins,
even upon specimens of the species, and really the affinity
of venation between Dictyopteris and Neuropteris species
is so great that, as remarked in the description of N. Los-
cJiii^ some leaflets representing Dictyopteris by the reticu-
lation of the veins, are intermixed upon the same pinna
with others positively referable to N. Loschii, by their
venation. Poemer regards his B. cordata as identical with
Neuropteris cordata. Brgt., a mistake probably, caused
by considering as veinlets the hairs attached to the lower
surface of some Neuropteris, like N. cordata, or N. decijy-
iens, which, often close and thick, stamp the counter-im-
pressions upon the shale by linear grooves similar to those

DICTYOPTERIS.

P. 145

of anastomosing veinlets. Brongniart, in liis Tableau des
genres, remarks the I'elation of this genus to Neuropteris,
Gutbier, its author, pkices it after JSfeuTojyteris^ mention-
ing, however, the affinity of the venation to that of Loncli-
opterls. Schiniper in liis Handbuch der paleont., 1879, sepa-
rates the Dlctyopterids as a sub-group of the Neiiropterids^
under the name of DictyoReuropterids, while he admits in
Dictijopteris the Ferns only whose areolation is composed
by true anastomosis of the veins, like Caiyiptopteris^ Dicty-
copliyLlwm Clathropteris, etc.

DiCTYOPTERis RUBELLA, Lesqx.^ PI. XXIII, 11 gs. 7-10.

GeoL Bept. of III., IV, p. 888, PL VII, f. 2-6. Schp., Paleont. Veget., Ill,
p. 514.

Frond M or tripinnate ; plnnce linear -lanctolate ; pin-
nules ope7i, either cyclopterids, large, sessile, deeply cor-
date-aur iculate ; or of middle size, distant, lanceolate, oh-
tusely acnminate, sub-truncate, or abruptly ro un ded at base,
to a short enlarged petiole ; or, as tertiary leaflets, small
oblong-obtuse ; midrib basilar or none; reins dichotom-
oiLS and flabellate from the base, arched towards the bor-
ders, irregularly undulating, and forming, by contact of
the flexures, rliombo id-oval reticulations.

The specimens figured represent the three more distinct
forms of this specie, relating it, as said above, to si3ecies of
Neuropteris from which it differs only by the reticulation
resulting from the undulation of the veins. F. 10 is a
Cyclopteris with a deeply cordate-auricled base, indicating
its attachment either to a primary racliis or to the j^oint
of division of the jiinnse. F. 9 has leaflets four and a half
centimeters long, one and a half centimeters broad at the
truncate or rounded base, similar to those of Neuropteris
vermicular i s and other species. They are only more dis-
tinctly scythe-shaped. This character seen upon the pin-
nules of other species of Dictyopteris is not marked on
those of the tertiary pinna, f. 8, whose oblong-obtuse
leaflets, a little longer than one centimeter, are slightly con-
tracted in the middle, resembling those of Neuropteris
10 P.

146 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

tenui folia. The reticulation is formed by contact or merely
by the ajDproach of the flexures of the undulating veins,
which become free and separated towards the borders.

As remarked in the first description of this species, Geol.
Eex)t. of 111., 1. c, the epidermis or the substance of the
pinnules has become, by maceration, easily separable from
the stone in thin lamellae. Whole pinnules have been ob-
tained in that way, without any earthy substance adhering
to them and half pellucid, showing the disposition of the
veins clearly exposed by microscopical examination. An
enlarged representation of the venation as seen through the
microscope, PI. YIII, f. 6, 1. c. could not be given on our
plate from want of space. The peculiar red color of the
ei3idermis and its easy separation from the stone, in all the
specimens obtained, prove their reference to the same
species. They were moreover all cut from the same block
of shale.

Hahitat — Murphy sborough. 111., low coal.

DiCTYOPTERIS OBLIQUA, Bwib'y.^ PI. XXIII., FlQS. Jf-6.

Bunh'y., Coal Form, of Cape Breton, Quart. Journ., Ill, p. ^27, PI.
XXII, f. 2. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a., 1858, p. 861 (excl. PL VIII, f. 6).
Geol. Rept. of Arks., p. 313, PI. V,f. 10. Schp., Paleont. Veget., 1, p. 618.

Frond h l-p innate ; pinnce linear ; pinnides linear or ob-
long-oMuse, more or less distinctly scythe- shaped, sub-
cordate at base; mins closely reticulate.

The pinnules of this species, attached to a narrow rachis
by the base of the costa only, are very deciduous and gen-
erally found scattered and free from the rachis, though
sometimes extremely numerous. The leaflets, one to two
centimeters long, six to seven millimeters broad, are a little
more prolonged on one side of the base, according to their
direction. For though generally in right angle to the rachis,
they incline either upwards or downwards and the enlarg-
ing of the base of the leaflets is opposite to that inclination,
as seen on the branch f. 6. The leaflets vary in size merely,
and this, even comparatively little ; for the smallest I have
seen, figured in Arks. Rept., 1. c, is one centimeter long
and half as broad. The reticulation of the veins is always

MEGALOPTERIS.

P. 147

close and distinct ; tlie costa, distinct to above the middle, is
formed by the prolongation and close aj^position of the
base of the lateral veins, as seen f . 5.

In Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, I referred to this species and
there fignred, PI. VIII, f. 6, a fragment which does not
seem to belong to it. The venation is somewhat similar or
reticnlate by the undulation of the veins ; but as I have
observed the same character in leaflets of si3ecies of Odon-
topteris and Neurojpteris^ I now consider this fragment
referable to 0. Schlotlielinil.

Habitat — The whole extent of the coal measures from
the sub-conglomerate to the upper beds of the middle coal,
the Pittsburgh and St. Clairsville veins. It is also present
through the whole area of the coal fields. Abounds at
Trevorton where I have found a stratum of shale so thickly
intermixed with leaflets of this si:)ecies that it appeared as
merely composed of them ; also at the Salem vein, near
Pottsville. Rare in the sub-conglomerate coal of Arkan-
sas ; more abundant in the nodules of Mazon creek, 111. ;
in the shale of Cannelton, Pittston, Wilkesbarre, Pa.; at
Clinton, Mo. ; also in the coal of Rhode Island, etc.

Feiws of uncertain relation.

In this group I x^lace the gewevn. Megalopteris, Daws., re-
lated to Neuropteris by the nervation and to Aletliopteris
by the position of the leaflets, decurring on the rachis ;
Tceniopteris^ Brgt., which is diversely considered by the
authors in regard to place and affinity ; Ner iopteris^ Newb' y ;
Danoeites, Goepp. ; Ortliogonlopter is, Andrews, and Pro-
tohleclinitm^ Lesqx., whose relation to the two first of the
above genera is considered in the descriptions. I place in
this group also a remarkable leaf, Idiopliyllum, related by
its general character to Phlehopteris {Bictyopliylluni) Nil-
soni, Brgt., and by its peculiar nervation to Dictyopteris.

Megaloptekis, Daws.

Fronds very large^ simply pinnate ; ultimate pinnce {or
pinnules) oblique, suhlinear or lanceolate, entire, tlie lower

148 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

side broadly decurreiit on the racliis^ which thus becomes
alate, the upper narrowed in a curve, confluent; midrih
thicli ; canuliculate on the upper surface, half cylhulrical
on the loioer, gradually narrowed but distinct to the apex
of the learns ; veins open, emerging from the rachis in a
more open angle of divergence, curving upwards in reach-
ing the borders, close, dichotomous.

Except for the characters of the venation, this genus is
not separable from Danceopsis, Heer. The veins are more
oblique, much thinner, dichotomous, generally forking once
near the base, and one of the branches or both forking
again near the border.

Megalopteris Southwellii, Sp. nov., PI. XXIV, Fig. 1.

Frond very large ; rachis half round ; pinnules linear
or oblong, abruptly rounded to a short acumen; costa very
thicli, continuous, veins open, curved down in joining the
rachis and inclined upwards towards the borders, dicho-
tomous, thin, close, distinct.

This species is indeed a magnificent one, by the size of
the pinnjB of which a small fragment only could be figured.
The sketch of part of one of the largest, made in place by
Mr. Southwell, who discovered the remains, is eleven and
a half centimeters broad, about in the middle, with a half
round costa, twelve millimeters thick. Another sketch of
the terminal portion of a pinna shows the upper leaflets
seventeen centimeters long from the base of the midrib to
the apex and only three centimeters broad. According to
this, and by comparison, the largest leaflets should have
measured fifty to sixty centimeters in length. It is not
surprising that notwithstanding active researches this plant
could be obtained only in fragments. The upper pinnae
are disposed about like those of f. 2, the main rachis be-
coming gradually narrower, passing up to the apex of a
terminal pinnule of same form and size as the lateral ones.
The lateral veins are gradually in a more open angle of
divergence to the rachis, in descending towards the base
of the leaflets, and thus are nearly in right angle upon the

MEGALOPTERIS.

P. 149

decurrent base which tapers downwards to the point of
connection with the upper border of the inferior pinnule,
joining it quite near the rachis.

Habitat — Low^er beds of the Coal Measures, sub-conglom-
erate, near Port Byron, 111., Mr. J. II. Southwell.

Mkgalopteris IIaktii, Andrews.

GeoL Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 4I6, PI. XLVI,f. 1.

Ultimate pinncB atternate, ohtique^ linear -lanceolate., ob-
tuse, broadly decurrent ; medial nerve flat, dissolved beloio
the apex; neins numerous and fine, in an acute angle of
divergence, dichotomous, curved in passing to the borders.

From the former species this one evidently differs by the
obtuse leaflets, the flat midrib and the lateral veins in a
more acute angle of divergence. The average size of the
pinnules is one and a half centimeters wide and ten centi-
meters long ; the terminal leaflet is shorter and narrower.
The author describes the margin of this species as some
times distantly and irregularly crenate. Tnis is probably
a casual appearance caused by laceration or maceration of
the borders as in all the species known until now the mar-
gins are positively entire.

Habitat — Base of the coal measures near Rushville, Ohio.
Discovered by the a,uthor, with all the other specimens de-
scribed from that locality.

Megalopteris minima, Andrews.

Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 4I6, PL XLVIII, f. 1-3.

Pinnules smaller, lanceolate, obtusely acuminate ; veins
more open and less numerous.

Except that the size of the fronds and pinnae is smaller,
the species has about the same characters as the former ;
the veins are only more open, more distant and distinct.

Habitat — Same as the former.

Megalopteris ovata, Andrews.

Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. ^17, PL XLVII, f. 1, 2.

Pinnules sliort, ovate, or broadly lanceolate, obtuse;
venation same as in the former species.

150 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The pinnules are broader and comparatively shorter. It
is the essential difference which separates this form from M.
minima. The author remarks that in the decurrent lam-
inae, the veins become more open and nearly in right angle
to the rachis. This character is observable upon all the
species of this genus. It results from the deviation of the
decurring borders from the normal line. In unequilateral
pinnae, as in those of M. ahhrevlata^ the angle of divergence
is different upon each side of the pinnules.

Habitat — Same as the former species.

Megalopteris fasciccjlata, noT).^ PI. XXIV, Fig. ^.

Pinnules comparatively small, lanceolate, equally nar-
roioed to the acuminate point and to the decurring base ;
m idrib narroio, continuoiis ; lateral veins on an acute angle
of divergence, distinctly curved upioards in reaching the
borders, more distant and thicker than in M. Southwellii.

This fine fragment appears to represent a young frond
preserved in its integrity. The lower pinnules are like fas-
ciculate, or two or three-lobed by forking of the medial
nerve at their base, a division very similar to that of I{eu-
ropteris fasciculata, f. 6, of the same plate. These lower
pinnules are not decurrent, but the rachis becomes winged,
and its borders veined lengthwise by parallel fascicles of
vessels derived from the central axis, as in the basilar stalks
of some fronds.

This species differs already from 31. Southwellii by the
venation ; for according to the remarks of the discoverer,
the veins in this last species become more distant propor-
tionally to the size of the leaves, hence the greater distance
of the veins on small pinnules, like those of this Fern, should
already authorize a specific separation. But there is also a
marked difference in the size of the pinnules and in their
form ; for in this species, the leaflets are truly lanceolate,
gradually narrowed to a sharp and long acumen, while in
M. Southwellii, the pinnules are linear, narrowed in round-
ing to a very short point.

MEGALOPTERIS.

P. 15]

JIabUat— Lower beds of the coal measures of Ills., Mr.
I. H. Southwell.

MeCxALOpteris abbreviata, Sp. nov. PI. XXIV, Fig. 3.

Flnnce ovate, rapidly narroioed and rounded to the apex,
broadly decur rent ; midrib narrow; veins thin, close, dlch-
otomous and distinct.

Comparing also this species with M. Bouthwellii, it differs
by the size and shape of the pinnules, which, much shorter,
are ovate, narrowed to a short acumen. The midrib is nar-
rower ; the venation is of the same character.

Habitat — With the former.

Megalopteris lata, Andrews

Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 417, PL XLVII, f. 3, 3a.

Pinnules large, sometimes bif urcate above the middle by
the splitting of the medial nerve, veins less curded than in
the former species.

The author, comparing this form to M. Dawsoni, Hart,
Acad. Geol., "^d, Ed., p. 550, remarks that it differs by the
surface not rugose, the veins less divided and less curved.

In the number of species described above we have, it
seems, two peculiar types, especially differing by the size
of the midrib. It may be, however, that the specimens
obtained from Illinois represent the under surface of the
leaflets, with a half round large costa, while those obtained
in Ohio show the upper surface with the medial nerve flat-
tened. Of M. Daiosonl, Hart, the author, says that the
midrib is thick, and shows a strong tendency to sx)lit up
obliquely to the rachis. From the flgures, however, the
midrib is very thin, indeed not marked at all. The general
characters of the species described either by Prof. Andrews,
from Ohio specimens, or by myself, from fragments received
from Mr. Southwell, appear remarkably similar in each
peculiar group. Adding this to the uncerta^inty about the
exact conformation of the midrib, it would not be amiss to
supjjose that we have here only two species, represented
each by the specimens of the two localities, the fragments

152 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

under divers forms and size, being referable to the various
parts of the plants ; some to old fully unfolded fronds ;
others to young and basilar ones.

Though it may be, in regard to the specification of the frag-
ments, it is certain that they pertain to a group of ferns
which, at the beginning of the carboniferous epoch, repre-
sents this family by plants as remarkable by their magni-
tude as by the elegance and the beauty of their forms. No
types in the successive developments of the vegetation of
the Ferns of the coal seem comparable to that of the Lesley a
and the Megalopteris.

MeGALOPTERIS ? MARGINATA, Sj)- '^'^ov. PI. XXIV^ Fig. Jf.

Pinnules fasciculate at the top of tlie fronds.^ lanceo-
late^ acuminate^ gradually narrowed doionward ; borders
reflexed; medial nerve narrow, hut tJiicJc and distinct,
precurrent ; veins oMique, distant, forliing twice, moder-
ately curved in passing to the borders.

The only specimen received of this species is figured. It
represents the upper part of a pinna or of a frond with
four pinnules, whose base is destroyed. They occupy the
same position as those of f. 2, of the same plate, and from
their direction towards a common axis, they appear to be
joined to the rachis, like the divisions of the fronds of
Megalopteris ; for the shape of these leaflets and the vena-
tion are also of analogous character. The pinnules, larger
above the middle, are narrowed to a short, slightly trun-
cate acumen, formed by the prolongation of a thick costa be-
yond the borders, which, reflexed as they are, do not en-
tirely cover its top. The duplication of the borders is much
like the marginal folding, covering the fructifications of
some Ferns of our time — Pteris, Pellcea, etc. It is, however,
more regular, and though the doubled borders can be sep-
arated in fragments, they do not seem to cover any fruiting
organs ; at least, close and repeated examinations have failed
to show under them any trace of sporanges, but merely
fragments of a very thin i^ellucid, narrow membrane. The
marginal mode of fructification, if positively ascertained,

T^NIOPTEPwIS.

P. 153

would refer these Ferns to Aletlioiiteris^ a genns to which
Megalopteris is related also by the decurring base of the
pinnules, forming prolonged wings along the rachis.

The substance of the leaves of this species is compara-
tively thick ; the veins distant, more oblique still than in
M. fasciculata ; the pinnules are also shorter and broader.
However, the facies of the remains representing these two
forms is so much alike, that, if any trace of fructitications
had been observed, I should have considered the fragments
as referable to the same species, for there is often an ap-
preciable difference in the characters, venation, sub-divis-
ions of the pinnules, etc., between the sterile and fertile
fronds of the same kind of Ferns.

Habitat — Lower carboniferous near Port Byron, 111. Mr.
Southwell.

T^NIOPTEKIS, Bi'gt.

Fronds simple^ large, linear ; medial nerve {rachis)
canaliculate^ strong ; veins opeii^ or in right angle, thin,
forJcing a little above the base or more generally simple^
parallel, sometimes joined to a marginal nerve ; f ructifi-
cations miknown.

The species formerly admitted in this genus by authors
are distributed now, Schp., Paleont, veget., I, p. 600, in the
Grenera Tceniopteris, for species of the Permian and Permo-
Carboniferous ; Angiopteridium, Schp., for those of the
Jurassic, mostly of East India; Marattiopsis, Schp., for
one only, tertiary ; Oleandridium^ Schp. , for triasic and
tertiary species ; Macrotceniopteris, for those of the Lias
and Oolithe, some of them also Australian and East In-
dian ; and Danceopsis, Heer, for two Triassic plants. From
this it appears that no species of Tceniopteris has been
found until now in the true carboniferous measures, or be-
low the New-red (Permo-Carboniferous.)

TyENioPTEPvis Smitiiit, Lcsqx., PI. XXV. Fig, 7.

Oeol. Hept. of Ala., 1875, p. 78 {mentioned).

Fronds simple^ large^ linear ; midrib broad, canalicu-

154 P. KEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

late in the middle^ flat on the borders ; veins in right
angle, very thin and close, distinct, parallel, mostly simple.

A fine and remarkable species known only by the frag-
ment figured. The width of the leaf, nearly five centime-
ters broad, indicates its length at fifteen centimeters. The
fragment is nearly linear, a little more enlarged toward the
lower i^art; the borders are perfectly entire, slightly inflated
as by a marginal nerve, lacerated only by maceration and
erosion ; the substance is thin. The veins are in right angle
to the broad midrib or rachis, mostly simple, rarely forking
once near the base, three to four per millimeter, contiguous,
scarcely varying in their horizontal direction from the point
of attachment to the border.

T'. multinerms, Weiss., {T. carhonaria, Schp.), has some
afl&nity to this Fern. The veins of the European species
are more distant, distinctly curved down to the rachis, more
divided, and the costa or rachis not channeled.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate measures of Alabama. Lo-
cality not indicated. The sj)ecimens sent for determination
by Prof. Eug. A. Smith were without labels. But except
a few fragments of Lepidodendron from the Anthracite of
Wilkesbarre, all the others were positively from the Ala-
bama coal fields. The stone whereupon this leaf is pre-
served is of the same nature and compound as that of a
number of other specimens from Helena coal mines.

NE:iiioPTERis, Newb'y.

Geol, Bept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. 878.

Frond p>iRnate or b i-p innate ; rachis strong, punctate ;
pinnules lanceolate, simple, entire ; medial nerve strong,
extending from base to summit ; secondary veins given off
at an acute angle, numerous, simple or forked at the base,
parallel, equal ; fructifications marginal.

NePvIopteris lanceolata, Newby.

Geol. Rein, of Ohio, I, p. 881, PI. XLV,f. 1-3.

Frond pinnate or bi-pinnate ; pinnules diverging from
the rachis at an acute angle, lanceolate, acute, rounded to

ORTHOGOmOPTERIS.

P. 155

the point of attacliment, sessile or short petioled; midrib
strong, straight, percurrent ; veins coming out from the
rachis at an acute angle of divergence, slightly curved at
the base, crowded, simple or forked near the base, parallel
and equal.

The author says of this species, that it is, by some of its
characters, similar to Phyllopteris antiqua, Daws. Acad.
GeoL, 2d Ed., p. 484, f. 166 E, diifering by the nervation
which in the Ohio species has an equal degree of affinity
to Alethopteris and Toeniopteris. Comparing the upper
part of the pinnules, as figured by the author, to the frag-
ment of Atl., PI. XXIY, f. 4, the similarity of shape is
striking ; the flexure of the borders is the same, the leaflets
are only more distinctly acuminate in this last figure. The
affinity is eliminated by the great difference in the venation
which in our jjlant is of the Megalopteris type, while from
the figure of Dr. Newberry, the veins are straight, simple,
though slightly oblique and parallel. The author remarks
that the enlarging f. 3, does not correctly represent the vena-
tion, the veins being forked at the base and somewhat curved
at their point of junction to the rachis. Even with this cor-
rection, the venation of both species seems of a different
character; for indeed, that of Megalopteris fasciculata\^
positively of the same type as in the other described forms
of the genus, while Dr. Newberry compares the venation
of his species to that of Tceniopteris. As the base and mode
of attachment of the leaflets of M. fasciculata is not known,
a definite comparison of these two j)lants cannot be made.

Habitat — Base of the coal measures. Coal No. 1, of Sum-
mit Co., Ohio. Discovered by the author.

Ortiiogoniopteris, Andrews.

Geol. JRept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 4I8.

Frond simply pinnate ; pinnules alternate, lanceolate
or oblong -linear, rounded and tapering to an acute point,
enlarged and decurrent on the lower side to an auricle
rounded in the upper part in joining the lamina a little
above its point of attachment to the rachis ; medial nerve

156 P. JJEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

thicks ascending to the apex; nenmles fine and numerous^
uniform^at right angle to the midrib^ decurring to it at the
point of attachment^ for Jt iiig once near the base.

From the remarks of the author, this genus is allied to
TcBniopteris^ Brgt., Angiopteridum, Schp., and Neriop-
teris^ Newb'y, having more the character of Dancea than
any of the Pecopterids of the coal measures. It is how-
ever allied to Alethopteris by the decurrent base of the
leaflets.

OiiTHOGONioPTERis CLARA, Andrews.

Geol. Bept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 419, PL L,/. 1, la.

Specific characters same as those of tlie genus.

This fine Fern is represented by two fragments of a same
])inna thirty-seven centimeters long, linear obtuse in outline.
The pinnules diverging from the rachis at an angle of 25°, are
nine to eleven centimeters long, two centimeters wide, par-
allel, close, imbricated on the borders, linear to near the
top where they taper in a curve to a more or less definite
point ; borders undulate or slightly revolute ; nervation of
the genus.

Habitat — Base of the Coal measures in Perry county,
near Rushville, Ohio.

Ortiiogoniopteris Gilbert!, Andrews.

Geol. Bept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 42O, PI. L,/. 2.

Character of genus.

Differs from the preceding by a relatively stronger rachis,
the X)inn8e of a thicker substance, shorter, lanceolate, more
distant ; the medial nerve not as thick and the veins fine,
closer, less curved toward the margin which is somewhat
thickened. The pinnules are about six centimeters long,
fifteen millimeters broad.

Habitat — Same as the former.

Danjeites, Goepp.

Fronds pinnate; secondary veins coming out in right
angle from the primary straight nerve^ simple or dicho-

p. 157

tomous ; sporanges on the lower side of the lamina^ placed
in rows from the medial nerve to near the borders along
the lateral veins, oval or ll)iear, exannulate.

From the delinition of the genus as admitted by Schim-
per, the fronds of the Danoiites are merely pinnate, as they
are also in all the living species of Dancea. Goeppert how-
ever, Syst., p. 380, PL XIX, 1 4, 5, describes as Danceites
asplenioides, a species whose frond is at least bi-j)innate
and whose sub-divisions are evidently Pecopterid This
species, by its fructifications, does not ap^jear related to
Dancea, the sporanges being merely oval, placed near the
midrib, and not distinctly in continuous rows as they are in
living Ferns of the genns. Danceites Schlotheimil, Deb. and
Ett., Acrob. d. Keide., p. 22, PL III, f. 1, a Cretaceous
plant, has a marked relation to species of Dancea by its
simply pinnate fronds, its fructification and the venation,
and D. flrmus, Heer., FL Arct., I, p. 81, PL XLIV, f. 20-
22, also Cretaceous, has its fronds pinnate or bi-pinnate and
its fructifications marked by a grouj) of oval sporanges in
juxtaposition to the midrib. In two of the Danceites,
therefore, there is a difference in the characters of the spo-
ranges and also in the divisions of the fronds from the gen-
eral type as known from living Ferns. Considering that
the sx)ecies described here, has by its fructification a re-
markable concordance of character with those of the sx-)ecies
of Dancea of our time, its placement into this genus seems
legitimate, though the frond is at least tripinnate, not sim-
ple. By this character and by the venation this plant is re-
lated to Callipteridium or to Alethopteris.

Dan^ites Emersoni, Sp. nov., PI. XXVIII, Fig. 1-3.

Frond very large, tripinnate ; primary plnnce lanceo-
late; secondary divisions linear -lanceolate, variable in
length hecoming gradually shorter toward the apex ; pin-
nnles oblong, very obtnse, connate near the base, the 'upper
ones to the middle, in joining the terminal ovate obtuse
leaflet ; midrib thicJc, abruptly effaced near the apex ; veins
slightly oblique, simple or forking once, strong and close ;

158 P. IIEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

fructifications in linear series of sporanges passing in
an upward curve from the midrih to the entire borders.

The substance of this Fern is coriaceous; the surface is a
thick epidermis, covering and partly obliterating the vena-
tion which is distinctly seen only where this epidermis is
erased. The general facies of the plant is that of an Ale-
thopteris. Indeed by the division and forms of the leaf-
lets, it has the greatest affinity to A. Serlii and to Callip-
teridium Sidlivantil. F. 2 is part of a large specimen,
thirty centimeters long, with broad rachis, one centimeter .
at the base, bearing alternate, sub-linear pinnae, the lower
ones fertile, longest in the middle, eight centimeters, grad-
ually shorter downwards, the upper ones sterile also grad-
ually shorter, becoming simple pinnules towards the apex
as in all the species of Alethopterids. The specimen is a
counterpart of the lower side of the pinnse, deeply im-
pressed into the stone, the fructifications being partly left
attached to the matter in continuous, linear, somewhat
broad rows of sporanges, covered by the thick epidermis,
which, when removed, leaves the stone marked as f. 2a.
The intervals between the pointed lines separate the series
of agglomerated sporanges, distinct on the borders of the
linear zones by points or small indentations, as seen on the
pinnules of the left side of f. 2a. The form of the pinnules
is the same in the fertile as in the sterile pinnae ; they are
oblong, very entire, obtuse, variable in length and width,
according to their position, the largest one in f. 1, being two
centimeters near the base of the pinnae, gradually shorter to
eight millimeters under the terminal leaflets. The veins are
thick, parallel and verj^ close, as joined to each other along
the borders, simj^le or forking near the base ; no trace of
veins is discernible uj^on the fertile leaflets.

Habitat — Shale above the Coal of St. Clairsville, equiva-
lent of the Pittsburgh bed. Communicated in numerous
specimens by Mr. P. W. Emerson of that place.

DAN^ITES.

P. 159

Dan^ites macropiiyllus, {Newh'y^) Lesqx.^ PI. XXV^

Figs.

Alethopteris macrophylla, Neivb^y, Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p.
S83, PL XLVIII,f. S, 3a.

Frond pinnate ; pinnoe or pinnules suhlinear, narrowed
into a deltoid slightly oMuse apex; borders undulate or
irregularly scalloped; hase ohUquely deeply cordate;
medial nerve straiglit; lateral veins in r ight angle to the
costa^ scarcely curved dowmoard in reaching it^ crowded
and numerous., very finCs simple or forking once.

This definition is that of Dr. Newberry, with scarcely any
modifications, and agrees so well with the characters of the
fragments represented in our plate that it is not possible to
doubt identity, the only difference being that the Ohio leaves
are slightly refiexed on the borders, while they are flat in
ours. The veins are so fine, so exactly in right angle to
the midrib, and so little divided, that at first sight the plant
seems referable to Tceniopteris. But in this genus, the
fronds or pinnae are simple, while the shape of the base of
the pinnules indicates those of this species as evidently
pinnate. Its relation to the Alethopterids is contradicted
by the unequal, deeply cordate base of the leafiets, a char-
acter which is not seen in any of the pinnules of this group ;
and also by the large size of the leaves and their nervation,
the fragments indicating ultimate pinnse ten to twelve cent-
imeters long, and two to two and a half centimeters broad.
Their lamina is irregularly scalloped or cut on the borders,
as the leaves of some species of Tceniopteris. By the large
size of the leaflets, and by their venation, this fossil Fern
is related to Dancea. Some species of this genus bear sim-
* pie pinnae, prolonged at the base into an obtuse auricle, as
in the fragment, AtL, f. 4.

Hab itat — Youngs town low coal, No. 1 of the Ohio Geol.
Rept. ; same horizon as Talmadge, the locality where Dr.
Newberry obtained his specimens,

Idiophyllum, Lesqx.
Leaves small^ rounds or broadly obovate ; medial nerve

160 P. REPOliT OF PROGRESS. LKO LESQUEIiKUX.

thick, gradually narrowed and effacing in joinirig the
borders ; lateral secondary veins sub-opposite^ thick, pass-
ing in an inside curve towards the borders, gradually ef-
faced in the reticulation ; venules more or less continuous;
sometimes crossing each other in contrary directions, and
forming, by intersections, regularly quadrate or rhom-
hoidal meshes.

The leaf, the only one for which the genus is established,
is, by its peculiar areolation, related to Dictyophyllum,
LI. & Hutt., and might be described under this name, but
for the pinnate character of the leaves of all the specie re-
ferred to this last division. The English authors remark
that the name DictyopTLyUum, may be advantage-ously
employed for the description of fragments of doubtful
character referred to Ferns, leaving that of Phyllites for
those j)osirively dicotyledonous ; and that other names may
be invented for plants showing remarkable jDeculiarities in
the arrangement of the veins, etc.

The only fragment figured to which this leaf may be com-
pared, is that in St., Fl. d. Yorw., 1, PL XLII, f. 3, which,
with f. 2, named Fhillites, pertain to the louver Lias of
Hoer, Scandinavia. F. 2 is referred by Scliimper to Dicty-
ophyllum Nillsoni, and is evidently part of a pinnate-lobate
leaf ; f . 3 is not mentioned or described anywhere. It shows
only one side, the half of an oval entire leaf, w^ith secondary
veins oblique, joarallel, and close. The strong nervules,
about as distant as the veins, are in right angle and simple,
passing parallel through the areas between the veins, form-
ing a large quadrate areolation. I think that it would be
advisable to refer Sternberg's plant to the same generic
division; for the nervation is like that of our leaf, and if the
mostly destroyed side had the same character as the pre-
served part, the whole would represent an oval, entire leaf,
and the generic relation Avould then be confirmed.

IdIOPIIYLLUX R0TUXDIF0LIU3r, PI. XXIII, Fig. 11.

Pinnule nearly round, more enlarged at tJie very obtuse
nearly truncate apex; borders entire, nervation as de-
scribed for the genus.

IDIOPHYLLUM.

P. 161

The leaf, attached to a racMs by its rounded base, or by
the thickened base of the costa, is four centimeters long,
four and a half centimeters broad in the upper part, where
it is somewhat shrunk by compression of the upper border
into the stone. The characters of the secondary veins indi-
cate it as entire all around, the primary nerve becoming grad-
dually thinner to near the border, where it is effaced, and
the lateral, parallel, secondary veins (four pairs) curved up-
wards, being also gradually narrowed, and effacing close to
the border in the same manner as the midrib. The tertiary
divisions are real nervilles, though, by their direction, they
appear as branches of the lower secondary veins. They
are parallel, thick, generally continuous, passing over the
secondary nerves, or sometimes curving back, and re-cross-
ing the areas in a contrary direction, thus composing regu-
lar quadrangular, or broadly rhomboidal meshes, as seen
on the left side of the figure. The peculiar character of the
venation seems, therefore, more intimately related to that
of the fragments f. 3, PI. XLII, of St., 1. c, than to any of
the species of Phlehopteris or Dictyopliyllum described by
the authors. At first sight the likeness of this fossil frag-
ment to some dicotyledonous leaves is striking. None of
the Ferns of our time have any relation to it. The large
meshes, either simple or double by the crossing of the
nervilles, do not show any trace of intermediate areolation
like that observed in Clathropterls.

Habitat — Mazon creek in nodules, lowest strata of the
middle coal measures, close upon the Millstone Grit ; com-
municated by Mr. S. S. Strong. The preservation of this
leaf, that of species of Spirangluvi^ and of a number of
other vegetable remains never seen anywhere else in the
Coal measures of this continent or of Europe, seem to prove
that a large number of the plants of the Coal measures, those
of a thin substance, easily destroyed by maceration, have,
as yet, escaped research, and that a limited portion only
of the remarkably rich flora of the coal is known to bota-
nists.

11 P

162 p. report of progress. leo lesquereux.

Alethopterids.
To tliis group, intermediate between t\\Q Weuropterids and
Pecoptericls^ are referred the genera Lescaropterls, Callip
teridium, AletJiopterls and ProtohlecJinum.

Lescuropteris, ScMmp.^ PaJeont. Veget. i, p. ^65.
Fronds large^ tripinnate ; racliis hroad^ foliate ; plii-
ncB pinnatifid^ close, oblique; divisions ovate, acute, in-
clined' outside, connate to the middle, decurrent to the
rachis ; pr imary nerve thin, dlchotomous ; lower pairs of
lateral veins emerging from the rachis, the other alternate-
ly from the midrib, forking twice, the upper forking once
or simple.

This genus, related to Odontopterls by the mode of attach-
ment of the lateral veins, and to Neuropterls by their direc-
tion is, according to Schimper's remarks, distinguished at
first sight from all the Ferns of the Carboniferous by its
peculiar nervation. He compares the species on which the
genus is established to Odontopterls alplna, and says that,
from the distribution of the veins, it might be referred to
the same division.

Lescuropteris Moorii, Sclip., PI. XXVI, Fig. 1, la.

Neuropteris Moorii, Lesqx., Boston Journ., S. N. H., v. VT, p. 419.
Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 860, pi. XIX, f. 1.

The specific characters are those of the genus.

The thick rachis, obscurely striate, is winged by the in-
terposition of half round leaflets between the base of the
sessile decurrent pinnae, joined to the rachis by the enlarged
base of the lower pinnules, or by small, irregular subdivis-
ions. The pinnae, in an open angle of divergence, are long,
ten to twelve centimeters, nearly one and a half centimeters
broad in the middle, a little narrower near the base, also
gradually narrowing to a terminal oval, very small leaflet,
scarcely two millimeters long, and half as broad. The broad
secondary rachis, two millimeters at its base, is still half as
thick near the top of the pinnae. The scythe-shaped acute
pinnules resemble those of Odontopterls Brardil ; they are,
however, shorter, with a less acuminate apex. As in the

LESCUROPTERIS.

P. 163

last species, tliey are also sometimes obtuse. The epider-
mis, of a reddish color, becomes transparent when humected,
and the veins, then more distinct, look as if traced in black.
This character, which shows the membraneous texture of
the pinnules, the alate rachis and the venation indicate close
relation of this plant to CalUpteridium.

Habitat — The locality indicated in the Geol. of Penn'a,
1. c, was not precise. Mr. W. D. Moore, of Pittsburgh, to
whom I owe the specimen, had received it without label.
He believed that it had been obtained from a bed of clay
overlying the Pittsburgh coal, at Irwin station. Pa. I saw
later a few fragmentary specimens, also without labels, in
the cabinet of Prof. E. B. Andrews. Some months ago I
received, from Mr. T. W. Emerson, another specimen of the
same size and character as the one figured, obtained in the
roof shale of the coal of St. Clairsville, Belmount county,
Ohio, which is considered as the equivalent of the Pitts-
burgh coal.

Lescuropteris adiantites, Lesqx., PI. XXVl^ Fig.

Neuropt'eris adiantites, Lesqx., Boston Journ.., S. N. H., v. VI, p. 419.
Geol. of Penn'a, p. 860, PL XX ,f. 1. ,

Frond hip innate ; primary pinncB deltoid in outline;
secondary divisions linear -lanceolate^ obtuse; pinnules or
lobes connate to the middle^ becoming confluent upwards
in passing into an oblong obtuse terminal leaflet ; midrib
thin; veins oblique^ forking near the borders ; rachis alate.

ISTothing is known of this Fern but the fragment figured.
The species is distinctly related to L. Moorii by the decur-
ring lower pinnules, which become attached to the main
rachis ; but differs by the very narrow rachis of the pinnse,
by the downward inclination of the midrib and of the lateral
veins, forking merely once. Except the narrow rachis the
affinity of the characters even in the nervation is close,
as the lower lateral veins, sometimes at least are derived
from the main rachis and the difference in the forking of
the veins is, accountable to the small size of the half round
very obtuse and oblique pinnules. The texture of the leaf-
lets is membranaceous, like that of L. Moorii, but thinner;

164 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the venation is distinct through the epidermis, when the
surface is humected.

Habitat — South Salem vein, Pottsville. The geological
horizon of this station is probably equivalent to that of the
former species.

Callipteridium, Weiss.

Fronds large, polyp innate ; pinnules attached to tlie
racliis by the whole base, often decurrent and the lower de-
scending to the main rachis, connate or disjointed at the
base; ^nimary nerve strong, dissolved below the apex;
lateral veins oblique, curved in passing to the borders,
dichotomous, the basilar attached to the rachis.

Limited as it is here, this genus admits species which, for-
merly referred to Alethopteris, have by curved dichotomous
veins a relation to Nenropteris, as they have it at the
same time to Odontopteris and to Alethopteris by the at-
tachment of the pinnules by the whole base and by the con-
nection of the basilar veins to the racliis. I refer to Ale-
thopteris the species only with lateral veins nearly in right
angle, at least toward the base, merely forking or simple,
though distinctly related they may be, by the characters of
their fronds, by their shape, and by the position and size of
the leaflets to Callipteridium.

Prof. Weiss unites into this Genus : Callipteris Sulli-
vantii, Lesqx. ; Nenropteris ovata, Germ. ; N. pteroides,
Goep. ; Odontopteris connata, Roem. ; Nenropteris regina,
Roem., and Pecopteris gigas, Gutb. Of these species, N.
ovata is now placed by Weiss in Neuropteridium a section
of the Nenropteris, proposed by Scliimper, which Weiss
admits as a new genus; Odontopteris connata, Roem., is
referable to Callipteris by its nervation ; the other species
belonging to the Permian or IS'ew Red, have the characters
of Callipteridium as fixed above.

Callipteridium Sullivantii, Lesqx.

Calliptsris Sullivantii, Lesqx., Boston Journ. N. H. S., v. VI, p. J^S.
Geol. of Penn'a, 1S58, p. 866, PL. V, f. 13. Gcol. Kept, of ILL, II, p. UO, PL-
XXXVIII, f. 1.

Alethopteris Sullivantii, iSchp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 561.

CALLIPTEKIDIUM.

P. 165

Fronds hi or tri-p Innate ; pinnce large^ linear -lanceolate ;
leaflets Ungulate^ enlarged above the middle^ very obtuse,
lateral veins close, thin, curved, dichotomous.

Both figures of this species represent simple pinnsB ; that
of the Rept. of 111., 1. c, is twenty centimeters long, five
centimeters broad in the middle, a little narrower at the
base and tapering near the top to a small oval terminal pin-
nule entered up to the middle by the top of the rachis. The
lateral pinnules averaging two and a half centimeters, one
centimeter broad in the middle, are narrowed to the point
of connection near the rachis, where they are joined in nar-
row obtuse sinuses. The midrib is two millimeters thick at
the base, still half as thick at the point where it is dissolved,
a little above the middle. The lateral veins numerous, in
an acute angle of divergence from the rachis, gradually
curve towards the borders, having exactly the neuropterid
character.

I have seen of this species the uj^per part of a compound
pinna with three pairs of alternate close secondary pinnse,
the lower one two centimeters long, with short, obtuse or
half round broad pinnules or lobes, eight millimeters long
and as broad, joined half their length. The medial nerve
is distinct in each leaflet, and has with the lateral veins also
the same character as in the other fragments described. The
second pair of these pinnae, in ascending, pass to deeply
undulate pinnules, about four centimeters long, with the
rachis for its midrib, all the lateral veins emerging from it ;
in the third, the pinnae are entire, linear-lanceolate obtuse
pinnules, not even undulate on the borders. This division
is normal, the same as that of the upper part of the pinnse
of the Alethopterids. The substance of the leaflets is thick,
coriaceous.

Habitat — Lower coal bed of Shamokin, Penn'a, just above
the Conglomerate. Roof shale of Colchester and Morris
coal ; nodules of Mazon Creek, 111. — Dr. J. H. Britts has
sent specimens of it in nodules of Carbonate of Iron, from
near Clinton, Mo. Also found at Cannelton, Pa., with the
the following.

166 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Callipteridium Mansfieldi, Sp. ndv., P. XXVII^
Figs. 1-2.

Fronds hip Innate ; primary pinnce lanceolate^ the lower
part Mpinnatifid^ simply pinnate at the top; secondary
pinnce mostly large^ lanceolate; pinnules connate at the
hase^ oMong^ obtuse ; midrib comparatimly narrow, effaced
below the apex ; lateral veins oblique curved, ddchotomous.

Considering merely the shape of the pinnules of the large
pinna f. 1, the species seem closely allied to the former. It
is however far different, the leaflets being gradually atten-
uated to an obtuse point, not enlarged above the middle and
not as rounded at the top, curved upwards, rather than
backwards, and the pinnae lanceolate. The substance also is
not coriaceous, but rather thin ; the primary nerves narrower,
not abruptly dissolved ; the secondary veins more distinct
thicker and not as crowded. The upper part of the pinna f . 2,
though of the same general character has its divisions
much narrower, and more distant. The lower pinnules at
the base of the j)inna are attached to the racliis as in C.
Pardeei. From this, it may be inferred that the rachis
may have been partly winged by decurrent leaflets as in the
fragment of the last named species, AtL, PI. XXYI, f. 3.

Habitat — Cannelton ; Mr. I. F. Mansfield. Though not
very rare, all the specimens obtained until now are small
fragments.

Callipteridium neuropteroides, Sp. nov., PI. XXVII,

Figs. 3, 3a.

Pinnce large, lanceolate ; upper pinnules connate at the
base, the lower disjoined, sessile by the whole base, oblong,
obtuse; midrib thicli, dissolved above the middle; lateral
veins thicli, at an acute angle of divergence, slightly curved
towards the borders, dichotomous.

The substance of this Fern, of which I have seen only the
fragment figured, is thick, coriaceous. The upper pinnules
joined at the base, are open, the lower ones disconnected,
even distant, nearly in right angle to the rachis, sessile by
their whole base, the borders being only a little rounded to

CALLIPTEKLDIUM.

P. 167

the point of attacliment. The size of the pinnules and
apparently of the whole plant is about the same as in
the two former species. This is the only point of analogy ;
for besides their thick coriaceous epidermis, the x^innules
of this species have a very distinct nervation, the midrib
being merely ]3rominent from the base to the middle where
it is effaced, and the lateral veins very oblique scarcel}^
curved and very thick. The upper part of f. 3, enlarged
3(2, shows the veins thin under the destroyed epidermis.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon creek, very rare. Among
the thousands of specimens which I have seen from the
locality, this is the only fragment ever discovered of this
species.

Callipteridium OwENii, Lesqx.^ PI. XXXIII^ Figs. 6 — 7.

Alethopieris Oivenii, Lesqx,, Geol. Rept. of Arks., II, p. 309, PL II, f. 1.
Schp. Paleont. veget., I, p. 556.

Frond tr ip inn ate ; pimice large, in r igid angle to tlie
hroad racliis, distant; lyinnules lanceolate, obtuse, rarely
acute, connate near tlie radii s vn obtuse sinuses, often
decurring ; borders undulate ; medial nerve distinct to above
the middle; veins dicliotom,ous, distant, thin and curved.

The specimen figured represent the different characters
of the pinnae and pinnules of this species. According to
their position in the upper or lower part of the fronds, the
jjinnse are broader or narrower ; the pinnules also, are of
various length, and differently joined at the base ; but the
essential characters are preserved in all. The pinnae and
pinnules are at right angle ; the midrib always distinct,
sometimes marked to the apex ; the veins, oblique at first,
more curved in reaching the borders, generally forking
twice, are thin, and undulate. The separate leaflet at the
right corner of the specimen seems, by its form, especially
the acute apex, the thick costa, and the lateral veins merely
forked, of a different character, and is, perhaps, referable
to another species, though upon the same piece of shale.
I found, among a lot of specime*Qs received from Mr. W.
Gurley, a large pinna with short obtuse pinnules, compara-
ble by their form to C. Sullivantii, but with the nervation

168 p. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

of this si)ecies, the veins forking once near the base, and
both branches once more near the borders ; the midrib fiat
and broad on the lower surface, but thin and more pro-
longed on the upper side. The ultimate pinnule is short,
triangular, obtuse. I refer the specimen to this species as
a variety.

The general facies of this Fern is that of an Alethopteris.
As all the veins, except the basilar ones, are generally fork-
ing twice and curved, its place is with Calllpteridium.
Schimper remarks of this species that it resembles A. tcBui-
opteroides^ Bunb'y. But this last plant, as far as I know
it, has none of the basilar veins attached to the rachis, and
is, therefore, ViPecopteris^ as seen also by its fructifications.

Habitat — Male's coal and Lee's creek coal, subconglom-
erate. Arks. Mr. Gurley's specimens are labeled Spring
creek, Ind.

Callipteridium in^quale, 8p. nov. PI. XXXIII,
Figs. '2-5.

PinncB large^ linear, lanceolate near the apex to a small
obtuse terminal leaflet ; pinnules irregular in size an&
position, linear, obtuse, connate near thebase, and oblique;
or open, more or less distant, subspatliulate, rounded to
the point of attachment ; medial nerve thiclc, abruptly dis-
solved below the apex; lateral veins thin, numerous, hid-
den into the thick epidermis, diverging in acute angle,
forking once or twice, and moderately curved.

The pinnules are irregular in size, sometimes shorter in
the middle of the pinnae, and as seen by the fragment f. 5,
also very irregular in their position. Their size is equally
variable, one to two centimeters long in the middle of the
pinnae, five to seven millimeters broad. The substance of
the plant is coriaceous. By this character and the broad
middle nerve abruptly dissolved, it is related to C. Sulli-
vantii'ajid C. neuropteroides ; but the midrib ascends higher,
the surface of the leaflets is rough, and the veins, though
quite as close, are a little stronger and less divided, gener-
ally immersed, rarely clear and distinct. The pinnules in

CALLIPTEKIDIUM.

P. 169

the fragment f. 5, narrowed and rounded to the point of
attachment, are remarkably like those of a JSfeuropteris.
Habitat — Cannelton, Pa. ; found only in fragments.

CALLIPTEKIDIUM Pardeei, nov.^ PI. XX 77, Fig. 3,

Frond bi, tripinnatifid ; primary pinnce triangular,
rapidly narrowed and, deltoid to the apex; secondary di-
msions alternate or subopposite, open, the lower ones long,
linear, lanceolate near the apex, the upper ones simple,
undulate, or entire, oblong, obtuse ; medial nerve distinct
to near the apex ; veins in acute angle of divergence, slight-
ly curved, generally twice forlced.

In the two fragments, f . 2 and 3, preserved upon the same
specimen, on opposite side, the pinnae are all sessile upon
the main rachis, attached to it by the lower pinnules, either
distinct, oval ; or decurring along it, and triangular obtuse,
the rachis becoming then distinctly winged. The lower
secondary pinnae averaging eight to ten centimeters long, are
linear, only narrowed near the apex in passing by connate
leaflets to very small obtuse terminal ones ; their lateral
pinnules, six to seven millimeters long, four millimeters
broad, slightly oblique, connate above the base, are oblong,
very obtuse and entire. The rachis is narrow ; the midrib
not very thick, is distinct, effaced by divisions beloAV the
apex ; the veins in very acute angle, thin, very distinct,
are more distant than in any of the former species, and
also somewhat less curved in passing towards the borders.
As in the Alcthopterids, the upper part of the primary
pinnae is merely pinnate, the simple divisions or pinnules
becoming gradually and rapidly shorter toward the top.
It is distantly related to C. Mansfieldi.

Habitat — I found the specimen, without label, in the
museum of the Pardee school of mines, Lafayette College,
Easton, Penn'a. From the substance of the stone, it is
derived from the Anthracite basin.

CALLIPTEKIDIUM KUGOSUM, Lcsqx., PI. XXXYI, Figs. 1, 2.

Alethopteris rugosa, Lesqx., Cat. Potts. Ass., p. 11, PI. I, f. 2. Schp.,
Paleont. Veget., I, p. 562.

170 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

A. obscura, Lesqx., Boston Journ., S. N. IL, v. VI, p. 422. Geol. of
Penn'a, 1858, p. 865, PL I,f. 13-14a.

Frond tripinnatifld ; pinncB oblong rapidly narrowed
in tlie upper part ; secondary divisions slightly oblique,
alternate, sessile, sub -linear, pinnately, equally and deeply
lobed; medial nerve as thin as the veins lohich are oblique,
curved to the borders, distant, forlced once or twice.

The first specimens found of this species and described
as Alethopteris obscura, 1. c, had merely fragments of
lower jDinnfe, like f. 2, with distant lanceolate obtusely
acuminate pinnules, more or less regularly pinnately undu-
late. A better specimen representing the upper ]3art of a
pinna, was figured later as A. rugosa, 1. c, ditfering from
the first by the short connate acute leaflets, with a coarse
rugose surface. The large sj^ecimen, AtL, f. 1, was discov-
ered still later, with other fragments at the same locality. It
evidently represents both forms described under two differ-
ent names. The primary pinnse are large ; seventeen centi-
meters long or more, with a round irregularly striate racliis;
the lateral branches, four to eight centimeters long, shorter
toward the base, and also toward the apex, are regularly
deeply lobate in alternate, oblong, obtuse or obovate pin-
nules, connate to the middle, inclined upwards, the lower
ones, on the inferior side, being attached either to the main
or to the secondary rachis or between both, cuneate or half
round, rather smaller than the others. Those of the upper
pairs become confluent to the base of the terminal, lanceo-
late, obtuse leaflets. The surface of the pinnules being gen-
erally wrinkled across, sometimes in the direction of the
veins, and always rough, the very thin veins are seen with
some difficulty, except the basilar ones which are derived
from the rachis. They are attached to a thin flexuous mid-
rib, in a very acute angle of divergence, distant, curving
toward the borders, forking once near the base, and gener-
ally one of the branches, sometimes both, forking again
near the borders. F. \b, copied from that of A. rugosa, 1.
c, and f. 2, are not quite exact. The middle nerve is some-
times decurring but not alwa^^s and not as much as seen

CALLIPTEKIDIUM.

P. 171

upon the figures, the lower pairs of veins, on both sides,
being generally derived from the racliis.

The species is related by its nervation to Lesciiropteris
Moor 11^ and by the subdivision of its 2:>innj3e to Pseudo-
pecopteris anceps. The thin very oblique curved veins,
the sessile pinna? with the lower pinnules sometimes free
and attached to the main rachis, refer the plant to Calllp-
teridium.

A specimen recently seen in the cabinet of Mr. Lacoe has
the primary pinnse seventeen centimeters long, eight centi-
meters broad at the base, with both primary and secondary
rachis somewhat Hexuous in the upj)er part.

Habitat — Gate and Salem Veins, near Pottsville, upper
coal ; also found at Oliphant, vein No. 1, and at Wilkes-
barre, Oakwood Colliery F %

Callipteridium Aldrichi, Sp. nov.^ PI. XXXIX,
Figs. 1-3.

Frond large, trip innate ; primary die is ions lanceolate,
slightly broader in the middle, attached in right angle to
a broad, regularly narrowly striate rachis ; secondary
pinncB linear -lanceolate, in riglit angle, slightly curved
upwards, alternate and sessile, the loioer bipinnatijld at
the base, simply pinnate in the upper part, entire and
merely lobed near the apex under the oblong-obtuse termi-
nal leaflets ; medial nerve thick, dissolved and divided
above the middle; veins oblique, curved to the borders,
forking once ; pinnules coriaceous, convex on the upper
surface.

I have had for examination a large number of specimens,
all from the same locality, but mostly small fragments.
The largest one shows part of a primary or perhaps second-
ary rachis, five to six millimeters thick, with three pinna3
in right angle, one of which, with a fragment of the racliis,
is represented f. 1. As it is generally the case in species of
Alethopteris and Callipteridnum, the lower pinnse are pin-
nately divided, even bipinnatifid towards the base, the pin-
nules separated even distant ; while the middle ones become
connate at the base, and gradually more and more conni-

172 P. EEPOKT OF PROGIIESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

vent, passing at the apex to simple, undulate, long, termi-
nal pinnules. The lower pinnules, in right angle to the
rachis, are rounded at the base to the j)oint of attachment,
pinnately obtusely lobed ; the others are smaller, all entire,
linear or oblong, obtuse. The substance of the leaflets is
thick, coriaceous, and by this appearance, the species has
somewhat the aspect of Fseudopecopteris nerxosa. But
the shape of the pinnules and the venation are very differ-
ent. All the veins in acute angle of divergence from the
midrib curve towards the borders, and are merely forked
once ; all also are derived from the midrib, except the basi-
lar ones, which, as seen f. la and come off from the
rachis. The shape of the leaflets and their relative position
is variable. F. 2 represents a fragment with short, ovate,
very obtuse pinnules, all disconnected and distant, the bor-
ders irregularly undulately lobed, a mere modification of
the form of the lower pinnules of f. 1. F. 3 is a fragment
with smaller, separate, oval leaflets, more distant in the
upper part, confluent only under the terminal i^innule, and
united Avitli it, like those near the apex of the lateral
branches of f. 1. This species is comparable to C. ince-
quale. The shape of the leaflets, the thick lateral veins
from a narrower midrib, etc., are the more striking differ-
ences.

Habitat — Intra conglomerate measures, of Alabama, shale
of the Black Creek seam, Jefferson coal mines. Mr. T. H.
Aldrich.

Callipteridium membranaceum, Sp. nov.^ PI. XXVII^

Figs. i-8.

Frond poly pinnate ; secondary dixisions linear-lance-
olate^ either simply pinnate, with the lower pinnules ob-
long., obtuse, free and undulate, the upper ones gradually
shorter, more connate, passing to a short, oblong, obtuse
terminal leaflet, or bipinnatifid, icith short, linear, deeply
pinnately lobed divisions ; medial nerve thiclc, vanishing
below the apex ; veins oblique, forliing once or tioice, mod-
erately cur ted.

The substance of the leaves of this plant is membrana-

CALLIPTERIDUM.

P. 173

ceous ; their surface is smooth, and at first sight without
any trace of venation, AVhen wetted, however, the epider-
mis becomes transparent, and the veins quite distinct through
its yellowish color. The plant presents, in the characters of
its pinnse and pinnules, the same variety of size, shape and
subdivisions as species of AletJiopteris. The venation is
also variable according to the position of the pinnules. In
f. 5, the pinnules are entire, connate in the upper part of
the pinna, disjointed towards its base, with borders rounded
to the point of attachment. The same character is seen in
f . 4, whose leaflets are however distinctly and regularly un-
dulate, indicating the separate divisions remarked in f . 6-8.
The veins in f . 6, enlarged 6a, have the normal character ;
in f. 7, they merely fork once ; in f. 8, they are simple or
forked, and the lower ones are distinctly turned upwards,
a division dimly marked already upon the upper pinnules
of f. la enlarged. It is thus possible to follow the gradual
mutations of forms and of venation. This, without taking
into account the peculiar character of the epidermis, would
already indicate the reference of all these fragments to a
same species. All the pinnules, though their size may be,
either connate at the base or free, have the basilar vinelets
derived from the rachis. The terminal pinnules are small,
round or cuneate to the base. The rachis is apparentl}^
large ; the fragment f. 4 shows it distinctly striate, either
upon the bark or under it.

Habitat — Clinton Coal, Mo. Communicated in numerous
specimens by Dr. J. H. Britts.

Callipteiiidium Massilioneum, Lesqx.

Alethopteris Massilionis, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of III., II, p. 438, PL XI
/. 1-4.

A. Massilionea, Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 561.

Frond tripinnate ; primary rachis tliiclt, irregularly
striate ; primary pinncE in rigid angle., broadly lanceolate ;
lower secondary pinnce alternate, open^ curved upwards,
sessile upon the naked rachis, the upper ones decurring at
the base and bordering the rachis by a linear margin;
pinnules connate near their base, oblong, Ungulate, obtuse,

174 P. REPORT OF P.ROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

slightly undulate ; midrib thicJc^ dissolved below the apex ;
secondary veins dichotomous, forJcing twice, strongly
curved, the branches reaching the borders in right angle.

In this fine species the secondary rachis is winged by the
decurring basilar leaflets of the upper pinnae. The margin
is generally linear, but sometimes it enlarges, in the in-
tervals between the pinnae, into angular pinnules, shorter
however and less distinct than those of C. Pardei, Atl.,
PL XXYI, f. 8. The secondary pinnae of various length,
according to their position, are nearly linear, or very grad-
ually narrower to the acuminate terminal pinnules one to
one and a half centimeters long. The lateral leaflets have
the same form as those of C. Owen I i, but are smaller.

Though the facies of this Fern is that of Alethopteris the
veins, very curved backwards, dichotomous or forking
twice, and the winged rachis, mark its place with CalUp-
teridimn. Schimper remarks that it is intermediate be-
tween Alethopteris Dournaisli and A. Grandini, both
species of Brongniart, from which it differs by the pinnules
connate, in an acute angle near the base, as they are in Al.
aquilina. Its relation seems still more marked with Neu-
ropteris ovata, Germ., a species referred to Pecopteris by
Brongniart, to Alethopteris by Goeppert, later i:)laced by
Weiss in his genus Callipteridium and now in Near op-
teridium of Schimper.

Habitat — Lower coal of Massillon, Ohio. Not seen else-
where.

Species insufficiently known.

Callipteridium inflatum, Lesqx., PI. XXXIII,
Figs. 9, 9a.

Alethopteris in/lata, Lesqx., Oeol. Rept. of 111., IV, p. S93, PI. X, f. 5-6.
Schp., Paleoni. Veget., Ill, p. 500.

Frond p innately divided ; pinncB linear, narrow; pin-
nides in right angle, alternate, ovate, broadly obtuse, con-
nate near the base ; midrib thicJc, dissolved at the middle;
veins much curved in passing to the borders, once or twice
forked; sporanges large, oval, basilar, one only at each
side of the costa.

ALETIIOPTERIS.

P. 175

A mere fragment of a pinna remarkable by its short and
oval obtuse pinnules, six millimeters long, four millimeters
broad, placed in right angle to a narrow rachis, each bear-
ing at the base, on each side of the middle nerve, a large
oval or round sjDorange, one and a half millimeter in diam-
eter. The fructification is marked upon the upper surface
of the leaflets by a distinct swelling, wrinkled around, as
seen f. 9a enlarged. The curved veins inflated, not very
distinct, but seen under the glass as in f. 9a, relate this
fragment to Calllpteridlum, more it seems than to Alethop-
teris. Prof. Schimper remarks that from its peculiar fructi-
flcation this Fern should represent a group without relation
to the pteridoid AletJiopteris. It seems however to have
an analogy to the Cyathece. Matonia pectinata^ R. Br., for
example, bears at the base of the midrib, and on one side
only, a large round sporange which by compression and
seen upon the reverse of the leaflets, would have the same
appearance as those of this species. There is also an anal-
ogy in the nervation, the form, even the disposition of the
pinnules, between that living Fern and this fossil species.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek.

Aletiiopteris, St. {Emend,)

Fronds poly pinnate ; piiimiles coriaceous^ simple,^ most-
ly entire,) enlarged at the hase^ connate or free,, with bor-
ders rejlexed; midrib distinct^ immersed into the epider-
mis^ marlied by a groove on the upper surface ; prominent
on the lower ; lateral veins simple or forlcing once, open^^
often in right angle to the rachis ; fructifications marginal.

Schimper rightly remarks, on this definition, that it is
not possible to fix a positive line of demarcation between
Alethopteris and Pecopteris, and that we have to accept
the divisions as a mere approximative grouping. The char-
acters which I consider more permanent or distinctive of
these genera is the absence of rachial veins in Pecopteris
the larger size of the pinnules and the disposition of the
veins more distinctly in right angle to the costa in Alethop-
teris. As far as known, the fructifications in this last genus

176 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

are marginal, while in Pecopteris tliey are punctiform, in
sori disposed over the lamina in relation to the veins.

Alethopteris Serlii, Brgt.^ PI. XXIX^ Figs. 1-5.

Pecopteris Serlii, Brgt., Hist. d. veg.foss., p. 292, PI. LXXXV.
Alethopteris Serlii, Goepp., Syst., p. 301, PI. XXI, f. 6, 7. Lesqx., Geol.
of Penn^a, 1858, p. 865. Schp., Paleont. Veget., 1, p. 555.

Frond at least tr ipinnate ; primary divisions lanceo-
late; secondary pinnce pinnately lohed. the upper ones
simple ; pinnnles ohlong or Ungulate, obtuse or blunt at
the apex, confluent at the base; medial nerve thick, deeply
sulcate, ascending to the apex; veins in a very open angle
of divergence, nearly in right angle to the midrib, very
numerous and. close, simple or forking once mostly near
the middle.

Thongh the species is common, it is generally represented
in fragments of simple pinnae of the second order, like f. 1,
very rarely found attached to the rachis. Of these branches
some are very large, Avith pinnnles as long as six centime-
ters and one and a half centimeter broad. The great dif-
ference of size in regard to the position of the pinnules is
seen in comparing the hgures of our plate. The primary
pinnae and also those of the second order become near the
apex, simple alternate pinnules as in the upjjer part of f. 2,
or terminal leaflets as in f. 4, by the gradual connection of
the pinnules. From this, the divers modifications of forms
seen on tlie fragments, f. 3, 4, 5, and others, are easily ac-
counted for as resulting from their relation to various parts
of the fronds. '

This species is very much like the following, easily dis-
tinguished however by its broader pinnules, generally
enlarged in the middle, more obtuse at the apex, always
and distinctly connate at the base and by closer, more nu-
merous veins, generally forking nearer to the middle.

HaMtatt — Distributed mostly in the lower strata of the
middle coal measures. It abounds in the nodules of Mazon
Creek, 111.; in the coal of Clinton, Mo., from which Dr. J.
H. Britts procured the large specimen of f. 2, and some of
the fragments of the same plate ; also at Pittston and

ALETirOPTERIS.

P. 177

Wilkesbarre, in the Mammotli vein of the Anthracite meas-
ures. It is not rare at Cannelton. I have not seen any spec-
imens from the sub-conglomerate coal.

Alethopteris LONCHiTicA, ScMotli. — PI. XX VI 11^ Fig. 7.

Filicites lonchitica, Schloth., Flor. d. Vorw., PL XI, f. ^2.
Pccopteris lonchitica, Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. 275, PI. LXXXTV
and CX XVIII.

P. urophylla, Brgt., ibid., p. 290, PI. L XXXVI.
P. Davreuxii, Brgt., ibid., p. 279, PI. LXXXVIJI.

Alethopteris Lonchitidis et vulgatior, St., Fl. d. Vorw., I, p. 21, PI. LIII,
f.2.

A. Sternbergii, Goep., Syst., p. 295.
A. Lonchitidis, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a, 1858, p. 864'
A. distans, Lesqx., ibid., p. 865, PI. XII, f. 2.
A. Lonchitica, Schp., Paleont., Veget., 1, p. 554.

Frond tripiiinate^ Mpinnate in the upper part^ simply
pinnate near the apex; rachis strong^ smooth; pinnce
open^ larger in the middle^ and hipinnate ; secondary di-
visions linear -oMong, alternate.^ deeply pinnatifid ; pin-
nules sessile hy the whole base, oblique, linear -lanceolate
or oblong, obtuse or acute, the loioer ones free, the •uppe^r
connate, gradually more confluent toward the ay ex, slightly
decurring ; terminal pinnides long, lamceolate ; medial
nerve thick, ascending to the apex ; lateral veins nearly in
rigid angle, forking once near the base, or simple, thicker,
and more distant than in the former species.

This description, abridged from Schimper, gives the char-
acters of the mode of division of the fronds of this and of
most of the other species of Alethopteris. In this species,
the shape, size, and mode of attachment of the leaflets are
extremely variable. The pinnules are generally narrow,
comparatively longer, lanceolate to the more distinctly acute
apex. This, with the difference in the venation, separates it
from the former. But the pinnules are so very variable
that it is often difficult to decide upon the reference of small
specimens, either to this or to the former congener. Be-
sides the normal form, three distinct varieties, perhaps true
species, are exposed from American specimens.

1st. Primary pinnsB very long, fragments of one indicat-
ing it as nearly seventy centimeters ; lower secondary divis-
12 P.

178 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ions curved upwards from an open angle of divergence,
seventeen centimeters long, with comi)aratively short pin-
nules, twelve millimeters, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, connate
in acute angle near the rachis, and slightly decurring ; the
terminal i3innule is short, one centimeter, lanceolate, blunt
at the apex ; the veins are distinct, simple, or forking once
from the base ; the substance is coriaceous. A number of
specimens of this kind come from Canelton, Penn'a.

2d. Tertiary pinnse long, with a narrow, flexuous rachis ;
pinnules all free, more or less distant, sessile by the whole
scarcely enlarged base, lanceolate, tapering to an acute or
acuminate apex, generall}^ curved backwards ; veins mostly
simple and strong. This form is figured by Brgt., 1. c, PI.
XXXyill ; but I do not find it described or even mentioned
either by Brongniart or by Schimper. It is A. Sternhergii
1. c, figured in St., PI. LlII, f. 2, as A. vulgatior, without
mention of the character of the nervation.

A fine specimen of this variety, Al. 97, is preserved in the
Museum of Comp. ZooL, of Cambridge.

3d. Pinnae of large size, lanceolate ; pinnules distant, very
narrow, the lower ones scarcely three millimeters broad at
the base, three centimeters long, enlarged and decurrent on
the lower basilar side, gradually narrowed and sharply acu-
minate ; midrib thin, effaced under the acumen ; veins in
right angle, thin, scarcely discernible, simple or forking
once.

This remarkable variety or species is represented by nu-
merous fragments upon a large slab in the museum of the
Pardee school of Easton, Penn'a. The specimen is without
label. The pinnse of this Fern are distantly comparable to
Atl., PI. XXX, f. 4. The branches are, however, twice as
long, curved upwards, and gradually acuminate.

A. di starts, Lesqx., 1. c , is referable to this variety.

Habitat — The species, in its normal characters, is most
common in the lower coal of the anthracite basin of Penn'a,
the Mammon th, the Five Foot vein ; also in the nodules of
Mazon creek, and the shale of the Morris coal. 1 found it
also quite abundant in the lower. coal of the Kanawha river.

I

ALETHOPTERIS. P. 179

above Chaiiestown. I have not seen it in the specimens
from Clinton, Mo.

ALETHOPTERIS GRANDIFOLIA, NcwlP IJ.
Geol. Bept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. S84, PL XLVIII, f. 1, 2.

Frond tripinnate^ very large ; pinnoe suhopposite, the
lower ones linear -lanceolate in ovillne ; pinnules either
Ungulate^ enlarged above the middle^ round at the apex^
or linear -lanceolate^ obtusely acuminate, distant and undu-
late^ joined near the base in obtuse sinus ses ; terminal
pinniiles narrowly lanceolate; veins figured oblique and
dichotomous.

This species is scarcely different from the former, and from
the nnmerous specimens which I have obtained at the same
locality, as those described here, as also from a large number
of others presented by the anthor to the museum of Cam-
bridge, I have been unable to find a permanent and distinct
specific character. On these specimens, the venation is the
same as that of Atl. PL XXVIIl, f. la, enlarged, and the pin-
na, PI. XLVIII, f. 1, of the Kept, of Ohio, has its segments
positively of the same character as in the variety described
above, from Cannelton. In this same specimen, the upper
pinnse have the leaflets obtuse, though not distinctly nar-
rowed in the middle, as in f. 2, of this last Rept., and the
rachis also is distinctly striate. It seems to be the same
form as A. discrepans, Daws., Geol. Rept. of Canada, 1871,
p. 54, PL XYIII, f. 203-205. Considered as a species, it
is evidently the ancestor of the former.

Habitat — Abounds at Talmage, over Coal, No. 1, of the
Geol. Kept, of Ohio ; also in the subcarboniferous measures
of Virginia. Prof. W. M. Fontaine.

ALETHOPTERIS Helen^, Lcsqx., PI. XXX, Figs. 1-Jf.

A. Helence, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of Ala., 1876, p. 77, {mentioned.)

Fronds tripinnatifid, very large ; primary pinnce lin-
ear-lanceolate in outline; secondary divisions in right
angle, the upper ones open, all sublinear, gradually shorter
and narrower in the upper part of the fronds ; pinnules

180 P. EEPORT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUETIEUX.

also in right angle to the rachis^ connate and decurrent at
the base ; medial nerve moderately thick ; veins ohlique,
slightly curved.^ forMng once at the middle^ with few in-
termediate simple veiiilets very distinct.

The racliis is strong, half round, smooth, or minutely
striate, with alternate pinnse in right angle to it. The pin-
nules average a little more than one centimeter in length in
the middle of the largest pinnae, seven millimeters broad
at the decurring base, which generally, as seen, f. 3, joins
the inferior pinnules quite near the midrib. Toward the
end of the pinnae, the divisions become gradually shorter
and more connivent, and the apex is thus undulate, with a
ver}^ small obtuse terminal pinnule. The veins sometimes
simple, generally fork once near the middle, and rarely one
of the branches is divided again in joining the borders.
They are more or less oblique to the rachis, and slightly
curve in traversing the lamina, generally reaching the bor-
der in a slight upward deflection. The characters of this
species, far different from those of A. Lonchitica^ relate it
to A. Grandini, Brgt., Hist., d. Veg. foss., p. 286, PI.
XCI, f. 1-4. The venation is nearly of the same type, more
compact in this species than in the European form, which
has also the pinnules comparatively shorter and broader,
not decurrent, exactly oblong, broadly obtuse, not narrowed
to the apex, altogether a different facies. The delineation
of f . 1 and 2 is not perfectly correct ; the base of the pin-
nules is more distinctly decurrent, and generally the basilar
border of each inferior pinnule is rounded and cut to near
the base of the midrib, where the connection is made, as in
f. 3.

Habitat — Roof shale of Helena coal mines, Alabama,
sent by Prof. Eug. A. Smith, and more recently by Mr. T.
H. Aldrich, from the same locality. Also found at the base
of the Chester Limestone, Mercer Co., 111., by Prof. A. H.
Worthen. The cabinet of Prof. Orton, of the Ohio Univer-
sity, has large specimens from the roof shale of the Jackson
Coal of Ohio.

ALETHOP^'ERIS.

P. 181

Alethopteuis Pennsylvanica, Lesqx,

Boston Jour., 8. N. H., v. VI, p. 423. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 864,
XI, f. 1, 2. Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 469. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 562.

Frond tr ip innate ; loioer pinnce hipirinatifid In the upper
part^ with short linear secondary divisions, open, rigid,
alternate, cut in short very obtuse leaflets connate to tJie
middle, gradually con fluent to near the apex ; middle and
upper pinnce of various size, with pinnules in right angle,
joined near the radii s, either short, Ungulate, obtuse, en-
tire, or longer, linear, obtuse, undulate ; midrib distinct
to the apex, strong ; veins tJticJc, very distinct, simple, or
rarely fokring once in the middle.

The species has the same general aspect as the former,
from which it differs by the shorter half round divisions of
the upper pinnse, the Ungulate leaflets, very obtuse and
somevi^hat narrowed in the middle, their base in right angle,
never decurring, and by the nervation, the veins being
thicker and more generally simple than forking. Schimper,
1. c, compares the species to A. Grandini, Brgt., to which
it is indeed closely related, differing essentially by the ven-
ation, which is less oblique, mostly simple, while in the
European species the veins are all forked.

Habitat — Salem vein, near Pottsville. One indifferent
fragmentary specimen from the roof shale of the Morris
Coal, 111., is apparently referable to this s^^ecies. The cab-
inet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe has specimens from Maltby, Pa.

Alethopteris aquilina, Schlotli.

Filicites aquilinus, Schloth., Flor. d. Vorw., PI. V, f. 8; PI. XIV, f. 21.
Pecopteris aquiluia, Brgt., Hist. d. veg.foss., p. 284, PI. XC.
Alethopteris aquilina, Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 556, PL XXX, f. 8-10.
Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 864.

Divisions of fronds as in the former species ; pinnce in
right angle to tlie rachis, sublinear, a little broader in the
middle, rapidly narrowed near the apex ; pinnules in r ight
angle, Unear -oblong, slightly enlarging and decurring at
the base, connate, or distinct; terminal pinnules small,
lanceolate, obtuse; veins slightly oblique, forking twice.

In the American form the pinnules are generally more

182 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

distinctly narrowed to the obtuse apex, rather lanceolate
than oblong. The substance of the leaflets is more coria-
ceous than in any of the former species and the pinnules
are generally flattened on the borders as by marginal fructi-
fications.

Habitat — The best specimens I have seen were communi-
cated by Mr. I. Price Wetherill, of Tremont, Pa., without
indication of locality. Specimens bearing the name of
this species are found in nearly all the collections ; but most
of them represent either the following species or A. Lon-
chitica^ and therefore though repeatedly quoted as com-
mon in the Coal measures, it is as far as I know it, one of
the rarest.

Alethopteris Ambigua, Sp. nov.^ PL XXXI, Figs. 1-1^.

Alethopteris aquilina, Lesqx., III. Geol. Bept., II., p. 438.

Fronds tripinnate ; racliis thick., witli cortex striate;
primary divisions dicJiotomous near the base, large, hi-
p innate in the lower part, pinnate in the upper ; secondary
pinnce open, or in right angle, linear or lanceolate toward
the apex ; pinnules narrow, linear or Ungulate, obtuse, all
connate at a distance from the rachis ; midrib very thick
abruptly dissolved under the apex ; veins nearly in right
angle, forking once or simple.

From the very thick substance of the leaflets of this Fern
always flattened along the borders, and from the shape of
the pinnae and pinnules, most like those of the former
species, but smaller, I considered it formerly as the Amer-
ican representative of A. aquilina. For the lateral veins
are generally immersed into the epidermis and thus appear
crowded and much more divided than they are really.
But among a large number of specimens from Clinton and
Cannelton, I have found some with the venation perfectly
distinct, of a character which forcibly indicates this Fern as
of a different species. F. 1 shows the base of a pinna with
the rachis, eight millimeters broad, striate upon the coaly
surface, forking or dichotomous, indicating a fragment of a
very large frond. The secondary divisions of alethopterid

ALETIIOPTERIS.

P. 183

character are gradually shorter toward the apex, the pinnae
more and more connate toward the top, passing to simple,
first undulate and then entire shorter pinnules. The leaf-
lets as seen f. 2 are quite unequal in length, and in f. 1
they are long and regularly undulate on the pinnae of the
right side while on those of the left they are much shorter
and entire. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston, has in his cabinet
very large specimens of this species with the primary pinnae
sixty centimeters long and the secondary branches twenty -
five centimeters, whose pinnules two to two and a half cent-
imeters long, are, by size and shape, very similar to those
of A. aqidlina. The venation however is exactly like that
of this species.

Habitat — It is as generally distributed in the American
coal measures as A. aquilina is in those of Europe. It
ranges from the base to the upper part of the middle carbon-
iferous series. Abundant at Clinton, Mo.; found at the St.
John Coal, Perry Co., 111.; also at Grape Creek, same State.
Common at Cannelton. I have one specimen from Irwin
Station, Pa., horizon of the Pittsburg coal.

Alethopteris Gibsot^i, not., PI. XXVIII, Figs. 1^-6,
PI. XXXIII, Fig. 1.

Fronds large, quadrip innate, mry broad; primary di-
msions large, more than fifty centimeters long ; secondary
pinncB linear, tapering in the upper part to an oval obtuse
leaflet, oblique, rigid, parallel, distant; tertiary pinnce
open, short, linear, obtuse ; pinnules mostly in right angle
to the broad' rachis, either oblong, obtuse, connate near the
base, or half round, joined to the middle, becoming grad-
ually connate in their whole length toward, the upper part of
the pinnce, all with borders reflexed ; medial nerve thicTc,
abruptly dissolved near the apex ; veins nearly at right
angle, simple or forked at the base only.

The first specimens, PI. XXVIII, are from mere frag-
ments received from Illinois. After the engraving of the
the plate, I found in the Cabinet of Prof. Ed. Orton, of the
Ohio University, many large slabs, representing the species

V

184 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

one of the specimens, fifty centimeters square, being cov-
ered with primary divisions, none of which however is seen
in its whole length. The primary rachis or stipe is eight
centimeters broad, flattened, covered with a thick irregu-
larly striate coaly epidermis. The rachis of the primary
pinnae s^^en at the base of PI. XXXIII, f. 1, is also broad,
fourteen millimeters near its base, still five to seven milli-
meters in the upper part, where the pinnae are broken ;
lower secondary pinnse oblique, distant, three to four centi-
meters between their point of attachment, linear, narrowed
only in the upper part, where the pinnse become simx)ly di-
vided by the connection of the pinnules ; tertiary divisions
in a broad angle of divergence, short, the lower pairs three
centimeters long, the others a little sliorter, all witli a broad
flat rachis, two millimeters at base, gradually and slightly
narrower to the middle of the half round small terminal
pinnule, where it is abruptly effaced, being there still one
millimeter. The ultimate divisions or pinnules, alternate,
like all the others, are connate to the middle, half round,
with reflexed flat borders, as seen PI. XXYIII, f . 5a and 5b.
The fragment f. 6 of the same plate, indicates a subdivision
of the pinnse, which is not seen attached to any part of the
fronds, though similar separated fragments are seen upon
the large specimen of Prof. Orton. The nervation is marked,
enlarged, f. 5a and 6a and the border f. 5a, bears, where
the reflexed rim is detached, the points of attachment
of sporanges, f. 5b. These, however, are not always per-
ceivable ; for in the large specimen, the borders of the leaf-
lets are quite flat, or, when inflated, the reflexed rim does
not separate.

The divisions of this Fern are of the same character as
those of the genus. But the species differs from all, not
merely by the fructification, but by the very large rachis,
typically continued by subdivisions to the mid rib of the leaf-
lets. It seems probable, not only from this last character, but
from the reflexed border of all the pinnules, without excep-
tion, that the specimens merely represent the fructified part
of a species whose sterile fronds may have a different charac-
ter.

ALETHOPTERIS.

P. 185

Prof. Weiss has, in his Poss. fi., p. 82, PL XI, f. 1, under
the name of A. breois, a species, which is cAosely allied to
the American plant, and which, indeed, when known from
better specimens may be referable to the same. It repre-
sents part of a pinna with broad rachis (round and smooth,
not Hat and striate), bearing linear divisions, with alternate,
distant, sessile, linear, obtuse, undulate pinnules, none of
which are connate at the base. From the enlarging f . la and
lb, the veins are seen oblique, curved in passing to the bor-
ders and all simple. In the American specimens, the pin-
nules are all connate, and the veins are about in right angle
or straight, and half of them, at least, forked at the base.
These differences are as far as shown by the specimen of
Prof. Weiss, sufficient to authorize a specific distinction, the
more so, that the author compares his species to Pecopteris
MiUoiil, Brgt-, and Aletliopteris falcata, Goepp, which
both have oblique curved veins, and to which our species
bears no relation whatever.

Habitat — Grape Creek, 111., specimens communicated by
Wm. Gibson and Wm. Gurley, PL XXVIII. The others,
in the cabinet of Prof. Orton, PL XXXIIL are from Barnes-
ville, Ohio, roof shale of the coal.

Alethoptekis Bunburyi, Andrews.

Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 42I, PL LI, /. 3.

Pinnate or bip innate ; rachis slender ; pinnules alter-
nate, contiguous, imbricate in the upper part, ovate-lance-
olate, rounded to a blunt point ; borders more or less undu-
late; upper leaflets attached to the rachis by the whole
base, the lower ones sessile, rounded on the borders to the
point of attachment and slightly cordate ; medial nerve
strong, ascending to the apex; mins rising from the
medial nerve in acute angle, then curving towards the bor-.
ders lohich they reach straight and in right angle.

The peculiar character of this fragment relates this species
to Neuropteris by the nervation and the mode of attach-
ment of the lower pinnules ; while those of the upper part
of the pinna are joined to the rachis by their whole base as
in Aletliopteris. The leaflets are all in right angle to the

186 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

narrow racliis, the borders distinct to the base, though some
of them are contiguous, even imbricate in their whole length.
The veins are all from the midrib, dichotomous, once
or twice forked, tliin, straight to the borders in reaching
them. I do not know of any species to which this may
be related. The description of the author is very exact, as
seen from comparison with the specimens.
Habitat — Base of the coal measures near Rushville, Ohio.

Species insuffiextly known.
Aletiiopteris falcata, Lesqx.

Oeol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 396, PL XI, /. 3, 4.

Pimice with a broad racltis^ s imply pinnate ; pinnules
attached to the rachis by their whole base, disconnected,
imbricate on the borders.^ lanceolate^ blunt at the apex.,
scythe- shaped, very entire ; medial nerm strong^ veins in
right angle^ very thin and close, either forking at the base
or simple.

The specimen a mere fragment, eight centimeters long,
probably represents the circinnate upper part of a pinna of
Alethopteris in process of unfolding. The rachis, com
paratively very thick, five millimeters at the base, rapidly
thinning to the apex, bears the crowded pinnules on one
side only, and is also slightly hooked, less however than
the leaves. These, three and a half centimeters long, smaller
in the lower part, appear simple pinnse, with veins scarcely
discernible with a strong glass.

Habitat — Mazon Creek in concretions.

Aletiiopteris marginata, {Brgt.) Goepp.

Pecopteris marginata, Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. P'oss., p. 291, PI. LXXXVII,
f.2.

Alethopteris marginata, Goepp., >Syst., p. 301. Lesqx., Gcol. of Penn'a,
1858, p. 865. Schp., Paleont. veget., 1, p. 559.

Frond bipinnatifid ; p>innce sessile, open, deeply pin-
natijid ; pinnules contiguous, oblong, slighily obtuse, de-
current, undulate- sinuate ; terminal leaflets oblong lance
olate obtuse ; rachis and medial nerve rough, veins very
slender, perpendicular to the midrib, nearly simple.

alp:tiiopteris.

P. 187

I remarked in the original description, that in the specimen
referred to this species, the i^innules are smaller, but that it
represents probably the upper part of a frond. The leaflets
are scarcely decurrent and distinct to near the base.

The specimen is too small and indistinctly characterized
to ascertain its reference to the European species. It may
represent only a variety of A. aquilina. No other frag-
ments referable to the same species have been found since.

The same uncertainty exists in regard to A. IcbdIs^ Lesqx.,
Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 865, a form represented in small
fragments whose smooth surfaces do not preserve any trace
of nervation.

Habitat — The first is from Tremont New Vein. The sec-
ond, from Gate Vein, New Philadelphia, Anthracite basin.
Pa.

Alethopteris ? MAXIMA, Andvews.

Geol. Kept, of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 421, PL L, f. S, 8b.

Fronds simply pinnate ; pinnce large., linear^ entire^
rounded and tapering into an obtuse point ; medial nerve
strong^ ascending to the apex ; veins once or twice diclio-
tomous^ forking generally near the midrib, parallel, curv-
ing and in right angle or slightly oblique to the borders,
and slightly bending upwards in reaching them.

The fragment described indicates, from the author's re-
marks, a very large leaf, as it measures seven centimeters
in length and twelve millimeters in width. The basilar part
is broken. From the size and the shape of the leaf it is com-
parable to DancEites {Alethopteris) Macrophylla, Newb'y ;
but the venation is different, the veins being more oblique,
apparently more distant, all forking once or twice, curved
downward to the midrib and upwards to the border. These
characters are those of Megalopteris .

The points or dots remarked upon the surface of the leaf-
lets by Prof. Andrews, are regularly placed in rows parallel
to the veins. They are the remnants or the base of scales
similar to those ofte^n seen upon the leaflets of species of
Acrostichum ; A. meridense^ Klotz, for example, a species

188 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

from Yenezue'la, whose venation is analogous to that of the
fossil fragments described above.

Habitat — Near base of the coal measures, Rushville, Ohio,
with Megalopteris.

Protoblechnum, Lesqx.
Fronds large^ simply pinnate ; racJiis thick, scaly to
wards the base; pinncB long, narroio, linear -lanceolate,
acnniifiate, entire, enlarged at base on the lower side to a
decur ring auricle, generally free ; medial nerm per current ;
lateral veins open, curving to the borders, forlcing twice.

Protoblechnum Hold en I, {Andre ids), Lesqx.

AJethopteris Holdem, Andrews, Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p.
PI. LI, /. 1, 2.

Specific characters same as described for the genus.

The species, a remarkable one, is represented by two op-
posite extremities of a frond which, judging from the size
of the main rachis, was, in its original state, fifty to sixty
centimeters long. The pinnae are simple, the lower ones
shorter, two centimeters long, one centimeter broad near the
base, distant ; tlie middle ones six to seven centimeters long
of the same width and in the same direction, nearly in right
angle to the rachis, are slightly falcate, dilated at the base on
the lower side into an obtuse auricle ; the upper ones are close,
less distinctly scythe shaped, but quite as long, the terminal
leaflets being stilly six centimeters long. The rachis is thick
nearly one centimeter at the base, there covered with a thick
coating of long scales. The venation as described above is
of the Callipteridimn type and considering this, only, the
species might have been described with that genus. But the
character of the simply pinnate fronds remove it from the
Alethopterids, whose fronds, as we know them until now,
are always bi or tripinnate.

The relation of this Fern is rather to the Blechnece. Lo-
maria attenuata, Willd., has its pinnse coriaceous and of
the same shape as this fossil plant ; and in species of Blech-
num the similarity is marked not merely by the form of
the pinnse but by the venation. The' veins in Blechnum
glandulosum among others, being curved and forking twice.

PSEUDOPEOOTEKlDvS.

P. 189

Habitat — Same localitj^ as the former, Prof. E. B. An-
drews.

PSEUDOPECOPTEKIDrt.

Primary radii s forking near the base in diverging
branches of equat size, or divaricate and dichotomous ;
branches polypi imate, ultimate divisions sometimes forked;
pinnules connate or separated to the base, of var ious shape,
oblong -obtuse or ovate-lanceolate, oblique or in right angle,
deeurring to the rachis and bordering it by a narrow wing ;
lateral veins oblique, generally forking once, the lowest i^air
twice.

Professor Stur in a recent, very important work on the
flora of the Culm''' (subconglomerate coal measures), has
separated under the generic name of Diplothmema a group
of fossil ferns, whose essential character is marked in the
forking of the primary stems in two lateral divisions of equal
size, giving to the fronds a semi-lunar shape as seen, AtL,
PL XXXVII, f. 1. Though this peculiar character is rarely
observable on account of the fragmentary state of most of
the specimens of fossil Ferns obtainable for examination,
the generic division of Stur, Diplothmema, contains a num-
ber of species evidently related to each other by some com-
mon characters which mark them as referable to a peculiar
group and wdiich until now have been separately attributed
by authors to different genera : Pecopteris, Sphenoiiteris,
Asplenites, Hymenophyllites, etc. Their reunion in a sep-
arate section is certainly advisable and therefore I admit
part of Prof. Stur's division, using however more original
or classic names applied to fossil Ferns until now, rather
than the Greek name by which the German author repre-
sents only the peculiar rarely recognizable forking of the
stems.

Though this last character has not been observed upon
specimens of all the species referred to this group, it is put
in evidence by other points of affinity which fix the mu-
tual relation of the plants. The forking of the branches is

*Die Kulm Flora der Ostrauer und, Walden burger Schichten, by Dr. Stur.
Vien., 1877.

190 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

seen in the figures of Pseudopecopteris Mazoniana^ P.
biformls^ P. Newberry P. muricata ; especially P. glandu-
losa, P. decurrens and P. speciosa. It is surmised by the
position of the x)inn8e in P. Owenii^ P. rue/osa^ P. anceps.
Of the last species I have specimens with dicliotomous
branches.

The most remarkable representative I have seen of this
kind of division is from a specimen of P. nervosa in the
cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe who had the kindness to pre-
pare for a plate some diagrams which have not been figured
for want of place. They show the primary rachis, appar-
ently only mere divisions or branches of the fronds, for
they are not thick enough for basilar stems, twelve milli-
meters in diameter, divided into two opposite horizontal
branches of the same size, nine millimeters thick, diverg-
ing in right angle for a distance of three centimeters on each
side, then dicliotomous, forking under a divergence of 90°,
each branch or pinna about fifty centimeters long, with alter-
nate divisions bearing leaves and variable in length (six to
twelve centimeters). From tke oblique direction downward
of the lower secondary branches, the top of these pinnae
which are generally in right angle, descends towards the base
of the primary rachis and cover them. It is exactly the
same kind of subdivision observed upon P. glandulosa.

As for the other characters ascribed to the genus their evi-
dence in regard to the relation of the species has been re- '
marked in the description of each of them.

Pseudopecopteris, Lesqx.
% GleicJienites.

Fronds large polypinnate ; primary pinnce very large^
pinnate in the lower part.forJced near the top ; ultimate di-
visions p innately lobed as in Pecopteris ; venation pinnate.

Pseudopecopteris m^kzo^yk^k, Lesqx. ^ PI. XXXIl,
Figs. l-7a.

Alethopteris mazoniana, Le&qx., Gcol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 391, PI. IX,
f. 1-8 ; PL XIII, f. 5, 6. Schp., PaJeoyit. veget.. Ill, p. 499.

Branches pinnately divided in the lower part., diehoto-

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS.

P. 191

mous at the apex ; main r acids canaliculate in the middle
and striate, flat on the borders ; ultimate pi nnce either long,
suhlltiear, gradually tapering to the apex, or short, more
distinctly linear, obtuse, pinnately lobed ; medial nerve of
medium size, gradually thinner upioards, nearly reaching
the apex ; veins oblique, distant, parallel, forking below
the middle.

The general facies of this Fern especially the form and
size of the secondary divisions, refer it to Alethopter is .
The lower ultimate pinnje, as f. 2, are long, with pinnules
separated to the base, even distant, decurring upon the
rachis, the basilar ones undulately lobed, indicating a bi-
pinnatihd division of the branches toward their base. The
middle pinnae, like f. 3, have the lobes or pinnules connate
at their base, the lower ones indistinctly lobate on the in-
ferior side, all oblong or linear-obtuse, gradually decreasing
in length from the base where they measure twelve millime-
ters in length, to the very small half round terminal leaflets.
The largest preserved specimen shows the upper j^art of
a branch, fourteen centimeters long, bipinnately divided
in the lower part in open pinnse, nearly in right angle to the
rachis, the lower ones six and a half centimeters long, pin-
nately regularly lobate ; lobes half round, entire, scarcely
five millimeters long and half as broad, also in right angle
to the rachis, connate at the base, with the venation obso-
lete. The pinnae become rapidly shorter the ninth pair from
the base being only two and a half centimeters long with
short pinnules connate to the middle and above this they
are simple and are divided as in f . 5. Excepting the upper
leaflets or the pinnae simple by the confluence of the pin-
nules, the facies of the Fern as represented by the specimen
is that of a Pecopteris. Very like to the fragment in Atl.,
f. 3, PI. XLIII, merely differing by close rigid ultimate
pinnae and shorter pinnules.

The nervation of this species is exactly the same in all the
parts of the plant ; the lateral veins are all on the same angle
of divergence about 50° and consequently parallel, forking
once from below the middle, the lower pairs of the large
pinnules only have sometimes one of the branches forking

192 P. IlEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

again near the borders. As the veins are all derived from
the midrib they leave at the base of each iiinnule, by their
divergence, an empty sjDace, which, when the pinnules are
distant, is prolonged into a narrow wing along the racliis,
which is canaliculate in the middle, and fiat on the borders.
This gives to the species a peculiar appearance and render
it easily recognizable, though different in shape and size may
be the fragments which represent it.

The fructifications are seen f. 7, in longitudinal simple
rows of large round sori, nearer to the borders than to the
midril). On the specimen figured, the sori covered as they
are by the epidermis, appear semi-globular or merely con-
vex ; but upon other specimens better preserved than those
I had at my disposal in Illinois, the epidermis is detached
and the sori are seen formed of three or four oblong spo-
ranges, placed starlike around a central point, disposed, as
far as can be seen, ux)on the upper branches of the veins.
The substance of this Fern is coriaceous, the upper surface
generally convex, furrowed by the impressions of the veins ;
the borders refiexed.

The i^inna f. 1 has some characters different from those
described. Though distinctly observed u]3on the specimen,
they do not seem weighty enough to authorize its reference
to a different S2:)ecies. The pinnules are abnormally con-
nivent, or some of them either geminate at the base or
deeply cut in one lobe at the uj)per side ; the lateral veins
are at a slightly more acute angle of divergence ; the pin-
nules more distinctly oval and acute. Nevertheless, all the
essential characters are the same as described above, the
veins forked once ; the rachis winged by the decurring base
of the leaflets ; the thick texture, etc.

The form of the sori, their disposition in marginal rows
upon the upper branch of the veins ; that of the sporanges
and the forked division of the upper part of the fronds, re-
late this species to the GleiclienicB.

Habitat — Mazon Creek, in concretions, not rare ; never
found elsewhere until now. Among a large number o i spec-
imens of the sterile pinnse obtained from Mr. S. S. Strong,

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS.

P. 193

the Museum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge lias a few good
fruitiug oues, Al. 133 and 133.

PsEUDOPECOPTEKIS SUBCRET^ULATA, Sp. UOV., PI.

XXXVII, Figs. 7-8.

Pecopteris crenulaia? Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. 300, PI, LXXXVIT,
f.l.

Alethopteris crenulaia, Lesqx., Oeol. Rept. of III., IT, p. 439, PL XXXIX,
f. 2-4; IV, p. 392, PI. XIII, f. 14-15. Schp., Paleont. Veget., Ill, p. 499.
Neuropteris conferta, iSchp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 467.

PirincB linear^ gradually narrowech in llie upper part,
sessile ; pinnules opcn^ nearly in right angle^ connate at
the hase^ bordering the rachis as in the former species^ oh-
long^ or linear -obtuse, crenulate ; middle nerve thin; lat-
eral veins slightly curved., simple or forking.

By the shape of the pinnae, that of the pinnules, their
mode of attachment and the forking of the veins, specimens
representing the species have about the same ajDpearance as
those of the former. The pinnse are however narrower, en-
larged in the middle, the pinnules flat, of a thinner sul)-
stance ; the veins more open at least in the sterile specimens
where they are forked and the medial nerve not as thick.

It seems, at first, from the two fragments figured, that
they belong to two different species, on account of tlio veins,
forked in f. 7, simple in f. 8. This last figure represents
part of a fructified pinna, as seen from the surface obscurely
and undulately swelled by the sori which underneath occupy
the middle of the space between the midrib and the bor-
ders. In pinnae of a more advanced stage of decomposi-
tion, the dots are more distinct or more salient through the
epidermis and often the veins are forked between them as
in the sterile pinna. The division of the veins is extremely
variable in this species and seems due to mechanical ac-
tion, like a splitting caused by com^^ression in an advanced
stage of maceration or perhaps to a peculiar composition of
the tissue. In some pinnae, the veins are either regularly
forked^ or split in three or more branches or filaments, three
of them diverging from the same point, the two lateral o})-
posite, subdivided again in two or three thin threads, quite
near the borders. The direction of the vein upwards or
13 P.

194 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

downwards is eqiiall}^ variable upon the same speciiTien.
Hence it has not been ]possible for me to find any reason to
separate into two species the forms rej)resented by the
numerons fragments which have lately passed nnder my
examination. I considered them at first referable to Fe-
copteris crenulata^ Brgt., but following the authority of
Prof. Schimper, I have modified the name. He remarks,
Paleont. veget., Ill, p. 500, that Brongniart's species is a
doubtful one, and that its identity with the American plant
is far from being ascertained. The European specimens are
from the upper coal measures, near Saarbruck ; ours are from
the base of the middle Carboniferous. The difference in
the geological horizon is of some weight in considering
identity. Among the specimens which I have examined
some have exactly the characters indicated by the French
author, others greatly differ, as seen from the above diag-
nosis, even the borders, distinctly crenate in some speci-
mens, appear nearly entire in others.

A specimen in the Museum of Princeton College, No. 99
of the nodules, represents a large triangular pinna divided
as in P. Mazoniana. The borders of the pinnules are
slightly undulate ; the midrib somewhat decurring and
more inflated toward the base ; the lateral veins are distant
four to six pairs, alternate, the lower ones curved inward,
forking at the apex, the upper ones straight or slightly
curved back, either simple or split at the apex, being as re-
marked above composed of parallel close filaments either
dividing at the top b}^ splitting or preserving the same po-
sition and remaining simple to the contiguous borders where
some of them are even slighly inflated.

Habitat — Mazon creek, in concretions. Hare.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS ShEAFERI, Lesqx.^ PI. XXXIII,

Firjr.. S-8b.

Pccopteris Sheaferi, Lesqx., Cat. fjss., pL, Potts, sci. assoc., p. 11, PI. 11,
f.4'

Alethopteris Sheaferi, Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 562.

Leaf polyi) innate ; ultimate pinna', linear-lanceolate^
open; pinnules oblique^ linear or Ungulate^ obtuse^ connate

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS.

1

P. 195

and sliglitly decurring^ idIUi harder s sinuate ; medial neroe
thin., gradually effaced toward the apex ; veins thin^ in an
acute angle of divergence^ once forked near the base, tJie
upper branch forking again; in tlie lower pair, both
branches are sometimes forked.

The characters of this species are recognized the same in
the specimen ligured in the Pots. Cat., 1. c, of which the
enlarged f. Sb, showing the nervation is copied, and in
that of Atl., f. 8. They are distinctly seen also upon a
fj'agment, part of a leaf, Al. 19, of the Collection of the
Museum of Comj). Zool. of Cambridge, which represents
the upper part of a primary pinna with secondary pinnae
open, short, five to six centimeters long ; pinnules obli-
que, unequal in length, averaging one centimeter, grad-
ually shorter towards the end of the pinnae, with exactly
the same nervation as described and figured here. The
veins are very thin, in an acute angle of divergence, curving
towards the borders. The relation of this species to Ale-
thopteris aquilina, indicated by Schp., 1. c, is distant and
merely marked by the shape of the leaflets. It greatly dif-
fers by the thin lateral veins very oblique curved towards
the borders, and by the absence of veinlets from the rachis
between the base of the medial nerves of the pinnules.

Habitat — Salem vein, near Pottsville, Mr. P. W. Sheafer.
The specimen quoted above is from Terris vein, Kentucky.

§ 2. DlCKSONIOID^.

TJltimcde pinnce diversely lob ate ; lobes entire, crenate or
dentate, generally decurrent ; fades of the Sphenopteris
comparable to the present Dicksonice.

PsEiJDOPECoPTEKis SPINULOSA, Lcsqx., PI. LYI, Fig. 1.

Alethopteris spinulosa, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., ZF, p. S96, PL XI^
f. 1, 2.

Bi-tripinnatifid ; ultimate pinnce oblique, rigid, alter-
nate; pinnules connate at base, ovate, obtuse; borders
sharply denticulate; midrib strong, effaced under the
apex ; veins oblique, forking once in the middle, divisions
entering the teeth.

196 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

As seen from the fragment figured, the primary pinnae are
broadly lanceolate, with a strong smooth rachis ; secondary
pinnae nearly linear, gradually narrowed to a small oval,
dentate pinnule, as seen from another specimen ; j)innules
sharply toothed, the teeth, the upj^er ones especially, ap-
j^earing spinescent. The specimen not figured has the leaf-
lets lanceolate from the middle upwards, more obscurely
dentate, the apex, however, sharply acuminate. The medial
nerve enlarged toward the base is abruptly dissolved and
divided at a distance from the apex, and the lateral veins
four or five pairs, alternate, distant, parallel, at an acute
angle of divergence, all from the midrib, are forked once
only. In both specimens the characters, except the differ-
ence indicated above, are the same. The pinnules, ovate,
narrowed upwards, and obtuse or pointed, connate to a dis-
tance above the rachis, are all about of the same size, less
than one centimeter long, five to seven millimeters broad, at
their point of cohesion, a little above the rachis. Some of the
characters, the shape of the pinnules, their venation, relate
the species to the former section. But it has no relation
to the Gleichenice. It is rather allied to the DicksonicB
by the form and position of the leaflets and the nervation,
comparable especially to Dicksonia Plumleri, Hook.

Habitat — Roof shales of the coal of St. John, Perry Co.,
111. The specimen figured is from the collection of the mu-
seum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge, AL, 116. The second,
Al. 102, of the same collection is from Newport, Rliode Is-
land. This specimen is not quite as good. It is disfigured
by contraction on one side and expansion on the other from
which results the more distinct pointed shape of the leaflets,
which on the contracted side are positively obtuse.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS HYMEN^OPHYLLOIDES, LeSqX., PI. LYI^

Figs. ^, 3.

Alethopteris hyyn en ophyll aides, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of TIL, IV, p. SOS, PL
X,f. 1-4. Schp., Paleont. veget.. Ill, p. 500.

Frond apj)arently large, tri pinnate ; dimsions lanceo-
late^ sessile and decurring in a narrow wing to the rachis ;
pinnules ohlique^ oblong -oMuse, connate at base; borders

PSEUD0PEC0PTERI8.

P. 197

sinuate or undulate ; medial 'nerve tJiln, reaching the apex ;
lateral veins thin all derived from the midrib at an acute
angle of divergence^ forking once.

The different fragments obtained of this fine species in-
dicate the subdivision of the frond. The lower secondary
pinnae at least twelve centimeters long, alternate and ob-
lique, have x)innules two and a half centimeters long, longer
still towards the base, eight to ten millimeters broad, grad-
ually shorter towards the apex, all decurrent and joined in
acute sinusses near the rachis, very oblique, somewhat
curved back from the middle, generally oblong, or lanceo-
late, obtuse, with undulate or sinuate borders ; the rachis
is narrow, fiat ; the midrib very thin, and the veins, five to
eight pairs, slightly curved and forking once only at the
middle. The njjper part of the pinnse, as seen f. 3, has
shorter divisions ; the lobes are either deeply undulate lobed,
or towards the apex, pass by cohesion to small obtuse entire
pinnules. The mode of attachment of the secondary pinnae
to the rachis is marked f . 3. As in most of the species of tliis
group, they are decurring along the rachis bordering it
with a narrow wing. The relation of this fine Fern, which^
like the former, has no affinity to any species known until
now from the coal measures, is also with the Dicltsonice ;
with D. harometz^ Link, for example, and still more with
Loxsoma Cunninghami^ Br., which it resembles by the
shape and position of the pinnules and nervation.

Habitat — Mazon Creek, in concretions.

PsEUDOPECOPTERis N"EKV0SA, Brgt.^ PI. XXXI Y,
Figs. 1-3.

Pecopteris nervosa, Brgt., Hist. d. ver/.foss., p. 297, PI. XCIV; XCV, f.
I, 2. LI. and Hutt., Foss. fl., II, PL XCIV.

Alethopteris nervosa, p. 865, P. XVlII,f. 3. Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 442.
Schp., Paleont. veget., I,p. 51S.

Pecopteris Sauveurii, Brgt., ibid., p. 299, PI. XCV,f. 5.

Fronds tr ip Innate, or compound dicli otomous and multi-
fid ; primary pinnce large, broadly lanceolate ; secondary
divisions open, linear, lanceolate towards the apex ; pin-
nules oblique, connate from the base or above, ovate-obtuse

198 P. IlEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

or lanceolate^ obtusely acuminate^ the inferior one, on the
lower side, generally Mlohate ; the terminal ovate-lanceolate,
entire or lobate by the confluence of the upper pinnules ;
medial nerve divided at the apex ; lateral veins in an acute
angle of divergence, generally forlcing once.

The species is locally abundant and easily recognized by
the thick substance of its leaflets, with a strong very dis-
tinct venation. The midrib is often no thicker than the
lateral veins and some of these are casually attached to the
rachis, but never passing through the whole of the area
between the base of the medial nerves. As seen f. 8, the
species is sometimes represented by fragments with equal
oblong obtuse pinnules, like those of some Alethopteris.
The peculiar nervation and the shape of the lower pinnules
generally bi-lobed, recall easily the numerous variations to
the type. F. 1 is a x>inna with unequal alternate pinnae,
those on the left side shorter, with more distinctly acumi-
nate pinnules, and the lower pinna? on the same side replaced
by one geminate leaflet lil^e those remarked upon species of
Neuropteris and of Odontopteris. This is not the only char-
acter which relates the plant to Odontopteris ; for when
somewhat effaced by erosion, the basilar veins, of the same
thickness as the midrib, appear joined to the rachis, frag-
ments of this Fern resemble those of Odontopteris Brardli.

Habitat — Very abundant in the intraconglomerate meas-
ures of Alabama, the Helena, the Black veins. Also com-
mon in the lower beds of the Anthracite fields, Shamokin,
Wilkesbarre. There are large and splendid specimens of
the species in the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston,
from the subconglomerate ledge and from Oliphant. The
species is rare at Cannelton, still more so in 111., where I
found only a few specimens at Murphy sborough low coal ;
not seen in the specimens from Clinton, Mo.

PsEUDOPECOPTERis suBNERVosA, Rocmer .

Paleont., IX, p. 192, PL XXXI, f. 11. Roehl, Paleont., XVIII, p. 90, PL
XIII, f. 5 {copied from Roeincr).

Frond trip innate, primarij pinncB lanceolate ; secondary
divisions open, alternate, sublinear, pinnatified ; pinnules

PSEIIDOPF.COPTERIS.

P. 199

oblique^ ovate, acuminate, connate from the middle^ the
upper ones graduatty connivent to "near the apex, tlie in-
ferior large.r, entire, not lohate ; medial nerce broad and
fat ; lateral veins flexuous, tending upwards in reaching
the borders ; forked once, some of the basilar derived from
tlie rachis.

I have for examination a larger better preserved specimen
than the one on which Koemer made his figure and diagnosis.
It represents the upper part of two parallel pinnae, with alter-
nate secondary branches, slightly oblique from a flat rachis
grooved or wrinkled crosswise ; the pinnules are shorter,
broader than in the former species, all very oblique, curving
upon each other towards the apex, with a slightly obtuse
acumen, none of them bilobate. The venation is peculiar.
The midrib flat and scarcely distinguishable from the lateral
veins, though broader, is straight towards the apex of the
pinnules sEnd effaced by dividing under it ; the basilar veins
of the inner side (the side toward the main rachis) are de-
rived from the rachis, decurrent at the base, bent upwards
from the middle and reaching the borders in an upward di-
rection. Those derived from the midrib are very oblique
and also curved upward to the borders, all forking once
only. The peculiar character of the venation as also the
shape of the lower leaflets, entire at the point of conjunc-
tion of the pinnae to the rachis, separate this species from
the former. In my specimen, the veins are much less im-
pressed than in A. nervosa, and by the upper pinnules closely
joined on the borders, whose apex only is disconnected, and
whose medial nerve is scarcely distinct, the plant has ex-
actly the facies of Odontopteris Brardli.

Habitat — Communicated from Cannelton Coal by Mr. I.
F. Mansfield ; one specimen only.

PsEUDOPECoPTERis Pluckneti, ScMoth, PI. XXXI F,
Fig. XXX Y, Fig. 7.

FiHcites Pluckneti, Schloth., Flor. d. Vorw., PL X,/. 91
Pecopteris Pluckneti, Brgt., His*, d. veget. /oss.,p.335, PL CVU,/. 1-3.
Alethopteris Pluckneti, Gein., V-,rst., p. SO, PL XXXIJI, /. 4-5. Lesqx.^
GeoL Pept. of 111., IV, p. S95, &chp., Paleo7iL veget., I, p. 511; III, p. 495.

Frond very large, compound., pinnate and dlchotomous ;

200 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

secondary pinnce large^ oblong or ovate-lanceolate in out-
line^ narrower toward the base ; tertiary pinna'., open,
linear, loith a lanceolate obtuse apex ; pinnules oblong,
ovate, obtusely acuminate, either larger, disjointed to near
the base, with borders undulate, or short, triangular, en-
tire, oblique, connate to above the middle, confluent Umard
the apex ; medial nerve thin or immersed, divided near the
apex ; lateral veins very oblique once forJied.

Our two figures of this species sliow its essential cliarac-
ters. It would have l)een impossible however to represent
a whole pinna, for, like P. nervosa, this species has very
large fronds differently com^^osed in their branches either
pinnate or dichotonious with pinnae of large size also. A
fragment from Cannelton, twenty centimeters square, is
covered with parts of a secondary pinna and the base of
another, both obliquely diverging from tlie top of ,a primary
one, whose rachis is not broader than that of its divisions.
The pinna? and pinnules of this form are represented,
PI. XXXIY, f. 4. The pinna? are close, nearly in right
angle, four and a half centimeters long, all equal in length,
with x)innules slightly oblique, disconnected to near the
rachis, equally pinnately undulate, or marked each by tAvo
or three indistinct lobes on each side. This form exactly
agrees with f. 2 of Brgt., 1. c. These lateral lobes of the
pinnules are generally inflated, at least the lower ones, as by
fructification or sori underneath. The surface of the leaf-
lets is covered with a thick epidermis where the immersed
veins appear thick as in f. 4a, but are really thin when the
epidermis is destroyed. The rachis is half cylindrical sin-
uous, irregularly slightly striate or slightly punctate. In
the upper part of the secondary pinnae, the divisions become
rapidly shorter, PI. XXXY, f. 7, the pinnules entire and
triangular. The terminal pinnules at the apex of both the
prime ry and secondary pinnae are small oval obtuse.

Habitat — Like P. nervosa, the fragments of this species
are locally very abundant on acconnt of the large size of the
plants. It is one of the most common species at Cannelton.
The Cabinet of Mr. Lacoe, at Pittston, has specimens from

PSEUDOPEOOPTERIS.

P. 201

Wilkesbarre and other localities of the Anthracite. It is
not rare at Newport, Rhode Island. It has not been re-
marked until now below the millstone grit.

PSEUDOPECOPTEEIS DIMORPIIA, 8p. UOV.^ PI. XX XV^

Figs. 1-6.

Frond d'mided UJce that of the former ; ultimate pinnce
long suhlinear ; pinnules disjoined to the hase^ generally
distant, oblong, obtuse, more or less distinctly undtdately
lobed, slightly decurrent by the narroioed base, unequal in
size on each side of the pinnce ; medial nerve thick, dmided,
under the apex ; venation distinct, of the same character
as in the former.

The frond was evidently large, and, as seen f. 4, irregu-
larly divided or dichotomous. The primary rachis as seen
in the same figure is large, comparatively to that of the
•pinnge which, though very long, have a nari ow half round
rachis. The pinnules, taken altogether, are much larger
than in the former species and generally distant ; the lower,
on the inferior side of each j^inna is more or less distinctly
lobed as in P. nervosa. The leaflets are also of different
size on each side of each pinna, contracted, larger and ob-
tuse on one side, elongated and lanceolate acuminate on
the other. As all the specimen are from the Coal of Rhode
Island where this peculiar deformation is remarked upon
other species, it may be omitted or mentioned as of casual
occurrence. But the size, the distance of the pinnules,
more distinctly lobate, especially the lower ones, seem to
be valid and permanent characters. The fragment, f. 6, is
however very like f. 1 of P. Pluclcneti, in Brgt., 1. c.

Habitat — Coal of Mount Hope near Newport, Rhode Is-
land, communicated by Mr. J. H. Clark. Specimens f. 1-5
are in the collection of the museum of Com p. Zool. of Cam-
bridge, AL, 25 and 25b. The others are in the Cabinet of
of Amherst College, Mass.

202 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQIJEREUX.

PsEUDOPECOPTERis ]S"e\vberryi, Lesqx., PI. XXXVII,

Fbj. 1.

Sphenojiteris Sewberryi, Lesqx-, Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 420.
Geol. 0/ Penn'a, 1858, p. ^62, PL IX,/ 4.
Pecopteris Newherryi, Lesqx., Geol, Rept. of I'd., II, p. 443.

Fronds apparently simple ; r acids dimded in two diverg-
ing pinricB or dichotoinous ; primary branches lanceolate ;
secondary pinncB alternate^ short narrowly lanceolate^ ses-
sile, decnrrent at base to a narrowly winged, half round
rachis ; pinnules connate to the middle, inclined outside,
ovate obtuse or obtusely acuminate, entire or sliglitly un-
dulate-crenate.

The specimen figured here is better than the one repre-
sented in Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c. At least it shows the ve-
nation quite distinctly. Other specimens have been ob-
tained from Cannelton, all with the same characters ; a
simple naked rachis, suj^porting at the top two branches,
divirging crescent shaped, merely differing by the more or
less open degree of their divergence. One of these speci-
mens is especially interesting. It repreeents a small pinna
which does not seem fully developed ; the main rachis is
twenty-three millimeters long, four millimeters broad, flat-
tened, nearly smooth, with two j^nna diverging in right an-
gles, 90°, each four and a half centimeters long, broadly lan-
ceolate in outline or nearly triangular, the lower secondary
pinnae two centimeters long, the following pairs, fourteen
in number, becoming rapidly shorter toward the apex.
The jDinnules are all of the character represented b}^ the
figure ; connate to the middle, lanceolate, obtuse or cuneate,
obliquely truncate, inclining outside as in some forms of P.
Plucltneti, only somewhat longer and more or less deeply
undulate toward the apex. All the basilar pinnules are
entire, none lobed. The venation is also similar to that of
P. Pluclcneti, the veins somewhat more crowded and more
numerous, being all derived from the thin midrib, forking
once, at or above the middle. Though closely allied to
P. Pluckneti, the species is always easily recognize by its
ramification, and the rachis, convex or half round, flattened

to

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS.

P. 203

on the borders, or narrowly winged by the decurring base
of the primary pinnse. As far at the i)lant is known until
now, it seems to have a simple small frond. The rachis is
indistinctly punctate, as in most ot* the species of this sec-
tion.

HaMtat — The first specimen seen and figured in Geol. of
Penn'a 1. c, was found by a miner near Summit Lehigh, Pa.,
and communicated without any other indication. A small
specimen has been obtained later from Mazon Creek in
nodules ; a third from Wilkesbarre is in the collection of
the museum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge ; S. S. 7. The
others which have more recently come under my examina-
tion are from Cannelton, communicated by Mr. I. F. Mans-
field. One from Oliphant No. 1 vein, is in the cabinet of
Mr. H. D. Lacoe.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS ABBREVIATA, LesqX.

Sphenopteris abbreviata, Lesqx., Boston Jour. S. N. U., v. VI, p. 419
Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 861, PL IX, f. 1, lb.

Fragment of leaf 'bipiniiate ; pinnce in rigid angle^ al-
ternate^ sJiort, flexuous, p innately^ deeply lobed ; pinnules
joined to the rachis by their whole hase^ disconnected^
slightly decurrent, oblong, narrowed to the obtuse apex^
undulate -crenate on the borders ; primary nerve thicJt at
its base only, thin and effaced upwards ; lateral veins
dichotomous, the loioer divided in three branches from the
middle, the upper ones forked.

This Fern is related to this generic division by the shape
of the undulate leaflets, by the rachis flattened on the bor-
ders or winged as in P. Newberry i, and by the nervation,
as in P. cor data- ovata. It is intermediate between these
two species.

Habitat — Gate vein, near Port Carbon, Pa., the only sj^ec-
imen found.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS MFRic ATA, Brgt., PI. XXXVII, Fig. 2.

Pecopteris muricata, Brgt. Hist. d. Veg. foss. p. 852, PI. XCVII.
P. laciniata, LI. and HaH., II, PL CXXIl.

Alethopteris muricata, Goepp. syst , p. SIS. L^sqx., Geol. of Penn^a, 1858,
p. 865; GeoL RepL of ILL, IV, p. 395. Schp., PaleonL vegeL, I, p. 514.

Fronds very large decompound, dichoto mous, or polyp in-

204 P. KEPORT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

nate ; secondary plnnce long, I inear -lanceolate ; tertiary di-
msions open, distant, flex uo as ; pinnules generally dis-
tant, very xariahle inform, lanceolate, acuminate, tJielower
ones enlarged at the base, more or less distinctly lohed ;
primary nerve tliicTi, more or less decurrent at base, thin-
ning upwards, dissolved abace the middle ; veins thick,
more inflated towards tlie borders, the upper forked once,
the lower twice ; substance coriaceous ; rachis smooth or
muricate.

It would be difficult to give an idea of all the forms of this
species, so variable it is, especially in the shape of the pin-
nules. The plant was a very la.rge one, some rachis, appar-
ently of i^innse only, are one and a half to two centimeters
broad. Generally the ultimate pinnge and the pinnules are
distant, these attached to the rachis by an enlarged base,
decurrent and joined together by a narrow band forming a
wing on the rachis. When close to each other, as in the
specimen figured, they are connate at base, more distinctly so
in the upper part of the i^innse, where they become oblong,
more obtuse, connivent at the base of the small narrowly
oval, or lanceolate-acuminate terminal pinnules. They are
generally divided in various ways, deeply undulate, sub-
lobate, or enlarged at the base and distinctl}^ lobate on the
lower side as in P. nervosa, or pinnately lobed from below
the apex to the base, the lobes even sejjarated as distinct
round pinnules. Generally lanceolate acuminate in the
upper part, the lower leaflets are sometimes shorter than
the superior ones broadly ovate and regularly trilobate as
in P. trilobaia. The rachis also, though sometimes distinctly
punctate or muricate, is often smooth, the largest racliis gen-
erally so.

The best figure of this species is that of Roehl, Paleont.,
XVTII, PI. XI, f. 1. LI, and Hutt. have represented the
leaflets more divided than they are generally seen. It is
however i:)ossible that the pinnules of the lower branches
of large pinnse may have this character, so multiplied are
their variations.

Habitat — This species is rarely found in large fragments.
Some fine and remarkably well preserved specimens have

PSEUDOPECOPTEKIS.

P. 205

been sent from the Black Vein of the New Castle coal fields
of Ala., kindly presented by Mr. Thos. Sharp. A few have
been found in the debris of a tnnnel crossing a number of
coal veins of Sharp Mountain, near Pottsville ; later in the
concretions of Mazon Creek, and also, more abundantly, in
the shale of Newport beach, Rhode Island. I have not
seen it in the collections from Clinton, nor in those from
Cannelton. It is also not in the cabinet of Mr. Lacoe, of
Pittston. The species appear therefore especially limited
to the subconglomerate measures of Alabama, passing up
to the lower coal of Mazon creek. The geological horizon
of the shale of Newport is not positively known.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS CORDATO-OVATA, (WeiSS), LeSqX.,

PL XXXVIl Figs. ^, 5.

Neuropteris cordato-ovato, Weiss, Foss. ft., p, 28, PI. I,f. 1.
Pec'jptei-is SilUmanni, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 867.

Frond Mpinnate ; racMs comparatimly thick ; ultimate
pinnce distant, suhlinear^ grad/ually narrowed, toward, the
apex^ alternate, nearly in right angle; pinnules slightly
oblique, close, ovate^ rounded and narrowed to the decur-
rii}g base united by a narroio wing along the slender
rachis ; medial nerne divided above the middle ; veins ob- »
lique, slightly curving to the borders^ forking once.

The pinnules are uniform in shape and scarcely different
in size ; the basilar pinnules only are sometimes lobate, on
the upper side quite as frequently as on the inferior ; but in
most of the specimens the leaflets have all the same form,
being about exactly ovate, a little more enlarged on the back
towards the rachis, and thus very slightly scythe-shaped.
They average half to one centimeter in length and four to
six millimeters in width in the middle. Comparing this
species to Neuropteris cordato-ovata^ Weiss, 1. c, differ-
ences are scarcely noticeable. The pinnules are of the same
size and form, only none of the basilar ones are lobate in
the European specimens, and the veins as described by the
author are twice-forked.

From the position of the leaflets, and their mode of attach-

206 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ment to the racliis, the species cannot be placedin the Genus
Keuropteris. I was formerly disposed to consider this pkmt
as referable to Fecopteris Loschii, Brgt., Hist. d. veg.
foss., p. 355, PI. 90, f. 6, which has leaflets of about the
same form sometimes lobate, the inferior pinnje disposed
about as in Atl., f. 5, and the veins also simply pinnate.
But Brongniart's figure shows the pinnules merely sessile
not decurrent and not bordering the racliis, mostly connate
at the base, more distinctly lobate, etc. I have never been
able to see a Fern of our coal measures satisfactorily repre-
senting this species, as described by the French author from
specimens from Wilkesbarre.

Habitat — The fragments figured on our plate are also from
Wilkesbarre.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS SiLLIMAXXI, Bigt., PI. XXXYII^

Fig. 3.

Fecopteris Sillimanni, Brjt , HUt. d. veg. foss., p. 353, PL XCVT, f. 5.
Lesqx. Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 40I. Schp.,

Paleont. veget.^ I, p. 515.

Frond tripinnate ; pinncB shorty linear -ohloiig^ the lower
pinnatelg deeply lohed^ the upper ones simple ; pinnules
or lohes five to seven pairs, oval., connate at the hase^ the
loicer nearly round, sometimes lohed, the terminal ones
short.) broad, ovate ; medial nerves distinct, marked by a
deep groove, substance coriaceous, thick ; veins und is cerni-
hle, mry thin, forked once or twice.

The last sentence of the above diagnosis is from Brong-
niart's description. In our specimen, the only one which
seems to distinctly represent the species, the surface is a
rough thick epidermis under which the veins are scarcely
discernible. As far as can be seen, they appear, however, as
figured by the author. Like the former species, this one is
very rareh^ represented in our Coal measures, at least under
the same form which was examined by Brongniart from
specimens sent to him from Zanesville. It is very probable
that both these forms represent different parts of one
species only, intimately allied to the following if not ident-
ical with it.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS.

P. 207

//a^/Ya^^— Subconglomerate ledge of Pittston, Mr. H D.
Lacoe ; found also in more imperfect specimens in tlie no-
dules of Mazon Creek ; very rare.

PSEUDOPECOPTEPwIS ANCEPS, LesqX.^ PI. XXXVIII,

Figs.

Sphenopteris squamosa, Lesqx., Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 42O.
Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 862, PI. X, f. 2, 8.

Frond compound, muUijid, dlchotomous or qnadripln-
nate ; primary radii s broad ; pinnce of the third order,
oblique, distant, rigid or flexuous ; ultimate pinnce short,
inclined upwards, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, pinnately
lobed ; pinnules short, round, oDate or subquadrate, con-
nate at the base, the lower generally free, the upper joined,
to the middle; upper pinnce simple, undulate, by the grad-
ual colie si on of the lobes; reins forking twice, curving to
the borders, all derived from a thin midrib of the same size
as the veins.

This species is extremely polymorphous and may repre-
sent two or three others described under different names.
Very large pinnae seen in the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe
are dichotomous in the inferior part , their rachis is large,
smooth or narrowly striate, one and a half centimeters broad.
The primary pinnse are broadly lanceolate as also the sec-
ondary ones like that figured here. The tertiary, very vari-
able in length and in their divisions are sometimes open or
oblique, parallel, rigid; sometimes with a narrow rachis,
flexuous, curved in various ways ; the ultimate divisions are
also extremely variable, more or less distant, two to three
centimeters long, lanceolate or gradually narrower to the
half round or ovate terminal pinnule ; leaflets oblong or
broadly ovate, obtuse, even truncate at the apex, the lower
ones disconnected at the base, the upper gradually more
and more connate. The rachis is slightly punctate. The
substance of the leaves is subcoriaceous, the epidermis of the
upper surface is thick, generally obscuring the nervation,
sometimes but rarely marked by points or small dots, as f.
2 ; while on the under surface the veins are distinct, f. la.

208 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREIJX.

In tlie lower pinnae of large specimens the pinnules are
longer, enlarged at the base, even lobed on each side, or
sinuous along the border (Atl., PL XXXYIII, f. 2) This
form is represented in the Ueoi. of Penn a, p. 862, PL X, f.
1, as Sphenopteris LesquereiixlL Newby. It may be a dif-
ferent species but the intermediate transition of forms are
many and the point of separation indefinite. Some of the
numerous specimens of this Fern, compared to the fragment,
AtL, PL XXXyil, f. 3, referred to Pecopteris SllUmanU
Brgt., are also in close relation. In this last species, how-
ever, the upper surface is quite smooth, the pinnules more
distinctly coriaceous, more inflated, and tlie place of the
medial nerve clearly marked through the thick epidermis.
This is not the case in P. anceps^ for indeed though the
midrib is obscurely indicated upon the figure, it is generally
imj^ossible to see any trace of it, on the upper surface of the
leaflets.

P. 3, enlarged f. 4, (AtL), represents a small fragment
found among numerous specimens of this species obtained
at Cannelton. Tlie borders are inflated and recurved all
around as in the fructified pinnae of AletTiopier i s This
small fragment is the only one of this character among
an immense number of specimens from the same locality.
The border is quite flat, the duplication obscure, not even
marked around all the pinnules and therefore the character
is as yet too indefinite. It is moreover the only trace of
fructification remarked in the section of the DicksonicB of
the genus. If more evidence should confirm this character
it would prove the close relation of this second section
to Alethopteris while the fructifications of P. 2Iazoni-
ana must show the affinity of the Glelclieinltes to Pecop-
teris,

Habitat — First seen in the fragments derived from the
tunnel of Sharp Mt., near Pottsville ; also at Wilkesbarre
and from the Brown Colliery at Pittston. It is in the shale
of the Cannelton (Joal in great profusion and in the low coal
of Illinois ; Mazon Creek, Morris and Colchester. I have
not seen any specimen of it from the subconglomerate meas-
ures nor from coal of Clinton, Mo.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS.

P. 209

PSEUDOPECOPTEIUS DECURRE?7S, LesqX.

Pccopteris decurrens, Lesqx., Boston Jour. S. N. II., v. 6, 21. 424. Geol.
of Penn'a,p. 867, PI. XI, f. 5a.
Pecopteris alata, iSchp., Palcont. veget., I, p. 531."^

Leaf hijnnnate, dlchotomous or forking in two branches
at the apex; rachis flat and hroad^ irregularly striate;
lower piunce opposite, linear -lanceolate, open and distant ;
pinnules distant, ohlong, obtuse, entire or slightly undu-
late, decurring at the base and joined to the inferior ones
by a border along the rachis ; medial nerve thin, flexuous ;
lateral veins generally once forked^ some of them simple^
all curved to the boarders in a broad, angle of divergence.

This remarkable Fern is represented only by the fragment
figured, the upper \)2ivt of a pinna or frond, bearing three
pairs of lateral opposite pinnse, the upper ones diverging
as branches of a dichotomous i^achis, a division similar to
that of P. Mazoniana. The pinnules, five millimeters long,
two to three millimeters broad, with the same distance be-
tween them, are decurring and Joined to each other by a
linear border forming a wing more than one millimeter
broad on each side of the rachis. The venation is distinct,
but not thick, the midrib thin and flexous, deflected at its
point of union to the rachis ; the veins forking in the mid-
dle rarely simple. The division of the frond at its upper
part, the rachis winged by the decurring pinnules, are char-
acters which authorize the reference of the species to Pseudo-
pecopteris. It is altogether a peculiar Fern which until now
has no distinct relation to any other of the coal measures.

Habitat — Gate vein, near Pottsville ; same specimen with
Pecopteris concinna.

PSEUDOPECOPTEPvIS CALLOSA, LcsqX.

Pecopteris callosa, Lesqx. Geol. Rept. of III, II, p. A42, PL XXXV, f. 1-5.
Schp.y Paleont, veget., I, p. 516.

Frond, tripinnatifid ; pinncB linear.^ gradually narrowed
in the upper part to a large trilobate deltoid or rhomboidal

*The name Pecopteris decurrens was changed by Schimper into P. alata,
as preoccupied for a Jurassic species by Andrse, Fl. d. Siebenb., 1863. The
Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, indicates precedence for the original name.
14 P.

210 P. REPORT OF PROGUESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

leaflet ; ^pinnules oblong or ovate^ obtuse^ rounded and nar-
roioedattlie base^ decurrent or the narrowly lolnged rachis^
small and und.ulate or large and 'p innately undulate or
lobed^ distant ; medial nerve broad and flat, abruptly dis-
solved^ above the middle ; veins all derived from the midrib,
forking once below the middle.

This plant has been found only in fragments. Tlie larger
one is a part of a bipinnately divided branch, with small
distant pinnules, deltoid in outline, obtuse, four to seven
millimeters long, undulate and enlarged toward the abrupt-
ly contracted and decurring base. Another fragment, a sim-
ple pinna, has the pinnules longer, one and a half centime-
ters, oblong-obtuse, pinnately undulate on the borders, also
rounded at the base to a narrow point of attachment half
as broad as the inferior part of the lamina. Other frag-
ments show the upper j)art of the pinnae with the terminal
compound pinnules more or less deeply and irregularly lo-
bate by the cohesion of the upper leaflets.

Schimper rightly remarks on this species, that it resem-
bles P. Sillimanni, by the general facies and the size of the
pinnae, which however are more distant. It differs still
more by the form of the leaflets, the largest ones always
regularly pinnately lobed or undulate, and the small, nearly
triangular, enlarged on the sides near the base. The sub-
stance of the leaflets is coriaceous, the upper surface pol-
ished.

Habitat — I found this species only at Murphysborough
and in the shale of the Morris Coal, both localities at the
same horizon. The specimens, S. S. 921, are in the Museum
of Comp. Zool., Cambridge.

PSEITDOPECOPTERTS GLAXDFLOSA, LesqX.

Sphenopteris gJandulosa, Lesqx., Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 420.
Geol. o/Penn'a, 1858, p. 862, PL IX, f. 2.

Frond dichtonious and tripinnatifld ; primary pinncB
in right angle to a broad rachis, or inclined, backward, ;
secondary divisions alternate, also in right angle ; pin-
nules distinct to the base, small, ovate in theujyper pinnce.^
trilobate in the lower, with the terminal lobes lanceolate,

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS.

P. 211

sharply acuminate^ the basilar ones half rounds all con-
mx^ coriaceous^ glandular on the surface.

The specimen figured 1. c. is the only one I have seen of this
fine species. It represents a primary pinna, with a rachis one
centimeter in diameter, dichotomous, divided or forked at
the top into two open branches, five millimeters thick, di-
verging nearly in right angle from the main rachis, which,
underneath, is enlarged at the joints of three pair of lateral
secondary pinnae, reflexed or in right angle. The shape of
the pinnules is peculiar, the lower, one centimeter long are
three or five lobed, the middle lobes tapering to a sharply
pointed acnmen, while the upi^er pinnae have small oval
round pinnules two to three millimeters in diameter.

By the shape of the lobate leaflets, this plant is related to
P. acuta, Atl. PI. XXXYII, f. 6. The ramification, the
form and distribution of the pinnae and pinnules, the cori-
aceous substance, refer it to this group. Its aflinity to P.
anceps is also easily recognized.

Habitat — I found the specimen at Shamokin, west of the
village. The geological station of the coal bed from which
the fragments were thrown out is uncertain.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS IRREGULARIS, 8t.^ PI. LII, FigS.

1-Sb, 8.

iSphenopteris irrepularis, St., Flor. d. Vorw., II, p. 6S, PL XVII, /. 4-
Gein., VersL, p. 14, PL XXIII,/. 2-4. Lesqx., GeoL Kept, of IlL, II, p.
485. Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 373.

iSphenopteris latifoUa, LL & Hutt., II, PL CLVI; III, PL CL XXVIII.

)Sphenopteris tri/oliata? Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 202, PL LIII,f. 3.

Frond poly pinnate ; rachis comparatimly large, alate ;
secondary pinnce open, long, narrowly lanceolate ; tertiary
dims ions more oblique, pinnately divided in two to Jim
pairs of reniform or rhomboidal-obtuse, irregnlar small
lobes or pinnules, coriaceous, entire, or the inferior round
sublobate ; terminal ^pinnules small, oblong-obtuse ; midr ib
of the same size as the lateral veins, dichotomous ; veinlets
forking once near the base.

The shape of the leaflets is variable. The American spec-
imens represent them as they are figured in Sternberg, 1. c.

212 P. EEPOET OF PP.OGrwESS. LEO LESQUEPEUX.

In Geinitz, 1. c, the lobes are more crowded, generally ovate
or obovate, all of the same form, none of them trilobate like
those of Atl., f. 2, 3, wliicli, are exac^tly similar to the figures
of SpJienopteris trifoliata in Brgt., 1. c. I therefore consider
these specimens as representing both ^. irregularis^ Stenb.,
and trifoliata. Brgt.

The venation of this Fern is obscure on account of the
thick epidermis of the leaflets. The surface seems to have
been covered by short hairs or villous. When the epider-
mis is destroyed by maceration, the veins are distinct, in-
flated, as in f. 3 b.

I had at first considered f. 8 as representing a different
species. But after renewed comparison I believe that it
merely represents a larger form of the same. The substance
of the plant is of the same thickness and the lobes, though
larger and less deex)ly cut, are absolutely of the same form
as in f. 2. The essential difference is in the rachis which
is stronger and not alate, but f. 8 probably represents in-
ferior divisions. Better specimens are needed, however, to
fix the degree of relation of these two fragments. Eoemer,
Paleont., lY, PI. XXYIII, f. 5, refers to P. irregularis^ a
part of a pinna with a narrow naked rachis and pinnules
trilobate, the lobes, as large as in Atl., f. 8, and also broadly
obtuse. The species is extremely variable.

Habitat — The best specimens I have seen are from Clin-
ton, Mo., communicated by Dr. I. H. Britts. The variety
f . 5, is from the same place. A few fragments of the species
have been found at Colchester, 111.

PsEUDOPECOPTEP.is de:^udata, oiov.

Leaf tr ipinnatifid ; pr imary p innae broadly lanceolate^
secondary dims ions linear^ broader in the middle, close^
alternate ; racliis fiat p>rolonged, and nalced beyond the
apex; pinnules slightly inclined outside^ ovate^ sessile^
tlirce or fi})e lobed ; lobes equals small^ round, or oval^ free
to near the base ; xeins thin more or less decurring ^ forlced
once; substance coriaceous.

Of the two specimens representing tliis Fern, one is a pri-

%

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS.

P. 213

mary pinna seven centimeters long, with very open secondary
divisions, close, slightly curved upwards, four and a half cen-
timeters long ; the other a separate secondary pinna with
pinnules seven millimeters long in the middle of the pinna,
only live millimeters at the base, and gradually shorter to-
ward the apex, the two upj)er ones very small, confluent
with the terminal small half round leaflet. The essential
character of this Ferli distinctly separating it from all the
others of this group is the subdivision of the pinnules in
equal oval or round entire small lobes, Ave in the lower j)in-
nules, three in upj)er ones, all of the same form and size, dis-
connected to near the base, averaging two millimeters in
diameter. The lowest jmir is slightly larger, but none of
the lobes are either crenate or sublobate. The rachis of the
pinnae is flat and comparatively broad, one and a half mil-
limeters, excurrent, the upper pinnules being merely simple,
a pair of round lobes on each side of the rachis, which,
naked and linear, is prolonged beyond the uj^per pair of
pinnules in a blunt acumen five millimeters long. This
peculiar termination of the pinnae resembles that of some
of the lobes of Bplienoijter is spina sa^Q^o^^. The epidermis
is thick, and the veins distinct only, when it is destroyed.
They are derived from the midrib, either parallel and joining
it separately or united at the base, all more or less decurring
and generally forked once. The primary rachis is obscurely
striate, flat, neither winged nor rugose.

By the form of the pinnules, their subdivisions in round
lobes, their mode of attachment to the rachis, this species
is closely allied to Splieriojjter is peiitaphylla^ Roem.,
Paleont., lY, p. 180, PI. XXXI, f. 4, and equally so by the
same chararters to 8. stipulaia^ Gutb., as figured by Roelil,
Foss. fl., p. 58, PI. Xyi, f. 6. Poemer's sjiecimen isamere
fragment of the top of a pinna. Roehl's figure shows the
base of the lower i^innules prolonged into stipules which
give the name to the plant ; in both the rachis of the sec-
ondary pinnae is narrow, and bears a terminal ]3innule, not a
naked prolongation of the rachis. In any case, by the regu-
lar form of the round lobes, close together, separated to near
the base, in right angle to the midrib, the species is differ-

214 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

entfrom S. stipulata, Gntb., as described and figured by the
author and by Geinitz.

Habitat — Shale of the Cannelton Coal, Mr. I. F. Mans-
field.

PsEUDOPECoPTERis Decipeists, Lesqx., PI. LII, Figs.
9, 9a, 10, 10a.

Sphenopteris decipiens, Lesqx., Boston Jour. ^. N. IT., v. VI,p. 420. Geol.
of Penn'a, 1858, p. 862, PL XVIII, f. 2. Geol. Rept. of Arks., II, p. 312, PL
V,f. 1. JSchp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 401,

S. dilatata, Lesqx., L c, p. 310, PL II, f. s.

Frond tripinnatifld ; ultimate pincB alternate, open,
linear, p innately divided in three to six pairs of ohovate,
decurrent lobes, connate at or near the base ; medial nerve
broad ; veins distinct and distant, decurring, joined at
the base, or parallel and derived from the midrib, twice
forked.

This Fern known from too small fragments is coriaceous,
at least as seen from specimen f . 9 which may however rep-
resent a different species. The rachis is narrowl}^ wdnged,
the lobes half round or obovate, five to six millimeters long
and four to five broad near the apex, where they are gen-
erally enlarged, inclined to the outside and imbricated from
the middle. The veins, coarsely and obscurely marked on
the upper surface but distinctly printed upon the mould, are
either joined at the base to a decurring vein as in f. 10a, or
sej^arate, parallel at the base inclined dowmwards to the
point of union to the midrib. As the difference in the length
and shape of the pinnse and their lobes is as marlved as that
of the venation, the fragments may represent two species
or both j)ertain as branches of diminutive size to P. Speciosa
described below.

Habitat — The specimen figured in the Geol. of Penn'a, 1.
c, is from the lower coal under the Conglomerate in the Gap
of Sliamokin, Penn' a. The two described in the Arks. Rept.
are subcongiomerate as also the other fragments of f. 8,
sent by Prof. Eug. A. Smith, from Helena coal mines, Ala.

PSKUDOPKCOPTERIS.

P. 215

PsEUDOPECOPTEiiis LATiFOLiA, Brgt., Pi. LIT, Figs. ^ J4-a,

Sphcnopteris Int foHa, Brgt., Hist. d. veg. /oss., p. 205, PI. LVIl,f. I-4.
Lesqx.^ Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 862; Geol. Mept. of III., II, p. 435. Schp.,
Paleont veget., I, p. 399.

Frond tripinnate, hipinnate toward the apex ; second-
ary pinnce long, with a thin alate rachis ; pinnules alter-
nate, distant, inclined outside, ovate-lanceolate in outline,
obtuse, deeply lohed ; lohes half round, entire, the lower
ones sometimes irregularly dentate; middle nerm flexii-
ous ; lateral veins dichotomous, curved., forking once or
twice.

The substance of the pinnules is coriaceous, very thick ;
the borders generally reflexed, the veins prominent, distinct
and strong. The divisions of the pinnules are variable ;
sometimes the lower ones are obtusely bilobate.

Habitat — Rare in our coal measures. Tunnel of Sharp
Mountain, near Pottsville ; seen only, in reliable specimens,
from the Alabama coal mines of Helena.

PsEUDOPECOPTERis ACUTA, Brgt., PI. XXXVII, Fig. 6.

Sphenopteris acuta, Brgt., Hist. d. vcg. foss., p. 207, PI. L VII, f. 5. Lesqq:.,
Geol. of Penn'a, p. 862. Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 400.

Same characters as the former.

This species merely differs from the former by the acumin-
ate terminal pinnule, and the veins forking one or twice, not
more. This difference is remarked upon a large number of
specimens from the Whetstone beds of Indiana. The like-
ness of this Fern to both the former species is so great, that it
is difficult to consider it otherwise than as a variety. Though
most of the pinnules are simple the lower are sometimes
obtusely lobed as in Brgt. figures 1. c. of P. latifolia. This
subdivision is seen upon the right side of the pinna, Atl., f. 6.

Habitat— The identity of habitat of both this and P.
latifolia, renders their specific separation more objectionable.
Both are subconglomerate. Most of the specimens are from
the Whetstone quarries of I-ndiana a formation overla ying the
Chester limestone (subconglomerate). The fine small speci-
men figured is from Dr. Britts upon a piece of hard sand-

216 p. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

stone, locality not marked. It seems to be derived from
the same formation.

PSEUDOPECOPTEIilS SPECIOSA, Sp. 710V., PI. LI, Flc). 1.

Frond dicJiotomo as, or divaricate-polyp innate ; pinnce
very large., with a strong, lialf round, broadly alate, Jlex-
uons radii s ; ultimate pinnce open, lanceolate; pinnules
distant, oblique, ovate or ooate-lanceolate, obtusely acumi-
nate., the lower ones three to five lobate, the upper entire by
the gradual cohesion of the lobes ; medial nerve thiclc ; pri-
mary and secondary veins decurring, curved toward the
borders, once or tw ice forked.

From the forking of the rachis on the left side of the
figure, this fine species is evidently dichotomous or divari-
cate-pinnate lilve P. nervosa, to which it has an evident re-
lation in the subdivision of the j^innules, the lower pair in
each branch being irregularly lobed with the inferior lobe
larger and undulate. In this species both the lower pin-
nules have this abnormal division while in P. nervosa it is
marlved on the inferior only. The rachis is broadly winged
in all its divisions, the base of the i^innules is somewhat de-
current. In the lobate pinnules the veins are derived from
simple oblique decurring divisions of the broad medial
nerve as in f. \a, enlarged, and are forked once only, but in
the upper part of the pinnules when entire, as also in the
entire pinnules towards the apex, all the veins are derived
from the medial nerve, parallel and simi)le at the base, as f .
\b, enlarged, generally forking twice, once near the base
and the branches once again near the borders. The sub-
stance of this Fern is coriaceous, the veins inflated or dis-
tinct. The surface is generally polished. In the counter-
part of the specimen when the epidermis is left attached to
the stone as a pellicle of coal, the veins are seen upon it, thin
but distinct. *

The relation of this fine species to P. latifolia and P.
acuta, Brgt., is quite as intimate as it is to P. nervosa.
From all these species, it essentially differs by the large size
of the leaflets.

PSEUDOPECOPTEKIS.

P. 217

Hah i tat — Helena coal mines, Ala. Communicated by
Prof. Eng. A. Smith. Sjiecimen No. 12 of the State cabinet
originally labeled under the name of Spltenopteris amoena^
Sp. nov., (1875). ♦

PsEUDOPECOPTERis ViKGiNiANA {MeeJc). Ltsqx.

Cycloptcris Virginia7ia, Meek, Ball. Phil. soc. of Washington, Dec, 1875;
Appendix, p. XVIII, PL I,f. 3, a, b, c.

Frond appareidly large, probably tr ip innate ; pr imary
pinncB with rather stout, rigid, smooth or slightly striate
rachis ; secortdary pinnce long, lanceolate, regularly alter-
nating, close, nearly or quite in rigid angle to the racJds ;
pinnides more oblique, alternate, the lower ones shorter
and broader^ abruptly narroioed or subcordate at base, at-
tached to the rachis by an extremely short petiole, more or
less distinctly trilobate, the lobes being obtuse and broad,
ovate; irpper pinnules gradually longer, five lob ed or ob-
tusely sublanceolate, more oblique and less abruptly taper-
ing to the base, becoming simple, merely undidate on the
margins, even some quite simple near the extremities of
tTie pinn(E ; nervation distinct; veins slender, palmately
spreading and bifurcating several times.

The above clear description from the author indicates, as
it is seen also b}^ the llgiire, the close affinity of this and the
former species. They only dilfer by the smooth striate
naked (not alate) rachis, for even its smaller branches are
not margined by the decurring of the pinnules ; by the mode
of attachment of the shorter broader pinnules which are
merely sessile, not jointed to the rachis by a broad decurring
base, and by the close rather neuropterid nervation. The
author compares this Fern to species of Triphyllopteris,
Schp.

Habitat — Lowest strata of the Carboniferous of W. Vir-
ginia, in close proximity to the Cl\emung, at Lewis tunnel,
Prof. B. F. Meek.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS TEIFOLIATA {Brgt.), LcsqX.

Sphenopteris trifoliata, Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 202, PL LIU, f. 3.
Lesqx., GeoL Rept., of ILL, IV, p. 4IO. /Schp,, Paleont., veget., I, p. 371.

Fragment of leaf hipinnate ; pinnce in right angle, par-

218 P. EEPOET OF PROGKESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

allele distant^ rigid^ siibllnear ; piniiules distinct^ equi-
distant^ triangular in outline, rounded, and narrowed to
the point of attachment, distinctly and equally trilobate ;
lobes very obtuse, the middle one larger and broader at the
apex; epidermis tJcicli. smooth or punctulate ; veins indis-
cernible^ buried into the epidermis.

The specimen from which the species is described repre-
sents it as figured and described by Brongniart witli this
exception only, that all the pinnules are trilobate, while the
French author describes the lower ones as five lobed, the
upper ones only three lobed. But our specimen is a frag-
ment of the upper part of a primary pinna, where the lateral
pinnse are much shorter and the pinnules, accordingly, di-
vided as they are in the upper part of the plant figured by
Brongniart where the pinnules are trilobate only.

Prof. Schimper remarks, 1. c, p. 372, that the specimen
figured by Brgt. does not appear referable to the species of
Artis, though quoted by him as synonym. Like other re-
lated congeners, the species is extremely variable and some
of the numerous authors who have quoted and described it,
represent it like our specimen or like that figured by Brong-
niart. Its substance is coriaceous, the ui:)per surface of the
lobes convex, the borders reflexed, and the veins hidden.

Habitat — Coal measures of Alabama, Helena mines ; com-
municated by Prof. Eng. A. Smith. Mentioned in Geol.
Rept. of Alabama, 1875, p. 75.

PsEUDOPECOPTEis POLYPiiYLLA, {LI. and Hutt.^. Lcsqx.

Sphenopteris po^yphyUa, LI. and Hutt., Foss. fl., II, PI. CXLVII. Schp,,
Paleont. veget., I, p. 375.

Fragment of leaf bipinnate ; pinnoe open., sublinear^
close, parallel ; pinnules alternate, short pedicelled., ovate
in outline, the lower ones pinnately lobed., obtuse ; primary
nerves distinct near thelfase, effaced upwards ; lateral veins
in acute angle of dimrgence^ dichotomous or merely forJc-
ing, thin.

This species resembles P. trifoliata, especially in the
upper part of the pinnse, where all the leaflets are trifoliate.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS.

P. 219

In the lower part however they are pinnately divided in five
or more lobes. The substance of the leaves is not as thick ;
the veins distinct ; the pedicel narrower, slightly decurring
to the rachis. The more marked difference is in the middle
or terminal lobe wdiich is obovate entire, much larger and
longer than the lateral ones.
Habitat — Helena veins, Alabama, rare. ■ •

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS MACiLENTA, {LI. and Hutt.), Lesqx.

Sphenoptoris macUenta^ LI. and Hutt., Foss. ji., II, PI. CLI. Gein.y
Verst.,p. 14, PL XXIII, f. 1. Schp., Paleont. vegcL, J, p. 400.
tS. lobata, Gutb., Abdr.,p. 44, PI. V,/. 11, 13-15; PL X,f. 1-3.

Leaf trip innate ; rachis thick ; primary pi mm slightly
oblique or in right angle ^ dimricate^ distant; secondary
pinncB pinnately dimded in alternate decurring leaflets^
the lower ones irregularly trilobate^ the upper more or less
entire by the confluence of the lobes, broadly ovate, obtuse ;
^primary nerxes thick, effaced from the middle upioards ;
lateral veins in acute angle from an obscure secondary
midrih, forking or dichotonious and flabellate.

This species has two differrent forms. The one, described
above, represents it as 8. lobata, Gntb. 1. c. The secondary
pinnse are short, two centimeters, divided in four to five pairs
of alternate pinnules, nearly all of the same size, five to seven
millimeters in diameter, oval in outline, irregularly three to
five lobate, the upper pair only entire or connate forming an
enlarged, terminal pinnule, more or less deeply lobedatits
very obtuse or subtruncate apex. This form is compara-
ble to AtL, PI. LII, f*. 1 ; with this difference, that the pin-
nules are largei^, the lobes more distinct and irregular, and
the veins as distinct as in f . 4a of the same plate. The other
form is represented by a single ultimate pinnae nine centi-
meters long, pinnately divided in nine or ten pairs of leaf-
lets, gradually smaller from the base to the apex ; the lower
ones broadly ovate, fifteen millimeters in diameter, irregu-
larly bi or trilobate, Avith lobes round and entire, some nearly
quadrate or rhomboidal entire, narrowed to the base and
decurring to the rachis ; the upper oblanceolate or cunei-
form obtuse, becoming near the apex, connate to a ter-

220 P. REPORT OF PllOGKESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

minal small x>innule which is thus also irregularly indirj-
tinctly lobate. This form is the same as that described and
figured by LL and Hutt., 1. c. Our specimen shows the
upper surface of the leallets with veins immersed into the
epidermis and obsolete.

This species is closely allied by its characters to P.
irregularis and its multiple varieties. It differs by the
larger size of its decurring irregular lobes and its more dis-
tinct nervation. The lobes are diversely cut, generally
curved down or decurring at the base, often divided at the
top or lacerated in one or two divisions. Some of the speci-
mens seem to represent SpJienopteris adiantoides, LI. and
Hutt., while others are scarcely distinguishable from jS.
latlfolia.

Habitat — The first specimens described were sent from
the Black seam of Jefferson coal mines, Ala., by Mr. T. IT.
Alrich. The second a single one, is from Cannelton, Pa.

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS PUSSILLA, LesqX.

Pecopteris pussilla, Lesqx., Boston Journ. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 424. Geol.
of Penn'a, p. 866, PL XI, f. 4. Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 519,

Frond Mpinnate ; primary rachis fltxuous^ with flat
borders ; secondary pinnce distant^ narrowly linear^ pin-
nately equally lohed ; lobes connate to the middle^ obtuse
surface mllous.

Nothing is known of this Fern but the small fragment
figured. It is part of a pinna four centimeters long, with
lateral pinnae oblique, narrow, five millimeters broad, linear,
as far as can be seen, the pinnse being all broken at a dis-
tance from the base. The flexuous alate rachis seems to
indicate its relation to this group. But the veins obscurely
seen through the villous surface appear merely simple,
though curved back to the borders. Excei)t for the winged
rachis and the villous surface I should have taken this as a
variety of Pecopteris arborescens^ Brgt.

Habitat — Salem vein, near Pottsville, Pa.

PECOPTERIDS.

P. 221

Pecopterids.

The group of PecojDterids has been much mixed by au-
thors, and though the separation of the genus Pseiidope-
copferis has simplified it ah-eady, it is still interspersed with
species whose characters are not in evident correlation, or
do not fully answer for the definition of a simple genus.

The subdivision of the tribe into groups, has been at-
tempted, based upon the character of the fructifications.
As it has been remarked already in the introduction, the
fruits of most of the fossil Ferns are unknown, and when
they are observable as in a number of species of the Pe-
copterids^ their diagnosis even with the assistance of the
microscope is always more or less incomplete. The spores,
mostly placed on the lower surface of the leaflets, are
seen through the epidermis by protuberances which do not
distinctly represent the position of the sporanges in relation
to the veins, and when the sori are exposed, they are mostly
crushed and disfigured, so that their composition and gen-
erally, if not always, the indusium, its shape, point of at-
tachment, etc., are indiscernible. And as fructified pinnae
of Ferns are very often separated from the sterile plants, it
happens, as it will be seen in some of the following descrip-
tions, that a specific relation of the fertile fragments to the
sterile ones is merely presumable. I have, indeed, as often
as possible, represented the fructified part of the Pecop-
terids but cannot take them into consideration as characters
for a subdivision of the tribe.

One has only to look at the classification of a few si:)ecies
grouped from the ajjparent characters of the fructifications,
to see how unreliable are the diagnosis derived from them.
Goeppert, in his Systema, describes as Aspidites nodosus
and A. leptorracliis^ two species referred by Schimper to
Pecopteris arhorescens^ while another species of the same
author, Asplenites nodosus is for Weiss a synonym of the
same P. arbor escens described by him under a new generic
name, Cyatliocarpus^ with C. candolleanus^ C. Miltoni, C.
unitus^ this last a Goniopteris by its nervation, no more a
Cyatliocarpus by the fructification than Gowiopterls emar-

222 P. KEPOET OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ginata^ G. longifolla^ etc. In Pecopteris^ and because the
fructifications ar« unknown, Weiss places Alethojyteris
Serin. Pecopteris Biicldaiidi and P. oreopteridia, the first
a true Alethopteris by the large size of the fronds and of
their divisions, by the nervation, etc., far different from
the two last species true Pecopteris. A classification of this
kind tending to arrange the fossil Fern of the coal into a
natural order according to their fructifications, however com-
mendable it may be from a high scientific point of view,
is with the limited knowledge we have of the coal plants,
mere perplexing to the student.

Scliimper in his master work so often quoted, Paleontolo-
gie vegetale, has grouped the Pecopterids from their ap-
parent relation to living Ferns, and has separated them in
the following order:

1st. Pecopteris {Cyathe lies). Ferns comparable to the liv-
ing CyathecB by the characters of the fructifications in round
sori, placed in rows parallel to the borders. This is the
essential group to which the larger number of the species of
Pecopteris are referable.

2d. P. (aspidioides). Ferns whose fructification is in
round indusiate sori. In this group the author places most
of the species described above as Pseudopecopteris ; among
others, P. nervosa, P. subnermsa, P. muricata, P. SilU-
manii, P. LoscMi, P. callosa, P. picssilla, all Ferns Avhose
fructification is unknown and whose relation to Aspidium
is therefore uncertain.

3d. P. {asploiioides). Ferns with fructifications in linear
sori. None of our American species are named in this sec-
tion except P. serrula which finds a more appropriate place
elsewhere.

4tli. P. {acrosticliides). Ferns with the sporanges strewn
upon the lower surface of the leaflets. Species of this di-
vision are Oolitic and Permian.

5th. The last section describes Pecopterids of uncertain
relation. One of our species only, P. decurrens, finds a
place in it.

The clear definition of the genus Pecopteris given by
Brongniart in his tableau des genres is applicable to the
whole group of the Pecopterids.

PECOPTEEIS.

P. 223

Pecopteris, Brgt.

Fronds bf\ trip innate ; 79 long ^ pinnatified ; p in-
nules adhering to the r acids by the lohole base, often more
or less deeply connate, not decurring ; borders generally
contiguous or nearly so ; secondary veins derived from the
medial nerve of the pinnules, simple, bi or tri furcate.

As a kind of key for helping the difficult determination
of the numerous species of Pecopteris I liave adopted the
following somewhat different mode of grouping them from
characters generall}^ persistent and more easily recognized.

1st. Pecopteris {Goniopterids). The essential character of
the Ferns of this division, wdiich Schimper admits as a
genus, is the upward curve of the lateral veins as seen upon
all the figures of Atl. PI. XL.

2d. Pecopteris {proper) or Cyatheids. To this belong
the species answering exactly to the characters of Brong-
niart's definition of this genus. This group might be sub-
divided for species with veins simple or once forked ; for
those whose veins are twice forked, and for those with the
veins branching three times. As some species have a dif-
ferent mode of division of the veins, according to the place
of the leaflets upon the j^innse, I have merely approximately
followed in the descriptions the order indicated above with-
out mark or name of subdivisions.

3d. Pecopteris {villous). The Ferns of this division have
the surface hairy or villous. This character is permanent
and easily discernible.

4th. Pecopteris {crestate). Species with pinnae not dis-
tinctly divided into obtuse entire lobes or pinnules, but gen-
erally cut on the borders in sharp irregular teeth.

And last a group for a few species of uncertain relation
which do not find place in the former divisions.

Pecopteris. (Goniopteris.)
Pecopteris unita, Brgt., PI. XL, Figs. 1-7.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg.foss., p. S42, PI. CXVI, f. 1-5. Lcsqx., Geol. of Penn'a
1858, p. 867. Geol. Rept. of III., IT, p. U2. Schn.. Rileont. veget., I, p. 505.
Cyatheites unitus, Gein., Verst., p. 25, PL XXIX, f. 4, 5.

Frond large^ hi or tripinnate ; secondary pimm in right

224 P. liEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEUEUX.

angle, ohlong, rapidly narrowed to an obtuse apex ; raehis
of the ultliiiate piiincB hrocld and flat ; pinnules connate
to heloio the middle^ or to near the apex, oblong or linear,
obtuse; midrib thin, reaching to near the apex; mins sim-
ple, cnrving inside in passing up to the borders, parallel ;
fructifications in round sori, placed upon the veins in
single rows, between the medial nerve and the borders.

Species extremely variable in the form and size of its ulti-
mate pinnse very rarely found attached to tlie main racliis.
As seen from the figures, these pinnae are linear, abruptly
rounded to a terminal very small half round pinnule, with
leaflets more or less deeply connate, often united to the
apex. The detached pinna in the middle of f. 1 represents
the more marked variety. According to the more or less
deep separation of the pinnules, the lateral veins, curving
upwards, ascend more or less high up along the borders;
sometimes as in the branch of f. 1, all even the lower pair
reach the margin, which is then merely undulate.

The species is always and easily recognized by the broad
flat rachis of the ultimate x)innse ; indeed all the fragments
of rachis of this Fern are extremely broad, comparatively
to the size of the branches wliich they support as seen f. 2.
In f. 1 the pinnae are apx)arently joined to a rachis, two
and a half centimeters broad, at the base of the figure ;
but the point of connection is not seen and the pinna of
the left side appears as if passing over it. But in f. 2, the
connection is clear. The rachis of this branch appears
puctulate. F. lb shows the disposition of the sporanges as
seen with the microscope. Tliis disposition is like that of
Cyatheites and Asterocarpus of authors.

Habitat — Species locally extremely common. The no-
dules of Mazon Creek have afforded, by a large number of
finely i^reserved specimens, the means of comparing the mul-
tiple forms of the pinnae and the variable disposition of the
sori, according to their more or less advanced stage of ma-
turity. The Museum of Cambridge has more than two hun-
dred specimens of this species in these nodules ; it has also
the fine specimen f. 1 which I found at Muddy Creek in an
old mine between Pottsville and Tremont. The species is

PECOPTERIS.

P. 225

also represented at Newport, Rhode Island ; around Wilkes-
barre and Pittson ; at Olipliant, 'No. 1 vein ; at the Salem
Vein of Pottsville, etc. I have not seen it in the collections
from Cannelton, Pa., and from Clinton, Mo., and therefore
though present in the whole thickness of the middle coal
measures, its geographical distribution is local. No speci-
men has been received from the subconglomerate measures.

Pecopteris emarginata, Goepp. PL XXXIX, Fig. 11.

Diplazites emarginatus, Gopp., Syst., p. PI. XVI,/. 1, 2.
Pecopteris longifolia, Germ., Verst., p. 35, PL XIII.
Goniopteris emarginata, Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 5^.
Pecopteris emarginata, Bunh''y, Foss. pi. of Cape Breton, Quart. Geol.
Jour., Ill, p. 82, PI. VI.

Cyatheites unitus, Gein., Verst., p. 25, PI. XIX, f. 4, 5.
Alethopteris emarginata, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 398.

Ft ondpinnately divided ; ultimate pinncs linear., round-
ed to an oMuse acumen, borders regularly undulate; ve-
nation as in the former species.

It is very difficult to find positive characters to separate
this species from the former. A comparison of the pinna
f. 11, with that in the middle of PI. XL, f. 1, does not show
any marked dilference between them. The pinna represent-
ing P. emarginata, is somewhat shorter and broader and
the medial nerve slightly narrower. But in the examina-
tion of a long series of specimens, differences far more strik-
ing than these become blended together by intermediate
forms and it is not possible to see a point where a specific
separation might be legitimately fixed. As figured by Greop-
pert and Geinitz, 1. c, ti*e sori of the fructified pinnae of this
species are irregularly scattered and apparently cover the
whole surface of the laminas. But as Goeppertand Schim-
per have already remarked it, this scattering is caused by
the maturity of the sori, which when open have their spo-
ranges mixed, irregularly strewn and spread by compres-
sion and maceration over the surface. Some of my speci-
mens have those scattered sporanges upon one half of the
pinnse while upon the other, the sori are round and in their
natural position as in P. unita. From this I am inclined
15 P.

226 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

to follow Geinitz's opinion and to consider this so-called
species as a variety of the former.
Habitat — Mazon creek always with the former.

Pecopteris longifolia, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss.,p. 273, PL L XXX III, f. 2.
Goniopteris longifolia, Sclqy., Paleont. veget., I, p. 544.
Alethopteris longifolia, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 469.

Frond p innately divided ; pinnw linear -lanceolate grad-
ually tapering to tlie apex ; ultimate pinnce slightly ob-
lique., distant, narroio linear obtusely acuminate, loitli
borders undidate by the entire cohesion of the pinnules ;
secondary nerves oblique to the rachis, lateral veins curved
upwards and ascending all to the margins.

The specimen from which the diagnosis is made is far
better than that seen by Brongniart. It is the upper part
of a pinna fifteen centimeters long, bearing alternate open
secondary pinnae, the lower ones fructified, four and a half
centimeters long eight millimeters broad, the upper sterile,
three centimeters long, less than five millimeters broad,
gradually shorter to the apex. The sori are distributed as
in P. unita, in two rows along and on both sides of the
midrib, seemingly covering the whole surface, on account
of the narrowness of the lamina, with also the same star-
like distribution of the sporanges. The lateral veins are
much less numerous than in the former species, three pairs
only curving up to the borders and-,reaching them without
connection or anastomosing of the lateral branches. The
rachis is comparatively broad, half round.

This species is easily separated from both the former by
the narrow linear lanceolate pinnae, comparatively longer,
and the less distinct undulations of their borders.

Habitat — Very rarely found. The specimen described,
(P. 451,) of the Museum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge, and
another of the same collection (Al. 93), more fragmentary,
are from Mazon Creek. In the cabinet of Mr. Lacoe, there
is a still smaller fragment, part of an ultimate pinna, with

PECOPTERIS.

P. 227

a clear distinct nervation, labeled No. 192, from the sub-
conglomerate ledge near Pitts ton.

Pecopteris LANCEOLATA, Lesqx.^ PI. XXXIX^ Figs. 9, 10.

Alethopteris lanceolata, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of III., IV, p. 398, PL XIII,
/. 1-8.

Frond pinnately dimded ; pinnce lanceolate to the apex ;
secondary divisions alternate, narroioly lanceolate, entire,
blunt or obtuse at the apex, open, slightly scythe shaped ;
primary nerve half round, of medium size ; lateral veins
thin, the middle one very oblique, the branches simple,
parallel, ascending to the borders.

I have seen only, of this Fern, the two fragments figured
here. One is the upper part of a secondary pinna six cen-
timeters long, with five pairs of distant alternate pinnse,
the lower ones five and a half centimeters long, nearly one
centimeter broad, rapidly shorter upwards, the upper ones,
those of the fifth pair, being only two centimeters long and
half a centimeter broad. The characters of this Fern dis-
tinctly separate it from those described above. The sub-
stance of the pinnae is thick ; the surface smooth, the mid-
rib narrower, half round, narrowly grooved in the middle ;
the veins inclined outside in a more acute angle of diverg-
ence are extremely thin, scarcely seen through the thick
epidermis, even, as in f . 10, totally obsolete ; the borders are
entire or scarcely undulate, rounded to a broad point of
attachment to the rachis.

Habitat — The specimens figured are in concretions from
Mazon Creek. They belong to the museum of Comp. Zool.
of Cambridge, Al. 64 and Al. 74.

Pecopteris arguta, Brgt., PI. XLI, Figs. 2-3a.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. SOS., PI. CVIII, f. 3-4. Lesqx., Geol. of
Penn'a, 1858, p. 867.

Polypodites elegans, Goepp., Syst.,p. 344, PI. XV, f. 10.
Goniopteris arguta, iSchp., Paleont. veg. I, p. 543.

Frond bipinnate ; pinnce open, rigid, very long, close ;
pinnules equal, contiguous, connate at base, linear, obtuse ;
medial nerve straight, distinct to the apex; lateral veins
simple, parallel, thick, oblique and straight to the borders.

228 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX,

This species is easily recognized by the peculiar disposi-
tion of its lateral veins, eight to twelve pairs, all in exactly
the same angle of divergence, 40°, thick and shari:>ly marked
The pinnae are very long, (none seen in its whole), linear,
the pinnules mostly equal, average one centimeter in length,
and only two millimeters in width. The characters, except-
ing the number of the veins which increases somewhat in
the longer leaflets, are not variable. I have represented f.
2a, a fertile pinna, which seems to be referable to this species
on account of the disposition of its veins. The fructifica-
tions in marginal oval sori are placed upon the end of each
vein. The relation of the fragment is however uncertain
as it has not been found attached to a sterile branch.

Habitat — Formerly found only in the upper coal beds of
the Anthracite, the Salem vein, near Pottsville and New
Philadelphia. Later, specimens have been obtained from
the Morris coal of 111. From Mazon Creek I have only the
fructified specimen uncertainly referable to this species
which is rare and has been mostly found in small fragments.

Pecopteris elegans. Germ.

Germ., VersL, p. 39, PI. XV.

Goniopteris eleg,ans, Schp., Paleont. veget., J, j). 542.

Pinnules long, narrow; veins in a more acute angle of
divergence, more distant, five to six pairs.

It is very difficult to separate this species from the for-
mer, as the shape of the pinnae and pinnules, their relative
disposition and that of the veins are remarkably similar.
There are in the Museum of Comj:). Zool. of Cambridge
two specimens (P 84 and 84a) whose characters perfectly
agree with the authors description, the veins being sliglit-
ly more oblique, less numerous, five to six pairs, and the
rachis evidently hairy or scaly. But the number of the
veins vary in accordance with the size of the leaflets, and
it is scarcely advisable to base a specification ui^on such a
variable character. I have, however, not remarked any trace
of points or remains of scales upon the rachis of the former
species. A fine specimen in the cabinet of Mr Lacoe has a

«

PECOPTEKIS. P. 229

coarsely hairy rachis, pinnae eight to twelve centimeters
long, some of its pinnules two to three millimeters broad,
with hve pairs of very oblique simple veins, while others
broader have the veins curving inwards and ascending higher
to the borders. The sj)ecimen bears also fertile pinnae with
the sori placed upon the veins as in P. unita, and with the
same star like disposition of the sporanges. The rachis of
the pinna is however narrow. The specimen explains how
Geinitz, Yerst., p. 25, may refer P. elegans to P. unita; for
this last species has often a punctulate rachis like that of
the specimen of Pittston. I describe this as a species still
uncertain if it is legitimate.

Habitat — Salem Vein of Port Carbon ujDper coal Oli-
phant No. 1 Yein.

Pecopteris eobusta, Sp, noT)., PI. XXX/X, Figs. 7, 8,

PinncB comparatively large^ with a broad rachis^ lance-
late in the upper part^ linear downwards / pinnules cori-
aceous^ open or in right angle, connate at the base, the up-
per ones only contiguous, all oblong, obtuse ; medial nerm
thiclc, xeins curving upwards, simple, parallel, ten to four-
teen pairs.

This species is quite distinct from all the others of the di-
vision by its more coriaceous texture, the broad rachis of the
pinnae and the thick medial nerve of the pinnules, which
enlarged at its point of attachment, is gradually narrower
but distinct to the apex. The pinnules, eight to fifteen
millimeters long, five to eight millimeters broad at the base,
where they are joined in an obtuse sinus, are all more or
less distant, the upper ones only contiguous. In the larg-
est leaflets, the veins are distinctly curved inwards, in as-
cending to the borders ; the curve is less marked in the
smaller ones, though they are never quite straight, as seen
f. 8. The cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe has a number of
specimens of this species, all presenting the same charac-
ters and all also fragmentary. In the largest pinnules one
or two of the veins are split in the middle, a division more
marked in the following species.

230 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Habitat — Subconglomerate ledge, Pittston, Pa., Mr. E,.
D. Lacoe.

Pecopteris ve^^ulosa, Sp. nov., PI. XLI, Fig. i, la.

Pinnce narrow^ loith a narrow racMs^ pinnately lobed ;
lobes alternate^ linear.^ generally someiohat broader near
tlie obtuse apex^ connate at the base only, inclined up-
wards^ even slightly decurrent, contiguous to above the
middle; medial nerve thick ; veins oblique, curved up-
loards, mostly split in the middle, six to eight pairs.

The specimen figured is the only one seen. As in the for-
mer species, the medial nerve of the lobes is broad at the
base, gradually narrower upwards, or as thin as the veins
in the upper x)art of the pinnules. The species is related
to the former by the disposition and the inward curve of
the veins, but is clearly distinct by its narrow racliis, the
thin substance of the pinnules, and the more general split-
ting of the lateral veins, as seen f. \a.

Remarking ujDon his new Genus Cymoglossa, Paleont.
Yeget. I, p. 553, Scliimper says that it has a close relation
to Goniopteris, but that the tertiary veins are mostly bi-
furcated, a character which does not agree with that of the
veins of Goniopteris. This assertion is true for the species
of the type of G. emarginata, whose thin veins, all turned
upwards, pass up to the borders of the connate pinnules,
as are those of Cymoglossa. But in variety of P. unita,
some of the veins are split as they are in this species. The
same kind of division has been remarked still more distinctly
in Pseudopecopteris subcrenulata.

Habitat — Sirring Creek, Indiana. Sent by Mr. Wm. Gib-
son.

Pecopteris (Cyatheites.)
Pecopteris arborescens, Scliloth., PI. XLI, Figs. 6, 7.

FUicites arborescens, Schloth., Flor. d. Vorw., PI. VIII,/. 13, I4.

F. cyatheus, ibid., PI. VII, f. 11.

Pecopteris Schlotheimii, St., Flor. d. Vorw., I, p. 18.

PECOPTERIS.

P. 231

p. arborescens, Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. SIO, PI. CII, CTII, /. S»
Zesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 867. Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 442. Schp.,
Paleont vegct., I, p. 499.

P. aspidioides, Brgt., ibid., p. 311, PL CXIl,f. 2.

P cyathea, Brgt., ibid . p. 307, PL CI,/. I-4.

P. lepidorachis, Brgt., ibid., p. 313 PL CIII, f. 5.

Frond trip innate ; primaru racliis tliick:. smooth or tu-
herculate; secondary racliis strong^ nninutety punctate,
sometimes smooth; primary pinncB broadly lanceolate.,
idtimate divisions linear^ open., taper -pointed^ generally
close; pinnules close^ in right angle to the r acids, narroioly
oblong, obtuse, convex on the surface, and coriaceous ; lat-
eral veins strong, simple or forJcing once; fructification
in two parallel rows of sori, one on each side of the mid-
rib; sporanges disposed star-lilze.

This Fern is represented in numerous forms or varieties
whicli have been often and are still considered by some au-
thors as distinct species. The upper part of the deltoid
primary pinnae generally resemble a beautiful dwarf tree.
The tertiary divisions are narrow especially in the upper
part of the pinna3, scarcely half a centimeter broad, and
the small i^innules all equal and simple veined. ' In the
lower part of the pinnae, the divisions of the same kind are
longer, tlexuous, one and a half centimeters broad, or more,
the pinnules distinctly inequal in length, the veins once
forked. This form answers to P cyathea, Brgt.— P. as
pidioides, referred by Scliimper to this sjDecies has the same
characters in the form and disposition of the pinnae and
pinnules; but the veins, instead of being merely inclined to
the border, are distinctly curved back. Of specimens with
this character of nervation, I have seen only those corres-
ponding to P cyathea, Brgt., as represented by the author,
1. c, PL CI, f. 2a P. lepidorachis, Brgt., is also referred
by Schimper to P. arborescens as a variety. The form of
the pinnules and their disposition correspond to that of P.
cyathea, the pinnules being however slightly decurrent at
the base. The veins are forked once at the base and the
upper branch forked again. I have not seen any specimen
with this character, the fragments referred to this sx)ecies

232 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX

from Mazon Creek being fructified and the nervation invis-
ible.

Tlie fructifications of tliis species are not rare, but tlie po-
sition of the sori in regard to the veins is not discernible ^
at least I have never been able to see it, and it has not been
described by any author. The sori are large and close,
therefore cover the whole surface of the pinnules. The spo-
ranges are obovate, attached star-like by five to the central
point.

Habitat — Upper carboniferous measures, especially of the
Anthracite basin. Abounds in the roof shale of the South
Salem vein of Port Carbon, in connection with Neurojpteris
Roger si and Pecopteris arguta and also at the Gate or Tun-
nel vein near Pottsville, Tremont, and New Philadelphia. I
have not seen it in the low coal of Illinois, indeed nowhere
west of Ohio ; for the only specimen doubtfully referred to
this species from the nodules of Mazon Creek is too imper-
fect for positive identification. It is not rare at Pomeroy,
and in the clay beds between Athens and Marietta, Ohio.
With Neuropteris liirsuta, it marks the horizon of the up-
per coal of the middle division, the Pomeroy, the Pittsburg
beds, and passes upward to the Permian, becoming still
more diversified in its characters and also more prevalent.

Pecopteris platyrachis, Brgt., PI. XLI^ Fig. 5, 5a.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg.foss.,p. 312, PI. CUT,/. 4, 5.
P. arborescens, Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 499.

Leaf tripinnate ; primary and secondary racliis flat,
distinctly punctate, smooth and sliining ; upper secondary
pinncB oblique, short, lanceolate ; pinnules very close and
narrow linear, obtuse contiguous to the apex ; veins sirn-
ple or forMng once, curved back.

The essential characters separating the species is the broad
fiat rachis, which resembles a fistulose flattened stem, with
surface very smooth, rather shining, and punctate. It is
represented by two specimens from Cannelton. One appar-
ently the upper part of a branch, has short, lanceolate,
oblique pinnae, the lower ones two and a half centimeters

PECOPTEEIS.

P. 233

long, gradually shorter towards the apex, seven millimeters
broad, with close small narrow pinnules, scarcely one milli-
meter broad, four to five millimeters long. The middle
nerve is distinct, but the lateral veins obsolete.

The other may be the lower part of the same pinnae, the
racliis is one centimeter broad, the pinnae are slightly ob-
lique, linear, gradually acuminate, eight centimeters long,
with pinnules in right angle, irregular in length, and veins
forking once. The disproportion of the rachis to the size of
the secondary pinnae is remarkable. Besides this the pin-
nules are narrower, rather flat than convex and the veins
totally obsolete in the smaller leaflets. The difference in
the geological horizons, from which the specimens are de-
rived, being added to this, I consider the form as specifl-
cally distinct from P. arljorescens.

Habitat — Cannelton, Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Pecopteris nodosa, {Goepp.) Schp.

Aspidites nodosus and A. leptorrhachis, Goepp., syst.,p. S72 and S7S, PI.
XXIII, f. i, 2.

Pecopteris nodosa, Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 500, PL XLI, f. 14.
Cyatheites arborescens, Gein., Verst.,p. 24.

Frond tr ip innate ; rachis thick, inflated or bossed at
the joints of the dims ions ; pinnules in right angle, con-
tiguous, small; sori in two rows, numerous, crowded,
round- oval.

There is some uncertainty about this species which, as
far as I have been able to see it seems to be merely a variety
of P. arborescens. The only marked character which sep-
arates it is the inflation of the primary or secondary rachis
corresponding to the base of the divisions. I have never
seen any sterile specimens of the plant. The form and size
of the ultimate pinnae and of the pinnules are the same as
in P. arborescens ; the sori are crowded and appear either
round and distant or oval even linear in passing from the
midrib to the borders. The different appearances are re-
marked upon the same specimens, even of small size. This
form is extremely abundant in the red, shaly clay, at the
bottom of the Grotto of flowers near Marietta. It is even

234 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the only species whicli can be crbtained there, and though
the shale is very brittle and the specimens small they can
afford satisfactory points of comparison. By the rachis
they represent Aspidites nodosus^ Goepp. 1. c. ; by the
rachis also and the form of the pinnae and pinnules they
are referable to Asplenites nodosus^ of the same author ;
by the characters of the sori, their position, and by those
of the pinnae and pinnules, they may be referable either to
P. arhorescens^ Brgt., or to both the species of Goeppert.

Habitat — Grotto of flowers, near Marietta, Ohio, in red
clay ; also in the tunnel between Athens and Marietta.
Upper veins of the Anthracite. Salem and Gate, near Potts-
ville, Pa.

Pecopteris quadrattfolia, Sp. nov.

Ti'ipinnately dimded; pinnce large^ oblong or lanceolate
in outline ; secondary divisions linear^ slightly and grad-
ually narrowed to the apex^ open^ pinnules close^ small^
disconnected to the hase^ oblong^ truncate at the top^ mid-
rib thick / veins scarcely msihle through the tluck epider-
mis^ simple, oblique ; fructifications in round sori, dis-
posed as in the former species.

This Fern, not rare in the lower coal strata, much resem-
bles the small varieties of P. arbor escens. It is easily
identified by the shape of the very small truncate pinnules,
two to four millimeters long and half as broad, of a thick
epidermis, flattened around the margins. The rachis is not
as thick as in P. arbor escens : the sori are comjoaratively
larger three to four for each row.

There is in the cabinet of Mr. S. S. Strong a specimen
with a pinna thirty-one centimeters long, its ultimate pin-
nae five or six centimeters long, bearing both fructified and
sterile branches. The characters are preserved on its whole.
The museum of Princeton College has also fine specimens
of the same kind.

Habitat — Shale of the coal of Morris, 111. ; Cannelton,
Pa. ; also in the Anthracite basin around Pittston.

PECOPTERIS.

P. 235

Peoopterts squamosa, Lesqx., PI. XXXIX, Figs. 12-13.

Geol. Rept. of III-, IV, jy. 400, It. XI J, f. I-4; PL XIII, /. 10 and 11.
iSchp., Paleont. veget., Ill, p. 496.

Frond large, tripinncde ; raeliis mry tldck, distinctly
sqicmnose ; primary pinncB lanceolate or ohlong, gradually
hut distinctly tapering to the apex ; ultimate pinna oh-
liqicG, narrowly lanceolate, with a iiery broad rachis ; pin-
nules in right angle, narrow, linear, obtuse, unequal, dis-
jointed to near the base but contiguous ; medial nerm
thicJc, reaching the apex; miris totally obsolete ; fructifl-
cation in small round sori p>laced in one row quite near
each border.

The species is very distinct tlioiigli referable to tlie group
of P. arborescens. It has been found in line and large
specimens, its characters being fully preserved in all. The
main rachis is one and a half centimeters thick covered in
its whole length by long linear acuminate scales which near-
ly one centimeter long, at the l)ase of the primary rachis,
are still eight to ten millimeters near the apex of the sec-
ondary pinn«. The scales are straight, flat, flexuous, or, in
the upper divisions, crisj^ate or twisted ; wdien detached,
they leave the rachis deeply punctate. The lower ultimate
pinnae are short comj^aratively to the size of the racliis, five
centimeters, open, rigid, the ni3X)er ones longer, flexuous,
generally curving upwards. The ultimate rachis is still
very broad, two millimeters at the base and scarcely nar-
rower toward the point. The pinnules are crowded, nu-
merous, narrow, the largest scarcely two millimeters broad,
seven millimeters long, with the thick medial nerve ascend-
ing to the apex and no visible trace of veins. The sori.
small and round, are placed in rows quite near the borders,
six to ten on each side, according to the length of the leaf-
lets.

We have from Cannelton where the species is as abund- "
ant as at Mazon Creek, some specimens representing the
ux^per primary j)innse rapidly narrowed and acuminate, the
pinnae becoming simple pinnules towards the ax)ex and the
terminal ones small, oblong, obtuse. The lower secondary

236 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

pinnae, also lanceolate acuminate have very narrow pin-
nules, as narrow as one millimeter; the lower pinnately
round-lobed or.crenulate near the base, entire from the mid-
dle upwards, the upper all entire. This is the normal mode
of subdivisions of the pinnae and pinnules in sx)ecies of
Pecoj)teris. In these specimens however the pinnules are
so narrow that with the eye they appear merely crenate, the
subdivisions being visible only with a strong glass.
Habitat — Mazon creek. 111. , in nodules ; Cannelton, Pa.

Pecopteris Strongii, Lesqx., PI. XXXIX, Figs. U-15a.

Geol. Rept. of 111., IV, p. 399, PI. XIII, f. 7-9. Schp., Paleont. veget.,
Ill, p. Jfi7.

Frond Mpinnate ; pinnce oblong, broader in the middle,
gradually lanceolate to the apex ; pinnules alternate, in
rigid angle to a narrow rachis, disconnected, even distant
in the loioer part of the pinnce, someiohat enlarged and
rounded to the point of attachment, narrower in the mid-
dle, obtusely acuminate ; medial nerm distinct in the ster-
ile branches ; veins obsolete; fructifications in. rows of
large round sort, close to each border.

The relation of this fine species was, when first described,
somewhat doubtful, on account of the peculiar disposition
and form of the pinnules, which give to the pinna the ap-
pearance of a simply divided frond. I have seen, later,
large specimens rej^resenting primary pinnae forty to fifty
centimeters long, linear-lanceolate, with secondary divisions
alternate or opposite, long, the lowest sixteen centimeters
or more. These branches, with a thin smooth, flexuous
rachis ascending up parallel to the main stem, or reflexed,
and curved in various directions, have their pinnules of the
same character as those described and figured upon the
X)late, variable in length from seven to fourteen millimeters
or less according to their place. As in the former species
the leaflets become slightly, minutely lobate toward the base
of the pinnae, in their transition from pinnules to branches
of a second order. In these specimens the rachis more dis-
tinctly exposed is smooth, not punctulate, the pinnules
have a thick epidermis, but the veins simple or forking

pp:copteris.

P. 237

once and obliquely inclined to the borders are sometimes
discernible. The fnictihcations have the same disj)osition
upon all the fragments, the medial nerve of the fertile pin-
nules being always as if erased and the sj^ace between the
sori flat.

The only relation I find to this fern is Cyatheites {Pecop-
teris) pulcher, Heer, Fl. foss. Helv., lY, p. 29, PI. YIII, f.
7. The specimens not figured, on which is remarked above,
have the pinnae alternate or opposite, as in the European
plant ; the rachis however is not articulate or noduse at the
joints of the secondary branches as figured by Heer. But
this is apparently a mere casual deformation. It is not
mentioned by the author in the description. Heer also de-
scribes the pinnules as subpetiolate, but says that he has
seen traces of a petiole only in a few or in one pair of them.
Except this all the characters are alike.

Habitat — Roof shale of the coal of Morris ; nodules of
Mazon Creek ; not seen elsewhere.

Pecopteeis serpillifolia, &p. noT).^ Fl. XLYI^ Figs.

1-Sd.

P.flavicans? {Presl.) Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., J'V,p. 404.

Leaves l)ipiiinatifld ; pinnce linear or narrowly lanceo-
late ; lateral dims ions linear -lanceolate, obtuse, enlarged at
the sessile base ; pinnules inclined outside, connate nearly
to the half round apex ; primary xeiris oblique, pinnately
branching ; veinlets alternate, simple, slightly curved in-
side; fructification in small round sori placed upon each
vein, half way betioeen the medial nerve and the borders.

The short lateral pinnae, nearly in right angle to a narrow
rachis flattened on the borders, are two and a half to three
and a half centimeters long, about seven millimeters broad,
more or less distant, pinnately cut into more or less deep
lobes or connate pinnules, entirely confluent towards the
apex in passing to an obtuse terminal leaflet. The two
lower pairs are longer. All the pinnules have a separate
venation, a medial vein oblique to the rachis, pinnately di-
vided in four pairs of veinlets, simple and slightly curving

238 P. PtEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LTCO LESQUEREUX.

inside as seen 1 la and 2a, enlarged. The fructifications are
born upon separate pinnae {L 8;, whose facies is a little
modified by a narrower rachis, and shorter more crowded
lateral divisions. The sori, small round dots, are placed upon
each veinlet at the point where they become effaced, half
way between the medial nerve and the borders. As seen f.
3, b, c, d., these dots, seen under enlarging power, appear
as cut into five equal half round sporanges, the large side
joining the borders. There is not any appearance of in-
dusium ; but the anatomical details seen upon the opaque
surface are in this case, as in the other enlarged exposition
of the sori, somewhat indistinct. This Fern is coriaceous ;
all its parts distinctly cut and preserved uninjured in nod-
ules of Iron, may be easily studied. I do not find any affin-
ity to it in any of the species described from the coal meas-
ures. My hypothetical reference of this Fern to SpJienop-
teris flavicans, PresL, in St. Flor. d. Vorw., II, p. 127, PI.
XXXYIII, f. 1 «-(?, is not sufficiently authorized.

Hahitat — Xodules of Mazon Creek,, not rare and often
fructified. Answering Prof. Brongniart's -request, speci-
mens of this species were sent to him with many others on
which to my regret the celebrated author did not give his
views.

Pecopteeis oreopteridis, ^clilotli. — PI. XLI, Fig. 8.

BrgL, Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 317, PI. CIV, /. 1, 2; CV, f. 1-3.

Filicites oreopteridis, Schloth., Fl. d. Vorw., PI. IV, f. 9.

Cyatheites oreop)teridis, Goeppt., Syst., p. 323. Gein., Verst., p. 25, PI.
XXVIII, f. 14. Lesqx., Geol. of Peym'a, 1858, p. 866. GeoL Rept. of III.,
II, p. U2.

Pecopteris oreopteridia, Schp., Paleont, Veget., I, p. 502.

Frond tr ipinnate ; raclils smooth ; ijriinary and second-
ary pinncB linear-lanceolate ; pinnules connate at base,
contiguous or distinct, ovate or oblong ; veins forking once
beloio the middle, curved, reaching the borders nearly in
right angle ; fructifications in round sori, as in P. arbor -
escens.

The species is extremely variable, especially in the shape

PECOPTEKIS.

P. 239

and size of the pinnules, wliicli, npon tlie npper pinnae and
towards the apex of the primary divisions, become much
smaller, crowded, contiguous, like those of P. arhorescens.
The difference is then marked merely by the forked veins
and the flat surface of the pinnules. The smooth rachis
also, which is never punctulate, may direct for the refer-
ence of fragments of this kind. The inclination of the
veins is often marked upon the same specimen in a different
degree, as I have seen it upon a large pinna in the collection
of Mr. Lacoe. It has the lateral veins either nearly in right
angle to the medial nerve, or more oblique, merely inclined
backwards, but reaching the borders nearly in right angle, or
still more oblique, to the medial nerve, and passing upwards
to the margin in preserving the same degree of divergence.

Haditat — The whole thickness of the middle coal meas-
ures, especially in the anthracite basin. Mazon creek. 111. ;
Pomroy, Ohio ; upper anthracite beds around Pottsville,
Wilkesbarre, Pittston, etc.

Pecoptep.is penn^fopmis, Brgt. — PI. XLV, Fig.

l^rgt., Hist. d. veg. foss , and P. cequalis, p. S43, 345, PI. CXVIII, f. I-4.
Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a, 1858, p. 867. Schp., Paleo7it., veget. 1, p. 504.

Fronds large^ tripinnate ; raclils strong^ punctulate;
secondary pinncB linear, oblique ; ultimate dimsions open,
close, short and narrow ; pinnules small, ovate, narrowly
obtuse, the lower connate at base, the upper ones to the
middle, becoming confluent in jo ining the terminal oblong-
obtuse leaflets ; medial nerve strong ; lateral veins distant,
simple, or forMng once ; sori large, round or oval, in two
longitudinal rows, five on each side of the midrib.

Like all the species of Pecopteris, the disposition, the
form and size of the pinnules, are very variable, and it is
sometimes difficult to specifically refer to their species, even
the different parts of the same frond. The specimen figured
represents the middle part of a large pinna. The lowest
secondary pinnae of the fronds are often bipinnately sub-
divided, and the ultimate divisions, short and linear, are
merely crenate or crenate-lobate on the borders. This last

240 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX,

foiin is P. cequalis, Brgt., 1. c, f. 1, recognized by the au-
thor himself as referable to P. j^ennceformis.

This species has, in its character, a great affinity to the
following, differing especially by the rough punctate rachis
and the more acute pinnules. The fructified part, f. 2, was
not observed upon the same specimen, but mixed in many
fragments of the same locality, positively referable to the
sterile plant by the form of the subdivisions and the sub
stance of the leaflets. The epidermis of the rachis being
destroyed, its projecting dots are not distinctly perceivable.
In the large rachis of f. 1, the surface epidermis is very
rough, while under it the stem is nearly smooth, marked
here and there only by indistinct iDoints. In another speci-
men the sterile pinnse, upjjer branches, have the rachis
smooth, while fructifled fragments, mixed with them, have
the rachis punctulate. The points upon the rachis, espe-
cially upon that of the secondary pinnae, are often undis-
cernible. As this is the essential character which separates
this species from the following, I doubt if it is sulficient to
authorize a specific distinction ; and I am inclined to think
with Gutbier, Gaea., of Sachsen, jDp. 82, 83, that the two
species are made of fragments of the same. Gein. Yerst.,
p. 26, considers P. oequalis^ Brgt., as probably identical
with Asplen'des opliiodermaUcus^ Goepp.

Hahitat — Clinton, Mo. Communicated in numerous and
very fine specimens, by Dr. I. H. Britts, including those of
P. oequalis^ and of the following species. I found, also, a
good specimen in the shale of the Mammoth vein of Raush
Gap, Lebanon county, Penn'a. The rachis is very minutely
punctate.

Pecopteris DEIS-TATA, Brgt.— PI. XLIY, Fig. J^, ^a.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., 'p. S46, PL CXXJII, and CXXIV

P. plumosa, Brgt., ibid., p., 348, PL CXXI and CXXII. Lesqx. GeoL

of Penn'a, 1858, p. 867 ; GeoL Rept. of IlL, II, p. 44s.

Pecoj)teris dentata, Lesqx., GeoL Mept. of IlL, IV,p.404. ScJq). Paleont.

vegeL, 1, p. 508.

Frond large, tripinnate ; racliis thick, sinooih, grooved
in tlie middle ; secondary pinnce long, linear, tlie loicer
flexiioiLS or recurved, hifyincitifid, the middle ones straight.,

PECOPTERIS.

P. 241

simply pinnately lohed ; pinnules oblong^ obtuse^ or lanceo-
late to an obtuse acumen^ connate towards the base ; veins
simple or forked.

Besides the shape of the pinnules not enlarged towards
the base, and not as distinctly narrowed to the point, with
equal, not crenulate borders, as they are often in the former
species, this one differs by the longer, fiexous, less rigid
pinnae. The veins are generally more deeply marked, some-
times simple ; but, as figured by Brgt., 1. c, for both P.
plumosa and P. dentata^ more generally forking once.
Even near the base of the large pinnules, the upper veinlet
is forking once again, as represented AtL, 1. c, f. 4a. This
specimen has the rachis perfectly smooth. Among other
specimens of the same species, one especially, from Clinton,
has a long, flexous pinna, the preserved part fifteen centi-
meters long, with short pinnse ten centimeters long, and
pinnules oblong obtuse, only three millimeters long, con-
nate at the base, becoming more and more confluent in
passing to simple linear-lanceolate pinnules in the upper
part, and all simply veined. The veins are oblique, the
lower pair slightly curving inward, the upper ones distinct-
ly arched back to the borders. This pinna has all the char-
acters of P. plumosa^ Brgt., and is attached to a broad Hat
grooved primary rachis, evidently punctulate. The points
are distant and obscurely marked, but no more so than
under the bark of the primary rachis of the former species.
There is, nevertheless, a marked difference in the appear-
ance of the rachis, which is flat and grooved in the middle
in this species, half round and apparently more solid in the
former. This difference may result from the degree of macer-
ation in the fragments preserved.

Habitat — Clinton, Mo., with the former. Also sent in
many specimens from Mount Hope, Rhode Island, by Mr.
James H. Clark. Mazon Creek, in nodules.

Pecopteris acuta, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg./oss.,p. 350, PL CXIX,/. 8. 8chp., Paleont., veget., I. p. 516.

Leaf bipinnatifid ; ultimate pinnce rapidly shorter to-
16 P.

242 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ward the apex^ open^ deeply pinnatifld ; pinnules oblique^
oiiate, acute, connate at hase ; nerves pinnate; veins slm-
pie, slightly marked.

The specimen answerinf^ to the description of the author
is merely the upper part of a pinna, witli the divisions very
deeply, and distinctly impressed upon the stone. The ulti-
mate pinnai are longer than in P. pennaformis, the x^in-
nules triangular, sharply acute, the medial nerve inflated
and the veins simple, scarcely distinct. All the parts of
the plant are smooth, the primary rachis flexuous, the ulti-
mate deeply narrowly groved.

Habitat — Recently discovered at Cannelton, by Mr. I. F.
Mansfield.

Pecopteris Aspera, Brgt.

Hist., d. veg. foss., p. 339, PL CXX, f. I-4.

Leaf tr ip innate ; primary divisions in right angle,
linear lanceolate ; secondary pinnce short, parallel, with
alternate, short, entire, oblong, obtuse pinnules, connate
at base; middle nerve distinct ; pinnately brandling, veins
forking once or simple.

The primary pinnae are somewhat distant, three centime-
ters, their width being a little less. The secondary ones in
right angle and parallel, divided (the lower) into six pairs
of pinnules, with a broad ovate or half round terminal leaf-
let, become gradually shorter and more and more conflu-
ent towards the apex, the pinnules, however, remaining
distinct to the base of small obtuse terminal leaflets, w^here
they measure scarcely one millimeter in length and width.
At the base the secondary pinnae are a little more than
one centimeter long, the middle ones somewhat longer, the
lobes or pinnules three millimeters in average length, and
two millimeters broad. The leaflets are somewhat thick,
but not coriaceous. On the upper surface, the middle nerve
only is perceivable. On the under side the veins are dis-
tinctly though not sharply marked. The rachis, half round
and comparatively thick, is punctate or rough, as described
by Brongniart.

PECOPTERIS.

P. 243

Hah itai— Morris, 111., shale, above the coal. Specimen
S. S., 202, collection of the Museum Comx). Zool. of Cam-
bridge.

Pecopteris Candollia^ta, Brat.

Hist., d. veg. foss., p. 305, PL C,/. 1. Germ., Verst., p. 108, PI. XXXVIII.
Lesqx., OeoL Bept. of III., IV, p. 40I. Schp., Paleont, veget., I, p. 500.
P. affinis, Brgt., ibid., p. 306, PI. C, f. 2, 3.

Frond large ; ultimate 'pinnce long^ sublinear ; pinnules
distinct to the base, narrowly linear, obtuse ; medial nerve
thick, dissolved under the aj)ex ; lateral veins forked once
or twice.

A rare species in the American coal measures. It is easily
known by its long, narrow, nearly linear pinnules, one to
one and a half centimeters long, three to four millimeters
broad, slightly decurrent, and more enlarged at base, some-
times a little contracted in the middle ; disconnected, even
distant. The veins are strong, generally forked once from the
middle, and the branches of the same thickness, but rarely
forking again, a venation very similar to that of P. dentata^
AtL, PI. XLIY, f. 4a.

Habitat — The specimens referred to this form are mostly
from Mount Hope coal, Rhode Island, and these are all more
or less deformed by metamorx^hism. The essential charac-
ters are, however, distinctly preserved. One specimen only
is from Mazon creek.

Pecopteris Cistii, Brgt.— PI. XLI, Fig. Jf..

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 330, PL CVI,f. 1, 2. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a,
1858, p. 866 ; GeoL Bept. of ILL, II, p. 44I. &chp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 510.

Primary pinnce linear, oblong ; secondary divisions
linear, slightly oblique, rigid; pinnules broadly ovate,
connate at base, contiguous to above the middle, the ter-
minal obovate ; medial nerve thick at the base, effacing in
dividing above the middle ; veins distinct, forked near the
base, with one or both branches forking again, curving in
passing to the borders.

The species is scarcely known to me. Brongniart de-
scribed it from one specimen sent by Cist, from Wilkes-

244 P. EEPOET OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

barre. and from another from England. Though I have
seen many fragments referred to it, I have never been able
to positively recognize in any the characters indicated by
the author. Our figure is a copy of the upper half of that
of Brongniart, 1. c. ; it shows a comparatively narrow rachis ;
pinnules broadly ovate, equal in size, five to seven millime-
ters long, four to five millimeters broad at the connate base,
inclined outward, and the veins disposed as in Atl., f. 4a.
The upper part of tlie j)innse of P. pteroides and of P. poly-
morpha^ often present the same characters. Except Brong-
niart, none of the European authors have seen a specimen
of it. Goeppert, Syst., linger and Schimper 1. c, describe
it from Brongniart, recording the localities indicated by
the author — Wilkesbarre, and Bath, England — from a speci-
men in the museum of the University of Oxford. It is
from this last specimen that f. 2 of Brgt. is made, and that
our figure is copied. F. 1 has the main rachis destroyed,
the pinnules longer, the veins apparently indistinct, and it is
with this one that agree all the specimens mentioned above.
I consider them as rather referable to P. polymorpJia^ or P.
Miltoni, than to P. Cistii.

Habitat — Specimens dubiously referred to the species are
from Wilkesbarre, from the Mammoth vein of Raush Grap
and from Mazon creek

Pecopteris Bucklatoi, Brgt.

Hist, d, veg. foss., p. 319, Pt. XCIX, f. 2. Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of HI.,
IV, p. 401. Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 504.

Frond tripinnate, ultimate 2^ innce sliglitly oblique; pin-
nules close^ connate at base, oblong, narroidy obtuse;
medial nerve thick, lateral veins once forked, the lower
pairs twice.

Brongniart places this species in the group of those with
a glabrous rachis. All the American specimens which I
consider referable to it, show the rachis smooth, even pol-
ished, but distantly punctulate or scabrous when observed
by the glass. The pinnae are comparatively broad and short,
six to seven centimeters long, fifteen to seventeen millime-

PECOPTERIS. P. 245

ters broad in the middle, where the pinnules are generally
a little longer; pinnules oblique, close, connate at the base,
even to the middle, the lower ones sometimes disconnected,
all about of equal width, four millimeters, rapidly shorter
towards the apex, where the two or three upper j^airs become
confluent and united to a small terminal triangular leaflet.
The veins, in an acute angle of divergence, reaching the bor-
ders with only a slight curve, are generally forked once near
their base, and one of the branches forking again, some-
times both.

Pecopteris Buclclandl^ P. oreoptericlis^ and P. Clstli, are
closely allied species, which it is difficult to separate, espec-
ially from fragmentary specimens. The flrst has large,
comparatively short ultimate pinnae, with narrow longer
pinnules, lanceolate into a narrowly obtuse acumen, the ulti-
mate leaflet is triangular, acute. The veins are in a more
acute angle of divergence about 30°, nearly straight to the
borders, the rachis slightly muricate. Both the other species
have shorter, comparatively broader, more obtuse pinnules.
In F. or copier idis^ the veins are curved to the borders,
nearly in right angle, forked once only. In P. Cistii^ the
angle of divergence of the veins is intermediate to that of
the two other species, and all except the upper pairs are
twice forked.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon creek; found also in the
mammoth vein of Haush Gap, Penn' a.

Pecoptekis elliptica, Bunh' PI. XXXIX, Figs. J^-G.

Bunh'y, Quart. Journ., Geol. Soc. I845, p. 82, PI. VII.

Fronds large, hip Innate; secondary dimsio/is linear -
lanceolate, narroioed at the apex to a nearly round or oho-
vate pinnule ; lateral leaflets oblong or ovate, distant,
rounded at base to the point of attachment ; medial nerve
thicJc ; veins forked once at the base, the lower ones forJc-
ing again near the borders, oblique and curved ; fructi-
fications in two to four roios of round sori parallel to the
medial nerve.

The species distinct, and easily recognized, preserves its

246 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

characters in all its parts, as well on fertile as on sterile
specimens. The pinnjB or fronds are large, thirty centi-
meters or more ; the secondary divisions distant, turned
upwards, the lower ones live centimeters long, gradually
shorter towards the apex, with pinnules oblique, distant,
attached to the rachis by half the base only, the borders on
both sides being rounded to the point of attachment. The
nervation is always as figured, the medial nerve thick, ab-
ruptly effaced under the apex ; the veins generally obso-
lete, covered by a thick epidermis, only very distinct when
the epidermis is erased. The fructified pinnules somewhat
broader, bear one or two rows of round sori on each side of
the medial nerve both the inside rows of six or seven sori
being quite close to it. The author's figure, 1. c, shows five
rows of sori upon the pinnules. I have not seen more than
four, and when only two or three, one of them is generally
quite close to the midrib, even as it attached to its borders.

Habitat — Tremont, New Vein. The species is also in nu-
merous large sterile and fructified specimens, in the collec-
tion of Mr. Lacoe, from 01ii3hant, vein No. 1.

Pecopteris distans, Lesqx.

Boston Journ. S. N. II., v. VI, p. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 866, PL

XI, f. 3. Sehp. Paleont. veget., I, p. 506.

Ultimate pinnce long^ linear -lanceolate^ fiexuous or re-
curved; pinnules distant, rounded at base, oblong, nar-
rowed to an obtuse 'point ; medial nerve thicTc, gradually
effaced in dividing above the middle ; veins distinct, fork-
ing once above the middle.

As remarked in the description of this Fern, 1. c, it is
closely allied by its characters to P. elliptica, and may be
a variety of it. The pinnules are narrower, still more dis-
tant, the substance not as thick and the veins quite dis-
tinct, forked only once.

Habitat — Shale of the Muddy Creek coal, between Potts-
ville and Tremont, Penn'a.

PECOPTERIS.

P. 247

Pecopteris Miltoni, Brgt. PI. XL I, Fig 9.

Brgt. Hist. d. veg.foss.,p. 333, PI. GXIV.

P. poly morpha, Brgt., ibid., p. 331, PL CXIII. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a,
1858, p. 866. Schp., Paleont, veget., 1, p. 506.

Cyatheiies Miltoni, Gein., Verst., p. 27, PI. XXX, f. 5-8; XXXI, f. I-4.
Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 506.

Frond mry large; racliis thick ^ smooth obscurely stri-
ate; ultimate pinncB nearly in right angle^ somewhat
curving upwards^ longer in the middle of the pinncB^ lin-
ear-lanceolate^ gradually narrower to the small terminal
omte leaflets ; pinnules connate or disjoined at the slightly
"narrowed hase^ contiguous on the borders^ oblong, obtuse ;
medial nerve distinct to below the apex ; veins in a broad
angle of divergence, generally forked twice, very close, dis-
tinct, joining the borders in rigid angle.

This diagnosis is made from the middle part of a pinna,
thirty centimeters lon^, the upper and lower part destroyed,
with the rachis eight millimeters broad, half cylindrical.
The lateral pinnae are all simple, nine centimeters long in
the middle of the primary ones, only six towards the base,
with pinnules all entire as described. This Fern like all the
Pecopterids is extremely variable in the different parts of its
fronds. Often the lower ultimate pinna becomes enlarged
at the base, bipinnate, the pinnules being first undulate on
the borders, then distinctly subdivided in small half round
pinnules similar in shape to f. 6 of PL XLVI, where I have
represented the various forms under wdiich most of the
species of Pecopteris of this division are seen.

There is a diversity of opinion in regard to the relation
of P. Miltoni to P. polymorpha. Schimper considers them
as different species, remarking that it is however extremely
difficult to separate them. Goeppert and Geinitz unite
them in one, as I have done also in Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c.
Weiss and Heer do the same.

Habitat — Upper coal measures, horizon of the Pittsburg
coal. Salem vein of the Tunnel near Tremont, in fine spec-
imens. Gate vein near Pottsville, and Muddy Creek ; also
near the Wabash river, below New Harmony, Ind., and at
Grayville, 111. It seems to follow P. arbor escens in its dis-
tribution.

248 P. REPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Pecopteris abbreviata f Brgt. , PL XL VI, Figs. J^-S.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. SS7, PL CXV, /. I-4. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a,
1858, p. 867. Geol. Kept, of III., IV, p. 4OS.
Peco2)teris polymorpha, Schp., Paleonl. veget,, I, p. 506.
Cyatheitts Miltoiii, Gein., Verst.,p. 27, PL XXX, f. 7, 8.

Frond diversely x)innately divided ; pinnce lanceolate,
narrow ; ultimoie divisions slightly oblique, from a cylin-
drical smooth rachis, I i near -lanceolate ; ijinnnles of the
upper pinnce ovate, obtuse, connate at the base ; those of
the loioer pinnxB longer, p innately lobed or undulate on
the borders; medial nerve thin, effaced under the apex ;
lateral veins distinctly inflated, forking twice.

The form and size of the pinnae, is variable according to
their j^osition upon the fronds. F. 4 and 5 are the upi^er
parts of lanceolate j)inn8e with short divisions and pinnules
entire, connate near the base, gradually shorter near the
apex where they become confluent to the terminal compar--
atively large half round leaflet. These pinnules are all en-
tire in the upper pinnae ; but near the base, f. 5, they be-
come already regularly undulate, and in f. 6, X)robably a
lower fragment of the same pinna, the leaflets are more dis-
tinctly pinnately lobed and each lobe- has its separated ve-
nation as marked f. 5a, 5&, showing a group of veinlets fork-
ing once or twice and curved in passing to the borders of the
lobes. The veins are distinctly and sometimes remarkably
thick, but irregularly so ; for some of them are inflated to-
wards the base, or near the borders while others preserve in
their whole length the average thickness. None of the speci-
mens has any distinct fructifications ; some leaflets as f. 5b
are irregularly dotted with small points, which do not ap-
pear organic, or are not in shape and regularity of position
analogous to the sori figured and described by Geinitz, 1. c.

Though all the characters of this plant are in some con-
cordance with those described and figured by Brongniart,
Geinitz and other authors of P. abbreviata, it is not certain
that our specimens represent the same species, none of the
authors remarking on the remarkable inflation of the veins.
Geinitz has figured them PL XXX, f. la comparatively
thick towards the base, like those of his PL XXXI, f. 2,
wdiich he refers to P. Miltoni ; but he gives the same char-

PECOPTEEIS.

P. 249

acter in most of the enlarged figures of species of Pecop-
teris, and therefore it is merely the size represented by the
enlarging glass ; while in the plant described here, the in-
flation of the veins is distinctly seen with the naked eye ;
and not merely basilar, but often stronger towards the bor-
ders. This form cannot be referred to P. Mlltoni as a vari-
ety, for it is common in the nodules of Mazon Creek, where
no remains with the normal characters of P. Mlltoni, or
P. polymorpha, have been seen. The specimen mentioned
Geol. of Penn'a 1. c, with veinlets obsolete, might be refer-
ble to this last species.
Habitat — Mazon Creek in nodules.

Pecopteris pteeoides, Brgt.

A

Hist. d. veg. foss., p. S29, PI. XCIX, f. 1. Andrce, in Germ. Verst., p.
103, PL XXXVI. Lesqx. Geol. Bept. of III., II, p. 441- Schp., Paleont.
Veget., 1, -p. 508.

Frond tr ip innate ; racliis tliick^ smooth ; pinnce narrow,
lanceolate ; lateral divisions short, oblique, close, sessile,
linear, obtuse; pinnules oblong, obtuse, connate at the base
contiguous in half their length, oblique ; medial nerve thin,
effaced above the middle ; veins forking once near the base,
the branches, either both or one of them, forking again near
the border ; fructified pinnoe longer, with pinnules distinct
to the base, even distant, sessile by the whole base, bearing
near each border and. parallel to them one row of twelve to
fourteen round sori, not confluent, composed of five oval
sporanges placed star-like around a central point.

Brongniart says of this species that it is so intimately re-
lated to P. Miltoni that it is separated with difficulty. I
refer to it a large number of specimens which partly agree,
by the sterile branches, with the author's description, and
by the fructification with the figures of Asterocarpus
radiatus, Goepp., which Geinitz supposes the fruiting part
of this species. The lateral pinnae are short, five centime-
ters in the middle of the fronds, the pinnules sometimes
free and rounded to the base, sometimes connate to above
the middle ; their substance is thick, the medial nerve thin

250 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

and the veins mostly twice forked. It is indeed difficult to
separate this and the former species by characters which
present so few points of difference. Brongniart however
had not seen the fructifications and it is especially on this
point that both plants are unlike. In all the fertile speci-
mens of P. Miltoni^ the sori are round, inflated but not
open, and the distribution of the sporanges not distinct
as it is in this species or as in Asterocarpus.

Habitat — Pomeroy, Ohio, there very abundant. A speci-
men from Mazon Creek mentioned in the Geol. Rept. of
111., loc. cit., has no fruit, and its relation to the species is
not positive.

Pecopteris (villous).
Pecopteris veluthsta, Lesqx.

Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 423. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 866, PI. XII,
/. S. Schp. Paleont, veget., I, p. 509.

Frond hipiimnate ; racMs tliicTt, Jlat^ smooth ; primary
pinncB lanceolate ; lateral divisions nearly in right angle
slightly fiexuous^ short and distant., sessile ; pinnules ovate.,
enlarged above the base^ rounded and slightly narrowed to
the point of attachment^ disconnected and distant in the
lower part of the pinncE, more and more confluent in the
upper part, passing to lobed terminal pinnules ; epidermis
thick^ punctulate^ rendering the venation obsolete ; fructi-
fications in two Toios of three to four distant sorl In the
upper part of the leaflets.

The specimen represents a pinna twenty-four centimeters
long, with flat smooth rachis seven millimeters broad at the
base, where it is broken, bearing lateral branches, flve cent-
imeters long in the middle of the leaf, somewhat shorter
towards the base. The pinnules averaging six millimeters
long and four broad near the base, are contracted from the
middle into an obtuse or blunt apex, and bear, in the narrow
part, two rows of large sori, two to four, between the medial
nerve and the border. In the specimen figured Geol. of
Penn'a, 1. c, the only one I had seen then, the medial
nerve is distinctly marked by a furrow, but the venation is

PECOPTERIS.

P. 251

totally obsolete under the thick punctate epidermis which,
however to the eyes, appears smooth or polished. An-
other specimen recently obtained from Cannelton bears a
bipinnate leaf, with short oblong pinnae, abruptly narrowed
into small triangular terminal pinnules, coalescent with the
two upper pairs of the lateral ones, as in the figured speci-
men. The lateral pinnules are however smaller, less dis-
tant, regularly oblong-obtuse, attached in right angle to a
broad flat rachis. They have also a thick, shining epidermis,
covered with very small dots. On a few of them, in a more
advanced stage of maceration, the veins are perceivable,
coming off from the medial nerve in an acute angle of di-
vergence, even decurring at the base, curving abruptly from
the middle to the borders, which they join in right angle,
forking once near the base and one of the branches of the
lowest pair forking once again.

Habitat — Johnstown, Penn'a, in a bed of black soft shale
near the base of the middle coal measures. Cannelton coal,
Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Pecopteris Clintoni, Sjp. nov., PI. XLII, Figs. l-Sh.

Frond large^ polypinnate; rachis smooth^ striate;
pinnce lanceotate, hi or tripinnatified; ultimate divisions
lanceolate or linear, obtuse ; pinnules connate at the base
either distant and, decurrent, deeply pinnately lobed, or
merely oblique, contiguous, simple, entire or crenulate ;
medial nerve thick towards the base, effaced above the
middle ; veins buried into the villous or hairy epidermis,
indistinctly seen, very oblique to the medial nerve, scarcely
curved, forked once or twice ; fructifications in two rows
of close transversely oval sori, covering the whole surface
of the pinnules.

This Fern, known by a number of finely preserved frag-
ments, is extremely variable, especially in the shape of the
pinnules. In the large branches near the base of the fronds,
the lateral pinnse, curved upwards, are regularly divided in
large pinnules, connate at the base, contiguous, oblique,
either undulately lobed or crenate, all oblong-obtuse, one

252 P. EEPOET OF PROGEESS. LEO LESQUEEEUX.

to two centimeters long, f. 3. Higher up these pinnae are
more flexuous, and the pinnules, more distant, become
more deeply irregularly, pinnately lobed and decurrent at
the base, f. 1, while near the apex, as in f. 2, the pinnules
are short, entire, oblong, oblique, slightly decurring, be-
coming confluent near the top. F. 4 is a lower lateral pinna,
inferior to those at the base of f. 3. Its pinnules, longer
and more deeply pinnately lobed, are like divisions of a
second degree, rather than those of a third. The fructifica-
tions marked f. 5, are in two rows of very close sori, covering
the whole leaflets in such a way that the epidermis appears
often as destroyed, and the sori as attached to the medial
nerve. This is, however, a mere appearance, for in the
larger pinnules, the outlines of the leaflets are distinctly
marked by a border around the sori.

Habitat — Clinton, Mo. ; communicated in numerous speci-
melis, by Dr. J. H. Britts.

Pecopteeis vestita, 8p. nov.^ PI. XLIII., Figs. 1-7.

Racliis of medium size^ scaly or punctulate ; pinncB
lanceolate^ rapidly taper ing to the apex; lateral divisions
narrowly lanceolate, slightly broader in the middle, in
right angle to the rachis, sessile ; pinnules oblique, con-
nate and decurring at the base, rarely contiguous, oblong,
obtuse, entire; surf ace villous or hairy ; medial nerm thin ;
veins forking generally once ; fructifications in two rows
of distant and oval sori, placed on the forks of the veins.

Though the lateral pinnae have different forms, according
to their position, the facies is generally uniform, and the
pinnules merely vary in size, their borders being generally
entire, becoming undulate only in the lower pinnae, as in
f. 1, 2. They average one centimeter in length, the longer
becoming undulately pinnate in the lower parts, f. 1. They
are all inclined outwards, more or less distinctly decurring,
and when distant and i)assing into pinnae, as in f. 7, the
base follows the rachis in a narrow border. This character
separates this species from those of this section. The medial
nerve is thin and nearly continuous to the apex, generally

PECOPTEEIS.

P. 253

curved downwards at its base ; the veins are once forked ;
but sometimes, as seen f. 3a, the upper branch forks again.
The surface is covered with short hairs, a villosity distinctly
seen upon all the sterile pinnules, though none appears upon
the fertile ones. These, bear in the middle of the lamina,
or between the borders and the midrib, two rows of distant
oval inflated sori, f. 4, a fragment with the characters, nerva-
tion, and shape of leaflets of f. 3. — F. 5, 5a, enlarged, seem
to be the fructified part of a pinna of the same character
as f. 3. The sori are destroyed and their place marked
by an oval empty space. There is merely a difference in
the closer, more numerous fruit dots, and in the less de-
current base of the leaflets. The rachis of both fructified
parts, f. 4 and 5, is much larger than that of the sterile
pinnae.

The relation of this species to SpJienopteris Integra^
Andrse, in Germ., Yerst., p. 67, PI. XXVIII, f. 1-3, is very
close. In that species, which has the same shape and dis-
position of the pinnae and pinnules, the medial nerve is more
distinctly decurring to the rachis, and the lower veins of
the upper side are curved in the same way along the rachis
to join the base of the medial nerve. The veins, also, are
all twice forked, and the surface is apparently smooth.
The author does not remark upon this character, but only
says that the veins, though thin, are distinct. In our speci-
men the hairs are longer, more distinct upon the veins,
whose disposition is thus recognized. The rachis also is
distinctly scaly or dotted with deep points under the cortex.

Habitat — Morris, shale of the coal, in a number of speci-
mens in the collection of the Museum of Comp. Zool. of
Cambridge.

Pecopteeis villosa? Brgt.

Hist, d, veg. foss., p. 316, PI. CIV,f. 3. Lesqx., GeoL Rept. of III., II,
p. 442; IV, p. 402. Schp. Paleont. veget., I, p.. 508.

Cyatheites villosus, Oein. Verst., p. 25, PL XXXIX, f. 6-8.
Pecopteris Miltoni, var. pilosa, Gutb., Gcea von /Schs.,p. 82.

Fronds xery large., poly pinnate ; dmisions variable as in
the former species ; rachis deeply punctulate ; pinnules

25-4 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

densely villous^ especially upon tlie lower surf ace ; teins
clicliotomous, forlting once^ twice or more.

This species lias in its pinnae all the diversity of forms
remarked in the subdivisions of the Pecopteris. For that
reason, the reference of its sei)arate fragments is often
perplexing. Bat it is generally possible to compare their
characters from a large number of specimens, and thus
to recognize the identity of their different forms ; for
they are derived from Fern- trees of large size, and their
branches are often widely spread in the roof shale of some
coal beds, even locally distributed without any other kind
of vegetable remains. The ultimate pinnse bear linear ob-
tuse, comparatively long, simple pinnules, or are composed
of pinnules whose borders are undulate or more or less
distinctly crenate-lobed. The veins are rareh' discernible.
JS'either Brongniart nor Schimper have described their char-
acters. Geinitz figures them simple or forked once. When
the epidermis is destroyed by maceration, and the skeleton
of the plants preserved, as it is sometimes the case in the
nodules of Mazon creek, the veins, then remarkably dis-
tinct, are seen, curved to the borders, forking generally
twice, with simple branches intermediate to the sub-divi-
sions. The venation is therefore of the same character
as that of P. Miltoni^ and it is probably from this that
Gutbier considered Brongniart plant as a villous variety of
it. The shape of the leaflets not decurring, and the vena-
tion separate this species from the other three described
above with villous pinnule. The scales are generally de-
stroyed upon the ultimate divisions of the rachis, but the
three first subdivisions of the stems are always distinctly
marked with deep points.

The rachis towards the base of the fronds is of very
large size, some of the fragments measuring five centime-
ters in diameter, even more. They are recognized by the
irregularly scattered dots remaining upon the thick coaly
surface, as base of destroyed scales. The dots are variable
in size and distribution, the largest, one millimeter in diam-
eter, upraised or with inflated borders, but without any
vascular central i^oints.

Pecopterts.

p. 255

P. arhorescens^ also a Fern tree, is, by the subdivisions
of its branches, the rachis often punctate, the shape and
size of the pinnules, remarkably similar to the species de-
scribed here as P. vollosa^ Brgt. The convex, naked (not
villous) surface of the pinnules of P. arhorescens^ and the
always distinct, and far different venation, offer sufficient
evidence for its identification.

As the nervation described from American specimens
does not agree with the character indicated by Euroi3ean
authors, the identity of this plant is not positively ascer-
tained.

Habitat — Most common in some localities. Nodules of
Mazon Creek, 111. ; around Pittston, Penn'a. A collection
examined there is composed mostly of specimens of this
species in indefinite numbers. Generally found in the
lower coal measures.

Pecopteris. (Crestate.)
Pecopteris erosa, Guth., PI. XLIV^ Fig. 1, 3.

p. erosa and P. linearis, Gutb., Gcea v. Sachsen., p. 81, 83.
Alethopteris erosa, Gein., Verst., p. 29, PI. XXXII, f. 7-9. Lesqx., Geol.
Rept. of 111., IV, p. 394. 8chp., Paleont. Veget., Ill, p. 501.

Leaf large, long, linear ; lateral divisions sessile, alter-
nate, close and narrow, linear, with borders unequally den-
tate ; teeth short, acuminate, more or less distinctly lohate
on the side ; i^eins simple, in acute angle fron the rachis,
forliing in two or three branches near the top ; fructifica-
tions in large round marginal sori between the branches
of the veins.

This species like those of this group is remarkable by its
narrow linear pinnse, in right angle to the rachis, three
millimeters broad, two or three centimeters long, with the
borders cut into short simple or slightly lobate teeth, turned
to the outside, thus similar to the blade of a small saw.
The veins, oblique to the rachis, pass up and divide near
the border in one or two branches, entering the points of the
teeth and of the lobes. The fructifications are in broad
round sori placed on the borders of the pinnse and covering

256 P. PwEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

tlie teetli ; they appear composed of an irregular agglom-
eration of punctiform sporanges. The border divisions of
the pinnse and especially the form of the sori are generally
obscure and their characters difficult to observe.

Habitat — Morris shale, in large specimens communicated
by Mr. S. S. Strong, sterile and fertile ; Clinton, Mo., Dr. I.
H. Britts, in sterile specimens. Taylorsville, Pa. (E. vein),
Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

Pecopteris cristata, Guth.^ PI. Figs. ^, ^a.

Gutb. Gcea v. Sachen.,p. 80.

Alethopteris cristata., Gein., Vo'st., p. 29., Fi. XXXII, f. 6. Lesqx, Geol.
Bept. of III., IV, p. 895. Schp., Paleont. Veget., Ill, p. 501.

Lateral pinncB more deeply lob ate ; lobes cut in three or
four sharply accwninate teeth; veins forking from the
base^ in two or three branches^ one or two of them forking
again near the borders, all the divisions entering the teeth.

I have not been able to find positive and persistent char-
acters to separate this form. AVhen in P. erosa^ the lobes
are more enlarged, as it is the case in the lower pinnae, f.
la, these lobes become more deeply and distinctly divided,
cut in three or four sharply acuminate teeth. The medial
vein is then also proportionally more divided, as the teetli
are formed each, by the prolongation of the lamina to the
points of the veins or of their branches. I have figured, 2(2,
the enlarged portion of f. 2, which, I believe, represents in
its characters the form described and figured by Geinitz as
P. cristata^ and which seems to be a mere variety of P.
erosa. It may be however that I do not know the true
AletJiopteris cristata of Geinitz, w^ho represents the borders
larger than those of the fragment f. 2. In this specimen
the pinnae are not broader than those of the former species.

Habitat — Cannelton a large well preserved specimen.
I^one w^ith the characters of P. erosa have been found
there.

Pecopteris serrula, Lesqx.

Alethopteris serrula, Lesqx., Geol. of PenrCa, 1858, p. 865, PI. XII, f. 1.
Pecopteris serrula, Schp., Paleont, veget., 1, p. 525.

Leaf of large size, lanceolate ; lateral pinnce sessile,

PECOPTERIS.

P. 257

alternate, Jiexuous, inclined upwards or doionwards, long,
linear ; borders ciii In short ohtitse ohscurdij tiideatate
lobes ; veins oblique from the broad r ad els, aUernately
forking or dlchotomous.

This species lias a remarkable likeness to P. erosa. It
especially differs by the great length of the flexuons pinnse,
the lower ones ten centimeters long, the npper six centime-
ters ; by the less acute teeth of the borders, (represented too
sharply dentate upon the enlarged f. la), which are merely
undulate, all equal, and by the dicliotomous venation. In
P. erosa, the lower divisions of the pinnae joining the main
rachis are always longer and the teeth more acute. In this
species they are all equal, merely gradually shorter toward
the apex of the pinnae, the terminal pinnules being small
tajjer- pointed. The pinna3 are five millimeters broad in
joining the rachis and only two millimeters near the apex.
The ultimate rachis is narrower than in P. erosa. As Schim-
per remarks it, the species is in close relation to P. angus-
tlssima, Brgt., whose jpinnse are linear and equally narrow,
but with entire lobes.

Habitat— Shale of an old vein behind the hills east of
Port Carbon, Pa., with Slglllarla Brardli. JN'ot found
elsewhere.

Pecoptekis atnTgustissiima ? Brgt., PI. XXX, Figs. 5, 5a.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 84s, PI. CXX, f. 5. Schp., Paleont. veget., 1,
p. 518.

Aspidium angustissimum, St., Flor. d. Vorw., 7, p. 29, PI. XXIII, f. 1.

Leaf b Ip Innate ; plnnce close, short, narrow, in right
angle, or curving backward ; borders p Innately lobed ;
divisions half way to the rachis, obtuse, entire ; nerves
curved^ at base to the rachis, forked once on each side near
the top, with a separate branch passing in a curve from
the base of the medial nerve to the acute sinuses.

This fragment seems to represent Sternberg' s plant, which
is merely known by its figure 1. c. and the reproduction of
the same by Brongniart. The pinnae of the American plant
have, in shape and size, the same characters as the European
17 P.

258 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

species, and are placed at the same distance ; both the sec-
ondary and tertiary rachis also are of the same thickness.
But the veins are generally forked near the borders and the
lower ones curved outward toward the sinuses, with the
medial vein curved downward and slightly decurring to the
rachis. The figure given by Sternberg shows the primary
veins only slightly oblique to the rachis and merely forking
near its top, and Brongniart represents them simple, describ-
ing them from the ligure of Sternberg who does not mention
their characters, which, indeed, are ascertained with great
difficulty in pinnules as small as are those of this species.
The primary rachis of the European plant bears long fili-
form spines ; no fragments of organs of this kind are pre-
served upon the only specimen I had for examination. The
substance of the leaflets is apparently membranaceous,
somewhat pellucid.

Habitat — Helena mines, Ala. Collection of the State
Geol. survey. The European x^lant is derived from the coal
mines of Swina.

Pecopteris Hallii, Lesqx.

Geol. Bept. of 111., IV, p. 394, P^- ^»/- 7» 8. AUethopteris HalHi, Lesq.

Leaf Mpinnate; pinnce in right angle to the straight
cylindrical rachis^ linear, alternate, close, apparently
short, merely und^ulately lobate on the borders, or with lobes
truncate or emarginate at the apex ; primary veins curoing
to the rachis, forked once in the middle and once more near
the borders, the branches reaching the middle of the si-
nuses.

Species related to P. serrula, especially differing by the
short pinnse and the disposition of the veins joining the
border in the middle of the sinuses. I believe however
that this last character which is an anomaly in the venation
of the Ferns of this group is merely apparent. The borders
appear inflated or incurved and probably the veins may
tend to the reflexed point only touching the sinuses in
passing up. The form of the divisions of the borders and
also the end of the veins are obscure and uncertain. I re-

PECOPTEKIS.

P. 259

marked in describing this form that it might represent the
sterile part of F. serrula, wiiile the specimen described un-
der this name might be that of a fertile pinna. The species
is as yet uncertain, and possibly the three last described
forms may be recognized as identical when more complete
specimens are found.

Habitat— Mamn Creek in nodules. The museum of Cam-
bridge has a fine large specimen (Al. 145) which is more
distinct, and far better preserved than the one from which
the hgure and description of the 111. Kept, is made.

Pecopteris lyratifolia, Goepjp.^Pl. XLVIII^ Figs. i-5h.

Sphenopteris lyratifolia, Geopp., GatU, III, IV, p. 71, PI. XIII. Weiss
Foss.Jl., p. 48, PI. 7,f. 2. Schp., Paleont. veget., 1, p. 376.

Frond tripinnate ; pinncB I [near -lanceolate, with a broad
rachis inflated in the middle, flattened on the borders ;
lateral divisions oblique, linear, pinnately lobed ; lobes
short, oblong, obtuse, inclined outward, connate to near the
middle; medial nerce narrow, subdecurrent at base, pin-
nately forJced in simple branches ; fructifications in round
sori of fine to six small globular sporanges placed upon
the branches of the veins close to the borders.

Though the fragment f . 5, is only part of a trij^innate frond,
as seen from the beautiful specimens figured by Goeppert
and Weiss, its reference to the European species is evident.
The essential characters of the Pern, the thickness of the
rachis, and its divisions, inflated in the middle ; the shape
of the lobes, their relative position, the thick epidermis,
the mode of decurrence of the secondary rachis etc., are
the same. The lower pinnules of the inferior side are gen-
erally attached to the main rachis ; the others, averaging
five millimeters long, are disposed in five to six pairs, and
either opposite or alternate, according to their angle of di-
vergence, generally oblong-obtuse, sometimes slightly con-
tracted in the middle. The venation is rendered obsolete
by the thick epidermis, which appears somewhat scaly as
seen f. 5(2, and the veins are distinct only upon the impres-
sion of the lower surface. The medial nerve, inclined at

260 P. P.EPORT OF I^ROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

base in joining the rachis, ascends to tlie upper border,
alternately forking twice on each side.

Tliat the fragment f . 4 represents a fructified i)inna of tliis
species is quite evident from the structure of the rachis, its
mode of division and the shape of the lobes. The sori f . 4a,
4b, 4:C, are round, placed upon the apex of the lateral vein-
lets, close to the borders ; the sporanges like small points
when seen with the naked eye, are rej^resented enlarged f . 4.
By its fructifications this species is referable to the C?/a-
tlieites rather than to CJieilantes.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek, the fertile specimen,
presented by Mr. S. S. Strong ; the sterile, from Morris
shale, is (SS, 158), in the collection of the Museum Comp.
Zool. of Cambridge.

Pecopteris stellata, Lesqx., PI. XLYIII, Figs. 7-7b.

Alethoptcris stellata, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of III., II, p, 440, PI. XXXVII,

Fragment of a pinna, p innately dimded ; segments
oblique, linear, alternate, obtuse or subtruncate at the apex,
decurring to the main rachis or the midrib, bordered by a
broad icing undulate on the borders ; p>rimary and sec-
ondary veins pinnately brandling ; ultimate divisions
simple, oblique, alternate, slightly arched, each bearing
at the apex a round six-stellate sporange, placed on the
slightly recurved borders.

The small fragment figured represents all that is known
of this species. The main lamina of the pinna formed by
the decurring base of the segments, is five millimeters
broad ; that of the segments about three millimeters ; the
main nerve or partial rachis is thin, as are also its divisions.
The substance of the Fern is somewhat thick, the fragments
showing the under surface with borders a little reflexed.
The sori are formed of six round sporanges around a broad
central flat surface, f. lb. Though this species is far differ-
ent in its facies from most of the Pecopteris, the fructifica-
tions are of the same type as those of Asterocarpus. The
segments have a likeness also to those of P. cristata.

Habitat — Mazon Creek in Nodules.

PECOPTERIS.

P. 201

Pecopteris solida, Lesqx., PI. XL VIII, Figs. G-6b.

Alethopteris solida, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of III., IV, p. 397, PI. XI, f. 5-7.

Fragment s hi wply pinnate ; raclils mry tJiick ; dims ions
or pinnules in right angle, attached by the enlarged base
of the thick midrib, linear or oblong obtuse, rounded at the
base and there slightly enlarged, very entire, coriaceous;
veins totally obsolete ; fructifications in round distant sori
placed in rows near the margins ; sporanges of the same
form and in the same position as in the former species.

The racllis is flat, comparatively very broad, half a centi-
meter at least, smooth ; the pinnules two to two and a half
centimeters long, are gradually shorter towards the upper
part of the pinna, about five millimeters broad in the mid-
dle, enlarged and rounded on both sides of the equilateral
base. The position, shape and constitution of the sori are
much the same as in the former species, but no trace of
lateral veins is discernible. The midrib is thick and broad
and the leaflets seem attached to the racllis merely by its
enlarged base.

By the position of the sori and the shape of the leaves
this species is comparable to a Polypodium, resembling
by these characters Fhlebopteris Folypodioides, Brgt.,
Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 372. PL LXXXIII, f. 1. The analogy
is equally marked with some Dicltsonice, of the genus Sjn-
ropteris.

Habitat — Maz.m Creek in concretions.

Pecopteris of uncertain relation.

Pecopteris Clarkii, ^p. nov., PI. XLI, Fig. 10.

Frond tripinnatifid ; rachis broad, flattened on the bor-
ders ; primarypinncE narrowly lanceolate, rigid, slightly
oblique; secondary divisions do se^ alternate, short, linear -
lanceolate, obtuse, with a flexous narroio rachis ; pinnules
oblong, obtuse or half round, connate to the middle;
medial veins of the same thichness as the lateral ones
which are oblique, alternate, scarcely curved, forJcing once
above the middle.

202 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREFX.

This Fern is remarkable for its rigid, coriaceous consist-
ence, the pinnules being convex on the upper surface and
their impressions deeply carved into the stone, thus ex-
posing its characters very distinctly. The primary pinnse,
ten centimeters long, are straight, rigid, with a narrow rachis,
flattened on the borders, and narrowly grooved in the mid-
dle. The ultimate pinnae are short, the lowest, one and a
half centimeters long, close, exactly parallel and gradually
narrowed toward the apex, where the upper ones become
simple and confluent to a very small half round terminal
pinnule ; the rachis of the lateral pinnae is flexuous or in
zigzag, bending to the base of each bundle of lateral veins ;
the pinnules small, the largest scarcely three millimeters
long and two broad, alternate, connate to the middle, oblong
and very obtuse. The veins are not very thick, but deeply
marked, the middle one slightly stronger and flexuous near
the base.

Habitat — Mount Hope Coal mines, Rhode Island, Mr. J.
H. Clark. Only one good specimen found. Another from
the nodules of Mazon Creek seems to represent the same
species. It is too fragmentary.

Pecopteris N"otata, Lesqx.

Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 4^4. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 866, PI.
XVIII, f. 4-

Frond iripinnatifid ; dims ions all nearly in right
angle, the primary ones long, linear ; secondary pinnce
narroio, parallel, sublinear, obtuse, with a thick flexuous
rachis ; pinnules slightly oblique, oblong -obtuse, connate
to the middle ; midrib thin, lateral veins open, the lower
ones nearly in rigid angle, all slightly curved upwards
toward the borders, and forking once in the middle ; sur-
face of the p innules punctate.

Besides its large size, this species differs from the former
by its thin (at least not coriaceous) substance, by the more
open direction of the secondary veins, curved upwards in
passing to the borders, and by the i)unctate surface. The
rachis is much stronger, not winged, and the terminal pin-

PECOPTERIS.

P. 263

nules comparatively larger. The lateral pinnsB are twice as
long, nearly exactly linear, tlie pinnules averaging half a
centimeter long and four millimeters broad, being quite as
large near the apex as near the base of the pinnse, excepting
however the lower jjair which is slightly longer. The dots
marked upon the surface are intermediate the veins and
their divisons, but not in regular rows. They are very small
too small, it seems, to represent sori. They may be points
marking the base of scattered scales or hairs. In my first
description I considered them as fruit dots.

Compared to P. oreoiDteridis^ Brgt., this species differs
by the thick flexuous ultimate divisions of the rachis, the
pinnules or lobes connate to the middle and the thin lateral
veins curving upwards in passing to the borders.

Hahitat — Gate vein, near Pottsville. I have not seen an-
other specimen of the same character. The original, from
which the plant is described and figured, was in the cabi-
net of Prof. H. D. Rogers.

Pecopteris MiCKOPiiYLLA, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg.foss.yp. 340, PL CXVIT,/. 2.

Frond small ; primary pinnm lanceolate ; lateral dims-
ions open^ linear lanceolate ; tertiary pinncB or pinnules
small^ somewhat inclined outside^ pinnately lohed ; medial
mins of the lobes distinct^ divisions obsolete.

The leaf which I refer to this species is tripinnatifid, the
primary pinnae lanceolate, ten centimeters long, four and a
half centimeters broad, linear to the upper part where the
specimen is broken ; secondary pinnfe linear-lanceolate, close,
alternate ; tertiary divisions sessile, oblique, even slighly de-
curring to the rachis, linear, five to six millimeters long, two
millimeters broad, jjinnately divided into four pairs of lobes
in the largest pinnules, passing to three, then to two pairs
towards the upper part of the pinnse where the pinnules be-
come entire at the apex and confluent to a small obtuse
leaflet ; lobes half round.

The only difference between this Fern and that described

264 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

by Brongniart is in the lobes, less deeply cut in the Ameri-
can specimen and in the slightly decurring base of the ter-
tiary divisions.

Habitat — Communicated in one specimen onl}^ by Mr.
Tyler McWorther, of Aledo, 111., low coal measures, local-
ity not mentioned.

Pecopteris ijs'completa, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 868, PL I, /. 12, 12a.

Leafhlp'uinatijid ; ijinncE oblique, cur ved upwards, nar-
rowly I inear -lanceolate ; pinnules alternate, oblong, very
obtuse, connate near tlie base, somewhat decurring or much
inclined npwards, the upper ones very small on both sides
of the rachis, which pass beyond into a naked linear blunt
lacinia ; medial veins scarcely distinct.

I should have omitted the description of this too small
fragment, the characters being too indefinite for a reli-
able specification. I find, however, a species described as
Bphenopteris coarctata, in Roehl, Paleont., XVIII, p. 61,
PI. XI Y, f. 5, which is very similar to this, especially by
the prolongation of the rachis into a linear band, taking
the place of a terminal pinnule. In the American species
this terminal prolongation of the rachis is longer, five milli-
meters, one millimeter broad, in its whole length, and obtuse ;
in the Euroi)ean form, the upper j^inules seem abruptly
narrowed into a short linear-acuminate apex. The leaver
pinnules are also shorter in our fragment, more obtuse, very
entire ; while in Roehl's figure the lower pinnules are lobate
at the top, and longer. In these also the medial nerve
forks into two branches at the base, while it is simple as far
as can be seen in ours. Notwithstanding these differences,
the relation of these fragments is very close.

Habitat — Gate vein near Pottsville.

Pecopteris cois^cixxa, Lesqx.

Boston Journ. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 424. Geol. of Pcnn'a, p. 867, PL XI,
f. 5. Schp., Paleont. veget., l,p. 507.

Leaf bip innate ; pinncz alternate, linear -lanceolate, open,

OLTGOCAKPIA. P. 265

distant, toitJi a narroio, flexuous racJiis ; jplnnules distant^
ohlong^ narroioed. upioards to an ohtuse apex^ rounded to
the point of attachment ; horders p Innately und/utate or
lohate; medial nerve alternately hrauching ; veins dlcliot-
omoiis.

The fra,2:ment does not sliow tlie lateral j^inn^c in their
whole. They aj^x^ear linear, lanceolate toward tlie a^^ex, the
pinnules becornini^; gradually shorter upwards, their length,
one centimeter near the base of the pinnae, being eight mil-
limeters at a distance of two and a half centimeters from
the main rachis, Avhere the j)inna3 are broken. The x^innules
are oblong or narrowly oval, equally narrowed at both ends,
and regularly pinnately undulate or rather lobate, as each
secondary division of the veins constitutes a group of vein-
lets for each lobe, by a medial vein pinnately divided into
four or five alternate branches.

Ilahitat — Gate vein, near Pottsville. The fragment is
on the same shale as P sendopecopter is decurrens, and is
unique.

Oligocaepia, Goepp.

Fronds hlpinnate or tripinnatiful ; p>riinary pinnce oh'
long -lanceolate ; secondary divisions open, linear, pin-
nately divided in ohlong or half round lohes or leaflets,
connate at the hase, crenulate j primary and secondary
mins nearly of the same size, thin, hut distinct j lateral
veins curved to the horders, simple or forJced.

This genus, leaving out the characters of fructification,
from which its name is derived, but which have not yet
been observed on any American sjiecimens clearly enough
for microscopical anatomy, is intermediate between the
Pecopterids and the Sphenopterids. The division of the
pinnae, the shax:>e and x)osition of the iiinnules, refer the
species described here to Pecopteris, while the thin nerva-
tion and the crenulat'ons of the borders indicate their affin-
ity to Sphenopteris .

266 P. liEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Oligocarpia Alabame^tsis, Lesqx^ Fl.XL VII.Figs. l~lh,

Sphenopleris Alabamensis, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of Alabama^ 1875, p. 76.

Leaf tripinnatifid^ larr/e, slender j primary dlolsions
suh'oxyposlte^ distant^ open ; secondary pinncB sessile^ in
right angle^ slightly Jiexuous, alternately p innately lohed;
lohes or pinnules ohlong^ ohtuse, subcrenulate, connate near
the base; medial ner m grad^ually effaced towards the apex
hy dimsion; veins ohlique, curmng to the borders^ simple
or forlhing ahooe the middle.

The primary and secondary racliis of tliis species are cylin-
drical, solid, but not rigid ; the primary pimije pedicelled,
long, sixteen to seventeen centimeters, are broader in the
middle, where the secondary divisions measnre three and
a half centimeters or more, while those of the base are
only half as long, also gradually shorter from the middle to
the apex. The lobes of the ultimate i:)innfe, also slightly
larger in the middle, there four millimeters long, half as
broad, become very gradually shorter up to the terminal,
oblong, small, distinct pinnule. The substance of the leaf-
lets is thin, membranaceous ; the veins are distinctly traced
upon the yellowish epidermis.

Comparing this and the following species, the relation of
the plants is evident.

Habitat — Helena coal mines, Shelby county, Alabama.
Prof. Eug. A. Smith.

Oligocarpia Gutrieri, Goepp.^ PI. XLYIII^ Figs. l-Sh.

Goepp., Gait. J, II, p. 3, PL IV, f. 1, 2. Gcin., VrrsL, p. SO, PI. XXXIII,
f. G, 7. PI. XXXV, f. 9. iSchp., Paleont., Veget., I, p. 586.

Pinnce oxal-ohlong ; lateral divisions nearly in right
angle., alternate^ longer in the midxlle^ lineal^ obtuse ^ pin-
nnles half round, connate to the middle^ crenulate ; pri-
mary veins slightly Jlexuous, thin, i)innately forlcing, the
lateral forJcing once again.

F. 3a, 3?>, showing in detail the fructifications, are cox)ied
from Geinitz's splendid illustration of this species. Some
of our specimens are fruiting ; but none of them have the
fructifications distinct enough to show by anatomy the de-

OLIGOCARPIA.

P. 267

tails of tlieir characters. Per contra, the branch f. 1, of our
plate, is the only one of this species seen until now in its
integrity. It has more distinctly an ovel shape than the
pinnae of the former species. Its lateral divisions two and
a half centimeters long in the middle, not even half as long
at the base, more rapidly shorter to the obtuse apex, have
the lobes short, half round. The nervation has the same
character as seen f. 2(2, made from American specimens,
and still more f. 3a, copied from Geinitz, which has the
lobes somewhat longer and cut to near the base. The
substance of the pinnules is thin, pale-colored, membrana-
ceous.

Habitat — A few fragmentary specimens have been com-
municated from Morris, on clay shale, and from Mazon
creek, in nodules. The best one, part of which is figured
here, comes from Vandalia shaft. 111., 366 feet below the
surface, communicated by Prof. A. H. Worthen.

Oligocakpia flagellaris, Lesqx.

Sphenopteris flagellaris, Lesqx , Boston Journ., tS. N. H., v. VI, p. 420,
Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 862, PI. XVIII, f. 1, la.

Fragment ofleafhlpinnatifid; mainracMs cylindrical ;
pinnae oblique, long, flexuous, sessile ; pinnules deltoid-
ovate, cremdate, connate to the middle and decurring, the
lower ones half attached to the main rachis ; medial veins
flexuous, dims ions simple or forked once.

The flexuous pinnse, seven centimeters long, are narrow,
linear ; the pinnules slightly short towards the base, and
also towards the terminal small obtuse pinnules, are three
to four millimeters long and as broad below the middle,
where they become decurring or turned downwards and
connate. The nervation and the substance of the leaflets
is thin, the veins distinct and slender as in the species de-
scribed above. The lobes are rather blunt or somewhat
acute than obtuse, deltoid.

Habitat— ^o\xi\i Salem vein. Tunnel of Sharp mountain,
near Pottsville. No other specimens have been found but
the one figured.

268 P. KEPOKT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Sphexopterids.

Fronds 5/, tri^ poly pinnate ; dimsions open or in right
angle ; pinnules narrowed, at hase^ often decurring or cune-
iform^ pinnately lohed ; lobes rarely entire^ crenulate^ den-
tate or laciniate ; primary nerve (^medial nerve of the pin-
nules) slender^ alternately dichotomous^ simple brandies
entering the base of each lobe to pass by braiichlets Into
the subdivisions of the lamina. In the genus Eremopteris^
the lateral veins enter the lobes in acute angle of divergence
from the midrib and, ijassing up to the borders, areflabel-
late, dlchotomous, parallel and close, as in species of JSfeu-
ropteris.

Little is known until now of the fructifications of the
Sj)7ienopterls of the coal. We have few species described
with their fruits in this Flora, and they are mostly of differ-
ent tyi3e. The descriptions of the species of this genus are,
therefore, generally derived from the subdivisions of the
fronds, the shape of the pinnules, and their venation.
These, especially the forms of the leaflets and the distribu-
tion of the veins, are so extremely diversified, even on frag-
ments of the same species, that it i i difficult to find common
and permanent characters applicable to a grouping of these
Ferns. In order to facilitate their determination, I have
separated the Sphenopterlds in three sections.

Spheiiopteris {Pecopterid. ). Fronds with ultimate pinnse
pinnately deeply lobed, the lobes connate to the middle or
higher, the veins pinnately divided, as in Pecopteris. Some
of the species of this group were referred to Pecopteris by
Brongniart.

Sphenopteris {^proper). Pinnae more deeply divided in
lobes or pinnules narrowed and decurring at base, gen-
erally dentate or crenate at the apex,

Sphenopteris {Jiymenophyllltes. ) The characters are indi-
cated and detailed in the description of the group which has
been considered with reason, I think, as a distinct genus.

Eremopteris, separated from Sphenopteris, by Schimper
is a transitional division, passing to Trlphyllopteris, of the
same author, or to the peculiar order of the Adiantites^

SPHENOPTEIS.

P. 269

which has been more generally united to the Neuropterids.
The fructifications of ArclicBopteris^ the more important
genus of the Adiantites are far different from those of the
NeuTopterids^ indeed from any other of the Ferns of the
coal, excepting only those described and figured by Stur as
Calymnotheca Strangeri^ a species of SpJioiopterls related
to >S^. Hoeninghausii. But considering moreover the sliape
of the leaflets narrowed to a decurring base, the affinity
of the plants seems more distinctly marked with Sphenop-
teris. Indeed the species described as ArchcBopteris BocJc-
scliiana Boclisiana is sj)lienopterid by the divisions of the
pinnae and the form of its pinnules ; it could be described
as Splienopteris^ but not as Neuropteris.

Sphenopteris. (Pecopterid.)
Sphexopteris goniopteroides, Bp. nov., PI. LV,
Figs. 3-Jfa.

Leaf hipinnate ; pinncB lanceolate ; pinmiles open, con-
nate hy a decurring base, pinnately lohed : lohes distinct,
to the middle, deltoid,, acute or blunt at the apex ; borders
equally dentate ; medial veins pinnately forlz I iig ; velnlets
simple or the lower sometimes forTclng, curved inward ; di-
visions entering the teeth.

This species is not sufficiently known. The shape of the
pinnules narrowed at the base and decurring to a marginate
rachis, refer it to Sphenopterls . The veins simple or forked,
straight or curved inward relate it to Goniopterls. The pin-
nules are linear-lanceolate, more rapidly narrowed toward
the apex ; the lower three centimeters long and one centime-
ter broad or less. In f . 4, the lobes of the pinnules are smal-
ler, more deeply cut, and the lateral veins, all simple, are
straight up to the point of the teeth or somewhat curved
upward. In f . 3a the lower veins are forked. The lower
pinnules are alternately six to seven lobed ; the lobes, del-
toid at the apex, acute and gradually shorter upward, be-
come confluent into mere teeth in passing to very small ob-
tuse terminal pinnules.

Habitat— QixmiQlton, Penn'a, Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

270 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Sphenopteris CH^ROPHYLLOIDES, St.

If^l. d. Vorw., II, p. 181. iSchp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 398.
Pecopteris chcerophylloides, Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 357, PI. CXXV,
/. 1-2.

Leaf hipinnate ; piiince open^ long^ linear or lanceolate
in the upper part; pinnules linear -lanceolate, oblique,
close and parallel, deeply plnnately lobed, lobes distinct to
the middle, obscurely dentate ; primary nerves distinct to
the apex, flexuous ; lateral veins forked.

One of our specimens, apparently the base of a large
frond, has the primary pinnae in right angle, sixteen centi-
meters long, and linear to the point where they are broken,
parallel. Primary and secondary rachis narrow, rigid, the
last with a very narrow border, preceivable only at the base
of the pinnules. Other specimens represent the species
with shorter lanceolate pinnae, and the lobes of the pinnules
more deeply cut and narrower, as in f. 2 of Brongniart, 1. c.

Fructified pinnae have the same characters as the sterile
fragments, the pinnules are only shorter and narrower and
the lobes less distinctly dentate, rather merely undulate-
crenate ; all the veins are thick, the medial flexuous, the
lateral forking in the middle, and the fructifications, round
sori, are placed upon the lower branches which abruptly
end in the middle of the laminae. The specimen, a very
fine one, shows the upper surface, not only bossed, but very
often pierced through by compression upon the sori, which,
where the epidermis, is destroyed, appear as composed of
four or five large cuneiform poranges placed around a cen-
tral point, as represented for Oligocarpia Gutbleri by Goep-
pert and Geinitz, Atl., PL XLVIII, f. 3a, 3^.

Brongniart says that the substance of this Fern is thin.
In all the specimens preserved in the nodules, it appears on
the contrary thick, rather coriaceous, and positively so, for
the fructified pinnae. He describes also the secondary rachis
as flexuous, margined by the decurring base of the pin-
nules, while all the divisions of the Fern which I refer to
the species, are rigid and the borders of the rachis are
scarcely preceivable except at the point of union of the
pinnules. Therefore the American form may represent

SPIIENOPTERIS.

P. 271

a species different from that of Europe. In the nodules,
however, where the remains of phants have been preserved
in their original shape, and not deformed by prolonged de-
composition and compression, the rigidity of the branches
and the substance of the leaflets, cannot be considered as
important characters. In a more advanced stage of decom-
position, tne rachis may become more distinctly margined
by compression, and the pinnjB flexuous.

This species related to the former, differs by the broader
more obtuse lobes of the pinnules, the lateral veins gener-
ally forked, the secondary rachis scarcely or indistinctly
margined, etc.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek in good specimens ;
found also in the coal shale of Morris, 111.

Sphenopteris mediana, Lesqx.

S. intermedia * Lesqx., Boston Jour. iS. N. If., v. VI, p. 419. Geol. of
Penn'a, 1858, p. 862, PL VIII, f. 8-9a.

Leaf hipinnate ; primary racliis thick., obscurely clian-
neled; pinnce oblique, parallel, close, on a narrow smooth
naked rachis; pinnules distinct, oblique, parallel, sessile,
linear, abruptly narrowed to the apex, equally pinnately
lobed; lobes half round, cut to the middle, crenulate;
medial veins three or four times dichotomous, very thin,
branches simple.

This species is distinct from the former by its shorter,
more obtuse lobes and the medial nerve less divided. The
pinnules are more distinctly linear and abruptly narrowed
to a very small, ovate, crenulate terminal lobe.

Habitat — It is not rare in the lower beds of the Anthra-
cite fields of Penn'a. Also found in the nodules of Morris.

Sphe^topteris pseudo-Murrayana, Sp. nov.

Pecopteris Murrayana, Lesqx., Geol., Rept. of III., 11^ p. 443.

Leaf bi, tripinnatifid ; primary pinnce in r ight angle,
linear or oblong -lanceolate, with a narrow rigid rachis ;

*Name pre-occupied by d'Ettirisshauseu; Steiukohleu lloru v. Stradoiiitz,
1852.

272 P. REPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

pinnules alternate^ open^ abrupthj narrowed at base and de-
cur ring on the r acids by a narroio border^ pinnately lobed ;
lobes cut to beloio the middle^ entire^ obtuse^ iDrimo.ry nerves
straight^ lateral veins Jlexuous^ alternate^ forJclng four
times in the lowest largest lobes, thrice or twice only in the
upper ones ; mlnlets simple.

Except that the rachis is not flexuous, and that the pin-
nules, abruptly narrowed at the base, are decurring to a
narrow border, this Fern is exactly similar to Fecopteris
Murray ana, Brgt., as described Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 358,
PI. CXXyi, f. 1, 1(2 and has the same character of nerva-
tion. None of our specimens, however, have the lobes of the
pinnules cut to the base and distinct as in f. 2 and 3, of the
same plate. The pinnae are variable in length and the pin-
nules also accordingly, the lobes, three to six pairs on each
side, being generally separated to the middle and there con-
fluent or merely joined in a narrow sinus.

Brongniart remarks in his description, that he has received
from true carboniferous measures, fragments of a Fern which
appear identical with his species described from Jurassic
sterile specimens and which now, known by its fructifica-
tion, is a plant of a far different type than any of those of
the coal measures. It is probable that the one described
here and which, as seen, from specimens of different locali-
ties has always identical characters, is the same observed
by the French author from imperfect specimens of the Eu-
ropean carboniferous.

The first four species of this group intermediate in their
characters between Pecopteris and Sphenopteris are espe-
cially related to the genus Oligocarpia.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek, 111. ; shales of Mount
Hope coal, Rhode Island.

Sphenopteris sub al ATA, Wciss., PI. LV, Figs. 1, la.

Weiss, foss. fl., p. 57. Schp., Paleont. Veget., Ill, p. 466.
Hymenophyllites alatus? Gein., Verst., p. 18, PI. XXIV, f. 15. Lesqx.,
Geol. Rept. of 111., II, p. 437, PI. XXXIX, f. 1.

Frond tripinnate, dichotomous in the upper part, trian-
gular in outline ; primary rachis large, distinctly punc-

SPIIET^OPTERIS,

P. 273

tate^ lomged in Us ultimate dimsions ; primary pinnce
open, curved upward^ lineal-lanceolate ; pinnules in rigid
angle or oblique^ contracted and decurring at hase^ ovate,
obtuse, pinnately lohed ; lobes dentate; did s ions of the
lateral veins entering the teeth.

This plant has been for a long time referred to Fecopteris
alata, Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 361, PL CXXVIL As
may be seen in comparing our f. 1 with the one in Brgt.,
made from JS'ew Holland specimens, there is no other per-
ceivable difference except in the smaller size of the pinnules,
the rough rachis and the furcate division on the upper part
of the fronds. The form of the pinnules and the nervation
are the same. The lower lobes are generally shorter in the
American plant, but the ditference as also the small size of
the pinnules, were supposed to be merely casual or from
different parts of the frond. Variations of this kind are
observed upon a number of specimens from Cannelton where
the species is not rare. The rachis also though generally
punctate appears sometimes smooth. The points marked
upon it are equally distinct upon the whole upper surface
of some specimens, rachis and pinnules. They are acute,
distinct, round dots, irregular in position, like those seen
upon the surface of some living Ferns. The division of the
fronds is the same as in species of Pseudopecopteris^ with
sori placed at the point of the veinlets, top of the teeth.
At least Geinitz's figure, 1. c, represents a fructified speci-
men with this character. As this is the only European spec-
imen positively referred to this species by Weiss and
Schimper— for the sterile plant, described as the same by
Geinitz, is evidently of a different character, we have no
sufficient means of comparison.

Habitat— l£2iZon Creek, in nodules, and Cannelton, in
shale, not rare.

Sphet^opteris crista ta, St.

Flor. d. Voric, II, p. 131. Schimp., Paleont. Veget., 1, p. S97.
Fecopteris cristata, Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 356, PI. CXXV,f. 4, 5.

Frond hipinnate ; pinncz slightly oblique., suh-linear
18 P.

274 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

lanceolate^ close, parallel ; 'pinnules oMong or lanceolate,
oMuse, contracted at the base, p Innately lohed, lobes short,
obtuse, tridentate at the apex, the lower ones quadridentate;
veins tri or quadrifid.

This species has some of the characters of the former. It
is much smaller in all its parts; the rachis both primary and
secondary are rigid, though very narrow; the secondary one
is narrowly winged by the decurring base of the pinnules.
These, five to six millimeters long only, are pinna tely four
to five lobed, the lobes very short, cut at the top in three,
rarely four obtuse short teeth, entered by the divisions of
the veins. Except that the pinnae are shorter, our speci-
men very distinctly preserved in all its parts agrees in full
with the description and figure of Brongniart. The frag-
ment, how^ever, described under this name by Geinitz,
Verst., p. 16, PI. XXIY, f. 1, does not appear referable to
it, being especially different by its very thick primary and
secondary rachis.

Habitat — The best specimens are from the nodules of
Mazon Creek. Found also by Prof. A. H. Worthen, under
the subconglomerate coal of Mercer co. Some obscure spec-
imens from Newport, R. I., are less positively identified
with this species.

Sphenopteris (proper).
Sphenopteris^ Gravexhorstii, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss.. p. 191, PL L V. /. S. Lesqx. Geol. of Fenn'a 1858, p. 861.
Sckp. Faleont. Veget., 1, p. S78.

Leaf tripinnatifid ; rachis flat, smooth; pinnce long,
sublinear or gradually narrower to the apex, curved orflex-
ous, alternate ; pinnules {tertiary pinnce) oblique, sessile,
pinnately lobed ; lobes cut to near the rachis, joined, by the
decurring base, the lower more deeply three or four toothed,
the upper ones gradually more obscurely and less diinded;
medial nerm forMng two to four times; veinlets forJced
again in the lower divisions, simple in the upper ones.

I have seen a number of specimens more or less obscure,
eferable to this species, mostly from the coal of Rhode Is-

SPHENOPTEKTS.

P. 275

land. These are deformed by expansion of some of their
parts, and have the veins generally obsolete. The lobes are
quite distinct as described and figured by the author, but
their subdivisions or teeth are generally more or less effaced.
A finer specimen from Clinton, is distinct in all its parts.
The pinnae are very long, eleven centimeters or more, with
a flat broad naked flexuous rachis ; pinnules short, the
lower two centimeters, less deeply divided, joined by a
broader decurring base with teeth also more obtuse. This
specimen has a remarkable appearance ; half of it, espe-
cially the lower part of the pinnae has the epidermis totally
destroyed by maceration, the veins however distinctly pre-
served, so that the pinnules appear as mere bundles of veins
and vinelets, exactly as in Brongniart's f. 2 of the same
plate, 1. c, described as S, myriojpliyllum. The author
rightly remarks that it represents merely the skeleton of a
frond, whose pinnules have been deprived of epidermis by
maceration. Our specimen shows the characters of both
species in full evidence on the same pinna.

Habitat — Newport, Rhode Island. There is from this lo-
cality a good large specimen in the Cabinet of Amherst Col-
lege. It has been figured, but omitted from want of place.
Found also in the shale of the coal of Clinton, Mo., by Dr.
J. H. Britts. Rare.

Sphenoptekis Dubuissonis, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 195, PL LIV, /. 4. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a, 1858, p.
861. &chp., Paleont. VegeL, I, p. 378.

Leaf tripinnate ; racMs hroad^ rigid ; pinncB sliort., lan-
ceolate ; pinnules oblong, lanceolate, pinnately lobed; lobes
distinct to below the middle, wedge form, obscurely trident-
ate ; lateral T^eins tripartite.

This species, of which I have seen only one specimen,
seems like a diminutive representation of the former. The
rachis and its divisions are quite as thick, even stronger ;
but the pinnae and pinnules are much shorter as also the
teeth, mostly generally obscure. This specimen is frag-
mentary and may represent the same species as the former.

276 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

HaUtat—Qlmton, Mo. Dr. J. H. Britts, No. 145 of his
collection.

Sphenopteris mixta, ScTip., PL LIY, Figs. 1-Sa.

Schp. Paleont. Veget., I, p. 382, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of TIL, IV, p. 409.
PL XV, f. 7.

S. rigida, Lesqx., Ibid., II, p. 4§5, PL XXXIX, f. 5, 5a.

Frond large^ tripinnate ; primary and secondary rachis
thick, rough; dimsions linear -lanceolate and in right
angle; secondary pinnce with a very narrow flexuous ra-
chis, pinnately dioided ; pinnules sublinear, obtuse regu-
larly undulately p innately lohed ; primary veins inclined
to the rachis, not decurring^ branching into each lobe;
veinlets forTcing near the borders, the upper ones simple ;
texture rather membranaceous surface smooth or polished.

The great thickness of the primary and secondary rachis
is striking, compared to the narrow winged rachis of the
small secondary divisions. These, only five to six centime-
ters in the lower part, are very gradually shorter towards
the apex of the pinnae, which were apparently twice as long
as the fragments figured, or forty to fifty centimeters long.
The pinnules are also comparatively very small ; the lowest,
one centimeter long and only two to three millimeters broad,
are joined by a decurring base bordering the flexuous rachis,
deeply undulately and pinnately lobed, gradually shorter,
trilobed and then entire, toward the obtuse terminal leaflet.
In other parts of the fronds, the simple pinnae are longer and
deeply pinnately divided in round crenulate lobes, sepa-
rated to near the rachis, as in f. 3 and 3a.

Habitat — Clinton, Mo. Also Morris, 111., shale above coal.

Sphenopteris GRACILIS, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 197, PL LIV, f. 2. Lesqx., GeoL Rept. of IlL, IV,
p. 408, PL XV, f. S-6.

Frond bipinnate; rachis very slender and narrow;
secondary divisions distant^ parallel^ curved upwards,
somewhat Jlexous^ narrowly lanceolate ; pinnules distant
and. distinct^ sessile upon the very narrow naked rachis,
pinnately four to five lohed; upper lobes confluent, the

SPHENOPTERIS.

P. 277

lower distinct to near the base, oblong or ovate, entire or
Irregularly hi or tri-dentate ; lateral veins very tliin^ pin-
nately forking in simple branches.

This plant somewhat differs from the figure in Brgt.,
1. c. by the more irregular teeth of the lobes and the form
of the pinnules, a little more enlarged at the base and less
deeply lobate. It agrees however well enough with the
description. The essential character from which the spe-
cific name is taken, the very narrow slender rachis is still
more marked upon the American specimens than in the
representation of the European plant. In some of the pin-
nae, the pinnules are narrow, and as seen in the enlarged f.
4, 1. c, they become sometimes cut to near the rachis. This
species like the former is extremely variable in the shape
and subdivisions of the leaflets. The nervation, the shape
of the pinnules, the narrow rachis without any trace of
margin, separate them easily.

Habitat — Shale of Morris Coal, 111.

Sphenopteris Brittsii, nov., PI. LV, Figs. 2-2b.

Leaf large, rachis of medium size, rough or scaly ;
primary pinncB alternate, open, close and parallel, linear
or sublanceolate ; rachis punctate, obscurely regularly
striate when decorticated ; secondary divisions either long,
linear, obtuse, pinnately divided in long sublinear pin-
nules, cut into six to ten pairs of half round or truncate
lobes, connate from the middle, tridentate, at the apex, or
short, obscurely five lob ed ; medial veins of the p innules
pinnately forked ; minlets simple ; epidermis thick, sur-
face somewhat roucjh, sometimes irregularly dotted.

The specimen figured has been until lately the only one
I knew of this species ; its characters are not sufficiently
definite From a number of others communicated later by
the discoverer Dr. Britts, to whom this fine species is legiti-
mately dedicated, the pinnae present two different aspects
according to their relative position. The large pinna3 have
a primary rachis half a centimeter broad, punctulate, even
with a few short scales, bearing alternate, slightly oblique

278 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

branches, averaging six centimeters long, with a rigid rachis,
two millimeters broad and alternate linear pinnules, one
centimeter long, divided as described above. Other frag-
ments have the pinnules ovate, decurring as seen f. 2, but
twice as large, merely irregularly live lobed, as marked f.
2a, which though an enlarged representative of f . 2, is much
like the natural size of some of the fragments. The vena-
tion varies according to the size of the pinnules and of their
divisions, the medial vein being either curved down as in f .
25, or, as in the large X)inn8e with multiple short lobes, where
it is in right angle and merely divided into three branches.
Compared to >S'. mixta^ the relation of both species is easily
remarked ; the facies is about the same, but in the pinnately
lobed leaflets of S. Brittsii^ the lobes are distinctly tri-
dentate at the apex. Even towards the ujDper parts of the
pinnae, the lamina becomes more deeply cut along the vein-
lets, and the lobes appear as if palmately divided, much like
those of S. tridactylites^ the subdivision being however
more irregular and merely casual. Besides this the texture
of the epidermis is coarser, the veins and veinlets thick, the
rachis, even of the smallest divisions, rigid, never flexuous,
etc.

I refer to this species, from similarity of characters in
the broad rough rachis, in the shape of the fronds and of
its divisions, a fructified specimen, with pinnules marked
upon the medial veins by large round sori, one millimeter
in diameter, nearly covering the surface of the lobes.
As they are attached to the lower face, their outline only is
distinct on the upper. One of the sporanges only discovered
by abrasion, appears as formed of a central mammilla, from
which nine narrow rays pass star-like to the circumference.
Others less distinct have on the borders very small, globu-
lar, apparently loosened sporanges.

HaUtat—Qlmtou, Mo., Dr. J. H. Britts.

Sphenopteris paupercula, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 435, PL XLI, /. 4, 4a. Schp. Paleont. VegeU, 7,
p. 380.

Leaf Mpinnate ; pinnules open, distant., oblong, obtuse,

SPHENOPTERIS.

P. 279

sligMly narrowed at the subdecurring base; borders pin-
nately regularly undulate-crenate; primary veins distinct
to the apex^pinnately branching^ lower veins quadripartite^
the upper ones forked^ somewhat Jiexuous.

The rachis is remarkably large (two millimeters), com-
pared to the size of the pinnules, the lower ones only one
centimeter long and half as broad, gradually smaller to-
wards the apex, all equally distant, three millimeters. The
pinnules, in form and size, are about like those of the large
pinna3 of PL LIY, with borders less deeply lobed. This
species is insufficiently known.

Habitat— ^t. John, Perry Co., 111. A few other stiD
more fragmentary specimens have been found in the anthra-
cite of Pa., upper beds, near Port Carbon.

Sphenoptekis scaberrima, Lesqx,

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 4O8, PI. XV, f. 1, 2.

Frond trip innate; rachis thick in all its divisions;
primary pinncB lanceolate, long., curved downward from
the main rachis; secondary divisions short, in right
angle ; pinnules connate at the enlarged base, lanceolate^
more or less obtusely acaminate, with borders irregularly
crenate by compression of marginal sori or tubercles {base
of scales) ; surface of the whole plant very scabre.

The primary rachis, half a centimeter broad, is regularly
distantly striate or ribbed, but like all the other parts of
the plant, its thick cortex is covered with verrucose dots,
evidently points of insertion of scales or hairs, which cov-
ered this Fern, and which are still distinctly seen on some
fragments of the secondary rachis. The primary pinnae,
fifteen centimeters long or more (the upper part being de-
stroyed), bear alternate, distant, comparatively short, linear-
lanceolate secondary divisions, the lower, three centime-
ters long, gradually shorter toward the apex, all with thick
rachis one millimeter at base, and small pinnules in right
angle, averaging three millimeters long, and half as broad.
The exact shape of these leaflets is not quite distinct ; they
are lanceolate, but the borders are deformed by compres-

280 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

sion and the flattening of dots or sori placed on the lower
surface, and they appear, therefore, irregularly crenulate.
No trace of venation is observable.

I compared this species, 1. c. , to a Clieilanthes^ and indeed
the irregular borders of the pinnules appear as if groups
of sori were irregularly distributed under them, and covered
by recurved lobules of the margins, as are the fructifications
of this genus.

Habitat — Roof shale of the coal of Morris — very rare.

Sphenopteris microcarpa, Sp. nov.^ PI. XLVII^
Figs. 2—2h.

Frond quadripinnatifled ; oxacids in all its divisions
flexuoiis and winged ; primary and secondary pinncB in
right angle., shorty lanceolate^ distant ; pinnules oblong or
lanceolate^ narrowed at base, pinnately lobed ; lobes dis-
tinct to the middle, ovate, blunt or acute, the loioer ones
slightly dentate ; medial nerve flexuous, pinnately forked ;
lateral veins tripartite from above the middle or forJced ;
sori very small at the end of some of the branch-veins, in
the teeth of the border.

The fragment of this Fern, upon the same specimen as f.
1, of the same plate, may represent the upper i3art of a
frond of large size. The primary pinnse become rapidly
shorter toward the apex ; the secondary divisions, with
about the same shape, and also as remarkably distinct, fol-
low the same degree of decrease. They are subdivided into
four pairs of pinnules only; the basilar, half a centimeter
long, are distinctly lobate, while the upper are merely simple
and connate to the terminal one. Each of the small obtuse
teeth or indentations on the borders of the lobes has, at
the top of one or two of the veinlets, small round elevated
dots, which, seen with a glass, appear like sori. I consider
them as fructifications, comparable, by their position at
least, to the fruit dots of some Davalliee of our time —
Leucostega, for example.

Habitat — Helena coal mines, Ala.

SPHENOPTEKIS

P. 281

Sphenopteris {HymenopTiylUtes. )

Fronds p oly pinnate ; axis of the ultimate and pe-
nultimate divisions composed of a narrow linear fascicle of
veins^ mostly united into a simple^ rarely double nerxe,
bordered by a linear narrow lamina, repeatedly dicJioto-
mous ; lobes entire, linear, obtuse or narrowly lancolate,
acumenate, rarely cuneiform.

This group, very distinct in some of its species, is, how-
ever, so intimately allied by others to SpJienopteris that it
is scarcely possible to limitate it exactly into a separate
genus.

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) Spinosa, Goepp.

GatL, III, IV, p. 70, PL XII, f. 1.

HymenophyUites spinosus, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 4^6, PI.
XXXIV, f. S, 3a. Scph., Paleont., Veget., I, p. 405.

Frond devaricate-polyp innate ; pr imary pinnce refexed,
large ; secondary divisions ovate or broadly lanceolate in
outline, pinnately lobed ; lobes pinnately or palmately cut
in linear or loedgeform, obtuse, generally bifid lacinice ;
surface sqaamose ; veins buried into the epidermis, very
thin, double, following the subdivisions to the apex.

This Fern receives its specific name from the peculiar
shape of the terminal lobes of the pinnules, which are often
simple, long, linear, obtusely acuminate. These lobes of a
peculiar form are not spines, but mere elongations of the
lamina, which is flat, inflated in the middle by fascicles
of veins which divide, as in the other species of this group.
As said above, the veins are buried into the squamose
epidermis, but become observable, even distinct, when the
surface is humected, the substance being membranaceous.
The average length of the pinnules is two centimeters ; the
axis or rachis is two millimeters broad same width as that
of the lobes.

Habitat — It is extremely rare in the American coal meas-
ures. Found until now only at Colchester, 111.

. 282 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) splendens. Lesqx, PI. LVI,

Figs, Jfa.

HymenophylUtes splendens, Lesqx. Geol. Bept. of III., IV, p. 413, PL
XIX, f. 2a, 2b.

Frond large divaricate; pinnce in right angle ^ lanceo-
late ; pinnules confluent to the alate rachis^ p innately or
palmately lohed ; lobes short, cuneiform, two or three den-
tate ; teeth large, acute, entered by neinlets.

This species, in its essential divisions and its facies, has
a likeness to the former. It differs, by the smooth sliin-
ing surface, the shorter teeth of the lobes, none of them
prolonged into a linear point. The lobes are indifferently,
either pinnately or palmately lobed, upon the same pinnae.
The veins are very thin, divided from a double facicle, al-
ready at the base of the pinnules, and curving, either simple
or dividing again, in passing out to the points of the lobes.
F. 4a, enlarged, erroneously marked 4 upon the plate, clearly
elucidates the mode of subdivision of the fascicle of veins,
in passing to the point of the lobes or teeth, in all the spe-
cies of the group. The epidermis of this species is easily
detached in pellucid lamellae, whereupon the venation is
easily studied. This epidermis is generally of a reddish
color. However, I have specimens from Clinton which are
black colored, with a dull surface.

Habitat — Common in the coal shale of Colchester and
Morris, HI. Also found at Clinton, Mo.

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) furcata, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg.foss.,p. 179, PI. XLIX,f. 4, 5.

HymenophylUtes furcatus, Goepp., Syst., p. 259. Gein., Verst., p. 17, PI.
XXIV, f. 8-lS. Schp., Paleoni. Veget., I, p. 406. Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of 111.,
IV, p. 470.

/Sphenopteris Jlexuosa, Gutb., Abdr., p. S3, PI. IV, f, 3.

>S. alata, ibid., p. 34, PI. V, f. 16, 17.

8. membranacea, ibid., p. 35., PI. XI, f. 2.

Frond bip innate ; rachis flexuous, suh geniculate, con-
cam on the upper surface, carinate on the lower, alate ;
pinncB in right angle from the bents of the rachis ; pin-
nules oblique, pinnately or palmately deeply lobed, wedge

8PHEN0PTERIS.

P. 283

form^ deeply subdivided in two or tltree linear -lanceolate
lacinicB^ blunt at the apex^ oblique or dimrging.

This species, rare in the American coal measures, could
be compared to the former in representing it with all its
divisions narrow, linear, cut to the base of the pinnules.
The basilar pinnules, one and a half centimeters long, are
generally palmately lobed from near the base, the lobes
about half as long, are more or less deeply cut into linear
lacinise, simple or deeply bifid, either slightly enlarged in
the middle, or linear-lanceolate, obtusely pointed or acumi-
nate. The veins, as in the other species of this group, fol-
low the subdivisions of the pinnules with simple branches
ascending to the apex of the lacinise. As indicated by the
synonmy of this species, it is extremely variable, especially
in the length and shape of the ultimate divisions of the
pinnules.

Habitat — Merely found, until now, in the subconglom-
erate coal measures, opposite Mauch Chunk, Penn-a. I
have seen also good specimens from the subconglomerate
coal of Tennessee, in the cabinet of Prof. Jas. M. Safford.

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) Hildreti, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 863, JPL IX,/. 5, 5a.

Leaf polyp innate ; racliis narrow ; pinnce more or less
oblique^ pinnately divided ; pinnules oblique^ decurring
to the winged rachis^ ovate in outline, pinnately lobed ;
lobes cut to the base or to the middle in two to five linea.r
acute lacinice; primary nerves divided according to the
subdivisions of the lobes, each entered by simple branches.

This species is much like the former, from which it differs
by the rachis narrower, not geniculate, the pinnules all pin-
nately lobed, none palmately; the lacinise shorter, more
distinctly lanceolate-acute.

Habitat— Qo2il shale of the Kenawha, Salines, Kentucky.
Communicated by Dr. Hildreth, of Marietta, Ohio.

284 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Sphenopteris (Hymex.) flexicaulis, Lesqx.

JTymenophylliies Jlcxicaulis, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of Ark's, II, p. S09, PL
J,/. 1, la. Schp., Paleont. Veget., J, p. 409.

Frond 'p innately dissected or repeatedly subdicJioto-
mous ; jjrimary racliis and all its dimsions jfiexuous^
winged ; nltlmate pinnce divaHcaie^ geniculate^ pinnately
divided ; pinnules small^ oval-ohlong in outline^ con fluent
to the racliis hy the decurring base, palmately lohed ; lobes
shorty entire, obtusely pointed^ open ; primary veins pin-
nately forJcing ; veinlets simple.

A remarkable species, wliose characters are difficult to
fix, on account of the multiple divisions of the pinnae which,
interlaced together, cover the sx)ecimen with branches,
branchlets, and pinnules, superposed in every direction, in
a confused mass. All the branches diverge in an acute
angle, as if dichotomous, with the subdivisions of the axis
gradually narrower and fiexuous. The ultimate pinnae,
about two centimeters long, have the narrow rachis dis-
tinctly and regularly geniculate or in zigzag, the pin-
nules fixed to the bent of the flexures, very small, three to
four millimeters long, half as broad, all, even the terminal
leaflets, equal and equally distant, three millimeters apart,
ovate in outline, wedge form to the decurring base, pin-
nately or palmately cut in five linear slightly acute lobes
joined in obtuse sinusses, disposed about like the fingers of
a hand. Tlie lateral simple veins ascend to the j)oint of the
lobes, as in the other sx)ecies of this group.

Habitat — I found abundant specimens in the shale of the
Males coal, on the middle fork of White river, Washington
county, Arkansas, somewhat lower than the base of the
Millstone grit. Xot seen elsewhere.

Sphexopteris (Hymex".) tridactylites, Brgt., PI. LV,
Figs. 8, 8a, 9-9b.

Brgi., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 181, PI. L. Gem., Verst., p, 15, PL XXITT,

f. 13, 14. Schp., Paleont. Veget., J. p. 396.

S. quadridactyhtes, GiUb., Abdr.,p. 86, PL XI, f. 5. ^
HymenophylUtes pmnatifidus, Lesqx., GeoL Rept. of IlL, TI, p. 486, PL

XXXIV,/. 2, 2a,

Frond tripinnate ; primary and. secondary rachis naked,

SPHENOPTEEIS.

P. 285

generally punctulate ; pinncB open; primary divisions
lanceolate ; p>inniiles equidistant^ gradually shorter toward
the apex^ sessile and mostly perpendicular to the rachis^
lanceolate in outline^ pinnately lohed ; lodes cuneiform^ the
lower trifid^ the middle ones ohlong, hijid^ the upper sim-
ple ; lacincB more or less disjointed^ linear -obtuse ; veins
once or twice forlcing^ according to the divisions of the
lobes ; f ructifications in round sori^ irregularly grouped^
generally covering the whole lower surface of the lobes.

The fragments figured represent the characters of this
species as they are more generally seen npon the American
specimens. The lobes and their divisions are sometimes
slightly longer or cut deeper into the lamina, as in the form
described as Hymenophyllites pinnatifidus^ Lesqx., 1. c.
which has also the upper lobes even the terminal ones bifid.
From the European form, as described and figured by au-
thors, the American plant differs by the primary and second-
ary rachis generally punctulate. The points are scattered,
but easily seen with an enlarging glass, as well upon the cor-
tex of the rachis as ujDon the surface deprived of it. The
tertiary rachis are generally without a border ; in the upper
part only, the pinnules are somewhat decurring at the base
and the rachis is bordered by a narrow membrane. The
sori are quite distinct ; but their position in regard to the
veins is not ascertainable, as they cover generally in flakes
the lower surface of the leaflets whose lamina is mostly in-
visible, as seen on the pinnule f. 9a, right side. When^^art
of the lamina is preserved the scattering of the sori is local,
either in the middle or on one side of the lobes.

The only afiinity I can find between this species and living
Ferns, in considering the mode of fructification, is in the
Grammittacece^ Gymnogramma Calomelanos^ Kaulf., for
example, an afiinity in opposition to the other characters of
the Ferns of this tribe. Per contra, the CheilanthcE and
the HymenophyllecB to which this plant is related by its
nervation and the mode of division of the pinnae, cannot be
compared to it by their fructifications.

Habitat — From the subcarboniferous measures, to the
first coal above the Millstone-grit. A splendid specimen

286 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

sent by Prof. E. T. Cox is from the Whetstone quarries of
Indiana, horizon of the Chester limestone. The secondary
pinnse are twenty- four centimeters long, the pinnules oblong-
obtuse, trilobate on each side, the rachis smooth, thus cor-
responding to Brongniart's plant, but with short lacinise,
and the tertiary rachis winged. Prof. A. H. Worthen has
sent specimens from the coal No. 1, in Mercer county, 111.,
subconglomerate. The specimen figured is from Clinton,
communicated by Dr. J. H. Britts. I have seen some frag-
ments also from the shale of Morris, 111.

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) trichomanoides, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg.foss.^ p. 182, PL XLVIII, f. 3. Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p.
404, PL XXX,/. 3.

Leaf iripinnatlfid ; rachis flexuous., canaliculate and
alate; pinncB long^ distant^ Jlexuous, curved down or pend-
ing ; pinnules oblique, pinnately lohed ; lobes deeply cut,
bifid., trifid or quadrifid; lacinicB diverging, linear, ob-
tuse, each entered by a single branch of the veins.

This species is comparable to the former, differing by
the lobes more divided, the lacinije longer, narrower, and
more diverging. It is easily recognizable by its yellowish
membranaceous thin substance, often destroyed by macer-
ation, so that in some specimens the black veins and their
branches only are discernible. The American form has the
lacinise generally shorter than figured by Brongniart, more
resembling the following.

Habitat — Morris, 111. Helena vein, Ala. — rare.

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) quercifolia, Goepp.

SysL,p. 252, PL XIV, f, 1, 2. Schp., PaleonL VegeL, III, p. 403.
Oligocarpia quercifolia, Stur. Culm.fl.,p. 206, PL XV, f. 7-12.

Frond large, tripinnate ; primary plnnce lanceolate, the
upper ones short, oblique, oblong -lanceolate ; the lower
much longer, curved down, linear ; secondary plnnce short,
lanceolate, rigid ; pinnules in right angle, joined at the
base by the narrow wing of the rachis, ovate, obtuse, pin-
nately more or less deeply lobed; lobed crenate or laciniate ;

SPHENOPTERIS.

P. 287

lateral vein in each lobe dicliotomous, branches simple^
passing up to the divisions of the border.

This Fern is like the former of a yellowish membranaceous
texture, on which the veins appear distinctly in black when
the surface is humected. It is extremely variable in the
size and form of the divisions of its pinnules. The lobes
are ovate, either nearly entire or crenulate, sometimes more
deeply cut, either into short obtuse, or in long wedge-
form sparingly dentate lacinise, like the fragments repre-
sented f. 7 and 8 of Stur. 1. c. Our specimens do not rep-
resent any like this ; I have also not seen any with the
pinnules as large as figured by Goeppert, 1. c, which aver-
age four millimeters long and two and a half millimeters
broad, while the largest seen upon American specimens are
nearly entire, two and a half millimeters long and scarcely ^
two millimeters broad. The primary and secondary rachis
half round or keeled, have a thick polished epidermis.

Habitat — Helena mines, Ala. I have not seen any speci-
mens from other localities. There they are not rare and
mixed with those of the following species.

Sphenopteeis (Hymen.) elegans, Brgt,^ PI. LV, Figs.

6, 6a.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 172, PI. LIIl, f. i, 2. Schp., Paleont. veget.,
7, p. S89.

Acrostichum Silesiacum, St.fl. d. Vorw., I, p. 29, PI. XXIII, f. 2.
Cheilantites elegans,Goepp., Syst.,p. 233, PL X,f. 1; XL,f. 1, 2.
Deplothmema elegans, Stur., Culm jl., p. 130, PI. XIII, f. 5 ; PI. XIV,
/. 1-6.

Frond poly pinnate^ secondary and tertiary rachis alate,
flexuous ; pinnce in right angle., narrowly lanceolate ; pin-
nules round-ovate in outline., the lower pinnately lobed^ the
upper merely bi^ trifid or simple^ oblong^ cimeate to the
base^ obtuse^ mostly entire at the apex ; veins buried into
the epidermis., obsolete.

The species varies in the size of the pinnules, sometimes
with a longer pedicel than in our Hgure ; but the difference
is not very marked. According to Goeppert, Schimper

288 P. REPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUERETTX.

and Stur, the primary rachis is wrinkled across as in many
subcarboniferous species.

Habitat— Relent coal mines. The specimens all frag-
mentary are in the State Cabinet of Alabama.

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) Larischii, Stur, PI. LV, Figs.

7, 7a.

Calymmotheca Larischii, Stur, Culm. Fl., p. 168, PL X; XI, f. 1.

Tertiary pinnw lanceolate, in right angle to the narrow
flexuous margined rachis ; pinnules slightly oblique, ped-
icelled, p innately lobed ; lobes short, linear, truncate or
bifid ; veins branching according to the divisions.

I have seen only the fragment figured, too small for sat-
isfactory determination. By the short mostly simple, rarely
trihd divisions of the lobes, its relation is more distinctly
marked with Diplothmema MlddeM, of the same author,
1. c, p. 145, PI. XYIII, f. 1, which has however shorter,
closer pinnules, more generally trilid than pinnate, and the
rachis more rigid and not winged.

Habitat — Woodsworth seam of Helena, Ala., Mr. T. H.
Aldrich.

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) Hoeninghausii, Brgt., PI. LY,

Figs. 6, 5a.

Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss , p. 199, PI. LIT. Gein., Verst., p. 14, PI. XXIIT,
f. 5-6. Andrce, Vorw. PJianz., p. 18, PL IV, V. /Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p.
885, PL XXIX.

Frond large tri, quadripinnate ; primary rachis or stipe
very thick, covered with scales or loith tubercles, scars of
their base ; primary pinnce lanceolate ; secondary divis-
ions in right angle, close, opposite or alternate, linear-
lanceolate, gradually acuminate ; tertiary pinnce also in
right angle, linear, obtuse, the basilar ones a little longer,
pinnately, regularly divided ; pinnules half round, con-
tracted at the base, connate by the margin of the rachis,
trilobate; lobes broadly cuneiform, obtuse, entire; lateral
veins entering the lobes, simple or forking.

The stipe or basilar rachis of this species is very thick,
three centimeters or more, covered with scales or with rhom-

SPIIENOPTERIS.

P. 289

boiclal oblong tubercles, scars of tlieir points of attachment,
similar to small narrow scars of Lepidodendron. The pin-
ncB are very large. Though I had for examination a con-
siderable number of si^ecimens, I have not seen any in its
whole, only fragments measuring sometimes twenty centi-
meters across. The figured specimen is j)art of a second-
ary pinna, with long tertiary branches and pinnules more
distant than they are generally ; for in most of the speci-
mens the secondary pinn^ are shorter, the close tertiary
divisions averaging one centimeter long with eight pairs
of close contiguous pinnules. It is difficult to exactly see
the details of the subdivision of the pinnules and their
venation, on account of the coriaceous substance of the
leaflets, wherein the veins are buried and whose borders
are always more or less curved under the convex surface.
Prof. Stur, in his Culm flora, has described as Calymmotheca
Strangeri, p. 151, and splendidly illustrated, PI. YIII and
IX, large fragments of a Fern which, considering its char-
acters without taking into account the fructifications, seem
to represent this species. I am unable to find any differ-
ence either between the American subcarboniferous form
which I refer to aS^. Hoeningliausi^ Brgt., or that represented
by the French author, and C. Stranger i.

Among the large number of sx)ecimens all from the same
locality sent for examination, I did not find any trace of
the fructifications referred to this last species and figured
in the Culm flora. They are sporanges with a long pedi-
celled indusium composed of six linear lanceolate valves,
six to seven millimeters long, related by tlieir shape and
disposition in simple racemes to the fructifications of
ArcluEopteris. In these specimens also, all the fragments
are pinnately divided, none of them forking even in the
upper part of the pinnse. In his comparison with S.
HoeningTiausll, Prof. Stur enumerates differences which
may be very clear from his sx)ecimens, but which I am un-
able to discern from my own. He considers S. Hoening-
Jiausii as a more recent form derived from C. StrangerL
Perhaps I do not know the true HoenlngliaiLsii^ for all the
specimens from which the species is described here are from
19 P.

290 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQITEREUX.

the subcarboniferous or subconglomerate measures. I have
not seen any from the true coal measures of this continent.

Habitat — Helena Coal mines, Ala. , there extremely abund-
ant, Prof. Eug. A. Smith. Wetstone beds, Ind., Prof. E.
T. Cox.

Species of UT^^CERTAIX relation".
Sphenopteris BALLA]s■TIT^J■I, AndreADS.

Geol. Bept. of Ohio, PaleonU, II, p. 422, PI. XLIX,f. 1.

Frond pinnately dlchotomous ; jpinnce distant^ alter-
nate., ohlique^ with a thick rachis ; pinnules numerous^
small, simple^ linear -obtuse or bi, trifid^ with lobes diverg-
ing linear -lanceolate acuminate ; veins thin^ dichotomous,
each dimsion ascending to the apex of the lobes.

The species has no relation to any other of this group.
The main rachis, three millimeters broad at the base of the
fragment, is not much stronger than the branches, and is
covered with leaves, also, especially in the uj^per part. The
pinnae, opposite or alternate, are in acute angle, like dlcho-
tomous divisions, somewhat thicker in the middle ; the pin-
nules two to five millimeters long, are open, some of them
simi^le, linear, obtuse; others divided into two or three lobes
or laciniae to half the length of the lamina, are slightly en-
larged and decurring at base, and only one to two millime-
ters broad.

Habitat — Subconglomerate measures, Perry County,
Ohio, Prof. E. B. Andrews.

Sphei^-opteris LINEARIS, Brgt.

Hist. d. Veg./oss., p. 175, PI. LIV,f. la and b.

Frond pinnately dichotomous ; primary rachis tli ick;
divisions decurrent^ half round or convex, flexuous^ longi-
tudinally striate; primary pinncB oblique^ linear -lance-
late; secondary divisions sessile^ the lower open, the upper
erect., linear-obtuse in outline; pinnules four to six pairs,
alternate, cuneiform to the decurring base, curved baclc^
enlarged in the middle^ three to five lobed; lobes wedge

SPIIKNOPTERI8.

P. 291

form^ truncate or obtuse; veins simple in entering the lobes ^
dichotomous^ forking near tlie apex.

This plant as described above from a large finely preserved
specimen appears to be referable to Brongniart's species
whose diagnosis is made from a mere fragment, the npper
part of a primary pinna. Our specimen represents two dif-
ferent forms. The first, with i^rimary i:)inn8e fourteen centi-
meters long, has its secondary divisions three centimeters
long, the lower ones a little shorter, open, the upper grad-
ually more oblique, with the pinnules broadly cuneiform, ob-
tuse, seven to eight millimeters long, three to four millime-
tres broad in the middle, the lobes wedge-form and more di-
verging than in the figure of the French author. In this,
the primary veins only are discernible. The reverse of the
specimen represent the species with the same general char-
acters, but with pinnules narrower, lobes deeply cut, much
narrower and the veins quite distinct. The pinnules with
their nervation resemble those of the fragment Atl., PI.
LIII, f . 4 ; even the lobes apx)earing sometimes denticulate
at the apex ; but the j)lant is only half as large in all its
parts.

Habitat — ^tna mines, Tennessee, subcarbonif erous meas-
ures ; Collection of Prof. Jas. M. Safford.

Spiiekopteris flaccida, Crepin.

Bull. Acad. Roy. of Belgium, August, 1874, p. ^> P^- I^-,/- 1-5'

Racllis tliicJc^ Jiexuous^ with decurring branches ; ulti-
mate pinncB ovate-lanceolate in outline^ pedicellate^ p in-
nately dimded ; pinnules cuneiform^ lobes short., obtuse^
truncate or bifida ; veins dichotomous.

Allied to the former species, this one differs by the nar-
rower shorter lobes of the pinnules, less enlarged towards
the apex, simple or bifid. The ramification is of the same
type ; the rachis is half round, striate, like twisted or passed
through a draw-plate, flexuous and often wrinkled cross-
wise, forking, with branches decurring to the main rachis.
In our specimen, the veins are distinctly marked, the vein-
lets close and more numerous than in the figure of the Bel-

292 P. r.EPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

gian author. Both tliis and the former species are inter-
mediate between ^plienojpteris and Eremopteris or the Hy-
meiiophylUtes and the Adiantltes.

HdbU(4—\\\ the Vespertine (No. 10 of the Penn'a Re-
ports), Sideling tunnel, Huntingdon Co., Pa., Mr. W. C.
Asliburner. A number of specimens especially stems with
branches and pinnules are identihable witli Prof. Crepin's
plant. This one was found in tlie Psammites of Condroz,
together with Archceopterls hlhernlca and other subcar-
boniferous species.

Sptienopteris plicata, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, p. 862, PI. IX, f. S.

PinncB linear^ pinnately divided ; pinnules connate in
obtuse sinusses near the racliis^ inclined upwards^ oblong^
obtuse., with borders undulate crenate ; veins obsolete.

This si3ecies without relation to any other known to me,
is made from two fragmentary specimens. As the venation
is unknown, it cannot be more specially considered until
better materials are procured.

Habitat — Old shaft behind New Philadelphia, Pa.

Eremopteris, Schp.

Upper part of the fronds dichotomous ; pinnae open or
oblique^ irregularly pinnatifid ; lacinice long., obovate or
wedgeform^ the lower ones deeply cut.

Prof. Schimper who has separated this genus from SpJie-
nopteris says that the plants which compose it have no
analogy with any Ferns living now hence its name £^!j.oc; iso-
lated, without relation to others, and llre^'^tq a Fern.

Eremopteris crenulata, Lesqx. ^ PI. LI II, Figs, i, ^.

Geol. Pept. of Ala., 1876, p. 75.

Pinnce open, the lower in rigid angle, oblong lanceolate
ill outline, decurr ing to the winged, rachis, pinnately lacin-
iate ; loioer segments bi or tr ifld, tlie upper bifid, the ter-
minal simple; lacinicB cuneiform, curving baclc, a,nd
crenulate at tlie apex.

EIIEMOPTERTS.

P. 293

The lacini^B seen with the glass appear distinctly crenu-
late or dentate, at the apex, as seen f. 2 ; without enlarging
power, tliey aj^pear merely crenulate. This and the broader
more diverging basilar lacinise separate this si)ecies from
artemisice folia.

Ilahitat — Helena mines, Shelby County, Ala. , Prof. Eug.
A. Smith.

Eremoptekis flexuosa Lesqx., PI. LIII^ Fig. 3.

Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of Ala., p. 75.

Racliis Jiexuous^ geniculate^ narrowly winged ; plnncB
in right angle, ohlorig, truncate at the apex, deeply pin-
nately lohed ; lohes broadly wedge-form, entire or merely
undulate, the terminal truncate.

Differs from the former by the lobes less or scarcely laci-
niate, not dentate, nor crenulate.

Habitat — Same as the former species.

Eremopteris dissecta, Lesqx., PI. LIU, Fig. ^.

Geol. Rept. of Ala., I. c.,p. 75.

PinncB oblique, the upper ones erect, the lower long, pin-
nately lobed; lobes laciniate, segments narrow, sharply bi,
tridentate.

Closely related to the former. Its rachis is also narrowly
winged, somewhat flexuous, the segments much narrower,
not curved backwards, the veinlets pointing out into the
teeth at the truncate apex.

Though in comparing the specimens, all fragmentary, as
figured, the difference in the characters seem very marked,
these three species may perhaj^s represent only branches
of a same Fern.

Habitat — Same locality as the former.

Eremopteris artemisi^folia, Brgt., PI. LIU, Figs. 5,

5a, 6.

Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 4I6, PL XXX, f. 5. Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of
Ala., 1. c, p. 75.

Sphenopteris artemisicefolia, Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 176, PI. XLVI

294 P. liEPORT OF PKOGEESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

a7id XLVII. St., Fl. d. Voriv., I, p. 44, PI. LIV, f.l. Lesqx., Geol. of
Penn^a, 1858, p. 863 ; Geol. Pept. of Ky., IV, p.

S. crithmifolia, LI. and Hutt, Foss.Jl., I, PI. XLVI.

tS. stricta, St., I. c, p. 45, PL. LVI,/. 3.

Frond large^ dicliotomous ; pinncB oblique^ pinnately
laclniate ; lower segments large^ deeply divided^ lobes
someioliat diverging, long^ obtuse., narroioed downward or
subcuneate, the upper ones oblanceolate^ mostly simple.

As seen from the figures of Brongniart, 1. c, the species
varies considerably in the size of the lobes, sometimes nar-
row, as in our specimens, sometimes twice as broad, scarcely
divided. crithmifolia, LL and Hutt., has the lobes still
much narrower, nearly linear, club shaped, very entire.
It seems to be a different species. The American form is
always, as far as it is known, represented as we have it in the
Atlas, from the best specimens seen as yet, though we have
many fragments of mere simple pinnae, from different local-
ities. On the upj)er surface the veins immersed into the
epidermis are rather obscurely defined.

Habitat — Helena, mines, Ala. Hazlegreen coal, Morgan
Co., Kentucky. Shale of Morris Coal, 111., of Cannelton,
and of the HoUenback mines of Wilkesbarre, Pa. Al-
ways rare.

Eeemopteris ELEaAis-s, Ett., PI. LIT I, Figs. 7, 7 a.

Asplenites elegans, Ett., Fl. v. Strad., p. 15, PL ITT, /. 1-3 ; IV, f. 1-3.
Sphenopteris asplenites, Gein., Verst., p. 17, PI. XXIV, f. 6.
Phacopteris elegans, Schp., Paleont. Veget., I, p. 482.

Bacllis strong, canaliculate ; pinnce linear ; pinnules
oblique, oblong or rliomboidal, narroioed to the rachis and
attached to its flattened border, deeply pinnately lobed;
lobes curved outside, separated to beloio the oniddle, cuneate
to the base, truncate or suhcrenate at the top ; veins dich-
otomous, diverging fan-like from the base.

If this species, as Schimper remarks it, has an affinity
with the group Asplenites and is closely related to the
Archceopteris, it is also intimately allied to E. Artemis ice-
folia. My specimens are as good as any of those described
and figured by European authors, and distinctly shows the
toj) of the lacinijB obtusely crenulate, notched or sj^lit, and

eremoptp:ris

P. 295

the veins as distant and as much curved as in the former
species. They are not as rigid nor as straight and distinct
as in the Asplenites. The diiference from the former sjDecies
is marked in the rachis, not winged in oar specimens, flat
and merely narrowly channeled ; in the mode of attachment
of the pinnules by a narrow base slightly decurring to the
borders of the rachis, and in the nearly equal lobes of the
pinnules ; but taken altogether the species has with Ere-
mopteris points of relation distinct enough to be allowed a
place in this genus.

Habitat — One of the specimens of this fine species was
discovered by Mr. I. H. Southwell in the lowest coal strata
of 111., near Port Byron, Subcarboniferous ; the other in
the bituminous shale of Cannelton, Pa., by Mr. I. F. Mans-
field.

Eremopteris Missouriensis, 8p. nov:, PI. LIII, Figs.

8, 8a.

Frond h Ip innate ; pinncB linear or oblong^ narrowed at
base; pinnuies oblique, decurring to the alate rachis,
lanceolate, longest in the middle of the pinnce, mry small
towards the base, pinnately lobed ; lobes cut to the middle,
the lower bi, tr ifid, the upper ones ent ire ; dims ions broadly
linear or oblanceolate, notched at the apex; veins thin,
sharply marked, dichotomous from the base, straight or
slightly curving in the diverging lobes.

A peculiar species of which I have seen only the frag-
ment figured. The general characters are those of this
genus, the veins only being more rigid, more sharply de-
fined, close and slender. At the top of the lacinise, as many
as ten to twelve veinlets can be counted with the glass. The
middle pinnules are about one and a half centimeters long,
while those of the two basilar pairs are scarcely three mil-
limeters long and as large, trilobate, thus representing on
the same pinnae Eremopteris and Triphyllopteris.

Habitat — The remarkable specimen comes from the coal
of Clinton, Mo., communicated by Dr. J. H. Britts.

296 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Eremopteris (Tkipiiyllopteris) microphylla, Sp. nov.y
PI. LII, Figs. 6, 7, 7a.

Leaf tripinnate ; primary radii s thick^ wrinkled across y
flat ; pinncB nearly in right angle ; secondary racliis nar-
rowly winged ; pinnules fioe to six pairs., subopposite or
alternate., joined to tlie rachis by a broad base., distant^
trilobate; lobes nearly equals enlarged upwards^ entire^ the
upper ones truncate or irregularly notched ; medial mins
distinct at base^ d/ichotomous and flabellate ; branches
curved to the borders^ forking as in Neuropteris.

This species like tlie former seems ratlier referable to the
genus Triphyllopteris of Schimper though it has the lobes
more distinct. The rachis is transversely rugose as in some
species of this Genus and of Arclicepteris ; the veins, of the
same character, divided from the base, are very close, twice
in number to what is marked f. la.

A small specimen from Kentucky has the iiinn^e decur-
ring to the rachis, which is a little flexuous, but wrinkled
across like that of the figure. These pinnae are somewhat
longer, the two lower pairs of pinnules trilobate, the upper
ones entire, broadly ovate, abruptly contracted to a broad
decurring pedicel, the veins dichotomous. The medial vein
is marked upon the trilobate pinnules, but in those which
more entire have no lobes, all the veins are dichotomous
and diverging from the base. The veins are very close but
sharjDly cut and quite distinct under a magnifier.

Habitat — Helena mines, Ala., Prof. Eng. A. Smith. Had-
dock cannel coal vein, Osley Co., Ky. (Subconglomerate.)

Sphenopteris (Eremopteris ?) margin-ata, Andrews.

Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 422, PI. LII,f. 1, 2.

Leaf pinnately dimded^ dichotomous ; pr imary rachis
thick^ flexuous^ bordered in its lower part by a crenulate
margin; dimsions alternate^ decurring^ simple^ with a
strong medial nerve or narrow rachis, linear -lanceolate.,
pinnately cut to the middle of tlie lamina in alternate
lanceolate obtuse or acuminate distant lobes turned up-
wards ; veins all from the medial nerve or p)artial rachis.,

TKIPTIYLLOPTERIS.

P. 297

equals thin^ parallel, dlcJiotomous and straight, or more or
less curved hi passing to the borders.

F. 1 of the plate, 1. c. , represents the species as described.
F. 2 is a pinna with the lateral divisions impaired or cor-
roded by maceration in such a way that the lamina cut into
flexuous linear acute laciniae, is thus irregularly fringed.
The base of the specimen, f. 1, already i)resent traces of the
same kind of laceration. It may be a normal subdivision
of the plant in its upper pinnae, as f. 1 seems to represent
a basilar branch or a subdivision of the short main rachis,
which flat and grooved in the middle, is bordered by a pe-
culiar crenate membrane, apparently inflated at the borders.

The relation of this species to Bremopteris is doubtful.
The nervation is neuropterid, of the same type as in Megal-
opter is, as are also the subdivisions of the pinnae in decurring
lateral lobes. It could be described as a new genus follow-
ing Megalopterls, from which it differs essentially by the
lobate borders of the pinnules.

Habitat — Subconglomerate coal measures. Perry county,
Ohio, Prof. E. B. Andrews.

Adiantites, Brgt.
Fronds large, Mp innate; pinnules oblique, simple or
hi, trilobed, gradually narrowed to the point of attach-
ment ; mins dichotomous from tlie base, dimding fan-liJce,
stra ight, tit in, dist inctly marked.

To this group I refer Triphyllopteris, Schp. , and Archceop-
teris. Daws.

Triphyllopteris, Schp.

Lower pinnules subopposite, tripartite or trifoliate, the
upper ones gradually simple, all narrowed or contracted
to a flat slightly decurr ing pedicel ; veins all equal, sim-
ple or dichotomous, diverging fan-lilce.

Triphyllopteris Lesouriais^a, MeeJc, PI. L, Figs. 6-6c.

Cyclopteris Lescuriana, Meek, Bull. Phil. jSoc., Wash., 1875, Appendix,
p. 16, PI. II, f. la, b, c.

Frond bip innate, rachis of medium size and flexuous.^

298 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

rugose crossioise; pinncs alternate^ narroicly lanceolate^
open^ iDith a narroio slightly fiexuous radii s ; lower pin-
nules alternate^ the inferior ones only suhopposite^ hroad
ly wedge-form^ narrowed to a short, oblique, flat, pedicel,
slightly decurring to the rachis, deeply three, rarely four
lohate; lohes cut to the middle or lower, narrowly cunei-
form, the middle one distinctly longer, all lanceolate-acute,
entire or rarely obscurely dentate ; nervation of the genus.

The beautiful representation of tliis fine species is re-
produced from Prof. Meelv's j^iate. The author remarks
that the nervation is rather obscure, the nerves not very
numerous, moderately diverging and apparently bifurcat-
ing. He says also in a foot note, that the uj^j^er side of the
pinnules can be seen under a strong magnifier to be covered
with numerous extremely minute crowded longitudinal
strife, apparently independent of the nervation, and which
can be traced down to the narrowed base. This appearance
is the same in some of the Ferns, which I have described
as Eremopteris and also, though less distinctly seen, upon
the leaves of species of ArchcBopteris when the epidermis is
preserved. I have remarked it also on the upx)er surface of
the leaflets of many Ferns of the coal. It seems caused by
extremely thin wrinkles or folding of the tissue which do
not affect in any way the venation. The rugosity is some-
times crosswise, like that observed upon the ex)idermis of
species of Cordaites.

This Fern is still more intimately related to Archceopteris
than the species described as Eremopteris, which all by the
characters of the ramification, the veins, the narrowed base,
etc., might be very reasonably included, as they have been
by Brongniart, into a same generic division that of Adian-
tites, which would comprise, with few exceptions, subcar-
boniferous Ferns.

Habitat — Lewis tunnel, Allegheny Co., Virginia, at the
inferior part of the subcarboniferous series. Prof. B. F.
Meek.

ARCHyEOPTEKIS.

P. 299

AncmEOPTEKis, Daws.

Cyclopteris, Goepp. ; Adiantites, Brgt. :
Nc&ggerathia, Lesqx. : Paleopteris, tSchp.

The si)ecies of this genus have been indifferently and
more generally described as Cyclopteris and AdiajitUes.
In Geol. of Penna, 1858, I considered these jDlants as iden-
tical to Nceggeratliia, St., from the great likeness of the
divisions of the i^innae, and from the similarity of venation,
Schimper considering the insufficiency of denomination
under which species of far different characters had been de-
scribed and also the error of references of these X3lants, true
Ferns, to an European species which though little known
was supposed to be referable to Palms or Cicadce., proj)osed
for them the name Paloeopteris in his Paleontologie vegetale.
This name however being preoccupied by Geinitz, Dawson
re-placed it by a synonym, Arclioeopteris^ which is likely to
stand now if new discoveries do not prove that Noeggei atlda^
as figured and described by Sternberg and after him by
Goeppert, is a Fern according to the opinion of this last au-
thor who comj^ared it to Adlanthuvi and not a kind of
Cycas, as Brongniart will have it. My own opinion on this
subject is of no account, as I have not been able to see any
European specimen of Noeggerathia^ and know these plants
merely by the descriptions and figures of the authors.
Judging merely from these figures, the leaves of Archceop-
teris have as far as I can see the same characters as those
indicated for the genus Noeggerathia^ viz : leaves i3innate ;
pinnules cuneiform or obovate, sessile, open or erect, entire
or splitting at the top ; veins straight more or less diverging
simple and dichotomous. This is the description of Nmg-
geratliia by Schimper, Paleont. veget., II, p. 120. Goep-
pert in Gatt., Y, VI, p. 107, adds to his description of
the genus, which coincidates with the above, this remark :
this genus has been until now of doubtful relation. It has
been generally considered as referable to Palms ; close ex-
amination of a specimen communicated by the author
(Sternberg), leads me to suppose that it belongs to the Ferns
and is related to Cyclopteris. The disposition of the veins
is however sufficient to separate the genera. In Cyclop-

300 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

terls the veins, diverging from their point of origin in the
lower part of the leaves, multiply by divisions, so that there
is a marked difference in their thickness from the base to
the borders, while in NoeggeratJiia, they come out from
the base, preserving the same thickness, being at first par-
allel but gradually diverging on account of the widening
of the lamina and dichotomously divided in acute angle.
To the above may be now compared the description of
Arcliceopteris as given by Shimper, Paleont. Yeget., 1, p.
475.

Frond Mpinnate ; pinnules obovate or ovate oblong^ in-
equilateral^ gradually narrowed to a short suhdecurrent
pedicel^ very entire or more or less split on the borders ;
veins coming outoftherachis^ repetito-dichotomous^ nearly
straight ; veinlets numerous^ thin ; fertile pinnules placed
in the middle of the pinncB, much divided^ bearing numer-
ousfascicles of club-shaped capsules or spore cases, attached
to an excurring medial nerve.

The species of this genus made until now from too frag-
mentary or from obscure specimens are much mixed and
uncertain. They may be separated into two groups from
the characters of the rachis.

§ 1. Rachis striate lengthwise.
Arch.eopteris obliqxta, Lesqx.

Noeggerathia obliqua (Go&pp.), Lesqx., Geol. of Fenn'a, 1858, p. 854.

Leafbipinnate;pinnGe oblique ; pinnules comparatively
long, wedge-form, or gradually narrowed to the point oj
attachment, obliquely truncate at the apex ; veins emerg-
ing from the base, dichotomous, distinct.

This species is separated from all the others by its long
pinnules, four to five centimeters long, exactly cuneiform,
or gradually and equally enlarging upwards from the base
to the truncate apex which is obscurely crenulate. This
last character is not distinct. The base of the pinnules is
somewhat broad, slightly decurring.

I referred incorrectly this species, ]. c, to Nceggerathia ob-
liqua, Goep., Gatt., V, VI, PI. XII, f. 2, on account of

ARCH^OPTERIS.

P. 301

the obliquely truncate top of the pinnules. Goeppert's
species is a CordaUes, and has no relation to plants of this
kind.

Habitat — Red shale of the Vespertine below Pottsville,
where it was found by my friend E. Desor, in 1851. I have
not seen, since that time, any other specimen of that char-
acter, and never had an opportunity of reexamining those
from which the species was described.

ARCiiiEOPTEKis OBTUSA, Lesqx., PI. XLIX, Figs. 6", 7.

Nosggerathia obtusa, Lesqx., Geol. of Femi^a, 1858, p. 854, P^- hf' H'

Primary pinna very large ; divisions alternate, open or
curving back from the narrow naked racliis ; pinnules
large, half round at the apex, contracted^ and narrowed to
the decurring base ; nervation of the genus.

F. 6 is copied from the G-eol. of Penn'a, 1. c. and from it
my decription was made at that time. Later I received
from Mr. H. A. Riley of Montrose, Pa., a sketch of part
of a pinna of a very large size, the lateral divisions twenty
centimeters long^ open and curving back, with pinnules, the
largest (not figured) six centimeters broad in the upper
rounded part, with borders entire undulate or even lobed
at the top, as seen f. 6, abruptly narrowed to a decurring
base. The average width of the pinnules is about four
centimeters. Though the specimen is a large slab thirty-
three centimeters broad and as long, none of the pinnae is
preserved whole. All of the pinnules have exactly the
same character as seen upon the first published fragment,
f. 6. Part of the plant from Montrose is reproduced in
Dana's Manual of Geology, f. 557 A.

Prof. Dawson has figured under this same name in Geol.
Surv. of Canada, Foss. PI. of the Dev. and Silur., 1871, p.
46, PL XYI, f. 188, a fragment of two pinnae with the
rachis slightly flexuous and pinnules oval long pediceled,
which seems referable to a different species. The figure
represents the venation with a basilar medial nerve from
which the veins are derived, or flabellate dichotomous form
a central point, as in Cyclopteris, contrary to the character
of ArchcBopteris, whose veins are all coming out from the

302 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

base, straight, dichotomoTis and diverging by branches in
proportion to the enlarging of the lamina. He also remarks,
p. 8, that A. ohiusa belongs to a group with clustered pin-
nules, a character which does not belong to the plant, no
more than does the long pedicel of the leaflets of his species.

Habitat — Vespertine red shale, below Mauch Chunk.
Catskill red shale, Montrose, Pa., Mr. Henry A. Kiley.

Arch^opteris MmoR, Lesqx.^ PI. XLIX^ Fig. 6 ;
PI. L, Figs.

Noeggerathia minor y Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a, 1858, p. 854, PI. I,f. 10.

Pinnce oNiqtte, rigid, suhtinear ; pinnules oiDposite or
alternate^ obovate., narrowed to a short decurring peddcel^
very variable in size, oblique or slightly recurved from
the base ; fructifications of the genus.

All the specimens represented PI. L, f. 1-4, have been
found in the same bank of shale with a number of others.
The pinnules vary from three to twenty Ave millimeters in
length, generally narrow, either distant as in f. 4, or close
and contiguous as in f. 1. They are generally obtuse and
entire at the top, but sometimes undulate even undulately
lobed, as in f. 2 and 4. Except therefore the diminutive
size of the pinnules positively narrower, especially at the
top w^hicli is not broadly round, but merely obtuse, even
narrowed from the middle to an obtuse apex as in f. 4, there
is not a very marked dift'erence between this and the former
species. The undulations of the pinnules, PL XLIX, f. 6,
are quite as distinctly seen in f. 4 of PL L. This last pinna
might perhaps be considered as referable to another species;
but comparing it to f. 2, the pinnules appear exactly of the
same character, and between this to f. 3, on one side and to
f. 1, on the other, there is a series of intermediate forms, in
specimens not figured, which do not permit a doubt on the
identity of all the fragments. On the same pinna the pin-
nules are more or less oblique, more or less enlarged at the
top and more or less curved backwards from the point of
attachment. The rachis is generally thick, smooth, irreg-
ularly striate lengthwise and without any separate pin-

ARCn^OPTERIS.

P. 303

miles attached to it. The fructifications are of the same
type as those described in the diagnosis of the genus which
was made by Schimper from specimens of A. Hyhernica.
Tlie supx^ort of the capsules is not a medial nerve, but a
pedicel, gradually narrower to the apex, where it slightly
curves upward, while in the European species it is percur-
rent, prolonged beyond the capsules and flexuous. The
capsules appear as figured, open, composed of three lacini^e
or lobes which seem placed aside as in f. 3a, generally erect
on the upper part of the pedicel, also sometimes pending
from it. These lobes, divisions of an indusium or spore
case, are generally pressed together in such a confused mass
that it is not possible to see the exact mode of their attach-
ment, either as valves of an opened indusium or as closed
capsules. They are flat or somewhat concave on one side,
convex and marked by an obscure line like a medial nerve
on the other, oblong or linear, obtuse at both ends. F. 3
and 3a, enlarged, represent them as exactly as it has been
possible to observe them upon a number of specimens. The
pinnse, some of which bear leaflets at base, are oblique and
apparently long. They are all broken about in the middle,
eight centimeters from the rachis.

To this species I refer A. stricta^ Andrews, Ohio Geol.
Kept., Paleont., II, p. 418, PL XLIX, f. 2, 2a, part of which
is represented upon our PI. XLIX, f. 8, 8a. The pinnse are
more open ; the pinnules smaller, more distant and more
distinctly curved back. But we have the top of a pinna
with leaflets of the same size, and with the same characters,
AtL, PL L, f. 1, on the reverse of the fructified specimen f. 3.
The number of veinlets at the border of the pinnules is ex-
actly the same, ten to twelve. Schimper identifies A. minor
with J.. Roemerianna^ Goepp., from which it differs by the
rachis striate lengthwise.

Habitat— ^ed. shale below Mauch Chunk, a single frag-
ment ; Bluffs of the Susquehanna above Pittston, Pa., there
abundant. The Cabinet of Mr. J. P. Rosecranz of this
place has a very large number of specimens of this fine
species. We obtained fruiting fragments in visiting the lo-
cality with him.

304 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Arch^opteris Halliana, Goepp.

Sphenopteris laxa, Hall., Geol. Jlepi. of New York, IV, p. 274, /• 1^7.

Cyclopieris Halliana, Goepp., Uebergsg. FL, p. 145 and 498. Daivs.
Fl. of the Dev. Period, sixteen Ann. Geol. Rept. of New lork, p. 117, f. 10.
Devon, plants, Quat. Jour. Geol. Soc , XVIII, p. 318, PI. XVII, f. 54, 55.
Devon. Plaiits of Maine, Nov., 1868, p. 469, PI. XIX, f. 28.

Cyclopieris Jackso7ii? Daws., Sixteen Ann. Rept., I. c., p. 115, f. 9.
Devon, plants of Maine, etc., 1863, p. 462, PL XIX, f. 26. Geol. 8urv. of
Canada, 1871, p. 45, PL XV, f. 167-169.

Sphenopteris Hitchcockiana, Daws., ibid., p. 52, PL XV, f. 175.

Frond hip innate ; pinncE alternate^ suhlinear^ equidis-
tant ^open; pinnules alternate^ open^ oblong or spatliulate^
Qiarroiaed, to a sliort petiole., entire ; rachis alate by inter-
position of simple pinnules between the pinnae ; veins
emerging from the base., simple or dichotomous.

As far as I can judge from the figure given of the species
in the Sixteenth Ann. Rept. of JSTew York, 1. c, the pin-
nules are remarkably different in size, becoming larger to-
wards the end of the lateral pinnae, and along the main
rachis between the pinnae. It may be however that the in-
terposed pinnules are partly buried into the stone, and
show merely fragments of their laminas.

Schimper refers with doubt to this species Cyclopteris
Jacksoni^ Daws., 1. c. As I have not seen any specimen of
these two forms I am unable to decide. From appearance
of the figures, the characters are identical. The same au-
thor quotes Sphenopteris HitchcocMana^ Daws., 1. c, as a
fruiting pinna of A. Halliana That this figure represents
the fructification of a species of Archceopteris is positive,
and Prof. Dawson has already recognized the accuracy of
this reference; but in the absence of sterile leaflets, it is not
possible to say to what species the fragment is referable.
A figure of the same kind, indeed very similar to that of S.
Hitchcockiana^ is given in Prof. Crepin, Bull. Acad. Roy,
d. Belgique, Aout., 1874, p. 5, PI. I, f. 1, under the name
of Fsitophytum Condmsorum. It differs from that of
Prof. Dawson merely in the acute lobes of the spore, cases.
And even this difference could not serve as a specific diag-
nosis ; for those capsules of Arclicsopteris are generally
mixed and flattened in such a way that it is scarcely possi-

*Pal8eoptens Haliana. Schp., Pnleont. Veget., I, p. 477.

AKCIIyEOPTERIS.

P. 305

ble to satisfactorily define their form and position even with
a powerful glass.

The only relation of the fructifications of any Ferns re-
marked until now with those of Archceopteris is with the
genus Calymmotheca of Stur, as represented in C. Strangeri^
Culm, fl., PI. YIII, f. l.''

Hahltdt — Devonian measures of New York, Hall, for A.
Halllana. The specimen of A. Jacks on'i% and A. Hitch-
cocldana^ are from the Upper Devonian of Maine, Perry
County, and the Lower Devonian of New York.

Arcii.eopteeis iiybeknica ? Ed. Forbes, PI. Fig. &.

Cycloypteris hyhernica, Ed. Forbes, Proc. Brit. Assoc., 1852. Goepp.
Uebergsg. FL, p. 499, PL XXXVIII, /. la, b.

C. McCoyana, Goepp. {fide Schp.), ibid., p. 500, PI. XXXVIII, 2%, b.
Palceopteris Hybernica, iSchp., Paleont. veget. I, p. 475, PI. XXXVI.

Frond very large ; pinnce long ; pinnules close, suhim-
bricate, obovate decurring to tlie racliis by a short pedicel
entire or undulate-crenate ; rachis winged, by intermediate
pinnules attached to it.

I have a single leaflet which appears referable to the
species by its undulate borders and its broadly obovate
shape. This pinnule coines from a different locality than
the sj)ecimens of A. minor but of the same geological hori-
zon. Comparing it to f. 2&, of the splendid plate illustrat-
ing this species in Schp., Paleont. Yeget., 1. c, the likeness
is well marked indeed. The pinnule is not nnequilateral
as are generally those of A. hybernica ; but in many of
these as in f. 2^, 1. c, for example, the leaflets are equal oji
both sides similar to the one we have figured.

The leaflet, Atl., f. 5, though somewhat smaller has also
the same characters and facies as the one figured by Daws,
Quat. Jour. Geol. Soc, v. XYII, PL XII, f. 8, and described
p. 273, as Noeggerathia Gibboensis from the Chemung of
N. Y. I consider it referable to this species.

*Schimper in a new work not yet out of the press, Handbuck der Paleon-
tologie, prepared in cooperation with Karl A. Zittle, figures in the botanical
part, p. 114, the fructification of Triphyllopteris CoUombi, which show a close
affinity to those of Archceopteris. They represent very small globular spo-
ranges, disposed in racemes, like bunches of grapes.
20 P.

306 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Habitat. — Red shale of the Vespertine, near Pittston,
Pa., Mr. James P. Rosencrantz.

Archjeopteris BocKSCHiAiN^A ? Goepp., PI, XLIX,
Figs. l-Jf.

Adiantites Bockschii Goepp., SysU, p. 384, X^XVI,/. 6.
Cyclopteris Bockschii, Goepp., Uebergsg. Fl.,p. 501, PI. XXXVIII, f. 3.
Noeggerathia Bockschiana, Lesqz., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 854,
f. 1-ld.

Bipinnate ; pinncB sliort, oblique; pinnules variable
in form and size, generally oblique., small, reniform or
broadly obomte, entire, short pedicellate, the terminal
larger, broad, obtuse at the apex, contracted or gradually
narrowed to its base a prolongation of the rachis, undulate
or splitting in the upper part ; veins straight, dlchotomous.
and diverging fan-like.

The fragments figured give an idea of the general char-
acter of the Fern. The pinnae are short, oblique or in
right angle, mostly trifoliate as in f. 1, 3, the upper ones,
f. 2, pinnately divided. The side leaflets of the pinnate
branches are generally unequilateral, either transversely
oval or kidney-shaped, very short-pediceled, five to seven
millimeters long, one centimeter broad ; those of the tri-
foliate pinnae are much larger, broadly cuneiform and
rounded at the apex, narrowed to a slightly longer pedicel,
the terminal ones are larger, either undulate or split at the
top.

Though the leaflets are far different in shape from those
of all the other species known of this genus, they have posi-
tively the same characters of nervation, as also the mode of
attachment of the pinnules. From the likeness merely in
the shape of the terminal pinnules, f. 4, I referred this spe-
cies to Adiantites BocJcschii, Goepp., 1. c. According to
Prof. Scliimper, this reference is very uncertain, as Goep-
pert's species is not well known and is represented only by
a single leaflet.

Habitat — Vespertine strata opposite Mauch Chunk ;
also below Pottsville on the same formation, always found
in small fragments.

AHCII^OPTKRIS.

P. 307

§ 2. Racliis wrmkled crosswise.
Arch^opteris Rogeksi, Daws, PI. XL IX, Figs. 9, 9a.

Cycloptcris Rogersi, Daws, Quat. Journ., Osol. Soc, Nov., 186S, p. 463,
PI. XVII, f. 17 and 18; XIX, f. 27.

C. {ArchcBopteris) Alleghamcnsis, Meek, Bull. Phil. Soc. of Wash., Dec.
1875, Appendix p. 18, PI. I, f. 2a, b.

Primary J) inncE linear -lanceolate, with a comparatively
strong transversely wrinkled racliis ; lateral pinnce in
rigid angle^ close, short, oblong, oMuse ; pinnules ohovate^
narrowed toioards the base and decurrent to the racliis ;
venation of the genus.

Part of the beautiful figure of Prof. Meeks' memoir, 1. c,
is reproduced upon our plate with the name api^lied to it by
the author. It is however evident that his species C. Alle-
ghaniensis is identical with that of Prof. Dawson C. Roger si,
and that therefore this last name should be preserved.
In both the figures given by the Canadian Geologist and in
that of Meek, the peculiar characters, larger base of the
decurrent pinnules, and rachis wrinkled crosswise, are rep-
resented the same. They are also identical in (7. Roeme-
riaiia, Goepp. Uebergsg. 1. c, FL, p. 491, PI. XXXYII, f. 8a
and 8&, which however has the pinnules longer and narrower.
Notwithstanding this difference I believe that Prof. Dawson
is right in considering his species as the American represent-
ative of C. Roemeriana. Curiously enough, this last species
is regarded by Crepin as a mere var. minor of A. Hyber-
nica, which has the rachis striate lengthwise and beset with
pinnules intermediate to the pinnae or winged.

Habitat. — Lowest series of the carboniferous measures.
Red shale of Perry county, Maine, Prof. Hitchcock. Lewis
tunnel, Alleghany county, Virginia, Prof. B. F. Meek.

Fragmeots of Ferns of uncertain" attribution.
Crematopteris Pennsylvanica, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, p. 868, PL III, f. 5.

Rachis thick, cylindrical; pinnules short, narrowly
oval or oblong -obtuse, sessile^ scarcely narrowed, at the
base, without trace of veins.

308 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The sj)ecimen is not in a good state of preservation. The
so-called pinnules are like flakes of coaly matter, without
very determined outline, and without appearance of veins.
Schimper supposes that it is merely a young unfolding
frond of Neuropteris. The species is too uncertain and
cannot be preserved. It is merely mentioned for future
comparison in case of discover}^ of better specimens.

Ilabltaf —The shale bearing this branch and seen in the
cabinet of Mr. W. D. Moore of Pittsburg, is from the base
of the barren measures near that place. It is covered with
marine shells and fragments of vegetable remains, Cala-
mites and some Ferns, especially a Splienopteris.

Pachypteris gracillima, Lesqx., PI. LXXV, Figs.

10. lOh.

Geol. RepU of 111., IV, p. 419, PL XIX, f. 6-8.

Separate pinncB linear^ simply pinnate; pinnules op-
posite^ erect or oblique^ narrow^ spathulate^ obtuse^ decur-
ring or confluent at base ; mlns obsolete.

This plant is very small ; its fragments strewn upon the
stone in great number, mere simjjle pinnae, are two to four
centimeters long, with pinnules nearly erect, scarcely half a
millimeter broad, three long, opposite, decurringand joined
at the base, bordering the rachis by a narrow margin be-
tween the leaflets. They may have a middle nerve, but on
account of the narrow lamina, the nerve is undiscernible.
The attachment of the two lateral branches upon the middle
of a longer one f. 10 is merely casual.

The genus Pachypteris.^ Brgt., is established by the au-
thor for Jurassic Ferns, with pinnules entire, coriaceous,
narrowly oval, contracted at the base, not connate to the
rachis, without nerves or with a medial nerve only. The
American plant has these characters, differing from the two
species of Brongniart by the narrowness of the pinnules.
It is comparable also to Diclcsonia gracilis, Heer, Fl. foss.
Arct., y, p. 13, PI. Ill, f. 8-14, whose pinnules are some-
times very narrow and the medial nerve undiscernible.
The pinnules, however, are evidently connate to the rachis

RHACOPHYLLUM.

P. 309

at their base, and not decurring into a border, a character
at variance with that indicated by Brongniart for Pachyp-
teris On the specimen from wliich this species is described,
the base of the pinnules, continued along the rachis and on
both sides of it, is often i)artly separated f rbm it in its whole
length, showing the non-confluence of the border to the
rachis.

Living species of Adenopteris, A. liymenopliylloides
and A. tamarisc% Kaulf., have the pinnules shaped and
disposed as in this fossil plant.

Habitat — Shale of the Morris coal. 111., Mr. Jos. Even.
Cannelton, Pa., Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

RlIACOPHYLLUM, Scllp.

Schizopteris, Auct. (exp.). Ap/debia, Presl. (exp.). Hymenophyllites,
Goepp. (ex p.). PachyphylLurn, Lesqx.

Fronds either flaheltiform^ many times subdivided or
pinnate^ irregularly pi nnatifid, bipinnatifid ; racliis flat,
often much dilated, scarcely thicker than the foliaceous
lamina lohiclt is very variable in the size and the mode of
its divisions ; veins numerous, more or less indistinct, fol-
lowing the rachis in parallel bundles, dichotomous in the
foliaceous divisions.

This diagnosis is that of Schimper, Paleont. veget., I, p.
684, modified for the characters of the nervation. In de-
scribing some species of this genus, Geol. of Penn'a, 1858,
I proposed for it the new appellation of Pachyphyllum,
though the genus was already encumbered by too many
synonyms. But the word Pachyphyllum (thick leaves) im-
plies a character which is not remarked in all the now num-
erous species referred to this group, and as the nervation
for a number of them is that of Hymenophyllites, I thought
advisable to admit in the Geol. Rept. of 111. this generic
name employed by Goeppert. Hymenophyllites however
cannot be applied to vegetable remains which have not all
between them an evident relation ; for if most of them are
typically allied to Hymenophyllum, others have, in the
shape of their leaves, and in the nervation, an af&nity to
Neuropteris, while others still, differing from any plants of

310 p. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the carboniferous, have characters which seem to place tliem
as intermediate be tween marine plants and Ferns.

Instead of increasing the synonymy by new generic sub-
divisions, I admit here Schimper's nomenclature, grouping
the species in three subgenera, Rliacojpliyllum (Neurop-
terids), R. (Hymenopliyllites), R. (Fucoides).

Though the morphology of the plants referred to Rhaco-
pliylluvi may be quite as clear as that of the other Ferns of
the coal, their nature and their role in the vegetation is un-
certain. Some are evidently Ferns, related to Hymenopliyl-
lites as said above, and their general character is of the
same type. Others are attached to stems of Ferns, appar-
ently as jjarasites ; others seem to be derived from a kind of
Thallus, or form rliizomatic tufts of leaves, of characters
different from those of the divisions of the branches. Stur
considers them as leaves of suj)port (Stutz-blatter), while
Grand 'Eury is disposed to admit some of them in the Gym-
nosperm, as related to the NoeggeratliicB. Indeed the frag-
ments figured and described as LepidopJiyllum anomalum
Atl., PI. LXXXIII and LXXXIV, closely related to the
Cordaites^ seem to represent the plant described by Brong-
niart as Aplilehia anomala^ considered until now as per-
taining to the group of RJiacophyllwm.

This subject like many others concerning the vegetation
of the coal is still obscure and demands from the j)hito-
paleontologists careful investigation.

Rhacophyllum (Neuropterids).
Fronds entire in the loioer part^ lobed at the top or pin-
nately dimded from the base ; divisions entire, obtuse or
diversely lacinate ; veins distinct and distant, dichoto-
mous, following the directions of the lobes ; ultimate divi-
sions simple, entering the points of the lacince as in spe-
cies of Sphenopteris {HymenopJiyllites).

KIIACOPIIYLLUM.

P. 311

Rhacophyllum flabellatum, SL pi, L YII^ Fig. i,- la.

Aphlebia Jlabellata, St., FL d. Vorw., II, p. 112.

Filicites crispus, Germ, and Kaulf., Abdr.,p. 229, PI. LVI,f. 6.

Fucoides dentaius, Gutb., Abd7\,p. I4, PI. I,f. 1, 2.

Rhacophyllum flabellatum, Schp., Paleont. Vegct., I, p. 687, PI. XLVIII,
/. 8.

Fro'ad entire and ohlong in the lower part, rounded at
the base, enlarged and diversely lohed in the upper part ;
lobes curved outward^ diverging, narrowed to an acuminate
apex.

The beautiful specimeu figured here represents a much
larger leaf of this species than any of those published by
European authors. The upper border is unfortunately
partly broken, but the mode of division by obtuse sinuses
in narrow linear lacinise, is clearly seen on the half detached
lobe of the right side. Another slightly smaller specimen,
in the cabinet of Mr. J. F. Sliller of Richmond, 'Indiana, is
eleven centimeters long, from the broken base to the top of
the lacinisB, four centimeters broad, split or bilobed from
the middle, enlarged and flabelliform upwards, deeply lobed
around the borders, the lobes subdivided in short linear
laciniffi, blunt at the apex, as in Schimper's figure, 1. c, the
lacini^ being only somewhat shorter. In the specimen
figured by Schimper, the lamina is cut from near the sub-
cordate base into three lobes, the lateral ones diverging.
In all the species of this genus the subdivision of the lamina
is extremely variable.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon creek, Mr. S. S. Strong.
Coal, of Mercer Co., 111. (subcarboniferous) • specimen in
the cabinet of Mr. Miller.

Rhacophyllum trui^catum, sp. nov., PI. L, Fig. 7.

Leaf apparently large, flahellate in the upper 'part, and
there divided in broad linear obtuse or truncate lobes ;
veins thin but distinct, dichotomous.

Of this species I have seen only the fragment figured. By
the curve of the borders on the left side, the leaf appears to
have been about of the same shape as the former, with the
same kind of divisions in large segments, descending to the

312 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

middle of the lamina, then subdivided above in linear, ob-
tuse or truncate lobes of about the same width, six to eight
millimeters broad. The substance of this leaf is membrana-
ceous, the veins, scarcely perceivable when the epidermis
is dry, becoming quite distinct when it is moistened.

Cyclopteris Brownii^ Daws, Quat. Journ. Geol. Soc. Nov.
1863, p. 463. PI. XVII, f. 6, seems referable to this species,
or at least to this group. The mode of subdivision of the
borders, the narrowing of the lamina to the base and the
venation are of the same characters.

Prof. Dawson remarks, on a leaf from Pennsylvania, seen
in the cabinet of Prof. Wm. Rogers, that it bears a strong
resemblance to Sallshuria adiantifolia, a likeness which,
considering merely the outline of the leaves is marked also
in this species, and still more of B. flabellatum. The coin-
cidence of habitat tends to confirm the supposition concern-
ing the reference of Prof. Dawson' s species to this one.

Habitat — Red shale of the Vespertine on the blulTs of the
Susquehanna River above Pittston, with ArclicEopteris
minor. Mr. J. P. Rosencrantz. Specimens of Cijctopteris
Brownii were found in the Devonian of Perry County,
Maine, by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock.

Rhacophyllum membran^aceum, nov.^ PI. LVIII,

Figs, i, '2.

Leaf large^ pinnately divided ; primary dimsions linear
at the decurring hase^ enlarged and subdimded in the up-
per part ; ultimate lacinice short, lanceolate^ acuminate,
entered by a simple branch of the dichotomous strong
veins.

A beautiful species which is represented in three speci-
mens, one of which f. 1, is the upper x^art of an a2)j)arently
very large frond, the other mere fragments of secondary
pinnse. The leaf, as in the former species, apj)ears as split
to the middle ; the lateral divisions oblique, eight to ten
'centimeters long, are sharply bi, tri furcate, or irregularly
divided in long linear lacinise, which are subdivided into
shorter lobes, and then sharply cut in triangular acuminate

EHACOPIIYLLUM.

P. 313

teeth. The substance is membraneous, yellowish, the
epidermis easily separated in flakes.

I do not know any species x^ublished until now from the
coal measures, which might be compared to this. Rliabdo-
phyllum pacJiyracJiis^ Schenk, figured by Heer, Fl. foss.,
Helv., PI. XXyi, f. 5, resembles it only in the lateral di-
visions of the leaf, the nervation being of a different type,
or the veins derived from a midrib.

Habitat — Clinton coal, Mo., communicated by Dr. J. H.
Britts.

Rhacophyllum scolopendhites, Lesqx.

Scolopendrites grosse-dentatus, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a, 1858, p. 868, PI.
VIII, f. 7.

Fragment of a lineo.r leaf deeply^ obtusely and irregu-
layly dentate on the borders ; medial nerve tliin^ veins
widely distant^ alternately diverging in acute angle from
the midrib^ extremely thin, once or twice forked^ slightly
curving to the borders ; substance of the leaves thin^ mem-
branaceous^ pellucid.

I am now as uncertain on the relation of this fragment as
when I described it, 1. c. ; for since that time I have never
been able to find, either in fossil Ferns or in those of our
time, any plant comparable to this one. The fragment, the
best which could be preserved on account of the extreme
brittleness of the shale, is seven centimeters long, two centi-
meters broad at the broken base, where the borders are
merely undulate, three centimeters in the upper part, where
the obtuse teeth, which in the middle are large and more
distant, become closer and more effaced. The midrib, though
thin, half a millimeter, is every distinct, and the lateral veins,
averaging five millimeters in distance, are also distinct,
though of extreme tenuity, not half as thick as the middle
nerve, from which they diverge in an angle of about 10°.
They are somewhat flexuous and generally fork twice in
passing to the borders where they casually enter the teeth
or the irregular subdivisions which are without relation to
the venation. The afiinity of this Fern to Scolopend^riuvi is
marked merely by the linear ribbon shape of the leaves.

314 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREl^X.

Its reference to Rhacoxjhyllum is presumable only, from the
peculiar charater of the venation.
Habitat — Gate vein, New Philadelphia, Pa.

2. §. Rhacophyllum. (Hymenophyllites.)

Fronds flat, diversely lobed^ and laciniate, all the di-
visions dicliotomous ; veins in parallel fascicles, consti-
Uding the axis of the leaves, dividing in bundles in enter-
ing the subdivisions^ sometimes dichotomous, generally
obsolete.

The venation of the plants of this group is rarely dis-
tinct, except in some species of thick texture, when the
epidermis is destroyed.

Rhacophyllum arborescens, Lesqx.

Schp.y Paleont. vegeU, III, p. 525,

Hymenophillytes arborescens, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of 111., IV, p. 415, PL
XVII, f.l.

Leaf large, linear in outline, with a broad flat axis,
^innately alternately dichotomous ; divisions or p innules
oblique, pinnately lobed ; lobes simple, bifid or trifid,veins
obsolete.

The preserved part of the leaf is twenty centimeters long ;
the axis or rachis is linear, quite flat, like the iMmary divi-
sions, one and a half centimeters broad. These are alter-
nate, at irregular distance, subdecurrent, not narrowed at
the base, pinnately irregularly lobed, the lobes bi, triden-
tate or entire, broadly lanceolate, acute or blunt. The ter-
minal lobe of the pinnules is sometimes long and linear.
The veins are not clearly defined, but are perceivable in
parallel fascicles, either vertical in the primary axis or di-
verging and parallel also in the primary lateral branches.
The species is closely related to R. pachyr rachis {Schizop-
teris), Schenk, of the Keuper.

The divisions of the plants of this group are generally
produced by expansion and splitting of the laminae and
are therefore simply or many times dichotomous, the ulti-
mate divisions being called lobes or teeth according to their
shape.

RIIACOPHYLLUM.

P. 315

Habitat — Morris, 111. ; roof shale of the coal, comrauni-
cated by Mr. Jos. Even.

Rhacophyllum lactuca, Sternb.

Schizopteris lactuca^ Presl., in St., Fl. d. Vorw., II, p. 112. Gein., Verst.y
p. 19, PL XXVI, f. 1. Germ., Verst., p. 45, PI. XVIII and XIX.
Fucoides crispus, Gutb., Abdr.,p. 13, PI. 1, f. 11.

Pachyphyllum lactuca, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a, 1858, p. 863, PL VIII,
f. 4, 5.

Hymenophyllites lactuca, Lesqx,, Geol. Rept. of Ills., IV, p. 415.
Rhacophyllum lactuca, Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 684, PL XLVI, f. 1 ;
XLVII.f. 1, 2.

Frond targe; mediat axis or tamina either prolonged
andpinnately divided., or sessile^ enlarged from the base,
fanlilie., and laciniate all around; primary divisions
large, carving outward, variously cut into large lobes ;
ultimate divisions short, linear -lanceolate or long, linear,
jlexuous, generally obtuse.

The leaves are most variable in their general outline and
subdivisions. In large specimens from the Penn'a an-
thracite coal fields I have seen the primary fronds nearly
round in outline or broadly ovate, sessile, with border di-
visions multiple and multifid. In others, the axis is pro-
longed into a broad linear flexuous lamina, diversely folded
and diversely divided in large dichotomous pinnae, curv-
ing down and subdivided in short lacinise. F. 4, of PI.
yill, in Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c, represents a diminutive leaf
of the first character, the figures of Gerniar, 1. c, are a
splendid representation of the other. The plants are gen-
erally found in fragments which may be recalled to the type
by their flat thin substance, where no trace of veins is ap-
parent, and whose borders are diversely cut, sometimes in
long linear lacinise, dichotomously and many times subdi-
vided in segments, gradually narrower, the ultimate ones
long, flexuous, sometimes split. It passes by transition to
the following species and is easily confounded with it.

Habitat — In the whole thickness of the middle carbonif-
erous measures, not rare, but rarely seen on account of the
obscurity of its outline and divisions, which of thin sub-
stance, are immersed into the stone or scarcely distinguish-

316 P. liEPORT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

able from it. Gate vein below NeAv Pliiladeli)liia, Penn'a ;
Mazon Creek, 111., in nodules ; Shale of the Coal of Cannel-
ton, Pa. and Clinton, Mo.

RlIACOPlIYLLUM FILIOIFORME {Gutb.), ScTip.

Fucoides Jilici/ormis, Gutb., Abdr., p. 11, PI. I, f. 3, 6, 7.
Schizopteris Gutbieriana, Gein., Verst., p. 19, PL XXV, f. II-I4 {fide
ISchimper) .

Medial axis comparatwely long and narrow^ flat^ erect.,
y innately divided ; primary pimicB narrow^ p innately
lobed ; lobes subpiiinato-laciniate ; ultimate segments short.,
truncate or obtuse. In the var. Gutbieriana^ the lateral
branches are simply divided in shorty obtuse., entire or
crenulate lobes.

The above description is made from a specimen whose
main axis is one centimeter broad, ten centimeters long,
nearly as thick at the upper part, where it is effaced in di-
viding. It is pinnately divided from the base as described
above, the divisions oblique and variable in length, the
lower five centimeters, the upper ones seven to eight. It
corresponds exactly in its characters, for the medial axis to
f. 1, PI. I, of Gutb., 1. c, and for its divisions to f. 6.

Among a large number of specimens which I have had
for examination, I have never seen a transitional form to
f. 14 of Gutb. and f. 13 of Gein. which represents B. Gut-
bierianum. When seen with the glass the upper surface of
the plant is apparently villous or marked with very small
points indicating base of hairs.

The specimen described above represents, as coming out
of the same basilar stump, a pinna or simple frond of Pe-
copteris, Avliich seems either dwarfed or as yet not entirely
developed. Its lateral pinnje and pinnules are distinct but
the nervation is totally obsolete. This specimen, with others
described here below, confirm the supposition of Prof.
Schimper that some species of this genus are primitive
basilar leaves of Ferns appearing before the unfolding of
the fronds.

Habitat — Modules of Mazon Creek, 111., there not rare.
Clinton, Mo., upon coal shale. The var. Guibieriana is also

KHACOPIIYLLUM.

P. 317

commonly found in the whole tliickness of the Middle Coal
Measures. It seems to be a distinct species.

Rhacopiiyllum corrallum, Sp. nov.^ PI. LVII, Figs.

Basilar pinnce diverging in circle from a central axis
{or racMs), broadly lanceolate, pinnately dicliotomous ;
divisions oblique; pinnules either entire, short, obtuse^
truncate, or pinnately dichotomous ; ultimate lacinice nar-
row, simple or forked once or twice ; surface dotted and hir-
sute.

As represented in the figure, the pinnae, two to four centi-
meters long, are generally regularly pinnately divided into
nearly entire obtuse truncate or bifid lobes which, in the
lower part of the pinnae, are subdivided into narrow linear
small lacinise, either simple or forking once or twice. An-
other specimen, recently received, represents the species
with primary pinnae surrounding the base of a naked flat-
tened rachis % or stem, ten centimeters long, nine millime-
ters broad, gradually narrower to the point, which is broken.
These pinnae are somewhat longer than those figured ; pal-
mately laciniate at the base, with divisions multifid, Avliile in
the upper part the lobes are merely oblong, or lanceolate,
obtuse, or truncate, thus showing the two kinds of divisions
seen upon f. 4. The pinnae are distinctly seen attached to
the base of the naked rachis and flattened around it. Gein-
itz, Yerst., PI. XXI, 1 1, represents a Fern bearing upon
the rachis, as parasite, tufts of leaves of a species which
he refers to R. Gutbierianum. From this specimen as from
others, like^. adnascens^ it is seen that plants of this group
were, in some cases at least, parasitic.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek in fine specimens.

Rhacophyllum cornutum, Sp. nov., PI. LVII^ Figs.

3, 3a.

Leaf tripinnatirfid ; primary pinnce long^ oblique ; sec-
ondary divisio7is short, linear -lanceolate, obtuse, pinnate-
ly lobed ; lobes short, half round, with borders inflated;

318 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

veins tliin^ in fascicles^ ascending into the lobes ; surface
rougJi.

The divisions of the pianfc are opposite or alternate ;
the primary rachis is flat, not inflated as incorrectly shown
on the figure, comparatively broad ; the veins, seen only
where the epidermis is destroyed, are in parallel fascicles,
diverging in passing into the divisions, not dichotomous.
The leaves are more distinctly pinnate than in any other
species of the genus. The lobes on the specimen, figured
from a nodule, appear inflated on the upper border. On
another specimen from Cannelton, they are all flat. The
epidermis is thickly dotted, as from the remains of basilar
points of hairs.

Habitat — Mazon Creek in nodules. Cannelton, Pa., on
shale.

Rhacophyllum hirstjtum, Lesqx.^ PI. LYII, Fig. 3.

Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 687.

Pctchyphyllum hirsutum, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a, p. 863, PL VIII,/. S.
P. affine, Lesqx., ibid., PI. VIII, f. 1.

Primary rachis or lamina broad., flexuous, bipinnately
dichotomous ; pinnce oblique., either pinnately divided into
short, triangular, entire, obtusely pointed lobes, or cut in
irregular linear -lanceolate acuminate lacinice ; surface
covered with long distinct hairs or scales ; veins in paral-
lel fascicles.

The divisions of the axis or la/nina are extremely vari-
able. In the specimen figured Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c, the
pinnae are simply lobed, the lobes short, broadly lanceolate,
entire. In the specimen figured here, the lobes are di-
versely and irregularly cut and the ultimate lacinise much
narrower and distinctly acuminate.

ITabitat—'^^lem Vein near Pottsville, Penn'a, upper Coal
The specimen figured is from Clinton. Mo., r. J. H. Britts.

Rhacophyllum fimbrtatum, Lesqx.

Paehyphyllum fimhriatuyn, Lesqx., Geol. of PenrVa, 1858, p. 863, PI, VIII,
Fig. 2.

Frond b ip Innate ; primary pinnce linear, narrowed to
the point of attachment; lobes lanceolate, entire, bordered

laiACOPIIYLLUM.

P. 319

hy a fnnhriate membrane ; veins in distinct fascicles^ fol-
lowing the divisions of the lamina and passing np to the
apex of the lobes / substance membranaceous.

This species is much like the former and at first sight it
could be taken for a variety caused by maceration of the
plant and deprived of its epidermis. There is a marked dif-
ference, however, in the substance of the leaves which is
rather membranaceous, not thick ; in the peculiar narrow-
ing of the pmnse, contracted in joining the rachis ; in the
mode of attachment and nature of the border divisions
which are not hairs, as in the former species, but true
^ fringes, derived from the borders and enlarged in joining
them as if they were cut from the substance of the leaves.
In this species the nervation is distinctly seen as a narrow
simple thick fascile of veins, in the middle of the primary
rachis and of the divisions diverging and ascending to the
apex of the lobes.

It is remarkable that both these species so very similar
in some of their characters and so different in others were
found together in two localities only.

H. affine^ Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c, is apparently a
variety of this or of the former species. It is represented
by a too small specimen, merely differing by the borders
entire or deprived of a fringe • the venation is of the same
type.

Habitat — With the former, Salem and Gate Yein, near
Pottsville, upper Coal. Clinton, Mo., lower Coal, Dr. J.
II. Britts.

Phacopiiyllum Clarkii, Lesqx. ^ PI. LYII^ Fig. 5.

HymenophylUtes Clarkii, Lesqx., Geol. Itept. of III., II, p. 438, PL
XXXIX, f. 7: IV, p. 416, PI. XVI, f. 1, 2.

Frond large^ with a distinct rachis of medium size^ ir-
regularly many times dichotomous ; pinnce reflexed^ fla-
belliform^ from a wedge shaped base; lobes oblanceolate^
obtuse^ veins in parallel fascicles^ diverging in passing to
the lobes^ ultimate divisions simple.

This species is extremely variable in size. The fragment

320 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

figured seems to be a primary young frond. It gives an
idea of the mode of subdivision of the lobes only, but not
of the i3lant in its entire development. The rachis in as-
cending is laterally divided either pinnately on both sides,
or merely on one side, into fiabellate pinnae, enlarging by
dicliotomous subdivisions into lobes of various lengtli,
curved backward, cut in obtuse oblanceolate lacinise. The
epidermis is thick, rougli, especially upon the rachis, often
destroyed by maceration, and in this case only, leaving ex-
jjosed the venation in parallel fascicles, dividing into each
of the lobes, and apparently ascending in simple veinlets
to the apex of the ultimate lacinise.

This species has a great affinity to R. Guthierimium^ from
which it differs by its distinct sometimes long rachis, the
obtuse divisions of the pinnae and the thick substance of
the plant. In the nodules of Mazon Creek, where its re-
mains are not rare, they leave upon the stone deej) impress-
ions, such as can be done only by thick bodies of hard con-
sistence.

Habitat — Shales of Mount Hope Coal, Rhode Island, Mr.
Jas. H. Clark. Nodules of Mazon Creek, frequent. Also
found at Cannelton, but rare. Not seen in the specimens
from Clinton, where R. filtciforme and its variety R. Gut-
hierlanwn are common.

RiiACOPHYLLUM spiNOSUM, Sp. nov.^ PI. L VII Figs. ^, 5.

Rachis Jiat^ hroad^ pinnately dichotomous ; plnnm di-
verging in acute angle^ lanceolate^ pinnately lobed ; lobes
shorty spinescent, simple or bi, trijid.

As seen from the fragment of a primary rachis at the
base of the figure, we have a mere pinna of a plant Avhicli
had apparently a large frond. The divisions are all of the
same character, gradually jjassing into short ultimate laci-
nise resembling spines, either simple or forked. The veins
are clearly seen in parallel fasciles on the rachis, and may
be followed into the lateral pinnae, where they disappear,
probably there dividing into very thin branches, and pass-

EHAOOPHYLLUM. P. 321

ing into the lobes. The rachis is distantly dotted. The
points are indistinct on the decorticated surface, f. 5.

The stem and its ramification are more clearly defined
than in R. jUiclforme to which this species has some affin-
ity ; the lobes are shorter and sharply acuminate.

^aZ>//a^— Clinton, Mo., Dr. J. H. Britts. Mazon Creek,
in nodules.

RlIACOPHYLLUM HAMULOSUM, 8p . 7101). PI. LVIII^ Fig. 3.

Frond divaricate or pinnately divided ; ultimate jpinncE
either lohed^ the lobes deeply diversely lacinate^ or simple
in the upper part of the pinncB ; lacince linear^ gradually
narroiced to a long filiform more or less hooked acumen ;
venation obsolete.

This plant might perhaps be considered as a variety of
the following species which is extremely variable. It essen-
tially differs by its multiple divaricate ramification from a
definite stem or primary rachis ; by the absence of any
trace (^f veins and the long acuminate apex of the lacinia.

Habitat — I have seen one specimen only, communicated
by Dr. J. H. Britts, from the same locality as the former
species.

Rhacophyllum adnascens, LI. and Hutt., PI. LVII,
Figs. 9, 10, 11.

Schizopteris adnascens, LI. and HutU Foss. Jl., II, p. 57, PL C and CI.
Gein., Verst., p. SO, PL XXV, f. 7-9.

Fucoides radians, Gutb., Verst., p. 12, PL I,f. 5.
Trichomanites adnascens, Goepp., iSyst., p. 266.
Rhodea radians, PresL, in St. Fl. d. Vorw., II, p. 11.
Aphlebia adnascens, PresL, ibid.

Hymeiiophyllites adnascens, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of IIL, IV, p. 4I4.
Rhacophyllum adnascens, Schp. Paleont. Veget., I. p. 686, PL XLVIII,
f'U ^, {7?)

Frond small, many times dichotoraous ; divisions radi-
ate or divaricate from the base, narrow, linear, obtuse ;
veins parallel or simple in each division, often obsolete.

This species is extremely variable, as far at least as it is
known from fragments generally referred to it, or as seen
by the three specimens figured. F. 9 has a distinct rachis
21 P

322 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

with veins parallel, diverging in fasciles, dicliotomous and
passing in simple veinlets into the ultimate lobes. This
form corresponds to f. 7 of Schp.. 1. c, which he considers
as either referable to this species or perhaps representing
a young plant of R. Jiabellatum. F. 11, in Atl., has the
ordinary size and mode of division of the species, differing
merely from f. 10 by a medial vein, which passes by vein-
lets to the apex of the lobes. F. 10 is the species as repre-
sented by the original authors Lindley and Hutton, who
figured it in numerous specimens attached as parasite on
the stem of SpJienopteris crenata. In this as in some simi-
lar cases where I have seen B. Lactuca and E. fiUciforme
in connection with rachis of Ferns, these i)lants seem to ap-
pear first as a primordial vegetation, a kind of prothallium,
which continues growing upwards in connection with the
rachis of the Ferns, even reaching the primary divisions of
the fronds

Habitat — Generally found in fragments of its divers
forms in the whole extent of the middle coal measures ; not
rare, but rarely observed by collectors.

Rhacophyllum trichoidetjm, Sp. nov.

Pinnules rounded to tlie point of attachment^ divided to
the base in capilliform filaments diverging fanlike, fork-
ing once near the base or at a distance from it^ then sim-
ple^ flexuous in various directions^ variable in length.

One of the specimens bears, seemingly attached along the
borders of a leaf of Cordaites^ three pinnules, five to six
centimeters distant, appearing like bundles of veins de-
prived of epidermis. The base of these fasciles is four to
five millimeters broad, the filaments cylindrical, capilla-
ceous, four to five centimeters long, flexuous and flagellate
in the upper part, of the same thickness in their whole
length.

These filaments, as seen in the upper part where some of
them are flattened, are not simple nerves but fasciles of
very thin thread-like veins.

Habitat — Wilkesbarre, Pa. Specimens in tlie cabinet of
Mr. R. D. Lacoe, from Oak wood colliery, F ? vein.

RHACOPIIYLLUM.

P. 323

Khacophyllum inflatum, Lesqx., PI. LYII, Figs. 7-8.

Hymenophyllites injlatus, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of Hl.^ J^V, p. 414, PI. XVI,
/. 6, 6a.

Frond small, piniiately divided; pinnce deeply pin-
nately lobed ; lower lobes Mfid or quadrifid, with ohovate
dims ions, the upper s imple, oblong, obtuse ; veins s imple
or dichotomous by branching into each lobe,

No other fragments of this species have been found than
those figured. They seem at first sight to represent a 8phe-
nopteris. But comparing them to f. 11, of the same plate,
the relation between tile two species is observable not only
in the mode of venation, but also in the subdivisions of the
pinnae, the ultimate lacinise being in both figures simple or
bifid, obtuse, even somewhat broader at the apex.

This plant has also a marked affinity to Hymenophyl-
lum Weissii, Schp., Paleont. veget., I, p. 415 PL XXYIII,
f. 4-7, described by the author from specimens communi-
cated by Prof. Weiss. The analogy of this R. inflatum
both with M. adnascens and a species of Hymenophyllum
sufficiently warrants the reference to Hymenophyllites of
a number of the plants described under this new generic
name.

Habitat — Roof Shale of the coal of Duquoin, Illinois.

Rhacophyllum expat^sum, ^p. nov., PI. LYII, Fig. 6.

Frond apparently large, with a rachis p innately re-
peatedly dichotomous ; rachis and divisions bordered by
a large membranaceous lamina, without traces of veins, cut
into broadly lanceolate acuminate lobes.

This very peculiar species is represented by a rachis twice
pinnately divided, the divisions gradually shorter and nar-
rower from the base to the apex, spiniform, lanceolate-
acuminate, simple or forking again, a mode of division ex-
actly similar to that of M. spinosum. The membrane bor-
dering all the divisions and assimilated to their shape,
linear along the main rachis, cut in lanceolate acuminate
lobes corresponding with the sharply pointed branches of
the pinnae, is fiat, smooth, membranaceous, without trace

324 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

of veins. The peculiar conformation of texture of this
plant does not find any point of comparison in the Ferns
and therefore its relation is uncertain.

Habitat — Coal shale, Oliphant, Pa., specimen in Mr. R.
D. Lacoe's cabinet.

Rhacophyllitm thalliforme, Lesqx.

Hymenophyllites thalli/ormis, Lesqx., Geol. Rcpt. of III., IV, p. 417, PI.
XVI, f. 3-5.

Leaf simple, apparently flattened upon the ground, un-
dulately or obtusely lobed on tlie borders ; surface liairy.

The name implies the character of the plant. It is a frag-
ment of a frond which, in its whole, appears to have been
large and rounded in outline, with undulate borders and an
undulate rugose hairy surface. It exactly resembles the
leaf of a Marcliantia. From the emarginate border of the
frond, come out cylindrical branches, either erect or creep-
ing, whose form is far different from that of the frond,
being similar to the basilar primary rachis of some Ferns.
Their projections are about one centimeter broad, covered
with oblanceolate obtuse closely imbricated scales, which
appear, under the glass, very thinly striate. I compared
these branches to those of some Lycopodiacece. But from
what has been remarked above of the relation of some spe-
cies of Rliacopliylluwy to Ferns, as a kind of prothallium,
this fragment seems to represent such an organism more
evidently than any other species of this genus.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek and Shale of the
Coal of Colchester, Illinois.

§ 3a. Hhacophyllum (Fucoids.)

Characters very variable ; mostly groups of linear sim-
ple filaments, cylindrical and inflated to the apex, or flat,
joined in their length and irregularly split in linear di-
visions.

RHACOPHYLLUM.

P. 325

K-IIACOPITYLLUM FUCOIDEUM, 8p. UOV.^ PI. LVIII,

Figs. 6, 7.

Filaments simple^ cylindrical, filiform^ sliglily inflated
to the obtuse apex^ coming out in tufts from a common cen-
tral amorphous base and flexuous^ or attached to the side
of a hirsute rachis.

F. 6 represents fragmants of two branches whose simple
divisions coming out oi)posite, decline in curves towards
each other^ getting close together but not united at the
apex. F. 7 is apjmrently a young plant whose axis is not
yet developed, all the filaments coming out of a central point.
This peculiar species has a remarkable degree of analogy
to the ^ommow. Fucoides {Taonurus) Cauda-Galli, of which
we have closely allied representatives in T. Colletti and T.
marginatus^ PI. A, f. 1-7. It is impossible to say if these
plants are truly marine, inhabiting shallow brakisli water
along the borders of the coal swamps, or land plants merely
related by their characters to Fucoids and already passed
into the domain of the land vegetation and mixed with it.
There is, it seems, an evidence of this last hypothesis in the
carbonaceous substance of the plants in their state of de-
composition, indicating therefore a ligneous or vascular tis-
sue. This substance is not seen upon the remains of true
marine or mere soft cellular vegetables.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Ceek, Mr. S. S. Strong.

Rhacophyllum STROis'Gii, Lcsqx.

Hymenophyllites Strongii, Lesqx., Geol, Bept. of III., IV, p. 417, PL
XVIII, f. 1.

Rachis woody, nndulately lineate lengthwise^ covered in
the lower part with long^ straight, thick scales or hairs,
and bearing upon short branches tufts of hairs of the same
character as those of the rachis.

The specimen is not very clear and this species might
have been omitted. It has however a kind of affinity to
the former by the opposite direction of those tufts of hairs
which, borne upon parallel branches and opposite in their
direction, come together by the apex of the filaments.

326 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUERETJX.

These whose exact form cannot be seen, are short, straight,
compressed in thick tufts and attached to the main rachis
or to short branches, thus rather resembling tlie leaves and
the divisions of trailing stems of Lycopodiacece.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek, communicated
like the former by Mr. S. S. Strong.

RHAC0PHYLLU3I MOLLE, LeSqX.

Hymenophyllites mollis^ Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., VI, p. 4I8, PI.
XVIII, f. 2-6.

Filaments thin^ Jiat^ linear^ emerging from a common
support., parallel at the hase^ joined in their length by
compression, separated on the borders of the tufts in linear
obtuse filaments, nerveless.

These plants, found in numerous specimens, cannot be
clearly defined. -They seem to grow upon fragments of
decayed woody matter, and to cover them by numerous
closely apressed filaments, which, by compression, form an
irregular mass where their borders only are here and there
distinct. In the beginning, these filaments are short, two
to ten millimeters, one millimeter broad or a little more,
linear, obtuse, close and parallel ; later, or in a state which
seems to be their full growth, they are four to seven centi-
meters long, more or less flexuous, sometimes disconnected
in lacinise, two millimeters broad, irregularly lined either
in the middle or along the borders, while at the apex, when
distinctly separated, they have the same width and form
as the primary one. These medial laciniae, which often
join again upwards, are not, therefore, separate leaves, but
fragments of two or more filaments pressed and glued to-
gether.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek, not rare.

Rhacophyllum irregulare, Germ.

AphUbia irregularis, Germ. Verst.,p. 57, PI. XXIV.

Frond large, irregularly divided from the base; divi-
sions irregularly dichotomous. forking at the obtuse some-
times inflated apex.

SOROCLADUS.

P. 327

This plant resembles a Fucoid, the divisions, of various
length, are irregularly inflated or narrowed, three to four
millimeters thick, also very irregularly branching, either
dichotomous or forking in branches of various length.
Tills species is not mentioned in Schimper's Yegt. Paleont.
and is very little known. It has some features in common
with the large forms of R. adnascens.

Habitat — I have seen only one specimen of this plant in
the Museum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge. It is without
label.

Fructijlcations of Ferns in separate 'brandies and of un-
known attribution.

SoKOCLADUS, Lesqx.

In considering the genus Staphylopteris^ Presl, Geol.
Hept. of 111., lY, p. 405, I made the following remark:
''Count Sternberg in his Yers. II, p. 174, defines this genus
{Staphylopteris) merely as inflorescence or fructified pani-
cles of Ferns, analagous to those of Botrychium or Aneimia.
The only species described by the author as type of his
genus, Siapliylopteris polybotrya, from the tertiary of Eu-
rope, is represented by a small group of round sporanges.
In the American species here described, the sori have vari-
ous forms. But it is convenient to consider them under
the same generic name until their relation to fertile fronds
or their true generic affinity can be ascertained. To this
genus, therefore, I refer all agglomerations of sporanges of
various forms, either born upon separate plants or upon
separate segments of a Fern like those of species of Botry-
chium, without visible remains of leaves, or whose connec-
tion to frond-bearing leaves cannot be traced and is un-
known."

As the genus of Presl has been established on a tertiary
plant, objection has been made to the use of its name for
the description of fructifications of Ferns of a different char-
acter and of a different epoch. Acting upon this objection,
although I do not know any more now about the true re-
lation of the fruiting fragments which I formerly described

328 P. iip:port of pkogress. leo lesqitereux.

as StapJiylopteris^ I propose this new generic name for the
description of Ferns of the coal represented by fructifica-
tions whose relation is unknown.

SoROCLADUS STELLATiTS, Lesqx.^ PI. XLVIII^ Figs. 8-8h.

iStaphylopteris stellata, Lesqx.^ Geol. Rept. of Arks., II, p. 309, PI. II, f.
2-2h.

Fruiting raceme simply pinnate, th ick ; brandies alter-
nate, short, in right angle, hearing four to five broadly
oval or obovate sporanges, sessile and placed star-like
around a central flattened axis or receptacle.

As seen on the upper branch of the right side of the fig-
ure, the sporanges are rather sessile upon the pedicel than
placed at its apex, the pedicel being longer and continued
under the receptacles. No relation is known to this kind
of fructification.

Habitat — Male' s Coal bank. Arks.

SoROCLADUs ASTEROiDES, Lcsqx., PI. XL VIII, Figs. 9-9b.

Staphylopteris asteroidcs, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 4O6, PI. XIV,
f. 6-7b. Schp., Paleont. veget.. Ill, p. 512.

Frond trip innati fid ; ultimate pinnce with a narrow
filiform oblique straight rachis, bearing groups of close
sporanges, attached in pairs and opposite ; sori globu-
lar at first, opening, when mat ure, in five lanceolate lac inicB
placed star-like on a central round receptacle.

The specimen is represented as clearly as it can be seen.
The sori, described as round before the maturity, are not
seen attached upon branches of the pinnae but on the re-
verse of the specimen. Their reference to the species ij
hypothetical. Prof. Schimper considers them as spores of
Lepidodendron or of Sigillaria. Their shape is however
different from that of spores of Lycopodiacece and of Sigil-
laricB which, of frequent occurrence in the coal measures,
are easily recognized by their form triangular on one side.
These are exactly globular, sometimes placed in two parallel
rows, three or more on each side, as depending from a de-
stroyed rachis. These fructifications may be compared to
those of Aneimia, for the position of the sporanges at least.

SOROCLATDIS.

P. 329

Habitat --'Rooi shale of tlie Coal of Morris, 111., Mr. Jos.
Even.

SoKOCLADUS SAGiTTATiJS, Lcsqx.. Ft. XLYIIl^ Figs.

10-lOh.

Staphylopteris sagittata, Lcsqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 407, 1*1. XIV.
/. 3-5.

Frond bipinnate ; dicisions atternaie^ secondary racliis
thick ^ Jtexuous^ decurrent or curtsing down to the main
rachis^ with atternate short thick lateral branches enlarged
to the point of attachment of the fructifications ; capsules
enlarged at the base when open^ contracted and narrowing
to the obtuse apex^ enclosing two roios of flat and com-
pressed sporanges, seemingly attached to a medial smooth
axis^ either simple^ or divided at the base in two opposite
vertical branches.

The specimens, though numerous enough, are all fragment-
ary, the capsules, generally half imbedded into the stone, are
often partly seen and therefore appear of different shape.
At the top of the pinnae they seem to be still closed ; those
exposed with the face upwards, as f. lOa and 10& enlarged,
have the borders curved inward, slightly covering the spo-
ranges. None of these are seen separated from the cap-
sules. By this arrangement of the sporanges, these fructi-
fications have a marked affinity to those of Ophioglossum
or of Struthiopteris^ for it is evident that what I call cap-
sule is an involueral folding of pinnules enclosing the sj)o-
ranges which appear transversely opened like those of
Ophioglossum. The mode of division could not be remarked,
however.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek, not rare, Mr. S. S.
Strong.

SOKOCLADIJS OPHIOGLOSSOIDES, Sj). nOV., PI. XL VIII.,

Fig. 11.

Fronds pinnately divided; pedicels slender, dicliotomous^
bearing at the apex of the branchlets oblong^ obtuse cap-
sules^ enclosing two parallel rows of sporanges.

330 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The form of the capsules, oblono;, obtuse, rounded, not en-
larged at the base, and the slender pedicels, are the essential
characters which separate this species from the former.
The fragment of the plant, preserved in a soft shale, does
not show the internal structure of the sporanges as clearly
as the s]3ecimens in the ferrugenous nodules. The sporanges
are distinctly separated by deep parallel lines, and their
surface is convex. The shaj)e of the sporanges relates this
species still more than the former to OpJiioglossum.

Habitat — Roof shale of the Coal of Clinton, Mo., Dr. J.
H. Britts.

SoROCLADUS WoRTHEi^ii, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of IIL, IV, p. 405, PI. XIV, f. 1, 2.

A whole pinna or frond, lanceolate in outline, pinnately
divided in right angle ; pinncB alternate, sub-linear ; pin-
nules triangular, obtuse, close, marJced merely by groups
of four to Jim large sporanges, globular before opening, or,
when opened, cut into oblanceolate segments placed star-
like, all without any tu'sible points of support; primary
rachis ihicTi, its divisions narrow.

The plant is preserved in a pebble of carbonate of iron
where its impression is perfectly distinct. The primary
rachis is eight millimeters broad at its base, smooth and
fiat by compression. The lateral pinn^ are attached to
the borders, sometimes inside of them upon the rachis ;
the x^innules, three millimeters long and as broad at base,
appear as mere agglomerations of sori without trace of
support, globular before opening, or when opened, cut into
oblanceolate obtuse lobes, placed around a small central
receptacle. Even with the specimen on hand, it is not pos-
sible to have an exact idea of the relation of the sporanges
to the pinnse as no trace of a x)edicel can be seen. They
appear as sessile upon the secondary rachis. But from
their disposition in regular groups of a triangular outline,
they were probably attached upon pinnules of the same
shape whose epidermis has been destroyed by maceration.

Habitat — Mazon Creek, communicated by Mr. M. S. Hall.

RAOTTIOPTERIS.

P. 331

E-ACHIOPTERLS.

Corda has described a number of generic divisions for
fragments of rachis or stems of Ferns, whose characters have
been studied and recognized in their anatomical structure
by cross sections of silicified sj)ecimens. Schimper groups
them under the name of Bachiopterides. As remains of
this kind have not as yet been found silicified in the Amer-
ican coal measures, their internal structure cannot be
considered, and their relation to the generic divisions estab-
lished by the authors is unknown. I therefore merely de-
scribe a few fragments of these remains under the generic
name of Racliiopteris. This name has already been ad-
mitted by Prof. Dawson for the descriptions of fragments
of the same kind. As they belong to Ferns probably
known from the characters of the leaves, their description
is of little value. The two fragments represented in the
Atl., from the coal measures, have a peculiar interest as
indicating the analogy of the mode of germination and
growth of the coal Ferns with that of the living ones. On
his own species. Prof. Dawson remarks that they are pub-
lished especially in order to show the existence in the De-
vonian, of Ferns whose fronds have been destroyed. Of
course, the description of all the stems or rachis of Ferns
found barren of leaves in the coal measures would be a
useless task, as few if any of them can be determined
merely from the characters of their surface. Whenever
their identity has been recognized they have been consid-
ered and described with their species.

Rachiopteris AFFmis, Lesqx.^ PI. LXXV. Fig. 7.

Stigmarioides affinis^ Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of III., IV, p. 455, PZ. XXVII,
f.9.

Fragment of rachis enlarged and^ chaffy at the hase^
linear, nearly smooth in the upper part.

The fragment, seven centimeters long, shows, at its base,
part of a rhizoma two centimeters long covered with long
hairs or scales, to which is attached the blade or true rachis,
one centimeter broad, bearing only a few scattered scales

332 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

and grooved in tlie middle, as seen by two parallel distant
lines.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek.
Rachiopteris selago, Lesqx., PI. LXXV, Fig. 8.

Stigmarioides selago, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 456, PI. XXXI, f.
3, 3h.

Fragments of a rliizoma gradually enlarging doion-
ward, very chaffy^ dlcliotomous ; divisions supporting
narrow linear smooth racMs.

The figure represents exactly part of a creeping rliizoma
with stalks of fronds of Ferns coming out from it, as is
commonly seen on specimens of living Ferns. One of the
stalks is narrowed to the point of attachment, the other is
broken ; its covered border shows it also to have been
broader than the hairy support:

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek.

Rachiopteris pinnata. Daws, Dev. Plants of N. E., Am.,
Quart. Journ. Geol. JSoc, 1862, p. 323, PI. XYII, f 60.

Stipes one and a half centimeters loide or less, unevenly
striate, giving off opposite branches lohich are abruytly
brolien off at short distance from the stipe.

Habitat — Devonian of N'ew York, with all the following
species.

Rachiopteris cyclopteroides. Daws, ibid., p. 323.

Very thick stipes, not observed to branch and marlied
with uneven strixB. _

Rachiopteris put^ctata, Daws, ibid., p. 323, PI. XVI,

Fig. 61.

Stem marlied loitJi obscure longitudinal ridges between
lohich are transmrse f urrows or punctures ; greatest di-
ameter one centimeter and a half.

RTIGMARAOIDES.

P. 833

Rachio'pteris striata, Daws, ibid., p. 3^3.
Stipes regularly and distinctly striate longitudinally.

Eachiopteris tenuistriata, Daws, ibid., p. 323, PI.
XIV, f. 32 a, b, and X VI, f. ,^5 and ^6.

Stipes smooth, finely striate, and in some specimens with
linear ridges scattered over the surface and perhaps mark-
ing the position of minute hairs. Largest stem one and
a half centimeters in diameter, branching pinnately and
dichotomously and terminating in recurved dimsions or in
long flattened petioles

Stigmarioides, Lesqx.

Fragments of rhizomas with surface marked by small
rounds impressions {tubercles) irregularly disposed and
without central vascular points, base of detached radicles
or filaments.

The species of this group might be described under the
name of Rhizomopteris, Schp., but their relation to Ferns
is not ascertained, some of them at least being referable to
LycopodiacecB. Grand d'Eury describes under the generic
name of Stigmaroipsis rhizoma similar in characters to
Stigmaria, and evidently related as roots to Sigillaria or
Syrigodendron. Their scars are marked with central vas-
cular points. Fragments of the kind described here are
extremely rare. As subterranean remains and of a soft
texture, they have been soon destroyed by maceration, and
a few only have been preserved in the ferruginous concre-
tions of Mazon Creek.

Stigmarioides Evei^ii, Lesqx., PI. LXXV, Fig. 1.

Siigmaria Evenii^ Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 448, PI. XXXIX,/, 9.

Surface wrinkled lengthwise ; tubercles round, close, ir-
regularly disposed, variable in size, mostly without, some
of them with an indistinct vascular scar.

The tubercles vary in diameter from one to three milli-
meters, and their position is very irregular ; the largest ones
are indistinctly marked with a central vascular point, the

384 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

smaller have no trace of it. This fragment is not therefore
j)Ositively referable to Stlgmaria.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek, Mr. Jos. Even.

Stigma RioiDES trukcatiis, Lesqx., PI. LXXV, Fig, 2.

Lesqx., GeoL Rept. of III., IV, p. 458, PL XXIX, f. 4.

Fragment of a cylindrical rliizoma^ contracted in pass-
ing into basilar branches^ surface marked at variable dis-
tances and irregular distribution by small tubercles^ base
of rootlets as seen by a few remains attached to the bor-
ders.

This fragment is related to the former, differing by its
smooth surface (not wrinkled), and by the more angular
form of the scars. The few remains of rootlets still at-
tached to the borders indicate the nature of this organism.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek.

Stigmarioides villosus, Lesqx. ^ PI. LXXV, Fig. 3.

Lesqx., Oeol. Rept. of 111., IV, p. 454, PL XXXI, f. 1,

Fragment of a tuber ^ marked on the surface by two kinds
of scars^ most of them small^ close^ disposed in spiral^ and
a few larger ones ^formed of two circular parallel rings
and a central point.

The small scars are about one millimeter in diameter,
generally round, angular, somewhat irregularly disposed
in spiral order, two millimeters distant. The larger, two
only in number, are two millimeters in diameter, sim-
ilar to scars of Stigmaria^ a little smaller. Both kinds of
scars may represent the base of rootlets. From the con-
nection of the branch with Pecopteris mllosa^ Brgt., and
from the likeness of the dots of the surface of the fragment
to those upon the rachis of the Fern, this organism may be
supposed to represent part of a rhizoma of this species,
broken near the point of its attachment to the rachis. The
spiral distribution of the scars however is not like that of
scales or thick hairs of the rhizoma of a Fern.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek.

STIGMAEIOIDES.

P. 335

STIGMAEIOIDES TUBEROSus, Lesqx., PI. LXXY, Fig. Jf..

Lesqx., Geol. Bept, of III., IV, p. 453, PL XXIX, f, 5.

Tuber oxal in outline, slightly emarginate at base, con-
tracted in the upper part in passing to a leaf or smooth
radii s, surface irregularly dotted by r>ery small points^
marked in the upper part by a single stigmaroid scar.

This organism may be of the same nature as the former.
It is three and a half centimeters long, two and an half
broad, inflated or convex, perfectly entire at the base and
the sides, contracted to a leaf which appears to join it by a
narrow neck. This is broken ; the mode of union of both
parts is not visible. The upper appendage resembles a frag-
ment of a large leaf of Stigmaria, rather than a petiole, and
the leaves of Stigmaria sometimes bear at their extremity
tubercular vesicles, about the same size as the one figured.
The dotting of the surface however and the round scar under
the neck indicate the nature of the organism as that of a
tuber, bearing a smooth rhizoma or perhaps the base of a
rachis.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek.
STIGMAEIOIDES LINEARIS, Lcsqx., PI. LXXV^ Fig. 5.

Lesqx., Oeol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 455, PL XXXI, f. 2.

Part of a root or nearly linear rhizoma^ gradually and
slightly narrowing from the top to the base^ bearing root-
lets in irregular position.

Evidently part of a root, too regular for a rhizoma of Fern.
The fragment, ten centimeters long, one centimeter at the
upper broken end, eight millimeters at the base, flat by com-
pression, bears, like f. 2, remains of still attached radicles
and small round scars left by those which have been de-
tached from it. The radicles somewhat variable in size are
at least twice as broad as the scars which are only two milli-
meters in diameter. They are all tending downward from
the axis.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek.

336 P. KEPOKT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Stems or Truiiks of Ferns.

Trunks of Ferns are represented in the coal measures in
two different ways, either by silicified whole fragments,
generally transverse sections of trunks, or merely by pieces
of the bark, preserved in the shale and characterized by
the configuration of impressions, marking the points of at-
tachment of the petioles. As Tree-ferns are now cultivated
in the conservatories, they are generally known. The simi-
larity of the figures which represent these points of attach-
ment in a fossil state wdll be easily recognized by those who
have seen Tree-ferns of our time. These scars are generally
oval in outline, placed in spiral, though sometimes contig-
uous or joined at their ends, thus seemingly in longitudinal
series. According to their characters, w^iich are peculiar,
varied indeed, and apparently specific, the plants which
they represent may be considered in the four following
generic divisions -."^ Stemmatopteris^ Caulopteris^ Mega-
phytum and Psaronius.

Tree-ferns are common enough in the coal flora of this
continent, while in Europe they are rarely found, and, ac-
cording to Grand' Eury, mostly limited to the strata of the
upper coal measures. Goeppert has some species from the
Permian under the generic name of Protopteris and Caul-
opteris. We have them already in the Devonian as seen
from the species described by Dawson and Newi^ury. None
as yet are known from the sub-conglomerate coal, and none
either from above the Pittsburg coal. They are locally very
abundant. In the shale of the coal they bear in their dis-
tribution the same proportion as trunks of living trees may
bear to the amount of remains deposited for successive years
by their branches and foliage.

Trunks of Psaronius are found mostly in South Ohio, on
Shade river, and in Kentucky, along the Great Kanawha
river. They are derived all from the same horizon, a heavy
Sandstone underlying the Pittsburg coal.

* I admit with some modifications of tlie characters the generic divisions of
Schimper Yeget., Paleont. Tlie whole nmnber of our species could have
been described without inconvenience under the name of Caulopteris.

STEMMATOPTERIS.

P. 337

STEMMATOPTERIS, Corda.

TrimJcs erect, cylindrical ; scars large, disciform, oval
roimd or ovate, not contiguous, disposed in quincunxial
or sp iral order ; out sideh orders or r ings flat ; internal disk
formed by impressions of fascicles of vascular tissues,
shaped like a horse-slioe, the horns curving inward in the
npper part of the scars, either short and hooked, or de-
scending helow the middle of the scars and there united. —
Atl., PI. LIX.

STEMMATOPTERIS HIRSUTA, Sp. nOV. PI. LIX, Fig. 1.

Scars of medium size, exactly oval ; borders large; disks
scarcely broader in the middle, slightly curving up to the
horns, which are short, at a distance from each other ;
borders fringed by short scales or hairs ; epidermis of
the bark grained like shagreen.

The scar are seven centimeters long and four broad, the
flat borders about one centimeter ; the surface of the disks
is marked by prominent smooth vascular dots, irregular in
size and distance. A specimen from Oliphant bears scars
ten to fifteen centimeters in vertical distance, five to six in
horizontal, with scales somewhat larger at the base. An-
other from Cannelton has the bark grained like shagreen.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek, finely preserved,
Mr. S. S. Strong. Shale of coal No. 1 of Oliphant, Pa.
cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe ; Cannelton coal, Mr. I. F.
Mansfield.

STEMMATOPTERIS EMARGINATA, Sp. nOV.

Scars larger than in the former species, oval, rounded
on the lower end, emarginate at the other ; borders broad
and surface smooth ; disks divided into two opposite semi-
lunar lobes by the vascular impressions.

The scar is nearly eight centimeters long, four centime-
ters broad ; the disk is divided into two separate lobes, each
irregularly oval, the outside line parallel to the borders,
the inside close at both ends, more disrant in the middle or
semi-lunar in opposite directions. . The vascular impres-
22 P.

338 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

sion is somewhat like that of Atl., PI. LIX, f. 4, with this
difference, that the medial lines descend to the base and
join it by an outside curve, dividing the disks in two halves.
It is not possible to see which end of the scars is the u^jper.
This scar may be that of a Meg apliy turn.
Habitat — Cannelton, Pa. ; Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Stemmatopteris Schimperi, Sp. nov.

Stem long and small, covered with a coating of rootlets ;
leaf scars distant, long, narrowly oval, obtuse at both ends,
distinct, even under the tliiclc coaly layer, distant and al-
ternate; vascular impressions liorse shoe shaped ; horns
short, nearly contiguous in their curve.

The stem measures at least one meter in length, and its
width does not average more than eight to nine centimeters
in the wliole length. The scars are alternate, very distant,
twenty centimeters from the base of one to the top of the
lower one in the series, but transversely close, three to
four centimeters, also between the corresponding or oppo-
site cicatrices. Leaf scars eight centimeters in length, two
centimeters in width, the disks much shorter, only four and
a half centimeters long and twelve millimeters broad in the
middle. The internal surface of the disks is rough or ir-
regularly punctate and wrinkled lengthwise. The whole
stem is covered by a coating of coal one to two millimeters
thick, representing the upper surface or bark with the root-
lets covering it, but passing aside of the leaf scars.

The cicatrices are comj)arable by their shape to those of PI. .
LIX, f . 2 ; they are however much narrower, as are also the
lateral borders, while the disks being shorter, the space at
the lower and upx)er part is wider. By the coating of root-
lets and the distance of the scars it resembles the following
species, but the rootlets are thicker and very long, as no
trace of points of attachment can be seen upon the stems.
From the base of the stem, bundles of leaves of Tceniophyl-
lum decurrens (PL LXXXI, f. 1) come out, diverging on an
acute angle as in the figure, seemingly attached to the root-
lets which, however, are narrower in size and cover the stem

STEMMATOPTERIS.

P. 339

without divergence. These leaves bearing macrospores have
been described with the group of plants doubtfully refera-
ble to Lycopodiacece.

Habitat — Cannelton, Pa., recently discovered by Mr. I.
F. Mansfield.

Stemmatopteris squamosa, 8p. nov.^ PI. LIX^ Fig. 2.

Scar narrotoly oval, oMuse at the base, emarginate at tlie
upper end, borders large, flat and smooth ; impressions
narrow, confluent at base ; horns short curving to the con-
tinuous line of the central oval disJcs ; borders scaly.

The scar is comparatively narrow, nine centimeters long,
a little more than three centimeters broad ; scales of the
borders nearly one centimeter long, lanceolate acuminate,
turned downwards.

Habitat — Cannelton, Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Stemmatopteris a^gustata, Sp. nov., PI. LIX, Fig. 5.

Differs from the former species by its smaller size and
the borders without scales.

The scars are only five centimeters long and twenty two
millimeters broad. By their shape, they might be supposed
to represent the same species as the former. But no trace
of scales is seen, either upon the borders of the scars, or
upon the fragment of smooth shale where they are pre-
served.

Habitat — Same as the former.

Stemmatopteris punctata, Lesqx., PI. LIX, Fig. 3.

Caulopteris punctata, Lesqx., GeoL. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 869, PI. XIII, f. 1.

Scars nearly exactly oval or slightly ob ovate ; borders
flat ; internal disks narrow, enlarged upwards ; vascular
lines joined at the horns ; surface of the bark punctate the
dots representing base of hairs or of scales.

This species is closely allied to S. peltigera {Sigillaria,
Brgt.). It has larger scars and the bark roughened by
larger obtuse tubercles. It is rare and generally found in

340 P. REPOKT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

specimens bearing a number of scars all of the same size as
those of the figure.

Habitat — Gate Vein, IN'ew Philadelphia, Pa. Cannelton,
Mr. I. F. Mansfield. Mr. R. D. Lacoe has some splendid
specimens which seem intermediate in their characters be-
tween this sx)ecies and 8. peltigera. This renders the sep-
aration of C. punctata somewhat doubtful. These last
specimens are from Oliphant, No. 1 vein and Port Griffith,
Pa., vein.

Stemmatopteris ij^signis, Lesqx., PI. LIX^ Fig. 7.

Caulopteris insignis, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of III., IT, p. 459, PI. XLIX,

Scars very large, exactly ovate; borders large and flat;
vascular impressions p)arallel to the borders, with curves
distant, descending parallel to near the basal line where
they unite, forming a spatulate obtusely pointed medial
rib.

A very remarkable species represented by the largest and
best preserved scar of a fossil Fern-tree seen until now. The
bark, which from want of place is not figured here, is
smooth ; the scar twelve centimeters long, eight and a half
centimeters broad, is exactly ovate, with a smooth border
two centimeters broad and an internal disk horse shoe shaped
with the curve of the horns distant, but the border lines con-
tinuing downward and joined only near the base of the disk.
On both sides of the branches, near their point of connection
and on each side, are marked two narrow lines parallel to
the branches and scythe shaped, bordering an internal area
irregularly dotted by points apparently the remains of fili-
form vessels.

Habitat — Shale of Duquoin Coal, 111., two specimens of
the same size in the State cabinet

Stemmatopteris gigat^tea, Lesqx.

Caulopteris gigantea^ Lesqx., Geol. of PenyVa, 1858, p. 869, PI. XIII, f. 2.

Scar large, obovate, loith a broad double border ; branches
of the vascular scars diverging, horns hooked, distant.

The scar is a little more than half as large as the former.

i

STEMMATOPTERIS. P. 341

Its shape contrary to that of most of the other species is
obovate, enlarged upwards ; the broad border, twelve milli-
meters, is distinctly divided into two rings of equal width,
the outer apparently thicker. The horns are seven milli-
meters distant, the line of vascular bundles thick, at least
two millimeters.

Habitat — The specimen was in the cabinet of Mr. Clark-
son, of Carbondale, and figured there in 1852.

STEMMATOPTERIS CYCLOSTIGMA, Bp. nOV.

Scars large^ in quincunxial order, about two centimeters
distant in oblique direction, nearly round ; surface smooth ;
brandies of the disks parallel to the borders, horns distant
in half circle.

The scars are seven to eight centimeters both ways ; the
disks, two and a half centimeters broad, are bordered by a
deep narrow vascular impression following the same curve
and thus parallel to the borders of the scars, with the horns
hooked and opposite, the space between the inside curve
being six to eight millimeters. The surface of the disks
and of the scars is exactly smooth as also the surface of the
stem between the scars, marked only by distant small ver-
rucose tubercles ; a few of them are seen upon the borders
of the cicatrices.

Habitat — Oliphant, Pa., Coal No. 1. Specimens in the
cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston.

STEMMATOPTERIS MIMICA, Bp. nOV., PI. LIX, Fig. ^.

Annular scars small, truncate at tJie top, abruptly con-
tracted near the very obtuse base ; disk somewhat enlarged
in the upper part, the branches curving at a distance from
the borders and descending parallel to near the base of the
scar ; appendages half round parallel to the upper curves ;
surface smooth.

The disk is, in its shape, remarkably similar to a man' s
face, the decending branches of the inside impressions
having, in their parallel disposition, the shape of a nose and
the lines under the curves that of the eye brows, while the

342 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX

lower part of the ring is abruptly narrowed into the shape
of a broad chin. The scars are about four centimeters long
and nearly as broad.
Habitat — Cannelton, Pa.. Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Stemmatopteris polita, Sp. nov.^ PI. LIX, Fig. 6.

Outside rings transmrsely oval ; internal scars rounded
at the hase^ enlarging upwards in diverging branches, ab-
ruptly curved inside and joined in the middle in trans-
ver sally oval knots or horns ; surface very smooth pol-
ished.

The scars are transversely oval, four and a half centime-
ters broad, three centimeters in vertical length, joined by
the borders in spiral order, like the scars of Lepidodendron.
The inside disks, kidney shaped in outline, are formed by
deep vascular lines, at first curving upwards in opposite di-
rections, then abruptly bending towards each other and
joined by transversely hooked horns, the lateral branches
projecting beyond the capping line of the disks, which are
two centimeters broad in the upper part, one and a half
centimeters in vertical direction. The specimen is regret-
ably too small, a piece of bark of an apparently young tree,
the epidermis being very thin and remarkably smooth.

JTa&zYa^— Cannelton Coal, Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Stemmatopteris Worthenit, Lesqx.

Caulopteris Worthenii, Lesqx., Geol. Ropt. of III., IT, p. 459, PL L, f.l.

Stem slender ; scars very distant, rounded at the base, nar-
roioed upwards ; internal impressions horse-shoe shaped,
loith horns converging ; vascular scars parallel to the bor-
ders, marked above the base by a semi-lunar appendage.

The stem seven to eight centimeters in the widest diame-
ter, reduced by compression or flattened to half this thick-
ness, bears four distant scars, one of which only is well
preserved. It is four centimeters long, two and a half centi-
meters broad, contracted above to an emarginate apex only
five millimeters broad. The scars are about twenty-five
centimeters distant in vertical line. The vascular impres-

CAULOPTERIS. P. 343

sions, following parallel to the flat outline of the borders, are
slightly narrowed to the upper j)art, curved into two con-
fluent horns, the line of connection descending lower, or
nearly to the middle of the scar. The impressions are more
or less obliterated by erosion, one of them being exactly
elliptical and all without dots or traces of cylindrical ves-
sels.

Habitat — Carmi, White county, 111., upper coal meas-
ures.

Caulopteris, LI. and Hutt.

Scars with the inside disk either marked hy linear
bands^ remains of vessels passing from the trunk to the
base of the rachis^ or covered by impressions of rootlets
obliterating its shape, or merely ovate or elliptical, without
traces of horse shoe shaped vascular lines. These lines.
may have been, in some cases, effaced by abrasion of the
surface or covered by rootlets.

Caulopteris Giffordi, Sp. nov., PI. LX, Figs. 1, 2.

Stem or iginally cylindrical, half flattened by compres-
sion ; scars in longitudinal series, large, sub continuous,
elliptical, marked lengthwise by longitudinal deep im-
pressions.

The specimen is a silicified stem, seventeen centimeters
broad, reduced by comjjression to a thickness of four centi-
meters in the middle. The scars, six and a half centimeters
long, three and a half broad, are regularly elliptical, deeply
grooved into the stone, marked by longitudinal elevated
narrow ribs, which, when destroyed, leave the surface under
them nearly smooth. The bark between the scars is thick,
about one millimeter, verrucose, the warts generally di-
rected lengthwise and oval.

The internal structure is indistinctly seen, f. 2, in woody
f ascites of dark color, linear, flexuous, irregularly divided,
diversely mixed in the cellular tissue, somewhat disfigured
by compression. The disposition of the vessels is like that
figured by authors from species of Psaronius, comparable
especially to P. Corda, Beitr., p. 96, PI. XXIX, f. 5.

344 P, REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The species is closely allied to C. Phillipsii^ LI. and Hutt.,
II, PI. 140, differing by the shape and size of the scars,
longer and narrower, joined by a narrow neck.

Habitat— This beautiful specimen was kindly presented
to the survey by Mr. Wm. Gifford, as found in the coal
measures near Alta, Peoria county. 111.

Caulopterts Lacoei, Sp. nov.

Fragments of a flattened stem, one Imndred and fifty
centimeters long, twenty centimeters in diameter, with four
longitudinal roios of alternate ovate scars, six to seven
centimeters long, four to five broad, at an average distance
of one and a half to two centimeters, both loays, marked
lengthwise with regular vertical sir ice, evidently remains
of linear bundles of vessels, independent of the flexuous
sir ice, impressions of rootlets which cover the surface of the
baric between the scars.

No traces of vascular impressions are seen, except two
lines curving downward, in an obtuse angle of divergence
from the middle of the disk. The outside ring is narrower
in the upper part ; the shape of the scars, twice as broad
near the base as near the top, is exactly. ovate.

I refer to the same species another specimen with scars
exactly round, much smaller, placed in the same relative
position, not quite as distant, covered like the bark with
flattened rootlets, under which is obscurely seen a central
disk like a horse-shoe shaped vascular impression. It may
represent a different species.

Habitat — Both specimens are in the cabinet of Mr. R.
Lacoe, obtained from coal No. 1 of Oliphant.

Caulopteris obtecta, Lesqx., PI. LIX, Fig. 8.

Qeol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 457, PL XX VIII, f. I-4.

Stems of small size, covered loith linear roots ; scars gen-
erally distant, elliptical ; disks obsolete by the covering of
the rootlets.

The filaments, remains of flattened .rootlets, three milli-
meters in diameter, exactly linear, are seen derived from

CAULOPTERIS,

P. 345

under the bark, where they leave small or narrowly oval
scars at their point of attachment. By their superposition
and compression, they cover the stem by a coating of car-
bonaceous matter more than one millimeter thick. The
scars have all been covered by these radicles after the fall-
ing off of the petioles, and therefore, though their outline
is perceivable, the internal disk is indistinct- Even after
abrasion of the coaly surface, the impressions of the radi-
cles leave irregular vertical lines, merely interrupted to-
wards the top of the disk, as seen in the figure which is re-
duced to one fourth the size <^ the specimen. The vertical
distance between the scars is very great, sixteen centimeters.
On another specimen, whose scars are not quite as large,
four and a half centimeters long, three and a half broad,
the distance is reduced to eleven centimeters. As seen from
the specimen, the distance is very variable, even upon one
and the same fragment of stem.

Habitat — Shale of the coal of Morris, 111. The specimen
figured is in the Museum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge.
Cannelton, Penn'a, in fine specimens — Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Caulopteris Cistii, Brgt.

iSigillaria Cistii, Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. PL CXL^f. 2.
Caulopteris Cistii, Gein., Verst.,p. 31, PL XXXIV, /, 1, 2. Lesqx., GeoL
of Penn'a, 1858, p. 869.
Stemmatopteris Cistii, Corda, Beitr., p. 76. Schp., Paleont. veget.,p. 710,

Stem lojrge^ surface covered loitli adventive rootlets de-
scending between the scars which are placed in quin-
cunxial order, vertically distant ; internal disk narrowly
elliptical, a little broader at the base, slightly emarginate
at the top ; surface clotted, rugose.

The border of the scars is large, but often partly covered
or obliterated by the impressions of rootlets which fill the
lateral space between the scars, while under them the sur-
face is left uncovered of radicles or smooth, for half or
even for the whole distance between them. The vertical
distance is not less than twelve centimeters, sometimes
much greater. With the ring the impressions average six
to seven centimeters long, and a little more than two and a

346 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

half centimeters broad. The internal disk is generally
narrowly elliptical, obtuse at both ends, sometimes also
emarginate at the npper end, as by horse-shoe shaped vas-
cular impressions. From this character, the species should
be described as Stemmatopteris. But the disks are rarely
distinct, and the whole surface is very rugose lengthwise,
as dotted by irregularly round, even linear impressions of
small fasciles of vessels. All the specimens examined are
flattened or generally large pieces of bark, except the fol-
lowing.

This one, in the Museum of Comp, Zool. of Cambridge, is a
fragment of a slender, cylindrical, slightly compressed stem,
nine centimeters in the widest diameter, flattened to five
and a half centimeters, marked by elliptical scars, ten centi-
meters long, only two and a half broad, obtusely pointed
at both ends, with central disks shorter and placed towards
the upper part of the scars. The specimen, which I labeled
Cyclopteris elongata, Sp. nov., may be a variety of C. Cistii^
though the surface of the stem is smooth and without rad-
icles. This last difference is not of specific value, for the
adventive radicles seen upon many species of Fern-trees of
our time, generally cover the base or the lower part of the
trunks, even as high up as the middle, but gradually dis-
appear towards the top.

Habitat — The species is not rare in the coal measures.
Found at Cannelton, by Mr. I. F. Mansfield ; at Oliphant,
by M. Jones, N"o. 1 vein ; at Pittston, E vein of Port Grif-
fith, Mr. E. D. Lacoe ; also in the coal shale of Morris, 111.,
etc. The specimen of the Museum of Comp. Zool., is from
Cambridge, Ohio, Upper Coal Measures.

Caulopteris Mat^sfieldi, Sjp. nov.^ PI. LX, Fig. 2.

Scars large, oval, oblique, close; borders very broad,
formed of a double ring ; internal dislcs convex, oiml,
rounded^ at the base, obscurely emarginate or truncate at
the top ; surface deeply striate by impressions of flexuous
rootlets, filling all the space between the scars.

Differs essentially from C. Cistii, by the close position
4

CAULOPTEKIS.

P. 347

and the large size of tlie sears, with borders formed of a
double ring, more than one centimeter broad, the outer part
smootli, the inside more or less rugose or dotted, six to eight
centimeters distant only, in vertical direction. The two
specimens which I have seen of this species show the scars
oblique to the vertical plane of the axis.

Habitat — Cannelton, Pa. ; Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

The descriT)tions of the following species, from the North
American Devonian, are copied from Prof. Dawson.

Caulopteris Lockwoodi, Daws.

Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, Aug., 1871, p. 270, PI. XII, f. 1-3.

Trunk two to three inches in diameter^ longitudinally
rugose ; leaf scars broad, rounded abom and radiatingly *
rugose, with an irregular scar beloio, arranged spirally
in about five ranks ; vascular bundles not distinctly pre-
served / petioles slender, much expanded at the base, divid-
ing at first in a jnnnate manner, and afterwards dichot-
omously ; ultimate pinnae with remains of numerous ap-
parently narrow pinnules.

The author remarks that the specimens allow him, at
least, to conjecture that the trunks may have belonged to
Fern-trees, although none of them are sufficiently perfect
for description.

Habitat — The Chemung group, near Gilboa, New York.

Caijlopteris antiqua, Newby.

Daws., I. c, p. 271, PL XII, f. 4.

Flattened stem about eighteen inches long, three and a
half in average breadth ; the exposed side shoios about
twenty -two large leaf scars, arranged spirally, each leaf,
when broken off, has left a rougJi fracture ; and above this
there is a semi-circular impression of the petiole against
the stem, which, as well as the surface of the bases of these
petioles, is longitudinally striate and tubercuiated ; the
structures are not preserved, but merely the outer epider-
mis as a coaly film.

348 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Habitat — Marine limestone, containing Bracliyox)ods,
Trilobites, etc., of tlie corniferous limestone of Ohio.

Caulopteris peregrina, Newby,

Daios., I. c, p. 272, PL XII, /. 5, 6.

The upper part of the specimen^ eight centimers in
diameter^ about thirty centimeters in lengthy slioios thirty
leaf scars, about two centimeters wide, and rather less in
depth; the upyper part of the scars presents a distinct and
sometimes double marginal line, sometimes with a slight
depression in the middle. The lower part is irregular,
and when most perfect, shoios seven slender xascular bun-
dles, passing obliquely downward into the stem. The
loioer perfect leaf bases have the structure preserved and
shoio a delicate thin-walled oval parenchym, while the vas-
cular bundles shoio scalariform vessels, with short bars in
several rows, in the manner of many modern Ferns ; some
of the scar's shoio traces of the hypocrepian marlcs, char-
acteristic of Protopteris, and the arrangement of the vas-
cular bundles at the base of the scars is the same as in
that genus, as are also the general forms and arrange-
ment of the scars.

A second specimen is covered with a mass of flattened
ferial roots, these being parallel to each other in the man-
ner of the Psaronites of the coal formation.

Habitat — With the former.

Megaphytum, Artis.

Scars large, round-quadrate in outline, mostly contigu-
ous, placed in opposite biserial rows ; internal disks con-
vex, with central or vascular impressions in the form of a
horse shoe, or a medial band dividing the disks into two
lobes, joined in the middle.

The disposition of the petioles in two oj)posite rows and
close to each other is very peculiar, and not seen in any
Fern-trees of the present time.

MEGAPIIYTUM.

P. 349

MEaAPiTYTUM McLayi, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, 2^. 458, PI. XLVIII. 8chp., Paleont., veget., I,
p. 715. ■

Scars large., nearly square in outline^ contiguous or some-
wliat distant ; borders Jiat^ large^ smooth^ internal dlsTcs
deeply emarginate at the top and deeply cordate at the hasf
hy the vascular line passing up and down to near the mid-
dle; harTi of the trunk smooth.

From two good sx)ecimens, one in the collection of the
Museum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge, the other commu-
nicated by Mr. Mansfield, I am able to see exactly the
characters of the disks, and the essential differences which
separate the species from the following. The scars, twelve
centimeters long, nine broad, including the flat borders, are
square in outline, rounded at the corners. The borders
average two centimeters in width, being a little narrower
on the sides. The disks are seven centimeters broad at the
enlarged rounded deejply cordate base, gradually narrower
toward the round top, which is also deeply emarginate or
obcordate by the vascular impressions. These, curved in
horse-shoe, enter the disk both at the upper and lower part,
by branches or linguif orm appendages which divide it nearly
to the middle. In the figure of the Geol. Kept, of 111., 1. c,
the division appears continuous from the top to the base
of the disks ; but the specimens first obtained and copied
were not in as good state of preservation as those I have
received since. The borders of the scars are not always
contiguous ; sometimes there is a distance of three to four
centimeters between the scars, as seen in a sj^ecimen from
Morris. The epidermis of the bark is smooth or without
tubercles.

Habitat — First discovered in the coal of St. John, 111.,
by Mr. John McLay. The specimen of Cambridge, ]3re-
sented to the museum by Dr. Hand, is from Morris. The
third is from Cannelton, found by Mr. L F. Mansfield.

Megaphytum Goldetstbekgii, Weiss — PI. LXI^ Fig, ^.

Weiss, Zeitsch. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsh., XII, 1860, p. 510. Schp., Pale-
ont., veget., I, p. 7.3, PL LV.

Scars transversely oval, joined by the borders, obscurely

350 P. KEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

dimded into two rings by a parallel thin line; disks of
the same form, marked hy small irregular perforations,
especially near the base ; central disks small, deeply ob-
cordate ; bark tuber culate.

Schimper, 1. c, lias two splendid figures of tins species,
showing botli sides of a specimen forty-tliree centimeters
long and thirty centimeters broad, flattened. The scars of
the American specimen, which is rei)resented partly in AtL,
are larger, eleven centimeters in horizontal direction, and
six centimeters in vertical line. The shape of the scars
and of both the internal and outside disks are exactly the
same. The internal disk is comj^aratively small, also trans-
versely oval, three centimeters in the horizontal direction,
half as wide in the other. The surface is somewhat oblit-
erated by compression, and the division of the internal disk
is obscure. It is marked in Schimper's figure as nearly
split or deeply emarginate by the vascular impressions de-
scending linguiform to below the middle. The tubercles
of the bark are irregularly conical, perforated or funnel-
shaped in the centre ; they are obscurely rej^roduced by con-
cave impressions upon the borders and the disks.

Megaphytum magnificum, Daws., Quat. Journ. Geol.
Soc, vol. XXII, PI. VIII, f. 34, from the coal of the Jog-
gins, Canada, is closely allied to this species.

Habitat — Shale of the Clinton coal. Mo. — Dr. I. H. Britts.

Megapiiitum Grais-d' Euryi, Sp. now

Trunk large, covered with appressed adventive radicles
derived from oval tubercules irregularly placed upon the
steins. Scars large, contiguous, transversely oval ; disks
broad, of the same form, the loioer and lateral borders par-
allel to those of the scars, horse-shoe shaped at the top, or
curved in two horns, tlie lines, f ascites of vascular bun-
dles, descending by a slight divergence to near the base of
the disks, there connected by a crescent- shaped line form-
ing a spatulate tongue ; appendages dist inct, nearly joined'
to tlie middle of the tongue, diverging outward in descend-
ing and abruptly curving inward to near the base of the

MEGAPIIITUM.

P. 351

tongue ; surface of the disks and scars marked hy irregu-
larly scattered verrucose obtuse smooth mamillcB of various
size, more numerous on the hisides of the disks.

The fragment represents part of a flattened stem, thirty
centimeters in diameter, one side of which only is seen.
The scars measure transversely ten to eleven centimeters
and vertically six ; the borders are continnons, without
line of separation between them. The disks seven centi-
meters broad laterally, four in vertical direction, follow in a
broad curve and parallel to the borders of the scars, to the
upper part, wdiere the lines of the vascular bundles curve
and pass nearly straight toward each other, bending ab-
rux)tly downwards when at a distance of one centimeter and
descending with a slight divergence toward the base of the
disks where they are joined by a broadly obtuse line of con-
nection. The shape is exactly horse-shoe shaped, the me-
dial tongue descending as low as in Stemmatopteris ins ignis,
PI. LIX, f. 7 and being of the same shape, only more en-
larged and more obtuse at the base. On both sides and as
seen also upon that same figure, 1. c. , the tongue is bordered
from below the middle by two appendages which, coming
out from below the middle of the tongue, rapidly diverge
from it to one and a half centimeters distance and then ab-
ruptly curve inward toward the base, effacing before reach-
ing it. Of a different sliax)e they represent the aj^pendages
at the base of the tongue of PI. LIX, f. 7. The surface of
the disks and scars is quite smooth, except for the tubercles,
which, few and distant upon the border of the scars, are
numerous in the inside of the disks, equally distributed
also, but less distinct upon the surface of the tongue. The
trunk, outside of the scars, is covered with closely appressed
flattened radicles averaging three millimeters in diameter.
They seem derived from numerous pustulate scars, four to
Ave millimeters long, half as broad, irregularly placed upon
the stem.

The annular scars of this Fern have a close affinity of
character to those figured, without specific name and de-
scription, by Grand 'Eury, FL Garb., PI. XIII, 1 3. The
scars and disks are much larger in the American form ; the

352 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

distance between the disks at least twice as great, two and
a half centimeters ; the vascular lines forming the tongue
are not jiarallel, but diverge toward the base and descend
lower ; tlie radicles, as seen ui3on the figure given by the
French author, are much larger. But this character may
not be worth considering.

If the nature of Megaphitum was not already definitely
ascertained to be that of a Fern-tree, this species, by the
identity of the characters of the disks with those of Stem-
matopteris, would sufficiently x')rove its close relation to this
genus. Considering merely the scars of Tree-ferns, as we
have them for the specific determination of these x)lants,
there is scarcely a definite line for generic division between
them.

Habitat — 01ix)hant K'o. 1 vein Mr. Ed. Jones ; the cabi-
net of Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

Megapiiytfx protuberats-s, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of J II., II, p. 458, PL XLVII, f. 1, 2.

Scars gibbous^ square-oval, rounded at the base, sllglitly
emarginate at the top where the transversely broad ovate
disk is p)laced ; vascular impressions horse-shoe shaped
or reniform, with horns curved up and hooked.

The specimen is rej)resented UT)side down, as remarked
by Prof. Schimj)er. The central disk and vascular impres-
sions should, therefore, be described as basilar with horns
turned up. The space between the base of the scars and
the disk is, however, much inflated, and seems to show the
lower descending part of a petiole rather than the facing of
its internal part. The same disposition as that of this figure
is remarked in M. frondosum, Artis., Antedil. PhytoL,
PI. XX, a species to which this one is related by the form
of the scars and the striate surface of the bark. It is how-
ever in contradiction to what is known of the direction of
the vascular impressions, in living Ferns. The scars in-
cluding a narrow border are six and a half centimeters long,
four centimeters broad in the middle. The disks whose
outlines are somewhat obscure and blended with the un-
derneath inflated bolsters, are two and a half centimeters,

PSAKOIS-IUS.

P. 353

transversely, and only two and a half in vertical direction.
The branches of the reniform impressions are two centi-
meters apart, curved and hooked at a distance from each
other, with an indistinct irregular round or oval scar in the
middle.

The specimen bears eight contiguous scars ; the bark is
irregularly striate lengthwise.

Habitat — Carmi, White county ; specimen in State cabi-
net of Illinois.

PSAP.ONIUS.

To this genus are referred stems of Tree-ferns, covered in
the inferior part by adventive roots, increasing by their
• superposition the conical base of the trunks. The cortex
is thick, parenchymatose ; the woody cylinder is subdivided
into branches composed of fascicles of vessels, either half
cylindrical or diversely plicate, immersed in the cellular me-
dullar tissue. These vascular bundles affect in their curves
and subdivisions very variable dispositions, as may be seen
in the cross sections, PI. LX, f. 2. The specilic characters
are recognized by the analysis of the internal structure,
made on silicified cross sections, by the cutting and polish-
ing of thin lamellae. They are too different and varied to
be understood without figures ; and though I have collected
a considerable number of specimens of those trunks of
Psaronius, I have not been able to obtain the necessary as-
sistance of a lapidary for their specific identification. They
abound, as remarked already, in the Sandstone (Mahoning)
of Southern Ohio, on Shade river, and in Kentucky along
the lower Kanawha river. The adventive roots which cover
the cortical parenchyma of the stem, even enter it and be-
come part of it, are often found expanded at the base of
the trunks and compressed in large flattened stumps of very
irregular shape, with a conical medial projection, base (most-
ly destroyed) of the stems of which they were the supports.
The same arrangement of adventive rootlets, surrounding
the base of Pern-trees increasing in thickness and in strength
as fast as the trees ascend higher, is seen on species of Tree-
ferns of our time. The trunks of Shade river vary in thick-
23 P.

8.^4 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ness from ten to thirty centimeters ; rarely are they found
smaller but sometimes larger. For I obtained from that lo-
cality a remarkably well preserved cylindrical trunk, two
feet in diameter which is now in the Museum of Comp.
Zool. of Cambridge.

The cabinet of Dr. Hildreth, presented to the college of
Marietta, Ohio, has some of these stems- of Psaronius j)ol-
ished in transverse sections. Even some have been prepared
as deck-boards of small tables, fornung, in their arrange-
ment, variegated and beautiful designs, according to the pe-
culiar distribution and shape of the vessels, as distinct upon
the polished surface as might be the venation of marble.

SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA:
REPORT OF PROGRESS.

P.

DESCRIPTION

OF THE

COAL FLORA

OP

THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION

IN

PENNSYLVANIA

AND THPwOUGHOUT

THE U^flTBD STATES.

VOL. II.

1. Lycopodiace^.

2. SlGILLARI^.

3. Gymnosperms.

BY

LEO LESQUEREUX.

H ARRISBURG:

PUBLISHED BY THE BOAR?) OF COMMISSIONERS
FOK THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

1880.

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME.

Page.

5tli Class — LYCOPODiACEiE, 355

Lycopodites et Selaginites, (Auct.,) 357

Lepidodendron, St., 363

Ulodendron, Eliode, 397

Knorria, St., 407

Halonia, LI. and Hutt., 409

Lepidox)liloios, St., 418

Fructifications of Lepidophloios, 427

Cyclostigma, Haughton, 429

Declienia, Goepp., 430

Lej)idostrobus, Brgt., 431

Lepidostrobiis, (Macrocystis,) Lesqx., 443

Lepidopliyllum, Brgt., 447

Lepidocystis, Lesqx., 454

Sporocystis, Lesqx., 458

Genera and sx)ecies doubtfully referable to Lycopo-

diacese, 459

Psilopliyton, Daws., 459

Leptophloeum rliombicum, Daws., 460

Order. Tgeniophyllese, 461

Tseniopliyllum, Lesqx., 461

Order f Sigillariae, 466

Sigillaria, Brgt., 467

S., (Leiodermarife,) 468

S., (Clathrarige,) 477

S., (Rhytidolepis,) 480

S., (Syringodendron,) 502

Didymophylluni, Goepp., 506

Stigmaria, Brgt., 509

Sigillarioides, Lesqx., 517

Roots of uncertain relation, 518

(iiip.)

iv P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Pinnularia, LI. and Hutt., 518

Genus of uncertain relation, 518

Spirangium, Schp., . 518

Order? Noeggeratliise, 521

Wliittleseya, JSTewby., .523

6tll Class — CORDAITEJE, . ' . 525

Cordaites, Ung., 527

C, (crassifolia3,) 529

C, (grandifolise,) 530

C, (communes,) 532

C, (costatse,) ' 540

C, (serj)entes,) 542

C, (insufficiently characterized,) 543

Flowers and fruits of Cordaites, 544

Cordaianthus, Grd'Eury, 545

C, (gemmifer,) 545

C, (baccifer,) . 547

Cordaicarpus, Grd'Eury, 549

Cordaistrobus, Lesqx., 551

Dicranopliyllum, Grd'Eury, 553

Desmiophyllum, Lesqx., 556

Lepidoxylon, Lesqx., : . 557

Fruits or seeds, 559

Cardiocarpus, Brgt., 561

Rliabdocarpus, Goepp. & Berger., 574

Trigonocarpus, Brgt., 584

Carpolithes, St., 593

Gei^eral Remarks, 601

Chapter I. On the nature of the vegetation of the
Carboniferous era, and its agency in
the economy of the world, ..... 601
Chapter II. On the geological and stratigraphical
distribution of the Plants of Carbon-
iferous age, .• 617

Table of Distribution of the Plants, . . 638

Chapter III. Materials composing the Coal Flora, . 659

Chapter IV. Tlie Coal Flora of the United States

compared with that of Europe, . . . 661

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

P. V

Page.

Chapter V. . Geographical distribution of the Plants

of the U. S. Coal-measures, .... 667

Chapter YI. Stratigraphical distribution of the

Plants of the U. S. Carboniferous, . 669

Chapter YII. On the origin, succession and modifica-
tions of the vegetable types, from the
base of the coal measures upwards, . 677
Literature of the United States Coal
Flora, 685

4

DETERMINATION AND DESCRIPTION

OP TUK

VEGETABLE REM^VINS

FOUND IN THE

COAL MEASURES OF THE U. S. OF NORTH AMERICA.

SECOND PART.

Vasculaii Cryptogamoiis Plants.
Lycopodiace^.

At the present epoch, the plants of this order, Lycopods,
JSelaginella, Isoetes^ generally inhabit low, mossy places,
under the deep shade of the forests, or the surface of the
bogs, or the grassy slopes of the mountains, where atmos-
pheric humidity prevails to a high degree. The few species
which thrive upon dry rocks exposed to solar action, have
the faculty of closing their leaves, even their stem, one upon
another, in dry weather, opening them only, when humected
by rain or fogs, to continue their interrupted growth.
Isoetes species are either aquatic or amphibious.

From the habitat of the LycopodiacecB, at the carbonif-
erous epoch, we derive indications of the atmospheric cir-
cumstances which have exercised their influence upon the
vegetation of the coal, whose combustible matter is com-
posed in a great proportion of plants of this class, which
flourished to a very high degree of luxuriance during the
whole period of the Carboniferous. For the Lycopodiacece
were not then small herbaceous trailing plants, like those
living now, but trees of a size equaling that of the largest
arborescent plants of our time. Schimper says that trunks

(355 p.)

356 P. IIEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LE3QUEREUX.

of Lepidodendron have been found one hundred feet long
and ten to twelve feet in diameter. I have never seen any
of this enormous size ; but cylindrical stems or mere frag-
ments of stems of this kind have been frequently observed
forty to fifty centimeters thick, or more, either flattened in
the roof shale of the coal, or preserved in their cylindricai
normal shape in the sandstone.

The leaves of the LycopodiacecB are generally in a spiral
order, modified sometimes in their relative disposition, even
in the same species. They are narrow, linear-lanceolate, of
various length according to species, all with a strong mid-
rib. Their point of attachment upon the stems is marked
by scars of divers forms, which greatly vary in size, accord-
ing to the age of the fragments, or rather of the part of the
tree from which the fragments of bark are derived. It is
essentially from the characters of these leaf scars that
species of the Lepidodrendrce have been established.

The fructifications, rarely found attached to their sup-
port, are in cylindrical or ovate spikes, sessile or pedicellate,
composed of sporanges attached to the anterior base of
leaves or blades of various forms, which, curved upwards
and imbricated, cover the outside of the cones. The spor-
anges contain organisms of two kinds, either very small
ones (microspores), which are like powder or agglutinated
globules of matter, distinct only with microscopes of great
power. They may represent the male fertilizing pollen.
Or, and more generally, they contain macrospores, large,
true globular seeds, angular on one side, rounded on the
other, as seen in AtL, PI. LXYIII, f. 7, 75, or PI. LXIX, f.
9, .9a.

As representatives of the LycopodiacecE^ we have in the
American coal measures, with a few Lycopodites^ the fol-
lowing genera, which are separated by Schimper into the
family of the LepidodendrcB ; — Lepidodendron^ Uloden-
dron^ Knorria^ LepidopMoios, Halonia^ Lepidostrohus^
Lepidophyllum^ arid analogous organs of fructifications:
Lepidocystts^ Sporocystis.

I consider also as related to this order, from tlie nature
of its fructifications, the genus Tcbniophyllum formerly re-

LYCOPODITES.

P. 357

ferred to tlie Cordaltece from the characters of its long rib-
bon-like leaves. P silophytum^ Daws., is placed in the Ly-
copodiacefB by its author.

Lycopodites et Selagii^ites, (Anct.)

Plants liej'haceous ; leaves of the same or of two differ-
ent forms upon the saine branches^ distichous or in spiral
order ; f ructifications in small cylindrical spilzes.

A few of these plants are species of true Lycopodium.
They are extremely rare in our coal measures. Other frag-
ments which I have formerly referred to this genus are con-
sidered by Schimper as hairy or scaly rhizomas of Ferns.

Lycopodites pendulits, Sp. nov., PI. LXII^ Figs. ^, 2a.

Stem small^ flexuous^ repetito-dichotomous ; learns linear -
lanceolate^ acuminate:, inflated or convex on the haclc / nerve
obsolete.

This plant is essentially different from 2^ Lepidodendron^
by the multiplied ramifications of branches, all of the same
size, but of various length, flexuous, some of those of the
third order appearing as if derived from the secondary divis-
ions by innovations rather than by true dichotomy. In all
the species of Lepidodendron which I have seen with nar-
row stem and slender branches, the divisions decrease always
by the forking. In this species the branches are mostly of
equal size. The leaves are loosely imbricated in spiral order,
three to four millimeters long, lanceolate, acuminate, con-
cave on the inside, without trace of nerve, but an indistinct
medial inliation of the back.

Ildbitat — Shale of the Morris coal, 111. Museum Comp.
ZooL, Cambridge, Ly. 11.

Lycopodites Meekii, Lesqx., PI. LXII, Figs. 1, la.

Lesqx., Gcol. Rept. of III, IV, p. 426, PI. XXVI, f. 6. Schp. Paleont.,
vegel., Ill, p. 533.

Stems and branches very slender^ dichotomous ; leaves
needle-shaped^ very small^ closely imbr icated; medial nerve
obsolete.

858 P. EEPORT OF PPwOGKESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

, This species differs from the former l)y the very narrow
and much smaller needle-shai3ed leaves, more closely imbri-
cated. As in the former species the medial nerve is totally
obsolete. The leaves are scarcely two millimeters long, and
half a millimeter broad at the base which appears half em-
bracing. I have seen only the fragment figured.

Habitat — Eoof shale of the coal of Morris, 111. Speci-
men in the State Cabinet of Illinois.

Lycopodites cayieolius, Lesqx.

Gcol. Itept. of Ky., IV, p. 437. Selaginites crassus, Lesqx., GeoL Hcpt.
of IIL, IT, p. 446, PL XXXIX, f. 8.

Stem apparently trailing^ tldcJc^ irregularly cliclioto-
mous ; hrancJies short ; leaves densely inribricate^ concamy
oblong or oxate., more or less distinctly acuminate, some-
times obtuse ; nerve obsolete.

The species is comparable to Lepidodend.ron Selaginoiaes,
as figured by LI. & Hutt., Foss. fi., I, PI. 12, and still more
distinctly to L. {8elaginites) Erdmanni, Germ., Yerst., p.
CO, PI. XXyi. Schimper refers this last species as figured
by Gein., Yerst., PI. I, f. 5 and 6, to a rliizoma, under the
name of Rliizomopteris Lycopodioides, Paleont. Yeget., I,
p. 699, remarking, however, that Geinitz' s plant is far dif-
ferent from that of Germar. The leaves of the American
plant are broader and shorter than represented in any of
the above species, of a hard coriaceous texture, concave, as
seen from tlie impressions upon the stone, four to five milli-
meters long, ovate, obtuse in the specimen of Illinois ;
sharply acuminate, even needle-pointed in that of Ken-
tucky, which has them also less closely imbricate, and thus
resembling those of Lycopodites elongatus, Gold. Fl.
Sarsep. foss., p. 11, PL I, f. 2. In both the nerve is totally
obsolete. The characters are rather those of a Lycopodites
than of a Lepidodendron. Probably the specimens repre-
sent two species. They are too small ; it is not possible to
see if the differences are permanent.

Habitat — Kentucky, shale of coal 1 B, near Kacoon fur-
nace, Ky. ; Mazon creek, 111., in nodules.

LYCOPODITES.

P.

Lycopodites TmciNNATUS, Lesqx.

Selaginites uncinnatus, Lesqx., Geol. Ilept. of III., IT, p. 446, PI. XLI,
f.S.

Rhizomoptcris fiUformis, Schp., Paleont.^ veget., I, p. 700.

Stem slender J dlchotomous ; upper branches pinnately
divided nearly in riglit angle ; hrancJilets more or less
uncinnate ; leaves needle form^ acuminate^ very narrow^
in riglit angle to the stems.

Though it cannot be positively asserted that the fragment
is referable to a Lycopodium, the npper branches opening
in spiral and covered with leaves, prevent its reference to a
rhizoma. The basilar or stem leaves are in right angle,
seemingly variable in size, an appearance which may result
from their position upon the branches ; for some of them
sfeem first emerging in acute angle, opening horizontally from
above the base. In the upper branchlets the leaves are ob-
lique and imbricate. I have compared this species to Se-
laginites Erdmanni^ (Germ.,) as figured by Geinitz,, 1. c.
But.it is also comparable to Germar's figure of the same
by the different position and size of the leaves, which are
shorter, turned upwards and imbricate on the terminal
branchlets.

Habitat — Colchesfer, 111. Specimen in the State Cabinet.

Lycopodites Orto^i, Sp. nov.

Stem flattened^ grooved in the middle ; border leaves two
ranked., lanceolate^ acuminate^ decurrent by the lower side^
rounded on the upper ^ with intermediate rudimentary leaf-
lets or scales ; nerve obsolete.

This is a true Lycopodium represented by a single frag-
ment of stem, two to three millimeters broad, four and a
half centimeters long, forking in two branches of equal
size and as long as the stem. Border leaves alternate, two
ranked, half open, flat, six millimeters long, gradually taper
pointed or lanceolate from the base, decurring and joined
to the border of the stem on the lower side, rounded to the
middle of the stem at the upper border, with very small
intermediate coriaceous leaflets or scales, scarcely one milli-

360 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

meter long, triangular acute, placed in the middle of tlie
flattened stem. The disposition of the leaves is in spiral
order, similar to that of Lycopodium complanatum, L.,
with the difference that in this last species the intermediate
leaves are as long as the lateral ones, and not mere scales,
as in the fossil plant, whose leaves are also more open.
The species is closely allied to L. macro pJiyllus^ Gold. , Fl.
Sarrsep. foss., I, p. 12, PI. 1, f. 5b.

As it is generally the case in leaves ot fossil plants of this
genus, the medial nerve is obsolete.

Habitat — Shale above coal (No. YI), Shawnee, Perry
county, Ohio. Cabinet of Prof. Ed. Orton.

Lycopodites strictus, Sp. nov.

Stem straigJitj cylindrical ; leaves closely imbricated in
spiral order and U mar -lanceolate, acute; top branches
slender, inclined downwards^ bearing spikes, organs of
fructifications.

The stem is eight millimeters broad, flattened, of equal
size in its whole length, eighteen to twenty centimeters long,
with closely appressed imbricate leaves, about eight milli-
meters long, inflated on the back, and coriaceous. It
bears at its top three spikes, at the end of slender nearly
pending or curved down pedicels, four millimeters broad,
three centimeters long, evidently organs of fructifications.
They are covered with much shorter half open leaves or
scales, with pulverulent glomercules in the axils, as far at
least as it can be seen.

Habitat— I have found the specimen in the roof shale of
a coal bed near New Harmony, Ind., (upper coal), with
fragments of other plants, shells, and scales of fish. Though
the specimen evidently represents a Lycopodium, the spikes
somewhat crushed are too obscure for satisfactory descrip-
tion. It is Ly. 4, of the Museum of Comp. Zool. Cambridge,
Mass.

LYCOPODITES.

P. 'SGI

Species or uncertain relation.

LyCOPODITES ANNFLARIyEFOLIUS, Lcsqx.
Oeol. Rept. of III., IV, p. PL XXI, /. 5.

Stein rounds dlchotomous ; learns irregularly disposed^
some single on each side, alternate, others apparently joined
hy two at their base, open, lanceolate, slightly narroioed. at
the decurrent base, obtusely pointed, comparatively large
and distinctly nerved.

This fragment lias no relation, known to me, to any plant
of the coal. The leaves are nearly three centimeters long
and three millimeters broad in the middle, resembling leaves
of Annularia, but somewhat narrower toward the base,
more obtuse at the aj)ex and decurring by the lower margin
to the round stem, which bears only one short branch by
an axillary division like that of a dicotyledonous plant.
The leaves are distinctly nerved and very irregular in their
disposition, which, though, is not plainly recognizable, as
the specimen is crushed and the leaves mostly destroyed
on one side. Except some short lines marked lengthwise
on its surface, the stem has no trace of scars and nothing
upon it to point out a spiral arrangement of the leaves.
Therefore, though the mode of branching may be compara-
ble to that of some Lycopodiacece of our time, the Mitellice,
the relation of this branch to Lycopodites is scarcely ac-
ceptable. The leaves resemble those of WalcJiia Jlaccida^
as represented in Goepp. Perm., fl., PI. L, f. 2. TJllman-
nia biarmica, Eichw., seems, from the figure of the species
in Goepp., 1. c, PI. LII, f. 2, to have a branch disposed
as that of this species ; hence we may have here a fragment
of a Conifer. It would be the first of that class seen in our
lower coal measures.

Supposing that my first examination of this remarkable
plant might have been inaccurate in some points, the speci-
men was again kindly sent me for a revision of its charac-
ters. But I could find nothing new. The figure is per-
fectly exact in every part, the leaves only being a little less
narrowed near the base than they appear upon the fossil
fragment.

362 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Habitat — ISTodules of Mazon creek ; specimen in the cab-
inet of Prof. A. H. Worthen, Warsaw, 111.

Lycopodites E-ichardsoni, Daws.

Devon. Plants of N. E. Am.^ Q,uat. Journ. Geol. /S'oc, May, 1863, p. 46I,
PL XVII, f. 1, 2.

Stems slender^ tortuous^ dlchotomous ; barren brandies
with short erect or recurved leaves^ apparently in two
ranks ; fertile brandies lateral^ one sided., in the form of
sessile strobiles.

I have found what I believe to be the same plant in the
red shale just above the Chemung, near Trevorton, Penn'a.
The specimen is obscure, and seems to represent a Fern, the
lateral branches being marked with a large medial nerve
like a rachis, bordered with a lobed lamina, like pinnse of
Pecopteris. The same appearance is seen f. 1, 1. c.

Habitat — Perry, Maine ; an obscure species.

Lycopodites comosits. Daws.

Dev. Plants, I. c, p. 462, PI. XVII, f. I4.

Stem shorty not observed to branchy densely covered with
filiform leaves.

A mere bud, one and a half centimeters long, with an ob-
scure axis bearing apparently half open filiform and flexu-
ous leaves. The whole is indistinct. It is comparable to
a small fragment of the top of a branch of Lycopodites
{Rhizomopteris) selaginoides^ as figured in Gein., Verst.,
PL I. f. 2.

Habitat — Same locality as the former.

Lycopodites Yanuxemi, Daws.

Dev. PL, I. €., 1862, p. 314, PI- XVII, f. 57. HalVs BepL on the GeoL
of Bew York, p. 273, f. 125. Vanuxem, ibid., p. 175, f. 46.

Stem slender ; leaves pinnate^ contiguous.^ linear, one to
one and a half centimeters in length.

The plants, says the author, are graceful feathered stems,
apparently growing in groups.

This species seems very closely allied to L. pennaf ormis\

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 363

Goepp. Uebergsg. FL, p. 508, PI. XLII, f. 2. Still, says
the author it is very doubtful if it was a Lycopodiaceous
l^lant. Schimper, mentioning the species, supposes that it
may represent a leaflet of Fern dei)rived of the epidermis.
It may be an Encrinite ^

Habitat — Chemung group of New York, near Ithaca,
Jas. Hall. Waverly sandstone of Perry county, Ohio,
Prof. E. B. Andrews.

LEPIDODENDROISr.

Surface of the stem, marlied by peculiar scars, points of
attachment of the leaves ; leaf scars (bolsters) rhomboidal-
oblong upon the bark of large trees, or merely rhomboidal
upon the small branches, very variable in size according
to their position, enlarging comparatively to the growth of
the stems, often disfigured, by dilation of the bark ; central
cicatrices {inside scars) rhomboidal, transversely dotted
by three points {vascular scars), bearing generally, under
the lower margin, two oval small tubercles, scars of bun-
dles of vessels {appendages) placed on each side of a medial
line {cauda), lohicli, like the appendages, is more or less
distinct, sometimes deep and wrinkled across, sometiiiies
obsolete.

The characters of the fructifications, the relative position
of the leaves, and the mode of division of the stems are
those of the Lycopodiacew. The spikes or cones of the
fructifications are described nnder the generic name of
Lepidostrobus, the blades of their sporanges as Lepido-
phyllum.

The species of this genns are difiicnlt to determine, for
the specific characters are mostly derived from the scars, left
upon the branches at the point of attachment of the decidu-
ous leaves, scars generally observable by counter impres-
sions upon hard materials, shale or sandstone. The leaves
were persistent only upon small branches ; therefore, the
fragments bearing leaves have the scars very small, gener-
ally crowded and more or less indistinct, while upon the
larger branches or upon trunks, the cicatrices are modified,

364 P. PwEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

in size at least, by the age of the trees, or upon their differ-
ent parts, by casual alterations in the process of their growth.
It has been, therefore, often contended that the determina-
tion of fragments of Lapidodendron was very unreliable,
and that most of the authors had too widely and without
sufficient reason, increased the number of species of this
genus. I do not wish to enter into a discussion on the
matter. All the so-called species established upon speci-
mens of fossil plants are more or less unreliable and subject
to criticism. AVliat I have said in regard to the determina-
tion of the Ferns is equally applicable to that of the frag-
ments of Lepidodendron, Sigillaria^ etc. The variations of
the scars, in Lepidodendron at least, is mostly depending
from the enlargement of the bolsters by age. They are
often crushed and defaced by compression or abrasions,
especially towards the base of the trunks, as all the fossil
vegetable remains are more or less defaced by maceration,
compression, etc. In Slgillaria the scars are generally
of a different character, under every successive layer of the
bark. In Lepidodendron the character of the bolsters,
preserved against abrasion, are often recognizable upon the
wjiole length of large trunks, f In any case, I have endeav-
ored to fix the species of this genus from the examination
of as large a number of specimens as I was able to obtain

*In America; H. L. Fairchild, on the variations of tlie decorticated leaf
scars. New York Acad. Sci., v. 1, No. 2. Same subject, ibid, No. 3. On the
identity of supposed species of Sigillaria. Ibid, No. 5.

f On this subject, Phyto paleontologists may examine, ■with interest, a re-
markable deposit of a large number of truncs of Lejndodendron, with some
Stigtnaria and Sigillaria on the sandstone forming the bed of Little Beaver
river, on the limits of Ohio and Pennsylvania. The trees have left the im-
pressions of their stems only upon sandstone; they have no branches, and all
the woody matter is destroyed. These impressions are generally distinctly
preserved, though the sandstone bottom of the river has been washed by an
indefinite period of time. Probably the vegetable remains were heaped and
successively imbedded in the sand, and are now gradually laid out and their
successive layers exposed by the disintegration of the stone. I visited the
falls in 1878, and there saw truncs of Lepidodendron, or rather their deeply
concave impressions exposed, measuring fifty to sixty feet long, (sixteen to
eighteen meters,) forty to fifty centimeters in diameter. The leaf scars, when
distinct in the whole length, show identical characters with scarcely any devi-
ation of the specific type.

LEPIDODENDUON.

P. 3G5

for comparison. And I liave also taken into consideration
the specimens bearing leaves and represented them as often
as their characters were clearly defined. The descriptions
apply equally to the impressions and the outside surface
of the scars.

Little is known yet of the internal structure of Leiiido-
denhron. A species, L. Harcourti^ has been described
by Brongniart from microscopical analysis of silicitied
specimens in comparison with Sigillarla and Stigmaria.
Arch. du. Museum, d' Hist. Nat., I, 1839. The characters
of this species have an affinity to those of some Lycopods
of the present epoch, Psllotum and Tinesipteris. Another
species, L. vasculare^ has the structure of Sigillaria.

The roots of these large trees also, are not positively
known. Some authors regard the Stigmaria as roots of
Sigillaria and Lejpidodendron. As the plants of these two
families are different in their internal structure and now re-
ferred by a number of authors, the ones to LycopodiacecB^
the others to phoenogamous gymnosperms, Stlgmaria is not
likely to represent the roots of two groups of vegetables
widely separated by the structure of their stems. In some
localities where remains of Lepidodend^ron are abundant
and where species of this genus constitute the essential
compounds of the coal, I have found, in the shale, small
stems of Lepidodendron all of the same size with very
short divisions, short leaves and branches crowded upon
each others in every direction, seemingly creeping, and thus
apparently rhizomas of species of this genus. This how-
ever is merely hypothetical ; for I have never seen a trunk
of Lepidodendron preserved standing with roots attached
to it, and no case of that kind has been observed by phyto-
paleontologists.

The leaves of Lepidodendron though variable, especially
in length, generally preserve their specific characters. They
have a medial nerve, formed of j)arallel bundles of vessels
which, in large leaves, become separated and more or less
distant. The leaves therefore appear doubly or triply
nerved as in Atl., PI. LXIII, f. 8.

The age of the Lepidodendron coincidates with that of

366 P. KEPOIIT or PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the more productive part of the carboniferous. Few species
are recorded from the Devonian ; most of them, as also the
largest rei:)resentatives of the genus, are found with the con-
glomerate measures, at a short distance below and above
them. Their remains have been very rarely found at the hor-
izon of the Pittsburg coal. Goeppert, however, describes
three species from the Permian. Among them, remarkably
enough, L. Velthelmianum^ generally considered as a lead-
ing plant of the lower or subconglomerate Coal measures. It
is however there represented especially by Knorria^ eleven
species of which are quoted by the author as its synonyms.
We have here evidently one of those cases of confusion
upon which I have remarked already. Another of these
Permian species is L. anceps^ also a Knorria of uncertain
character. The third Lepidodendron formosum, is, from
the characters exposed in the figure of the author, a true
Sigillaria.

The separation of Lepidodendron into different genera
has been attempted by some authors, among others by
Sternberg and Goldenberg. The last, in Fl. Sarrsep., I, p.
16, fixes the characters of Lepidodendron^ Sagenarla^ As-
pidiaria and Bergeria from the relative position of the
bolsters and the mode of attachment of the leaves, either
on the top or on the middle of the cicatrices. These char-
acters being unreliable, this classification has not been ad-
mitted by any recent Phyto-i^aleontologist.

All the following species are described from American
specimens.

Sj)ecles Imown loitli stems, leaves and f ructifications.
Lepidodei^dron Sternbergii, Brgt., Frodr,

L. hjcopodicides, St., Fl. d. Vorw., l,p. 26, PI. XVI, f. 1, 2, 4.
L. gracile, LI. & Hutt., Foss. jl., I, PL. IX.
L, elegans, LI. & Hutt., ibid., II, PI. CXVIII.
L. selagmoides, LI. & Hutt., I, PI. XII.

Brandies long and slender., flexuous ; leaves coriaceons.^
small^ narrowly lanceolate from a sligldly enlarged hase.,
gradually acuminate, half open and more or less incurved

LEPIDODENDROT^.

P. 367

from tJie middle; medial nerve thick ; borders rejlexed ;
holsters rliombo idol-oval upon the branches, exactly rhom-
boidal and equally narrowed at both ends upon the old.
stems, with an obscure tr iangular protuberance seen at the
top upon slender branches ; cones small, cylindrical, obtuse;
sporanges short, cuneiform ; bracts closely oppressed and
imbricate, lanceolate, acute.

The numerous fragments representing tliis species are all
upon the same kind of shale and have been obtained from
the same place. Related as they are by their characters,
they represent evidently the same species. The branches
one millimeter broad, are flattened, comjjaratively long
and sparingly forking ; the leaves closely imbricated are
only five to seven millimeters long and one millimeter. broad,
toward the slightly enlarged base. The strobiles are all ex-
actly cylindrical, obtuse, two and a half to four centimeters
long, one centimeter in diameter, with bracts of the same
length as the leaves but a little broader and Mnceolate or
gradually narrowed from the base to an acute point. A sin-
gle one of the strobiles, disconnected from any stem, is much
larger, twelve centimeters, two centimeters in diameter,
with bracts of the same character as those of the small ones,
also exactly cylindrical in shape. It may have been depend-
ing from a stronger branch. The bolsters as seen upon older
branches or upon trunks, and described above, have the same
characters as those of L. elegans, LI. and Ilutt., 1. c. When
covered by the coaly epidermis, which, in large stems, is
nearly half a millimeter thick, the bolsters are merely con-
vex without any traces of inside scars, except a round point
in the middle, just like those of L. Selaginoides, LI. and
Hutt., 1. c. When decorticated, the large bolsters twenty-
two millimeters long, one millimeter broad, narrowly
rhomboidal, have under the apex a small triangular in-
flation with a more distinct central point or mammilla.

By the form and character of the bolsters, this species cor-
responds with the description of L. selaginoides, St., in
Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 31, while by the characters of
the leaves and cones it represents a diminutive form of the
species quoted above as synonyms of L. Sternbergii. But

368 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

all the other forms, a large number, among them L. dichot-
omum^ which are also referred as synonyms to the same L.
Sternberg ii by Shimper and Greinitz, have their bolsters
either square or broadly oval, narrowly acuminate at both
ends, clearly marked with an inside transversly rhomboidal
scar, already distinct at the base of the leaves of small
branches. Hence the American specimens referable by
their characters to L. Sternhergii, as indicated by the syn-
onymy which I have admitted, positively differ from L.
dichotomum and other allied forms which I mention with
the description of this last species.

These specimens which come from the subconglomerate
coal, differ somewhat in the size of the branches, leaves and
cones, from L. Sternhergii as described by St. and LI. and
Hutt. The differences are not wide enough to authorize
a specific distinction.

HaMtat — Black Creek Coal, Ala. Communicated in nu-
merous specimens by Mr. Thos. Sharp, superintendent of
the New Castle Coal Co.

Species Jcnown with 'branches and learns.

Lepidodendron Brittsii, Sp. nov.^ PI. LXIII^ Figs. 1-2.

Branches of medium size., rigid ; leaves open, lanceolate ;
bolsters^ transversely rugose., rhomboidal-oval, narrowed
and acuminate at both ends ; inside scars central, trans-
versely oval, the upp)er line slightly emarginate in the mid-
dle and QTiucronate^ the lower half round ; appendages ob-
solete.

The leaves, half open, sometimes turned down as in the
large fragment of f. 2, are one and one half to three centi-
meters long, largest at the point of attachment, two to four
millimeters broad, gradually narrowed to a sharp acumen,
with a thin though distinct medial nerve.

Typically allied to L. Volkmannianum, St.

Habitat — Clinton coal, Mo., Dr. J. H. Britts.

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 369

LePIDODENDTIOX LANCEO.LATUM, Sp. 710V., PI. LXIII,

Figs. S-ba.

Branches of medium size ; leaves open or in right angle
to the stems, a little curved up toioard the apex, lance-
olate, acute^ slightly broader in the middle ; scars nar-
rowly oho Date or ohlanceolate, open at the base, emarginate
and topped loith a small round mammilla; surface smooth ;
Cauda deeply marked, not wrinkled.

The leaves are shorty comparatively to tlieir wicUh, one
and one half centimeters long, and nearly three millimeters
broad in the middle. The young bolsters, i. 3 and 5, nar-
rowly obovate, are separated by narrow borders which do
not connect at iho base. The inside scar as seen before its
full development is narrowly rhomboidal, the round mam-
milla at its top indicating its point, when oldei.

The species is related to L. marginatum^ PresL, dilfering
especially by the inside scar placed lower down on the bol-
sters. In old specimens, the bolsters become narrower,
more elongated, nearly continuous, appearing like ribs of
Catamites.

Habitat— Qlmion Coal, Dr. J. H. Britts.

Lepidodendron Scutatum, Sp. nov., PI. LXIII, Figs.

6-6c.

Stems of small size; leaves short and narrow, linear,
acuminate, open from the base, curved up toward the apex,
or in right angle to the stems ; medial nerve obsolete ; bol-
sters o cat, narrowed, and acuminate at both ends; inside
scars round, placed near the apex, with a central round
point.

I should have considered this species the same as the
former, but for the short and very narrow leaves, seven to
ten millimeters long, scarcely one millimeter broad, nearly
linear, more sharply acuminate and without a visible medial
nerve. In my specimens, the inside scar is not fully de-
veloped; outlined as rhomboidal in shape, it is placed at the
top of the bolsters, f. Qb, as in L. vestitum, Atl., PI. LXIY,.
f. 15, which may represent the same species.
24 P.

370 P, REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

I refer to this a small specimen from Cannelton, described
in manuscript as L. setifolium. It differs only by the quite
smooth surface of the bolsters»

Habitat — Clinton Coal, Dr. J. H. Britts.

Lepidodendron latifolium, Sj). nov., Fl, LXIII, Figs.

7-8.

L. salehrosum ? Wood, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, XIII, p. 345, PI. VIII,
f.6.

Fragment of a cylindrical stem flattened by compres-
sion; leaves large^ three nerved; bolsters exactly rhom-
boid al^ with equal parallel margined sides; inside scars
at the top^ same form as the bolsters ; vascular points dis-
tinct; appendages none; cauda marlied by wrinkles only .

This fragment, not an impression, but the cross section
of a whole stem, is a very fine one, remarkable by the dis-
tinctness of the convex bolsters, the 2)osition of the inside
scars and the width of the leaves, at least seven millime-
ters broad, probably very long. They are really three
nerved, with an inflation between the border lines. I do not
know of any form to which this species may be compared.
L. salebrosum. Wood, loc. cit., seems to represent it in its
decorticated state.

Habitat — The specimen was presented to me twenty years
ago by Mr. Ed. Jones, supt. of the coal mines at Olipliant,
Pa. It comes from that locality but the reference to the
horizon of the coal is not indicated. It is in the collection
of the Museum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge; Check L. 20.

Lepidodendron Morrisianum, Lesqx;

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 430, PL XXII, f. 1, 2.

Stem large ; super cortical bolsters indistinct in outline ;
inside scars transversely rhomboidal and angular^ more
enlarged on the sides ; vascular scars distinct ; sub-corti-
cal bolsters tumescent^ rhomboidal, acute on the more en-
larged sides., rounded at the top and the base, marked by
three large distinct vascular points, loithout inside scars ;
leaves long and narrow., three nerved.

LEPIDODENDROT^. P. 371

/

The fragment is not easily analysed, on account of its
double representation. On the left side, the corticated sur-
face is marked with inside scars bearing leaves ; on the right
the under surface is seen, with the bolsters upraised, as born
upon an inflated base representing apparently, in a different
shape, both the bolsters and the inside scars seen upon the
bark. The leaves are at least thirty centimeters long, five
and half millimeters broad, crowded, forming by compres-
sion a thick layer upon the surface. They have the same
kind of nervation as those of the former species, a thin
medial nerve, with a broad border on each side.

Habitat — Shale of the coal of Morris, 111. Communi-
cated by Mr. Jos. Even.

Lepidodets'drot^ aculeatum, Sternh. — PI, LXTV, Fig. 1.

iSL, Flor. d. Vorw., 1, p. 33, PI. VI, f. 2. Lesqx., Oeol. of Penn'a, 1858,
p. 874. iScbp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 20, PI. LIX,f. S; LX, f. 1, 2, 6.

Sagenaria aculeata, PresL, in St., Fl. d. Vorw., II, p. 177, PL LXVIII,
f.3.

8. caudata, St., ibid., p. 178, PI. LXVIII, f. 7.

Lepidodendron undulatum, St., loc. cit., 1, p. 21, PL X, /. 2, {decort.)
Aspidiaria undulata, St., ibid., II, p. 182, PL LXVIII,/. 13, (decort.)
Lepidodendron appendiculatum, St., ibid, 1, p. 38, PL XXVIII.
L. ingens, Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., PhiL, June, 1860, p. 239, PL VI,
f'4'

L. Lesquereuxii,Wood, ibid., p. 240, PL V, /. 4.

L. ureurn? Wood, Trans. Am. PhiL Soc, XIII, p. S4S, PL IX, f. 5.

Bolsters large, rJiomboidal- ovate or spindle-shaped, nar-
rowed, elongated and curving at both ends in opposite
direction; inside scars a little above the middle, rhom-
boidal-ovate, obtuse at the top, enlarging to the narrowed
and slightly obtuse sides, decurring in an acumen to the
Cauda, and small comparatively to the bolsters ; append-
ages distinct, cauda wrinkled across ; leaves very long,
narrow, in right angle to the stems, channeled by a, broad
medial nerve.

This species, says Schimper, is generally found with L.
obovatum. He supposes that it may be a variety of it,
merely distinct by its narrower bolsters, more elongated
and acuminate at both ends. From the characters of the
American specimens, which I consider its representatives, it

:^72 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

is evidently different. The inside scars are nearly central,
more elongated, narrower, not half round, but only ob-
tuse at the upper border. The leaves are narrow, two
and a half millimeters broad, distinctly channeled by the
broad nerve, and very long, at least sixteen centimeters,
disposed in right angle to the stem. The bolsters, though
still bearing leaves, are large, already two centimeters long,
eight millimeters broad, and therefore the persistence of the
leaves may be considered as a specific character.

Habitat — The species is not rare in the anthracite meas-
ures of Penn'a. — Minersville, Summit-Lehigh, Carborfdale.
From the last locality is the specimen L. 99, of the Museum
of Comp. Zool. Cambridge, with leaves partly broken. An-
other, L. 119, is from Newport, Rhode Island, with leaves
preserved longer, but nevertheless not in their integrity. A
single specimen, L. 118 of the same collection, in nodules
from Mazon creek, and with the surface decorticated, rep-
resents L.{SagenaTia)caudatum^ St. 1. c.

Lepidodendron iiiGEis's, Lssqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 429, PL XXVII, f. 1-S.

L. dichotomum, Roehl, Foss. ji., Paleont., XVIII, p. 125, PL XI, f. 2.

Top branches with long rigid inflated sub-cylindrical
leaves; bolsters upraised^ rliomboidal, laterally enlarged;
inside scars of the same form, shorter^ covering the upper
half of the bolsters.

The fragment described is from the nodules of Mazon
creek, and has preserved its original characters without any
deformation by compression or maceration. It shows the
bolsters much inflated, the point and mode of attachment
of the leaves around the inside or leaf scar, and the bun-
dles of vessels passing up into the leaves. It also repre-
sents the leaves to be half round, even in the tipper part,
as seen from detached fragments, more than twenty centi-
meters long, three millimeters in diameter, gradually acu-
minate, grooved lengthwise by a narrow flat channel tracing
the direction of the vessels. Another specimen of the same
species has the leaves flattened by maceration, with their
epidermis transformed into a thick coating of coaly matter.

LEPIDODENDRON. P. 878

V

Channeled on one side, obtusely keeled on the ocher, the
groove is marked on each side by a distinct line, and none is
seen in the middle, the medial bundle being immersed into
the substance of the leaves.

Roehl, 1. c, has figured a splendid specimen from a much
larger branch than those 1 had for examination. The up-
raised scars, the inflated leaves very rigid, all the charac-
ters, indeed, are identical with those described above. He
refers this branch to L. dicliotomum^ St., which, as it will
be seen in the description of this species, has short lanceo-
late flat leaves, in no way comparable to those of our plant.

HaMtat — Mazon creek, in nodules ; Mr. S. S. Strong.

Lepidodetorq]^ lotstgifolium, Brgt., Prodr.

L. dichotomu7n, /St., Fl. d. Vorw., I, p. 23, PL III. LI. and Hutt., Foss.
fl., Ill, PL CLXI. Schp., Paleont. VegeL, II, p. 22.

L. Sternbergii, EIL, FL v. Badnitz, p. 54, PL XXVI, f. 1,2. PL XXVII
and XXV lU.

Scars of the hranclilets similar to those of L. dlchoto-
mum ; learns very long and narrow.^ crowded ia tiffts at
the top of the 'branches.

The specimen shows only the top of a branch, the scars
being covered by the leaves are not distinct. Their char-
acters are taken from the description of this species in
Schimper, 1. c. The leaves are very narrow, scarcely two
thirds of a millimeter broad at the base, pressed upon an-
other, crowded in tufts, straight and rigid, twelve to sixteen
centimeters long or more, with a deep medial nerve and
borders reflexed. Except that the branch is smaller, the
specimen is perfectly similar to that represented by Lindley
andHutton, 1. c. Sternberg considers the fragment figured
in his work, 1. c, as a young individual of L. dlchotommn.
The specimen described here is the top of a young branch.
In L. dichotomum^ all the fragments of the same kind bear
short leaves. The similarity of the scars upon large trunks
merely proves that old scars of Lepidodendron of different
species may be alike, and that, therefore, a confusion of
species established from the bolsters of this genus is quite

874 P. IIEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

as possible or frequent as a specific multiplication caused
by variations upon the same stems.

Habitat— specimen is in the cabinet of Mr. K. D
Lacoe, of Pittston, Penn'a, from Brown colliery, E vein.
It is the only one I have seen of this species in the Ameri-
can coal measures.

Lepidodendrox Yeltheimiaxitm, A^t. PI. LXII^ Figs.

6-S.

St., m. d. Vorw., I, p. 12, PL LIT, f. 3. Boehl, /oss. fl., p. 130, PL VIII,
f. S; PL XXIII, f. 5. Lesqx., GeoL Rept. of III., II, p. 455. Schp., Paleont.
vegeL, II, p. 29. Stur, Culm.fi., p. 269, PL XVIII, f. 2, 3; PL XIX, f. 5, 6,
8, 9, 10; PL XX, f. 1-6; PL XXI; XXII, f. 1-3. Heer, FL d. Bar en Insel,
p. 38, PL VIII, f. 1-7; PL IX, f. 2-4.

L. giganteum, Lesqx., Boston Journ. /S. N. H., v. VI, p. 429. GeoL of
Penn'a, 1858, p. 874, ^l- XV, f. 2.

L. Greenii f Lesqx., GeoL Rept. of III., IV, p. 433, PL XXVII, f. 7-8.

L. mammillatum, Lesqx., ibid., p. 432, PL XXV, f. 1.

Sagenaria Veltheimiana, PresL, in St., I. c, II, p. 180, PL LXVIII, f. 14.
Goepp., FL d. Uebergsg, p. 180, PL XVII-XX ; XXIII, f. 1-3; XXIV, f. 2,
3 ; XLIII,f. 1. KoechL, Schlumb, and Schp., Terr, trans, d. Vosges, p. 336,
PL XXI-XXVI.

S. elliptica, Goepp., I. c.,p. I84, PL XLIII, f. 7.

S. acuminata, Goepp., ibid., p. 185, PL XXIII, f. 4; PL XLIII, f. 8-10.
Phytholithus cancellaius, Steinhauer, Trans. Am. Phil, soc., I, p. 280, PL
VI, f. 2-6.''

Trunk large ; learns linear -lanceolate., small, slightly
narrowed near the base, half open ; bolsters rhomboidal,
oblong or spindle-shaped,., acuminate to both ends ; inside
scars in the middle of the bolsters, transversely rhom-
boidal, more acute at the sides, liighly convex ; appendages
rarely distinct ; cauda deep smooth or wrinlcled.

The characters of the bolsters and scars of this species
are extremely difficult to fix, on account of their great
diversity according to the age or the size of the trunks and
branches, and to the presence or absence of the cortex and
of the epidermis. The above description is made from the
representation in Stur., 1. c, PI. XIX, f. 5, 6. I have seen
in Mr. D. R. Lacoe' s cabinet, a number of finely preserved

* A large number of other synonyms are referred by authors to this species
among others L. chemungense. Hall and a dozen Knorria by 'Goeppert. I
quote only the more important.

LEPIDODENDKO?>r.

P. 37o

specimens, wliicli, corticalied, have the bolsters in elongated
lozenge form, with the prominent inside ^car rhomboidal,
acute on the sides, the top and base obtuse, distinctly marked
near the base by the three vascular points, with a deep fur-
row, i^assing from the top of the scar to that of the bol-
sters and continued downward by a deep, slightly wrinkled
Cauda. In a decorticated state, this furrow is generally
preserved with the central scar either round or rhomboidal,
as in Atl., f. 6. Under different circumstances, the medial
scars become oval, surrounded by an oval base, which
follows the borders and curve around it or is joined under
it, as in Atl., f. 7. This last configuration is however
very rare. Heer refers the fragment which represents it
under the name of L. commidatum^ Schp., 1. c, p. 39, PL
YII, f. 8-10, to Ulodendron commutatum^ Schp., a species
figured Atl., PL LXYI, f. 2. I do not consider this refer-
ence as right ; for in that Ulodeiidrori the oval scars have a
central point surrounded by a ring, while in the decorti-
cated young specimens of L. YeUlieimianum^ the oval bol-
sters are either topped by an upraised rhomboidal acute
impression, as in Atl., f. 7, and also in those figured by Heer,
1. c, while in older decorticated stems, when left without
top scars, the bolsters are longitudinally traversed by a
narrow ridge. I must, however, say that f. 6 and 7 of AtL,
which I described as L. Greerdl, 1. c, and which represent
a mere fragment of a large slab, are as yet unique, and
cannot be positively compared to any other representa-
tive of a Lepidodend.Ton. The reference of the specimen,
therefore, to L. Veltheimiamim, is merely presumable from
its likeness to the decorticated bolsters of this species,
which are sometimes oval, and from its subconglomerate
habitat. In L. Yeltheimianum^ the bolsters are always
contiguous before decortication ; this character does not
agree with the great distance of the scars, as marked f. 7.

There is in the cabinet of Princeton college, New Jersey,
a specimen which I refer to the same species, and which has
the bolsters oval, topped by a small rhomboidal scar bear-
ing a single point in the middle. The bolsters are only one
centimeter long, including the leaf scar at the top, four mil-

/

376 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

limeters broad, and two and a half centimeters distant in
the oblique direction of the scars. This indicates a greater
separation of the bolsters than it is generally observed.
This form, like that of Atl., f. 7, may represent L. Wiclii-
anum^ Heer, 1. c, whose scars, though small, are sometimes
very distant.

Other specimens in the cabinet of Prof. E. B. Andrews
bear broadly oval scars, tive millimeters long, four broad,
convex, marked at the top by a small mammilla, like those
mentioned from Princeton. They are more than seven mil-
limeters distant, sometimes irregular in their relative posi-
tion, as in L. WicManum, but separated by longitudinal
wrinkles which mark the outlines of continuous borders
of the effaced bolsters. Then, it seems, these specimens may
be considered as representing still a variety of this polymor-
phous species. F. 6, Atl., is fronf a specimen of Alabama.

It is probable that the branches and leaves described as
Lycopodites aster opliylUtcefollus^ Lesqx., Geol. Kept, of
111., II, p. 447, PI. XXXYII, f. 3, are referable to this spe-
cies.

Habitat — Mostly found in the subconglomerate coal
measures. The specimen of f. 7 is from Mercer county,
subcarboniferous measures of Illinois ; common in the Ala-
bama coal field ; Helena mines. The specimen f . 6 and a
number of others of the same character, are in the cabinet
of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, from Campbell's Ledge, subconglom-
erate, and also from Seneca and Boston vein, Pittston.
Those of Prof. E. B. Andrews come from the shaft of Jack-
son coal, Ohio. Sub or intra conglomerate.

Lepidodendroi^ Squamiferum, 8p. nov. PL LXII^
Figs. 3-Sd.

Stems slender^ hearing loosely imhrlcated linear -lanceo-
late acuminate leaves^ with broadly rhomboidal or round
mucronate scales intermediate to their point of attach-
ment.

The figure represents all what is known of these peculiar
vegetable remains, which might possibly be referable to
Lycopodites.

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 377

The scales appear to have covered all the stem, placed
like the leaves in spiral order, their base being close to
that of the leaves, or even covering it. These scales, as
seen f. 3, are somewhat thick, or inflated in the middle to
half a milimeter. They are easily detached from the stem,
even off from it in many places where their impressions
remain distinct. They are two millimeters in diameter,
nearly ronnd or broadly rhomboidal, slightly mucronate,
as seen f. 3&-3cZ, marked in the middle by a longitudinal
inflated line passing from the sometimes emarginate or mu-
cronate top to the base.

!N'o plant from the coal measures has any relation to this.
The leaves are much narrower than those of L. Yeltheimi-
anum. The scars of the leaves are indistinct, as effaced
by the superposition of the scales which leave concave im-
pressions of exactly the same shape.

Habitat — Helena coal mines; communicated by Prof.
Eng. A. Smith. Specimen No. 18 of the State Cabinet of
Alabama.

Lepidodendkon prim^ve, B. D. Rogers.

Geol. of JPenn'a, 1858, II, p. 828,/. 675. iSchp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 36.

Bolsters fusiform^ marginate^ umhonate, confluent at
their ends ; leaf scars obsolete.

The figure represents a fragment of a dichotomous stem
with bolsters, as described above, bearing at the top a fasci-
cle of leaves larger than they are generally seen in this
genus, smooth or lineate, without distinct middle nerve.
The specimen appear decorticated, and the leaves are ob-
scurely delineated.

Habitat — Near Huntingdon, Penn'a, from the Devonian
Marcellus epoch. I have found at the same locality a quan-
tity of fragments of Lepidodendron leaves normal in their
characters, long, linear, canaliculate and nerved.

Lepidodendroi^t corrttgatum, DaiDS.

Geol. surv. of Canada, 1873, p. 19, PI. II, III, IV, V, f. 33-36 and 3S.
Stigmaria minuta, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 871, PI. XVI, f. 1, 2.
lepidodendron scobinrforme, Meek, Appendix Bull. Phil. Soc., Wash.,
(1875), p. 13, P:. I,f. 1.

378 P, KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Branches slender ; leaves linear -lanceolate^ acuminate ;
holsters close, contiguous at hase^ laterally more or less
distant^ oi^ate^ acute at both ends ; inside scars placed
abom the middle^ small^ rhomhoidal or punctiform. In
the decorticated state the bolsters are grooved convex or
carinate in the middle.

Prof. Dawson gives, 1. c, a very detailed account of Ms
species, describing and figuring the very variable characters
of the fragments which represent it. The bolsters vary in
length from five to twelve millimeters and from two to four
in width.

Schimper compares to it L. Veltheimianum^ St. The
relation though marked, by the form especially of the
decorticated bolsters, is however distant, on account of
their comparatively small size and of their small inside
scars. The figure of a separate bolster, PI. II, f. 13a, 1.
c, is about exactly the same as that of L. lanceolatum.^
Atl., PI. LXIII, f. 5. Prof. Dawson's species is however
distinct by the characters of its leaves, the form and cen-
tral position of the inside decorticated scars, etc. I refer
to this species the fragment f. 2, of the Geol. of Penn'a,
1. c, which represents the stem of a Stiginaria constantly
found in connection with it. The areoles or bolsters at
first round, very small, with a central vascular scar as in
Stigniaria^ become, upon the stem, oval, narrowed to the
base and marked from the top to the middle by a dividing
short furrow. It represents f. 15 and 29 of Daws., 1. c. I
refer also to the same species L. scohiniforme^ Meek., which
has the inside scars at the top of the areoles and these con-
tiguous at the base corresponding to Dawson' s f . 27 and 36.
The description of Prof. Meek is very clear and refers to
the divers forms of this species including Stigmaria minuta^
Lesqx.

Habitat — Specimens from the Chemung or Hamilton
group of Akron, Ohio, are in Prof. Hall's collection, accord-
ing to Prof. Dawson' s remarks. The species is extremely
variable and common in the red shale at the base of the
Carboniferous of Penn'a, near Pottsville. Also in Virginia,
Lewis Tunnel. Prof. F. B. Meek.

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 379

Species described from bolsters and scars only.

§ 1. Inside scars at tlie top of tJie holsters.
Lepidodendrok vestitum, Lesqx., PI. LXIV^ Fig. 15.

Boston Jour. S. N. II., v. VI, p. 428. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 874, PI-
XVI, f. 3. 8chp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 26:

L. sigillarioides, Lesqx., ibid., p. 875, Pi. XV, f. 6.

L. Oweni, Wood, Proceed. Acad. Nat. iSci., PhiVa, p. 239, PI. V, 1 (1860.)

Bolsters rJiomboidal, elongated^ angular^ narrowly mar-
gined; inside scars at the top^ rliomhoidal-acute ; append-
ages and vascular points generally obsolete / cauda deeply
wrinkled.

The upraised borders of the bolsters are often flattened
by compression upon the inside scar and cover it in part.
The bolsters are generally larger than in the specimen fig-
ured, the marginal inflation broader.'" The scars seem
to represent, on an enlarged scale, those of L. scutatam,
PI. LXIII, f. 6-6c.

L. sigillarioides^ Lesqx., 1. c, is from a decorticated
specimen which may be referable to this species or to L.
latifolium. The bolsters are exactly rhomboidal, eight mil-
limeters long, six broad, the inside scars at the top, enlarged
and acute on the sides, obtuse at the upper and lower
border, have three indistinct vascular points and no trace of
appendages nor of a cauda.

Habitat — Rare in the coal measures. Wilkesbarre and
Archibald B & C vein. Nodules of Mazon Creek. The speci-
men from which L. sigillarioides was described is from
Summit Lehigh.

Lepidodendron Rusiivillense, Andreios.

Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 42s, PL LIII,f. 4.

Bolsters broadly rhomboidal^ symmetrical ; leaf scars
quite near the upper borders^ rhomboidal^ enlarged later-
ally^ topped by a small oval mam ilia ; middle vascular
scars large and distinct., the lateral ones small and obso-
lete ; Cauda and appendages distinct.

*As most of the specimens represented in the Atlas are merely casts,
the parts described as inflations or tumescences correspond to furrows or con-
cavities of the bark in its natural state.

880 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The description and figure, 1. c, were made from a young
or lialf decorticated specimen wliich does not represent ex-
actly the characters. The bolsters, li)y their outline and also
by the position of the leaf scars, are m-uch like those of L. cly-
peaium. But they are always symmetrical, not inclined
on one side, transversely* rliomboidal, with all the angles
acute, especially the lateral ones which are rather narrowed
and acuminate. They measure nearly two centimeters hor-
izontally and only twelve millimeters vertically. The leaf
scars are separated from the upper borders by a narrow
margin, two millimeters broad, as in L. clypeatum. They
have the same configuration as the bolsters, being only pro-
portionally narrower, seven millimeters broad, with lateral
angles acute, three to four millimeters vertically, the up-
per corner mammillate and more acute than the lower,
which is obtuse or half round. The mamilla is transversely
oval and larger than the medial vascular scar.

As seen from the specimen kindly communicated by Prof.
Andrews this is evidently a distinct species.

Habitat — Base of the coal measures, near Rushville,
Perry county, Ohio, (Prof. E. B. Andrews), with Arclieop-
teris, Megalopteris and the other species published by the
author.

Lepidodendron clypeatux, Lesqx.^ PI. LXIV^ Figs.
16, 16a, 161), {17, 18?)

Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p, 429. Qeol. of Penyi'a, 1858, p. 875, PI. XV,
f.5; XVI, f. 7. Geol. Rept. of ILL, II, p. 455. ISchp., Paleont. vegeL, II,
p. 27.

Lepidophloios irregularis, Lesqx., Geol. Mept. of Ark., II, p. Sll, PL
IV, f. 3.

L. Lesqnereuxii, Andrews, Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, p. 4'^^i
LIII, f. 3.

Bolsters irregularly rliomhoidal, nearly as hroad as
long, with sides obtuse and unequilateral ; inside scars
transversely r7iomboldal-oval, acute on both sides ; vascu-
lar scars and appendages distinct ; cauda obsolete or none.

This form is common and very variable. F. 16 repre-
sents a young fragment remarkable for the shape and jio-
sition of the bolsters which give to it the appearance of a

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 381

Lepidopliloios, The bolsters are generally distinct and not
imbricating as in this figure, with obtusely curved sides,
always unequilateral, more expanded on one side than on
the other, a character which I have remarked in all the nu-
merous specimens which I have had for examination. The
scars are generally flat, margined in the upper part, but
sometimes the border is broad and continuous all around.
In the decorticated state the bolsters are marked b^ a cen-
tral small obtuse mamilla gradually effaced downward as
in t 166. The decorticated scars of f. 17 and 18 are doubt-
fully referable to this species.

Though Schimper supposes that it may be a modified
form of L. obovatum^ I consider it as specifically different.
I have not seen any European specimen nor any descrip-
tion or figure of European authors representing its more
mnrked characters, the short bolsters, nearly as broad as
long, with unequilateral sides. Prof. Schimper also refers
to this species Lepidopliloios irregularis^ Lesqx., 1. c. This
may be right ; but in both this and L. Lesquereuxii^ An-
drews, which is apparently the same species, the bolsters
are narrower, scarcely or not at all unequilateral. The
specimens of these two species are too fragmentary for con-
clusive observations. Lepidopliloios irregularis^ however,
is positively a Lepidodendron as well as L. Lesquereuxii.

Habitat — Seen in most of the localities where I have
found Lepidodendron from the subconglomerate Coal of
Helena, Ala., to the Cannelton Coal of Pennsylvania ; also
common in Illinois.

Lepiboden^dron costatitm, Lesqx., PI. LXIV, Fig. J^.

Geol. Rept. of 111., II, p. 453, PI. XLIV. f. 7.

Bolsters vertically continuous., separated lengthwise by
broad striate uninterrupted wrinkled, ribs ; inside scars
large, transversely rliomboidal, the upper border emar gin-
ate, the lower very obtuse.

The outline of the bolsters is merely indicated by a deeper
shade as seen on the figure. Though in spiral order, they
are alternately disposed in vertical series and the rows sep-

382 P. REPORT OF PROaRESS. LJX) LESQUEREUX.

arated by distinct striate ribs, like those which characterize
costate species of Sigillaria. The regularity of these ribs
observed upon a large specimen prevent the supposition
that they are due merely to some disruption of the bark,
like those of species of Ulodeiidron.

If it was not for this peculiar character, the fragment
might be referable to the following species and considered
as derived from an older part of the stems. Both these forms
together with L. Brittsii, represent the type of L. Yolk-
mannianum^ St., diversely and beautifully represented
in Stur., Culm. FL, PI. XYIII, f. 4; XXIII, f. 2-5.

Habitat — Chester group, subcarboniferous of 111., Prof.
A. H. Worthen.

Lepidodet^dron" TURBmATUM, Lesqx., PI. LXIV^ Fig. 5.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 453, PI. XLIV, f. 6. Schp. Paleont. veget., II,
p. 28.

Bolsters broadly obovate^ obtuse at the top and the con-
tracted wrinkled base ; inside scars transversely enlarged
and narrow ; vascular scars distinct^ appendages none.

Except the narrower scars, the distinctly marked borders of
the bolsters, narrowed to an obtuse base and without inter-
mediate ribs, there is no difference in the characters of both
this and the former species.

Habitat — Subcarboniferous of 111., Chester group, from a
different locality than the former. Prof. A. H. Worthen.

Lepidodendron rhombicum St., PI. LXIl, Figs. ^, Ji.a ;
PI. LXIV, Fig. 18?

Bergeria rliomhica, Presl., in St., Flor. d. Vorw., II, p. 184, L XVIII,
f.l8.

Lepidodendron rhombicum, Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 37.

Bolsters subquadrate-rhomboidal. marginate, with equal
sides and obtuse angles, marked at the top by a small oval
mamilla.

This form and also L. quadratum and L. marginatum.,
St., are described by Schimper as species of uncertain re-
lation established from decorticated young specimens. The

LEPIDODET^DRON.

P. 883

small i)UTictiform inside scars are described by the same
author as perforated in the middle. 1 have not observed
this character in any specimens which I think represent
the species.

It is well to remark that if the determination of Lepidoden-
dron is difficult and somewhat uncertain when based upon
scars fully developed and distinctly preserved, it is still
more hazardous when made from the decorticated soars of
young branches. PI. LXIY, f. 18, Atl., is referred hypo-
thetically either to this species or to L. quadratum^ St., or
to L, clypeatum.

Habitat — A number of specimens considered as repre-
senting L. rJiomhicum are all from Burnt Branch of Can-
ney, Ky. Sj)ecimen f. 18 is from Wilkesbarre. It is L. 37
in the Museum of Comp. ZooL, Cambridge.

Lepidodeis^dron quadrangulatum, Schloth.

JPalmacites quadrangulatus, Schloth., Nacht. Z. Petre/. p. 395, PL XVII,
f.l8.

Aspidiaria Schlotheimiana, St., Fl. d. Vorw., II, p. 181, PI. LXVIIl,/. 10.
Lepidodendron drepanapsis. Wood, Proceed. Am. Nat. Soc. Phil., v. XII,
1860, p. 240, VI, f. 2.

Bolsters large^ rhomboidal-quadrQ^ngular^ more obtuse
at the upper end^ a little more elongated and narrower at
the lower ; scars inflated, placed at the upper angle of tlie
bolsters, transversely rhomboidal, with the lower border
half round; vascular scars and appendages none; cauda
transversely rugose.

The bolsters measure one and a half to two centimeters
in diameter, and are vertically a little longer than trans-
versely. The inside scar is thick or upraised, exactly rhom-
boidal as marked in the original figure of Schlotheim, or
rounded on the lower side as in f. 10, St., 1. c, and in Dr.
Wood, f. 2. Both Schlotheim' s and Sternberg's species are
the same, for Sternberg remarks that he received his speci-
men from Schlotheim. The inside scars are either very
close to the top of the bolsters or placed a little lower, their
upper angle corresponding to that of the bolsters. The
species is not mentioned by Schimper. It seems however

384 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

very distinct especially by the inflated or upraised inside
scars, probably in a decorticated state.

Habitat — A very rare form ; known to me merely by the
figures. The specimen represented by Dr. Wood is in the
cabinet of the Academy of Nat. Sci. of Phila. ; its locality
is unknown.

§ 2. Species with inside scars placed in the upper third

part of the holsters.
Lepidodendrox dichotomum, St., PI. LXIV, Fig. 3.

1st type, bolsters rhomboidal.

L. dichotomum, Brgt. Hist. d. veg. foss., II, PI. XVI, f. 2. St., Fl. d.
Vorw., I, PL II; PL LVI, f. 2 ; II, PL L XVIII, f. 1. Qein., Verst., p. S4,
PL III, f. 2, S, 5.

L. Sternbergii, Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 19.

2d type, bolsters obovate.

L. dichotomum, Gein., Verst., p. 34, PL III, f. 6-12.

L. obovatum, St., I, PL VI, /. 1: PL VIII, f. lA, II, PL L XVIII, f. 6.
LI. & Hutt., Foss. fl., I, PL XIX, bis. Lesqx., Geol. of Pa., 1878, p. 874.
GeoL Rept. of III., II, p. 455.

L. elegans, Brgt., L c., II, PL XIV. LL & Hutt., L c, II, PL GXVIII;
III, PL CXCIX.

L. gracile, Brgt., L c, II, PL XV.

L. rugosum, PresL, in St., I. c, II, PL LXVIII, f. 4.

L. Mannebachense, St., ibid., PL LXVIII, f. 2.

1st Type. Bolsters^ rhomboidal ; sides angular, inside
scars transversely rhomboidal, the upper border rounded,
the louder acute in the middle at the point of union of semi-
lunar basilar lines ; vascular points and appendages dis-
tinct in the large scars ; cauda wrinMed^ ; leaves lanceo-
late acuminate, half open, more or less distinctly nerved;
strobile long ; cylindrical bracts lanceolate.

2d Type. Bolsters obovate, not angular on the sides.

The young branches of this species have generally rhom-
boidal angular bolsters. In the branch figured by Brgt., 1.
c, PL XVI, 1 1, the same also represented by St., 1. c, PI. I,
the upper branches have the bolsters square-rliomboidal
while, towards the base of the stem, they become elongated
and obovate. I must say that though I have seen long
stems referable to the first type by the shape of the bolsters,
I have not seen these passing to the second type even in con-
siderably enlarged fragments. Thus, for example, a dichot-

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 385

omous stem of this species, twenty-four centimeters long,
two centimeters broad, has the bolsters of its base still more
enlarged transversely and more distinctly angular on the
sides than at the top of the branchlets.

The description of the leaves and strobiles is taken from
specimens figured by European authors. L. ohovatum is
extremely common, easily recognizable by its impressions
generally distinct, the bolsters narrowly but deex)ly mar-
gined, gradually enlarging upwards from an acute base and
thus obovate, largest above the middle. The inside scars are
small, one third of the diameter of the bolsters, and like the
appendages and the cauda also, very distinctly marked.
The bolsters are more or less enlarged and of various length
according to their age. In flattened specimens the borders
are generally narrow, marked by a mere line. The epider-
mis, rarely preserved, is distinctly striate, as seen Atl., PL
LXiy, f. 3. It renders the shape of the bolsters somewhat
obscure. When decorticated they are marked only by a
central round mamilla.

Habitat — The whole extent of the coal fields ; most com-
mon above the conglomerate.

Lepidodendron modulatum, Lesqx., PI. LXIV^ Figs.

13, U.

Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 428. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 874, PI-
XV, f. 1. Geol. Bept. of Arks., II, p. 310, PI. Ill, f. 1, la. Geol. Bept. of
111., IV, p. 430. 8chp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 25.

L. conicum? Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a, I. c.,p. 874, P^- XV, f. 3.

L. mekiston, Wood, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Phil., 1860, p. 239, PI. V, f. 3.

L.poUtum, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of Ky. (D. D. Owen), III, p. 556, PI. VII,
f.l.

Bolsters oval, largest in the middle, equally narrowed
and acuminate at both ends ; separated by a broad half
cylindrical border or furrow, obliquely and finely wrinkled;
inside scars loioer than in the former species and, broader,
rliomboldal, the upper side curving both ways from a con-
ical point ; vascular scars, etc., as in the former species.

Though the differences which separate this species from
the former are not very marked, they are, however, per-
sistent, and therefore distinct. They may be recognized
25 P.

386 P. EEPORT OF PEOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

even upon very small branches with top bolsters four milli-
meters long, one and a half millimeters broad, the basilar
ones of the same branches being already double this size,
and all separated by a wrinkled half cylindrical border, as
on the largest bolsters of the species which measure four and
a half to live centimeters long, and nearly two centimeters
broad inside of the borders. These, according to the size of
the bolsters, vary from one to three millimeters in width.
One of the trunks whose impressions have been left upon
the sandstone of Little Beaver river, Penn'a., represents
the species with the characters of the bolsters preserved
upon its whole length. The inside scar is topped by a
transversely rhomboidal inflation, as in the other species of
this section.

L. conicum^ Lesqx, appears referable to this species.
The si3ecimen from which the description was made being
flattened by compression, the borders of the bolsters are
flat, and of course someAvhat broader ; the inside scars are
deformed, and placed a little higher. I have not seen any
other fragment representing this form.

Habitat— Lq^s common than the former, and appearing
lower in the coal measures. Subcongiomerate coal of Ar-
kansas, Mazon creek, and shale of the coal of Morris, 111.
Carbondale, in Mr. Clarkson's collection, specimens of both
the normal and flattened forms.

Lepidodein^drox carinatu:m, Lesqx,

Boston Journ. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 4^9. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 875, PL
XV, f. 4. Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 27.

Bolsters of small size, oral-liexagonal, angular on the
sides, acute at both ends ; borders narrowly deeply and
sharply Iceeled ; inside scars broadly rhomboidal, slightly
enlarged on the sides ; vascular scars and appendages dis-
tinct; Cauda basilar.

This form is represented only by the specimen figured.
The bolsters are one and a half centimeters long, eight mil-
limeters broad, the inside scars transversely three millime-
ters, and two vertically. I consider as essential characters
of this species the shape of the broad and short bolsters,

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 387

surrounded by deep, sharply carinate borders, disposed in
an elongated rhomboidal hexagonal outline, the four up-
per and lower sides being longer than the two middle ones
which are parallel.

^^j/^^^_Carbondale, Penn' a, low coal. There is a speci-
men of this species in the cabinet of Prof. I[ildr(^th, at
Marietta. It is without label.

LEPiDODETsTDROisr DiSTANS, Lesqx., PI. LXIY^ Fig. 10.

Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 429. Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, %>. 874,
XVI, f. 5. Schp., laleont. Veget., II, p. 27.

L. oculatum, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, I. c, p. 874, ^yi^f- 4-

L. cheilaleum, Wood, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, XIII, p. 846, PI. IX, f. 4.

Bolsters rJiomboidai-omte ; sliarply acute at both ends,
distant; interspaces hroad, undulately striate or wrinkled
lengtlmise ; inside scars rhomhoidal ; vascular scars and
appendages distinct ; caicda deep, broadly rugose.

The bolsters are of medium size, nearly rhomboidal-oval,
a little narrower and more elongated in the lower part.
They are very regularly placed in a same relative distance,
equal to half their width, in measuring it in their spiral
direction. Thus, in the three figures of this species, given
from specimens representing different ages, the first L. ocu-
latum, 1. c, has the bolsters three centimeters long, thir-
thirteen millimeters broad, and the space left between them
seven millimeters. In L. distans, the bolsters, two centi-
meters long, nine millimeters broad, are five millimeters
apart, and in L. Cliellaleum, representing a young speci-
men still covered with the epidermis, the bolsters^ one cen-
timeter long, five millimeters broad, are still three to four
millimeters distant. Comparison of this kind made from
specimens obtained from distant localities and referable to
divers parts of trees, in various stages of growth, sufia-
ciently contradict the opinion of those who wish to reduce
to very few types the species of the coal flora, considering
the differences of character as resulting from mere casual
causes.

Habitat — Carbondale. Seen in Mr. Clarkson's cabinet,
in very large specimens. The specimen described by Dr.
Wood is in the museum of the Acad. ISTat. Soc. of Phil.

388 P. EErOET OF PEOGEESS. LEO LESQUEEEUX.

Lepidodendeot^- cuspid atum, Sp. nov., PI. LXIV, Fig. 7.

Bolsters closely contiguous, imbricating on one side,
oho Gate, acuminate at both ends, more elongated in the
loioer side ; inside sears triangular, cuspidate by a short
narrow ridge in the middle of the lower side, corners ob-
tuse; vascular points distinct, the middle one tioice as
large ; appendages distinct, small ; decorticated scars oval,
with a central oval mamilla and a short narrow ridge at
the top.

The figure represents only three bolsters of two large
specimens, one with, the other without the cortex. The
shape of these scars is peculiar. I have not seen its like
until now, neither upon American specimens, nor figured
by authors. I do not even see to which species it might be
compared. ^

Habitat — The two specimens are in the cabinet of Mr. R.
D. Lacoe, Nos. 717 and 718, from Plymouth E vein, Pitts-
ton, Penn'a.

Lepidodekdeon Woethenii, Lesqx., PI. LXIV, Figs.

8, 9.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 452, PL XLIV, /. 4, 5. Schp., Paleont. Veget.,
II, p. 28.

Bolsters small, oblanceolate, spindle shaped, narrowed,
decurrent and continuous to the base; inside scars verti-
cally narrow, transversely as broad as the bolsters, half
round at the upper border and cuspidate in the middle
when corticated, nearly truncate at the base; vascular
p)oints in the upper part of the scars ; appendages and
Cauda none.

The fragments figured represent small stems with bolsters
comparatively long and narrow, two centimeters long, four
to five millimeters broad. The specimen f. 8 has the sur-
face covered with the epidermis, the bolsters transversely
rugose, gradually narrowed to an acuminate base, with the
inside scars mucronate. In older branches the bolsters are
less rugose, with the upper borders of the scars half round.
All the specimens I have seen of this species have the same

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 389

characters, and represent the same size, either upon stems
or branches. Distantly related to L. Brittsii.
Habitat — Murpliysborough, Jackson county, 111.

Lepidodendroit Andrewsii, Bjp. nov., PI. LXIY^ Fig. 6.

Bolsters small, very injlated, ohovate, smooth ;^ inside
scars rliomboidal, transversely enlarged, base and top ob-
tuse; vascular scars in the lower part ; no trace of ap-
pendages nor of Cauda.

A mere fragment of a young branch or stem, with bol-
sters prominent and extremely distinct. The species, like
the former, is of the type of L. Yolkmannianum, St. But
the inside scars are not as broad, not near the to^) of the
bolsters, and more enlarged vertically.

Habitat — Mazon creek in nodules.

Lepidodendroit quadrilaterale, Andreios."^

L. Lesquereuxii, Andrews, ^lem. of Geol.,p. 117,/. S07.

Bolsters large, broadly rhomboidal, with equilateral
sides of equal length ; surface longitudinally striate ; bor-
ders upraised ; leaf scars nearly in the middle, triangu-
lar, transversely enlarged, the upper sides parallel to the
borders of the bolsters, the base truncate; cauda thick,
distinct ; vascular scars obscured by the stricB of the thin
cortex.

A peculiar species, distantly comparable to L. Yelthei-
mianum. The bolsters are exactly rhomboidal or square,
when seen in their spiral direction ; the borders obtusely
keeled, each side measuring two centimeters. The trian-
gular leaf scar bear at the top a small rhomboidal ma-
milla ; the appendages and cauda are very distinctly marked,
as in L. Yeltheimanium ; the surface is covered by a thin
layer of smooth shining coal, wrinkled lengthwise.

Habitat — Base of the coal measure, Perry county, Ohio.

* Elem. of Geol., 2d Ed., inedit.

390 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX,

§ 3. Inside Scars in or about the middle of the holsters.

Lepidodendron forulatum, Lesqx.^ PI. LXIII^ Fig.

9-lOa.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 4SI, PL XXIIl, f. 5-8. Schp., PaleonU VegeU,
III, p. 534.

Bolsters distant, spindle-sJiaped, narrowed and acumi-
nate at both ends, transversely rugose, separated hy flat
narrow parallel ribs and intervals irregularly striate
lengthwise ; inside scars central, rhomboidal, obtuse at
the top, truncate or obtusely pointed at the lower part ;
vascular scars distinct; appendages and cauda none;
cortex thick, narrowly and regularly striate ; decorticated
scars small, regularly rhomboidal, decurring into a short
cauda.

The bolsters, one and a half centimeters long, five to seven
millimeters broad, are sex)arated as in Sigillaria, by narrow
vertical equidistant ribs. The thick epidermis is narrowly
striate, the central part of the bolsters only being marked
by a small smooth round space. The subcortical leaf scars
f. 10 and 10a, are distinct, rhomboidal, or half round,
23laced in the middle of a smooth round convex surface,
their obconical base is traversed by a short and narrow line
or cauda.

The species is closely allied to Ulodendron ellipticum,
St., represented Atl., PL LXV, f. 2, 3. The ribs are, how-
ever, more regular in size and length, the bolsters longer,
and the decorticated scars of a different character.

Habitat — St. John's coal, 111.

Lepidode^tdron diplotegioides, Lesqx., PI. LXIY,

Fig. 2.

Geol. Rept. of Ark., II, p. 311, PI. IV, f. 2; Geol. Rept, of III., II, p
452; PI. XLIX, /. 2. Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 28, PI. LX, f. 7.

Bolsters oval-rhomboidal and acuminate at both ends,
loith broad flat smooth borders ; inside scars transverse-
ly spindle-shaped or narrowly rhomboidal, with both side
acute: vascular scars large ; cauda marked by a few trans-

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 391

wrsal wrinkles; decorticated holsters rhomboidal^ with
hr ad flat margins crossed by a vertical med/ial line.

The bolsters, one and one half centimeters in length, are
only five millimeters broad in the middle.

Schimper compares this species to L. confluens^ St., re-
ferable by the same authority to L. aculeatum^ St. As
both figures are placed aside, f. 1 and 2 of AtL, PL LXIY,
the degree of relation is easily observed. The decorticated
bolsters of L. aculeatiim are marked, as far as I know them,
by a round central mamilla.

Habitat — Subconglomerate coal of Arks. Colchester,
111., first coal above the conglomerate. Not found else-
where.

LepidodetnTDRON Tijoui, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 4SI, PL XXIV, /. 1, 2. Schp., Paleont. veget.^
Ill, p. 5S5.

L. dicrocheilum, Wood, Proc. Acad, of Phil., 1860, p. 289, PI. VI, f. U
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, XIII, p. S46, PI. IX, f. 6.

L. caudatum, var., Boehl., Foss. Ji., p. ISO, PI. VI, fo ?.

Bolsters oval, acuminate at both ends, separated by a
flat, smooth or wrinkled border ; inside scars large, trans-
versely rhomboidal-ovate ; upper and lower borders obtuse,
the upper one more convex ; vascular scars large ; append-
ages and Cauda none ; decorticated bolsters marked length-
wise by a deep medial line, half the length of the bolsters.

The fragment from which the species is described seems
to represent part of a large stem, though the bolsters are
of small size, one and a half centimeters long and five milli-
meters broad.

This species resembles the former. The bolsters are more
sharply acuminate, and when decorticated they are with-
out border, preserve exactly the same form and size as those
covered with the cortex, and the leaf scars are placed a lit-
tle higher. The epidermis as seen upon a fragment of
another specimen is a thin pellicle of coaly matter with
smooth surface, upon which the outlines of the bolsters are
merely obscurely traced.

L, dicrocheilum. Wood, 1. c, is apparently a mere form

392 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

of this species. In f. 1, 1. c, the intervals between the bol-
sters are evidently rugose, and the leaf scars are placed in
the middle. In f. 6 however the scars are above the mid-
dle and the intervals smooth.

Habitat — St. Johns coal bank, 111. Broad Top, Cook's
coal, Dr. H. C. Wood.

Lepidodendron OBTUSLTivr, Lesqx.

Boston Jour. S. N. H., v. VI, p. 429. Geol. of Penn'a, 1868^ p. 875, PI.
XVI, f. 6. iSc/ip., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 26.

L. venustum. Wood, Trans. Am. Phil. jSoc, XIII, p. S47, PL IX, /. 1.

Bolsters rJiomholdal^ acute at the top^ obtuse at the loioer
end^ margined ; inside scars central., small., transverse-
ly rhomboidal, the upper border obtuse, the loioer curmd on
the sides, joined in the middle into a short decurring
acumen ; appendages distinct, small ; cauda strong, trans-
versely rugose.

Species comparable to L. modulatum. The bolsters are
much shorter and comparatively broader, a little more than
two centimeters long, one and a half broad ; the inside of
the borders are narrower and wrinkled or rather striate in
right angle. The leaf scars are exactly in the middle, of
the same form as in L. modulatum, topped first by a semi-
lunar line and above it by a conical impression. The figure
of Dr. Wood, 1. c, represents a younger fragment in a
better state of preservation. The characters are the same,
Schimper, 1. c, supposes that L. giganteum, Lesqx., may
represent old scars of this species.

Habitat — Carbondale, Mr. Clarkson's collection. Dr.
, Wood's specimen is in the collection of the Acad, of Phil-
adelphia, locality unknown.

Lepidodendro]^ rimostjm, St., PI. LXIV, Fig. 11.

St., Flor. d. Vortv., I, p. 21, PI. X,f. 1. Poehl, Foss. fl, p. 132, PL VIII,
f. 1 ; PI. X,f. 2. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 874. Schp., Paleont. Veget.-,
II, p. 38, PL LX, f. 8-8a.

Sngenaria rimosa, PresL, in St.,Jl. d. Vorw., II, p, 180, PL LVIII,f. 15,
Gem., Verst., p. 35, PL HI, f. 13-15.

L, rimosum and dissitum, iSauv., Veg./oss., Belg., PL LX, f.6 : PL LXII,
/. 1 {fide Schp.).

L. simplex, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 454, PL XLV,f. 5.

L. dubtum, Wood, I'rans. Am. Phil. Soc., XIII, p. 344, PL VIII, f. 4.

Bolsters fusiform or narrowly rhomboidal, elongated

LEPIDODEJSTDRON".

P. 393

and acuminate at both ends, convex, carinate, rarely con-
tiguous, more or less distant; intervals wrinMed length-
wise; inside scars central, small, rhomhoidal.

The species is common and variable. The bolsters are
very narrow, comparatively to their length, two to three
centimeters long, three to five millimeters broad in th,e mid-
dle ; the inside scars are proportionally small with the vas-
cnlar dots generally indistinct, forming in the middle an
elongated triangle by lines passing transversely across the
tree basilar scars, and ascending to a small point above them,
as marked f. 11. Geinitz in enlarged f. 13, 1. c, marks
three basilar round vascular scars and one above them.

The bolsters are generally somewhat distant, with inter-
vals wrinkled lengthwise. But they are also, it seems, some-
times contiguous, merely separated by a narrow inflated
border, as figured in Gein., 1. c, f. 15. It is from a speci-
men of this character with the borders of the bolsters marked
by a mere thin line, that I described L. simplex, which,
if Geinitz is correct, has to be considered as a variety of
this species. For indeed the leaves of which the German
author has figured a fragment, are narrow, two millime-
ters, exactly of the same width and character as those of
L, simplex, and the cone which Geinitz refers to this spe-
cies under the name of Lepidostrohus variahilis is also re-
markably like L. princeps, Lesqx. , 1. c. , f . 6. It is how-
ever certain that even if L. simplex is a mere variety of L.
rimosum, the reference of the cone to this species is more
than doubtful, as these strobiles were not found at the same
locality and have nothing in their characters indicating a re-
lation either to this Lepidodendron or to Lepidostrolus
variaMlis, LI. and Hutt. Schimper does not quote that f.
15 of Geinitz as referable to L. rimosum, considering it per-
haps as a different species. But Roehl, PL X. f. 2, 1. c, rep-
resents the same form under this specific name.

In the decorticated state, the bolsters, generally tipped by
a short linear ridge, are often much elongated and continu-
ous, so that the surface of the specimens resembles that of
large Catamites.

394 P. REPORT or PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Habitat — Lower coal measures above the Millstone grit.
Colchester, Morris, 111.; Haiisville coal, Ky., and Pottsville,
Pa., as L. sim/plex. Specimens in the collection of Mr. R,.
D. Lacoe rej)resent L. rimosum with distant scars. The
frequency of the form L. slinplex which is very rare in Eu-
rope and the scarcity here of the representatives of the true
L. rimosum^ seems to point to a specific difference between
them.

LePIDODENDROjS" CRENATU:\r, St.

Fl, d. Vorw., I, p. 10, PL VIII, f. 2 B. Goepp., 8yst., p. 460, PI. XLII,f,
4, 5, 6.

Sagenaria creoiata, Brgt., Prod., p. 86. St., I. c, II, p. 178, PI. LXVIIl
f.5.

Bolsters rlioiiiboidal-f usiform^ narroioed and acute at
hoth ends. Inside scars nearly in the middle., large^ rliom-
hoidal^ obtuse at tlie top, acute at tlie sides and at the base ;
appendages more or less distinct ; cauda enlarged down-
ward^ broadly rugose.

Schimper considers this species as a form of L. aculeatum.
The inside scars are larger nearly as broad as the bolsters,
about central. It has the characters of L. Yeltheimianum,
St., as figured in Stur, Culm, flora, PL XIX, 1 5, at least
from the American specimens which I consider as represent-
ing it and which are remarkably similar to the figures of the
German author.

Habitat — Subconglomerate coal of Port Byron, Ills., Mr.
I. H. Southwell.

Lepidodendrox cyclostigma, Bp. nov.^ PI. LXII^ Fig. 6.

Bolsters broadly rhomboidal^ acute at both ends., rounded
on the sides ; inside scars central., mamillate, nearly round ;
cortex indistinctly marked by the outlines of the leaf scars.

The great size of the fragments which rej)resent this spe-
cies shows them to be derived from large trees. But though
well preserved, even with the epidermis, the bolsters and
scars do not have any feature different from what I have
figured, nor any character indicating a reference to anotlier
species of this genus. The outlines of the bolsters resemble

LEPID0DENDE01S-.

P. 395

those of some varieties of L. clypeatum^ but the inside
scars are of a different character. The bolsters are all of
the same size, twelve millimeters in vertical direction and
one centimeter broad.

Habitat — Clinton coal, communicated in large specimens
by Dr. J. H. Britts.

Species of uncertain reference.

Lepidodeistdron" Mielickii, Goepp.^ PI. LXIY^ Fig. 1^.

Ooepp.j Syst.,p. 465, PL XLIV,f. 1, 2. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p.
875. iSchp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 35.

Bolsters {decorticated) rhomhoidal^ narrower and blunt
or nearly acute at both ends., obtuse on the sides, surround-
ed by an elevated smooth border, inside scars central, oval,
large, their places after abrasion being marked by a small
round depression.

Goeppert's figure represents, together with the decorti-
cated bolsters as described above, the counterpart or corti-
cated surface, rendered obscure by the epidermis trans- .
formed into a thin layer of coaly matter. The reference of
this species is uncertain. A number of specimens of Lepi-
dodendron have in the decorticated state a similar appear-
ance and therefore remain undetermined. The likeness of
the bolsters of the specimen American, especially the promi-
nent smooth border and the oval central scar, authorize its
reference to Goeppert's species without giving any more
indications about its true relation.

Habitat — Summit Lehigh, Penn'a.

Lepidodendrok gaspiatvtttm, Daios.

Geol. Surv. of Canada, Foss.pl., {1871), p. S3, PI. VIII, f. 82-84.

Bolsters contiguous, elliptical ; leaf scars central ; leaves
thick at base, circular, slightly ascending and curving
downward, short ; strobiles small, lateral branches slen-
der, straight and very uniform in thickness ; areoles prom-
inent in decorticated stems.

The description is copied from the author. Neither the
leaves nor the strobiles are figured ; at least the fragments

396 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

of leaves attached to the side of f. 83 are quite obscure
and their character is unascertainable. The strobile, f. 84,
is like an inflated branchlet covered with leaf scars. The
bolsters are very small, three millimeters long and half as
broad, contiguous and in parallel rows as in some species
of Sigillarla.

Habitat — New York State ; specimen in Prof. Hall's col-
lection from the Catskill group.

Lepidodendron chemungense, Hall.

Geol. Sept. of New York State, p. 275, f. 127.

Decorticated stem covered loitJi oval^ acuminate^ scale-
like areoles^ more acute and smaller in proportion to the
size of the stem than in L. Gaspianum.

Species represented by a young branch with the bolsters
only distinct. Schimper, Paleont. veget., marks it as prob-
ably referable to L. Sternberg ii.

Habitat — Chemung group, New York State. A small
specimen figured Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, II, p. 829, f. 677,
appears referable to this species, according to the remarks
of Prof. Rogers. It is from the Chemung of Penn'a.

Leptdodendron ictiiyolepis. Wood.

Lepidophloios icthyolepis. Wood. Proced. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., (^1860)
p. 240, PL V, /. 5.

Stem large; cortex thin; bolsters approximate., raised^
furnished loith an appendix on each side and one in the
middle ; vascular scars not preserved.

This description is that of the author. From the figure,
the specimen seems to represent decorticated impressions
of broadly rhomboidal bolsters, obtuse at the upper part,
confluent at the base, with the inside scar marked by an in-
flation at the tox3, and a smooth ridge descending from it
like a cauda. The specimen is undeterminable.

Habitat— Roof of Tunnel vein. Dauphin co.. Pa. Speci-
men in the Cabinet of the Academy.

LEPIDODENDRON.

P. 397

Lepidodendron obscurum, Lesqx.

Geol. Bept. of III., IT, p. 453, PL XLIV,/. 1-3.

L. diplotegioides, {decorticated), Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 28.

Bolsters obscurely marked., flat., rliomboldal-oDal^ nar-
rowed and acute to both ends^ distant; intervals irregu-
larly striate^ deejply f urrowed in the old 'parts of the stems ;
inside scars central round or oval.

As Schimper states it, tlie'se decorticated fragments maj^
represent L. diplotegioides but may be referable also to
other species, as for example to L. Charpentieri^ Goepp.,
Syst., p. 433, PL XLII, f. 1, wliicli Schimper identifies with
L. aculeatum.

Hab Itat — Subconglomerate measures.

Lepidodei^-dron radicates, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 454, PL XLVI,f. 1. Schp., Paleont. veget., II,
p. 28.

Bolsters large., oblong -rhomboidal or oval., narroioed^ de-
cur ring ^ flexuous and continuous at both ends^ ribbed
lengthioise ; inside scars about central^ obscurely marked.,
oval.

The large bolsters are covered with flattened ribs or large
and flexuous stri^, resembling the impressions of a coating
of rootlets, like those of Caulopteris macrodiscus or C.
Mansfieldi^ Atl., PI. LX, f. 3. Schimper supposes that it
may re^oresent a peculiar state of L. confl^uens^ St., which is,
a decorticated form of L. aculeatum. I have not seen any
decorticated Lepidodend^ron with the surface marked by
strife or longitudinal flexuous ribs and still believe that the
specimen described above may represent merely a piece of
bark of a Caulopteris.

Habitat^jyuquoin, Ills.

Ulodendron, Rhode.

Stems arborescent, rarely branching, bearing, in two op-
posite rows, round or oval scars, impressions of the base
of strobiles, marked with concentrical scales and a central
mamilla ; leaves short, lanceolate ; leaf scars disposed, in

393 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

spiral^ comparatwely small^ distinctly rJiomhoidal or oval-
ohlong^ sub-r?tomhoidal. Fructifications in long cylindri-
cal strobiles.

Goeppert, Geinitz, Heer and Stnr have not separated this
genus from Lepidodendron. Brongniart and Weiss are not
positive in regard to the value or authority of this separa-
tion. But from Sternberg to Schimper most of the x)hyto-
X)aleontologists have admitted this generic division on
reasons which seem indeed legitimate.

Schimper has clearly exposed the essential characters
which separate these two genera. His views fully agree
with the observations made from American specimens, and
exposed already in Geol. Rept. of 111., lY, p. 134-35.

1st. The trunks of Ulodendron seem to have been simple
or scarcely ramified, like those of Sigillaria. Except a
small branch of U. minus on which remark is made in the
description of the species, I have never seen any trace of
division of the stems, though the collections of Mr. S. S.
Strong and of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, have truncs of Ulodendron
one meter long or more.

2d. The leaf scars or bolsters are scarcely variable in size,
or not much larger upon trunks of great size than upon
small ones. By the growth of the trees the bark is sjilit
lengthwise, and the intervals between the borders are filled
by linear woody excrescences which sometimes exj^and lat-
erally and partly cover the scars or the bark. All the phy-
toxDaleontologists have observed that kind of fissures on the
bark. Though it is a mere result of growth, it indicates for
the internal tissue a composition or disposition different
from that of Lepidodendron.

3d. The inside scars of Ulodendron differ positively from
those of Lepidodendron. When decorticated, they are
merely punctiform, either deep points, or small mamillas,
surrounded by a ring as in AtL, PI. LXYI, f. 2a. On the
same plate, f. 3, the corticated bolsters of U majus, are
represented with three vascular scars as in Lepidodendron ;
but under the epidermis these scars are not seen at all ; un-
der the first layer of bark they are mere points as in f. 3a.

ULODENDRON.

P. 399

Large specimens of this species are sometimes found with-
out any scars of strobiles and are surely determined by the
characters of these punctiform im]3ressions.

I have never been able to find any leaf attached to the
stems, even the smallest branches are without remains of
these organs. Schimper describes them as short, lanceo-
late, rigid, as seen from a specimen figured by GeiiTitz.

The large disks placed in double series, which esj)ecially
characterize this genus, are round or oval, and variable in
size as they increase in diameter with the growth of the
trees, from the base of the trunks upwards. They are gen-
erally marked in the center by a small circular mamilla,
around which the leaf scars are concentrically placed as
imbricated, gradually enlarging towards the borders, gen-
erally obscure disfigured impressions, sometimes totally
erased or diversely shaped.

Lindley and Hutton have considered the disks as re-
sulting from the attachment of strobiliform inflorescences,
or of cones of fructifications. Brongniart, per contra, re-
gards them as scars of conical tubercles covered with leaf
scars, their central part being an incipient branch or an ad-
ventive root. Schimper admits LI, and Hutt. opinion,
which seems indeed the more probable for the generality of
the species. But some of the American specimens appar-
ently represent different generic characters, implying the
authority of the conclusions admitted by each of the au-
thors named above.

We have, for example, a small stem of XJ. minus^ a di-
chotomous branch, mentioned above, four centimeters broad
at its base where it is broken, abruptly enlarged to six centi-
meters at the point of division, with strobile-scars only one
centimeter in diameter and contiguous, (eleven in number
upon a stem fourteen centimeters long). They are marked
by central circular dots, like remains of woody axes, one
to two millimeters in diameter, transformed into hard shin-
ing coal, while the circular depressions around the central
points are covered with a smooth epidermis on which the
concentrical leaf scars are very obscurely marked. Upon
some of these scars the epidermis, a thin hard strong pelli-

400 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQITEREUX.

cle, covers entirely the central axis while one of the disks
seems to bear long scaliform thick leaves, radiating from
the central mamilla, like the basilar scales of a cone. An-
other specimen PI. LXYII, f. 2, which I have described as
a branch of Ulodendron has, on the borders, bud-like infla-
tions represented u^on the impression of the stem by
deep hollows of the same form and character ; for they are
marked to the bottom of the cavity by the same kind of
leaf scars as those of the borders of the stems.

The specimen is a piece of cannel coal which in its soft
state has taken the hollow cast of a branch fallen or de-
posited upon it. Now the small conical protuberances can-
not be considered as incipient cones or strobiles. They are
evidently bud-like excrescences, thus confirming by their
characters Brongniart's oj)inion of their nature.

A third specimen rex3resents a small disk of U. ^^^mc^a-
hini which, broadly obovate, measures only two and a half
centimeters long and seventeen millimeters in width to-
wards the upper eikl where it is the largest. It has the in-
flated x)rotuberance marking the point of attachment quite
near the lower margin, and is covered with a thick ej^ider-
mis like the whole disk. Therefore the top of the knobs
is smooth without any trace of perforation. It is sur-
rounded by two concentrical circles from which the strise
generally seen upon the disks of this kind, AtL, PI. LXY,
f. 5<2, radiate in diverging to the borders. From all ax)pear-
ance this is merely an adventive bud and evidently not the
disk of a strobile. Does not this prove that in U. puncta-
tum, at least, these disks are not scars of strobiles but
branch scars, a character which seems already evidenced by
the excentrical position and the peculiar shape of the i)oint
of attachment which, as far as I have seen in all my speci-
mens, is not circular, but broadly oval or semi-lunar. In
that case the genus Bothodendron established by LI. and
Hutt. for this peculiar form would be legitimate.

Some of the large strobiles of the Carboniferous have
been referred to Ulodendron species on account of the con-
cordance in the size of the cones and of the scars upon the
disks. This reference is very doubtful ; for, as seen above.

ULODKNDRON.

P. 401

these strobiles or bud scars are originally small, scarcely one
centimeter in diameter ; the buds or flowers which they re]3-
resent have been very early detached, and therefore the
large strobiles do not seem to have any relation to the en-
larged scars. They probably belong to Lepidodendron or
Lep idophlo los.

Uloden-dron commutatum, Schp., PL LXVI, Figs. 3, '2a.

Schp., Paleoni. veget., IT, p. 40, PI. LXIIT, f. 1-6.

Sagenaria Veltheimiana, (St.), Gem., Fil. d. Hayn. Kohlenbass, {ex
parte), p. 51, PL V,/. 1, 2, S. Schlumb. and Schp., Terr, de Trans. desVosges,
PL XXT.

The above synonymy is copied from Schimper, loc. cit.

Stem large; bolsters {decorticated) somewhat distant^ el-
liptical^ narrowed at both ends., slightly obtuse, convex,
carinate, marked by a central round impression ; disks
{of strobiles ) very targe, broadly oval or nearly round,
marked with the impressions of imbricating round scales.

The specimen represents the characters of the species as
far as known in a decorticated state. Schimper records in
the description of this species the characters of the leaves,
one and a half centimeters long, lanceolate, as they have
been seen by Geinitz, and those of the corticated bolsters,
taken from specimens referred by Goepj). and Gein. to Lep-
idodendron Veltheimianum. I have never seen another
specimen but the one figured here. F. 2a represents the
central point of the leaf scars much enlarged. The disks
do not show any central protuberence.

Habitat — Subconglomerate coal of Alabama, Helena
mines, communicated by Mr. T. H. Aldricli.

ULODETiTDKON MAJUS, LI. and Hutt., PI, LXVI, Figs. 3, 3a.

Ll. and Hutt., Foss. fi., I, PL V. Lesqx., GeoL of Penn\i, 1858, p. 875-
Schp., Paleoni. veget., II, p. 4I.

Phytolithus parmatus, Stemhauer, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., I, p. 286, PL
VII, f. 1.

Sigillaria Menardi, Lesqx., GeoL Rept. of ILL, II. p, 45O, PL XLIII.

Stem large ; leaf scars rhomboidal-peltate, or with the
loioer border rounded, marked, at the top, in well preserved
specimens, by transversely oval inside scars, with three
26 P.

402 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

vascular points ; decorticated holsters transversely rliom-
hoidal iDitJi the inside scars of the same form; disJcs of
strobiles large, round, generally umhonate in the middle
with the point of attachment slightly excentrical.

The leaf scars are small and, as far as seen from Ameri-
can specimens, always of the same size, one centimeter
from side to side, vertically six to seven millimeters. The
scars with their epidermis, as represented in the upper part
of f. 3a, are very rarely observed, the surface being gener-
ally erased or deprived of the cortex. They are more com-
monly represented as in the lower part of f. 3, or still more
generally with the outline border only, without inside scar.
On the under surface, the leaf scars are merely marked by
a punctiform small mamilla. The disks are large, either
marked by defaced leaf scars or by long parallel lines like
superposed linear leaves.

Among other American specimens seen of this species
one especially, No. 581 of Mr. R. D. Lacoe's collection, is
worth describing. It is evidently part of an old stem. The
branch scars are opposite, horizontally and vertically at the
same distance, sixteen centimeters, exactly circular, five
centimeters in diameter, rugose ; outside surface marked
nearly in the center by a round small protuberance sur-
rounded by smooth rings traversed by narrow striae. The
leaf scars are mostly like those figured in LI. and Hutt.,
but somewhat varied, not always half round at the base but
rhomboidal, enlarged, broader in the lower than in the
upper part, with the inside scars represented as in the lower
part of Atl., f. 3, or central, transversely rhomboidal, with
a single vascular scar in the middle. The surface is cut by
broad vertical keeled smooth ridges, some of Avhich, one and
a half centimeters broad and five to six millimeters high.
The leaf scars are however of the same size as in smaller
specimens.

Habitat — Colchester, Ills., coal above the conglomerate.
Pittston, Butler mine E, specimen described above. Sub-
conglomerate coal, Montevallo, Ala., Mr. T. 11. Aldrich.

ULODENDRO]^.

P. 408

llLODENDEOisr MINUS, LI. and Hid t., PI. LXVI, Fig. 1.

Ll. and Hutt., Foss.fi., 7", PL VI. St., Fl. d. Voriv., II, p. 185, PL XLV,
f. 5. Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 48.

Lepidodendron ornatissimum, Brgt., Hist. d. vcg.foss., II, PL XIX.

TJlododendron punctatuyn, St., FL d. Vorw., II, pj' 1^^^ XLV, f. 1.
Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 438.

Piiytolithus parmatus, Steinhaucr, Trans. Am. Phil. 80c. , p. PL Vf,
f.J.

Stems of small size ; dlslcs circular^ close^ leaf scars
small., upraised or convex^ rliomboidal^ marked in the
lower part hy a vertical short linear impression.

As I consider this species distinct from the following de-
scribed form, 1 have mentioned merely the synonyms Avhich
I refer to it.

As far as I have seen from numerous specimens, the stems
or bran^;hes vary from four to sixteen centimeters in width
in a more or less flattened state. The leaf scars upon all
have the same form as represented in the figure, and gener-
ally the same size, three to five millimeters only. The
scars of the strobiles are more variable in size, from one
to four centimeters in diameter, but always quite close to
each other mostly contiguous. The largest specimen which
came under my examination, a stem forty centimeters long,
fifteen centimeters broad, flattened to five centimeters in
thickness, has the disks nearly contiguous, four centimeters
wide, exactly round, and the leaf scars five millimeters
broad in both directions, while in the smallest stem, four
centimeters broad (flattened), the disks, also contiguous, are
thirteen millimeters broad and the leaf scars three millime-
ters. The same characters have been remarked upon all
the specimens examined ; sometimes however as in Atl., f.
1, there is between the scars a little vertical space. A pe-
culiar specimen representing the branches and the base of
a cone of this species is described in remarks on the Genus.
The specimen figured by Steinhauer, 1. c, has the same
characters.

Habitat — Abundantly found in the subconglomerate
measures of Alabama, Montevallo, communicated by Mr.
T. H. Aldrich. Tennessee, ^tna vein, specimens in Prof.

404 P. REPORT OF PROGRES>i. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Jas. Safford's collection. Pittstoii, in Mr. 11. I). Lacoe's
cabinet, from Brown Coliery E and Seneca vein F.

Ulodet^drox ellipticfm, St, PI. LXV, Figs. 2-^.

St., Fl. d. Voru'., II, p. 186, PI. XLV, f. 2. Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III.,
IV, p. 436, PI. XXII, f. 3 : XXIII, f. 1-3.

Lepidodendron ornatissimum, Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., II, PI. XVIII.
Vlodendron rainus, Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 42.

Stems large ; leaf scars rhomhoidal-ovate^ close., acumi-
nate and undulate at hoth ends ; or more or less distant,
merely acute, with intervals striate ; disks large, broadly
oval^ distant, irregularly dotted and rugose, or marked
hy simple lines radiating from a large umhonate center to
the borders.

The bolsters or leaf scars of this species are distantly
comparable to those of Lepidodendron Yeltheirriianum.
They are however much smaller, scarcely one centimeter
long, in the largest specimen, and five to six millimeters
broad. The inside scar is always small, and as seen upon
all the specimens examined, is marked in the middle by a
single large vascular scar only. What I have said in the
general remarks on this genus, in regard to the equal size of
the leaf scars in specimens, parts of trees of different ages,
is exemplified by the figures of this species ; f. 2, from a
younger stem, having the scars contiguous, but of a size
equal to those of f . 3 and 4, made from fragments which shows
the result of the increasing of the trees in the splitting of
the bark into large fissures and the wider space between
the leaf scars. The disks of this species are large, five
to seven centimeters long, three and a half to four and
a half centimeters broad, opposite (not alternate as in U.
minus), generally equidistant in both horizontal and verti-
cal directions, from eight to twenty centimeters apart upon
the specimens examined. I have never seen them marked
with a central mamilla as figured in Brgt., 1. c.

Habitat — It is common at Morris where no specimens of
U. minus have been found. Also not rare at Pittston.
Both collections of Mr. S. S. Strong and Mr. R. D. Lacoe
have splendid specimens of it. The last are from Brown's
colliery, E. vein.

ULODENDROI^.

P. 405

Ulodendron elongatum, Lesqx.^ PL LXV, Fig. 1.

Geol. Bept. of Ills., IV, p. 437, PL XXIII, f. 4.

Leaf scars dAstinctly rlioiiiboidal^ t wice as long as hroad,
acute at both ends^ margined ; inside scaurs exactly central,
small, transversely rliomboidal ; disJcs oval, large, dis-
, tant, pitted with oval impressions of leaves or rugo^, with
a distinct central unbonate mamilla. ^

This species may be a mere variety of the former. It
dilfers by the leaf scars narrower, margined, contiguous ;
by the inside scars exactly central, smaller, and the disks
narrower and longer. From tlie character of the bolsters,
this form bears to Lepidodendron rimosum the same re-
lation as the former does to L. Yeltheimianum. The disks
upon the specimens on hand are from four to eight centi-
meters long and only two to four centimeters broad, as far
distant as in U. ellipticum, and all are marked by three
concentrical zones diversely impressed by the scars of the
scales. This however is of no account as a character. The
specification is merely based upon the shape of the bolsters
contiguous upon all the specimens, and the more narrowly
oval form of the disks only half as broad as they are long.
As in the former species, the disks are opposite.

Habitat — Koof shale of the coal of Morris, Ills.

Ulodendkon i^ui^CTATUM, LI. and Ilutt., PI. LXV,
Figs. 5, 5a.

Bothrodendron punctatum, LI. and Hutt., Fos. Jl., II, PL LXXX and
LXXXI.

Ulodendron Lindleyanum, St., FL d. Vorw., II, p. 185, PL XLV, f. 4.
Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1S5S, p. 875. Schp., PaleonL Veget., II, p. 42.

Caulopteris? acanthophora, Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of III., IV, p. 458^ PL
XXVI,f.S and 4.

Leaf scars in corticated specimens punctiform, disposed
in quincnnxial order ; disks very large and distant,
marked with furrows radiating from an excentrical pro-
tuberance to the borders.

Most of the specimens of this peculiar species are very
large, with epidermis destroyed. Atl., f. 5, represents, in

406 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

about one sixth of size, a specimen formerly in possession of
Dr. Hildreth of Marietta ; f. 5a is the natural size of the bol-
sters which are finely preserved. Another specimen partly
figured a long time ago from the collection of Mr. Dill of
Newark, Ohio, has the disks fourteen centimeters long, ten
centimeters broad, the inside scars quite near the lower
borders and the surface of the intervals punctate. In the
cabinet of Prof. J. P. Lesley at the University of Pennsyl-
vania, there is a specimen of this species with disks quite
as large. It is decorticated. The smallest specimen seen
of the bolsters of the sj^ecies is described in the remarks on
the genus.

The form described as CauJopteris acantliopJiora^ 1.
c, is of very uncertain relation. It is represented by large
specimens of bark, always distinctly punctate and by
a branch two centimeters broad, Avith the surface equally
dotted by the base of hooked scales or leaves, some of them
still persisting upon the borders. I have seen specimens
twenty to thirty square centimeters and could never find
any distinct trace of the large scars either of Caulopteris
or of Ulodendron^ except a fragment showing part of a
border, which would indicate for the disk a diameter of ten
centimeters or more. The branch bears a semi-lunar impres-
sion which is indeed of a form analogous to that of the disks
of U. punctatum^ and the border of the large scar f. 3, is
marked with broad strise in right angle, exactly like those
of f. oa of our plate. The only dissent against this re-
lation is the irregular position of the leaf scars. These
hooked appendages may represent leaves spines or scales.
They have not as yet been observed upon any other frag-
ment. If these si^ecimens truly Te^veseni Bothrodendi^on
piinctatum, as I believe, they confirm the remark made in
the description of the genus in regard to the true nature of
the disks as branch scars. The semi-lunar impressions in
the upper part of these disks are related in shape to those
of Stemmatopteris . The Genus Bothodendron appears there-
fore to represent a group of arborescent plants intermediate
to the Lycoi3odiace?e and the Ferns.

Habitat — Mostly found in the conglomerate sandstone,

KNOKKIA. P. 407

base of tlie middle coal measures. I have seen an immense
fragment attached to the roof of a cave near Louisa river,
Ky. The locality of the large specimen of Prof. Ilildretli
is not mentioned on the labels. The small one is from Can-
nelton, Pa. The specimens described as Caulopterls acan-
thopliora^ in the Geol. Kept, of 111., are from Colchester
and Morris, 111.

Kl^ORRIA, St.

Trunks comred with elongated^ semi-conical or truncate
tubercles placed in spiral^ more or less imbricated^ leamng^
after falling off^ round convex marks ^ with a single vascu-
lar scar in the middle ; leaves long^ linear^ more or less
inflated at the base^ with a flat medial nerve.

Of the specimens representing this genus I have seen only
fragments with the persistent base of the leaves, like those
of Atl., PI. LXXiy, f. 14 and 15. The description of the
leaves is made from Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 45.

Brongniart does not consider as reliable or positive the
characters which separate Knorria from Lepidodendron, and
Goeppert identifies many of the species of Knorria of au-
thors with Lepidodendron Yeltheimianum. It is certain
that this Lepidodendron has sometimes, in a decorticated
state, conical obtuse bolsters which are similar to those of
Knorria. The same also is seen, less distinctly however,
upon sub-cortical scars of Sigillaria monostigma, Atl., PI.
LXXIII, f. 6. But these deformations are casual, while,
as remarked by Schimper and other authors, the peculiar
characters of Knorria are traceable through the successive
layers of the bark.

The species of this genus are rare in the American coal
measures.

Knokria imbricata, St., PI. LXXIY, Figs. H and 15.

Lepidolepis imbricata, St., Fl. d. Vorw., I, p. 89, PI. XXVII.

Knorria imbricata, St., ibid, p. 37. Goepp., Gatt., Ill, IV, PI. /, II, f. 2,
4. Koech., Schlumb. and Schp., Terr. d. trans, d. Vosges, p. S32, PL XIII.
Lesqx., Geol. Bept. of Ills. II, p. 457. Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 46. Heer ,
fl. d. Bdren, Isl., p. 4I, PL. X, f. 3; XI. '

K. longifolia, Goepp., Uebergsg.,p.l99, PI. XXX,/. 1, 2. Koech., Schlumb.
and Schp., I. c, p. 883, PI. XIV-XIX.

408 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

A". Schrammiana^ Goepp., I. c, p. SOI, PL XXX, f. 4. Koech., Schlumh .
and Schp., I. c , PL XIII, f. b.

K. acicularis, Goepp., L c, p. WO, PL XXX, /. S. Heer, Foss. fl. d.
Baren, JsL, p. 42, PL X,f. 6, 7.

Piniles pulviriaris and mughiformis, St., 1. c, II, p. 201, PL XLIX, f
7,5.

Diplotegiujii truncatum, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of Arks., II, p. 311, PL IV,
f.l.

Tubercles of the trunks semi-cylindrical, conical^ trun-
cate, or obtuse ; those of the branches small, papilliform,
all closely imbricated.

Besides the synonyms quoted above, Schimper enumer-
ates a number of others which show how uncertain are' the
determinations of tlie species of the genus. The two more
notable forms remarked from American specimens are fig-
ured, one without leaves or decorticated, f. 14, wdth conical
obtuse bolsters ; the other, f. 15, with the base of leaves
truncate, as they appear after their disruption from the
stem. Other specimens have the bolsters shorter and more
enlarged at the base, others have them acuminate and much
narrower, referable to K. acicularis, Goepp.

An instructive specimen of this last species is a small
stem, five and a half centimeters in diameter, flattened by
compression to two centimeters in thickness, the scars in
the middle of the stems being needle form, cylindrical,
acuminate, about one centimeter long, nearly two millime-
ters thick, and five millimeters distant in the spiral direc-
tion. This part exactly represents K. acicularis, as figured
by Goepp., Fl. d. Uebergsg, PI. XXX, f. 3. On both sides
of the stem, however, the scars disappear, first becoming
shorter, more enlarged, convex, similar to those of II.
Schraonmiana, Goep. ibid., f. 4, and nearer to the borders
they are effaced into concave small impressions, comparable
to those of a small Stigmaria, or to those of f. 5, same plate
described by Goepp. as Ancistrophyllum Stigmaricpfor-
mis. When the upper coaly layer covering the scars of the
specimens is taken out, the decorticated surface appears
closely punctate like shagreen.

Another specimen in Mr. R. D. Lacoe's collection, nearly
two meters in length, distantly dichotomous, forking twice

IIALONIA.

P. 409

in the whole length, thirty-five centimeters broad at its
broken base and there flattened to ten centimeters in thick-
ness, shows the scars more or less distinct, generally of the
same shape as in AtL, f. 14. After erasion of the bolsters,
the nnder-scars are small and oval. The same collection
has a large number of finely j)reserved specimens\of the
same species, all variable in size and obtained from different
localities around Pittston, where the vein of the Seneca
Coal Company is worked. The same characters are remarked
upon all of them, none showing any bolsters which could
indicate a relation to Lepidodendron Veltheimianum or any
other species of this genus.

Habitat — Sub- conglomerate coal of 111., Mercer Co.; of
Arks., etc. Lower coal strata in the Anthracite basin of
Penn' a ; Sharp mountain near Pottsville ; Seneca vein F
and Boston vein B, Pittston.

Haloi^ia, LI. and Hutt.

Stems of medium size, dichotomous ; cortex tuberculate ;
spaces intermediate to tlie tubercles marked loitli rliom-
boidal scars ; decorticated surface covered loitli punctiform
round or oval paplllce, obtuse or perforated in the center,
placed in spiral order.

The relative characters of the plants of this division, and
their api3ropriation, are still uncertain. The large tubercles,
placed in quincunxial order, are, as seen by our specimens,
either flattened and perforated at the top, or entirely cov-
ered, like the stems, with scars of scales or of leaves, and
obtuse at the top, without trace of perforations. Some
authors consider these tubercles as the inflated base of
leaves and the papillae of the surface as scars marking the
points of attachment of scales. It is not well possible to
understand the position of leaves distantly placed at the
top of tubercles sometimes very large, while, as seen PI.
LXXXYII, f. 1, (this volume) the stems bear contiguous
transversely rhomboidal scars like those of the leaves of
TJlodendron, the buds or tubercles being covered with these
scars, even to the top.

Mr. Binney, of Manchester, in his Observations on the

410 P, iip:port of progress, leo lesquereux.

structure of fossil plants of the Carboniferous^ Parfc III,
1812, after reviewing the opinions of the authors on the
nature of Halonia^ p. 82 to 89, concludes his researches on
the structure of the plants of this genus with the follow-
ing remarks :

"I have . always had a doubt that Lepidodendron had
the Stigmaria ficoides for its roots, such as was proved to
be the case with large ribbed and furrowed SigillaricB.
But I saw tlie probability of Mr. Dawes' views, that the
Halonia regularis might jirove to be the root of Lepido-
dendron^ both on account of its frequent bifurcation, and
on account of other characters quite independent of the
similarity in structure of the two plants.

The researches of Mr. Richard Brown and of Prof.
Schimper, led me to expect that Lepidodendron^ as well
as Knorrla^ had a stigmaroid root. My observations and
the specimens here described, led me to conclude that
Halonia regularis is tlie root of Lepidodendron Harcourti^
but not the root of Sigillaria^ that being, as before stated,
Stigmaria ficoides. ■ '

Prof. Williamson, exposing the result of his researches
upon the same kind of fossil plants, Manchester Phil.
Trans., June, 1871, arrives at different conclusions, p. 225.
1st. That the projecting tubercles of Halonia were confined
to the inner prosencliyma of the bark, but that they did
not appear in any marked form, if at all, save as a scar upon
the exterior of the plants."

2d. "That Halonia and TJlodendron are in close rela-
tionship, and that there is abounding proof that the tuber-
cles had nothing to do with the ordinary branches of this
plant ; and that, therefore, nothing remains with which we
can associate them, but strobiles. And with these, says
the author, I believe them to have been connected."

Prof. Schimper, who had already briefiy exposed the
same opinion in his Paleont. veget. II, p. 52, reviews the
subject again, (ibid.. Ill, p. 541-543,) supporting especially
his opinion on the character of a well preserved specimen
of Halonia {Cyclocladia) discovered by Feistmantel, in
Bohemia, as seen from the figure of a fragment in Schp.

HALON^IA.

P. 411

loc. cit., PL CYIII, f. 11. The xVmerican specimen de-
scribed below as Halonia tuberculata, is in afar better
state of preservation as are also those from which the other
species of Halonia have been established. They appear
to represent the characters of these tubercles like those of
the disks of Ulodendron, as being sometimes mere advent -
ive buds of branches, or sometimes base of strobiles.

The vegetable fragments referable to Halonia are limited
to the Carboniferous formations and represent few species
in always scarce, rarely well preserved specimens.

I refer to fhis genus two species of an intermediate type
uniting the characters of Cyclocladla and Ulodendron.

Halonia tuberculata, Brgt,, Fl. LXXIV, Fig. 9 ;
LXXXVII,/. 1.

Geol. Rept, of 111,, IV, p. 451, PL XXIX,f. 1. Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss.,
II, PL XXVIII, f. 1-3 {not described.)

H> regularis, LI. and HutL, Foss.Jl., Ill, PL CCX XVIII.
Cyclocladia ornata (SL), Gold.,flor. 8arra}p.,/oss., I, p. 20, PL III,/- 11,

Tubercles large, disposed in quuicunxlal or spiral order
at regular distance, button lUce, conical-obtuse, open, ir-
regularly deeply grooved at the top, or more acute, entire
and closed; leaf scars obscurely transversely rftomboidal ;
decorticated surface punctate:

The tubercles of our specimen are a little larger than
those in Brongniart's figures, 1. c, a result of the difference
in the size of the branches. But the character^ are exactly
the same. The French author represents the top of the tu-
bercles as irregularly pitted around tlie central part wdiich
in some of them is marked by a large round scar.

Halonia regularis, LI. and Hutt., 1. c, has the tubercles
longer more acute and apparently closed at the top. The
branches are also smaller and the size of the tubercles may
correspond to that of the stems. It may be however a dif-
ferent si)ecies. But evidently H. tortuosa of the English
authors is not identifiable to H tuberculata of Brgt., which,
like the American specimen from which my figure was
made, represents the decorticated fragments of Cyclocladia
ornata. Gold., 1. c. Traces of scars of leaves are still

412 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX-

seen on the right side of the stem, AtL, f. 9^ near its base.
They are transversely rhomboidal outlines, too obscure to
give positive evidence of their attribution.

But the survey has recently obtained a most beautiful
specimen of the cortex of this species with the leaf scars
perfectly distinct. It is an impression into a very soft
grained sandstone. A i^art of it is here figured from a cast
made in order to have the tubercles in relievo and to more
distinctly see the characters of the branch.

The tubercles, about two centimeters broad at the base,
are button like, one centimeter high, truncate at the top
into a circular smooth space one centimeter in diameter,
hollowed into an obconical depression closed by a ring, two
millimeters in diameter, surrounding a semi-globular pa-
pilla, perforated by a central point. In some of the tuber-
cles the circular depressions or rings deepen to the center,
making thus a central obconical cup without trace of per-
forations at its base. The intervals between the tubercles
are not large, vertically one and a half centimeters, deeply
marked by transversely rhomboidal leaf scars which be-
come irregular on the side of the tubercles, but are per-
fectly distinct up to the circular flattened top which they
surround. These leaf scars average five millimeters in
diameter and two vertically. They are dotted in the mid-
dle of their smooth surface by a point or vascular scar.
The deeply impressed borders between them are one milli-
meter broad.

The identity of this specimen, or of Cyclocladia ornata,
Gold., to H. tuber culata^ Brgt., as far at least as the species
is represented by the author, 1. c, PI. XXVIII, f. 1, 2, can-
not be doubted. For the fragments of cortex left upon the
specimen of that f . 2 have the surface traced by enlarged
rhomboidal leaf scars. F. 3, however, may belong to a dif-
ferent species. Though it may be, the specimen from Illi-
nois which was described as H. tuberculata f AtL, PI.
LXXIV, f. 9, is identified with the one recently found in
Penn' a, which is evidently the same as Cyclocladia ornata^
Gold. The German author has also represented the leaf
scars on a fragment of the bark on the left corner near the

P. 413

base of his figure, 1. c. In this species the tubercles appear
to represent tiie base of fruit or flower bearing cones.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate coal measures, Chester co.,
111. The fine specimen mentioned above was found three
miles south of Oil City, Venango co., Penn'a, at the base of
the conglomerate sandstone. Communicated by^Mr. II.
Martyn Chance.

Halonia tortuosa, Schp.. PI. LXT, Figs. 1-2.

Schp,, Paleont. veget., (excl. syn.), II, p. 54, PI. LXVI, f. 1 ayid 2. Eichw.,
Leth. Boss., I, p. 148, PL XI, f. I-4.

Stems smaller ; tubercles in quincunxial order or alter-
nate in vertical rows., variable i)i distance, small, lialf
globular, perforated in the center ; cortex marked by trans-
versely rliomboidal leaf scars (as seen in Schp., f. 1, 2,
copied from Eicliwald) ; surface under the cortex dotted
by small round smooth papillce.

The two figures of our plate represent both sides of the
same specimen. It is a stem, three centimeters in horizon-
tal diameter, flattened to two centimeters in vertical thick-
ness, dichotomous, with branches in an open angle of di-
vergence. The upper surface bears two parallel rows of
tubercles, nearly alternate, one and a half centimeters dis-
tant, and the lower surface also two rows, placed near the
borders, more distant, or a little more than two centimeters
apart. This difference in the horizontal distance of the tu-
bercles, the oval circumference of the stem, and the position
of the tubercles near the borders on the lower side, which is
nearly flat in the middle, prove that the stem has not been
flattened by compression, but that it is in its original shape
and that its natural position was not vertical but hori-
zontal or prostrate, and that therefore we have here a frag-
ment of a plant growing and expanding its branches upon
the ground. The broad angle of their divergence already
indicates this disposition.

This character seems to conflrm the opinion of Binney on
the nature of these plants which he regards as the roots of
Lepidodendon or Ulodendron. But against this hypothe-
sis, we have, as remarked by Schimper, the evidence of leaf

414 P. KKPORT OF PKOGRESS. Li:0 LKSQUEREUX.

scars covering the space between the tubercles. It is not
necessary to consider these plants as roots, but as pri-
mordial stems, growing and expanding horizontally upon the
ground. In this case, as StigmarlcB, which £i,re the creeping
primordial stems of Slgillaria^ partake in their structure
of some of the characters of this last genus, the primordial
stems of Ulodendron or Lepidodendron might equally well
as creeping stems represent the lirst mode of life of plants
of these Genera, and have some of the characters which
appear later more distinct and modified in erect or standing
trees. The same consideration may be brought to mind in
reading the description of the other fragments referable to
this genus.

The tubercles of this sj)ecies, as far as known, are not
impressed with any traces of leaf scars. They are entirely
smooth. The central vascular scar is very distinct ; but re-
markably enough, when the tubercles are partly or totally
cut or destroyed by erosion, the round smooth surface
left in their place is without point or trace of vascular scar.
This is seen upon the specimen figured here as well as upon
those rei^resented by Eichwald. This fact might, per con-
tra, explain the opinion of Prof. Williamson, which sup-
posed that the tubercles were merely subcortical.

It is not possible to doubt that this species is the same
as that described by Schimper and Eichwald, 1. c. But

H, tortuosa, LI. & Hutt., II, PI. LXXXY, is a different
plant, rather referable to II. dichotoma^ Gold. Flor. SarrjBp.,

I, p. 20, PI. Ill, f. 12, which has the leaf scars vertically
rhomboidal, the branches nearly in right angle to the stems,
or not really dichotomous, the tubercles in irregular posi-
tion, all characters remarked in both LI. & Hutt. and Gold,
figures.

Habitat — The specimen, kindly communicated by Mr.
Mr. Wm. Gifford, was found in a bed of sandstone toward
the base of the coal measures, Peoria Co., Ills.

Halonia (Ulodexdrox) Ma:n^sfieldi, f^p. nor).. PI.

LXVII, f. 9., 2a.
Stem small^ flexuous^ dichotomous witli diverging

IIALONIA.

P. 415

hrancltes ; tubercles umhoiiate, omte-ohtitse, directed up-
loards, entirety covered, with teaves^ as seen by the im-
pressions of their scars, lohich are broadly transversely
rhomboidal, marked in the center by an oval mamilla sur-
rounding a vascular point.

That this fragment should be referred to Ulo^endron
rather than to Halonia, is possible. I am unable to decide.
It has the leaf scars of Ulodendron majus, with a central
mamilla and vascular scar like those of U. commutatuni ;
but the tubercles are evidently buds of branches which
cannot be compared to the disks of TJ lodendron, and are
rather like the tubercles of Halonia. These adventive buds
of branches are about one centimeter long, nearly as large
at the base, oblique to the main etem, marked with leaf
scars to the top, which is without trace of perforation.
The figure is copied from an impression of the stem, into
pure Cannel coal. It has preserved all the details of the
configuration as distinctly as if the specimen had been
cast in plaster. TJie cavities of the surface are impressions
of buds of the stems driven into the soft mould, and, of
course, similar to those of the border. The stem is two and
a half centimeters in diameter, half cylindrical, oval in
its cross section, narrowed at the base, as are also the
branches at the forking, wherefrom they gradually increase
upward in thickness. The branch, diverging nearly in
right angle, is short, cut at its top into four unequal obtuse
lateral lobes like buds or branchlets irregularly disposed.

Considering the whole fragment and its characters, it is
scarcely possible to doubt that we have here, still more dis-
tinctly represented than in the former species, part of a creep-
ing stem, or of a plant growing and expanding horizontally
and flat upon the ground in the mud of the swamps. The
adventive buds covered with leaf-scars, the irregular divis-
ions of the lobes of the left branch, which resemble those of
a rhizoma, cannot leave any doubt on the subject. The buds
might represent sympodia upon these primordial stems,
organisms which, continued and more fully developed,
become fertile branches upon the fruiting or erect trunks of

416 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Ulodendron and Halonia. I consider them in that way
and believe, *as said above, that we have here, not roots,
but primordial stems, bearing to Lycopodlacece the same
relation as Stlgmaria bears to Sigillaria.

I have of this species a much smaller branch, only one and
a half centimeters in diameter, a fragment in pyrite, with
the scars and buds in relievo. It has the same characters as
the large specimen. The buds or tubercles are not placed
in regular order.

Habitat — Cannelton, Pa. Communicated by Mr. I. F.
Mansfield.

Halonia (Ulododendron) flexuosa, Gold.^ PI. LXI,

Fig. 3.

Ulodendro7i Jlexuosum, Gold., Flor. Sarrcep., I, PI. II, f. 10 {not de-
scribed).

Stem small^ Jlexuous between the tubercles, which are al-
ternate and lateral ; corticated leaf -scars vertically rJiom-
boidat^ represented under the cortex by oval, acute, small
papillcB, each with a distinct vascular point.

The specimen which I refer to this species is a cylindrical
branch two and a , half centimeters in diameter and thus
much smaller than the one figured by Goldenberg, which is
eight centimeters broad. The characters seem however to
be the same, at least from the position of the tubercles and
the decorticated leaf -scars. In my specimen the top of the
tubercles is conical, obtuse, without any central scar; while
in Goldenberg' s figure, it is represented as flattened, with
a disciform cicatrice, like the disks of Ulodendron. This
difference is probably caused by difference of age. The de-
scription of the leaf-scars upon the cortex is taken from
Goldenberg' s specimen, my own being entirely decorticated.

No description is made of the species by the author. He
merely remarks in table of explanation of the plates, I, p.
37, that one sees, from the specimen figured, how the genus
Ulodendron represents the forms of Lepidodendron by anal-
ogy of dichotomous divisions in the plants of both genera.

Habitat — Pittston, seen in Mr. R. D. Lacoe's collection,
No. 582.

IIALONIA.

P. 417

Haloxta pulchella, Lesqx., PI. LXI, Fig. 5.

Geol. Rept. of Arks., II, p. Sll, PI. III,/. 3.

Cyclostigma pulchellum, Schp., Paleont. Veget., Ill, p. 541.

Stem small^ cylindrical; scars small ^ semi-sjplierical^
close^ in spiral order.

The stem is simple, thirteen millimeters in diameter, cyl-
indrical, and of the same size in its whole length. The
small half globnlar smooth tubercles, a little more than one
millimeter broad, are separated by equal smooth intervals
of about the same width. The branch bears in the middle
a deep irregular nearly semi-lunar scar, of a character anal-
ogous to those of Ulodendron pimctatum and may be a
branch -scar.

Schimper refers this fragment to Cyclocostigma^ a refer-
ence which seems to disagree on account of the large disk-
like scar. Halonia gracilis^ LI. and Hutt., Foss. fl., II,
PL LXXXVI, represents a simple stem of the same size, with
leaf scars rhomboidal upon the cortex, and distant semi-
lunar branch-scars, like the one marked on AtL, f. 5. The
difference therefore is merely in the form of the leaf-scars
which are apparently decorticated upon my specimen.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate Coal measures of Arkansas,
Male's coal bank, middle fork of White river. One speci-
men only.

Halonia secreta, Sp. non., PI. LXVII, Fig. 1.

Stem of medium size ; tubercles in regular spiral order^
equidistant^ transversely oval., covered with a thin hard^
convex smooth cortex ; subcortical scars rhomhoidal-oval^
inflated on the borders^ marlced upon the central narrow
depression by three round vascular points ; surface of the
stem smooth or irregularly dotted.

The fragment of stem, originally cylindrical, is thirty
centimeters long, four and a half centimeters broad, re-
duced by compression to a thickness of about one centime-
ter. The tubercles are all of equal size, one centimeter in
horizontal, eight millimeters in vertical direction. Their
surface is a hard stony pellicle or bark, slightly convex,
27 P.

418 P. RE1»0RT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

elevated in tlie center about tAvo millimeters above the bor-
ders, smooth like the stem, whicli is merely irregularly
dotted by distant points or small rugosities. Under the cover
or upper layer of bark of the tubercles, tliere is a deep
cavity generally tilled with carbonaceous powder easily
taken out, and the bottom is a broadly transversely rliom-
boidal scar inflated on the borders (f. la enlarged), dotted
with three vascular j)oints like those of the inside scars
of Lepiclodendron. The disposition of the scars is per-
fectly concordant in the whole length of the stem of which
the part figured is merely a fragment ; their distance is also
exact] 3^ the same, about one centimeter from center to cen-
ter in the direction of the spiral in 5 — 11.

I do not know indeed to what group of the Lycopodiocece
of the coal this plant or stem is more positively referable.
The tubercles have somewhat the form of those of Halonia;
the subcortical scars resemble, as seen above, the inside
scars marking the point of attachment of leaves of Lepi-
dodendron ; but they are not on the surface, the hard cortical
layer covering them all being evidently part of the plant and
truly organic ; hence we have here a kind of stricture which
might rejDresent a rhizoma with some of the organs of the
plants in an adventive undeveloped state. This confirms
Prof. Williamson's opinion exposed above that the project-
ing tubercles of Halonia were confined to the inner paren-
chyma of the bark, as seen in the fragment or species which
he had for examination.

Habltai—1 owe the communication of the specimen fig-
ured to Mr. Wm. Gitford. It was found Avith other frag-
ments of the same plant above coal vein No. 6, Peoria co.,
111.

Lepidopiiloios, St.

LomatopJiloios, Corda, ex parte.

Stems arborescent^ erect., loitli four ranked brandies dis-
posed in spiral order ; leaves coriaceous^ linear^ long and.
narrow., toiih a thick medial nerce^ hearing at base thick
suberect or recurred bolsters inflated in the upper part

LEPIDOPIILOIOS.

P. 419

andy dotted with small xascular points. Leaf -scars trans-
Dersely rliomhoidal^ marlced liorizontally hyiliree vascidar
scars^ minutelif pajpillose under the cortex.

The specimens of this genus obtained until now from
American coal measures are rare and not well i)r|?served,
none of them with leaves. I have therefore copied the
above diagnosis from Schimper, (Paleont. veget., II, p. 49,)
who has had for examination tlie splendid materials repre-
senting this genus, obtained and partly figured and de-
scribed by Goldenberg, Fl. Sarrjep., Ill, p. 25-40, PI. XIV-

From the remarkable works of this last author is derived
the following elucidation : The plants of this genus differ
from those of Lepidodendron by a four ranked ramilica-
tion ; by very thick foliaceous appendages or bolsters, open
or turned backward, so that the leaf-scars appear to be
placed at the lower part. These apx)endages, inversely im-
bricated, were apparently thick or succulent with a coriace-
ous epidermis. In most of the specimens especially in those
which are flattened by compression, this epidermis is pre-
served in the form of transversely rliomboidal scales, irreg-
ularly cut on the borders, imbricated downward from top
to base and marked in the middle by a small round or tri-
angular scar (Atl. PI. LXYIII, f. 2, 9a), often erased. It
is on this mode of preservation that Sternberg has estab-
lished his genus. Corda has seen a generic character in the
persistence of the foliaceous bolsters remaining entire in
one of his species and on this based his genus Loniatophloios
to which the genus Pachyphlceus. Goepp., syst., p. 433, PI.
XLIII, is also referable.

Corda considers the transversely ribbed cylinders de-
scribed under the name of Artisia or Sternbergia as the
medullar axis of Lomatophloios or stems deprived of the
vascular envelope. Prof. Williamson has observed the same
kind of organism in stems of Dadoxyloii and Prof. Daw-
son in those of Devonian conifers. It will be seen, in the
description of Cordaites that transversely ribbed cylinders
of the same characters also represent the central axis of
these plants. I have never found any specimen of Artisia

420 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

in connection with plants of other vegetable groups. of the
Coal measures than Cordaites and have described them with
this genus, Atl., PL LXXIX, f. 3. Grand' Eury has also
seen them and abundantly with the same plants.

I have figured and described here the scars on the bark
of LepidopJiloios with the scales turned down or below the
impression of the leaf scars as they are generally seen upon
the fragmentary specimens which I have had opportunity to
examine.

Lepidopiiloios crassicaulis, Corda.

Lomatophloios crassicaulis, Corda., Beitr., p. 18, PL I-V. /St., Fl. d.
Voriv., II, p. 206, PI. LXVI,f. 10-U; L XVIII, f. 20. Gold., Fl. Sarrcep.
foss.. Ill, p. 26, PL XIV, f. 7 -2 If.

Lepidopiiloios crassicaulis, Heer, Fl./oss. Helv., IV, p. 40, PL XXI, f. 2
{medullar cylinder). Stur, Calm, fl., p. S37, PL XIX, f. 2 (bolsters and
leaves). Sehp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 50, PL LX, f. 13, I4.

Zamitcs Cordai, St., I. c, p. 196, PL LV.

Tithiraalites biformis, St., ibid, p. 205, PL Llll^f. 1-6 (medullar cylinder).
Sternbergia approximata, Brgt., Prodr. (medullar cylinder).

Bolsters of the base of leaves elongated^ persistent^ im-
bricated ; leaves long., linear^ acute, carinate on both sides,
or, in the cross section, trans oersely rhomboidal or alate ;
scars rhomboidal, narrowed and elongated to the base.

I have not seen the leaves of this species. The specimen
which I describe represents the bolsters, base of the leaves
and the stem.. These bolsters are exactly as figured by
Corda, Sternberg and Scliimper, loosely imbricated, ob-
scurely rhomboidal-oval, cut or emarginate at the top by
the base of the leaf-scars. The stem is corticated, five centi-
meters broad ; the cortical cylinder, aboiit one centimeter
thick, covers the upper part of the specimen, w^hile de-
stroyed as it is on the lower part, the internal cylinder is
there exposed in its whole length. The decorticated surface
is marked by obscurely rhomboidal inflations, correspond-
ing in position to that of the leaf-scars, and is irregularly
wrinkled lengthwise, like the stem f. 2a in Corda, loc. cit.,
which however has no trace of rhomboidal leaf-scars.

Now this central cylinder is flattened to one centimeter
in thickness and does not show trace of any other internal

LEPIDOPIILOIOS.

P. 421

subdivision or pitli, the whole being compact clay-shale as
composing the true medullar cylinder. Therefore if I have
to rely on the characters of this sj)ecimen, the transversely
ribbed cylinders referred by Corda to Lomatoplilolos and
after him by the authors (except Sternberg), do not be-
long to the genus. Corda has described, PL y,*a stem
whose outside characters, leaf scars, etc., are not marked
and which may represent a different kind of plant. Stern-
berg, 1. c, describes and figures three transversely ribbed
stems as Ttthimalltes 1) If or mis ^ 1. c. Goldenberg describes
and figures them from stems which he considers as those of
L. crassicauUs all of them however without the supercort-
ical organisms, leaves or bolsters. Neither Heer, Stur, no-
Grand 'Eury say anything on the subject. It would indeed
be remarkable if Lomatoplilolos which by the characters of
the fructification is evidently referable to the Lycopodiacece
should have an internal structure similar or analogous
to that of the Cordaites which as seen by their fructifica-
tions are evidently of a far different class of plant.

Habitat — My specimen is from the roof shale of Morris,
111., kindly presented by Mr. S. S. Strong. The internal
cylinder generally referable to this species is rare in our
coal measures, except at Cannelton, Pa., as pith of Cordaites.
A specimen in the Museum of Comp. Anatomy of Cam-
bridge, L. 23, is from Carbondale ; another in Mr. R. D.
Lacoe's cabinet is from Pittston. I have received one also
from Montevallo Coal mines, Ala. (subcarboniferous) by
Mr. T. H. Aldrich, and seen one in the collection of Mr.
Gurley of Danville, Inda., locality not indicated. No re-
mains of Artisia have been found at Morris or Mazon Creek,
where specimens with bark and leaf-scars of Lepldoplilolos
have been found, and no fragment of bark of species of
this genus has been obtained from Cannelton where Artisia
specimens abound.

Lepidoptiloios auuiculattis, Lesqx., PI. LXYIII, Fig. 3.

Geol. Rept. of 111., IV, p. 430, PI. XXX, f. 1. Schp., Palcont. vegct., Ill,
p. 537.

Scales large, thick, broadly rhomhoidal ia outline, round-

422 P. r.EPORT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ed ill both the vpper and lower pai% imhricaUng on tlie
horders, very smooth; leaf -scars transversely narrowly
rlioviboldal and acuminate on the sides, obtuse at the top^
angular at the base.

The bolsters (taken altogether) measure three centimeters
laterally and two and a half from the base. The leaf-scars
are com2:)aratively narrow, one centimeter wide laterally and
only three to four millimeters in vertical directiou, with the
vascular point mostly indistinct. These large bolsters are
often found separate, always preserving with the leaf-scars
their forms and relative jiosition. It is therefore diificult
to understand them as composed of an impression of the
base of leaves represented by the top leaf-scar, with over-
turned scales which, as seen in the si:)lendid figure of Gold-
enberg, originally attached as horizontal to the scars, have
been turned back and compressed. This however has noth-
ing to do with the characters described.

This .species is much like the large scars of L. laricinus^
St., in Gold., 1. c, PI. XYI, f. 1, from a specimen which this
author considers as derived from the base of a large trunk.
The scales of the American species are broader, shorter, more
obtuse at the base.

The name of L. auriculatus w\as given to this species on
account of a Lepidophyllum (blade and sporange), wdiich
I considered referable to the same plant, as it was found
associated with the large scales, as seen Geol. Rex>t. of 111.,
PL XXiy, f. 1, which represents fragments of Lepidoden-
dron Tijoui, one separate bolster of this Lepidophloios, and
a Lepidophylluni auricnJaium. I remarked in the first
description, 1. c, that this might be a fragment of a large
cone.

Habitat — Shale of the coal of St. John, 111.

Lepidopitloios lap.icinus, St.

Gold., Flor. Sarra'p. foss., 3, p. 30, PL III, f. 14; XV, /. 11-13: XVI, f,
1-8. .ScIi2->., Paleont. Yegct., II, p. 51, PL LIX, f. 4; LX, f. 11.

Lepidodendron laricinum, St., Fl. d. Voriv., 1, p. 23, PI. XI, f. 2, 3, 4.

Ilalonia punctata {LI. ct Ilutt.), Gein., Verst.,p. 38, PI. Ill.f. IG. {fide
Schp).

Lepidophyllum majus, Brgt., Prodr. {fid". Gold.)

Scales compressed^ ; bolsters transversely oval {including

LEPIDOPITLOIOS.

P. 423

the leaf -scars), narrowed and acute at the sides ; leaf -scars
small, of the same form, marlcedwith three distinct xascu-
lar points.

The characters of this species are so very diversified, Uc-
cording to the parts of the stem represented by the speci-
mens, either as corticated or subcorticated, or according to
the m'ore or less complete compression of the scales and
their more or less integrate preservation, that it is very dif-
ficnlt to give a clear definition of it. The American sj)eci-
mens referred to it are mere fragments, and so deficient
that I cannot positively say if any of them trnly represent
the species. .These fragments have the bolsters (scales and
leaf-scars) smaller than those of AtL, PI. LXVIII, f. 2 ; the
scales distinctly carinate in the middle ; the leaf-scars more
definitely rliomiboidal, measuring vertically three to five
millimeters, and laterally five to seven. The four angles are
distinct, not rounded, the lateral ones more acute or acumi-
nate. The leaf-scar is marked by three vascular points in
horizontal line, and the scales elongated and acute at the
lower end.

HaMtat — Shale of the Morris coal, not rare, (bark and
bolsters) ; over Jackson's shaft coal, Ohio, Prof. E. B. An-
drews. Pittston, Pa., Mr. James. An obscure specimen
from the subconglomerate coal of Alabama, is referable to
this species, or to L. macrolepi dolus. This form is rep-
resented in the State Cabinet of 111. by specimens from Mer-
cer county, also subconglomerate.

Lepidophloios obcordatus, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 457, PL XLI, f.l, 21 Schp., Paleont. Vcget.,
II, p. 52.

Bolsters (Jjase of leaves) linear, sligldly enlarged to the
hroadly rhomhoidal point of attachment, carinate in the
middle ; decorticated scars subcordiform in their natural
omrturned state, rounded on the sides and base, overtopped
hy a hutton-like small mamilla corresponding to the leaf-
scars, distant.

The scales are seven millimeters broad at the lower part,

424 P. REPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

where they become iiarrower in rounding to the point of
attachment five millimeters, where they are broken, twelve
millimeters from the base, distinctly carinate, punctulate
on 'the surface. The decorticated scars are only five milli-
meters in vertical direction, including the top mamilla, and
seven millimeters wide horizontally.

I referred with doubt to the same species a corticated
fragment, f. 2, which bears large rhomboidal impressions
twelve millimeters broad, seven millimeters vertically, with
a small mamilla at the upper angle ; the sides are acute, the
lower border obtuse or half round.

The reference is uncertain, as the specimen seems to repre-
sent a corticated fragment of the former species, much like
the one in Schj)., Paleont. Veget., PI. LIX, f. 4.

Ilahitat — Duquoin coal. 111. ; same horizon as the St.
John's coal.

Lepidopiiloios macrolepidotus, Gold. — PI. LXYIII^

Fig. 2.

Gold., Flor. Sarroep., Ill, p. 87, PI. XIV, f. 25. Schp., Paleont. Veget.,
II, p. 52.

Bolsters imbricating at the base, a little tumescent, ob-
tusely curved on the sides ; leaf -scars transversely rhom-
boidal; vascular scars three, the middle one somewhat
lower ; scales marked i)i the middle by a small round
mamilla.

The bolsters are one and a half centimeters, from side to
side, and a little more than one centimeter vertfcally in-
cluding the leaf-scar, rounded in the upper part, elongated
and acuminate to the base. The leaf-scars are narrow, four
millimeters vertically, eight to nine millimeters transverse-
ly, rather oval, narrowed and acuminate at the sides.

There is scarcely any difference between the characters
indicated by our figure and those in Goldenberg's. The
bolsters are slightly smaller and less infiated in the Ameri-
can specimen.

Habitat — It is represented by a fragment, No. 117, in Mr.
Gurley's collection. Grape creek, 111.

LEPIDOPHLOIOS.

P. 425

LEPrDOPIlLOlOS SIGILLAKIOIDES, nO'li.^ PI. LXVIII^

Figs. 8, 8a.

Scars distant^ rhomholdal^ acute at the top and the sides^
the base rounded ; vascutar points simpte, conicat^ marked
in the middle of the lower border of tJte leaf- scar s.%

This may represent merely the leaf-scars of a decorticated
specimen. The surface of the fragment is smooth, the scars
or bolsters distant, one centimeter broad, six millimeters
vertically. The bolsters are divided into two parts by a
deep curved line, parallel to the lower border, which forms
a small leaf ? scar, two millimeters high, five broa^i, with a
single conical vascular scar placed in the middle of the line.
If this small rhomboidal top scar represent that of a leaf,
the lower part would be the scale, and of course the figure
like the others of this species, should be seen overturned.
No species of this genus is represented with bolsters as dis-
tant. Except this, the characters refer the fragment to a
Lepidophloios.

Habitat — Clinton, Mo. Communicated by Mr. I. H.
Britts.

Lepidophloios pp.otuberat^s, Lesqx.^ VI. LXVIIL
Figs. 9, 9a.

Geol. Rept. of 111., IV, p. 440, PL XXVI, f. 1 and 2. Schp., Paleont.
veget., Ill, p. 537. ^ \

Cortex thicJc^ striate lengthwise ; scars raarlced upon it
by a thicTi protuberance of coal liJce a proboscis ; bolsters
{decorticated) ovate, enlarged below the middle, narrowed,
downwards to a truncate acumen ; leaf -scars rhomboidal,
rounded at the base, mamillate under it, acute at the sides,
more prolonged and acuminate to the top ; vascular scars
three ; the middle one a little higher, toith a small trian-
gular scar above it.

Since the first description, 1. c, I have had opportun-
ity to see other specimens of the same species. Except that
sometimes the cortex is deprived of the button-like pro-
tuberances, from which the species was named, the essen-
tial characters are marked upon all. The bolsters are rarely

426 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUF:REUX.

seen in their integrity, being often half imbedded into the
stone, and the upi^er part covered by coal or other inorganic
matter. "F. da rei)resents them in a good state of preserva-
tion. The scales measure, in the more enlarged part below
the middle, one and a lialf centimeters and are hence rap-
idly contracted downward into a short truncate cauda.
From its extremity to the round base of the leaf-scar, they
are one and a half centimeters in vertical line, and the scars
half a centimeter in the same direction. The mark above
the three vascular points is a triangular impression, rarely
distinct. From the mamilla under the leaf -scars there is a
smooth circular expansion from which diverge narrow
wrinkles flabellate to the borders. These also are rarely
distinguishable.

Ilahitat — Shale of the coal at Morris, Mr. S. S. Strong ;
not rare there, but not found elsewhere.

Lepidopiiloios iciithyoderma, A^p. noT).^ PI. LXYIIL

Fig. 10.

Tuhercles distant, uinbonate, hroadly transversely oval.,
marked with a small rliomholdal top or central scar, sur-
rounded at the base and' on the sides by linear truncate
deciduous scales.

The relation of this fragment is very uncertain. It should
perhaps have been described with Halonia, as by its broad
oval scar it has some likeness to H. secreta. I was at first
disposed to omit its description, supposing that it might
represent the scaly skin of some fish. But the regular
spiral order of the convex tubercles is against this suppo-
sition. The oval tubercles, two centimeters in diameter on
one side and one and a half on the other, are somewhat
distant, half a centimeter in the direction of the spiral,
slightly convex, mammillate in the center, covered on the
sides with linear truncate scales, two to three millimeters
broad, half a centimeter long, which, either glued on the
borders or free, appear to become separated from the disks
and reflexed backwards, leaving their scars upon the disks
and covering the intervals. The characters, as seen upon

LEPIDOPIILOIOS.

P. 427

the specimen which is very distinct, are exactly represented
in tlie figure. This might be perhaps the corticated state of
a sx)ecies of Ancistrophyllum, Goepp. ?

Sturr, in Culm Flora, PI. XXIII, f. 5, has figured a frag-
ment which seems to belons; to the same kind of vegetable
organism. It bears upraised mamilhe much smaller than
those of our specimen, but the difference is, as in all the
species of Lepidodendron^ merely of age. The small bol-
sters, five to six millimeters in diameter, exactly circular,
appear covered on the sides by linear scales or their im-
pressions. They are mostly and irregularly truncate at the
top, some of them bearing three vascular scars in irregular
position. On his specimen, which Dr. Sturr places with
Lepidodendron Yolkmannianum^ he remarks, 1. c, p. 291:
"As an addition to L. Volkmannianum^ I have figured a
very remarkable Lepidodendron^ which is too fragmentary
to allow me to describe it as a new species. The bolsters,
sex)arated by 8 shaped rugose continuous furrows, bear
upon a round mamilla, an irregular small flat surface
marked by three vascular points. The leaf scars are finely
pitted, the medial line is under the vascular scars and gen-
erally short, rounded, etc."

The peculiar character of the elevated mamilla is not re-
marked upon. I believe that in comparing both the figure
of the Atlas and that of Dr. Sturr, 1. c, the analogy even
identity of characters will be fully recognized. My sj)eci-
men is a fragment of bark of an old stem. The top of the
bolsters rex)resent leaf-scars, the vascular inqiressions have
been totally erased or covered up by the compression of
the borders.

Habitat — ^Tloof shale of Morris coal ; communicated by
Mr. S. S. Strong.

FiiucTiFicATioNs OF Lepidopitloios ? Fl. LXYIII, Figs.

1, 6, r, 71).

Agglomerations of spores at the base of imbricating
large blades^ attached to broadly rliomboidal upraised
tumescent scars ; spores covered either by the base of the
blades., but more probably bij a kind of indusium glued to

428 P. PwEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

their under side ; blades or bracts oblong^ narrowed at the
point of attachment^ apparently long, lanceolate, with a
broad medial nerve ; spores large, one millimeter in diam-
eter, agglomerated together without apparent order of dis-
^ position, easily detached in groups, circular, toith an in-
flated border when compressed, or generally globular on
one side, triangular on the other ^ the lines of the angles
being distinct though somewhat effaced by compression.

The specimen shows only what is represented, f. 6. F. 7
is from another specimen without blades, but exposing the
imbricate position of the agglomerations of seeds more dis-
tinctly than in f. 6.

There is a great deal of uncertainty in regard to the fruc-
tifications of LepidopJiloios. In Fl. Sarrfep., 1, p. 21, PI.
Ill, f. 13, 13(2, 13b, Goldenberg describes Lepidophloios
lepidoiDhyllif alius, w^ith imbricate large leaves, which he
considers as stem leaves, remarking that they are the same
as those formerly known under the name of Lepidophyllum
majus, Brgt. In III, PI. XY, f. 5, the same author con-
siders these organs as sporanges and blades of cones of
Lepidophloios laricinus. They are of the same type as
those of our PL LXIX, f. 34 and 37. F. 13a of Goldenberg,
quoted above as representing leaves of L. lepidophylli-
folius, is scarcely different from that of Roehl, foss. fl., PL
XIII, f. la and \b, described as fruits or strobiles of Lepi-
dophloios laricinus. A part of it is cox)ied AtL. PL LXYIII,
f. 1. By comparing it with f. 6 of the same plate, it will
be seen that the blades have the same character ; but those
of f. 6 cover agglomerations of macrospores imbricated
under the base of the leaves. From this it seems that the
sporanges with large blades in Gold., 1. c, PL XV, f. 5,
which the author considers as identical with Lepidophyllum
majus of Brgt., and at the same time as fructifications of
Lepidophloios laricinus, are not truly referable to Lepi-
dophloios, or that at least this reference is uncertain. The
same may be said perhaps of the fragment PL LXYIII, f.
6. But I do not see to what other genus of the I^ycopo-
diacece it could be referred, and for this reason I describe
it as fruit of Lepidophloios, apparently identical with f. 1,

CYCLOSTIGMA.

P. 429

of the same plate, but not with Goldenberg' s figure of L.
laricinus.

Sporanges joined to their blades, fonnd disconnected
from the cones, and Avitliout evident relation to strobiles,
are described as Lepidopliylliim. ^

Habitat — Cannelton coal. Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Cyolostigma, Haugton.

Steins arborescent ; surface tuber ciilate^ rugose length-
wise; tubercles in regular spiral order, small^ subglobose^
more generally conical acute^ topped with a vascular term-
inal and prominent pointy or more rarely flattened at the
top into small round areoles with the vqiscular point in the
middle : decorticated surface smooth or obscurely striate
lengthwise by the series of tubercles tohich are oval^ ele-
vated or prominent and gradually effaced dowmoard or
decurring, presermng the impressions of the central vas-
cular scars.

Cyclostigma Kiltorke]S"se, Haught.

Annal and Magaz. of Natur. Hist., Sd series, v. V, p. 444. Heer, foss.
Jl. d. Bar en JsL, p. 43, PI. XI.

The specific characters are the same as for the Genus.

The characters of the tubercles of the corticated surface,
recognized upon American specimens, are in concordance
with those indicated by the description and fine figure of
this species in Heer, 1. c, the tubercles being perhaps
slightly larger, four millimeters in diameter, and more gen-
erally conical than areolate at the top. The difference is of
no moment, for the acute top of the tubercles is formed of
a coaly layer, apparently fragment of the base of the leaves
remaining attached to the tubercles, which are also of various
size in the different specimens figured by Heer, all referred
to the same species. The under or decorticated surface has
the tubercles tumescent or elevated above the surface, oval,
one millimeter broad, three millimeters long, prolonged and
effaced downward. Prof. Heer remarks that the elongated
tubercles of Knorria are not seen under the bark of this
genus. Indeed the oval scars are not those of a Knorria^

480 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

though by the prolonged tumescenses in effacing downward
they have somewhat the appearance of obscure forms of
tliis genus. The difference is however easily remarked, as
tlie more gradual prolongation of the scars traces upon the
surface narrow ridges like obscure striae. Moreover, these
scars always bear a distinct central vascular point. The two
specimens examined, parts of a flattened stem, sixteen cen-
timeters in diameter, do not bear any remains of leaves or
of peculiar organs referable to Lycopodiacecc, like the leaves
figured by Heer as probably pertaining to this species. The
cortex is covered by a prodigious quantity of shells of
Splrorhis carhonarius, Daws., larger than I have seen them
elsewhere.

Hahitat — l^ear the base of the middle Carboniferous meas-
ures, in a kind of hard calcareous clay (bastard limestone),
with a profusion of pinnae of Neuropterls rariiiervis^ leaves
of CoTclaites and stems of Calamites ramosus. The plant
is therefore, in America, a Carboniferous sjjecies. It has been
found in England in the old red sandstone. Cat skill grouj^.

Hahitat — Near Alta, Peoria co.. 111., communicated by
Mr. Wm. Gifford.

Declienla^ Goepjp.

Stems arborescent ; leaf -scars in continuous spiral lines ;
holsters ohlong^ rounded^ marJced hy ohscure concentrical
stricB on the middle of which loere attached learns prohahly
cylindrical.

This description is translated from Goeppert, Gatt., II,
III, p. 43, and I must say, comparing it with the figures for
the description of which it is made, that it does not give a
satisfactory account of the characters of the fragments
which they represent. D. Bupliorhi aides ^ Goepp., 1. c,
PI. Ill, f. 1, represents a piece of bark covered with very
irregular bolsters, not merely of various size, but oval or
round or elongated, turned in various ways, even crosswise
and without any Irace of a central scar. Only some of them
have on their b^ck an excrescence rarely concentrical. The
other figures 2 and 3 of the same x>late, show an agglomer-
ation of round or oval inflated bladder-like tubercles, whose

LEPIDOSTROBUS.

P. 431

relative disposition is as variable as tlieir shape. The bol-
sters of the specimen represented Atl., PL LXVII, f. 3,
which I have named Declienia striata^ are larger, quite as
irregular in relative position and size than those of Goep-
pert, f. 1 ; the shape is about the same. Rounder^ and in-
flated in the lower i)art, irregularly su23erposed or imbricate,
regularly striate lengthwise, they are without any trace of
leaf- scars or jioints of attachment of leaves. This fragment
is quite as incomprehensible in its relation and as remark-
able as that described above as LepidopJilolos iclithyoderma.
Schimper considers the Declienia^ species of Goepi^ert, as
referable to AncistropTiyllum^ another genus of a very un-
certain character. Possibly the remains, described under
this generic name are mere ferruginous concretions.

Habitat — Black band iron ore, near Alta, Peoria co., 111.,
Mr. Wm. Gifford.

Lepidostrobus and Lepidopiiyllum.

strobiles cylindrical or ovate, oblong, conical, variable
in length, composed of sporanges {spore cases) sithcylin-
drical or clamte, emarginate at the apex, supported in the
middle lengthwise by bracts formed, of a pedicel attached,
nice the sporanges in right angle to the axis, linear or ob-
lanceolate, either simple, not longer than the sporanges or
prolonged into lanceolate obtuse or acuminate laminas,
curved upwards on the outside of the strobiles and imbri-
cated on their sides, or merely inflated at the outer end and
covering the apex of the sporanges by a rhomboidal small
shield ; spores triquetre on one side, half globular on the
other, nice those of the Lycopods, homomorphous or di-
morphous.

Without taking into account the anatomical details of
the structure of the strobiles {Lepidostrobus^ which can be

* Br. Hooker, as botanist of the Geological survey of Great Britain, has pub-
lished in the memoirs of the survey, Vol. II, p. II, p. 387-456, an admirable
description with figures of the structure of Lepidostrobus. The characters
of the organism are there exposed with a lucidity and beauty of illustration
which cannot be surpassed. The Atlas of Shim per, Paleont. Veget., PI. LXI
and LXIT, represents the more important of the characters observed by mi-
croscopical analysis.

432 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

studied only from silicified specimens and by the work of
the lapidary, we recognize in the cones of Lepidostrohus
a central axis, AtL, PI. LXIX, f. 1-2, to which are attached
in right angle the sporanges of various forms, supported
by a long linear pedicel. The sporangiophores are either
short and not passing out beyond the apex of the sporanges,
as in PL LXIX, f . 10, or prolonged on the outside, where
they enlarge at the apex of the sporanges into a kind of
shield, ibid., f. 8, or continued as the medial nerves of
blades {Lepidopliyllum) of various forms, mostly linear or
lanceolate, acuminate, f. 34-40, etc., or oblong obtuse, f. 29,
31, 33. The sporanges united to their supports and gen-
erally left attached at the base of the blades, are seen
also of various length and shape in the same figures, either
oblanceolate or wedge form, truncate or emarginate at the
point of union to the blades, etc.

Prof. Schimper, Paleont. Yeget., II, p. 60, describes the
spores as microspores, united or agglomerated by four,
tetrahedral, very small, not perceivable by the naked eyes,
not larger in diameter than the fiftieth of a millimeter, and
macrospores, those of the same form as described above,
PI. LXIX, f. 9a, large enough to be seen without a magni-
fier, not less than half a millimeter in diameter, often as
large as one millimeter or more (ibid., f. 11, 12, etc.) Those
of this kind only are described in this work as spores. I
have observed the microspores on a single specimen of Lepi-
dostrohus, only.

Sometimes, after dehiscence of the blades, scars of their
base, of a transversely rhomboidal shape, are left ujion the
strobiles which, when flattened, resemble fragments or short
branches of Lepidodendron. ^

Lepidostrobus Goldenbergii, Sclip.

Paleont. Ver/et., II, p. 61, PI. LXI, Brgt., Hist. d. Veget. Foss., II, PI.
J^XIV,/. 6.

Strobiles large, bracts lanceolate, acuminate, half open;
axis comparatively narrow ; sporanges long, in rigid angle.

The American specimens referable to this species are
mostly fragmentary ; one only is preserved whole. It is

LEPIDOSTROBUS.

P. 483

cylindrical, thirty- three centimeters long, four and a half
to five centimeters broad between the base of the blades,
with an axis eight to ten millimeters. The blades or bracts,
two and a half centimeters long, are half open, curved in-
ward, four to five millimeters broad at the base wl^ich is
carinate hj a broad double nerve generally indistinct. The
scars upon the cones, when the blades are detached, are
transversely rhomboidal.

The size of the strobiles is like that of the fragment fig-
ured by Schimper ; but the blades are somewhat shorter.
The strobiles are exactly cylindrical, abruptly rounded or
nearly truncate at the top.

Habitat — The fine specimen described here is from Can-
nelton, found by Mr. I. F. Mansfield. Another, broken in
the middle, in the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, is from Oli-
phant. The museum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, has two
specimens from Mazon Creek, L. 36 and 37, which are
finely jjreserved but not in their integrity. The species is
rare.

Lepidostrobus pPv^longus, JSp. nov.

Strohiles mry long^ comparatively narroio ; sporanges
linear^ inclined upward ; blades narrow^ linear or lan-
ceolate- acuminate.

The only fragment seen of this fine species is twenty-five
centimeters long. From the statement of the owner the
strobile was seventy-eight centimeters long to the point
where it was broken, and part of it remained still imbedded
in the slate. The axis averages one centimeter in diameter,
being larger toward the base ; the sporanges inclined up-
ward, are one and a half centimeters long ; the bracts, half
opened, are on the same angle of divergence as the sporanges,
narrower, three to four millimeters broad at the base, four
to five centimeters long, gradually narrowed up to a sharp
thin acumen, with the double broad midrib of Lepidophyl-
luni.

The oblique position of the narrow sporanges remaining
the same in the whole length of the strobiles, the form and
28 P.

4M P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

size of the blades, narrower and longer, and the great length
of the strobiles, separate this species from the former.

Habitat — Near Pittston, Everhart's colliery, C vein;
specimen No. 556 of Mr. P. D. Lacoe's collection.

Lepidostrobus princeps, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of 111., II, p. 455, PL XLV,f. I-4. Schp., Paleont. Veget., II,
p. 65.

Strobile large^ cylindrico-conical; axis narrow; spo-
ranges oblanceolate ; blades short, lanceolate, acuminate.

This, like the former species, is related to L. Geinitzii,
Schp., as figured in Gein., Yerst., PI. II, f. 1, 3, 4, from
which it seems however to dilfer by the small axis, the
shorter sporanges and the erect loosely imbricate blades en-
larged and emarginate at their point of attachment to the
sporanges. The cone is twenty to thirty centimeters long ;
the blades two to five and a half long, eight millimeters
broad at the base, marked by a broad double medial nerve.

This species cannot be identified to L. variabilis of LI.
and Hutt., though it may be a variety of L. Geiniizii, Schp.,
a form referred by Geinitz to L. variabilis, Verst., 1. c,
p. 35.

Habitat — I found this species at Duquoin, 111. If the
strobile is that of an Ulodendron it should be referable to
TJ. elongaturn, whose leaf-scars have the same characters, but
certainly not, as Schimper supposes, to U. minus, which as
yet is for America a subconglomerate species.

Lepidostrobus variabilis, LI. and Hutt., PI. LXIX,

Fig. 26.

LL and Hutt., Foss. fi., I, PI. X, XI. Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 61,
PL LVIII,/. 2a, 5; LXI,f. 1, 2.

Cones of medium size, cylindr ical or conico-cylindr ical ;
sporanges in right angle ; bracts narrow, lanceolate-acumi-
nate, closely imbricated and oppressed.

From the figures given of the species by European au-
thors, it seems evident that different kinds have been de-
scribed under this common name. The few American stro-

lt:pidostrobus.

P. 485

biles Avliicli I have considered as representing it, are not
cylindrical, but narrowed to the apex or conical. The blades
are generally crowded, closely imbricate, about one centi-
meter long, narrow, nearly linear or scarcely enlarged at
the base, where they measure one and a half millimeters in
width. The strobiles vary from two to three centimeters in
diameter when flattened, and from seven to fourteen centi-
meters in length.

Habitat — The cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe has a sub-cyl-
indrical specimen from Oliphant. Another, that of f. 26,
is in the same cabinet under No. 305, Avith a few others of
the same type, scarcely variable in shape and size. The
species is rare in the American coal measures.

Lepidostrobus spectabilis, Sp. nov.

Cone large^ linear -oblong, rounded at base to tlie axis,
obtuse at the top ; axis comparatively narrow ; sporanges
long, in right angle to the axis ; blades short, narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, oppressed and closely imbricated.

The cone described under this name is the best preserved
strobile I have seen from the coal measures. It is forty
centimeters long, five centimeters broad in the middle, grad-
ually decreasing upward where it measures, at the obtuse
top, three centimeters in diameter, and to the base, where it
is three and a half centimeters broad, there rounding to an
axis one centimeter in diameter. The blades are short and
narrow, one and a half centimeters long and two millime-
ters broad at the base, point of union to the sporanges cov-
ered by the close imbrication of the blades.

Considering the shape of the cone and the size of the ap-
pressed blades only, this splendid cone could be considered
as a variety of L. variabiUs ; but its great size is against this
reference. The blades also are not as thick or coriaceous
as in L. variabilis ; not as closely compressed against the
cone and though the medial nerve is distinct, it is not as
thick, and the bracts are not carinate on the back.

Habitat— l have two specimens of this fine species both
received through the kindness of Mr. I. F. Mansfield. The

436 P.

KEPOKT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

one not described is a little narrower, not as much enlarged
in the middle and apparently longer, for its lower part is
broken, and the preserved fragment is thirty-seven centime-
ters long.

Lepidostrobus LAIS' cifolius, Lesqx.^ PI. LXIX, Figs.

30, SOa.

Geol. Hept. of III, IV, p. 442, PL XXX T, /. 7. Schp., JPaleont. Veget.,
Ill, p. 544-

Cones narrow, cylindrical f ; sporanges very sliort, tri-
angular; hlacles linear in the lower part, sligldly enlarged
to the point of attacliment, lanceolate from above the mid-
dle and sharply acuminate, convex or carinate, tliicTc ;
medial nerve distinct, inflated.

A mere fragment wdth bracts of a peculiar form, two and
a half centimeters long, five millimeters broad below the
middle where they are a little narrower than at the base
and under the apex ; sporanges short, four millimeters long,
enlarged to five millimeters at the point of attachment.
The cone, judging from the fragment, is about one and a
half centimeters in diameter. The form is intermediate be-
tween that of the former and of the following species.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon Creek.

Lepidostrobus lanceolatus, Brgt., PI. LXIX, Fig. 38.

Lepidophy Hum lanceolaium, Brgt., Prodr., p. 87. LI. and Iluit., Foss.
fl., I, PI. VII, /. 3-4. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn a {1858), p. 875, PL XVll,f. 1
(cross section oj a cone).

Lepidostrobus lepidophyllacetis ? Gutb., Gcea. v. iSachsen. p. 89. Schp.,
PaLeovt. Vcget., II p. 65.

Sagenaria dichotoma (St.), strobile, Gein,, Verst.. p. S4, PL J If. 6-8.

Strobiles large, cylindrical; axis small; sporanges
short, broadly cuneiform, truncate at the top ; blades open,
large, lanceolate-acuminate.

Atl., f . 38, represents merely a sporange and bract, or a
Lepidophyllum. Part of a cross section of a cone is fig-
ured in Geol. of Penn' a, 1. c, but it could not be copied
upon our plate for want of room. As the essential charac-
ters are taken from the blades, the omission is of no im-
portance, the less so, as I have had occasion to study frag-

LEPIDOSTROBITS.

P. 437

ments in a better state of preservation. A specimen of Mr.
Lacoe's collection is i)art of a cone, exactly cylindrical, nine
and one lialf centimeters long, one and a half centimeters
broad, witliont the blades, with an axis four millimeters
in diameter. As seen from the separate Lepidojpliyllum
(f. 88) npon the same specimen, which is one of the largest
and best preserved I have had for examination, the sporanges
are eight millimeters long, cuneiform, obtusely x^ointed at
the base; the bracts three and a half centimeters long, seven
to eight millimeters broad in the middle, equal at the base
or rather narrowed than enlarged in joining the sporanges.
As seen upon the cone and imbricated as they are at the
base, the blades appear somewhat shorter and generally a
little narrower, five to seven millimeters across.

The reference of this sx)ecies by Geinitz to Sagenaria dl-
cliotoma is rightly contradicted by Schimper who has seen
strobiles attached to the branches of this Lepidodendroii
with much narrower blades, and referable to Lepidostrobus
xariaMlis.

Ilahitat — Mostly found in fragments, as Lepidopliyllum.
I first saw it at Carbondale in the collection of Mr. Cham-
bers ; then I found it at Mazon Creek, 111., in nodules ; in
the shale of the Mammoth and five foot vein near Pottsville,
Pa., and near Newport, R. I. The best specimen in the col-
lection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe is No. 334&, labeled Hughs-
ville deep shaft ; others are from Brown's colliery E vein,
and Griffith R. Road cut, Pittston, Pa.

Lepidostrobus oblongifolius, Lesqx.^ PI. LXIX,

Fig. 29.

Geol. Rept. of JIL, Il\ p. 44L P/. XXX. /. 3, 3b. Schp., Paleont. Veget..
Ill, p. 544-

Strobiles large with a broad axis ; sporanges cuneiform
acuminate to the base ; blades oblong^ lanceolate to the
acute or slightly obtuse apex.

Differs from the former by the broader axis ; the broader
shorter blades mostly obtusely or abruptly acute, more
distinctly hastate at the base ; the longer sporanges acumi-
nate to the point of insertion. Blades two and a half centi-

438 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

meters long, about one centimeter broad above tlie middle ;
sporanges seven millimeters long.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon creek, rare. The cross
section of another cone, shows the blades curved into the
stone at the apex and thus apparently shorter and more
obtuse.

Lepidostrobus ovatifolius, Lesqx., PI. LXIX^ Fig. 32.

Gcol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 441, PL XXX, f. 2, 2b. Schp., Paleont. Veget.,
Ill, p. 544.

Strob iles cylindrical, of medium size ; blades open, short,
ovate lanceolate, blunt at the apex ; sporanges short cunei-
form.

The cone as figured in Geol. Reptc of 111., 1. c, a frag-
ment seven centimeters long, averages two centimeters in
diameter without the blades which are open, short, one to
one and a half centimeters long, blunt at the top, largest
at the base where they measure seven to eight millimeters
in diameter. The sporanges are cuneiform and short, four
millimeters long and equally broad at the point of attach-
ment.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon Creek. There is a fine speci-
men, No. 134, of the nodules in the museum of Princeton
College. Two others, upon slate, referable to the same
species, though less distinct, are in the cabinet of Mr. R. D.
Lacoe, from Yatesville, Pa.

Lepidostrobus hastatus, Lesqx., PI. LXIX, Figs. 27, 28.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 456. Schp., Paleovt. Veget., II, p. 65.
Lepidophyllum hastatum, Lesqx., Geol.of Penn'a, 1858, p. 876, PI. XVII,
f.7.

Strobiles small, ovate ; blades erect, short, enlarged at
the base into diverging acuminate auricles, or hastate;
sporanges long, oblanceolate or narrowly wedgeform.

The cone is lik6 those represented by LI. and Hutt., I,
PI. 10, 1 a, and PL XI, left side, which the author refers
to L. variabilis. As the characters of the bracts and spo-
ranges are not indicated, I cannot tell Avhether this species is
the same as that represented by the English specimens, The

LEPIDOSTROBUS.

P. 439

blades one and a half centimeters long, are distinctly hastate
at the base. In my specimens of L. Tiariahilis, the blades
though about of the same size are not hastate but join the
top of the sporanges by their whole width, the sporange
being of the same length, while in this form they ^re evi-
dently shorter only eight millimeters long. The shape of
the strobile also should be considered in the comparison of
the species to L. variabilis.

Habitat — The specimen described in Geol. of Penn'a,
1. c , was given to me by Mr. W. D. Moore, now of Pitts-
burg, without indication of locality. One is described in
the Geol. Kept, of 111., from Mazon Creek. Mr. Lacoe has
a number of specimens in his cabinet. One of tliem is fig-
ured here from the subconglomerate ledge of Pittston, Pa.

Lepidostrobus Lacoei, noT).

Cone verij long and narrow, cylindrical, Jiexuous, at-
tached to a pedicel which, chaffy or scaly at its base, is
higher covered with short narrow lanceolate imbricate
leaves, and gradually increases in thicTcness to the base
of the cone. Bracts short and broad, ovate, acuminate,
narroioed, in rounding to the point of attachment of the
sporanges, closely imbricated ; sporanges small, narrow
and acuminate at the base, enlarged in joining the blades.

The species is a very remarkable one and is represented,
beside some separate fragments, by a most beautiful and
well preserved specimen. The base, which is like a frag-
ment of Rhizomopteris, is a stem ridged in the middle,
punctulate, live centimeters long, five millimeters broad,
without the chaff composed of very small scales which
cover it in a thickness of two and a half millimeters (stem
with chaff ten millimeters broad). It suj)j)orts a leafy
stem, four centimeters long, live millimeters in diameter
with the leaves, which are short, linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, closely appressed and imbricated. This stem grad-
ually increases in thickness upward to the base of the
strobile which is forty- three centimeters long, two centime-
ters in diameter, including the blades which are closely im-

440 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

bricated appressed and incurved, showing mostly, on the
outside, their backs carinate by a thick medial nerve.
These blades are seven millimeters long, broadly ovate, acum-
inate, three to four millimeters broad in the middle, rounded
in narrowing to the point of attachment to the sporanges.
These are short, one and a half to two millimeters long,
obovate, tumescent, attached by a comparatively broad
base to a semi-globular mamilla, remaining prominent, as
their scars, upon the axis. The line of connection between
the bracts and the sporanges is no more than one millime-
ter broad.

This, and many other fine specimens seen after the x)rep-
aration of the plates and too large for the limited space ac-
corded to them, should be figured. The descriptions, how-
ever detailed they may be, cannot satisfactorily represent
the i)lants.

Habitat — Oliphant, No. 1 vein ; specimen No. 524 of the
collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

Lepidostrobus orkatus ? LI. and Hutt,

Foss.fl., I, PL XXVI; III, PL CLXIII. I. D. Hooker, Mem. GeoL surv.
of England, II, 1847, p. 448, PL VII; VIII. Lesqx., GeoL of Peym'a, 1858,
p. 876. Oeol. Bept. of III., IV, p. 44s. Schimp., PaleonL VegeL, II, p. 67, PL
LXII,f. 34-88.

Strobile narrow, variable in length ; sporanges in right
angle ; blades short, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, closely
imbricate and appressed, coriaceous, convex and carinate
on the bacli by the tldck medial nerm.

I refer to this species, with other fragments, a flattened
cone, gradually narrowed from the base to the obtuse apex,
fourteen centimeters long, two and a half centimeters broad
at the base, fourteen millimeters at the obtuse slightly in-
flated top, with scales thick or coriaceous, closely imbri-
cated, seven millimeters long, four millimeters broad at the
base, inflated on the back, along the broad medial nerve.
The cone is longer than those figured by the English au-
thors. But one of the fragments in Hooker's, 1. c, PI. Y,
III, f . 1, indicates the length of the strobile as longer than
in those which are represented whole, ibid., PI. YII, f. 1,

LEPIDOSTROBUS.

P. 441

and in LI. and Hutt., PL XXYI, f. 3. The scales also are
slightly longer and narrower in our specimens. The other
characters correspond. It is the only species seen in the
American Coal measures with the blades rather scaly not
foliaceous. I

Habitat — Wilkesbarre; Clarkson's collection. Mazon
Creek, in small fragments. The best specimens are from
Cannelton, Pa., communicated by Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

LePIDOSTROBIJS AlDRICHI, Sp. 710V.

Btrobile smatL cylindrical ; blades mry small, imbri-
cated and appressed to the cone, lanceolate, acuminate en-
larged at the base.

A small cone preserved in its whole, thirty-five millime-
ters long, ten millimeters in diameter. The blades or scales
closely imbricated are apressed, four to five millimeters
long, two and a half millimeters broad at the enlarged base,
thick, coriaceous, with a thick prominent nerve.

Habitat — Subconglomerate coal of Alabama ; Montevallo
mines, Mr. T. H. Aldrich.

There is upon a specimen of Lepidodendron longifoUum,
No. 559, in the cabinet of Mr. Lacoe, a cone two and a half
centimeters long, one and a half broad, which has blades of
the same size and form. It is covered with a coating of
coaly matter, and the characters are not distinct enough to
ascertain identity. The museum of Princeton has a fine
specimen, No. 140, from the nodules of Mazon Creek. The
cone is two centimeters long, one centimeter in diameter,
cylindrical-oblong, obtuse at both ends ; the blades very
thick.

Lepidostrobus coNNiYEis^s, Lesqx.

Geol. Bept. of 111., IV, p. 442, PI. XXXI, f. 6.

L. truncatus, Lesqx., ibid., p. 442, PL XXXI, f. 5.

Cones very small ; blades long, narrow, linear -lanceo-
late, closely imbricate.

These two strobiles, described, 1. c. under different names,
are only two centimeters long and half as large, truncate

442 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

at the base ; one, L. truncatus, is oval, with shorter lance-
olate closely imbricating bracts ; the other, oblong-obtuse,
has bracts apparently longer, covering the cone from the
base to the top, where they join by an inward curve. Both
fragments are somewhat obscure. They may represent two
different species or merely the broken top of larger stro-
biles. They are distantly comparable to L. gemmcBformis^
Goep., Perm, fl., p. 142, PI. XIX, f. 14-16.
Habitat — Concretions of Mazon creek.

Lepidostrobus species.

Geol. Rept. of III., JF, p. 440, PJ. XXX, /. 4-7.

Cone small, linear; blades erect, lanceolate; scars of
their points of attacliment broadly rhomboidal length-
wise, or broadly oval ; sporanges in right angle with micro-
spores exposed.

This is a mere longitudinal section of a cone in nodules.
The blades are mostly destroyed, and the specific relation
is uncertain. I figured it to show the horizontal position
of the sporanges, which, by the section of the cone, are ex-
posed, open, and the spores discovered. These are extreme-
ly small, three hundredth part of a millimeter in diameter,
round on one side, triangular on the other. The sporanges
are oblong, slightly emarginate at the point of union of the
blades. It is the only strobile where I have been able to
observe microspores.

Habitat — In a nodule of Mazon creek, split in the mid-
dle and exposing the inside structure.

Lepidostrobus i^certus, Sp. 7iov.. PI. LXIX, Figs.

25, 25a.

Strobiles cylindrical; axis narrow; sporanges very
short, inclined and decurring to the axis ; blades ovate,
lanceolate- acuminate.

The fragment has not the appearance of a Lepidostrobus.
The blades and sporanges seem continuous, the line of sep-
aration, f. 25a, being indistinct. The specimen is, however,
somewhat obscure. It is a fragment of soft gray shale,

LEPIDOSTROBUS.

P. 443

where the blades are mostly immersed and their base gen-
erally indistinct. One specimen represents two bracts,
somewhat more enlarged at the base than upon the figure ;
they are joined at the corner, and thus appear like a frag-
ment of a sheath of LycopodUes. Other sj^ec^imens may
be found to elucidate the characters of this species.
Habitat — Morris, 111. Shale above the coal.

Subgenus. Lepidostrobus (Macrocystis), Lesqx.

Polysporia? Newb^y, Geol. Jtept. of Ohio, Paleont., 1, p. 360.

Strobiles long ; sporanges large., joined to the axis by
their base, without any bracts ; pedicels either none or
shorter than the sporanges. Sporanges filled with macro-
spores attached around a central axis.

We have here, evidently, a distinct subdivision of Lepi-
dostrobus. The species referable to it have been known,
until now, merely from loose or scattered sjjoranges, whose
reference to the genus was uncertain. To this subdivision
is very probably referable the genus Polysporia, Newb'y,
1. c. I should consider the reference as certain but for
the remark of the author, that the sporanges are filled with
microspores or very minute seeds.

Lepidostrobus (macrocystis), Salisburyi, Sp. nov.j PI.
LXIX, Figs, i, 2.

Strobiles cylindrical, very long, flexuous ; axis broad,
marked by long, narrowly oval scars impressions of the
base of large in flated linear oblong sporanges, without any
ped/lcel or support.

This species is very rare. The fragments figured are part
of long strobiles, sixty centimeters or more, flexuous, with
sporanges in right angle to a broad axis to which they are
attached by their whole rather enlarged than narrowed base.
These sporanges inflated and bladder like, are of various
size and shape, according to their relative 2)osition, their
compression, etc., and when found separated from the
axis have been referred to different species of Carpollthes.
The axis is eight millimeters broad. The scars marked in

444 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

spiral upon it as j)oint of attachment of the sporanges,
are four to five millimeters long, less than one millimeter
broad in the middle. The sporanges one and a half centi-
meters in length and five to six millimeters in width are
slightly emarginate, inflated in the middle, truncate at the
point of attachment, and by cross section narrowly rhom-
boidal. The surface or thick epidermis is very thinly rugose
across. . The sporanges, f. 21-23, described as Lepidocystis
fraxiniformis may be referable to this species.

Habitat — The fragment f. 1, is from Coal creek, W. Vir-
ginia. It was presented to me by Dr. Salisbury as part
of a strobile more than four times as long, then in his pos-
session. The specimen is S. 28 of the collection of the
Museum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge, Mass.

Lepidostrobus (macrocystis) quadratus, Sp, nox.

Sporanges twice as hroad as in the former species^ square
or equilateral^ truncate at tlie point of attachment^ emar-
ginate at the outer end^ sometimes hi or trilobate by com-
pression.

Of this species I have numerous detached sporanges but
only a small fragment of a cone, with two sporanges at-
tached to the border of the axis, the only part seen. The
average width of the spore cases is one and a half centime-
ters, their length three centimeters. I have always seen
them flattened, merely slightly inflated per j)laces, especially
toward the outside borders, like bladders irregularly com-
compressed. They however contain spores, as seen from
some of my sj)ecimens where the macrospores pierce across
the envelope at the inflated inside border like those of Atl.,
PI. LXIX, f. 9, which however belongs to the following
species.

Habitat — Cannelton, Pa. Not rare.

Lepidostrobus (macrocystis) Mansfieldi, Sp. nov.

Strobiles large ; sporanges oblong^ truncate at both ends ;
spores attached around a medial or central broad axis.

The fragment, an upper part of a strobile is five centime-

LEPIDOSTROBUS. P. 445

ters broad and about eiglit long. The sporanges, in the
lower part, are nearly in right angle to the axis, apj)arently
empty or sterile, while in the uj^per part, they are tilled
with macrospores like f. 11, of PL LXIX, which is proba-
bly referable to this species. The sporanges tiowever as
seen attached to the stem are narrower, more distinctly
truncate at both ends, two centimeters long, six to seven
millimeters broad, witli the sides parallel or rather narrower
in the middle and slightly falcate. The axis is narrow only
two millimeters in diameter and the sporanges appear as
if they were disposed in two ranks and alternate. In these
sporanges, when open and full of spores, the internal axis
is not visible, the spores being heaped and crowded as in f .
11. Their disposition around the axis is surmisable from
f. 10, an empty capsule also probably referable to this spe-
cies, and copied from another specimen, a crushed strobile
whose sporanges, in great number, are heaped and scat-
tered, some filled with the spores as f. 11, some with the
spore already detached, f. 10.
Habitat — Cannelton. Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Lepidostrobus (macrocystis) ? roLiACEUs, Lesqx.^ PI.
LXIX, Fig. 8.

Lepidophyllum foliaceum, Lesqx., Geol. Mept. of - III., IV, p. 444, PL
XXXI, f. 10.

Sporanges rounded at the top, truncate at the hase, oho-
vate, flattened and undulate on the borders, attached to the
axis by a thick pedicel.

Sporanges of this species have been formerly found in
Illinois, but always separately, and I have been a long time
before I could understand the relation of these peculiar or-
gans. From the position of the three sporanges figured,
and in comparison with the strobiles described above, they
seem to belong to a strobile of analogous kind. The bor-
ders of the sporanges are always flattened and more or less
deeply undulate on the surface and along the borders, un-
dulations which vary according to the degree of compression,
as seen in the three sporanges of f. 8. From the former
species this one differs evidently by the narrowed base of

446 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the sporanges, attached to the axis by a pedicel and not by
the whole base. The top of the sporanges appears like a
rhomboidal flattened shield, imperfectly rejjresenting a
blade and thus, the species partakes, as transitional form,
of some of the typical generic characters and of those of
the subgenus. The sporanges, two and a half centimeters
long are six millimeters broad at the truncate base and twice
as large near the apex. The axis is as yet unknown.

Habitat — Murphrysbojough, 111., main coal, the specimen
decribed in Geol. Rept., 1. c. Morris shale. 111., specimen
f. 8. It is check LI. 36 of the Museum of Comp. Zool. of
• Cambridge, Mass. Seen also in nodules of Mazon Creek,
111. I have from Cannelton a sporange referable to this
species. It is shorter, narrower, with flat borders.

Lepidostrobus (maorocystis) mtrabilis, (Newby.) Lesqx.

PoJysporia mirabilis, Newby., Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. S6^, 1*1.
X LI,/. 5, 5a, 6.

Cones consisting of a series of cluh-sliaped sporanges
thickly set upon a central axis and filled with minute
spores.

The cone is seven to eight centimeters long, the sporanges
of which there are perhaps a hundred on each cone are one
and a half centimeters long, rounded at the remote extrem-
ity, narrowed and sometimes necked and wedged at the
proximate end, filled with microspores, many hundred being
contained in each. They are flattened and discoid as fos-
silized, but were originally spherical. They are often marked
with radiating lines.

This description copied from the author would not leave
any doubt on the identity of his genus with this section of the
Lepidostrobus if the sporanges were not fllled with micro-
spores. Even f. 5a of the j^late, 1. c, representing a sepa-
rate s]3orange, is so much like f. 23 of Atl., PI. LXIX, that
both these organs seem specifically identical. The only dif-
ference (and it is a capital one) is that in all these specimens
wdiicli I refer to Lepidostrobus {macrocystis) the spores are
truly macrospores, easily distinct even their shape recog-
nizable without a magnifier.

LEPIDOPIIYLLTTM.

P. 447

Habitat — Shale over a subconglomerate coal, Youngs-
town, O. Except this one, all the species described above
are from the super-conglomerate coal measures.

Lepidopiiyllum.

Blades or bracts either jo ined to sporanges or sporangi-
opTiores of Lepidostrobus or isolated.

The spore cases are rarely left attached to the pedicels or
sporangiophores after their separation from the strobiles.
A number of species described as Lepidopiiyllum repre-
sent fragments of linear leaves of Lepidodendron. These
are very numerous, variable according to the mode of pres-
ervation, compression, etc. Their characters are unreliable.
They are interesting and merit a description only when found
in connection with the stems.

Lepidopiiyllum affine, Lesqx., PI. LXIX, Fig. 31.

Geol. of Penn'a (1858), p. 875, PI. XVII, f. 5.

Blade oblong, obtuse^ not enlarged to the point of attach-
ment; sporangiophores narrowed to the base.

The blade is two centimeters long, five millimeters broad,
with borders exactly parallel from the base to the very ob-
tuse half round apex. On the explanations of the plate
the name is marked by error as L. spatulatnm.

Habitat — A specimen from Yates ville, in Mr. Lacoe's col-
lection at Pittston, No. 650, is the one from which our fig-
ure is copied. The specimen in Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c, is
from IN'ew Philadelphia, Schuylkill county. Pa. Species
very rare.

Lepidophyllum bpevifolium, Lesqx.^ PI. LXIX^ Fig. 83.

Geol. of Penn'a, (1858), p. 876, PI. XVII, f. 6.

Blade very shorty triangular^ slightly obtuse at the
apex ; sporangiophores oblanceolate, narrow, longer than
the blade.

The bracts are only six millimeters long, enlarging in a
curve to the base, seven millimeters broad ; the narrow
sporangiophores are seven millimeters long, only two and
a half millimeters at their point of union to the blades.

448 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

HaMtat—l found this species abnndaiit in a lower coal
bed, at Wilkesl)arie and Johnstown, Pa., always in scat-
tered specimens separated from the cone.

Lepidophyllum tumidum, 8p. nov.

Blades and sporanges {united) oblong^ narrowed and
sharply acuminate at the apex, rounded to an obtuse point
base of the sporanges ; blades thick^ inflated^ especially
in the middle^ carinate by a thick midrib.

The sporanges nearly one centimeter long and as broad
in joining the blade, are vertically rhomboidal, with the
borders arched to the base ; the line of attachment is ob-
tusely angular in the middle, with the angle turned up-
wards. The bhide, exactly of the same width as the top of
the sporange, is continuous to it by its borders, the separa-
tion being marked only by the angular line closing the top
of the sporanges. The bracts are one and a half centime-
ters long, thick, especially in the middle, tumescent along
the medial strong nerve, rapidly rounded near the apex
into a sharp and short acumen. By a cross section the
convexity of the surface is marked as transversely oval,
one and a half millimeters in diameter in the middle, flat
on the borders.

Habitat — The specimen described is from Wilkesbarre,
No. 565, of Mr. R. D. Lacoe's cabinet. I have seen an-
other in a collection of Mr. Ch. Mammeth, of Newport.
It was obtained from the anthracite of Mount Hope, Rhode
Island.

Lepidophyllum Morrisiat^^um, nov., PI. LXIX^
Figs. JfO, il.

Blades lanceolate- acuminate, rounded, and narrowed at
base; sporanges obovate, narrowed downward to the point
of attachment^ rounded and contracted in joining the
blades.

A peculiar form. The blades vary in length from two
and a half to four and a half centimeters long, and from
eight to twelve millimeters broad in the ovate part, toward

LEPIDOPHYLLUM.

P. 449

the base. From this point they are gradually narrowed up-
ward into a sharp long acumen, or subulate and rounded
downward to tlie sporange which, in the specimen f. 40,
where it is preserved, is live millimeters broad at its top.
In a reversed position and in a reduced size, it has the same
form as the blade, its length being only one centimeter.
The medial nerve is triple.

Habitat — I have seen only the two specimens figured.
They are from the shale over the coal of Morris, 111. Com-
municated by Mr. S. S. Strong.

Lepidophyllum majits, Brgt.

Prodr. p. 87. Gein., VersL, p. S7, PL IT, f. 5. Lcsqx., Geol. Rept. of
III., II, p. 456. Schp., Paleont, veget., II, p. 72, PI. LXI, /. 8.

Blade large, oblong, lanceolate- acuminate, triplenerved
by 'plication of the midrib ; sporangiopliores obomte^ ob-
tusely pointed at the base.

The species is much like f. 34, of PI. LXIX, differing by
the blade not enlarged in the middle, not undulate, and by
the longer sporan§riopliores. The blades are generally from
seven to nine centimeters long, and thirteen to sixteen mil-
limeters broad.

Habitat — Rare in the American coal measures ; most of
the specimens of this species come from the Western coal
measures ; Morris and Clinton. Some are ]3reserved in the
cabinet of Mr. S. S. Strong. A fine one was communicated
by Dr. I. H. Eritts.

Lepidophyllum Mawsfieldt, Sp. nov. Fl. LXIX, Fig. lU.

Blades larger in the m iddle, lanceolate, acuminate, Jlex-
uous and, undulate across the surface from the middle to
the base ; sporangiophores gradually enlarging from the
base to the line of union to tlie bracts.

Differs from the former by the sporangiophores being
longer and narrower, the blades more rapidly contracted to
a sharp acumen, more deejDly and distinctly triple-nerved,
and by the peculiar folds undulating the lower part of the
laminae. Some of these blades are narrow, not much larger
29 P.

450 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

than leaves of stigmaria, but always identifiable by the un-
dulations of the lamina.

Habitat — Common in the Cannelton coal, and not seen
elsewhere. Numerous specimens obtained present the same
characters.

Lepidophyllum auriculatum, Lesqx.^ PI. LXVIII^

Fig. 6.

Qeol. Bept. of III., II, p. 457, PL XKXVI, /. 6.

Blades shorter than in the former species., enlarged in
the middle^ lanceolate^ acuminate^ expanding at the point
of union to the sporaiiges into two small half round auri-
cles; surface minutely striate under the epidermis ; medial
nerve simple^ sporanges ohlong^ obtuse to the base, enlarg-
ing upwards.

I consider this species as distinct on account of the auri-
cled base of the blades, the simple medial nerve and the
more sharply acuminate apex. Under the epidermis the
surface is minutely lined lengthwise. ^

Habitat — Shale of the coal of Morris, 111., not rare; also
found at St. John, 111., with Lepidoploios auriculatus.

Lepidophyllum acuminatum, Lesqx., Pl.-LXIX, Fig. 37.

Qeol. of Penn'a, (1858), p. 875, PL XVII, f. 2. '

Blades about the same size and shape as in the former
species, lanceolate, more sharply acuminate, a little en-
larged above the line of union to the sporangiophores,
which are longer and oblanceolate.

The fragment described in the Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c,
under this name, is only the upper half of a blade, and I
had then no other specimen for completing the diagnosis.
In Atl., f. 37, the base of the blade is somewhat enlarged,
but not distinctly auricled. Except this difference the chac-
acters of this and the former species are the same, the medial
nerve is also simple, and both forms may represent mere
varieties. In f. 37, however, the surface does not show any
trace of vertical lines, and the specimens are from different

LEPIDOPHYLLUM.

P. 451

localities. L. trinerce^ LI. & Hiitfc., II, PL CLU, is like
this species by the form of the blades, but it is triple-nerved,
with the veins distant.

Habitat — The specimen of the Geol. of Penn'a, 1. c, is
from the lowest coal of Johnstown, Pa. That oi Atl., f. 37,
is from Grape creek, near Danville, 111., No. 8 of Mr. Wm.
Gurley's collection.

Lepidophyllum obtusum, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, (1858,) p. 875, PI. XVII, f. 3.

Blades long^ linear^ abruptly rounded at the top to a
short acumen ; medial nerve broad; sporangiophores not
seen.

I have seen of this species only a few fragments from
which the above description is made. The blade is nine
centimeters long, thirteen millimeters broad at the base,
where it is broken, twelve millimeters near the apex, where
it abruptly curves to a short point. From other fragments
found at the same locality, I supposed the blades to have
been about twice as long as the part figured. It is thus far
different from any other form of this group.

Habitat — Lowest coal bed of Johnstown, Pa.

Lepidophyllum kostellatum, Lesqx.^ PI. LXIX^

Fig. 35.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 443, PI. XXXI, f. 8.

Blade apparently thick ^ distinctly triple nerved, rounded
in narrowing at base to the sporangiophore. to which it is
joined by a narrow neck; sporangiophore rhomboidal,
elongated, narrowed to the base.

The blade three centimeters to the part where it is broken,
there one and a half centimeters broad, is of a thick sub-
stance, rounded at the base to a narrow neck five millime-
ters broad, which joins it to the sporange or sporangiophore.
This, enlarged at the upper part to more than one centimeter
wide, rounded at the corners, is narrowed by inside curves
to an acuminate base. The sporanges appear to be still

452 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

attached to the pedicel, which is thick and covered with
a coating of coaly matter.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon creek. No other speci-
men has been seen.

Lepidophyllum STRiATiTM, Lesqx. PI. LXIX^ Fig. 36.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 443, PI. XXXI, f. 9.

Btades long, lanceolate, acuminate, triple nerved, dis-
tinctly lineate or striate in the length; sporangiojphores
in right angle to the blades, ohlanceolate.

The first specimen described in the Geol. Rept. of 111.
represents two erect blades attached to sporangiophores in
right angle. The sporanges are half bnried in the stone
and somewhat indistinct, the part which can be seen rejire-
senting them as oblanceolate from below the point of at-
tachment, which is destroyed. On this specimen, the blades
broken at the top are also lacerated along the borders ; their
nervation is not distinct, and therefore the characters could
not be fully ascertained. The blade figured now, repre-
sents the same species, as seen from the striation of the sur-
face, a character which I have not seen distinct in any other
Lepidophyllum. % The blades are a little enlarged in tliB mid-
dle, slightly narrowing and curved to the line of union to
the sporanges, lanceolate, sharply acuminate to the apex,
distinctly triplenerved, seven and a half centimeters long,
twelve millimeters broad in the middle, there scarcely one
millimeter larger than at the base.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon creek, the specimen
figured in Geol. Rept. of 111. The one represented here is
from the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 199, from Butler
mine, E vein. The blade of this last specimen is somewhat
longer, and I considered it at first as a distinct species.
The striate lamina is, however, a peculiar character, which
indicates the identity of these fragments.

Lepidophyllum linearifolium, Sp. nov., PI. LXIX,

Fig. 39.

Blade long and narrow, linear, subulate, rounded and

LEPIDOPIIYLLUM.

P. 453

contracted to the point of attachment to the linear spor-
angiopJiore subulate to the base; sporanges enlarged at
the top^ oblong^ truncate at the base.

The specimen figured represents a blade with the spor-
angiophore only. I have had later for examination other
specimens with the sporanges. The blades, carinate by a
thick medial nerve, vary from seven to twelve centimeters
long ; their widest diameter towards the base is three milli-
meters, and from the base they are gradually narrowed, awl
shaped to the apex. The sporangiophores one and a half
centimeters long, are equally linear and inversely subulate.
The sporanges are large, nearly one centimeter broad in the
upper part, under the base of the blade, and one and a half
to two centimeters long. As the sporanges are not open,
the spores cannot be seen ; but from the nearly smooth sur-
face of the epidermis covering them, they ajipear to be
microspores.

Lepidostrobus Bailyanus, Schp., Paleont. Yeget., II, p.
71, PI. LXI, f. 9, 9a, 9&, as represented by Lepidophyllum
blades and open sporanges, is much like this species. The
blades are about of equal size and length, but they are en-
larged at the base and as broad as the top of the sporangio-
phores, while in our species they curve at the base, narrow-
ing to half their width in joining the pedicels. Contrary-
wise, the sporanges are abruptly enlarged at the top, where
they are twice as large as those of L. Bailyanus^ oblong,
truncate at the base, and filled apparently with microspores.
The blades are cariifate by a broad trix)le nerve, which is
simple under the epidermis. Schimper's species is from
the old Red Sandstone of Ireland.

Habitat — The specimen figured here is from Wilkesbarre
lower coal bed, found there with Lepidophyllum brem-
folium. It is LI. 13 of the Museum of Comp. Zool. of
Cambridge. The two other specimens with sporanges are
in the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 85c, 85a, from Bos-
ton mine, C vein, Pitts ton, with a number of others prob-
ably referable to a different species, the blades, although of
the same shape, being very short, two centimeters, with

454 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

broad square sporanges, half as long as those of this species.
I have specimens of the same character from Cannelton.

Lepidocystis — Lesqx.

Spore cases long, naked, attached in right angle and
opposite to a broad racJiis^ or short, placed in spiral order
upon long Jiexuous axes, or isolated sporanges, detached
from strobiles of unknown character.

The limitation of this genus is vague and uncertain. I
refer to it as seen by the figures Atl., PI. LXIX, f. 3-7,
16-24, organs which, though representing fructifications of
the Lycopodiacece, are either obscurely related by their
characters, or without affinity to what is known until now
of the plants of this family. Under the same name are de-
scribed sporanges detached from their support and of un-
certain relation.

Lepidocystis pectinatus, Sp. nov., PI. LXIX, Fig. 3.

Axis flat and broad, supporting cylindrical contigu-
ous and parallel sporanges, pointed at both ends.

The figure does not need explanation. The fragment is
distinct and exactly figured. The cylindrical capsules placed
aside and contiguous, are evidently spore cases. They are
broken or opened in some places by obliteration of the
cortex. The inside is concave, corresponding in shape to
the convex outside. They are all of tie same size, one and
a half centimeters long, about half a centimeter in diame-
ter.

Habitat — The specimen is No. 423 of Mr. R. D. Lacoe's
collection from the subconglomerate Campbell's ledge near
Pittston. I have not seen any other.

Lepidocystis lineatus, Sp. nov. PI. LXIX, Fig.

Sporanges short, parallel, nearly contiguous on the
sides, attached by a truncate base to a fattened axis, reg-
ularly striate crosswise, marked in the middle by a prom-

LEPIDOCYSTIS.

P. 455

inent ridge or ner^e ^passing out at the top into a short
blunt macro.

The mode of attachment of the sporanges is not distinctly
seen. They appear joined to a flattened axis by their base.
As in the former species, the axis is striate. The* sporanges
are only half as long, seven millimeters, five to six milli-
meters broad, highly convex or rhomboidal by cross sec-
tion, the upper angle being carinate by an inflation or
nerve enlarging from the base to the outside, where it passes
beyond the lamina into a short blunt point.

Habitat — The fragment is in the collection of Mr. Wm.
Lorenz, of Philadelphia ; found at South Salem vein of
Port Carbon, Penn'a.

Lepidocystis quadPvAngularis, Sp. nov., PI. LXIX,

Fig. 5.

Axis broad, bearing elongated rhomboidal scars of spor-
anges ; sporanges exactly cubic, joined to the axis by one
of their faces.

The axis is three to four millimeters broad ; the fragment
represented in the figure being part of a long strobile whose
shape was originally cylindrical, but which flattened by
compression has lost by maceration the sporanges of its
upper convex surface. These sporanges are short, three
millimeters on each side ; the point of attachment, as seen
from the scars, is made by superposition of one of its faces.

Habitat — Collection of Mr. Wm. Lorenz, of Philadel-
phia. It is from the Mammoth vein.

Lepidooystis obtusus, Sp. nov., PI. LXIX, Figs. 6, 7.

Brachyphyllum obtusum, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, (1858,) p. 876, PI.
XVII, /. 8.

Strobile long, fiexuous, cylimlrical and narrow; spor-
anges disposed in spiral, rhomboidal, obtuse or truncate
at both ends ; scars upon the axis same as in the former
species.

The form is common in the lowest beds of the Anthra-
cite, the Five Foot and Mammoth veins, there found always

456 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

in fragments, some of them as long as twenty to thirty
centimeters. The sporanges are somewhat larger than in
L. quadrangular is, but possibly the enlarging and defor-
mation is caused by vertical compression, for all the speci-
mens seen are flattened. One of the specimens of Mr. Lorenz
bears remains of this species on one side, while on the
other it has others like those of the former. In comi)aring
f. 6 and 7 of our plate with f. 8 of the GeoL of Penn'a, 1.
c, the outlines of these sporanges seem different. Indeed,
it is extremely difficult to positively represent the shape of
these sporanges, so varied it is even upon a same specimen.
They are certainly sporanges. I have seen sjjores aside
of a fragment of strobile ; but have not been able to ob-
serve them in the interior of one of the spore- cases, which
are of hard coriaceous texture. Probably some of these
sporanges opened and bearing seeds will be found hereafter.

In Geol. of Penn'a (1858) this plant w^as erroneously re-
ferred to the genus BrachypJiyllum established by Brong-
niart, Tabl. d. genres, p. 69, for branches of conifers of the
Jurassic. I remarked, however, in the description, 1. c,
that this vegetable could not represent a true BracTiypliyl-
lum, but rather a narrow catkin of a Lepidodendron or a
Lepidostrohiis .

Habitat — Anthracite basin of Penn'a; not rare, but not
seen elsewhere.

Lepidocystis Ais^GULARis, Sp. nov., Ft. LXIX, Figs.

16, 17.

Strobile short, nearly round ; spore case imbricated in
circular rows, upon a broad axis ; scales covering them
ovate, angular at the top.

The analysis of these fragments is difficult, as I cannot
positively see if the whole organism rej^resents a cone or a
mere sporange with spores covered with scales ; f. 15 repre-
sents either the axis or the case emptied of its spores. I
have now under my eyes another specimen of the same or
of an analogous species which is twice as broad as f. 17,
twenty-three millimeters transversely, and fifteen in vertical

LEPIDOCYSTIS.

P. 457

direction. The spores and their decking scales are also two
ranked, but they appear disposed star-like in groups of five
oval sori around a central elevated point like those of the
Ferns. It is, however, evident that these vegetable organs
cannot be referred to Ferns. The one not figur^ and larger
is reniform or slightly emarginate in the middle, at both the
upper and lower ends like a broad sporange with two valves
opened, containing one-celled large macrospores.

Habitat — Communicated by Mr. R. D. Lacoe. Specimen
Nos. 301 and 306, from Campbell's Ledge, sub or intra-con-
glomerate. The larger specimen not figured, is from Mr.
I, F. Mansfield, No. 425, in shale of the Cannelton coal.

Lepidocystis vesicularis, Lesqx.^ PI. LXIX^ Figs.

18-20.

CarpoUthes vesicularis, Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 462, PI. XXXI, f. 19-21.

Bladder-like sporanges^ originally inflated, hut flattened
in the shale and deformed hy compression.

These sporanges, averaging about one centimeter in diam
eter, are most varied in their forms, more generally irregu-
larly oval, or nearly square in outline, or circular, inflated
on the borders, with a round depression in the middle. F.
20 is probably a sporange of Lepidostrohus {Macrooystis)
quadratics, as remarked in the description of this species.

Habitat — Not rare in the lower coal measures. Shale
over the coal of Morris and Murphysborough, 111. Abund-
ant at Cannelton, Penn'a and around Pittston, as seen in
the collections of Mr. I. F. Mansfield and Mr. R. D. Lacoe.
Some of these sporanges show the spores under the erased
epidermis.

Lepidocystis FRAXixiF0TiMis,((r^>6pi?.), Lesqx.,Pl. LXIX,

Figs.

CarpoUthes fraxiniformis? Goepp. & Berg., De fruct. & Sem., p. 26, PI'
III, f. 33, 34. Lesqx. Geol. of Penn'a, {1858), p. 877.

C? Siliqua, D iivs. Dev. Pi. of Maine, Quat. Journ. Geol. >Soc., 1868, p.
465, PI. XVII, f. 4.

Sporanges inflated or bladder -I ilce, oblong in outline,
rounded or truncate at both ends.

The sporanges containing spores, as seen, f. 21, are, like

458 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the former, very variable in size, from one and a half to
nearly five centimeters long, and six to ten millimeters in
diameter. Their shape is generally oblong, with both ex-
tremities obtuse or truncate. That they are true sporanges
is seen by the scattered spores piercing through the epi-
dermis, f. 21.

The reference of these sporanges* to Carpolithes fraxini-
formis^ Goepp. & Berg., 1. c, is far from certain, though
the species of the European authors represent evidently
spore cases with a medial pedicel, thus distantly compara-
ble to Lepidopliyllum truncatum^ Atl., PL LXIX, f. 9.

Habitat — Abounds in a bed of subconglomerate shale be-
low Pottsville, Penn'a, with remains of Lepidodendron.
Also found by Mr. Lacoe, under the conglomerate near
Pittston. I have received one s^jecimen from Cannelton,
Penn'a, by Mr. I. F. Mansfield. It is described by Prof.
Dawson, from Perry county, Maine.

Lepidocystis bullatus, Lesqx.^ PI. LXIX, Figs. ^J^a.

Carpolithes bullatus, Lesqx., Geol. Itept. of III., IV, p. 46S, PI. XXXI,
f. 22-24.

Sporanges f small, half globular, irregularly lorinkled.
and flattened by compression.

Except that these bodies are much smaller than those
described as L. msicularis, they have the same characters.
By inference and on account of this relation, I suppose
them to represent sporanges. Perhaps the following species
explains their nature.

Habitat — Common at the base of the coal measures above
the Millstone grit, 111. and Penn'a.

Sporocystis, Lesqx.

Agglomerations of macrospores, grouped together or co-
hering or agglutinate by the borders, more generally with-
out cases, and therefore of uncertain reference. PI. LXIX,

f 13, n.

Sporocystis planus, Sp. nov., PI. LXIX, f. 15, 15a.
Spores flat, surrounded by a large border, variable in

PSILOPIIYTON.

P. 459

form and size^ connected to each others by the angular
borders, like a mosaic work.

These groups of spores are round or oval, the spores being
apparently glued together by the borders or by a^kind of in-
dusium, and therefore of various forms, irregularly square
or polygonal, smooth and> inflated on the surface, marked
with very small central mamillse. They represent an ag-
glomeration of spores like those found at the l)ase of the
Selaginece.

Habitat — Abundant under the conglomerate at Pittston ;
communicated by Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

Genera and Species doubtfully PtEFERABLE to Lyco-

PODIACEJE.
PSILOPHYTON, Daws.

stems dlchotomous ; young branches carindte; rhizomes
cylindrical^ mllous or scaly^ marked with round, scars
points of attachment of cylindrical rootlets ; leaves dis-
posed in spiral^ small or rudimentary, acicular, squar-
rose, open. Fructifications in small naked sporanges,
spindle shaped or clavate, axillary or in pairs at the ex-
tremity of the branches.

On the plants of this genus, Schimper remarks, Paleont.
Yeget., IIL, p. 548 : Notwithstanding the numerous details
given by Prof. Dawson on the internal structure of these
plants, their place among the vascular cryptogamous plants
is not yet fixed. The circinnate vernation and the vascular
scalarif orm tissue recall that of the Ferns ; the general f acies
and the leaves relate the plants to some Lycopodiacece, while
the disposition and the form of the organs of fructifications
have not any analogy, in the fossil or even in the living
cryptogams.. It is, it seems, a lost type.

PsiLOPHYTON PRINCEPS, DaWS.

Geol. Sur. of Canada, mi, p. 37, PI. IX-XI.
Schp. Paleont. veget., Ill, p. 548.

Stem erect, repeatedly dichotomous ; leaves in spiral,
short, squarrose, slightly turned upward or in right an-

460 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

gle ; fertile branches open^ many times forlced at the apex;
sporanges numerous^ generally geminate^ pending ; learns
of the fertile branches very short, scarcely discernible.

The stem of this species is comparatively large, measur-
ing more than one centimeter in diameter. The fructifica-
tions, as figured by the author, are remarkably like those
of Archwopteris.

Habitat— author, in Devonian Plants of Maine, Q.
J. Geol. Soc, 1863, remarks that this sj^ecies has been found
to extend from the very bottom of the Devonian series to
the upper members, in Canada and through every part of
eastern America, where land plants have bfeen found
These plants belong to the oldest representatives of the land
vegetation. One species is described from the Silurian Cin-
cinnati group, in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. v. XVII, No. 100,
p. 163.

Leptophlceum RHOMBieuM, Daws., Nov. Gen. & Sp.

PI. of the Dev. Period of N. E. America, Quat. Jour. Geol. Soc., Nov. 1862,
p. 316, PL XII. f. 8, and PL XVII, f. 53.

Stem covered, with contigitous rhombic areoles, each with
a single small scar a little above its center, and above this
a very slight furrow. Decorticated stems with spiral
punctiform scars in slight depressions. BarJc thin, pith-
cylinder very large, with transverse marMngs of the char-
acter of Sternbergia.

This plant seems to have presented a straight cylindrical
stem, supporting leaves with thick bases, and of which
only traces remain. Its bark was thin ; and it seems to
have had a thin woody cylinder, within which was a very
large Sternbergia-pith. One specimen shows a growth of
young wood at the extremity of the stem on wdiich the
rhombic scars are only imperfectly developed ; and at the
extremity of this younger portion the transverse structure
of the pith exhibits itself through the thin bark in such a
manner that this portion, if separated from the remainder
of the stem, might be described as a Sternbergia. This is
another peculiar phase of these remarkable, transversely
wrinkled piths that seems to have belonged to so many of

T^NIOPHYLLUM.

P. 461

the carboniferous and Devonian plants. The markings on
the surface of tlie stems of this plant somewhat resemble
those of Lepidodendroti tetragonum^ Ulodendro)i minus
and Lomatophloyos crassicaule^ but the vascula^* scars and
the general structure of the stem are different. I believe
this plant to be more allied to UlodendrecB and Lepidoden-
drece^ than to any other plants.

The above is entirely copied from Prof. Dawson' s memoir,
as this genus is, like the former, unknown to me, except
from the description and figures of its author.

Habitat — Devonian measures of Maine.

TiSlNIOPHYLLE^.

T^T^ioPHYLLUM, Lesqx.

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. (1878), p. 330.

Stems large^ leaves crowded., jistular^ flat by compres-
sion^ thick, exactly linear, decurring at the base, surface
smooth, opaque or shining.

The plants referred to this division resemble those of the
narrow-leaved Cordaites by the size of their leaves only.
These are still narrower, more exactly linear, and their sur-
face is not striate or marked by nerves, neither when corti-
cated nor when deprived of their coaly epidermis. Seen
with a strong glas§, the epidermis appears lined lengthwise
and crosswise by a very thin areolation composed of ap-
pressed square meshes resembling those of the finest tissue.
The leaves, as far as they can be seen, are very long. I have
not been able to find one in its entire length in any of the
specimens examined. Their points of attachment still more
than their smooth surface separates them from Cordaites,
these points being marked by linear narrow scars, rounded
and slightly inflated at the lower end, generally acute or
acuminate upwards. The species referred to this group
represent evidently a different generic division, if not a
separate family.

The above description, taken from the Proc, 1. c, is exact
as far as the characters of the generic division could be
recognized from the specimens bearing leaves only, which

462 P KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

I had then for examination. But recently Mr. I. F. Mans-
field, to whom the American coal flora owes already the
discovery of specimens of some of its most interesting types,
has sent me a large piece of slate seventy centimeters long,
covered Avith remains of T. decurrens^ which forcibly elim-
inates the supposed relation of these plants to the Cor-
daites.

The specimen represents a trunk of Stemmatopteris
Schimperi^ covered with a coating of rootlets. To its
borders are superposed, in close appressed confused masses,
bundles of leaves of T. decurrens^ diverging from it un-
der an acute angle of 20-30°, exactly like those in Atl.
Pi. LXXXI, f. 1, right side. These leaves are remarkably
similar to the radicles covering the stems of Stemmatop-
teris^ a little broader, however, apparently tubulose, or
hollow cylinders flattened by compression, with a parietal
tissue nearly half a millimeter thick. The hollow or in-
side canal of these leaves, as seen at divers parts where the
parietal surface is open, is filled with closely appressed
macrospores about one millimeter in diameter (flattened),
distributed here and there in patches of various length.
Some are seen continuous, five to six centimeters long, four
to five millimeters broad, evidently enclosed into these
hollow, fistular, leaf- like sporangiophores. As these groups
of spores are distributed upon the whole surface of the
specimen, and seen at divers places where the cortical tissue
is destroyed, there can be no doubt about their relation to
the leaves and their mode of attachment to them. But the
connection of these bundles of filaments to the trunk of
Stemmatopteris is not clear. Towards the lower part the
decurring leaves cover the border of the trunk as if they
were appressed upon it, and, therefore, possibly coming in
contact "by casual superposition. But towards the upper
part, where the radicles covering the bark of Stemmatop-
teris are transformed into a thick layer of coal, this layer
passes a little out of the borders of the trunks upon the
base of the leaves of Tmniopliyllum^ as if these were de-
rived from the same stem, though none of them are placed
in the same direction as the radicles, and none appear mixed

TyENIOPIIYLLUM.

P. 468

with them. There are evidently two kinds of vegetables.
The question is only on the connection of the plants, either
as casual by the deposits of a tuft of leaves of Toeniophyl
lum^ upon the Stemmatopteris^ or in a community of vege
tation by parasitic association of this Tceniophyllum. The
upper part of the trunk of this Stemmatopteris is free, with-
out connection with any leaves of ToeniopJiyllum. On the
first description of this plant, which was communicated to
European Phytopaleontologists, Schimper, Grand d'Eury,
and other authors have remarked upon the doubtful ref-
erence of these vegetable remains to Cordaites. No sug-
gestion has been made upon their relation to any other
group of the Carboniferous plants. The character of the
fructifications refer them to the Licopodiacece.

The affinity to living species of this family is, however,
not distinctly marked. .They may be compared to some
Selaginelloe ; Iscetes^ for example. In this genus the spores
are axillary, placed in membranaceous sporocarps at the
base of the leaves. The sporocarps ascend higher in the
leaves than the spores, sometimes to half their length. In
these carboniferous plants, the membranaceous spore-cases
seem to have been distributed high up into the leaves, or in
their whole length, bearing spores either continuous or in
successive groups.

The axis of the Isoetece is short. What I have described
as the stems of Tceniophyllum^ as seen upon the specimen
figured, may represent a prolongation of an axis of the
same kind, a stump like that of PI. LXXXIV.

The three species described under this generic name are
closely related by the characters of their leaves. T. con-
textum seems a mere variety of T. decurens and T. deflex-
um^ with its large flat ribbon-like leaves, may perhaps rep-
resent the sterile plants of the same species. The reticula-
tion of the thin epidermis is in all of the same character.

464 P. IlEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

TyENioPHYLLUM DECURRENS, Lesqx., PI. LXXX. Fig. Jf.-

LXXXI, FUj. 1.

Lesqx., Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. (1878), p. SSI, PI. LI, /. 4; LIT, /. 1.*

Characters of the species^ same as for the genus.

Both the figures represent the leaves deciirring upon the
stem by an elongated base, but in PL LXXX the leaves
preserve in their length as far at least as it can be seen the
same diameter all along their decurring base, while in PI.
LXXXI they are gradually narrowed downward to their
points of attachment, forming, as appressed upon another
or against each other, narrow basilar prominent ridges.
The leaves also of PI. LXXX are slightly broader and more
distinctly enlarged upwards. As the trunk of this speci-
men is not seen, I could not compare the point of attach-
ment ; and the characters of texture, facies and size of the
leaves being the same, I consider them as variable forms of
the same species. Perhaps even the variation is caused by
a difference in the compression and maceration of frag-
ments of a same plant. The crowded leaves average five to
seven millimeters in width, forming by their imbricating
and decurring long base a thick coating of coaly bark,
which, when destroyed, leaves the surface of the stem
smooth, or irregularly lined and wrinkled. It is marked by
numerous leaf scars, some of them distinctly seen, others
destroyed or obscure, so that their relative position is
not definitely recognizable. The scars are placed in spiral
order, but their place is not always indicated by the points
of attachment. They are generally obtuse and inflated at
the base, where they measure one millimeter in diameter
only, gradually effaced and narrowed upwards, and there-
fore their characters are far different from those left by the
leaves of Cordaites. The bark of the stem also is much
thicker, not merely a thin smooth pellicle of coal, but a
coating of shaly carbonaceous matter one millimeter thick
or more.

Habitat — Cannelton, Penn'a; Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

* The quoted Nos. of the plates of this genus and of the Cordaites refer to
a few sets distributed before the definitive disposition of the plates, one of
which is bound in the vol. of the library of the Am. Phil. Society.

T^NIOPHYLLUM.

P. 465

T.ENiopiiYLLUM CONTEXTUM, Lesqx., PI. LXXXII,
Figs. 2a.

Lesqx., Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1. c, p. 3S2, PI. LIU, f. 2, 2a.

Learns narrow^ linear^ tioo miUimeters hroad^ apjparently
very long^ obtuse^ twisted or interlaced together in tufts
and erect^ dimrging and curved in the upper part.

This species merely differs from the former by the nar-
rower leaves', more distinctly linear, compactly twined in
the lower part. They are less flattened, evidently fistulose.
Their substance is thick, the epidermis is a coaly layer irreg-
ularly disrupted in minute elongated granules, as in f. 2a.
I have not seen any of these leaves in connection with a
stem.

By compression and flattening, an inflated border is here
and there formed along some of the leaves, and by their
superposition the upper ones seem to have a midrib. In a
few cases when the heavy coating of coaly matter is re-
moved the thread-like vessels of the surface appear spread
in loose f ascites similar to those of the leaves of Dicrano-
phyllum.

Habitat — With the former.

T^NioPHYLLUM DEFLEXUM, Lesqx,^ PI. LXXXIIl,

Fig. i.

Lesqx., Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, I. c, p. 331, PL LIV, f. 4.

Stem or branch narrow ; leaves closely imbricated^ ap-
parently decurrent^ their base being covered by fragments
of broken leaves decurring to and expanding in right an-
gle from the stem; surface smooth.

The part of a branch flgured here is entirely covered with
broken fragments of detached leaves, and its surface is no-
where exposed ; the leaves deflexed along the borders in right
angle to the stem, seemingly from above the decurring base,
are all flattened and parallel, their borders generally con-
tiguous. They measure one centimeter in width and thirty-
seven centimeters in length to the point where the specimen
is broken. The coaly epidermis is, on the surface, very thin
and fragmentary, or spread here and there like powder by
30 P.

466 P. TwEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

decomposition ; but the leaves taken altogether appear of
a somewhat thick consistence. I have of this species only
one specimen, a large piece of shale of which a fragment
only is figured. Seen with a very strong glass, the veins
of the surface may be approximately counted at twenty in
one millimeter space ; the cross wrinkles are also of the
same size. The tissue of the epidermis is the same as in
the former species, merely a little looser. The cross section
of the leaves shows both surfaces separated by a thin layer
of shale or clay, as if the leaves had been in their original
state inflated or tubulose.
Habitat — With the former.

SiGILLARM.

Trunks simjplem forking near the apex^ smooth^ or longi-
tudinalty furrowed^ marked by leaf scars of various
forms ^ disposed, in spiral order ; leaves grass-like^ tripli-
cate^ simple nerved; radicular appendages {8tigmaria)
tJiick^ dichotomous^ Tiorizontally expanded^ bearing long
linear simple cylindrical fistulose or flattened leaves or
rootlets, more or less regularly disposed in spiral order,
leaving as their scars circular mamillcB, with a central
vascular round point.

The internal structure of the plants of this family is little
known as yet, and there is still a degree of uncertainty in
regard to their general characters, and to the relation which
they indicate to plants of the present time. Brongniart,
from the microscopical analysis of the structure of Sigilla-
ria elegans, was disposed to consider the Sigillaria^ as Gym-
nosperms, related to Cycadece. This opinion is admitted
by Dawson and Grand' Eury ; but the generality of authors
refer this family to the Lycopodiacece, Binney, from a re-
markably careful and precise examination of the internal
structure of Sigillaria, Quat. Journ. Geol. Soc, May, 1862,
PI. IV, Y; Phil. Trans., 1865, p. 580, PI. XXXI-XXXY,
exposes the result of his researches in the following con-
clusion (p. 591): "Everything led me to believe that the
leaves, branches, and probably the fructifications of Sigil-

SIGILLARIA.

P. 467

laria will prove to be very analogous to those of Lepido-
dendron.^' Goldenberg, in Fl. Sarr^Bj)., liv. 1 and 2, refers
Sigillaria, with Stigmarla^ etc., to the Selaglnece. He
represents, in PL A, the characters of the living plants of
this family, and in PL B, com^Darative figures of those of
the fossil Selaglmce^ including the fructifications of Sigil-
laria in strobiles, in close affinity to those of Lepidoden-
dron^ only differing by the blades enlarged at the base,
without sporanges, but vertically covering agglomerations
of macrospores, much like those of AtL, PL LXYIII, f 6.
It is evident that fructifications of this kind cannot be re-
ferred to Gymnospermous plants. From these considera-
tions Heer, Weiss, Schimper, and Stur. admit the Sigillarice
into the family of the Lycopodlacece as a separate group,
however.

As American specimens are not in such a state of fossil-
ization that their internal structure can be studied, I con-
sider the question merely from the outside characters of
the plants, especially from the scars of their leaves as left
upon the bark. In the divisions of the smooth (not fur-
rowed) stems, the scars of some species of Sigillaria are of
the Lepidodendroid type, for example, Sigillaria mono-
stigma and S. fissa, PL LXXIII, f . 3-6 ; 17. Not only have
these scars a single central vascular scar, without any traces
of lateral bundles, but as seen f. 6, the subcortical impres-
sions bear caudate appendages like the base of Knorria
leaves, or similar to those observed in the subcortical state
of Lepidodend^ron VeWieimianwn, etc. The leaves also of
Sigillaria, though generally longer than those of Lepido-
dendron^ are of the same character, and cannot be compared
to leaves of Cycadece, or of any other kind of gymno-
sperms.

As for Stigm.aria as roots, the question of its true rela-
tion to Sigillaria or Lepidodendron is discussed with the
description of the Genus.

SiGiLLAKiA, Brgt.

TrunJcs large^ simple or dicTiotomous near the apex,
marTced by leaf scars in mrtical series, separated by fur-

468 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

rows, or placed in spiral order, either contiguous or more
or less distant, mry variable in size and shape, round,
oval, truncate or emarginate, hexagonal, transversely
rhomboidal, etc., with three vascular scars, one simple
medial pumtiform, the two others lateral, of semi-lunar
or linear shape. Leaves linear, long, triplicate, carinate
or plane, with a distinct medial nerve.

The leaves are rarely found attached to the stems. Gold-
enberg, in his monography of the genus Sigillaria, dis-
poses the species in four different groups, according to the
general disposition and shape of the leaf scars : Leioder-
maricB, Clathrarice, Rhytidolepis, and Syringodendron.
These subdivisions are followed and defined here for the
description of the American species.

§ 1. Leiodermari^.

Surface of the trunks not co state ; leaf scars more or
less distant, not contiguous.

SiGiLLARiA MONOSTiGMA, Lcsqx., PI. LXXITI, Figs. 3-6.

Geol. Rept. of III., 11, %>. 449, PL XLII, /. 1-5; IV, p. 446, PL XXVI,
f.5.

Schp. Paleont. Veget., II, p. 101.

Asolanus CaynptotcBnia, Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. iSci. Phila., p. 288, PL
IV, /. 1.

Super cortical leaf scars broadly rhomboidal, constricted
and acute at the sides, rounded at the upper and lower
part; vascular scars simple, pun'ctiform, in the middle
of a smaller central rhomboidal inammilla, or naked, at
or near the top of the leaf scars ; decorticated surface very
variable ; impressions of the leaf scars generally large,
oval, with a small transversely rhomboidal cicatrice and
a vascular point in the middle, or with the cicatrices obso-
lete, topped by an enlarged vascular mamilla with an in-
flated linear protuberance like the inflated base of the
leaves of a. Knorria ; surface between the scars always
more or less distinctly and regularly striate in opposite
directions, obliquely to the scars.

The cortex of this species is easily separated in thin lam-
ell se, and the scars vary in their characters according to the

SIGILLARIA.

P. 469

degree of decomposition or decortication of the trunks. I
have endeavored to represent the more important of their
features, but I must say that among two or ^three scores of
specimens which have been and are still under m^ examin-
ation, I have rarely found two of them exactly similar in
all their characters. The leaf scars especially are very
variable. Generally the striae of the surface, diverging
from the scars in oblique and in opposite direction, are seen
upon the successive layers of the bark, even some traces of
them are left upon the decorticated surface of f. 6.

The subcorticated scars are much longer, oval, with the
outlines of f. 4, without any rhomboidal scar, merely smooth,
flat, or marked by a vascular point near the top. Upon the
naked stem they are as nearly linear as in the lower part
of f. 5.

The distance between the leaf scars vary from eight to
twenty millimeters in the spiral direction of the scars, and
from center to center. The average size of these scars in
their state of preservation or as rhomboidal, is vertically
five millimeters, one millimeter more transversely. In the
decorticated state the oval scars measure eight to twelve
millimeters vertically, and are only half as broad.

Schimper compares this species to 8. rimosa, Gold.,
which it resembles indeed, as remarked in my first descrip-
tion, by the decorticated oval scars ; but all the essential
characters are different. S. rimosa has the triple vascular
scars of a Slgillaria^ while S. mouostigma has only a single
vascular point, and is by this character a transitional form
relating this group of Sigillaria to Lepidodendron. In the
European species also the striae or wrinkles are lengthwise
as seen upon all the specimens represented by Goldenberg,
while in S. monostigma they diverge in opposite directions
from the scars, and this also is seen upon all the corticated
or semi-corticated American specimens which I have ex-
amined.

I know of no relation to this species which, until now,
represents a type j)eculiar to the American coal flora. With
the following it could be separated as a subdivision of the
genus.

470 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Habitat — Not rare at Colchester, 111. Abounds at Can-
nelton, Penn'a, where Mr. I. F. Mansfield has obtained
splendid and yery numerous specimens representing the
characters of the species in a multiplicity of forms. Found
also at Pittston, coal B, by Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

SiGiLLARiA FissA, Lesqx. PI. LXXIII, Fig. 17.

Geol. of Penn'a, (1858), j-t. 871, PL XIII, f. 4. Schp., Paleont. veget.,
II, p. 100.

Leaf scars distant^ unibonate^ rliomhoidal^ deeply emar-
ginaie at the upper border, rounded at the lower, angular
on the sides ; vascular scars marked by a single point near
the top of an inside smaller rhomboidal mamilla.

This species is represented by a single specimen. It dif-
fers from the former by the scars a little more distant,
deeply emarginate at the upper border, less enlarged on the
sides, with a central convex mamilla, and by the wrinkles
or striae of the surface merely undulating lengthwise. Per-
haps these characters are not persistent, and therefore
should not be considered as specific. They are not re-
marked, however, upon any of the numerous specimens of
the former species.

8. denudata, Goepp., Perm, fl., p. 200, PI. XXXIY, f. 1,
is closely allied to this species, differing essentially by the
triple vascular scars.

Habitat — Muddy creek, near Shamokin, a locality where
I found some plants of peculiar types not seen elsewhere,
S. Schimperi^ among others.

SiGiLLARiA OBLiQUA, Brgt. PI. LXXIII, Fig. 18.

Brgt., Hist. d. veget. foss., p. 429, PL CLVII, f. 1, 2. Lesqx., Geol. of
Penn'a, 1858, p. 871.

S. rhomboidea, Brgt., ibid., p. 425, PL CL VII, f. 4. Gold., Flor. Sarrcep.,
II, p. 22, PL VI, f. 6. Schp. Paleont. veget., II, p. 99.

8. Sculpta, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 871, PL XIII, f. 3.

Leaf -scars oblique^ mammillate^ rhomboidal^ prolonged
and rounded in the lower part^ truncate or emarginate at
.the top^ angular on the sides ; vascular scars three., the

SIGILlvARIA.

P. 471

lateral ones long, linear, arched ; cortex rugose, ribbed
lengthwise.

The leaf -scars are a little more than one centimeter dis-
tant from center to center in the oblique direction of the
spiral, six to seven millimeters long and as broad between
the lateral angles, rounded at the lower border and distinct-
ly emarginate at the apex, (in the American specimens). >S'.
obliqua, as figured by Brongniart and Goldenberg, has the
scars obtuse, both at the upper and lower borders. It is
on account of this difference that I did separate the Amer-
ican form as 8. sculpta. Possibly, however, the disks upon
the specimens seen by the European authors may have been
somewhat deformed by maceration and compression. For
in Brgt. f. 1, 1. c, a few of them are slightly emarginate.
Hence the essential characters being identical it is advis-
able to consider the American form as a mere variety.
The subcorticated scars have not been seen by European
authors. In the form described as >S^. sculpta the vascular
scars seen under the cortex are double, oval, close, but not
contiguous, four to five millimeters long, one to one and a
half millimeters broad, twice as long, of the same width
and in the same relative position as in Atl. PI. LXXIII, f.
19a. The surface between them is irregularly and less
distinctly wrinkled lengthwise.

Habitat — The species is not rare, and indeed presents
different forms at the different localities where it has been
found. As S. sculpta, I found it at the Gate vein of IN'ew
Philadelphia, an upper coal. A specimen of the same
type in the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 574, from the
Plymouth colliery, represents it upon a surface of about
fifty centimeters (square). I have seen it also from Du-
quoin coal. 111. As 8. rhomboidea, it is in many specimens
from Oliphant, in the cabinet of Mr. P. D. Lacoe.

SiGiLLARiA spiNULOSA, Germ.

Verst, p. 58, PI. XXV. Gold., Flor. Sarrcep., IT, p. 20, PI. X, f. 5.
iSchp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 102, PL LXVII, f. 12.

Cortex undulately striate lengthwise, slightly rugose
crosswise; scars in quincunxial order, vertically and

472 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

longitudinally equidistant^ trapezoidal^ rounded at the
lower border^ narrowed to a truncate or slightly emargin-
ate top ; laterally angular in the middle; vascular scars
three, the middle transversely linear or punctiform, the
lateral linear^ obliquely diverging ; tubercles scattered in
the intervals, small, centrally deeply concave.

The only difference to note in the characters of the spe-
cies, as indicated by the specimens I have for examination,
is the smaller size of the disks. They measure seven to
eight millimeters transversely and five millimeters verti-
cally, while in the European form they average about two
millimeters more in both directions. The distance from
center to center in horizontal and vertical lines is two cen-
timeters. The small tubercles scattered upon the bark in
the intervals between the disks are rare, nearly immersed
in the wrinkles, one and a half millimeters in diameter,
apparently scars of adventive rootlets, as supposed by
Schimper, rather than remains of the base of spines, as
supposed by Germar. The wrinkles of the surface are not
as large as in the former species and not smooth, but ru-
gose crosswise ; the leaf scars are narrower at the top, more
broadly rounded at the base. I can see no other difference
between this species and the former.

Habitat — This form is extremely rare in the American
coal measures ; I found the specimen described above, in a
bed of sandstone shale, at Massillon, Ohio, and I have not
seen any other. It is Si. 226 of the collection of the Mu-
seum of Comp. ZooL, Cambridge, Mass.

SiGILLARIA DILATATA, Lcsqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 871, PI. XIII, f. 5. Schp., Paleont. veget., II,
p. 101.

Leaf -scars close and small; flat or slightly umbonate,
enlarged and acuminate on the sides, the upper border
emarginate, the lower arched; cortex minutely undulately
striate lengthwise.

This species is quite distinct and easily recognized. The
scars, six millimeters distant in their spiral direction, are

SIGILLARIA.

P. 473

vertically three millimeters in diameter only and twice
as broad, being compressed and acuminate on the sides.
The medial vascular scar is comparatively large, the lateral
ones mostly joined and covering it. The decorticated sur-
face is also rugose lengthwise, marked with thin undulating
lines, and the vascular scars three, the two lateral oval, less
than one millimeter long and half as broad, the medial one
punctiform.

Habitat — Carbondale. First seen in the collection of Mr.
Clarkson. Found later near Port Carbon and at Muddy
Creek. Specimens Si. 17, 54, of the Museum of Comp. ZooL,
Cambridge.

SiGiLLARiA RETICULATA, Lesqx., PI. LXXTII^ Figs.

19, 19a.

Geol. Bept. of Ark., II, p. 810, PL III, f. 2. Schp., Paleont. veget., II,
p. 99.

Leaf -scars large, close, transversely rhomhoidal, obcor-
date or emarginate at the upper border, enlarged and
acuminate on the sides, rounded- at the base ; surface ob-
scurely and irregularly* costate lengthioise, transversely
rugose. *

The leaf-scars have about the same shape as in the former
species, but are much larger, five millimeters high, eight
millimeters broad, less dilated on the borders ; the surface
is distinctly transversely wrinkled, except around the some-
what umbonate scars, where it is smooth and also some-
times marked lengthwise by irregular large striae, as in the
specimen figured in the Ark. Geol. Kept., 1. c. The decor-
ticated surface has the vascular scars like those of the for-
mer species, comparatively larger.

Habitat— Male's coal bank. Ark. Sent also from the
coal fields of Alabama, by Mr. T. H. Aldricli. As yet this
species is subcongloraerate.

SiGILLARIA LORENZII, Sp. nOV.

Cortex distinctly undulately wrinkled lengthwise ; leaf-
scars in quicunxial order, vertically less distant than hori-

474 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

zontally^ transversely oval, narrowed, hut obtuse on the
sides ; ^vascular scars in the middle.

The species is closely allied to the former, differing by
the form of the scars, oval, equally arched on the upper
and lower border, contracted but somewhat obtuse on the
sides, eight millimeters broad, and half as high. The de-
corticated scars are not exx)osed. The cortex is deeply un-
dulately striate between the scars, which are one centimeter
distant in horizontal direction, but slightly lineate in the
space only half a centimeter wide, which separates them
vertically.

Habitat — Seen in the cabinet of Mr. Wm. Lorenz, of
Philadelphia, from Raush Gap, Mammoth vein, Penn'a.

SiGiLLARiA Stellata, Lesqx.^ PI. L XXIII, Fig. 20.

Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 871, PL XIV, /. 2. Schj?., Paleont. veget., II,
p. 101.

Leaf -scars in quincunxial position, plane, large, broad-
ly rhomb oidal-hexagonal, emarginate at the top, ha^f round
at the base, angular on the sides ;. cortex distinctly wrink-
led in undulating strice diverging star-like from the scars;
vascular scars three, the lateral oval, the middle puncti-
form.

Species allied to 8. reticulata, but widely different by
the shape of the leaf-scars and the peculiar direction of the
stride of the surface. * The scars, as broad as long, are eight
millimeters in diameter, ffat and smooth. The lateral vas-
cular impressions are oval, as in the decorticated surface of
the species of this group, with an arched line under them.
The vertical distance between the scars is fifteen millime-
ters, the horizontal twenty-three.

Habitat — Seen in the cabinet of Mr. Clarkson, in splendid
specimens obtained at Carbondale. The Museum of Comp.
ZooL, Cambridge, has one (Si. 2) from the same locality.

SiGiLLARiA ScHiMPERi, Lesqx., PI. LXXIII, Fig. 21.

Geol. of Penn'a, 185S, p. 871, PL XIV, f. 1. Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p.
101.

Surface transversely and vertically rugulose, horizon-

SIGILLAPvIA.

P. 475

tally thinly striate ; leaf -scars large^ nearly round in out-
line ; upper marginal line deep^ extending horizontally on
the sides; the lower less distinct; vascular scars two^
oval, obliquely diverging, loith an arched linear impres-
sion above them.

The figure is not exactly copied, in this only, that it does
not well represent the rugosity of the surface thinly trans-
versely striate by disconnected narrow lines traversing even
the leaf-scars, and then rugulose obliquely between the
scars which ax)pear thus as placed into lozenge-shaped lat-
ticed frames. The leaf -scars, one and a half centinieters
broad, one centimeter in vertical direction, are formed of
an upper border marked by a deep broad highly convex
line curved horizontally on the sides, with lower concave
borders closing the circle under and near the vascular im-
pressions.

The characters of this species are somewhat abnormal,
especially in the absence of a medial vascular point, which
is not remarked upon the specimen. The epidermis of the
leaf-scars has been, however, partly destroyed, the scars
being flat, not mammillate as they are generally in the spe-
cies of this group.

Habitat — Found in the shale of an old mine of Muddy
creek. The specimen is large, S. 1, Museum of Comp.
Zool., Cambridge.

SiGILLAFvIA CORRUGATA, Lcsqx.
Geol, Rept. of III., IV, p. 445, PL XXIV, f. 4; XXV, f. 5, decorticated.

Cortex deeply rugose lengthvnse ; leaf -scars large and
distant, oml in outline, tumescent in the middle, with a
round small mamilla and two oval lateral impressions un-
der it.

This species has the facies of a Lepidodendron. The
oval scars one centimeter long, seven millimeters broad,
surrounded by a flat border one to two millimeters broad,
are gibbous in the middle and there marked by a round
vascular scar, placed between and above two lateral oval
ones, which resemble the appendages of a Lepidodendron.

476 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

These scars are extremely variable, and when deformed by
abrasion of one or two of the upper cortical layers, they
generally preserve, as outlines of their essential characters, a
large round vascular scar in the middle of an oblong im-
pression, acuminate at both ends.

Habitat — Marseilles, Lasalle county, 111. Specimens in
a poor state of preservation.

SiGILLARIA LEIODERMA, Brgt,

Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 4^3, PL CLVIT, f. S. iSchp., Paleont., veget., II,
p. 98.

Cortex smooth^ disJcs oval, not angular ^ marked in the
center by a small horse-shoe- shaped or oval vascular scar.

I refer to this sjDecies two specimens with ovate leaf- scars
or disks ten to fifteen centimeters long, four to seven milli-
meters broad in the middle, rounded at the lower border,
obtuse and narrower at the top. One of them bears a single
central oval scar or mamilla ; the other is marked with a
horse-shoe-shaped line under the vascular point. The disks
are a little less obtuse at the top than in Brongniart' s figure.
The cortex in one of the specimens is very thinly lineate
lengthwise ; in the other it is slightly granulose.

The species of Brongniart is probably made from a spe-
cimen in a better state of preservation than those which I
had for examination and which have the surface more or
less obliterated. This may account for the difference in
the characters.

The leaf-scars of this species, are much like those of the
former. It, therefore, merely differs by the nearly smooth
surface of the trunks. The reverse of one of the speci-
mens, evidently decorticated, has large disks joined verti-
cally by a tumescent prolongation of the base.

Habitat — One of the specimens with smaller disks is
(Si. 24) in the collection of the Museum of Comp. Zool. of
Cambridge, from Massillon, Ohio. The other is in the
cabinet of Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., from Port Car-
bon, Pa.

SlGILLARTA.

P. 477

SiGILLARIA LEPIDODENDRIFOLIA, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg./oss., p. 426, PI. CLXI. Gold., Fl. Sarroep., II, p. 21, PL
VI, f. 10, 11. Lesqx.,Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 871. Schp., Paleont. veget., II,
p. 100.

Cortex irregularly striate., grootsed lengtJiwi^e, hut with-
out ribs, transversely wrinkled under the areoles ; leaf-
scars rhoinboidal-ovate^ angular on the sides ; upper and
lower borders rounded ; vascular scars three.

One of the specimens of this species, seen at Summit Le-
high in a private collection, represents it with the charac-
ters described by the author. The other has the leaf- scars
irregularly disposed, as in Brongniart's figures, also of the
same shape, but a little smaller. The scars deformed by
compression are more generally oval, but those in a good
state of preservation have the same form as in the European
specimens, or like f. 3, Brgt., 1. c, with smaller leaf-scars.
These, though varying from seven to twelve millimeters
long, have the same transversal diameter, seven millime-
ters.

Habitat — Specimen Si. 105, of the Museum of Comp.
Zool. of Cambridge, is the one with smaller leaf scars,
which I refer to this species. It is from the roof shale of
Morris, 111. The other specimen, from Summit Lehigh,
was not obtainable. The species, very rare in the American
coal measures, appears common in Europe, as besides the
references quoted above, it is described also, without figures,
by Heer and Gfrand'Eury.

§ 2. Clathrari^.

Scars contiguous by prominent borders forming a kind
of lattice upon the cortex.

SiGILLARIA Brardii, Brgt.., PI. LXXIII, Figs. 8-16.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 430, PI. CL VIII, f. 4. Gold., Fl. Sarrcep., II,
p. 25, PI. VII, f. 7-10. Germ., Verst., p. 29, PI. XI, f. 1, 2. Weiss, foss. fl., p.
161, PL XVI, f. 1 ; XVII, f. 7-9. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 872; Geol.
Rept. of III., II, p. 451. Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p, 102. Also described
by Hear and Grand'' Eury, without figures.

Scars transversely rhomboidal-oval, enlarged and acu-
minate on the sides ; lower and upper borders round;

478 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

mamillcB of the same form^ the wpjper border emarginate ;
vascular scars three^ the lateral semi-lunar^ the middle
punctiform or transversely linear; surface epidermis
lineate lengthwise ; decorticated scars transversely oval,
enlarged and acuminate on the sides, or totally obsolete^
loith two oval vascular scars; cicatrices of the rhizome
small^ circular, mammillate^ with a large central vascular
point ; surface rugose by deep lorinMes diverging star-lilce
from the scars ; leaves ^narroio, broadly nerved, lineate.

Though very common in the middle coal measures, this
species is rarely found in specimens affording points of
comparison for its different characters which are of course
variable, according to the state of preservation of the frag-
ments. I have had opportunity of studying various forms,
from a number of specimens obtained at the same locality
where no other Slgillaria was discovered. As the modi-
fications of the characters may be followed in comparing
the divers fragments, I am satisfied that f. 8-16, of PI.
LXXIII, represents the same species. As seen f. 8 and 9,
the leaf scars are variable in size ; others not figured are
still larger. The mamillse, which are generally flat, are
from four to seven millimeters broad, and the disks sur-
rounding them proportionally large. Fig. 10 shows that
sometimes the disks are not contiguous, the lower part
being erased and the space vertically rugose. Fig. 12 is
taken from the surface covered by a coaly epidermis, regu-
larly vertically lineate, bearing, obscurely marked, the
outlines of the disks underneath. F. 11 and 13 represent
two states of decortication. In the first, f. 11, the disks are
still distinct ; in f . 13, they are totally erased, and the space
between the vascular oval scars is vertically rugose. F. 14
is a fragment of the Stigmaria of this species, distinct by
its small tubercles, and the deep wrinkles of the surface
disposed star-like around the mamillse. F. 15-1 6a repre-
sent parts of the leaves, enlarged. They are two millimet-
ers broad, canaliculate by a thick medial flat nerve and
very thinly lineate lengthwise, as is also the medial nerve
incorrectly left smooth upon f. 16. Whole fragments of

SIGILLAIlIxV.

P. 479

shale are covered with them. The base of the leaves, f. 15,
is narrowed to the point of attachment and enlarged above.
This ligure is made from separate small j)ieces of shale
which may represent folded leaves. The top of the frag-
ment is lineate, as seen on the figure.

Habitat — The specimens described above are in the col-
lection of Prof. J. P. Lesley, obtained in Washington
county, by Prof. I. C. White. The species, not rare in the
upper strata of the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania, is
found also at Colchester and Duquoin, 111., at Pomeroy
and Coshocton, Ohio. It is rare in the lower coal strata,
and has not been seen in the sub-conglomerate measures.
Mr. Deudler, of Pittston, has a splendid specimen of this
species, from Brown's colliery near the town.

SiGiLLAEiA Menardi, Brgt

Hist. d. verj. foss., p. 430, PI. CLVTII, f. 5, 6, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn^a,
1858, p. 871. Schp., Paleont, Veget., II, p. 108.

Stems mammillate ; areoles small^ transversely rhom-
hoidal-oval ; scars nearlg as large as the mamilla^ with
borders parallel, the upper emarginate ; vascular scars a
single central point.

Except that the areoles and scars are less enlarged later-
ally, and the vascular scars simple and punctiform, there is
no marked difference between this species and the former.
Scliimper doubts that they may be different. Indeed the
casual erasure of the lateral vascular scars is often remarked
even upon good specimens of S. Brardii, and in that case
it is scarcely possible to decide to which of the two species
the specimens are referable. The American specimens iden-
tified by Brongniart as Menardi, were sent to him by
Cist, from Wilkes-Barre, where various forms of 8. Brardii
are commonly found. I have described this species (Geol.
of Penn'a, 1. c.,) from specimens bearing leaves, whose vas-
cular scars are not discernible. I, therefore, believe that
Schimper' s supposition is right.

On the explanation of the plates, the name, S. Menardi\
is, by error, given to f. 7, PI. LXXIII, which represents 8.
ichthyolepis, St.

480 P. EEPOET OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Habitat — The specimen mentioned above (Si. 15), Mus.
Comp. Zool. Cambridge, is from Muddy creek ; another
(Si. 9Z>) is from Wilkes-Barre, and a third (Si. 84) from
Pomroy, O.

SiGiLLARiA Serlii, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg., foss., p. 433, PI. CLVIII, f. 9. Gold., Flor. Sarrcep., II, p.
25, PI. VII, f. 5, 6. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 872.

Trunks marked %oitli small elevated rhomhoidal holsters
disposed in quincunxial order, contiguous ; scars central,
transversely rhomhoidal ; vascular scars three points^
horizontally disposed in the middle of the scars.

Brongniart considered the place of this species as uncer-
tain. Goldenberg refers it to a Lepidophloios. Scliimper
makes it a variety of S.Defrancii. From positive evidence,
the species merely represents a small branch of TJloden-
dron m.ajus, LI. & Hutt. As I formerly described as 8.
Menardi a fragment of this Ulodendron, I was near mak-
ing the same mistake in referring a small branch of the
same to 8. Serlii^ the characters being perfectly concordant
with those of Brongniart's species.

Hahitat — This branch, mentioned above, is part of a
splendid specimen of U. majus, No. 581, of the collection
of Mr. R. D. Lacoe. It comes from Butler mine, E. vein,
Pittston, and represents a number of varieties in the char-
acters of the bolsters of this species.

§ 3. Rhytidolepis

Stems more or less distinctly costate ; cicatrices discoid ;
vascular scars three.
A. Leaf-scars approximate^ nearly contiguous at the

hase.

SiGILLARIA DOIJRXAISII, Bigt.

Hist. d. veg., foss., p. 44I, PL CLIII, f. 5. Gold., Fl. Sarrcep., II, p. 28,
PI. VII, f. 22-24. Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 82. Heer, Fl. foss., Helv.,
IV, p. 41, PI' XVI, f. 2.

Leaf-scars upraised or mammillate, hexagonal^ upper
and lower angles ohtuse or truncate, the lateral acute
American specimens differ merely from the European

SIGILLARIA.

P. 481

form by the scars smaller, scarcely five millimeters in diam-
eter, both ways, and vertically more distant, live millime-
ters. The species is closely allied to the following, but
really distinct. The vertical distance between tke leaf-scars
is longer — four to five millimeters. ,

IlahUat — Subconglomerate coal of Alabama, Woodworth
seams, Helena ; communicated by Mr. T. H. Aldrich.

SiGiLLATiiA TESSELLATA, Brgt. — PI. LXXII, Figs.

Brgt., Hist. d. Veg. foss., p. 4S6, PI. CLVI, f. 1; GLXII, f. Gold.,
Fl. iSarrcEp., II, p. 29, PI. VII, /. 14-15. 8chp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 81,
PL L XVIII, /. 1-3. Heer, Fl. foss. Helv., p. 4I, PL XVI, f. S-4.

Phytolithus tessellatus, Steinh., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, I, p. S95, PI.
VII, f. 2.

tSigillaria microstigma, Brgt., L c, p. 478, PL CXLIX, f. 2, decorticated,
{fide Schimper.)

8. elegans, Brgt., 1. c.,p. 438, PL CXLVI,f. 1. Gold., I. c, p. 27, PL VI,
f. 16-17.

8. Knorrii, Brgt., I. c, p. 444, PL GLVI, f. 2, 3; GLXII, f. 6.
8. alveolaris, Brgt., L c, p. 443, PL GLXII, f. 5.
Lepidodendron alveolare, 8t. FL d. Vorw., I, p. 23, PL IX, f. 1.
8igillaria minima and ornata, Brgt., I. c, p. 434 and 435, PL GLVIII,
f. 2, 7, 8.

8. dentata, Newh^y, Ann. of Sci., of GleveL, v. 1, p. 165, f. 4-
Favularia tessellata, LI. & Ilutt., Foss. fl , I, PL LXXIII-LXXV.
F. elegans, variolata ; Aspidiaria variolata, 8t.; Palmacites variolatus,
8chloth, etc.

Scars small^ liexagonal or ovate^ enlarged in the lower
part^ or broadly oval, obtuse or acute at the borders, contig-
uous; decorticated surface either narrowly irregularly stri-
ate, with leaf -scars marked by small round mamUlce and
a central vascular point, or smooth, with obovate elongated
and inflated bolsters deeply emarginate at the top, with
an oval depression in the center, {as seen f. Jt. a, I^b.)

This species is so variable that the leaf scars of any
specimen referable to it have rarely the same shape. Most
of the forms referred to this species by Schimper' s syn-
onimy, quoted above, have hexagonal scars, truncate at
both the upper and lower borders, angular at the sides.
The American specimens have them mostly enlarged and
rounded on the lower side and base, narrowed to the upper
truncate emarginate border ; of the same characters as rep-
resented in Brgt., 1. c, PI. 162, f. 2 and 4, or in S. elegans^
31 P.

482 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Gold., 1. c, PI. yi, f. 17, 17a. The lateral angles are often
obscured by compression, or covered by superi^osition of
imbricated borders. Scliimper refers still to this species, S.
Ichtkyolepis, St., S. Jiexagona, Brgt., and S. pacJiy derma,
Brgt., which are described and figured here as distinct.

The form described by Prof. Newberry as S. dentata,
differs by the areoles marked at the base by a small distinct
tooth. The author remarks that the species resembles in
many respects S. alveolaris and 8. Knorrli, Brgt., and that
if these are to be considered identical, 8. dentata should
perhaps be regarded as a variety. In S. tessellata, as in
S. alveolaris, the shape of the areoles is so variable that
a specific distinction founded on this character is scarcely
advisable. Still I have never observed the sharp basilar
acumen of the leaf-scars in an^ of the forms referable to S.
tessellata. 8. dentata may, therefore, be a good sj)ecies.

Habitat — Grenerally found in the whole thickness of the
middle coal measures, especially in the anthracite fields of
Wilkes-Barre, Pittston, etc. Also at Cannelton, Penn'a.
Massillon, Ohio. Pare in the west. I have found it at
Murphysborough, 111.

SiGILLARIA ICHTHYOLEPIS, 8t., PI. LXXIII, Fig. 7.

Corda, Beitr.,p. 29, PL IX, /. 19. St., FL d. Vorw., II, PI. XXXVIII,
f. 2b. Gold., FL, Sarrcep., II, p. 27, PL VII, f. 17.
8. tessellata, Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 82.
S. Biercei, Newb'y, Ann. of Sci. of CleveL, v., 1 p. 164, /• ^•

Areoles upraised, j^at on the surface, broadly hexagonal ;
furrows in zigzag, deep and carinate ; vascular scars
three, semi-lunar, the lateral diverging.

Our figure, copied from a well-preserved specimen, is ex-
actly similar to the representations of this species by the
European authors. By the deep furrows, the shape of the
bolsters, even the shape and direction of the vascular scars,
this form seems, indeed, far different from any of the vari-
eties of 8. tessellata.

Habitat — This species is very rare. It has been figured
only by Sternberg and Corda, from the Carboniferous lime-
stone of Padnitz, Bohemia, and in America by Prof. New-

SIGILLARIA.

P. 483

berry. The figure of the Atl. is copied from a piece of soft-
grained sandstone, from Newport, Ind., sent by Mr. Gnrley,
of Danville, 111. Prof. Newberry received his specimen
from Mr, L. Y. Bierce, of Akron.

SiGILLAIlIA IIEXACxONA ? BtqI.^ PI. LXXII, Fig. 1.

Brgt., Prodr., p. 65: Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 439, PI. CLV, CLVIII, f. 1.
iS. tessellata, Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 81.

Leaf scars hexagonal ; vascular scars three., the middle
punctiform^ the lateral semi-lunar.

Brongniart species is considered by himself and most of
the European authors as a variety of 8. tessellata. The
leaf -scars are upraised, transversely six millemeters, verti-
cally only four. The size is, of course, variable, according
to the age of the trunks ; but in all the representations of
this species, the same proportion is remarked in the size
of the scars, always distinctly broader transversely than
vertically. The American specimen, wdiich I doubtfully
refer to this species, has the six sides equal, five milli-
meters, and the scars are, therefore, as high as broad, nine
millimeters in diameter. They are not elevated as bolsters,
but flat and vertically separated by a linear scarcely undu-
late furrow, as in 8. mamillaris, a species to which it might
be referred as a variety rather than to >S^. tessellata.

Habitat — This specimen, like the former, is unique. It
was sent for determination by Mr. Tyler McWorthen, from
the coal measures of Illinois.

SiGiLLARiA MAMiLLARis, Brgt., PI. LXXII^ Figs. 5, 6.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 451, PI. CXLIX, f. 1 ; CLXIII, f. 1. Gold.,
Fl. Sarroep., II, p. 32, PI. VIII, /. 6-8. Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 83.
Veiss, Foss. fi., p. 164, XV, f. I-4.

Leaf -scars of various size and shape, pyriform or oh-
long-omte, broadly obtuse at the lower border, truncate at
the top, angular or rounded at the sides, separated by a
straight linear furrow ; vascular scars triple, the medial
punctiform, the lateral semi-lunar ; super cortical, vascu-
lar scars as in the former species ; decorticated surface

484 P. KEPORT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

striate^ with scars represented each by a small round
mamilla^ with a central vascular point.

The size of the scars is as variable as their outlines. They
are generally larger in American specimens than represented
by European authors, except by Weiss, who, 1. c, has fig-
ured a specimen with cicatrices much like those in the lower
part of Atl., f. 5. They vary from five to ten millimeters
long, and from four to eight millimeters broad in the lower
part, where they are generally enlarged.

F. 5 of PI. LXXII, is very interesting on account of
the deformation of the scars, as seen in the middle.
This deformation is peculiar, not merely considering the
shape and the displacement of the cicatrices, but from its
periodical appearance. Large specimens are marked at
equal distance by the same dimorphism of scars, as regu-
larly as are the stems of Calamites by articulations. This
is seen, for example, upon specimen No. 475a, of Mr.
Lacoe's collection, where three distinct zones of deformed
cicatrices appear at fifteen centimeters distance. This speci-
men, a part of a stem, is fifty centimeters long. The fluting
of the surface is continuous in the whole length, and not at
all deranged by the presence of these abnormal scars, though
some of them are placed in the middle of the furrows, or
covering them. They are oval tubercles, highly convex,
slightly variable in size, narrowed and obtuse at both ends,
oblique or vertical in direction. Their crest is cut by deep
lines or notches, linear, slightly enlarged in the middle,
smooth along the borders, rugose crosswise on the sides.

These deformed bolsters, remarked also upon specimens
of tessellata^ are considered by Schimper as points of
insertion of strobiles of fructifications. The shape and
convexity of these tubercles is against this supposition, as
also the periodical reapj)eararice of these organisms and
their irregular directions upon the stems. They are like
buds, which, stopped in their growth by unfavorable weather
at the end of a season of vegetable activity, have been
withered before development, and have been, later, pushed
aside by other new buds, in the beginning of a new period
of vegetation. This seems proved by the displacement of

SIGILLARIA.

P. 485

withered buds by the new ones developed into leaves, as
seen by the cicatrices mixed with these tubercles. A phe-
nomenon of this kind, seen upon branches of living coni-
fers, indicates the annual renovation of the vege,tation. The
decorticated vascular scars of the deformed buds or tuber-
cles are mere small points.

Habitat — Two specimens, with small scars, in the Museum
of Com p. Zool. of Cambridge, are subconglomerate — one
from the ^tna vein of Tennessee, the other procured by
Prof. J. P. Lesley, in the subcarboniferous measures of Vir-
ginia. The beautiful specimens figured and described here
from the cabinet of Mr. P. D. Lacoe, are from 01ii:>hant,
1. vein,

B. Leaf -scars more or less distant^ angular on lite sides,
oMicse or acute at the base ; ribs distinct.

SiGiLLARTA Lescurii, Sclip., PI. LXXII, Figs. 7, 8.

tSchp., Paleont. Veget., II, j). 85.

8. attenuata, Lesqx., Cat. Pottsv. Sei. Assoc., 1858, p. 17, PL 12, f. 1, 2.,
and by error in explanation of the p Late.

Ribs equal and. narrow., plano-convex ; scars large, ovate,
enlarged and angular near the base, obtuse or slightly
emarginate at the upper border, more or less distant ; sur-
face of the stem rugose in the intervals ; vascular scars
placed in the upper part ; decorticated surf ace sir late, its
scars simple, tria-ngular, flat.

This species is much like the former. It differs by the
cicatrices abruptly enlarged towards the base and the rugose
surface which separates them. The ribs are narrower, at
least comparatively, less than one centimeter broad between
the scars, which, by their base, fill nearly the whole space
between the very narrow deep furrows, generally marked
by a deep line.

Habitat — Wilkes-Barre, Ashland Gfap, and Trevorton,
Anthracite basin of Penn'a. The specimens figured have
been communicated by Mr. H. W. Poole, of Pottsville.

486 P. KEPORT OF l^ROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

SlGILLARIA NO J ATA, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 449, PL CLIII, /. 1. Gold., Fl. Sarrwp., p. 38, PL
VIII, f. 1. Schp., Paleont. veget., II p. 87.

Phytolithus notatus, Steinh., Trans. Amer. PhiL Soc, I p. 294, PL Vlly /. S.

Hihs narrow, convex, separated by a lineal narrow f ur-
row ; leaf -scars short, obtuse, and narrowed at the apex^
acutely angular on the sides below the middle ; vascular
scars three.

The ribs of this species are a little larger than those of
the former, and the leaf-scars much smaller, five milli-
meters verticall}^ four millimeters between the enlarged
part below the middle, rounded or obtusely angular at the
base. In the decorticated state which has not been de-
scribed by European authors, the vascular scars are double
oval tubercles, three millimeters long, one millimeter broad.

Habitat — The specimen which represents this species in
both corticated and decorticated states, Si. 15, is in the col-
lection of the Mus. Comp. Zool. of Cambridge, obtained
from Port Carbon.

SlGILLARIA CUSPID ATA, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 457, PL CLIII,/. 2. Gold., FL, Sarrcep., p. 38, PL
VIII, f. 2. 8chp., Paleont. vegeL, II, p. 87.

Bark thin; ribs 'plano-concex ; scars longitudinally
distant, small, omte or oblong in outline, tr uncate at the top,
gradually enlarged to below the middle, and rapidly cune-
ate to the acute base, whicli is thus triangular ; vascular
scars tJtree, placed above the middle ; bark rugose below
the scars, punctulate above them, smooth on the borders;
decorticated, surface thinly striate, its vascular scars two.
parallel, long, narrowly oval, accuminate at both ends.

The species, as described above from an American speci-
men, differs from the figures by which it is represented by
European authors. The tumescent leaf-scars are much
smaller, eight millimeters long, five millimeters broad be-
tween the angles above the base ; the vascular scars are
placed lower; the ribs also are larger, sixteen to eighteen
millimeters, and the scars vertically less distant only fifteen
millimeters. In Brongniart's figure, the leaf-scars twelve

SIGILLAKIA.

P. 487

millimeters long, are twenty-six millimeters distant. Not-
withstanding the difference in the measurement, the es-
sential characters, as described by Brongniart, are iden-
tical. The epidermis or upper cortex is as thin as a
leaf of writing paper, the shape of the sliglitly oblique
cicatrices is exactly the same ; the vascular scars, though
placed a little lower than described by Brongniart, are of
the same type ; the middle very small, the lateral long,
arched ; the surface is rugose below the scars, the wrinkles
obliquely turned upward and parallel to the base of the
scars, gradually disappearing downward, the bark above
the top of the scars being merely rugulose or punctulate.
We have for only point of comparison the figure given by
Brongniart. It has been copied by Goldenberg, and it does
not ap)pear that any other specimen has been seen, as the
subcorticated scars are not described.

Habitat — The species is very rare. The only specimen
known until now from the American coal measures is in the
collections of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 622, from Plymouth,
Penn'a, old mine F. It has been figured for the Atlas, but
like those of many other sj)ecies, it has been left out from
want of place.

SiGiLLARiA Massiliensis, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 446, PL XXV, f. 8-4.

Mihs flat ; furrows deeply cut and carinate ; surface
striate lengthwise ; leaf scars large., rlioinboidal, obtuse at
the top ^ enlarged' to the middle^ triangular at the base;
vascular scars three, the lateral ones semi-lunax^ the me-
dial horizontally oval.

The cicatrices have about the same outline as in the for-
mer species. They are, however, larger, especially broader,
and comparatively shorter ; twelve millimeters long, eight
millimeters broad between the lateral sharply acute angles,
placed a little higher, or about in the middle. The char-
acters of the decorticated surface are unknown, as no other
specimen has been found except the fragment figured. The
fiat ribs are twelve to fourteen millimeters broad.

Habitat — Found in the sandstone of Marseilles, 111.

488 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

SiGiLLAKiA ATTE^u AT x.Lesqx., PI LXXII, Fig. 9.

Lesqx., Cat. Potts. Sci. Assoc., 1858, p. 17, PI. II, f. 8.

Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 85.

S. Lescurii, Schp., by error in explan. of the plate.

Ribs narrow^ equals pla7io-coiivex ; furrows deep ; leaf-
scars ovate^ hexagonal^ rowided at the base, narrower and
truncate at the top^ angular below the middle^ distant; vas-
cular scars placed in the upper part ; intervals trans-
versely rugose.

The characters of this species are in a reduced size nearly
identical to those of 8. Lescurii. The ribs are only nar-
rower, the scars much smaller, five to six millimeters long,
three to four millimeters broad in the largest part below
the middle, and two and an half centimeters distant. The
three sj^ecimens, f. 7, 8, 9, were sent to me from the same
place as probably derived from a same tree. I admit,
however, the distinction made of these forms by Schimper.

Habitat — Ashland Gap, Pa., communicated by Mr. H.
W. Poole.

SiGILLAKIA WiLLIAMSII, Sp. IIOV.

Ribs distinct, convex, depressed in the middle; scars
very small, ovate in outline^ slightly angular or enlarged
on the sides and rounded to the base, truncate or slightly
emarginate at the top; vascular scars three, the middle
punctiform, the lateral semi-lunar, opposite; decorticated,
vascular scars simple, small, round, mammillate.

The ribs a little more than one centimeter broad, sep-
arated by deep narrow furrows, are convex on the borders
and there striate, flat or slightly concave in the middle,
rugulose or punctulate between the scars which are at
least four centimeters distant ; leaf scars four to five milli-
meters long, slightly emarginate at the top, two millime-
ters broad, enlarged downwards to three millimeters, and
abrui:>tly curved or rounded to the base.

Species comparable to the former, differing by the leaf
scars more distant, shorter, broader than long, not angular
at the middle or curving lower to the base ; by the broader
ribs with rugose depressions in the middle, striate on the

SIGILLAKIA.

P. 489

borders. In tlie decorticated state the vascular scars are
simple round small mamilke, and the surface is obliquely
rugulose, not striate. It is also closely related to S. Lacoei,
Atl. PL LXXIL f . 12. The leaf scars are about of the same
character ; the cortex is flattened or slightly convex in the
middle ; the difference is essentially in the width of the
ribs and the distance of the scars.

Habitat — There is in the cabinet of Mr. H. D. Lacoe, No.
719, a large specimen obtained by and named from Mr.
Sam'l P. Williams, an active contributor to that collection,
with another specimen, No. 526, both obtained at Oliphant
No. 1 vein.

SiGILLARIA LEPTODERMA, 8p. nOV,, PL LXXII, Fig. 10.

Bibs of medium size^ plano-convex^ coarsely irregularly
striate ; leaf scars small., narrowed and emarginate at the
apex^ enlarged to near tlie basilar half round line ; vas-
cular scars nearly in the middle ; cortex thin^ obliquely
rugose above the scars ; decorticated surface distinctly
lineate^ loith vascular scars large, double, lanceolate, ob-
tusely 2^ointed.

The ribs are one and an half centimeters broad, plano-
convex, sometimes flattened in the middle, separated by
equal parallel deep carinate furrows ; the scars, nearly four
centimeters distant, are five millimeters long, equally broad
and angular in the widest part above the rounded basilar
line ; the vascular scars are small, three, the lateral ones
linear and slightly curved, the middle punctiform. The
upper cortex is very thin, obscurely and more or less irreg-
ularly striate, rugulose above the top of the scars, the ob-
lique wrinkles forming a short conical latticed impression,
gradually effaced upwards. The under surface is distinctly
marked by continuous thin lines, and the decorticated
vascular scars, comparatively large, are formed of two
parallel lanceolate mamillse, five to six millimeters long,
two millimeters broad at the inflated rounded base.

The species is allied to the former, but essentially dis-

490 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

tinct, by the character of the subcortical vascular scars,
a character, however, extremely variable. For in some
specimens the subcortical scars are oblong, obtuse at both
ends, still larger than those figured, nearly like those of
the small forms of S. Icevigata and aS'. reiiiformis.

Habitat — Hepresented in numerous and large specimens
in the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, from Plymouth, Pa.,
F vein.

SlGILLARIA PULCHRA, Ncwby.
Ann. of Sci. of Clevel., v 1, p. 165, f. 3.

Trunk narrowly ribbed ; ribs prominent, sliglitly ru-
gose, alternately expanded and contracted ; areoles len-
ticular, rounded above and below, with acute lateral angles :
vascular impressions two, nearly round, separated by a
rounded tubercle; decorticated surface longitudinally
striate, bearing obscure impressions of the leaf-scars.

The ribs, eight millimeters broad in the enlarged sjmce,
are alternately contracted to five millimeters between the
areoles. These, two centimeters distant, measure six mil-
limeters transversely, four vertically.

The author remarks that this species resembles, in the
alternance of Avidth of the ribs, >S^. contracta, Brgt., and
S. diploderma, Corda, but differs from both by the leaf-
scars and the vascular impressions. As seen from the fig-
ures, the areoles are like those of S. transversalis, Brgt.,
and the characters of the ribs as in S. diploderma.

Habitat — Youngstown, Ohio, Sub-conglomerate coal
measures.

C. Leaf scars obtuse at the top ; borders laterally di-
verging in a curve, angularly bent at the arched basilar
line.

SlGILLARIA POLiTA, Lcsqx., PI. LXXIII, Fig. 1.

Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 872, PI. XIV, f. S.

Bibs nearly flat, very smooth ; furroios deep and nar-
row ; scars discoid, rounded at the top, enlarged on the
sides, joined in an obtuse angle to the slightly archedbasi-

SIGILLAKIA.

P. 491

lar line ; vascular scars near the apex^ tlie lateral ones
distant, semilunar, the medial straight or arched upward.

• This sj)ecies is closely related to the following, dilfering
merely by narrow ribs and broader discs. Tliese are one
centimeter broad near the base and five to six millimeters
in vertical direction. The subcorticated surface is not seen
upon the only specimen which I had for examination.
Scliimper does not record this species in Paleont. Veget.,
probably considering it as identical with the following.
Its relation is Avith ^. Saullii and S. hyppocrepis, Brgt.
Habitat — Carbondale, Clarkson's collection.

SiGiLLARiA Yardlei, Lcsqx., PI. LXXIIl, Fig. 2.

Lcsqx., Cat. Pottsv. Sci. assoc., p. 17, PI. II, f. 4. Schp., Paleont. Veget.,
II, p. 85.

Bibs plano-convex, smooth ; leaf scars trapezoidal, ob-
tuse at the top, half round at the enlarged base ; vascular
scars, near the upper border ; subcortical surface dis-
tinctly striate, with leaf scars simple, oval, small, mam-
millate.

Though the ribs are broader, the scars are smaller and
more distant than in the former species. Except this the
characters are about the same.

Habitat — Presented by Mr. T. W. Yardley, as obtained
near Pottsville. I have lately found some good specimens
of the species at the Mammoth bed of Raush Gap, Pa.

SiGILLARIA ORBICULAKIS, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 465, PI. CLII, f. 5. Gold., Fl. Sarrcep., p. 42, PI.
VIll,f. 20, 21. Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 87.

Ribs flat ; scars nearly round, very obtuse or slightly
emarginate at the top, larger below the middle ; borders
scarcely angular in rounding to the base.

The American specimens agree with very little difference
to the descriptions and figures of the European authors.
The ribs are flat, generally somewhat narrower, ten to
eleven millimeters broad ; the furrows straight and narrow ;
the leaf scars smaller than the ribs, broader than long,

492 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

slightly narrowed to the obtuse top, rounded at the base.
The vascular scars, three, have the general character, the
medial one being a short transversal bar punctate in tlje
middle. The decorticated surface has not been seen by the
authors quoted above. It is indistinctly lineate or striate,
and its vascular scars are represented by oval corrugated
mamillse or oval patches of coaly matter indicating the
shax)e of the scars as simple and nearly round.

Habitat — Seen in good specimens in Mr. R. D. Lacoe
collection (No. 616, 616a, 621) from Maltby, Pa., and also
from Seneca mine, F vein, Pittston.

Z>. Leaf scars oval or ovate, not angular on the sides,
truncate emarginate or obtuse at the top, rounded at
the base.

SiGiLLARiA YoLzii, Brgt, PI. LXXII, Fig. 11.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg./oss., p. 461, PI. CXLIV,/. 1. Schp., Paleont. veget.,
II, p. 88.

S. Sillimanni, Gold., Fl. Sarrcep., II, p. 35.

Mibs narroii\ plano-convex, equal, obliquely rugose above
the scars ; discs ovcde ; vascular scars nearly in the mid-
dle; decorticated surface thinly lineate lengthioise, its
vascular scars simple, small, oval mamilloe.

In the American specimens the ribs and scars are a little
larger than figured by Brongniart and the latteral borders
of the discs are not at all angular, but gradually rounded
to the base. The convex ribs, one centimeter broad, sepa-
rated by deep narrow parallel and equal furrows, are ob-
scurely rugose lengthwise, and distinctly marked above the
scars b}' oblique wrinkles diverging upward. The scars
are one centimeter long, six millimeters broad in the lower
part, slightly emarginate at top. The cortex is somewhat
thick, about half a millimeter.

In comparing the figure to that of S. Sillimanni, PI.
LXXI, f. 6, the great difference in the characters is easily
remarked.

Habitat — Pare in the American coal measures. The

SIGILLAKIA.

P. 493

specimen described, the only one I have seen, is No. 494,
of Mr. R. D. Lacoe's collection, from Plymouth F vein.

SiGILLARIA PiTTSTONIANA, Sp. UOV.^ PI. LXltl, Fig. ^.

Rihs flat, convex on the borders only., along the deep
large parallel eq ual furrows ; surface irregularly minute-
ly rugose; scars comparatimly small, oi^al, obtusely trun-
cate at the top ; vascular scars in the middle of the cica-
trices; bark very thick ; decorticated surface still more ob-
scurely striate, its scars small, oval.

The ribs always flat, except along the borders, vary in
diameter from eight to fifteen millimeters. In the largest
forms the scars are seven millimeters long, four millimeters
broad, rounded at the base, truncate at the top, sometimes
narrower and obtuse at both ends. The vascular scars, of
the general character, are j)laced in the middle of the cica-
trices. In the decorticated state they are simple, oval, ob-
tuse at both ends, scarcely one millimeter broad in the
middle, and four to five millimeters long.

The species is allied to 8. rugosa, Brgt., 1. c, p. 476, PI.
CXLiy, f. 2.

Habitat — The collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston,
has numerous specimens of this species from Plymouth F
vein. The characters are persistent upon all.

SiGILLARIA SiLLiMANNi, Brgt., PI. LXXI, Fig. 6.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 459, PI. CXLVIl, f. 1. Gold., Fl. Sarrcep.,
II., p. 85, PI. IX, f. 4; X, /. 13. Lesqx., Geol. of Pe^in'a, 1858, p. 872. Schp.,
Paleont. veget., II, p. 88.

Ribs narrolo, plano-convex, slightly undulate, punctate
or rugulose above the scars; leaf -scars ovate, truncate at
the top, enlarging towards the rounded base; vascular
scars placed above the middle; decorticated surf ace dis-
tinctly lineate, its vascular scars double, oval, small, close
to each others.

The ribs seven to nine millimeters broad, are distinctly
convex ; the scars two to three centimeters distant, eight

494 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

2

millimeters long, five to six broad toward the base, are
ovate, truncate, or slightly emarginate at the apex, grad-
ually enlarged downwards to the half round base. Some-
times the scars are topped by a small round mamilla, as de-
scribed and figured by Goldenberg, 1. c. ; but it is generally
indistinct and even totally erased upon most of the speci-
mens. The cortex is either smooth or punctate, rarely ru-
gose, and the lateral vascular scars are generally united at
the base in the form of a horse-shoe, an unimportant char-
acter, for they are sometimes cut and separate upon the same
specimen, as seen, f. 6. In f. 4 of Gold., 1. c, the cortex
is thinly lineate, as in some of our specimens. In Brgt.,

I. c, f. 1, it is transeversely, coarsely rugose. This char-
acter is indicated for the typical form, wdiile the ribs with
the smooth or linear surface represent var. B, found at Saar-
bruck, and described by Goldenberg. The subcortical vas-
cular scars are generally double, small, oval, as seen on the
left side of f. 6 of our plate ; sometimes they are united in
one and nearly round — this, however, very rarely.

Habitat — The first specimens of this species were sent to
Brongniart by Cist, wdth the locality indicated as mines of
Wilkes-Barre. The species is common in that region, as it
is represented in its varieties by numerous specimens in
the cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, especially from Plymouth
F vein.

SiGILLARIA ELLIPTICA, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg.foss., p. 447, PI. CLIl, f. 1-3, CLXIII,f.4, Gold., Fl. Sarrcep.j

II, p. 89, PL VII, /. 19-Sl, VIII, /. 3. Schp.j Paleont. Veget., II, p. 84.

Bibs plano-convex, narrow, transversely rugose between
the scars ; cicatrices ovate, obscurely hexagonal, obtuse at
the top and the base ; vascular scars in the upper part of
the cicatrices.

This species is allied to S. Lescurii, as represented Atl.,
PI. LXXII, f. 8, differing by the obtuse apex of the cica-
trices not enlarged in the lower part. The ribs average one
centimeter in width ; the scars are close, three to five milli-
meters distant, one centimeter long, five to seven millimet-
ers broad, and the space between them is distinctly trans-

SIGILLAPwIA.

P. 495

versely rugose. The characters of the subcortical surface
are not given by the authors. From our specimens this
surface is obscurely ver}^ thinly lineate, the lines not i)er-
ceivable with the naked eye, and the vascular scars are oval
simple mamillse, two and an half millimeter^ long, one
millimeter broad.

Habitat — I refer to this species a large number of speci-
mens obtained at the mines of Cuyahoga falls, Ohio (Si. 6),
in the collection of the Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge. I
have received one specimen from Cannelton, by Mr. I. F.
Mansfield. There are also some in the cabinet of Mr. R.
D. Lacoe, from Plymouth F vein.

SiGiLLAiuA ovALis, uoc. PI. LXXI^ Flgs. 7, 8.

Bibs flat, equal and 'parallel ; furrows marked by a
mere line ; surface smooth ; cicatrices oval or ovate, a little
narroioer at the obtuse top than at the rounded base ; vas-
cular scars at or above the middle ; decorticated surface
distinctly, coarsely lineate, its scars simple, small, nar-
roioly oval.

Differs from the former by the oval comparatively nar-
rower areoles, by the greater distance between them and by
the surface, which is smooth even between the scars. The
bark is nearly one millimeter thick ; the space between the
cicatrices is about one centimeter, same as the length of the
scars, whose width averages only five millimeters. F. 8
shows a remarkable plica ture of the bark in thin layers al-
ternately superposed upon each other.

Habitat — The specimens (No. 466) are in the cabinet of
Mr. R. D. Lacoe, from Plymouth, F vein.

SiGILLAKIA CORTEI, Brgt.

Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 467, PI. CXLVII,f. S, 4. Gold., FL Sarrcep., II, p.
47, PI. VIII, /. 12. Gein., Verst., p. 45, PI. VI, /. 1-S ; IX, /. 7. >Schp.,
Paleont. veget., II, p. 87.

S. dubia, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 872.

Ribs narrow ; scars distant, oblong-ovate, obtuse at both
ends ; corticated surface thinly striate.

Species closely allied to the former. The ribs piano-con-

496 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

vex, generally narrower, average six to seven millimeters
in width. The corticated surface is thinly striate or ob-
scurely rugose ; the cicatrices are narrower, a little strangled
below the top, more distant ; the furrows are deep and large,
well dehned. Geinitz, 1. c, represents the species from a
splendid s^^ecimen bearing leaves. The only American
specimen which I refer to this species is that described in
Geol. of Penn'a., 1. c, as >S'. duhla. It differs merely by
slightly larger ribs, not larger, however, than those of f. 2
of Gein., 1. c.
Habitat — Lower coal bed of Trevorton, Penn'a.

S. OBOVATA, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 872, PL XIV, /. 4.

Rihs Ijroad, nearly flat, indistinctly llneate ; furrows
deep and narrow; scars comparatively small, exactly
ovate ; surface marlied hy a few round tubercles, witliont
regular order of position.

This species, improperly named, differs especially from
all those of the groujj by the large costa3, more than two
centimeters broad. The ovate scars, seven millimeters long,
six millimeters broad, in the lower j)art, are shorter and
more enlarged to the rounded base than those of S. ovalis,
its nearest relative. They are also more distant, ten milli-
meters at least. The subcorticated surface is very obscurely
lineate, a little more distinctly than the cortex ; its vascu-
lar scars are simple oval mamilla3, as in ovalis.

Habitat — Lower coal bed of Trevorton, with the former.

E. Ribs large, generally divided three zones.

SiGILLARIA ACUMINATA, Ncwby.
Ann. of ScL of Clevel., v. 1, I64, f. 1.

Trunin ribbed ; ribs parallel, moderately elevated, divided
into five bands, of which the central is most prominent,
widest, rugose, and of unequal width ; lateral stripes stri-
ated longitudinally ; leaf scars pyriform, crowned by a

STGILLARIA.

P. 497

long claio-like appendage, wJdcli is sometimes bifid; vas-
cular impressions loio down in the leaf -scars ; decorticated
surface ribbed, marked by linear depressions.

The ribs are fifteen milJimeters wide, the scars ^avo and a
half centimeters distant, obtuse at both ends. The author
remarks that in obscure specimens the acuminate appendage
of the leaf-scars is hardly perceptible. Except this and the
somewhat lower position of the vascular impressions, the
characters of the species are the same as in S. rugosa, Brgt.

Habitat — Shale over the coal of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.

SiGiLLAiiiA nuGOSA, Brgt.

Hist. d. vcg. foss., p. 476, PL CXLIV, /. 2. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858,
p. 873. Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 92.

CostcB flat ; furrows narrow, distinct, obtusely carinate,
bordered loitli narrow, lateral, smooth zones ; medial zone
punctulate or rugulose between the scars; scars discoid,
oval, distant ; vascular scars three, in the upper part of
the disks, the middle punctiform, the lateral oblong par-
allel.

This description is translated from Brongniart, who made
it from American specimens. From the figure, 1. c, the
ribs, including the flat narrow zones which border them, are
eighteen millimeters broad, with a deep, narrow furrow.
The scars, ovate, obtuse at both ends, gradually widening
from the top to below the middle, are eight millimeters long,
six millimeters broad in the widest part, filling the medial
punctate flattened' zone of the ribs, which is slightly con-
tracted between the scars nearly two centimeters distant.
The decorticated surface is striate, its vascular scars simple,
narrowly oval, five millimeters long.

On this species Brongniart remarks that with two others
which he describes, S. Deutschiana and S. canaliculata, it
has the costae divided in three longitudinal zones, the m_cdial
one, containing the leaf-scars and the lateral ones, separated
by a less distinct furrow, offering generally a notable differ-
ence in the aspect of the surface, etc. Species with this char-
acter are rightly separated in a peculiar section of the genus.
32 P.

498 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Goldenberg, fl. Sarrsep., II, p. 48, PL VIII, f. 26, describes
and ligiires as a variety of .S'. rugosa, a form which, from
what is said above by the author, shoukl be considered
different, the ribs being very narrow, eight millimeters,
without flattened borders ; the scars only eight millimeters
distant, very small, five millimeters long, four millimeters
broad, and the subcorticated vascular scar a round mam-
milla. The only character I find in concordance betw^een
the two forms is the rugosity of the surface between the
scars. The relation of 8. rugosa with 8. Pittstoniana is
remarked in the description of this species.

Habitat — The variety, according to Schimper, is common
in Saarbruck. The form described by Brongniart is from
a specimen sent to him from Wilkes-Barre, by Cist. I have
as yet seen nothing referrable to it from the American coal
measures.

SiGILLARIA MARGINATA, 8p. no'v., PI. LXXI, /. 5.

Costce very large^ bordered by a broad striate zone;
medial furrows distinct^ but narrow ; scars large., dis-
tant^ truncate at the top^ enlarged to the middle^ rounded
to the base; surface between the scars more or less punc-
tate; decorticated surface lineate, its scars double, oval,
long, contiguous in the middle.

The ribs, two and a half centimeters broad, are bordered
on each side by striate distinct zones, as broad as the me-
dial space occupied by the scars, and separated by very
narrow f urrow^s ; the middle costa, six to seven millimeters
broad, is obliquely rugose above and below the scars, punc-
tate in the intervals. The cicatrices, eight millimeters long,
six millimeters broad below the middle, have the vascular
scars in the middle, the central punctiform or marked by
tw^o short parallel lines, the lateral ones long, vertical, par-
allel and linear. The decorticated surface has the characters
described above.

As seen from the figure, the decorticated part looks like
an upper cortex. But the specimen is an overturned im-
pression. The middle zone of the ribs is somewhat convex.

SIGILLARIA.

P. 499

The line traced above the figure represents a cross section
of the surface.

This species is distantly related to the former, and also
to S. canaliculata^ Brgt., mentioned above as Referable to
this group.

Habitat — The species is represented by specimen reverse
of No. 460, in the collection of Mr. H. D. Lacoe. It is from
Plymouth, Penn'a, F vein.

SiGiLLAKiA Lacoei, uov., PI. LXXII, Figs. 12-121.

8. discoidea ? Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 873, PL XIV, f. 5.

Ribs large, convex, canaliculate in the medial zone;
leaf -scars small, often deformed, narrowed at both ends
and obtuse, or, when in a good state of preservation, oval
or ovate, emarginate at the top, scarcely enlarged to the
rounded base ; vascular scars in the upper part of the
disTcs.

This species, represented by a large number of speci-
mens, may be considered of the same group as the former,
the ribs being composed of a medial zone, flat or concave,
with two very large distinctly convex borders. The bark
is thick, two to three millimeters, according to the width
of the . ribs which measure one and an half to five and
an half centimeters across. The outside zones are highly
convex, the medial one concave, narrow, four to six mil-
limeters broad, with scars distant, three to four centi-
meters, often deformed by lateral compression of the out-
side zones, very small, seven to ten millimeters long, three
to four millimeters broad, oval, acute at both ends when
deformed as in f. 12, emarginate at the top and round at
the base, in the normal state of preservation, f. 12a, en-
larged twice underneath. The decorticated surface is con-
vex without trace of the medial concave zone, distinctly and
regularly lineate. Its leaf scars are generally represented by
one, sometimes by two, mamillse, originally five to six milli-
meters long, rounded and broader at one end, tapering to a
point, f. 12b, same specimen as f. 12a. I say originally, for
the subcortical scars in this species greatly vary, increasing
in size under the cortex, while the surface scars preserve

500 P. IIEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LKSQUEREUX.

the same size and outlines. Thus, specimens with leaf-
scars like f. 12a, have subcortical narrowly ov^al scars one
and an half centimeter long, either simple or double, sep-
arated or contiguous on the sides. Old stems have them
two centimeters long, eight to ten millimeters broad, ob-
long, cordate at base, slightly emarginate at the top, show-
ing thus the lateral connection of two mamillse. Others
still are large and ovate, nearly round, tuberculate, like
the discs of S. dlscoidea, Lesqx. 1. c, a form which may
merely represent a variety of this or of one of the following
species which have the subcortical scars subject to a meta-
morphism of the same kind.

Habitat — Pittston. Seen in numerous specimens in the
collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, from Plymouth vein F.

SiGTLLARiA L^viGATA, Brgt. PI. LXXJ, Figs. 1-3.

BrgL, Hist. d. veg.foss.,p. 471, PL CXLIII. Gold., Fl. Sarrcep., II, p.
61, PL VIII, f. &2. Lesqx., Geol, of Penn'a, 1858, p. 873. Schp., Paleont
veget., II, p. 93.

CostcB very large, smooth ; furrows deep., carinate ; cica-
trices small., hexagonal, truncate or emarginate at top,
enlarged to the rounded, or angular base ; subcortical sur-
face distinctly striate ; its scars oval, elongated, contigu-
ous, separated in the iniddle by a round or oval areole.

' The scars of the cortexT are rarely preserved, at least
upon American specimens. They are described by Brong-
niart and Schimper as regularly hexagonal, while all those
I have beea able to examine have the lower part more gen-
erally rounded than angular. These scars are very small,
at least in proportion to the great width of the ribs, which
measure five to six centimeters in diameter or more, while
the leaf- scars are only five millimeters long and as broad
near the base. As seen f. 1-3, the subcortical scars are
variously deformed. F. 3 has the tubercles oval, contigu-
ous, at least at the top and the base, with a depression in
the middle. In f . 1 and 2, they are united in one, flattened,
large, two to three centimeters long, one to one and an half
broad, sometimes even much larger, diversely cut, even in
their central part as those in the upper part of f . 2. The sub-

SIGILLARIA.

P. 501

cortical scars indicate that their growth has been progressing
under tlie bark, and that the deformation is caused by va-
rious degrees of compression, according to the space which
they had for their development. This expan^on is not
easily explained ; for the bark, more than one millimeter
thick, is not split as seen f. 1, which has the subcortical
cicatrices already of far greater size and development than
those of the cortex. The bark is, however, rarely preserved
upon the same specimens bearing enlarged subcortical de-
formed bolsters.

Habitat — Not rare, but generally found in a decorticated
state. Splendid and very instructive specimens are in the
cabinet of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, from Plymouth vein F, and
others around Pittston.

SiGiLLAKiA RENiFORMis, Brgt., PI. Z/XX, Flgs. 5-9.

Brgt., Hist. d. veget. foss., p. 470, PL CXLII. Gold., Fl. Sarrcep., II,
p. 50, PL VIII, /. 3L LL and HuU.,foss. FL, I, PL L VII, LXXI. Lesqx.,
GeoL of Penn'a, 1858, p. 873. 8chp., PaleonL vegeL, II, f. 94, PL LXVIII,
f.9.

Sigillaria monostachya, LL and Hutt., L c, 1, PL LXXIl.

S. alternans, ibid., PL LVI. Gold., FL Sarroip., p. 50, PL IX, f. 5-8.

Gein., VersL,p.47, PL VIII, f. 2.

CostcB not as large as in the former species / furrows
less distinct ; leaf -scars reniform^ emarginate at the top^
enlarged on the sides, rounded at the base, not or scarcely
angular ; vascular scars, three, the medial large, punctate,
the lateral ones inflated, semi-lunar, diverging obliquely
downward; subcortical scars double, vertically oval,
rarely contiguous, deformed in many loays.

The difference in the characters of this and the former
species is clear enough when one has on hand good corti-
cated specimens with the reniform impressions as in f. 5.
But corticated specimens of this species are still more
rarely found than those of aS'. Icevigata, and in a decorti-
cated state, the deformed scars of both species are often
indifferently referable to one or the other species. Brong-
niart describes the subcortical scars as geminate and
Schimper as joined in the middle. This last character is
scarcely if ever remarked upon the American specimens

502 P. liEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

whicli, in the decorticated state, have the scars double and
distinct, f. 6, like those of S. alter nans, as figured by LI. and
Hurt.. 1. c, PL LYL and by Gold., 1. c, f. 5. In older stems
they become more distant proportionally to their enlarge-
ment as in f. 8 of our plate, which is comparable to tliar of
Geinitz. 1. c. PL YIII, f. "2, and then more and more dis-
tant as in f. 7. having between them a kind of depression
with opposite curved lines like lateral leaf-scars. F. 9, with
cicatrices double, upraised, vertically rhoniboidal, coarsely
deeply striate across, each marked in the center by a round
small cavity, probably also represents a peculiar deforma-
tion of the scars of this species caused perhaps by long ex-
posure to atmospheric action near the base of the trunks.
To give a complete representation of all the variations of
these scars, observable sometimes upon a same large speci-
men like those in Mr. K. D. Lacoe's collection, would de-
mand indeed a large number of plates.

Habitat — Extremely common at some localities, espe-
cially in the anthracite basin of Wilkes-Barre. Pittston.
Pottsville, Xew Philadelphia, etc. Rare in the western
bituminous coal fields.

§ 4. Syrixgodexdeox.

Cortex CO state ; vascular scars united in one.

Scliimper considers the species of this group as repre-
senting decorticated stems of Sigillaria. This opinion
may be right : but as these forms have not been identified
with species known by their cortical cicatrices, their defi-
nite relation is unknown. I describe them under this
separate section as it has been generally done by authors.

Syrixgodexdrox Porteri, Lesqj\, PI. LXX, Figs. l-lh.

Geol. Kept, of III., IV, p. US, PL XXVII, f. 4-6.

Sterns large, indistinctly co state ; ribs narrow, scars i7i
vertical rows, close, small, circular in outline; vascular
scars punctate, covered by a. deep convex semi-lunar im-
pression: spa.ce between the scars irregularly striate.

The specimens from which this sjDecies has been made

S Y RI NGODENDRON.

P. 503

are fragments of trunks preserved in their cylindrical shape,
one ten, the other twenty centimeters in diameter. The
scars are small, one millimeter in both directions, round,
when seen without magnifiers, but really composed, as seen
f. la, (enlarged), of transversely oval cicatrices with a
central punctate vascular scar traversed, either in the mid-
dle or above, by a deep semi-lunar depression giving to the
cicatrices the shape of an eye half covered with its lid, as
in S. palpebra, Daws, Dev. plants, Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. 1862, p. 307, PI. XIII, f. 12, whose scars are vertically
two centimeters distant.

The surface of the specimens is apparently decorticated,
or at least deprived of its epidermis ; no part of coaly mat-
ter remains attached to it. I cannot relate this plant to any
species of Siglllaria described. It might be compared to
the decorticated surface of S. tessellata. But the scars are
too close, scarcely one millimeter distant vertically ; while
measured from center to center, even in the small branches
of this last species, the scars are at least three times
as distant. One of the specimens which was found in
connection with those described above, but which I have
not seen, is said to be abruptly strangled and reduced by
contraction to half its diameter. This deformation is some-
times seen upon stems of Stigmaria, for example, in the
fragment described below as Stlgmaria stellar is, Lesqx.,
and more distinctly in 8. ficoides, Goepp. Perm, fl., PI.
XXXV, f. 2.

Habitat — Found at Eugene, Ind., and presented to the
State cabinet of 111. by the discoverer, Mr. Isaac Porter.

Syringodendron pachyderm a, Brgt., PI. LXX,
Figs. 2, 'Ja.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg.foss., p. 479, PL CLXVT,/. 1, Lesqx., Geol. Oj Penn^a,
ji. 873; Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 451.

Sigillaria tessellata {decorticated), Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 82.

Bibs narrow, liiglily convex ; furrows deep, carinate;
subcortical scars broadly cuneiform, emarginate at top,
obtuse at the base, with a central irregularly circular

504 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

mamilla ; cortex a tliiclc coating of coal whereon the posi-
tion of the scars is indicated by small oval mamilla^.

The ribs are often narrower than in our figure, from six
to ten millimeters broad ; the cortex is also generally
thicker, one and an half to five millimeters ; the ribs are
highly convex and the furrows very deep. The subcorti-
cal surface is rugose, striate lengthwise by thin lines un-
dulating around the scars and narrowing in bundles be-
tween them, as in f. 2. The cicatrices, three millime-
ters long, two millimeters broad, are obcordate, with me-
dial small round mamillse joined by narrow inflated lines
to the upper borders of the cicatrices, f . 2a, as seen on well
preserved specimens.

The reference of this form to 8. tessellata is contra-
dicted by the highly convex ribs. The subcortical scars,
compared with those of 8. tessellata^ PI. LXXII, f. 3, ap-
pear also far dilferent in shape and size.

Habitat — The species is especially common in the anthra-
cite basin of Penn'a; Trevorton, Pittston, Wilkes-Barre.
Rare in the Western coal measures. There is a specimen
of it in the State cabinet of 111. without indication of lo-
cality.

Syringodendron Brongniarti, Geln.^ PI. LXX,
Figs. 3, 3a, 3b.

Sigillaria Brongniarti, Gein., Verst., p. 47, PL VII, /. 3, 4. Schp., Paleont.
Veget., II, p. 97.

iSyringodendron pes capreoH, St., Fl. d. Vorw., I, p. 22, PL XIII, f. 2.
SigUlaria pes capreoli, Gein., I. c., f. 5.

I Bibs flat., separated by an obtuse scarcely marked fur-
row ; subcortical scars oval, enlarged on one side, mucro-
nate at the apex, narroioed at the base ; vascular scars
round, eccentrical, mammillate.

The bark is thin, the lower surface distinctly striate, the
upper bark also, but coarsely and irregularly so, with very
small oval papillae indicating the position of the vascular
scars.

Habitat — Two specimens, partly represented in Atl., are

8TRING0DENDR0N.

P. 505

in the Mus. Comp. ZooL, of Cambridge, both obtained from
the lower coal bed of Trevorton.

Stringodendkon cyclostigma, Brgt.^ P\ LXX^
Figs. ^, J^a.

Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p. 48O, PL CLXVI, f. 2, 3. Lesqx., Geol. of
Penn'a, 1858, p. 873.

Sigillaria cyclostigma, Oein., Verst., p. 46, PI. VI, f. ^, 5.

Bibs plano-convex ; furrows deep^ canaliculate ; surface
very thinly^ undulately lineate ; cicatrices circular^ emar-
ginate at the upper border ; vascular scars round, large.

The figure represents a decorticated surface. The ribs,
twelve millimeters broad, separated by deep furrows, are
thinly undulately lineate, far more obscurely than figured
in Brgt., 1. c. They are also narrower. The specimen may
represent a different species, though it is evidently refera-
ble to >S^. cyclostigma, as figured and described by Geinitz,
1. c. Goldenberg has also under the same name, Fl. Sarrsep.,
PI. VIII, f. 29, differently represented the species. Hence
it is far from being satisfactorily established.

Habitat — As figured by Geinitz, the form is common in
the anthracite basin of Penn'a., especially at Trevorton.
It is also not rare at Pittston. One specimen referable to
it is in the State cabinet of 111., from Alton.

Species imperfectly Jcnown or of uncertain relation.

SiGILLAKIA YaNUXEMI, Gocpp.

Hall, Rept. Geol. of Netv York, p. I84, f. 51 {not named). Goep.,
Ubergsg.fl., p. 546. Daws., Q,uart. Journ. Geol. Soe., 1862, p. 307, PI. XII, f. 7.

Areoles hexagonal, longer than broad, contiguous ; vas-
cular scars indistinct, in the middle of the areoles ; bark
thick; subcortical surface distantly obscurely ribbed, its
scars oblong, oval, placed in the furroios ; looody axis
longitudinally sulcate.

The above description is from Dawson, who has repre-
sented the specimen, 1. c. He remarks on it, that it is a
sandstone cast, fifteen centimeters long, imbedded among
brachiopodous shells. The bark is in a coaly state, and the

506 P.

EEPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

woody axis, though Hattened, is quite manifest, and still
retains some carbonaceous matter. It approaches S. mi?i-
ima, Brgt., but is smaller and not ribbed, in which last re-
spect it resembles 8. elegans, Brgt., of which it may be
regarded as a diminutive Devonian prototyj)e.

Habitat — Found at Allen's quarr}', near Oswego, X. Y.,
in the Chemung group.

Sigitlaria simplicitas of Yanuxem, Kept. Geol. of New
York, p. 190, f. 54, is a species with slightly rugose elevated
ribs and indistinct leaf-scars, therefore undeterminable. It
conies from the Hamilton group, near Buffalo, N. Y.

Syrixgodexdrox gracile. Daws.

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, I. c, p. SOS, PI. XIII, f. 14.

Bibs narrow ; scars long^ elecated, oval; vascular scars
tliree in vertical lines.

According to the description of the author, the ribs are
about two millimeters broad ; the scars vertically one centi-
meter distant ; the bark marked with delicate strife, con-
verging to the areoles. The subcortical surface is hnely
transversely striate, and the scars appear as elongated de-
pressions.

Habitat — Species described from a small fragment of the
bark on a slab from the Hamilton group of Akron, Ohio.

DiDYMOPHYLLUM i^Goej)}).), Daios.

Trinik arborescent^ cylindrical; leaves double^ united at
tlie base, disposed in spiral order, appressed (Goepp.)/
areoles prominent, reniform, each resembling a pair of
small areoles attached to each other. (Daws.)

The description by Goeppert is given in Gatt., II, p. 35,
for D. Schottini. It is completed by Dawson, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc, 1862, p. 309, for the following species.

DlDYMOPIIYLLUX REXIFORME, DaWS.
Ibid., p. 309, ri. XIII, f. 15.

Same characters as the genus.

The areoles are about one millimeter in transverse diam-

DIDYMOPnYLLUM

P. 507

eter, horizontally seven millimeters distant, and five verti-
cally, in a stem two centimeters in diameter.

The author adds : I believe it to have been a slender stig-
maroid root or rhizome, sending out rootlets in pairs instead
of singly.

Habitat — It occurs as a cast, vs^ith the thin coaly bark in
part preserved, and is from the Hamilton group, near Skan-
eateles lake, New York. In Prof. Hall's collection.

DiDYMOPHYLLUM (Sigillaria) Owenii, Lesqx., Fl.
LXXIV, Figs. 10-101.

Sigillaria Owenii, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III.^ IV, p. 498. (Incorrectly
described for measurements.)

Triunks targe, not co state ; teaf -scars double, transverse-
ly oval, narrowed at the inside corners, joined hy a deep,
slightly arched line or groove ; vascular scars small, nar-
row, oval central tubercles; surface between the scars
regularly and finely wrinJcled; roots obliquely diverging
from the base, soon horizontal, marked with round stig-
maroid areoles.

This species is represented by three specimens — trunks
of standing trees, discovered by Dr. Dale Owen, and trans-
ferred to his cabinet with the roots still attached to them
as they were found in place.

The largest of these trees, figured in a very reduced scale,
is decorticated, nearly forty centimeters in diameter, cylin-
drical to the base, where it enlarges and divides into nine
branches or roots, simi)le or forking, rapidly narrowed to
the part, where they are broken. The largest of these
branches measure at their point of union to the tree about
fifteen to eighteen centimeters in diameter, and at their
broken end, at a distance of thirty-five centimeters from the
base, they are only five to seven centimeters across.

The surface of the trunks is not costate, but distinctly
finely rugose lengthwise ; the leaf-scars disposed in spiral

* I have used for the description a beautiful figure of one of the trunks of
Dr. Owen. It had been kindly prepared for my use by his draughtsman, Mr.
Cappelsmith, of New Harmony. I hope to have this figure represented in a
future publication.

508 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

order or in quincunx, are double, about one centimeter dis-
tant both ways, oval, rounded on the outside, narrowed to
the inside borders where they are joined by a transverse
deep linear groove, each measuring three and a half milli-
meters horizontally, two and a half vertically, including
the inllated borders. The space between them or the length
of the furrow joining them horizontally from corner to cor-
ner is two millimeters, giving to the whole scars a trans-
versal width of one centimeter.

I remarked in the description of this species, 1. c, that
these leaf-scars were a miniature representation of a pair of
spectacles. I should have added overturned, for the line
which unites both parts of the leaf- scars is slightly con-
cave.

At the point where the trunk begins to enlarge, the leaf-
scars, gradually closer, become united in one and are trian-
gular or transversely oval, f. 10a, and then lower down or
upon the roots, they gradually pass to round mamillse,
true stigmaroid scars, with inflated borders and large
central vascular points, f. 10b/

As ^tigmaria is generally considered by authors as the
root of Blgillaria^ this species should be nvLmediSlgiUaria
Owenii. But the trunk is not costate, the scars not contig-
uous, but double, as in the genus Didimophyllum, de-
scribed by Dawson for the former species. In a decorti-
cated state, the base of the leaves of Didyinophylluin re-
mains attached to the scars in the form of protuberances
pointed or emarginate, as in D. scJiottinl^ Goepp., G-att., 1. c.

Schimper considers this last species as identical to Knor-
ria longifoUa^ GoepjD. {var. of K. inibricata, SL), which
for some authors is a mere form of a Lepidodendron. We
have therefore to decide the relation of the trunks described
here between four or five different genera. They are cer-
tainly not referable to 8tigmaria^ though they bear stig-
maroid roots. I have not seen any trace of leaves upon
the specimens of Dr. Owen, nor do I see any in the figure
of Dawson and of Goeppert representing Bidimopliyllum.
These only show that the leaves of this genus, enlarged at
the base, were joined to the stems by two distinct vascular

STIG MARIA.

P. 509

scars, and the cortex covering them merely marked by
small protuberances like those of Cy do stigma, not pointed,
however, nor areolate at the top, but obtuse and more or
less distinctly emarginate. These characters are not ob-
served, as far as known, iij)on any species of Knorria. As
the relation of Didymoj)liyllum to Slgillaria is indicated
by the stigmarioid roots, we have to admit that Stigmarla,
considered as roots, belong to plants of different genera
and not merely to Sigillaria. This affords the opportu-
nity to consider the nature of Stigmarla as I do it here be-
low.

Habitat — Near New Harmony, Ind. Clay beds in the
upper part of the coal measures.

Stigma Ri A, Brgt.

Floating stems or roots, generally growing horizontally,
distantly dicliotomous ; branches long, scarcely variable
in size in their whole length, sub-cylindrical or com-
pressed; pith, a wood.y cylinder, often eccentrical, com-
posed of f ascites of vessels disposed star-like ; leaves long,
tubulose, linear when flattened, leaving after disruption,
on the surface of the stems, round scars composed of two
concentrical rings loith a central umbonate mamilla pitted
in the middle by a punctiform vascular scar.

I consider Stigmarla as originally representing floating
stems becoming roots under peculiar circumstances. The
above description essentially refers to the stems. When
attached to trunks as roots, Atl. PI. LXXIV, f. 10 and 11,
the divisions are more repeatedly dichotomous, distinctly
narrowed downward ; the axis or pith is central and the
leaf -scars more 'irregular in posiMon.

The remains of Stigmaria, the most common of the veg-
etables of the coal measures and distributed from the low-
est to the upper strata, have from the first and for nearly
a century occupied the attention of phyto-paleontologists.
The exposition of the views of the authors on the char-
acters of this plant would fill a volume

As my opinion on the double nature of Stigmaria is
generally contradicted, I will briefly expose the reasons of

510 P. rp:port of progress, leo lesquereux.

my belief, in considering the growth of these peculiar
plants, their distribution, the part they have had in the
formation of the coal and their different mode of action,
indicated by the circumstances where their remains are
found.

Fragments of Stigmaria, trunks, branches and leaves,
are generally found embedded in every kind of compound,
clay, shales, sandstone, coal, even limestone, in carbonifer-
ous strata, or rather from the Devonian to the Permian.
They are always in a large proportion, far above that of any
other remains of coal plants, especially of those of Slgil-
larlci.

If it is not proved that Stigmaria remains have been ob-
served in more ancient strata than those of Slgillaria, we
know at least that Stigmaria has persisted in the permian
formations of Europe for a long time after the disappear-
ance of Sigillaria. For ten different forms of Stigmaria
are described by Goeppert, in his Permian Flora, as varie-
ties of S. flcoides^ from as many and far distant localities,
while this author has seen, in this formation, remains of only
two species of Sigillaria found at a same locality. Prof.
Schimper mentions an analagous circumstance from the
sub-conglomerate (Grauwacke) coal measures X)f the Yosges,
where the strata are tilled with innumerable remains of
Stigmaria^ and where no fragments of Sigillaria have
ever been found.

All the geologists who have examined the distribution
of the carboniferous measures and the composition of the
strata have remarked the predominance of Stigmaria in
the clay deposits which constitute the bottom of the coal
beds. As the remains of, Stigmaria are always found in
that peculiar kind of clay and also in the intervening sili-
cious beds generally called clay partings, without any
fragments of Sigillaria^ it has been supposed that these
clay materials were merely a kind of soft mould where the
Sigillaria began their life by the germination of seeds and
there expanded their roots, while their trunks growing up

* Terrain de Trans, des Vosges, p. 324.

STIGMARIA.

P. 511

did contribute by their woody matter the essential compo-
sition of the coal formed above the clay beds. This oinn-
ion has an appearance of truth indeed. But how to explain
the fact that beds of fireclay twenty to thirty feet in thick-
ness are mostly com]3osed of Stigmaria^ or filled from the
base to the top with remains of these plants, stems and
leaves, without a fragment of Sigillaria ever found
amongst them and without any coal above ? Roots cannot
live independently of trunks or of aerial plants. Accord-
ing to the opinion of some botanists, the rhizomas of spe-
cies of Lycopodiacese and Equisetacese may have for a long
time an independent life, but it is as yet not positively
ascertained whether they are true rhizomas or creeping
stems. They have rootlets penetrating the soft mud upon
which the branches are trailing, as in Lycopodium inun-
datum. In my opinion they are true stems.

Large surfaces of rocks formed of the bottom clay of the
coal, hardened by metamorpliism, are seen in Pennsylvania
entirely covered with stems and branches of Stlgmaria.
The stems, very long, nearly of the same size in their whole
length, rarely forking, crossing one upon another in all di-
rections, cover the rocks with their leaves still attached to
them in their original disposition in right angle. They
have evidently the same position and distribution as during
their growth, and there, over the whole exposed surface
of the rocks, an acre or more, nothing is seen, either in
any modification of the size of the stems or in their direc-
tion, which might indicate the rooting process or the axis
of a trunk.

As seen from their fragments, the Stigmarla stems are
not exactly cylindrical, but inflated upward from the sides
of the pith, which is eccentrical and placed under the coat-
ing of cellular tissue which composes the substance of the
stems and cortex. The pith is thus exposed naked on the
under side of the stems, and the leaves come out from the
sides and the upper surface only. This conformation
shows that the stems of Stlgmaria were floating or expand-
ing at the surface of soft muddy flakes, and independent
of the growth of trees.

512 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The bottom clay, wliicli underlies in various degrees of
tliickness most of the coal strata, has generally about the
same chemical composition, and contains especially a large
proportion of silica. A silicious clay underlies the beds of
lignitic coal of the tertiary and also the peat deposits of ,
our epoch, which are merely coal beds in an incipient state.
This clay is formed at our time by the decomposition of
aquatic plants, Confervoe, Characece^ etc., with the addi-
tion of moluscan life. It is generally Avhen an imi:)erme-
able bottom has been formed to the basins by the sub-
aquatic vegetation that aerial or woody j)lants appear, and
either floating or attached by their roots to the bottom,
Segin the deposition of the combustible matter or wood by
tlie heaping of their remains. At the coal epoch Stlgmaria
has played the part of the aquatic plants, and i)repared,
by the life and the decomposition of its stems and leaves,
the beds of silicious clay where their remains are so abund-
antly found. The clay partings of the coal beds formed
of Stlgmaria, even the lamellae of coal, where the bark of
Stigmaria is discernible in its discoid leaf-scars, as it is
very often the case, are silicious.

At the present epoch some kinds of plants inhabiting the
swamps have floating stems. Their mode of vegetation is
analagous to that of Stlgmaria. Expanding their loose
stems on or below the surface of the water, they gradually
fill the ditches by their interlacing branches, and do not
bear any flowering stems as long as they remain immersed.
Species of Utricular la are of this kind. For example, U.
intermedia, Hayne, continues its subaquatic life for years,
filling ditches and canals with the detritus of its decom-
posed floating vegetation. It fructifies only out of the
ditches or out of water in wet sand, and there the stems
bear true roots, penetrating the ground by oblique or ver-
tical ramifications.

These plants present an illustration of the mode of
growth and the nature of Stlgmaria. The stems could
grow independent for a considerable length of time as float-
ing and sterile, or bear erect flowering stems or trunks
when the ground was solid enough to support trees.

STTGMARTA.

P. 513

The process of transformation of floating sterile stems
passing into trunks bearing roots is not easily explainable.
We see, however, in a very rednced scale, the same phe-
nomenon reproduced on a number of semi-aquatic j^lants of
the present time — the Lycopods— the mosses especially.
Species of Ilypnuin^ Spltagnum^ etc., for example, which
greatly contribute to the growth of the peat, have rarely
fruiting pedicels when they live immersed or floating. It
is only when, by prolonged vegetation, they have formed
a compact floating carpet at the surface of swamps, of
bayous, even of lakes, that they bear fi'uits abundantly,
in capsules borne upon pedicels long enough to sustain them
above water. The process of fertilization may result either
from seeds distributed everywhere, and which take root
only where the ground is solid enough to support the stems
above water, or by a kind of knotting of the more compactly
entangled stems, as we see it in floating species of Umlaria.
The stems, then, change the horizontal growth into the ver-
tical, and become trunks of Slgillaria^ Didymopliyllum^
perhaps even of Lepidodendron.

Goldenberg has exposed about the same views as a result
of long researches on the coal plants of Saarbruck. As
confirmation of his opinion that Stigmaria is a plant sui
generis^ he has found small tubercles or capsuliform bodies
in the angles of bifurcation of the stems. I have never
seen any bodies of this kind in the same position, but have
observed bladder-like tubercles at the end of the leaves, as
represented PI. LXXIY, f. 12 and 13. The leaves, here, are
not attached to the stems, but they were found in beds of
clay containing only remains of Stigmaria, and the char-
acter of the leaves is easily recognizable. That these tub-
ercles may be organs of reproduction, I cannot affirm.
They are variable in size and shape and have been some-
times described as fruits. Corda Beitr., Pi. XII, f. 1, rep-
resents a branch of Stigmaria bearing leaves, one of them
gemmifer or with an oval tubercle at its end

Brongniart, however, admits that the observations of
Hooker and Binney show beyond a doubt that Stigmaria
are roots of Sigillaria. But Schimper, considering the
33 P. ^

514 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

regularity of ramification, the mode, disposition and dis-
articulation of the leaves, characters which are not found
in any other vegetable type, suj)poses that those plants
may rather be rhizoma than roots.

I believe that the views which I have exposed above may
unite all the differences of opinion. Stlgviaria may repre-
sent roots. In this case the plants have characters some-
what different from those given in the generic description ;
the pith is central, the leaf -scars irregular in position. They
may be also floating plants, or according to Schimper's sup-
position, rhizomes or adventive stems of Knorria and
Lepidodendron ; for this author adds to his remarks on
the Grauwacke of the Yosges, filled with a prodigious
quantity of fragments of Stigmaria^ Avithout trace of any
of Slgillaria^ that these strata contain abundant remains
or trunks of Knorria and of Lepidodendron.

The specific characters of floating plants or rhizomes are
generally ill defined. This remark is especially applicable
to Stigmaria^ whose remains easily recognized by the round
scars of the surface, can scarcely be specifically determined ;
for these scars are all of the same form, mostly of the same
size, and disposed in a more or less distinct and regular
spiral order. That these plants are referable to a large num-
ber of species is easily admitted in considering the number
of species of Slgillaria to which these vegetables are re-
ferred. However, the European authors generally describe
the forms as mere variety of Stigmaria ficoides. This mat-
ter is unimportant. I have followed here the nomencla-
ture admitted by Goeppert, Schimper, etc.

Stigmaria ficoides, BrgL, PI. LXXTV, Figs, i, 11, 12^ 13.

BrgL, Classif. d. veg./oss., PL T, f. 7, (^1822) ; Prod., p. 87. LI. & Hutt.,
i^0S5., PL XXXr-XXXVI. St., FL d. Vorw., II, PL XV, f. 4-5. Corda,
Beitr., p. 32, PL XII, XIII, f. 1-8. Oein., FL d. KohL v. Hain., p. 59, PL
XI, f. 1, 2. Goepp., Perm. FL, p. 197, PL XXXIV-XXXVI. Gold., fl.,
Sarrcep., Ill, p. 17, PL XI-XIII. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 870.
GeoL Rept. of IlL, II, p. 447. ' 8chp., Paleont. veget , II, p. II4, PL LXIX,
f. 7-9.

Variolaria ficoides, St. L c., I, p. 24, PL XI J, f. 1-3.

Ficoidites furcatus, F. verrucosus, Artis, Antedil, PhytoL,p. 3, PL III
Phytolithus verrucosus, Martin., Petref. Derh. PL XI, f. 12, IS. Parkins.,

STIGMA III A.

P. 515

Organ. Rem., 7, PI. ITT, f. 1. Sieinh., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, 1, p. 268, PI.
IV, /. 1-4.*

Stems of onedlum size., dlchotomous^ branches horizon-
tally di verging^ slightly rugose ; leaves of various lengths^
simple, iubulose or flat and linear ; leaf -scar circular.

Some authors, Artis, Corda, etc., represent the leaves as
sometimes forking near the top. I have never seen any of
this character. The leaves are smooth, diversely plicate by
compression, tubulose at least near the base. Even sand-
stone strata are sometimes filled with fragments of leaves
of Stigmarla^ all cylindrical. The leaves also are indi-
cated by authors as about thirt}^ centimeters long, or less.
I have seen them at least twice as long. They are variable
in thickness in some of the following forms described by
by Goeppert, 1. c.

Yar. B. undulata, Goepp., PI. LXXIY, Figs. ^, S.

Cortex wiarJced' by longitudinal^ narroio costoe^ undulat-
ing by contraction between and under the scars.

Var. C. KETicuLATA, Goepp.

Cortex reticulate- sir late around the scars.

I have not yet observed this form figured by Goepp. Gatt.,

I, II, PI. IX, f. 11.

Var. D. Stellata, PI, LXXIV, Fig. i.

Cortex marked by short broad impressions, diverging
star-like from the scars.

Yar. E. Sigillatiioides, Goepp.

S. irregularis, Lesqx , Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p.' 870, PL II, f. 4.

Cortex longitudinally cos tale by deep nearly parallel
strice slightly flexuous between the scars.

It is much like var. B, with cost^e less undulate.

* Besides the works quoted above, one may read with instruction, details of
structure in Brgt., Arch. d. Mus. d' hist, nat., 1839. Goepp., Gatt., 1, 2, pp. 13-29.
Dr. J. D. Hooker, struct, of iStigmarice. Mem. Geol. Surv. of the U. Kingd.,

II, 2, p. 436, etc., PI. II, (1847.) E, W. Binney (Proc. Geol. Soc, Quart.
Journ, XV, p. 76, PI. IV, (1858.)

516 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Var. F. iNyEQUALis % Goepp.

8. radicans, Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 870, PL II, /. 2.

Sca7^s unequal in size, indistinctly marked, surface ob-
scurely lineate.

T]ie specimen is a fragment whose surface is partly erased
and the scars irregular in shape and disposition.

Besides these varieties, I consider as specilically charac-
terized the following forms :

S. UMBOXATA, Lesqx., PI. LXXIV, Fig. 8.

Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 870.

Cortex smooth or marked with undulating narrow costce;
scars twice as large as those of S. flcoides, highly convex^
umhonate.

I have rarely found this form ; the longitudinal costse are
narrow, more generally effaced.

Habitat — Mammoth vein near Pottsville, Penn'a.

Stigmaria amoena, Sp. nor)

Surface transversely rugose^ irregularly costate length-
wise; scars small, distant, in irregular spiral order.

The scars are finely marked upon a minutely transversely
wrinkled surface ; the ribs are superposed per pieces, or
discontinued here and there between the scars ; the scars
are exactly round, two millimeters in diameter, twelve
millimeters distant. Comparatively to their size, the tuber-
cles are more distant than in any other form of the genus ;
the borders are more distinctly inflated.

Habitat— \ have seen two specimens of this fine species,
one from Ranch Gap, Penn'a, Mammoth vein; the other
from the nodules of Mazon creek.

Stigmaria Stellaris, Lcsqx., PI. LXXIV, Figs. 5, 7.

Sigillarioides stellaris, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 450, PL, XXIX,
f. 3.

Stem large^ cylindrical, irregularly strangled ; scars in
regular quincunxial order ^ small., round or angular., with-

SIGILLARIOIDES. P. 517

out distinct vascido^r points ; surface finely wrinkled hy
parallel lines diverging star-like from the scars.

Fig. 7 is a cox)y of the specimen in a reduced scale,
about one third. The trunk, which I consider ^ part of a
rhizoma, is fifteen centimeters in diameter, narrowed to one
end and crossing the shale obliquely. The leaf-scars are
upraised above the surface, covered by coaly matter ol:)lit-
e.rating the central scars and also the outside borders, which
are irregularly round ; the cortex is narrowly wrinkled by
bundles of lines traversing from scars to scars, or disposed
star-like around them.

By the alternately contracting and enlarging of the frag-
ment, which is also somewhat narrowed at one end, this
specimen represents rather a rhizoma than a floating stem.
It is referable to the section established by Grand 'Eury,
under the name of Stlgmariopsls^ for a group of Stigmaria
which he considers as roots of Syrigodendron. The pecu-
liar rugosities of the surface seem to indicate the relation
of this species to Sigillaria monostigma, while the small
transversely oval scars of f. 5 have the characters of those
seen at the base of the trunks of Didymopliyllum Oweriii^
in their transition from scars of Sigillaria to those of Stig-
maria.

Habitat — Shale of the coal of Morris, 111. ; Mr. Jos. Even.

SiGiLLARioiDES, Lesqx.
Fragments of roots hearing stigmarloid leaves attached
to sigillarioid rhomboldal scars.

SiGiLLARioiDES kadicanj^, Lesqx., PI. LXXY^ Fig. 6.

Geol. Rept. of 111., IV, p. 449, PL XXXI, f. 4.

Fragment of a root narrowed to the base ; scars in ir-
regular order of disposition^ transversely rhomboldal or
triangular in outline, obscurely mammillate at the top^
with a central vascular point ; leaves tending downward.^
flat., linear^ marked by a bundle of vessels passing into
them as a distinct medial nerve.

The obscure mamillge above the scars have somewhat
the form of the basilar remains of leaves of Knorria when

518 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

lialf destroyed by erosion. As seen from the leaves still
attached to the scars, this is a mere tumescence, with-
out distinct relation to the leaves. In considering the tri-
angular shape of the scars, this fragment seems referable to
SlgiUarla monostigma as its root. It has, however, no
relation of characters with the former species.
Hahitat — Mazon creek. 111., in nodules.

Roots of uncertain relation.

PlX^^ULARIA, LI. & Hntt.

This generic name represents roots or rootlets diversely
divided in filaments of various length and thickness. The
characters of these plants are variable and transient upon
a same specimen, and their description is a matter of little
interest when it cannot be completed b}^ figures.

Lindley and Hutton have described Pinularia capil-
lacea^ Foss. fl. II, PI. CXI. It is part of a root pinnately
divided in linear filiform branches. I have myself recorded
in Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, a number of these forms, p. 878,
PI. I, f. 9 ; PI. XYII, f. 13-20, as P. calamitarum, P.
pinnata^ P. ficoides^ P. liorizontalis^ P. capillacea and
P. confervoides^ and in Geol. Rept of Ark., II, p. 313,
PLY, f. 9, Rliizolites {P imdaria) palmatifldus, PI. LXXV,
f. 9, in order to give an idea of the characters of this kind
of oi'ganism. They are referable to divers families of the
coal plants and should be carefully observed to ascertain
their connection with species known by other organs,
stems, leaves, etc., already described.

Genus of uncertain relation.
Spiraxgium, Sclqy.

Palceoxyris, Brgt. Palceobroynelia, Ett. Sporlederia, Stiehl.

Oblong or spindle-shaped bodies, formed of narroio
linear leaA)esf interweaved or twisted in spiral, with the
ends united into a pedicel which joins them horizontally
or in umbels.

The above is the substance of Schimper's description of

SPIRANGIUM.

P. 519

the genus under whicli he considers these peculiar plants,
Paleont. veget. II, page 514. I have never seen any of
these spindle-shaped bodies nnited together, but always
single. As represented PL LXXY, f. 11 a^^id 15 they
appear composed of six leaves ; in the other si)ecies their
number is not determinable.

Until recently these j)lants had not been found lower
than the base of the Permian, and their range was recorded
as from this formation up to the Cretaceous. On the
species described here, the celebrated author of the genus
remarks: ''They show that this problematic type was
already in existence near the end of the Carboniferous."

Scliimper should have said the beginning or the middle
of that epoch, for the geological horizon of Mazon creek,
where these plants are found in nodules, is referable to the
lowest strata of the middle coal measures, or immediately
above the millstone grit where species of the low coal, es-
pecially of Lepidodendron^ abound, as can be seen by com-
parison of the table of distribution. Even one specimen
has been found at Pittston, Pa., under the conglomerate
ledge.

I do not hazard any hypothesis on the relation of these
plants, considered either as organs of fructification or as
radicular appendages like those of some species of Eqiii-
setum of the tertiary ; their structure is unexplainable to
me.

Spirangium Prendelii, Lesqx., PI. LXXY, Figs. 13-15a.

iSchp., Paleont. veget., Ill, p. 585.

Pal^oxyris Prendelii, Geol. Rept. of 111., IV, p. 464, PI. XXVIl,/.
10-lS.

Body narrowly spindle- shaped or ohovate^ abruptly acu-
minate^ gradually narrowed to the pedicel ; leaves dis-
tantly twisted^ with broad square or rhoviboidal spaces
between them.

This species to which should be added f. 14, described
Geol. Rept. of 111., 1. c. as Paloeoxyris comcgata, greatly
differs from the others by the large space between the spires
of the leaves. The spaces give to the body the appearance

520 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

of a small inflated bladder around which narrow thread-
like leaves are twisted at a distance from each other. The
surface between the leaves is of a different tissue, narrowly
rugose or marked by very narrow parallel lines in the direc-
tion of the coils, f. 15a.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon creek. 111. The first speci-
mens were contributed by Mr. Michel Prendel. I have
obtained since a number of others from the same locality,
especially through Mr. S. S. Strong. A specimen of the
var. corrugata^ in Mr. William Gurley's collection, also in
nodules, is from Little Yermillion river. 111.

Spirangium appendiculatum, Lesqx.^ PI. LXXV,

Fig.

Schp., Paleont. veget., Ill, p. 585.

Palceoxyris appendiculata, Lesqx., I. c, p. 465, PL XXVII, f. 11.

Body narrowly sjy indie- shaped^ more elongated and
equally narrowed at both ends : leav.es numerous^ twisted
close together^ broadly oblique to the axis^ projecting on
the borders.

The last character is apparently the result of a compres-
sion which, flattening the borders, has forced outside or
crushed the folds of the leaves.

Habitat — Same locality as the former.

Spirangium multipltcatum, Sp). riov.^ PI. LXXV,

Fig. 11.

Body oboDate, large, contracted to the pedicel, abruptly
rounded to the top, composed of fasciculate obtuse large
leaves, closely twisted in obtuse angle.

The leaves appear to have been united at the top of the
body, where the end of one of them remains erect. This
leaf is somewhat enlarged and obtuse, without medial
nerve. The twisting in the middle of the body is close
and somewhat irregular. The spindle is comparatively
larger, two and a half centimeters broad in the middle,
the other species scarcely measuring one and a half cen-
timeter. The species is related by its size to S. Munsteri
(PresL), St., Fl. d. Yorw. II, PI. LIX, f. 10, 11.

NOEGGEKATIIIiE.

P. 521

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon creek; communicated by
Mr. S. S. Strong.

Spirat^gium intermedium, noi\

Body long and narrow ; ligaments thick, twisted Wke
twine, interwoven inclose spiral; intervals rhomhoidal ;
'pedicel long^ twisted ; apex gradually tapering and acu-
minate.

Tliis form is represented by many specimens merely
sliglitly variable in size. The ligaments are thick and nar-
row, nearly square or round, not flattened, the intervals,
between the winding upraised threads on the body, are
short, two millimeters, forming deeply rhomboidal areoles.
The body is short, two and a half to three and a half
centimeters long, seven to seventeen millimeters in diame-
ter in the middle, the branches twisted. The inside ones,
all broken toward their extremity, are three and a half cen-
timeters long, the others, a little shorter, are gradually
tapering into an acute point. All the specimens, except
one somewhat broader, are of the same shape and size.

Habitat — Found in numerous specimens in the sub-con-
glomerate ledge of Pittston, Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

NOEGGERATHI^.

This order of fossil plants has been established by Brong-
niart, Tabl. d. genres, p. 64, on a species of Sternberg,
Noeggerathia foliosa, described, Fl. d. Yorw., I, II, p. 28,
PL XX, already in 1852. The species is represented by a
branch, slender stem or rachis, bearing obovate alternate
pinnules attached to the rachis by their narrowed base or
sessile.

The relation of this plant is not indicated by Sternberg.
Goeppert, who received specimens from him, described and
figured it again in his Gattungen, considering it as a Fern
related to Cyclopteris.

Brongniart, however, comparing it to si:)ecies of Zamia,
placed it between the CycadecB and the Conifers. Grand
'Eury remarks that pinnate and pinnatifid leaves having

522 P. REPOET OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the structure of the Cordaites and considered as refer-
able to Noeggerathla, have also in part the construction
of Ferns, and in the absence of the fructifications, as
yet unknown, may as well be jilaced with the Ferns as
with the CycadecB. He nevertheless admits them in the
Docotyledonous gyninosperms, a distribution followed also
by Saporta.

Under the generic name of Doleropterls^ Grand' Eury also
refers to the JVoeggerathicE simple sessile round thick
leaves, always entire, divided only by splitting, which, he
says, are similar to Ferns only by their widely dilated bor-
ders. He remarks that they are sometimes found in con-
nection with seeds. To this genus he refers Adiardites
giganteus Goepp., Syst., p. 221, PI. VII, a very large
leaf, widening upward from a cuneate base, comparable by
its shape and its nervation to RhacopTiyTLuni Jlahella-
tu7n% St. Atl., PL LYII. f. 1; Cyclopteris orhlcularis^
Brgt., and perhaps C. elegans, Lesqx."^ According to
these references most of the round leaves which I have
described as rachidal leaflets of Neuropieris should be
placed in the new genus as related to the NoeggeraililcE.
But as the cyclopterid leaves have most of all been found
in connection with speci-es of the genus Neuropteris^ and
identified with them, either by peculiar characters re-
marked upon leaflets of both Neuropieris and Cyclopteris,
or by their attachment to j^innse of the same genus, I do
not see as yet any reason for that separation. Cyclopteris
orhicularis^ Bi'gt., is so like the large leaves of Neuropieris
rarinervis which I have seen attached successively along a
rachis of this Fern, that the distribution of these two spe-
cies into two different groups seems really an anomaly. In
N. rarirterms^ of which I have represented a fragment Avith
both neuropterid and cyclopterid leaflets attached to the
same branch, Atl., PI. XY, f. 3, the veins are often fibrous,
filicular, or separating in hair-like filaments, a character
given to the leaves of Doleropteris by the author, and which

* Saporta (in letters) has exposed the same views in regard to these plants,
considering them in a separate family, DolcrophyllecE related to the Cycadece.

WHITTLESEYA.

P. 523

is SO peculiarly distinct uv Neuropteris anomala, Atl., PL

yii, f. 1.

A large number of species described by authors as
Noeggeratlhia are of uncertain affinity and appoipently refer-
able to the Cordaiteoe ; at least, I admit them into this or-
der. But for this opinion I have here no point of com-
parison. For, as yet, no species of true Noeggeratliia has
been found in the American coal measures, at least none
answering to the description given by Schimper and other
European authors, as plants hearing pln7iate leaves, attached
to the stem hy a semi-twisted base, dilated upwards, veins
flabellate and dichotomous. A few leaves only, repre-
sented AtL, PL ly, f. 1-3, may have their place in the
Noeggerathice. The peculiar character of their nervation
has some analogy to that of the Ginkgo or Sallsburia of
the Conifers. They are all described under the following-
generic name.

WiiiTTLESEYA, Newhy.

Frond simple or pinnate, nerves fasciculate, confluent
to the base, not dichotomous ; fructifications unknown.

The autlior remarks on the above definition, Ann. of Sci.
of CleveL, v. 1, (1853,) p. 116, that the characters of this
genus cannot be fully given until other species are discov-
ered ; but that it is evident that the peculiar nervation of
the plant described in it, W. elegans, must exclude it from
all other known genera.

The leaves of these plants are of a thick texture, nar-
rowly fan-like, truncate, undulate or dentate at the upper
border, entire on the sides, rounded in, rapidly narrowing
to a short petiole ; the nerves parallel, composed of bundles
of thread-like simple filaments, converging at the base, are
separated by linear smooth intervals.

Whittleseya elegans, Newby., PI. IV, Fig. 1-la.

Newhy., I. c.,p. 116, f. l-2b.

Pinnce simple, thick, narrowly fan-like, rounded in,
narrowing to the petiole, truncate and acutely dentate at

.024 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the upper border ; veins in bundles of slender parallel fila-
ments^ converging at the base and at the apex in entering
the teeth and eonnivent at their sharp point.

Kg leaf attaclied to a stem has been found until now,
though the specimens are extremely numerous at the only
locality where the species has been found. Two, three or
more leaves are often placed without any relative order of
position upon pieces of slate of small size, as seen in the
s]3ecimen figured. The longest pedicel I have seen is one
centimeter. It is cut square at its base, as if detached
from a stem. The author has seen, upon some specimens,
slender branches bearing alternate petioles, which, he sup-
poses, may be the rachis to which the leaves were attached.

The relation of this species and of the others of this genus
is with Cyclopteris digitata^ Brgt., Hist. d. veg. foss., p.
219, PI. LXI bis., f. 2, 3, {Ginkgo digitata^ Heer, beauti-
fully illustrated in Fl. arct., lY, p. 40, PI. X, 1 1-6). It
is also distinctly marked with Cyclopteris crenata^ Braun,
Paleont. IX, ji. 52, PL XIII, f. 8, which is of the same
type and referable to the same group as Whittlesey a or
to the SalisburicB.

The leaves of this species are mixed with a great number
of fruits, Trigonocarpus, Bhabdocarpus, etc., probably
derived of this or other analogous plants of the same group.

Habitat — Collected first by Mr. Ch. Whittlesey, at the
mines of Cuyahoga falls, Ohio ; after him by Dr. Newberry,
and later by myself.

WniTTLESEYA I^s^TEGRIFOLIA, Sp. UOV. PI. IV, Fig. 2.

Leaf obovate, a little narrower and abruptly rounded
at the base, broadly obtuse and, entire at the upper border,
subcordate at the point of attachment of thep)etiole {broken);
veins of the same character as in the first species ; fila-
ments obliterated bij a thick opaque epidermis ; decorti-
cated surface irregularly lineate lengthwise.

This leaf, though much resembling those of the former
species, is clearly different — by its coriaceous texture, the
epidermis being thick, opaque, obliterating the veins ; by

COKDAITEyE.

P. 525

the upper border which is entire and by the base, slightly
eniarginate at the point of attachment of a broken pedicel.
Under the epidermis transformed into a coating of coaly mat-
ter about half a millimeter thick, the surface i^ irregularly
lined as by the impression of the veins. Their fasciculate
character is seen on the left corner of the leaf where the
epidermis is preserved.

Habitat — Found in a lot of specimens sent by Prof. Eug.
A. Smith, from Tuscaloosa, Ala.

W1IITTLESF.YA UNDULATA, ^p. llOTi.^ PI. IV, Fig. 3.

Leaf narrowly fan- shaped., undulate at the upper har-
der., rounded and narrowed to the hase, apparently pedi-
cellate {pedicel broken) ; surface erased or deprived of the
epidermis, irregularly lineatc.

This leaf may represent a variety of the former species,
though far different in outline. The upper borders are un-
dulate, the surface wrinkled and lineate lengthwise, the base
gradually rounded to the petiole or to a point of attach-
ment. It has, by the undulations of the borders, the facies
of a small leaf of Cordiates, or rather of a leaflet of Noeg-
gerath ia flabellata. LI. & Hutt., Foss. fl., PI. XXYlil
and XXIX.

Habitat — Found in the same lot with the former.

CORDAITEiE.

Remains of plants referable to this order are abundant
in the coal measures, in fragments of ribbon-like leaves,
most rarely found in connection with the stems. For since
the discovery by Sternberg of a stem bearing leaves, which
was used by Corda for the analysis and illustration of his
Flabellaria (Cordaites) borassifolia, I do not know that,
until recently, any other has been found except the one rep-
resented, Atl., PI. LXXVII, f. 3, discovered years ago in
the upper Salem vein, near Potts ville, Penn'a. Now we
know the Cordaitece by splendid materials, stems bearing
leaves and flowers, fruits attached to stems, etc., published
two years ago in the Flore Carbonifdre of Grand' Eury, and

526 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

for this continent by those not less valuable to science, ob-
tained especially by Mr. T. F. Mansfield, in his coal bed of
Cannelton. These American specimens have afforded the
means of comparing and confirming the observations of
the celebrated French author, and of adding to the Cordai-
tecB some new generic divisions.

Besides Cordaites^ and the fruits and flowers, Cordaicar-
pus^ Cordaianthus, Cordaistrobus^ I admit in this ordei* as
generic divisions, Dicranopliyllum^ Grd'Ey, DesmiopJiyl-
lum^ and Lipidoxylon. The relation of these last genera
is as yet indicated merely by the ribbon-like shape of the
leaves, a character which may be conventional only ; for,
further discoveries may supply specimens indicating by new
and more important characters a relation to different orders
of plants. This has been the case already with the Tcenio-
phyJlcB^ formerly described in the Cordaitece, and now
forcibly placed with the LycopodiacecE on account of their
fructifications.

The Cordiatece are now generally referred to the Dicoty-
ledonous Gymnosperms, as intermediate in characters be-
tween the CycadecE and the Conifers. Corda, to whom w^e
owe the anatomy of Cordaites, from a species described in
Beitr., p. 44, PI. XXIY and XXY, as Flabellaria lor ass-
ifolia^ compared the structure of the plant to that of Dra-
ccena^ and to Lomatopliloios especially, from the characters
of the pith or medular cylinder.

Sternberg had already examined this plant and referred it
to Palms, while somewhat Jater, another specimen of this
kind, with narrower leaves, is mentioned by the same au-
thor as related to the Cycadece^ Fl. d. Yorw., 1, p. 39, PI.
XL. From the apparent cylindrical form of the leaves
this fragment seems to have the character of Tceniophyl-
lum.

Brongniart, in his tableau des genres, p. 65, proposed a
new genus, Pyclinophyllum for that Flabellaria boras si-
folia^ and considering its structure as related to that of
the Sigillarice^ the CycadecB^ and the Conifers, he placed it
in the NoeggeratliicE^ between these two last families.

Goeppert, admitting the Noeggerathioe as Monocotyle-

COKDAITES.

P. 527

donous, is however of the opinion of Goldenberg, that from
their flowers and fractiflcations they shoukl be placed be-
tween the CycadecB and the Conifers.

Schimper places in the Cycadece^ as genera uncertain
relation, Pychnophyllum^ Brgt., for the description of
Cordaites species, and a new genus, Psygmophyllum for
that of the Noeggerathice.

Weiss (1869) says that the inflorescence and fruits of
these plants relate them to the Cycadece and the Conifers,
but that by their leaves their affinity is with the monocoty-
ledonous, while Heer (1876) admits them in the Conifers,
and Grand' Eury, to whose admirable work we mostly owe
our acquaintance with these two orders of plants, the
ISfoeggeratliice and CordaitecB, places them in the Gymnos-
perms, after the Sigillarice, thus remaining in concordance
with Brongniart's opinion.

In a late work just published, Structure Comparee, etc.,
JSfouv. Arch, du Museum, II, 2d series, a work as remark-
able by the precision of the anatomical details as by the
extent and accuracy of the comparative researches, the au-
thor, M. B. Renault, resumes the results of the microscop-
ical analysis of the Cordaites in an exposition of the char-
acters of their woody cylinder and pith, their leaves, their
flowers, their fruits, and concludes, p. 323, that these plants
belong to the order of the Cycadece, of which they consti-
tute a distinct family. The exposition of the characters
and the deduction derived from them are so clear that
this conclusion seems indisputable.

Cordaites, Ung.

Trunks of large size, irregularly branching, formed of
a large mediilar canal or pith, marked on the outer sur-
face hy transverse narroio parallel simple ribs rarely
joined hy divisions, covered by double or triple layers of
wood and bark converted by fossilization into thin layers
of coal ; leaves in spiral order, more or less distant, rib-
bonlike, of various length arid width, linear or more gen-
erally gradually enlarging upioard, obtuse, entire or un-
dulate and split at the apex ; borders curving to the ses-

528 P.

r.EPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

sile or semi- embracing somewliat inflated base; surface
onarlcecl lengtlmise by primary and secondary parallel
simple nerves^ generally more distant in the middle of the
learns and slightly inflated towards the base ; flowers in
racemes from the axils of tlie leaves ; fruits generally oval^
sessile, of tar io ns size.

The flowers, wlien found separately, represent the old
uncertain genus, Antholites ; the fruits have been referred,
until now, to different species of Carpolites^ Trigonocar-
pns, etc. Both these kinds of organism are further con-
sidered under the name of Cordaianthus and Cordaicarpus.

The decorticated stems of Cordaites have been of tea de-
scribed under the generic name of Artisia and Sternbergia.

The Cordaites were, generally at least, or for some of their
species, arborescent plants of great size. Grand' Eury has
reconstructed, on a splendid plate, Fl. Carb., PI. D, a num-
ber of trees which he estimates twenty to forty meters in
altitude, their trunks forty to fifty centimeters in diameter.
The divisions are oblique, the branchlets small, with crowd-
ed, imbricated short and small leaves, Atl., PI. LXXYIII,
f. 2, showing how far different are the leaves upon branches
of different age, and how great is the difficulty of their
identification when they are merely represented by frag-
ments, or even when entire but separated from their sujd-
ports.

In this case the nervation of the leaves is the essential
character applied to the specific determination of the cor-
daites. But, as the distance between the primary nerves
and the number of the intermediate veins vary, not only in
leaves of different ages, but even in the same leaf, this
character is not entirely reliable.

The stratigraphical distribution of Cordaites like that
of Lepidodendron and Sigillaria, is from the lowest sub-
carboniferous coal measures to the base of the Permian.

Goeppert describes C principalis and C boras si folius
from the Permian of Silesia. T have not seen in Xorth
America any specimens of Cordaites from above the Pitts-
burgh coal. Species of the genus are extremely abundant
in some localities, where their leaves, heaped and compressed

COUDAITES.

P. 529

in mass, are the essential constituents of whole beds of coal
or of shale. The absence of branches, of fragments of stems
in connection with tliese leaves, indicates for the phmts a
grow til of long duration. The leaves, flowers ^nd fruits
were easily, perhaps annually, detached from the trees.

§ 1. Crassifolije.
CoRDAiTES VALiBTJS, Lesqx., PI. LXXVI^ Figs. l-2a.

JProc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1878, p. 317, PL XLVII, f. 1, 2.

Stem narroioly irregularly striate ; leaves long, linear.,
half embracing the stem at base, slightly enlarging above
the point of attachment marked by a subcordate scar, ob-
scurely nerved on the upper surface; nerves simple or with
a single intermediate vein.

The fragment of stem figured is coarsely nerved or thinly
striate, the lines being irregular in size, here and there in-
flated, half to one millimeter distant. The leaves appear
very long, as seen from divers fragments, one of which is
thirty -five centimeters long, linear, five to eight centimeters
broad. The primary nerves, three to five per millimeter,
obtusely keeled, simple or with an intermediate secondary
vein, are scarcely distinct on the upper surface of the leaves,
but clearly seen upon the lower, where they appear more
equal and more numerous. The coaly layer of the bark
of the stem is about one millimeter thick. The same thick-
ness of coal fills the place of the leaves upon their slightly
concave impressions, between the upper and lower faces,
and represents their thickness.

The specimen, AtL, f. 1, seems to represent the leaf as
decurrent on the side. The branch is broken at the point
of attachment, and the apparently prolonged side is merely
the turning of the border toward the stem behind, from
which the medial and lacerated part of the leaf is detached.
F. 2 shows the base of the leaves as seen separated from the
stem and fiattened by compression. That part is deeply
undulate-laciniate and the base of the lacinise slightly in-
flated by fascicles of veins confluent to it. F. 2a represents
34 P.

580 P. KEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

the shape of the scars left by the base of the leaves upon
large stems.

GrancVEiiry seems to have seen leaves like those described
above, for he remarks in a note on a sub-species of C. hor-
assifoUus, under the name of C. crass if olLus^ Fl. Carb., p.
216: "We do not know yet if Ave can refer to this type
leaves of a thicker consistence, one face of Avhich is marked
by stronger nerves and alternate finer veins, while the other
is more equally and definitely lined." This remark applies
exactly to the nervation of the leaves of this species.

Habitat — Cannelton, Penn'a, Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

CoRDAiTES CRASsus, Lesqx.

Noeggerathia crassa? Goepp., Uehergsg. fl.,p. 220, PL XL.

Fragment of broad linear learns^ coarsely striate length-
wise; texture thick.

I refer to this a number of specimens whose facies re-
sembles that of flattened stems of Catamites, irregularly
ribbed lengthwise, often very long, always without any
trace of articulations. These fragments vary in thickness
from two to five millimeters ; the strise appear composed of
fascicles of veins here and there inflated, sometimes buried
under a thick epidermis.

I am unable to say if these fragments represent Goep-
pert's species, or even if they are referable to this genus.
Years ago I sent to Prof. Brongniart some of these speci-
mens, but do not know if they have been examined by the
celebrated author.

Habitat — Especially found in the anthracite beds of
Penn'a.

§ 2. Grandifoli^.

CORDAITES GRANDIFOLIUS, LcsqX.^ PI. LXXVII^

Figs. l-2a.

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1878, p. 818, PI. XLVIII,/. l-2a.

Learns large., of a strong texture^ widening upioards
and fan-liJcefrom a narrow semi-lunar base, round, trun-
cate or rounded and undulately lobed and split at the top ;

COKDAITES.

P. 531

nervation double ; primary nerves ohiitse, dicliotomous or
splitting^ inflated^ and more distinct toward the hase^
with one often indistinct intermediate vein.

■ Of this species I have not seen any stems, and all the
leaves which I had for examination have the same truncate
narrow base, one of them only being cut at the point of at-
tachment in the semi-lunar form of the leaves of Cordaites.
Among the fine specimens sent by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, most
of which are too large for illustration in our plates, the out-
spreading upwards is marked in diiferent degrees. One of
the leaves, for example, thirty-eight centimeters long, is
gradually enlarged to the rounded top, where it is sixteen
centimeters wide, undulate and split in short lacinise like
1 1. Another with the base six millimeters broad, trun-
cate, but concave at the point of attachment, is thirty-two
centimeters long and fifteen centimeters broad at the apex,
or there nearly half as broad as long.

Among the specimens of this species, one bears with frag-
ments of leaves a flowering raceme upon a long axis. The
raceme is curved or flexuous in the middle, about eighteen
centimeters long. The axis, two millimeters in diameter, is
flat, slightly channeled in the middle, narrow, two millime-
ters, bearing opposite sessile oval or obovate gem mules,
superposed to a few imbricated narrow scales which are
easily detached, the lowest nutlets being all naked. The
branch has twenty-two pairs of these fruits, the largest the
basilar ones, four to five millimeters long, three and a half
millimeters broad, mostly of the same size, the upper ones
only slightly and gradually smaller. Besides the branch
the same specimen bears scattered, nearly globular nutlets,
seven to eight millimeters in diameter, slightly emarginate
at the base, surrounded by a ring, and resembling Diplo-
testa GranW Euryi^ Brgt., as figured by Grd'Ey., Fl. Garb.,
PI. XXVI, f. 27, or nearly similar to f. 49-50, Atl. PI.
LXXXV. But all the figures of Grd'Ey., PL XX YI, of
Cordmanthus haccifer represent the fruits close and alter-
nately disposed in short racemes, either supported at the

532 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

base by imbricate narrow scales or posed in the axils of long
linear bracts.

As this branch is disconnected, its reference to C. gran-
difollus as its fructification is not positive. This Cordaiies
is, however, the only one of which leaves have been found
at the same locality, in a bed of shale covering a very
limited area, about one square rod only.

Ilahitat — Sub-conglomerate ledge of Pittston, Pa., All
the specimens have been found and communicated for ex-
amination by Mr. R. D. Lacoe.
*

§ 3. Communes.

This section might be sub-divided into two groups, one
for the species with large leaves, more generally found in
the middle coal measures ; the other for the narrow-leaved
species, which appear related to those described by Grand
'Eury, under the name of Poa-Cordaites. Though I cannot
find either in the nervation or in the basilar form of the
point of attacliment of the leaves, any persistent characters
which could enable me to distinctly separate them, these
sub-divisions are preserved for convenience.

A. Latifolice.

CoRDAiTES BORASSIFOLIUS, {St.) UugeT., PI. LXXYI,
Figs. 3-3h.

Flabellaria borassi/olia, *St., Fl. d. Vorw.^ I, II, p. 27, PI. XVIII. Cor-
da. Beitr.,p. U, PI. XXIV, XXV.

Pychnophyllum borassifolium, Brgt., Tabl. d. genres, p. 65. Schp., Pa-
leont. veget., II, p. 190.

Cordaites borassifolius, TJng., Oen. and Sp., p. 277. Lesqx., Proc. Am
Phil. Soc, 1878, p. 819, PI. XLVII,f. S-3b.

Leaves generally large, from five to eight centimeters
broad in the middle lohere they appear the loidest, grad-
ually narrowing both ways, upward to the obtuse or trun-
cate apex generally more or less deeply split, downwards
to the slightly contracted semi-lunar somewhat inflated
base. Nervation indistinct to the nalced eyes, close, five to
seven primary nerves in one millimeter, and generally one

CORDAITES.

P. 633

intermediate thin zeinlet; surface marlied hy cross wrin-
kles^ more distinct than in the former species.

As figured by Corda, who has given the characters of the
nervation, and of the areolation, the leaves are Kll shorter
than I have generally found them. But the branch which
the German author has figured is a young one, bearing
top-leaves only. I have seen in Kentucky, near Amanda
furnace, a bed of clay iron ore comi)osed mostly of remains
of this species, where, amongst an immense number of
fragments, there were well preserved leaves five to six cen-
timeters broad, some very obtuse, half round at the ai:)ex,
some also split into lacinise in the middle, others nar-
rowed at the top like that figured in Atlas. This one
is cut in two, the middle part being left out from want of
space. It measures, in its whole, forty-five centimeters in
length and six centimeters in width in the middle, where,
on the figure, the intermediate lines mark the diameter of
the leaf.

Habitat — Found in most of the beds of the carboniferous
measures, from the Millstone Grit to the Pittsburg coal.
Not rare at Cannelton, Pa.

CORDAITES LINGULATUS, GrW ElJ.
Fl, Co.rb.,p. 218, PL XX. ^

Leaves large., gradually widening from the base to a
very obtuse apex^ Ungulate or spatulate in outU)ie ; pri-
mary nerves distinct^ at equal distance through the whole
width of the leave s ; intervals obtusely keeled^ transversely
rough., loithout intermediate veins.

The leaves which I refer to Grand' Eury's species are gen-
erally long, fifty centimeters or more, seven centimeters
broad in the largest part toward the top, at twelve centi-
meters distance from the round apex and thirty centime-
ters from the base, which is two centimeters in width.
This measure gives the exact form and dimensions of
nearly all the numerous leaves which I have seen of this
species. The author describes and figures it with much
shorter leaves, but remarks that they are often as long as

534 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

sixty centimeters. His description of the nerves, as fine
and sharply delined, nearly equal, is applicable to the
American specimens. In some of these, the epidermis
renders the surface quite smooth and the veins obsolete
in some x^haces ; but they are always distinct and sharply
marked under the easily removed epidermis. The fruiting
racemes of this species, attached to the axils of the leaves
and generally covered by their base, are short, six centime-
ters long, and bear alternate round nutlets, two to three
millimeters in diameter, four millimeters distant, each in
the axil of a long linear bract inclined upwards, two and a
half centimeters long. They have the characters of the
branch of Cordaianthus haccifei\ Grd'Ey, 1. c. PI. XXVI,
f. 15, a little more distinctly round than oval.

Habitat — Boston mine, B and C seam, two and a half
miles south-east of Pittston, Pa. Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

CORDAITES COMMUNIS, Lcsqx.
Proc. Am. Phil. iSoc, 1878, p. 820.

Leaves of various size^ generally smaller than those of
C. horassifolius^ more rapidly narroioed to the hase^ dis-
tinctly nerved^ though covered with a thick epidermis.

The largest leaf seen of this species is twenty-two centi-
meters long, thirty-seven millimeters broad near its top
where it is broken, fifteen millimeters broad just above the
point of attachment, with borders generally recurved. The
primary nerves obtuse and less distinct on the upper sur-
face than on the lower, generally three in a sj^ace of two
millimeters, are separated by two to four intermediate sec-
ondary veins, a character which easily separates this species
from the others of this group.

One of the specimens examined is a stem with some leaves
and distinct semi-lunar scars of others already detached. It
bears also a young branch with shorter closely imbricated
leaves, two centimeters long. It is in the same position and
direction as the one in Atl. PL LXXVIII, f. 2, and bears
also apparently from the axils of the leaves, small gemmules
(only one is distinct) covered with imbricated scales repre-

COIIDAITES.

P. 535

senting in a very diminutive shape Cordaianthus gemmifer
(Atl. P]. LXXyi, f. 5, 5a). These gemmules are not larger
than those f. 4 of the same j.^late. Their mode of attach-
ment is not seen. Tlie stem of the species is covered by a
coating of coal about one millimeter thick, with leaf-scars
distinct.

Hahitat— Clinton, Mo. Dr. J. H. Britts.

CoRDAiTES Lacoei, 8p. noi\, PI. LXXXYII^ Figs.

{this ml.)

Leaves small, elliptical, obtuse or rounded to an obtuse
acumen, loith a comparatively broad, inflated base ; nerves
distinct; texture thick, subcoriaceous.

Of these leaves I have seen four, none attached to a stem.
They vary in size from three to twelve centimeters long
and from one and a half to live centimeters broad. In the
largest leaves, the semi-lunar base is two centimeters across,
in the others a little less. The venation is very distinct.
The primary nerves are obtusely keeled, three fourths to
one millimeter distant, with four to six very thin interme-
diate veins, as seen f. 3a, enlarged. The species is closely
allied to (7. foliolatus, Grd' E'y, Fl. Garb., p. 219, PL
XXI, f. 3a, differing in the comparatively broader size of
the leaves, the larger base, and the nervation. The sub-
stance of these leaves is also different ; for, according to
the author, it is thinner in his species than in C. lingulatus^
while in the American specimens, the leaves are compara-
tively thick — nearly coriaceous.

Habitat — Pittston shale above coal E. Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

B. August if olicB.

CoRDAiTES DiVERSiFOLius, Lcsqx., PI. L XXVII, Figs.

3, 3a..

rroc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1878, p. 320, PI. XLVIII, f. 3, 3a.
C. angusti/olius,* Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 420.

Lea/des narrow, linear, half embracing at the point of
attachment, imbricated at base, curved backward along the

* Name preoccupied by Dawson, Can. Natur., 1861, p. 10.

536 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

stem^ upraised in tufts at the top ; primary nerves very dis-
tinct, generally at equal distance, with intermediate very
thin veins ; surface flat^ epiderniisthicJc.

The figured specimen has been mentioned already as the
first fragment found in this country of a stem of Cordaites
bearing leaves. The figure represents the base of the leaves
a little too large, at least as seen from other fragments from
different localities. The leaves are, however, extremely
variable. One of them, from Clinton, Mo., measures seven
millimeters at the point of attachment, is immediately en-
larged above it to eleven millimeters and gradually widens
upwards to seventeen millimeters at the point where it is
broken, eleven centimeters from the base. Other leaves
from the same locality are exactly linear in . their whole
length, seventeen millimeters in diameter, while others still,
fifteen millimeters broad just above the point of attach-
ment, gradually decrease in width upward. These meas-
urements show the variations in size of these leaves not
merely in regard to their relative position, but compara-
tively to the different parts of their length.

To this species I refer a large number of separate leaves
obtained at the same locality as the specimen f. 3. Some
are flat, linear, others have the borders distinctly curved
down or are half cylindrical ; others still are true cylinders,
not larger than goose quills, seemingly coming out of a
common pedicel, being often found in bundles, enlarging
upwards in proportion as they open and the borders be-
come more and more flattened. The cross section of these
leaves is a circular or an oval line. Though the surface of
the leaves is covered with a thick shining eT)idermis, the
primary nerves, three or four in one millimeter, are always
so distinct that they are easily counted without a magnifier.
But the intermediate veins, three or four, very thin, are
scarcely perceptible without a strong glass.

Habitat — Upper coal measures of Penn a, especially the
South Salem vein of Port Carbon and around Pottsville.
Low coal measures of Missouri, Clinton. Middle and lower
coal of 111. Abundant at Colchester, St. John, and Duquoin.

C0RDAITE8.

P. 537

CoKDAiTES Mansfieldi, Lesqx.^ PI. LXXVL Figs. k-Jfi :
LXXVIII, Figs. 1-2; LXXXVII, Fig. 18, {this ml.)

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1878, p. 321, PL XLVII, /. 4-4b ; XLIX, f. US.

Stem with a thin hark of polished coal, kidistinctly
marlced hy the scars of the convex base of leaves, either
close or more or less distant, disposed in spiral; leaves
long, erect, nearly exactly linear, gradually diminishing
near the top to an obtuse point, averaging fifteen millime-
ters in diameter, distinctly and distantly nerved; primary
nerves fifteen to eighteen in one centimeter, lolth two to four
intermediate veins ; flowers composed of four sepaloid in-
volucres, home upon simple flexuous pedicels to which they
are attached hy short peduncles ; fruits in large nuts
sessile upon separate hranches.

As seen from the splendid specimen figured here and
from a number of others quite as remarkably well preserved,
the species is characterized by its long erect linear leaves
whose surface is marked by a distinct nervation, (1(2 en-
larged double, Ih enlarged four times.) The leaves, rounded
and narrowed to the point of attachment reduced to half
their diameter, are perfectly entire and obtusely acuminate.
The stems are covered with a thin coating of coaly, shining
bark, where the leaf-scars are indistinctly marked as they
are also upon the subcortical surface. The branches ap-
parently form the axils of the leaves, one of which is seen
f. 2, bear closely imbricated leaves proportionate in size to
the length and age of the divisions. They are linear-lanceo-
late, obtusely pointed, with a nervation of the same char-
acter, reduced, of course, to proportionate dimensions by
the size of the leaves. Another specimen bears a branch
two to three centimeters thick, diverging in the same de-
gree as the one figured, twelve centimeters long, with leaves
also of proportionate size, the largest already fifteen centi-
meters long, all imbricated, linear-lanceolate, with the bor-
ders incurved, especially towards the top which thus ap-
pears acuminate. The nervation has equally the character
of the larger leaves, the primary veins being one half to
three fourths of a millimeter distant, with two or three in-
termediate vinelets.

538 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Under tlie name of Cordaianthus simplex^ I refer the
stem-bearing flowers, PL LXXYI, f. 4, 4a, to this species,
especially because the sjjecimen was found in the same
shale and in proximity to those bearing leaves, though not
in connection with them. This stem is somewhat different
by its slightly thicker coaly surface. The leaf-scars are in-
distinct, as is generally the case for this species, so that
their relative position is rarely ax)preciable. The racemes
of flowers, flattened by compression, are irregularly flexu-
ous, with their vascular filaments distinct, as if the branches
had been in an advanced state of maceration. The flowers,
which appear to be male flowers, are borne upon short
jjeduncles and pending, composed, as seen f. la, of three
or four involucral thick lanceolate acute scales. The
point of attachment of the elongated narrow racemes is
round, inflated in the lower part, as seen f. 4&. Their posi-
tion in regard to the leaves is not possibly seen.

All the flowering racemes of Cordaites figured by Grand' -
Eury have the flowers, either sterile or fertile, sessile upon
the branchlets. It is the same with those figured by Daw-
son, under the name of Trigonocarpum racemosum^ Quat.
Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. XYIII, p. 324, PI. XVI, f. 47, which
are referable to Cordaianthus haccifer^ of Grand 'Eury
and with those of Weiss, Foss. fl., p. 195, f. 1, representing
Cordaianthus gemmifer. A point of likeness only is found
for the inflorescence of C. Mansfleldi^ by the form of the
flowers attached to a short pedicel and the thick raceme,
in St. Fl. d. Vorw., I, PI. XXYI, f. 2. This figure, though
described without reference as plantula dehilis, p. 33, rep-
resents evidently the flowering branch of a Cordaites.

As seen from the specimen bearing fruit, PI. LXXXYII,
f. 8 (this vol.), representing a branch or piece of bark of
this species, well characterized by its thin shining coaly
bark and the indistinct leaf-scars, the fruit is compara-
tively very large, obovate, six and a half centimeters long,
four and a half centimeters broad above the -middle. The
outer envelope, testa, is a double coating of coaly matter,
reduced, upon the flattened surface of the fruit, to a tliick-
ness of one millimeter, but originally twice as thick, as

CORDAITES.

P. 539

seen from the flattened borders of other specimens. The
surface, either covered or naked, is distantly obscurely
striate, more opaque and more distinctly lined under the
testa. This fruit is evidently of the same kind^as that fig-
ured under the name of Cor daicar pus Mansfield I, AtL, PI.
LXXXV, f. 21. I have seen a number of these fruits,
which differ only by their size, and this even in a small
degree. The last-mentioned figure is overturned. The
oval depression at the top marks the point of attachment
distinctly seen upon the figured specimen recently obtained,
and still attached to the slightly inflated basilar impres-
sion of the stem. This last sijecimen bears scattered leaves
of Cordaites Mansfieldi^ separated from the branch ; but
the peculiar character of its stems clearly indicates the
relation of the fruit to this species. This fine Cordaicarpus
is related to Rliabdocarpus midtistriatus, St.
Habitat— Q'<iYi.iie[ton. Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

CoKDAiTES GRACILIS, Lesqx.^ PI. LXXYII, Fig. i-ih.

Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 1878, p. 822, PI. XLVIII, f. 4-4b.

Stem slender, with a rugose somewhat thick harJc ; leaves
narrowed at the base, open or inclined baclcwards, dis-
tant, gradually enlarged from the base to the apex, sub-
linear, obtusely truncate ; nervation obscured by a slightly
rough epidermis ; primary nerves valuable in distance
from one fourth to one millimeter, with one to four inter-
mediate very thin veins.

Species allied to the former by the nervation, but distinct
from it by the shape, the size, the relative positions, the
direction of the leaves and the thick rough bark of the
stem. The leaves are nine centimeters long, five millime-
ters broad at the base, one centimeter at the obliquely trun-
cate apex. The point of attachment, f. 4&, is slightly tum-
escent, reniform.

Habitat— MovYis, 111., Mr. S. S. Strong. One specimen
with broken leaves, on which the point of attachment is
distinct, is from Cannelton, Pa.

540 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

CoRDAiTES RADiATUS, Sp. Tiov., PI. LXXXVII, Figs. 5-7,

{this vol.)

Branches small; leaves short, narrow, linear, obtuse,
placed in right angle and star-like around the sterns ;
primary nerves strong, obtuse, variable in distance; in-
termediate veins two to five, very thin.

There is, in the Mansfield collection, four specimens rep-
resenting this remarkable species. They are all fragments
of stems of various thickness, three to ten millimeters in
diameter, with leaves disposed star-like and flattened upon
the stone all around the axis. The smallest branch has the
leaves two centimeters long and three millimeters broad, the
largest has them six to eight centimeters long and six mil-
limeters broad ; another, f. 5. is intermediate, and like the
large ones also, is part of a stem covered by leaves hori-
zontally diverging, so that each section of the stem shows
them placed exactly like the rays of a star. The primary
nerves are very distinct, cylindrical, and immersed into the
epidermis under which their impressions are concave. They
vary in distance and are separated by very thin veins in
number proportionate to the intervals, one to three. These
veins are not discernible upon the leaves covered by the
epidermis, but distinct underneath. By the nervation this
fine species is related to C. costatus. Its primary nerves,
separated by two or three veinlets, are not as thick ; and
the texture of the leaves is thin, the stem not costate, etc.

Habitat — Cannelton. Mr. 1. F. Mansfield.

§ 4. COSTAT^E.

CoRDAiTES COSTATUS, Lesqx., PI. LXXX, Figs. 1-3 ;
LXXXVII, Figs. 1, 9., {this vol.)

Proc. Am. Phil. jSoc, 1878, p. 823, PI. LI, f. 1-3.

Cordaicarpus costatus, Lesqx., ibid., 1878, p. 222, PI. Ill, f. 1. 2.

Stems irregidarly costate by the decurr in g prolongation
of the tumescent leaf-scars ; leaves erect, narrow, siiblinear,
slightly enlarging upwards ; primary nerves at unequal
distance, three to five in a space of two millimeters ; inter-
mediate veins three to four ; surface wrinkled across;

COKDAITES.

P. 541

male flowers attached to narrowly oval sessile flexuous
axillary racemes ; fruits large^ oval^ slightly contracted
to the tumescent point of attachment upon a narrow
hra7ich. i

The stems seen of this species are not large, two to four
centimeters ; the leaves narrow, five millimeters above the
base, gradually enlarging to one centimeter at the point
where the longest (ten centimeters) is broken, none being
preserved in its whole length. They are erect from a tum-
escent reniform point of attachment, which, narrowed and
continuous downward, constitute, after disruption of the
leaves, narrow carinate interrupted ridges which become
sharply keeled ujjon old stems, as in f. 3, or form under
the cortex elongated linear furrows.

The male flowers, f. narrowly oblong, composed of
narrow linear-lanceolate scales, imbricating at the base, are
sub- sessile upon long cylindrical simple x^eduncles, slightly
inflated or as if articulate at the point of attachment.

The fruit, Cordaicarpus costatus, Lesqx. , is a large oval
nut, three centimeters long from its base to the very obtuse
top, twenty-three millimeters broad, including the testa rep-
resented by the inflated border and a thin coaly layer upon
the surface. The base is rounded in narrowing to the point
of connection to the stem, evidently a separate branch one
centimeter broad, flattened. The inflated supports of the
fruits are exactly similar to those of the leaves of C. costa-
tus. This is the only proof I have of their reference to
this species. But as stems and leaves of this species are
common in the same shale where the fruit was found, and
as this character is not remarked upon any other species
from Cannelton I consider the reference as authorized.

Habitat — Cannelton. Mr. I. F. Mansfleld.

542 P. r.EPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

§ 5. Serpentes.

stems narrow, flexuous or serpeniine, flattened at its
top prolonged into a broad leaf.

CoRDAiTES SERPENS, Lesqx, PI. LXXIX, Figs. l-Ji-.

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1878, p. 324, Pl^- L,f. I-4.

Stem slender, flexuous or serpentine, abruptly rounded
or truncate at the top in passing to a broad terminal long
flat leaf -like prolongation ; lateral learns in right angle
to the stems, sub-linear, narrowed to the point of attach-
ment; nervation distinct.

The peculiar conformation of the stems is especially
marked on f. 4 reduced to one sixth of the natural size. Be-
sides the figured specimens, a number of others have been
received and examined at Cannelton with the flexures of
analogous shape.

The lateral leaves, five to ten millimeters in diameter,
narrowed in a curve to a semi-lunar point of attachment,
are nearly linear, short, tlie upper ones cut in flexuous
lacinise (flagellate), f . 1. The primary nerves, about at equal
distances, are generally effaced near the borders of the
leaves, three or four in a space of three millimeters, with
three, sometimes five, thin intermediate veins. The nerv-
ation of the terminal leaves is of the same character.

The stems all slender, one and a half to two centime-
ters in diameter, are irregularly variable in thickness at
divers parts of their length as seen f. 1, still more distinctly
f. 4. The surface is covered by a double layer, the upper
bark thin, easily detached, represented 11,2, by flakes of
coaly matter ; the woody cylinder, thicker, more compact
and tenacious, covering the pith, f. 3, which is transversely
ribbed Avith the characters of Artisia or Sternbergia.

This stem, f. 3, has preserved its cylindrical normal
shape. I have other fragments about of the same size,
merely of the internal pith, also in a decorticated state, one
among others representing its top abruptly flattened or as
pinched to a flat prolongation, as would be the stem of f. 2

CORDAITES.

P. 543

without its bark and its terminal leaf. This abrupt termi-
nation of the cylinder, the flagellate sub-divisions of the
upper lateral leaves, f. 1, the enlarging of the terminal one,
and still more the serpentine conformation of the stems, in-
dicate the mode of vegetation of these plants. They were
evidently growing flat upon the mud, expanding their
leaves all around, supported by a woody cylinder, which,
in reaching water, was transformed into a large probably
very long floating leaf serving as a support to the stem.

Prof. Dawson has represented in Geol. Surv. of Can.,
1871, PI. Ill, 1 28, a branch of Artisia abruptly terminat-
ing into a short cone, as in the stems of this species. He
considers it as probably referable to a Dadoxilon or Conifer.
He refers also to the same genus another fragment of stem
of a same character, bearing on one side a piece of thick
bark like that bordering the stem f. 3. Some of the speci-
mens from Cannelton, like the one, Atl., PI. LXXXI, f. 2,
represent larger stems referable to other species of Cor-
daiies, identifled as they are by the character of the frag-
ments of bark partially covering them. There is no doubt
whatever that the transversely ribbed cylinders generally
described as Artisia or Sternberg la represent generally if
not always the pith of plants of this family. This opinion
has been discussed in the length and admitted from sufii-
cient evidence by Renault.'^

Habitat — Cannelton. Communicated in numerous speci-
mens by Mr. 1. F. Mansfield.

Species insufficieis'tly ciiauacterized.
cordaites robbii, daws.

Can. Natter., May, 1851, p. 8. Dev. Plants, Quat. Journ. Geol. /Soc.
(186£),p. 316, PL XIV, f. 81a, b, c.

Leaves elongated, parallel- sided, an inch or more in
width, with very delicate equal longitudinal s trice.

On this plant, the author remarks that the leaves are very
unequal in size, variable in form, oblong, nearly obtuse
when young, with numerous equal parallel nerves, and a

* struct. Comp., Nouv. Archives du Mus. II, 2d Series, p. 285, etc.

544 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

smooth surface. It closely resembles C. harass if olius^ dif-
fering by the perfectly equal nerves.

Habitat — St. John, New Brunswick. This species is not
positively known from American specimens, for the author
says of it, that he has seen in the New York State cabinet
a fragment of leaf from the Hamilton group not sufficiently
perfect to render its identification certain.

CORDAITES ANGUSTIFOLIUS, DaWS.
Can. Natur., I. c, p. 10. Dev. Plaiits, Quat. Journ. I. c.,p. S18.

Leaves elongated^ one tenth to one fourth of an inch
wide^ with delicate equal strim.

According to the author, it differs from the former, at
least, in its proportionate narrowness and decided striation.
He compares it to Noeggerathia graminifoUa,\^ng.^ "which
in form and dimension it much resembles."

Habitat — Found in the Marcellus shale of New York.

CORDAITES FLEXUOSUS, DaiOS.
Quart. Journ. Geol. iSoc, 1863, p. 462.

Leaves lanceolate- acuminate^ broad at the base ; nerves
numerous^ parallel, somewhat sinuous and uneven.

It has the general appearance of the leaves of Cordaites,
but less distinct nervation, and apparently less rigidity than
the other species.

Habitat — Perry, Maine.

Flowers and Fruits of Cordaites.

When the paper containing a description of species of
Cordaites found in the coal measures of N. America was
published, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1878, we had stem-bear-
ing leaves and racemes of flowers of species of Cordaites,
but not any fruits in connection w^ith their supporting
racemes or branches. I then described the flowers under
the generic name of Cordaianthus, proposed by Grand-
'Eury, and of Cordaicarpus^ for the fruits found detached
or isolated among leaves of Cordaites^ which were then
hypothetically considered as their fructifications. Since

Second Geological SiiT'vey of Penn? P. Vol 2.

. . - I

Lane S.Hai-l, Slute ftxtrter

CORDAITES COSTATUS, LE5QX.
BRANCH BEARING FRUIT

CORDATAIS-THUS.

P. 545

fcliat time new discoveries have supplied materials sufficient
for the determination of three kinds of racemes of male
flowers attached to stems bearing leaves of Cordaites^ as
described above : C. lingulatus^ C, Mansfieldi^ a^d C. cos-
tatus^ with the fruits also of the last two species, found in
their normal position, attaclied to their supports. The mode
of inflorescence of this order of plants is thus clearly recog-
nized from American specimens.

But generally the fruits and racemes of flowers of Cor-
daites are found isolated or in fragments, and though their
relation to stem bearing leaves is unknown for the present,
it is advisable to name and describe them.

It is for fragments of this kind that I have preserved
here the names proposed by the French author, not as gen-
eric, but as convenient appellations, substituted to the more
general and ancient name of AnthoUthes.

CoRDAiANTHUS {fjemmifei^), PI. LXXVI, Figs. 5-6h.

{Expl. of the Plates.)
Grd'Eury, Fl.foss.p. 228. PL XXVI, f. 4-7.

Buds or gemmtiles sessile^ composed of imbr icated scales^
often attaclied to the axils of a linear hract.

CoRDATANTnus ovATus, SjD. nov.^ PI. LXXVI, Figs. 5, 5a.

Gemmules ovate^ sessile in the axils of a linear hract ;
scales closely imbricate^ ovate-lanceolate^ acute.

These gemmules vary in size from six to eight millimet-
ers, being generally longer than broad with a conical apex,
but also rounded or obovate. The number of scales is i^ro-
portionate to their age, and the scales are either closely
appressed in their whole length or half open.

In the analysis of a specimen from Illinois which I de-
scribed under the name of Schutzia hracteata., Geol. Rept.
of 111., lY, p. 427, PI. XXI, f. 6-9, I found, under the scales,
a yellowish transparent membrane, formed of elongated
equilateral small meshes, inclosing or supporting very small
granules, of opaque brown matter. These granules, scarce-
35 P.

546 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ly the hundredth part of a millimeter in diameter, of an ir-
regular polygonal or round shape, were agglomerated to-
gether, separating with difficulty. From their size, the
irregularity of their shape and their mode of agglomeration,
I considered these corpuscles as pollinic grains, evidently
not spores. I have not seen with them an 3^ filiform remains
or fragments which might be considered as stamens.

Grand' Eury has seen the same kind of organism, which
he describes, 1. c, p. 229, and finds in their conformation an
affinity to the pollinic vesicles attached under the bracts
of Conifers. They are represented in his flora, PI. XXVI,
f. 2.*

The specimen from Illinois probably represents a differ-
ent species. But it is not possible to find specific evidence
from its outside characters, as except the gemmules cut for
analysis, most of the others are deteriorated by maceration,
some of them resembling small oval nutlets transformed
into charcoal.

Habitat — This species is abundant at Cannelton.

CORDAIANTHUS DICHOTOMUS, aS/?., 7101^.^ PI. LXXVI^

Fig. 6-6h.

Branches thicTc^ dlcliotomous ; gemmules sessile in tlie
axils of linear bracts^ crowded, narrowly oval; scales
lanceolate, acute, few.

The essential character of this species is the dichotomous
division of the branches which seems to have been derived
from a fasciculate rather than from a simple axis. No
species of Cordaianthus with a ramification of that kind
has been described by the authors. All those figured by
Grand' Eury have simple racemes. The gemmules appear
to be in different stages of maturation ; some with imbri-
cated scales are naked, the bracts being already detached ;
others are like unopened buds in the axils of the bracts.

* Renault has described and admirably figured transverse and longitudinal
sections of flowering buds of Cordaites, exposing stamens, anthers, grains of
pollen either free or taken from an unopened anther, or contained in the
pollinic canal. Arch, du Mus., 1. c, PI. XVII. He finds the inflorescence
analogous to that of the Cycadece.

COllDAIANTIIUS.

P. 547

Besides the ramification, this species differs from the for-
mer by narrower longer scales. The branches are marked by
transverse lines, like scars of detached tubercle^ and, upon
some parts of the branches, the gemmules are evidently
crowded in sx)iral order.

Ilahltat—CliwUm, Mo., Dr. J. H. Britts.

Of the CordaiantJtus {gemmifer)^ described and figured
by Grd'Ey, 1. c. : C. glomeratus^ C. follosus^ C. gracilis
and C. clrcumdatus, none are in close relation to those con-
sidered above.

CoRDAiANTHUS, {haccifer.)

Racemes hearing, at the axils of follaceous bracts, small
Tudimental or immature omtles, either oMuse or pointed.

The ovules are solitary not aggregate, with an outside
solid envelope. Two species of these have already been
described, one with Cordaites grandifolius, as probably
referable to this species, the other with C. lingulatus^ in
branches attached to a stem bearing leaves.

These fructifications are very rare in our coal measures.
Under the name of Antholithes, and being probably a branch
in a more advanced stage of maturation of Antliollthes
Pitcairnioe, LI. & Hutt., Dr. Newberry, (Geol. Rept. of
Ohio, I, PI. XLI, f. 2), has figured a raceme with a thick,
apparently cylindrical axis, three millimeters in diameter,
bearing opi^osite, exactly ovate-obtuse ovules, six millime-
ters long, four wide, in the axils of short lanceolate acute
foliaceous bracts. No description is given of this frag-
ment. It is related to C. Suh-Germarianus, Grd'Ey, Fl.
carb., p. 232, PL XXVI, f. 10, which has the ovules close,
alternate, and the bracts longer and narrower. Another
specimen, also figured by Dr. Newberry, same plate, f. 4,
represents distant, nearly round, abruptly jjointed nutlets,
one centimeter long and nearly as broad, attached without
bracts and sessile to two fragments of striate stems, one
centimeter in diameter. These ovules are alternate, appar-
ently bordered by a flat margin, like the fruits generally
described under the generic name of Cardiocarpus. The

548 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

nutlets are similar to Cordaicarpiis minoi\ of the same
author, AtL, PL LXXXV, f. 38.

A specimen from Cannelton, in the museum of Princeton
College, may be referable to this group. It represents a
flattened stem about two millimeters in diameter, of the
same character as the stem of Cordaicarpus ovatus. The
simple axis bears alternate or opposite nutlets inclined up-
ward, the lower ones naked or deprived of bracts, the
upper ones with short acute bractlets. The ovules, three
millimeters long, half as broad, appear double or enclosed
two together and apjjressed against each other into a mem-
branaceous involucre, as seen when the fruit is detached
or when the top of the involucre is destroyed. Some of
the round involucres are evidently empty or mere bags ;
this is the case with the lowest upon the raceme. The small
seeds are obovate, attached to the support by the aciimi-
nate base ; they do not appear as surrounded by a mem-
branaceous border as in Cordaicarpus.

Under the name of Botryoconus, Grand' Eury has re-
marked and described as referable to the family of the Coni-
fers, seeds which, if not of the same order, have an analogy
to those of this specimen. He has seen them enclosed in
scaly buds forming ears, whicli he considers as far different
from those of Cordaites. The type of this new genus is An-
tholithes PitcairnicE, LI. & Hutt., II, PL LXXXII, f . 1 & 2 ;
also figured by Dr. Newberry, in Geol. Hept. of Ohio, PL
XLI, f. 1, 3. The last figure is separated under the name
of Antliolithes priscus^ but it appears to represent the
same organism as that of the English author in f . 1 ; that
is, in a more advanced state of maturity. Grand' Eury
and also Carruther have described these seeds as short,
pedicelled, enclosed three or four in the middle of opposite
distichous buds attached to a striate not articulate axis.
These seeds are oval, acute, surrounded by a narrow fiat
border, often split at the top like those in AtL, PL LXXXV,
f. 45-50, and described by some authors as Samaropsis. I
have considered them under the old name of Cordaicarpus.
Avtliolithes PitcalrnicB {Botrioconus^ Grd'Ey), is not rare
in the American coal measures. I have obtained some speci-

CORDAICAEPUS.

P. 549

mens of it from the coal shale of Pomroy, Ohio, always in
flattened, poorly preserved fragments. Dr. Newberry has
\\\^ AntholitlLts specimens from the low coal of Youngstown.

\

CORDAICARPUS, Gfd^ Elf.

To this generic division are referable seeds of various
size and shape, hypothetically considered until now by
their association to Cordaites as the fructihcations of these
plants. Of these fruits the number is considerable, but
except the nutlets figured by Newberry as Cordaicarpus^
by Dawson as Trigonocarpum racemosum^ (very small nut-
let of Cordalanthus haccifer)^ by Weiss as Rhabdocarpus,
and later by Grand' Eury, no seeds has been observed at-
tached to stem or branches of Cordaites. Except the
BJiabdocarpus of Weiss, all the fruits above mentioned
are very small and merely in an imperfect state of develop-
ment.

I have described above from specimens obtained at Can-
nelton two Cordaicarpus referable to their species of Cor-
daites, by the characters of the stem, and I have figured,
PI. LXXXIII, 1 6-11, the fruits most commonly found in
the shale of the Cannelton coal, where the remains of stems
and leaves of Cordaites are most abundant. These I refer
to Cordaicarpus. But of all the other species, Cordaicar-
pus, Trigonocarpus, Carpolithes, some of them considerd
as referable to Cordaites, there are none, or scarcely any,
at Cannelton, and until their relation is more positively
established, I describe them separately under these last
generic names, generally admitted by the authors.

Cordaicarpus Gutbieri, {Gein.), GrW Ey, PI. LXXXIII,

Figs. 8-11.

Cordaicarpus Gutbieri, Grd'Ey, Fl. carb., p. 236, PI. XXVI, /. 19.
Gei7i. Verst., p, 39, PI. XXI, f. 23-25.

Fruit oval or subcordiform^ slightly truncate at one
end, and pointed at the other, or broadly ohtuse at both
ends, narrowly margined ; surface smooth, pericarp trans-
formed into a thin coating of coaly matter.

Seeds of this character vary in size from one and a half

550 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

to two and a half centimeters in transverse diameter, gen-
erally longer than broad, sometimes circular. They are
abundant in the shale of Cannelton. One of the specimens
seems to be attached to a branch, but the point of connec-
tion is not clear. As represented by Geinitz, 1. c, these
fruits are sometimes subcordate or emarginate at the base,
as in his f. 25. I have not seen any of this form. They are
generally exactly oval, broadly obtuse or even round, some-
times obtusely acute at one end, point of Junction to a stem,
as in Atl., f. 8, which corresponds in character with f. 24,
of Gein., and f. 19, of Grd'Ey, 1. c. The middle part of the
fruit is generally somewhat inflated, as by an oval, nearly
central nucleus (f. 9), often surrounded by concentrical
circles.

It is on the characters of fruits of this kind, when ex-
actly round, that the genus Cyclocarpus, Goepp., has been
established.

Habitat — Cannelton, Pa.

CoRDAicARPUs OVATUS, GtcV Ey, PI. LXXXIIl, Fig. 1.

Grd'Ey, Fl. carb., p. 2S6, PL XXVI, f. 20.

Fruit smaller^ oml^ depressed^ or slightly emarginate
at the point of attacliment^ covered with a coaly envelope,
narrowly striate lengthwise.

The specimen represents two seeds upon a narrow cylin-
drical flexuous peduncle two millimeters in diameter,
branching in the middle, so that one of the fruits is lateral,
curved downward and short pedicelled, while the other is
terminal on a longer subdivision of the peduncle. These
seeds measure sixteen millimeters in length, and thirteen
in width. The cortex is thicker than in the former species,
and regularly minutely striate. In Grd'Ey, f. 20, 1. c, the
fruit is a little narrower towards the apex, more distinctly
cordate at base and the short pedicel is scaly. The dif-
ference in shape is evidently the result of compression
of the nutlets, which is oblique in our specimen, and verti-
cal in that of the French author. The ramification of the
peduncle in the American specimen gives to the fruit a dif-

COr.DAISTROBUS.

P. 551

ferent aspect. 'No trace of a border or of a wing is seen
upon it.

Habitat — Cannelton, Penn'a. Other specimens have been
communicated without pedicel, showing a close- analogy to
the former species.

CORDAICARPUS APIOULATUS, Sp. 7lOd., Fl. LXXXIII^

Figs. 6, Ga."^

Seeds of small size^ oval, rounded at base, abruptly
acuminate, bordered^ by a comparatively large ring, marked
in the center by an oval, central ovule.

These seeds, six to ten millimeters in transverse diame-
ter, ten to eighteen millimeters long, are distantly related
to C. congruens^ Grd'Ey, 1. c, PI. XXYI, f. 21, and com-
pare well enough by their shape and size with Rliabdocar-
pus lineatus, Goepp. and Berg., De. fruct., PI. I, f. 15 & 16,
figured from better specimens in Gein., Verst. PI. XXI, f.
19-20. They might be referable to two species on account
of their different size. But it is now certain that the small
ovules, which we see attached to their branches in an incip-
ient state, are ovaries, which become with age, some of them
at least, of very large size. This difference is not more re-
markable than what is seen now between the ovaries and
the mature seeds of a Juglans, or, to take a comparison
nearer to the point, between the ovaries and the ripe fruit
of a Torreya or a Ginkgo.

Habitat — Cannelton, Penn'a. Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

CORDAISTROBUS, LcsqX.

Strobile cylindrical, taper ing to a blunt acumen, covered,
by transversely rliomboidal scars placed in spiral^ bearing
narrow linear leaves, with the characters form and nerva-
tion of leaves of Cordaites.

The plant from which this genus is established might
have been described as Cycadoid.ea or Mantellia, generic
divisions established for the description of stems of Cyca-

* These three species are given, in the explanation of the plates, as Cor-
daicarpus Gutbieri.

5.^2 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

decE^ which are mostly globular, or conical obtuse, or nest-
form, all referable to a more recent formation, the Permian.
As the leaves are of a different character, as also the refer-
ence of this cone to the Cycadece is not positively ascer-
tained, it is more rational, considering the characters of
the leaves, to describe it in a separate genus, indicating its
relation to Cordaites.

CoRDAiSTROBUs Grand' EuRYi, Lesqx.^ PI. LXXXII,
Figs. 3, \a.

Lesqx., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1878, p. 828, PI. LIII, f. 3.

Cone cylindrical from the base to the middle, narrowed
upward and acuminate, home upon a somewhat thic'k
pedicel or axis equally striate in tlie length ; scars trans-
versely rhomboidal, inflated in the lower part, topped by
dimiriutive leaf scars of tlie same shape, points of attach-
ment of short linear obtuse leaves.

The leaves are mostly broken above, one only is preserved
vs^hole on one side ; on the other side, four remain, close to
each other, all evidently attached to the rhomboidal leaf
scars which show the spiral disposition of the leaves.
Their nervation, seen in 4a, is that of the Cordaites. The
primary nerves are close, especially toward the borders, sep-
arated by one or two intermediate veins. The axis of the
cone, is covered by a coaly bark, more than half a milli-
meter thick. It is deeply and regularly striate, the striae
being also obscurely seen along the middle of the cone,
even to its point, by compression of the scars, as repre-
sented upon the figure.

This cone seems to indicate, more than any other of the
organs described, the relation of Cordaites to the Cycadece.
By the leaves it is a ti'ue Cordaites ; by the scars and their
disposition it rei)resents a small stem or a cone of Cycas.
It is, however, difficult to explain its true nature. It does
not look like a fruiting cone, and all that is known until
now of the stems of the Cordaites is without relation to
this organism. Another specimen of the same character is
cylindrical in its whole length ; but the top seems to have

DICRANOPIIYLLUM.

P. 553

been destroyed by maceration. The shape and distribution
of the leaf -scars are quite distinct,
^a^/^a^^— Cannelton. Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

DiCRANOPHYLLUM, Grd'Ey.

stems slender, leaves narroio, linear, suhcoriaceous, of
various length, forking, or dimding in filaments in the
upper part, marked with a few thick primary nerves and
intermediate nervilles more or less immersed into the epi-
dermis.

These leaves, as remarked by Grand' Eury, are inserted
around small branches, upon tumescent small bolsters,
whose disposition is in regular spiral order, with a rhom-
boidal shape recalling that of the scars of Lepidodendron,
but formed by the fleshy base of laterally decurring leaves
like those of Conifers. The coaly envelope of the branches
is thick, the foliaceous bolsters are soon effaced upon it as if
the bark had increased in thickness in contact with a ligne-
ous increasing body, as in the dicotyledonous.

DlCRANOPHYLLTJM DICHOTOMUM, Sp. TiOV., PI. LXXXVII,

Figs. 9, 9a, {this volume.)

Stems slender, dichotomous ; leaves erect, mostly at the
top of the branches, flat, nerved and undivided at the base,
forked upwards or disjoined into thin filaments fixed
together or loose; stem of the same character as described
for the genus.

Except the dichotomous divisions of the branches the
generic description resumed from the remarks of the French
author is in entire coincidence with the characters of this
plant. The leaves, crowded at the top of the branches,
measure at base a little more than two millimeters in
diameter, their length varying from five to ten centime-
ters. The primary nerves, three to four, are distinct and
thick near the base, with three or four intermediate vein-
lets, f. 9(2, more or less immersed into the ejoidermis.
They are soon effaced upwards, either diverging or subdi-
vided in thin filaments in such a way that from the middle

554 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUERECJX.

of the leaves upward the surface is either very thinly line-
ate with indistinct veinlets, or divided into one or more
lacinise, bundles of lilaments of the veins. The stem is
slender, four millimeters at the base, the branches slightly
narrower, three millimeters, the leaf-scars very distinct,
tumescent, of the same character as those of Cordaites
costatus^ only smaller, their base inflated and decurring
forming irregular coarse striae upon a thick cortex, which
is generally, like the whole stem, transformed into hard,
shining coal.

This j)lant has some of its characters different from those
of Cordaites^ but it is merely a form of the costate Cor-
daites^ which might be separated as a genus, but which,
from our specimens at least, cannot represent a different
order.

Habitat — Cannelton, Penn'a. Mr. I. F. Mansfleld.

DiCRAis^oPHYLLUM DiMORPHUM, Lesqx., PI. LXXXIII^
Figs, i, ^, {3f).

ProG. Am. Phil, soc, 1878, p. PI. LIV,f. i, 2, (3?).

Stem or hranclies small^ the largest seen not quite two
centimeters wide {flattened), apparently articulate at
the point of divergence of the branches and there slightly
narrowed^ covered with a coaly baric about half a milli-
meter thiclt ; stem teams oblique or in right angle to the
branches^ narrow^ linear^ lacinate at the top ; nerves dis-
tinct under the epidermis., four or five primary ones near
the base^ unequally dA slant ; intermediate veinlets indis-
tinct^ not perceivable with the glass; top leaves broader
with the fades and characters of leaves of Cordaites.

The top of the stem f. 2, which is not figured, bears a reni-
f orm scar like those of Cordaites costatus ; it is i:>robably
that of a toj) leaf like those of f. 1.

The stem, f . 1, seems like articulate by a depression across
its whole diameter at the point of attachment of the branch
\a. The top of this branch terminates abruptly in an ob-
tuse apex to which is attached a somewhat thick leaf like
that of Cordaites^ with parallel nervation. The top of the

DICRANOPHYLLUM.

P. 555

main stem bears a tuft of three leaves of the same charac-
ter, flat, linear, one centimeter broad. The two on the left
side are somewhat thick, their veins are imijiersed into
the epidermis ; that on the right side is represented by the
impression of its lower surface, with primary nerves dis-
tinct to the eye, three in one millimeter, with two or three
distinct intermediate veinlets. The other leaves attached
along the stem are Dicranophylloid^ with the nerves ren-
dered more or less obsolete by the thick epidermis. They
are of the same character as those of f . 2, which appear to
be borne upon a tumescent base. We have here, therefore,
in the abrupt termination of the lateral branch, f. 1, and
the large leaves at the top of the main branch, the characters
of Cordaites, while the stem leaves have evidently those of
Dicranopliyllwn.

The ramifications of f.l confirms the observations of Grand-
'Eury — that some of the branches are very long and simple ;
that others bear a single isolated branch, while others have
them by two opposite, and even it seems sometimes many
branches are placed nearly at the same level as in the Coni-
fers. This variation explains the dichotomous ramification
of the former species.

One of our specimens, f . 3, represents a small seed, oval
and similar in form to the ovules which Grand' Eury has
represented in the axils of the leaves of Dicranopyhllum^ PL
XXX, f. 3, of his flora. The seed is somewhat larger, with
flattened borders and of a thick texture ; at least its surface
is covered by a pellicle of coal as thick as that upon the
leaves of Dycranophyllum. Under it, or as enclosing it in
its axil, is a leaf of Bycranop7iyllum,fouvm\l\\metem broad,
soon splitting twice and separating in three narrow branches
hamulose in their curve, and dividing again in filiform
lacinise at their extremities. The character of nervation,
four primary distinct nerves in one of the lacinise, as seen
where the thick epidermis is destroyed, are exactly the
same as in the leaves, f. 2. Hence I believe that we have
here positive evidence that these organs are referable to the
genus Dicranophyllum as established by the celebrated
French author, and also that this genus is related to the

556 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

order of the Cordaitece. The ovule at the base of the leaf
may be there by casual occurrence.
Habitat — Cannelton, Penn'a. Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Desmiophyllum, Lesqx.

Stems slender ; leaves narrow^ suhUnear, gradually en-
larged, from the hase^ single and sparse^ or joined three or
four together and fasciculate at the base ; surface of stem
and. leaves irregularly ribbed lengthwise by prominent
large bundles of nerms buried under the epidermis which
is thiclt, irregularly granuloses by splitting of the coaly
layer.

From the coincidence of characters in the surface of the
leaves, I was inclined to consider this j)eculiar branch as
referable to the Tceniophylla^. It, however, greatly differs
by the agglomeration at their base of some of the leaves
coming out in bundles from a common button-like point of
the stem w^hich there appears irregularly articulate. Some
of these leaves are separate and joined single by a semi-
lunar base to the stem. But the base of the inferior leaves
is not perfectly distinct and appears rather truncate than
semi -lunar and embracing. The point of attachment of the
leaves in bundles is, however, clear. Therefore, the lower
leaves may have been separated from a common point and
scattered along the stem, where by compression they seem
joined to it. The round points showing scars of bundles
of leaves are seen all along the stem and at equal distance
from each other, even to the very base, and, therefore, the
separate distribution of the others in the intervals seems
anomalous. On this subject Prof. Heer remarks that the
disposition of these leaves has an affinity to that of the
leaves of Salisburia, which, generally attached upon short
button-like branches, and then close to each other at base,
or like fasciculate, are also often scattered single upon the
branches.

LEPIDOXYLON.

P. 557

Desmtophyllum gkacile, Lesqx.y PI. LXXXIh Fig. 1.

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 338, PL LIII, f. 1.

Specific characters same as those of the genus.

The figure is an exact representation of the specimen as
far as it can be observed. The stem, a little more than one
centimeter thick and flattened, seems to have been, if not
fistulose, at least soft and flexible. Its surface has the
same appearance as that of the leaves, the epidermis being
of the same texture, and the bundles of nerves being also
indistinctly discernible by the irregular vertical ridges, or
the more or less obscure and always obtuse wrinkles. The
leaves appear long ; none of them is preserved -entire.
They are sessile, two or three millimeters broad at their
point of attachment to a circular scar, gradually and equally
enlarging upwards to about one centimeter at the point
where they are broken. To the naked eye, the leaves and
stems appear smooth, rather shining, but with the glass, the
surface is seen rugulose.

Habitat — Same as the former Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Lepidoxylois^, Lesqx.

Stems or branches of large size, tapering up to a conical
point ; baric thin, covered with leafy scales ; leaves of va-
rious size, sub-linear, narrowed or enlarged, to the point of
attachment, forking or dividing upward, in two or more
lacinice ; nervation distinct with the glass only ; primary
nerves parallel, about three in two millimeters, buried in
the epidermis, generally inflated or half round, inter-
mediate veinlets very thin, distinct upon the decorticated
face.

Lepidoxylois" anomalum, Lesqx., PI. LXXXIV ;
LXXXIII, Fig. 5.

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, p. 334, PI- LIV,f. 5; PL LV, f. 1-la.
/Schizopteris anomala? Brgt., HisL d. veg. foss., p. 884, PL CXXXV.

Specific characters same as for the genus.

The fragment of stem figured is six centimeters broad at
the base, conical at the top. The bark is a thin coating of

558 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

coaly matter covered with sparse, distinct, foliaceous, ob-
long-laiiceolate pointed or acuminate scales, marked near
the base by a short inflation like a midrib.

The lower surface of the stem, where this thin bark is
destroyed, shows round scars of various size, from one to
two millimeters in diameter, irregularly distributed, which
represent either the base of the scales or that of small leaves.
Short small leaves, narrowed to the base, are attached upon
the stem, mixed with the scales. On the borders, the leaves
are more enlarged at base, a few only of them are narrowed,
others are seemingly broken and compressed upon the stem,
others still are enlarged as mere diverging and detached
fragments of the stem. They vary in diameter from three
to ten millimeters, divide by an anomalous forking in acute
sinusses, either from near the base or from above, and are
marked lengthwise by parallel equal and equally distant
primary nerves and very thin intermediate veins.

I consider the species as identical with that of Brong-
niart described in great detail, 1. c, especially from the
figure of Gein., Verst., PI. XXVI, f. 2, which has the di-
visions of the leaves of this species somewhat broader than
figured by Brongniart. In my specimens the leaves are
still broader. I must say, however, that in another speci-
men in my possession, which is like the top of the fig. PL
LXXXIV, the stem, whose scars of scales are marked upon
the bark in elevated round points, bears, mixed with the
scales, linear leaves as narrow as those represented by
Brongniart. Though there may be some doubt of the spe-
cific identity between the American and the European
plants, they evidently belong to the same group and are
referable to the same genus.

Specimens of Scliizopteris anomala are very rare. After
Brongniart none have been found, or at least described, but
that of Geinitz. Brongniart in considering his species ad-
mits it as probably referable to Ferns. Geinitz joins it to
Ajplilebia^ PresL, Rhacopliyllum, Schp., a genus which, as
seen from the species described in this flora, is a compound
of mixed types whose aflinity is not positively ascertained,
and which Schimper considers as representing primary

FRUITS OK SEEDS.

P. 559

fronds of Ferns. From this genns this species is positively
removed, not only by its peculiar stem, but by the charac-
ter of its ribbon like equally nerved leaves. On the true
relation of the plant to any of the present time, I can say
nothing. Like Cordaites it has some analogy to the Gy-
cadea% for it seems evident, from the shape and the nerv-
ation of its leaves, that it is related to the Cordaites.

The stem is of a peculiar character. It appears to have
been rather of a soft than of a hard texture. The bark is
so thin that, after erosion, some of the scales and young
leaves are left attached to the lower surface of the stem, as
seen in the upper part of PI. LXXXIY. On another side,
large leaves, especially seen upon my specimens, are de-
curring at the base along the stem, and join it by a di-
vision of their borders, or come to it in a more or less
open angle of divergence without any diminution of their
width and without apparent separation at their point of
union, just as if they were lacinese split from the stem.
The epidermis of the leaves is also thin ; the primary nerves
are half buried into it, and then appear distant as in f. 2,
of Brongniart ; but under the epidermis the primary
veins are less discernible, sometimes totally unobservable,
the intermediate ones, very thin veinlets, covering the
whole surface.

Habitat — Communicated by Dr. J. H. Britts from the
Clinton coal of Missouri.

Fruits or Seeds.

The number of fruits represented, PI. LXXXY, and the
diversity of their characters, may give an idea of the great
variety and richness of the vegetation of the coal. And
yet this plate has merely a small part of the seeds known
until now from the Carboniferous, and they refer only to a
class of vegetables, the Gymnosperms, scantily represented
in the coal flora by leaves and stems.

The fossil seeds of the American Carboniferous are gen-
erally found flattened by compression in beds of shale, or
preserved in their original shape in ferruginous clay, or in
sandstone, where their whole texture is transformed into

560 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

amorphous homogeneous compounds. Of course no an-
alysis of the texture of the fruits preserved in that manner
can be made. The characters considered for their classifica-
tion and determination are merely taken from the outside
shape of their teguments ; and as these are often composed
of divers superposed layers, Sarcotesta or fleshy envelope,
Pericarj), Endocarp, or inner and outer Testa, easily sejja-
rated from each other or partly destroyed or flattened in
the process of maceration ; and also as the surface of each
of the layers is of a different character, the determination
of these fruits is subject to a great degree of uncertainty.

In France, Grand' Eury has lately discovered in beds of
conglomerate sandstone of the Upper coal measures of St.
Etienne, a quantity of silicified vegetable remains, among
them a large number of seeds, which have been anatomi-
cally prepared for microscopical examination by Mr. .Re-
nault, of the Museum of Paris, and determined by Prof.
Brongniart. In his memoir on the subject,"^ the celebrated
Professor recognizes seventeen genera, and twenty-four
species of seeds, all from the same formation in the St.
Etienne and the Giers coal basin, which occupies an inter-
mediate place between the Middle Carboniferous of France
and the Permian.

These seeds are divided into two essential groups —

1st. Seeds more or less compressed, bicarinate, composed
of two symmetrical parts.

2d. Seeds divided in three, six, eight segments, radiating
from a central axis, circular by horizontal cross-section.

To the first group the author refers the genera Cardio-
carpus^ Mhabdocarjms^ Dij)lotesta^ Sai^cotaxus, Taxosper-
mum^ etc. To the second, Stephanospermum^ Trlgonocar-
pus, Codonospermnm^ etc.

Other subdivisions are still considered in the memoir.
It is evident that with the materials we have at hand and
able to consider merely, for their determination, the ex-
ternal character of the seeds, it would be impossible or at
least c'onfusing, to admit here the above classification. It

*Le graines fossils, etc. Ann. d. Sci. Nat., Bot., Ser. V, v. XX.

CAKDIOOAllPUS.

P. 561

is rather advisable to follow, for the present, the traces
marked by the explorators who have found the fruits in
the same state of preservation as we have thJ^m, and who
have described them from their outside characters.

The classification of the fruit.^ in four generic divisions,
Cardiocarpus^ Rhabdocarpus^ Trigonocarpus^ and Carpo-
litlies^ is that of Sternberg, admitted also in the first works
of Brongniart. It has been generally followed until now,
and with few exceptions, which are remarked in their de-
scriptions, all the seeds known from the American coal
measures enter into this systematic arrangement.

Cardiocatipus, Brgt.

Seeds of various shape, composed of a compressed,, gen-
erally cordiform or oval nucleus, surrounded hy a flat-
tened, fibrous border, or a membranaceous wing.

This definition is not that of Brongniart, who, in the
Prodromus, describes the seeds of this genus as cordiform,
compressed, sJiort pedicillate at the emarginate base, acute
or ac uminate, with a hard, pericarp or a fleshy p>erisperm.
In his memoirs on silicified fossil seeds, quoted above, the
author reviewing the characters of these fruits, recognizes
in them, from anatomical and microscopical analysis, two
different groups.

1st. Card iocar pus {Sclerotesta) — Seeds with a very hard
pericarp clearly limited on the outside.

2d. C. {drapaceus) — Seeds whose pericarp, a very dense
and hard zone at its internal surface, gradually passes out-
side to a soft tissue composed of large transparent cells.

He however recognizes the generic affinity of these two
groups, as he has observed seeds, with a compact testa homo-
geneous in its whole thickness, though covered by a thin
stratum of transparent cellular tissues.

In the seeds described here as Cardiocarpus, we have
also two groups or sections which probablj^ represent dif-
ferent generic divisions. One for species whose nucleus is
superposed to or enclosed into a kind of Samara or thin
membranaceous scale, like the seeds of some Conifers.
36 P.

562 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

The other for seeds bordered by a generally narrower mar-
gin, which seems more compact or composed of a fibrous
tissue.

In the first section should be placed the seeds f. 38, 41,
45,-51, of Atl., PI. LXXX»y, under the name of Samarop-
sis, Goepp., a genus admitted by Weiss, Dawson, Grand-
'Eury, etc. But if we consider the transitional forms be-
tween the seeds quoted above and those with narrow com-
pact borders, we find f. 32, 39, 43, and a number of others
not figured, which, evidently alate, partake of the char-
acters of Samaropsis, though the borders are not quite
as broad, and apparently rather fibrous than membran-
aceous. In these, the nucleus is certainly of a more com-
pact texture than the borders, generally convex, perfectly
distinct in outline as in the species of Samaropsis. Pre-
serving, therefore, the genus in its integrity, I have sepa-
rated it in two groups, according to the differences remarked
above.

§ 1. S2Decies with flat membranaceous margins or wings.
Cardiocarpus samar^formis, Newhy.

Ann. of Sci. of CleveL, 1853, l,p. 152, f. 1.

Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. 375, PL XLIII,f. 11, 11a.

Nucleus r ound- cor date ; base marked with the cicatrice
of the point of attachment ; wings emerging from near the
base., gradually enlarging upwards to above the middle^
rounded at the apex far above the nucleus, the inside bor-
ders inclining towards the top of the fruit where they are
joined.

This species is the most remarkable of the genus. The
nucleus is nearly round, two centimeters in diameter both
ways, slightly striate ; the wings, coming out from near the
inflated point of attachment, are oval, oblique to the nut,
three and a half centimeters long, nearly two centimeters
broad in the middle with the inside border joined at the
apex of the nucleus, appearing like two open wings of the
fruit.

Habitat — Shale over coal No. 1 of the Ohio section, Tal-
madge, Ohio.

CAIJDIOCAKPUS.

P. 563

CaPvDIOCARpus Newberryi, Andrews.

QeoL Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., II, -p. 425, PI. XLVI, f. 2. ^

Nucleus somewhat heart- shaped.^ pointed at top^ obtuse
at the base; lower part distinctly punctate ; wings large ^
broader on the sides., rounded at top and joining at the
apex of the nucleus., split or emarginate at hase^ horizon-
tally striate.

This description is made from the figure. The author
says that the nut is covered with a thin epidermal coating,
which, when removed, shows underneatli the smooth body
of a nut or seed, with vertical striae toward the apex. This
epidermis is covered with irregularly placed dots. The
width of the whole, both nucleus and wings, is about four
centimeters ; that of the nucleus seventeen millimeters, the
wdngs on the sides being twelve millimeters broad, narrowed
to four at the base where they are split or divided as to a
point of attachment of the nucleus to the stem.

This seed is unlike the many forms figured by Dr. New-
berry. It resembles in its wings C. Bayleyi^ Daws., from
the Devonian of New Brunswick ; but the nucleus is wider
and more acuminate at the apex.

Habitat — Shale in the sub-conglomerate Waverly sand-
stone, Perry county, Ohio, with Megalopterls^ etc.

Cakdiocarpus ingens, Lesqx.^ PI. LXXXY^ Figs.

35.

Geol. Rept. of Arks., II, p. 311, PI. 4, f. 4, 4a. Schp,, Paleont. Veget.,
II, p. 223.

Nucleus cordiform, narrowed at the apex Into a micro-
pyle passing up to the sinus of the wing ; wing broads
following the outlines of the ovule^ somewhat larger toioard
the apex^ where it is deeply cut into a narrow sinus.

The nucleus is two to two and a half centimeters broad,
and about two centimeters in length ; the wings, five milli-
meters broad in the middle, narrow at the emarginate base
point of attachment, are gradually broader up to the acu-
minate apex, where the parallel borders are joined in

564 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

a narrow obtuse sinus descending to near the top of the
nucleus or to the upj)er end of the micropyle.
Habitat — Male's coal bed, sub- conglomerate, Arkansas.

Cardiocarpus affit^is, Lesqx., PI. LXXXV, Fig. 39.

Lesqx., GeoL Bept. of Arks., II, p. Sll, PL IV, /. 5. Schp., Paleont. Veget.^
II, p. 224.

Seed much smaller tlian those of the former species,
broadly ovate-cordate, rapidly acuminate, marlced at the
base by a tumescent large dot like a chalaza, surrounded
by a narrow ring.

The nucleus is one centimeter in diameter both ways,
rounded at the lower part, joined to a tumescent mamilla
from which appear to originate three fasciles of vessels, the
middle straight up, the lateral ones diverging, following
the borders and effaced in the middle of the seed. Under
the apex, the nucleus bears two diverging appendages like
the base of a tubular micropyle. The margin, a little more
than one millimeter broad, follows the outline of the nucleus.
As the top is broken, it is not possible to see if it is split,
emarginate or connate. The details of the internal struc-
ture of the fruit are nearly as clearly exposed by the split-
ting of the seed as it would be if its compound was silici-
fied.

Habitat — Same locality ; found upon the same piece of
shale as the former.

Cardiocarpus annulatus, Newby., PI. LXXXV, Figs.

36, 37.

Newhy., Ann. of Sci. of Clevel., I. c.,p. 152, f. 2. Geol. Bept. of Ohio, Pa-
leont., I, p. 874, PI' XLIII, f. 8, 8 a.

Nucleus heart shaped or short ovoid-acuminate, faintly
str iate, marked at base by the cicatr ice of the pedicel, sur-
rounded by an annular border slightly emarginate at the
summit.

The nucleus is fourteen to fifteen millimeters in diameter,
sub truncate at base, rounded up to a short acumen ; the wing,
five millimeters broad, slightly narrower in the lower part,

CARDIOCARPUS.

P. 565

follows the outlines of tlie nucleus and is cut at the top into
a short obtuse or nearly round sinus.

Habitat — Shale over coal No. 1, Youngstowu, Ohio.

Cardiocarpus pachytesta, sjp. nov.

Seeds of mecUum size, nucleus suhcordate or round, sub-
Iruncate at base, rounded up to a short acumen base of the
tube of a micropyle ; borders flattened like wings, prolonged
upvmrd and connimnt to the orifice of the tube, and also
prolonged downward to the point of attacJiment.

The nucleus varies, on different specimens examined, from
fifteen to eighteen millimeters long and from eleven to thir-
teen millimeters broad ; the margin, either a flattened testa
or a wing is five millimeters on the sides, prolonged up-
ward to eight millimeters above the apex of the nucleus
where both sides are curved down and connivent, leaving
at the top a short angular space between them, like the
opening or enlarging of a micropyle. The wing is also pro-
longed to eight millimeters below the base of the nucleus,
lanceolate-acuminate to the point of attachment by an in-
side curve of the borders.

This species has the characters described by Brongniart
as illustrative of his genus Pachytesta, Ann. d. sci. 1. c,
p. 16, PI. XXII, f. 4. From the description, the testa
surrounding the seeds is entirely compact, probably very
hard, often broken by compression. In the specimen I have
examined, the margin is quite flat like the nucleus, of an
apparently fibrous texture, but not broken. It is contin-
uous or like a wing bordering the nucleus all around.

Habitat — This species is represented by six specimens
in the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, from the sub-conglom-
erate ledge of Pittston, Pa.

Cardiocarpus (Ptilocarpus) bicornutus, Lesqx., PI.
LXXX V, Figs. 51, 51a.

Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 493.

Seeds small, alate ; nucleus ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
bordered by a large margin prolonged and narrowed down-

566 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

ward into a long pedicel^ continuous to the apex of the nu-
cleus, lohere the two extremities are diverging outward and
acuminate or horn shaped.

The nucleus is small, flattened though convex on the
surface, seven millimeters long, three millimeters broad
near the rounded base, hence gradually tapering up into a
sharp acumen. The wings are formed of a thin somewhat
membranaceous substance, from which the nucleus is easily
separated. Aside of the seed, the margin which follows its
borders is two millimeters broad, jDrolonged downward by
a curve into a narrow pedicel, whose end or point of attach-
ment is seven millimeters below the base of the nucleus.
From their point of union at the apex of the ovules, the
wings take an outward opposite direction and are rapidly
acuminate.

These seeds have a marked affinity to those of some Coni-
fers, Ahietece or Taxodiacece, like Taxodium distichum^ for
examx)le, which has the scales of its seeds wdth one sided
horn, and i^rolonged below the base of the nucleus though
far less than in this fossil seed. Sciadopitys mrticillata,
Sieb. and Zucc, also, of Japan, has seeds with the nucleus
placed in the middle of a scale prolonged downward about
half a centimeter, Avith the borders joining at or above the
apex of the ovules and there obtuse. The scale is, there-
fore, emarginate as in the fossil species, but the borders are
obtuse at the apex instead of acuminate.

As the close relation of these seeds with those of some
Conifers seemed to authorize their separation under a dif-
ferent general division, I jDroposed for it the name of
Ptilocarpus, Geol. Rept. of 111., 1. c. But as many other
seeds, Samaropsis especially, which were then unknown to
me, show a great analogy of characters with this one, its
separation is not more appropriate than that of a number
of others, as seen in the general remarks on the genus.

Habitat — Found by Rev. H. Herzer, in the shale above
the coal of Coshocton, Ohio, and kindly communicated in
a number of specimens.

CARDIOCAKPUS.

P. 567

Cahbiooakpus latus, Newhy.

Ann. of ScL, I. c , p. 153, f. S. Geol. Bept. of Ohio, Paleont., 1, p. 372,
PL XLlII,f. 3.

Nucleus broadly ovate^ acute^ marlied imth a cicatrice at
the suhtruncate base, smooth ; borders of the same sJiape,
continuous, emarginate and narrower at base.

The seed has the same form as that of Atl., PL LXXXY,
f . 88, being much larger and more sharply acuminate. The
nucleus is fourteen millimeters both ways ; the margin,
three millimeters broad in the middle of the fruit, enlarges
to five millimeters at its acuminate conjoined apex.

I refer to this sj)ecies a fine specimen No. 344 of the Mans-
field collection. It differs in nothing but in the obtuse, not
acuminate top of the margin.

Habitat — Roof of coal No. 1, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio ; Can-
nelton, Penn'a.

Cakdiocarpus mikus, Newby., PI. LXXXY, Fig. 38.

Newby., Ann. of Sci., I. c.,p. 153, f. 4. Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., 1,
p. 372, Pl.XLIII, f. 4-

Nucleus smaller but of the same shape as in the former
species, with a basilar cicatrice and. traversed by an ele-
vated, line passing through to the apex of the margin.

The nucleus is six millimeters in diameter, eleven milli-
meters long ; the margin which surrounds it is less than one
millimeter broad at the rounded base, three millimeters at
the obtusely pointed apex.

Habitat — Bituminous shale below coal 1, Cuyahoga Falls,
Ohio.

CardiocaPvPus elotstgatus, Neioby., PI. LXXXY, f. 41-

Newhy., Ann. of sci., I. c, p. 153, f. 6. Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., 1,
p. 373, PL XLIII, f. 5.

Seeds small, nucleus omia, acuminate, surrounded by
a margin which is very narrow at the base, much pro-
longed beyond the a-pex of the nucleus, obtuse at the top.

The nucleus is five millimeters in diameter, one centi-
meter long, narrowed above into a tubular prolongation

568 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

of the micropyle ti'aversing the margin to the apex. At
the base of the nucleus, the margin is extremely narrow,
appearing joined to the nucleus as seen in the figure copied
from the author.

But for the tubular prolongation of the micropyle, this
fruit would be comparable to the winged seeds of Albertia.

There are in the collections of Mr. Lacoe a number of
specimens with the characters of this species. I refer them
to it, though they diifer by the marginal border continuous
and as large at the base as on the sides, only abruptly
emarginate to the point of attachment. The margin as-
cends high above the apex of the nucleus, where it meas -
ures five millimeters in width, and there abru^^tly curves to
the apex of the tubular prolongation. It is only one mil-
limeter on the sides.

Hctbitat — Shale of the coal No. 1, Youngstown, Ohio.
Sub-conglomerate ledge of Pittston, Penn' a.

Cardiocarpus (samaropsis) zoxulatus, S2:). nov., PI.
LXXXV, Figs. J^5.

Seeds small^ nucleus ovate^ acuminate; mai^giu nar-
rower at the hase^ enlarging up to the apex of the nucleus
and there emarginate.

The nucleus is joined by one or two concentrical circles
appearing as double envelopes of a small internal ovule of
the same shape. In its whole, the seed is from five to seven
millimeters in diameter, the margin, one millimeter, or a
little broader in the upper part. The apex of the nucleus
passes up into a thin tube of a micropyle, which ascends to
the head curve of the borders.

Habitat — Sub -conglomerate ledge of Pittston, Mr. R. D.
Lacoe.

Cardiocarpus (samaropsis) late-alatits, sp. nov.^ PI.
LXXXV, Figs. J^G^ J^7.

Ovule smaller^ broadly margined^ borders conjoining at
the apex.

The nucleus is cordiform, abruptly pointed, four milli-

CARDIOCAKPUS.

P. 569

meters in diameter both ways, continued in a distinct line
or micropylar tube upward to the apex where the margins
are continent. The borders, three millimeters broad at the
base, four and an half at the top, follow^ the outlines of the
nucleus.

Habitat — With the former.

CardiocaPvPUS (samaropsis) simplex, sp. nov., PI.
LXXXY.f. Jf9, 50.

Seeds small, round or broadly oval, nucleus ovate, obtuse
or ernarginate at base, border comparatively broad, emar-
ginate at the apex.

The species resembles C. zonulatus, but differs by the
surface quite smooth, the nucleus distinct, without any con- •
centrical zone, ovate, rather obtuse at the top, obscurely
marked there with a very small micropyle. The nucleus is
three to five millimeters broad and four to six millimeters
long. In f. 50, the micropylar tube is indicated by a narrow
line betw^een the inside border of the margin which has the
same diameter three and a half millimeters all around the
nucleus.

Perhaps these three forms, separated as species, repre-
sent the same, though the differences appear evident. It
will be only possible to judge the variability of these seeds
when they are found in connection with their supports,
probably enclosed many together in some involucral scales.

Habitat — With the two former species, Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

Cardiocarpus orbicularis, Newby., PI. LXXXY,

Fig. JfO.

Newby. t Ann. of Sci., I. c, p. 153, f. 5. Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., Z,
p. S74, PI. XLIII, f. 10.

Seed small, nucleus orbicular, smooth, with a minute
scar at base, entirely surrounded by a narrow border.

From the description of the author, the seed is figured
overturned, as the small cicatrice is placed at the toj) where
the nucleus is slightly emarginate. It is six millimeters in

570 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

diameter both ways, the continuous margin only one milli-
meter.

Habitat— ^hsde over coal No. 1, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.

§ 2. Species with narrow compact margins.

Cardiocarpus diminutivus, sp. nov.,Pt. LXXXV, f. Jf8.

Seed mry small^ ovoid-acute^ margin continuous, equal
all around.

This small fruit is only two and a half millimeters long
and one and a half broad, inflated or convex on the
smooth surface. The very small lenticular nucleus is often
seen separate or deprived of its borders, its convex, pol-
ished, apparently hard testa raising over the surface of
the shale. It thus resembles Rhahdocarpus minutus,
Lesqx., whose testa is, however, ribbed lengthwise.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate ledge of Pittston, Pa. ; Mr.
R. D. Lacoe.

Cardiocarpus fasciculatus, >S^. no'o., PI. LXXXV^
Figs. 30, 30a.

Seeds of various size, ovate, acuminate, margined ; nu-
cleus sliglitly lineate lengthwise, margin conforming to
the nucleus, continuous, or slightly emarginate and bicus-
pidate at the apex.

These fruits are evidently in racemes, as seen by their
position, placed as they are in number and in correspond-
ing direction to branches, with which, however, I have never
distinctly seen the point of connection. F. 30a represents
the fruit enlarged. The nucleus is seven millimeters long,
scarcely half as broad, smooth, convex, or inflated, marked
with some obscure longitudinal lines, bordered with an
equal sized flat margin one millimeter broad, notched at the
top or broken. It is not possible to see if the notch is cas-
ual or natural. The characters of this seed refer it as well
to Cardiocarpus as to Rhahdocarpus.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate ledge of Pittston ; Mr. R. D.
Lacoe.

CAEDIOCARPUS.

P. 571

Cakdiooakpus apiculatus, Goepp. & Berger.

Be fruct., p. 23, PL II, f. 82.

Seed small^ nucleus oval^ traversed from tl^e base by a
medial line passing up to the emarginate or mammillate
apex of the borders.

The seed is represented overturned. The nucleus is ex-
actly oval, four millimeters broad, five long, the margin
equal, emerging from the basilar point of attachment, a
little enlarged to the emarginate apex, the whole seed being
ovate. The authors rejDresent the apex as bicuspidate by
the enlarging or dividing of the medial costa. In the sjje-
cimens examined, some have the costa nearly effaced, and
the bicuspidate apex is seen as formed by the acute border
of the margin cut near the point or emarginate, as it is
generally the case in species of this genus. Excej)t for that
medial costa the species is a Samaropsis.

Habitat — Same as the former.

Cardiocarpus ? MAMiLLATUs, Lesqx.^ PI. LXXXY,
Figs. 32-S3a.

Rhabdocarpus mamillatus, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of HI., IV, p. 461, PI.
XXXI, f. 13-15.

Seed small; nucleus oval^ mammillate at the base (or
apex)^ regularly and deeply striate^ surrounded by a flat
margin or flattened testa.

From the specimen f. 33, the species should be referable
to a Rhabdocarpus., but specimen f. 32, which I consider
as a larger form of the same, has a flattened margin which, ^
however, may be merely the fragment of a pericarp im-
bedded into the stone. The nucleus is oval or nearly
round, ten to twelve millimeters long, seven to ten milli-
meters broad, deeply regularly striate lengthwise, with a
small jjrotruding mamilla in the middle of a small round
smooth surface at its top.

I should have preserved the original name of this species
and described it as a Rhabdocarpus., if T had seen only the
seeds from Illinois. But the Pardee Museum, at Easton,
Penn'a, has a number of very fine specimens nearly exactly

572 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

round, like f. 32, some of them covered with a thin peri-
carp obscuring tlie striae, others free of it with a margin ;
and in the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, there is a number
of oval specimens sliglitl y larger than f. 33, but of the same
oval form, all apparently referable to the same si:>ecies
which is intimately related to C. lagenarius, St., Fl. d.
Yorw., I, PL yil, f. 16, or perhaps identical with it. This
last figure shows the fruit margined, the border ascending
higher than the apex of the nucleus to the orifice of the
tube of the micropyle.

Habitat — Concretions of Mazon creek, the specimen f. 33 ;
Hazleton mines, f. 32. The specimens of Mr. Lacoe are
from Ontario colliery, Pittston. I am not certain that all
the specimens represent one species only.

Cardiocarpus rectUlaris? St., PI. LXXXY^ Figs.

31, 31a.

Carpolithes regularis, /St., Fl. d. Vorw., 1, PI. VII, f. 2.
G. ellipticus, St., ibid, f.l.

Seed small, nucleus oval, surrounded by abroad, Jlesliy'i
pericarp, regularly striate lengthwise.

The nucleus is only five millimeters long and half as
broad. It is surrounded by a pericarp one millimeter thick
on the side, broader toward the base, striate lengthwise,
the lines being parallel on the whole seed, and covering the
testa. The borders are not, therefore, margined. This seed
seems to belong to a same generic division as the former,
intermediate to Cardiocarpus and Rhabdocarpus.

Garpoliilies regularis, St., resembles this fruit by its out-
line ; but the nucleus is not marked upon it. I believe,
however, that some of the seed described above represents
the same species ; for I have on a same plate of shale from
Cannelton a large number of seeds of the same general
character, with or without a liorder, all narrowly striate
when seen with the glass, some with an oval, convex nu-
cleus, others quite flat ; they average five millimeters broad,
seven long, and may be referable to both C. regularis and
C. ellipticus, St.

Habitat — Cannelton, Penn'a. Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

CAKDTOCAKPUS.

P. 573

Cahdiocarpus cots'gkuens, Grd^Ey.

m. Carb., p. 2S6, PL XXVI, f. 21.

Seeds small, cordiform, more or less inflated^ smooth^
without margin.

Seeds of this kind somewhat varied in shape between
broadly ovate-obtuse, and cordate-acute, four to eight milli-
meters in diameter both ways, are not rare upon the shale
of the sub-conglomerate ledge of Pittston. I have seen
them also on specimens from Cannelton. They resemble
detached ovules, like the central parts of f. 46, 49 — even 48
and 50, and may represent diiferent species.

HaMtat — Cannelton coal; Pittston, sub-conglomerate
ledge.

Cardiocaiipus margits^atus, [Arils), Gem.

Verst., p. 40, PI. XXII, /. 24-27.

Carpolithes marginatus, Artis, Ayitedil. Phytol , PI. XXII, f. B.

Fruit broadly oval or circular, surrounded by a narrow
margin prolonged downward like a small pedicel.

These fruits, twenty to thirty millimeters in diameter,
are surrounded by a border one to two millimeters, contin-
uous, and of the same width, only prolonged abruptly
downward into a short pedicel two to three millimeters
long. The substance of the fruit and of the border is hard,
compact ; for though flattened, the borders are often broken
transversely and the cauda generally destroyed. These al-
terations render the identification difficult.

Habitat — Seen in many specimens, all upon a i:)iece of
shale from Trevorton, Penn'a, low coal.

Cardiocarpus bicuspidatus, St., PI. LXXXV^ Figs.

Carpolithes bicuspidatus, St., Fl. d. Vorw., 1, PL VII, f. 8. Lesqx., GeoL
of Penn'a., 1858, p. 877.

Cardiocarpus bicuspidatus, Newby., Gcol. Rept. of Ohio., Paleoni., II,
p., 878, PI. XLIIl, f. 9, 9a.

Seeds of medium size, broadly cor d if or m, abruptly
acuminate, borders narrow, continuous^ prolonged down-
toard under the base of the nucleus into a short pedicel.

This species especially differs from the former by its

574 P. I^EPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

smaller size and tlie cordiform shape of the nucleus, which
generally abruptly acuminate or cuspidate, varies in diam-
eter from one to one and a half centimeters and has an equal
margin one and a half to two millimeters broad. As in
the former species the downward prolongation of the bor-
der into a pedicel is rarely observable but the nucleus and
its borders, as in f. 42, are not rare. I have, however, not
seen any sx)ecimen like 43, Avhich seems to represent a dif-
ferent species. It is copied like f . 42 from Dr. Xewberry, 1. c.
This species is closely allied to C. Gidhlerl, Gein., and has
been identified with it by Gutbier.

Habitat — Upj)er coal strata of Penn'a, Salem vein etc.
Eoof shale of coal Xo. 1, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio ; Dr. Xew-
berry.

Rhabdocarpus. Goepp. & Berger.

Seeds ovate or oblong, costate or striate, acute or acumin-
ate surrounded by a putamen sometimes deficient.

Prof. Brongniart remarks, Ann. d. Sci.. 1. c, p. 13, that
the Genus Bhabdocarpus is one already established by
Goejipert from mere surface impressions and characterized
by the presence of strise or longitudinal furrows upon their
outer testa ; but that this character is very uncertain. Ac-
cording to the French author, the genus ma}" be characterized
by the remarkable texture of its testa, of ^vhich the internal
layer (endotesta) is clearly limited and composed of a dense
and comj)act cellular tissue, while the outside layer (sarco-
testaj is remarkable by the presence in its cellular tissue of
numerous solid fibres which pass obliquely from the base to
the summit, constituting a carnose and fibrous envelope
which is prolonged above the nucleus, as much towards
the summit, as towards the base. In the interior of the
endotesta one sees the chalaza, and opposite or to the upper
end, the micropyle and also the erected nucelle with its
conical top, without appearance of any pollinic cavity. The
nucelle seems united to the testa in its lower part, in the
same manner as in some Conifers. The chalaza receives a
central vascular fascile from which two others are derived

RIIABDOCAKPUS.

P. 575

and continuous outside of the carena in its whole length.
Brongniart adds that two or three species of Rhahdocarpus
have been observed in a silicilied state, but that it is diffi-
cult to define their characters and to indicate their relation
to the species already remarked in other localities.

The last remark of Prof. Brongniart shows, as I have
said already for species of Cardiocarpus^ that the analy-
ses of silicified specimens are of no advantage for the defi-
nition and determination of specimens flattened and pre-
served upon shale, or known only by impressions of their
outside surface. It may be remarked also that we may
recognize, from impressions of the specimens preserved in
the coal shale, characters which have not been observed
upon silicified specimens, as, for example, the pedicel of R.
JacJcsonianus.

Some of the fruits described here in this genus have a
pericarp of apparently fibrous texture, smooth or without
ribs, but, from what is seen of analogous forms, the inside
or endotesta is evidently striate. A few, whose endotesta
is not known, are, therefore, hypothetically referred to this
genus.

Ehabdocarpus insigtstis. sp. nov., PI. LXXXV, Fig. 26.

Seeds large, broadly oDate^ apiculate, obscurely marked
at base by a broad cicatrice point of attachment, indis-
tinctly striate by equidistant lines and irregularly closely ,
deeply lineate or wrinkled lengthwise.

This fine fruit with outside envelope finely preserved, is
flattened to one and a half centimeters in thickness in the
middle, convex or lenticular, with obtuse borders. It is
nearly exactly oval, six centimeters broad in the middle,
the top marked with a short acute point, or mucronate.
Its surface is polished, though doubly striate as described
above.

Habitat — Pittston, Penn'a, Seneca mine, coal seam F,
Mr. R D. Lacoe.

Rhabdocakpus Howardt, sp. noG., PI. LXXXV, Fig.
Fruit large, oblong, curving a little to one side, rounded

576 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

at base, narrowed at the apex to a short acumen, marlced
lengthwise with distant narrow elemted ribs, indistinctly
minutely lineate in the intervals.

We have here evidently the nucleus only. It is trans-
formed into sandstone and preserved in its integrity or
cylindrical in the middle. It is seven centimeters long,
three and a half centimeters in diameter in the middle,
where it is a little inclined on one side, rapidly, sharply
acuminate, marked by eight distinct narrow ribs and ir-
regularly striate lengthwise. The lines in the intervals of
the ribs are not very distinct, apparently on account of the
coarseness of the stone. This fruit may be a Trigonocarpus.

Habitat — Sandstone beds south of Ohio, locality un-
known.

The specimen was presented to me years ago by Dr. How-
ard of Columbus. Ohio.

Rhabdocarpus Jacksoxiaxus, Lesqx., PL LXXXY.
Figs. 17-19.

Carpolithes Jacksonensis, Lesqx., Geol. Eept. of III., IT, p. 46I, PL
XL VI, f.4.

C. sulcatus 1 St. Fl. d. Voriv., II, p. 208, PL X. /. 2., {from a deterior-
ated specimen ?)

Seeds ovate-oblong : upper cortex obscurely ribbed, striate
and fibrous ; endotesta. deeply cut lengthwise into eight to
ten elevated obtuse or sharply Jceeled ridges, converging
both at tlie upper rounded apex and at the truncate point
of attachment of the pedicel ; nucleus oblong, slightly nar-
rowed to the emarginate apex.

The specimens represent three distinct forms of the
species, in different degrees of preservation. Fig. 18 is a
seed with the outside envelope transformed by macera-
tion into a coating of fibrous coaly matter, half to one
millimeter thick. The endocarp is hard, smooth, deex^ly
cut lengthwise in obtuse or sharply keeled ridges, eight to
ten, connivent at the round top and at the truncate base or
point of attachment of a pedicel. The nucleus, f. 17, is
small, has the same shape as f. 18. and its surface is covered
also by fibrous coal. F. 19 represents a small specimen with

KITABDOCAr.PUS.

P. 577

its endooarp. Tlie ribs are less distinctly marked and less
nnmerous than in other specimens, one of which, the best,
is live and a half centimeters long nearly two\ind a half
centimeters broad in the middle. I have seen a number of
others which I consider all referable to the same species,
though generally different in shape and size, and also in
the numbers and width of the ribs, according to their state
of preservation. They have been or may be easily ascribed
to different species.

Trignocarpus species, Newby, Geol. Rept. of Ohio,
Paleont., I, PI. XLIl, f. 9, and PI. XLIII, f. 15, which
show^s the ribbed endocarp, under the epicarp partly de-
stroyed, seem to be referable to this species.

An important specimen has been lately sent for ex-
amination by Mr. Lacoe, (No. 224(2 of his collection).
The nucleus with its endocarj^ is loose or separated from
the epicarp which is two millimeters thick, as seen by
the flattened borders surrounding the concave ribbed im-
pression. This seed is attached to a pedicel a little more
than one centimeter long, five millimeters in diameter at its
point of connection, decreasing to two millimeters at its
broken end. The flattened margin or the epicarp is pro-
longed downward in narrowing gradually from the base of
the seed to the point where the pedicel is broken. As the
pedicel is ribbed and the outer testa quite flat and smooth,
the relation of these different parts is quite distinct. The
pedicel is not adherent to the nucleus which does not
leave at its base an impression of its connection ; it is
clearly a part of the outer testa or sarcocarp, from which
the nucleus is entirely free.

By compression, the costse of these seeds are often sep-
arated at the top and diverging as if cut into large teeth,
like the borders of sheaths of Equisetites figured Atl., PL
III, f. 15 and 16.

Habitat — Not rare. The first specimen described, Geol.
Rept. of 111., is from Murphysborough, Jackson county.
Dr. Newberry's specimens are from the shale above coal
of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, with Whittleseya elegans. Num^
37 P.

578 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

erous specimens of Mr. Lacoe are from Oliphant and Pitts-
ton, Pa., Port Griffith and Butler mines.

Rhabdocarpus mu].tistriatus, Presl. PI. LXXXV,
Figs, m.

Carpoliihes multistriatus, St., Fl. d. Vorw., II, 1. 208, PL XXXIX,
/. 1, 2. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, P. 877. Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 46O, PL
XL VI, f. 2.

Fruit oval-ohlong^ rounded at lyase ; outer testa pro-
longed beyond the niicleics and narrowed upward into an
obtuse apex, obscurely ribbed and str iate lengthwise ; nu-
cleus shorter, ovate, apiculate, distinctly equally ribbed,
marked at the base by a large cicatrice point of attach-
ment.

This species is obscure, and probably includes others de-
scribed under different names. Sternberg's figures 1. c.
represent an oval fruit, exactly corresponding in shape and
character, only slightly larger, with AtL, f. 22. In St., 1
1, the point of the seed (turned down) is prolonged and
broken ; the acumen is marked also f . 2, but destroyed near
its base. The number of ribs is the same, and they are also
equal and distinctly obtuse on the back.

The specimen figured in Geol. Rept. of 111., 1. c, is a
longer and narrower fruit, which appears covered with the
sarcotesta, as the striae are less distinctly marked. It is
gradually narrowed to an obtuse apex as would be that in
AtL, f. 22, if the outer testa was preserved in its integrity.
The size of the specimens representing this species is vari-
able. The nucleus is from three to five centimeters long
and two to three centimeters in diameter below the middle
where the seeds are generally broader.

It is remarkable that this species of Presl., is not men-
tioned by any author except Sternberg. It has a close
affinity to Trigonocarpus Schultzianus, Goepp. & Berg.,
as figured by Fiedler, Foss., Fr. 2, PI. XX YI, f. 26.

Habitat — Not rare in the lower coal measures above the
conglomerate; Shamokin, Penn'a; Pittston, Ontario col-
liery ; Carbon hill shaft, etc. B. & C. veins ; CanneltoHj
where it is abundant ; Colchester, 111., etc.

RTIABDOCARPUS.

P. 579

RiiABDOcARPUs CARiNATus, Neioby.

Oeol. of Ohio, Paleont, 7, p. 376, PL XLIV, f. 8.

JR. apiculatus, Newby, ibid, p. 377, PL XLIV, f. 6. ^

Nut ovoid in outline^ rounded heloio, somewhat acute
above ; surface marlced by numerous longitudinal rounded
ribs which become effaced near each extremity ; outer testa
thick apparently obscurely striate.

Nothing seems to separate this species from the former
but the greater thickness of its sarcotesta which ai^pears ob-
scurely striate on its surface. H. apiculatus is evidently a
decorticated specimen of the same fruit as supposed by the
author.

Habitat — Shale over coal ; Summit, Mahoning county,
Ohio.

Rhabdocarpus AciTMiN"ATiTS, Ncwby.

GeoL Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. 378, PL XLIV,f. 7.
M. costatus, Newby, ibid., p. 378, PL. XLIV, f. 8.

Nut large^ broadly ovate in outline, rounded below, acute
and long pointed above ; surface nearly smooth, showing
faint traces of longitudinal ridges.

The author supposes that this may be the same species
as R. costatus, with a better preserved epicarp. Both the
fruits have the same size and the same characters. As in
species of this genus, the outer testa is generallj^ prolonged
upward, and, therefore, longer acuminate than the endo-
carp.

Habitat — Shale over coal No. 1, Youngstown, Ohio.
Rhabdocarpus l^vis, Newby.

QeoL RepL of Ohio, PaleonU, I, p. 377, PL XLIV, f. 5, 5a.

Nut ovoid in outline, rounded below, with the central'
point of the base slightly prominent, constricted but obtuse
above; sides equally arched, smooth and polished ; section
lenticular with acute edges.

From the description, this species is related to R. insig-
nis, Lesqx. , from which it differs especially by its ovate
shape and small size. These nuts are evidently of the same
kind as those described above by the author, even probably

580 P. P.EPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

represent the same species of seeds preserved with their sar-
cotesta which is generally indistinctly ribbed lengthwise.
I have from Indiana two specimens of this kind, ovate in
outline, same form as R. loems, six centimeters long, four
centimeters broad, obtuse at the upper end. one of them
bearing at the top an enlarged border or inflated margin,
reflexed or passing over the orifice of the seed like a crown.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate coal, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.
The specimen mentioned from Indiana is from an upper
coal near New Harmony. It is quite flattened.

Rhabdocarpus Daxai, Foster.

Ann. of ScL of Clevel., 1, p. 139. Newhy.^ Geol. Rep. of Ohio, PaleonUy
I, p. S76, PL XLIV, f. 4.

Nucleus oblong.^ compressed and finely striate^ tlie base
obtuse, the apex sharp, terminating in a point, bearing re-
mains of an elevated line seen at the apex, and of a de-
pressed line extending from the base nearly one half the
length of the nut in the direction of the axis ; nucleus
surrounded by a broad corrugated margin in which are
visible four or five folds parallel with the margin of the
nucleus.

This fine fruit appears to have a double or at least a very
thick epicarp. It may be, however, that both the endocarp
and the sarcocar23, softened by maceration, have been
pressed obliquely when being partly detached from the
nucleus, and that the borders, then, appear enlarged by jux-
taposition of two or three ribs of the two outer layers.
The figure shows, at the top of the nucleus, a nucelle nar-
rowed up to the base of the micropyle

The author remarks that the specimen is badly fractured
and gives but an imperfect idea of the entire fruit.

Habitat — Shale over coal ]S"o. 3, Zanesville, O., J. W.
Foster; Pittston, Penn'a, Mr. R. D. Lacoe. The specimen
from Pittston is also compressed and obscure.

RHABDOCARPUS.

P. 581

Rhabdocarpus clavatus? (St.,) Geln., PI. LXXXV,
Figs. U, W.

\

Oein., Verst., p. 42, PL XXII, f. 12-I4. Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of ILL, IV,
p. 461, PL XXXI, /. 11. Schp., Paleont. vegeL, II, p. 218.

CarpoUthes clavatus and C. lagenarius, SI., FL d. Vorw., 1, PL VII,
f. 14 and 16.

Seeds oval^ rounded, in the lower part, narrowed below
the hrolcen or truncate apex; nucleus oval, surrounded by
a broad flattened margin which ascends to the top of the
tube of a distinct micropyle.

The two specimens figured represent the two species of
Sternberg, 1. c, with some difference, however. F. 14, com-
parable to Gein., 1. c, f. 13 and 14, is from a specimen in
nodules, cut longitudinally, exposing the nucleus trans-
formed into pyrites. The borders are very large or double,
composed of an endocarp and an exocarp apparently of the
same texture, the line of division being obscure. Measured
from the outside borders, the seed is seventeen millimeters
broad in the middle. F. 20 is a narrower seed, only one
centimeter in diameter, with the nucleus more elongated,
elliptical, eighteen millimeters long, only seven millimeters
in diameter, bearing at the apex, a distinct micropylar
tube. The margin, smooth, as well ,as the nucleus, is two
millimeters broad, also apparently representing both an
outer and an inner testa, as seen by a line of division on
the left side, while on the other side the endocarp only is
partly preserved and only half as broad. This form is more
intimately related to C. lagenarius, St., from which it merely
differs by a narrower more elongated body, and also by the
longer and narrower micropylar tube.

Habitat — Specimen f. 14, is from the nodules of Mazon
creek. The other is from the Helena coal mines of Ala.

Rhabdocarpus amygdal^formis, Goepp. & Berg., PI.
LXXXV, Figs. 27, 28.

Goepp. & Berg. De FrucL, p.21, PL l,f. 12, Gein., VersL, p. 42, PL XXII,
./ 10, 11. Lesqx,, Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 877. Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p.
217.

Fruit narrowly ovate, marked in the middle by a dis-

582 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

tinct elevated line ; nucleus acuminate ; margin hroad^
striate, of fibrous texture.

Of the two specimens represented here, both exposing
the nucleus and the testa, f. 27 is subcordate at base,
while f . 28, from a better j)reserved specimen, is abruptly
narrowed at the base into a pedicel formed by the pro-
longation of the testa. Both agree with the figures of the
authors, 1. c. Geinitz represents the fruits smaller and
narrower, but his f. 10, 1. c, has the same characters as
f. 27 of Atl., except that in this last the borders are ab-
ruptly rbunded at the apex of the nucleus, while they are
continuous and acuminate in Geinitz. Atl., f. 28, is from
a specimen remarkably well preserved, exposing at its base
a clialaza with a distinct medial line, ascending to the base
of a micropyle, and the border of the endocarp distinctly
limited.

Habitat — Low^ coal strata of Trevor ton, Penn'a. Mac-
donnough Co., 111., coal No. 3, Prof. A. H. Worthen.
Pittston, Penn'a, Mr. R. D. Lacoe.

RhABDOCARPUS LATE3IARGINATUS, ScJip., PI. LXXXV,

Fig. 29.

Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 226.

Carpolithes platimarginatus, Lesqx., Geol. Rept. of Ark., II, p. SIS, PL
IV, /. 6.

Fruit large, oval, abruptly acuminate ; borders broad,
flat, continuous, and equal in widili.

The fruit is so much like that of f. 28, same plate, that if
it cannot be considered a large form of the same species, it
seems at least referable to the same generic division. The
nucleus is three centimeters long, half as broad, traversed
lengthwise by a distinct elevated line. The margin, three
millimeters wide, is flat, smooth, as well as the nucleus.
No details of organization are observable. There are only
upon the surface some flakes of a thin coating of coaly
matter, apparently remains of the inner face of the endo-
testa.

Habitat — Male's coal bank, Arkansas. Sub-carbonif-
erous.

RHABDOCARPUS.

P. 583

RiiABDOCARPus 1 MINUTUS, Lesqx.

Oeol. Bept. of Ark., II, p. 313, PL V, f. 8, 8a.

Seed very small^ oval^ notched at one end^ regularly
minutely striate.

The seed may be merely a nucleus separated from its
testa. It is only four millimeters long, two and a half
broad, notched at the base, as seen f . Sa^ enlarged, and very
regularly striate lengthwise. Its relation to this genus is
uncertain.

Habitat — Male's coal bank, Ark.

Rhabdocarpus cornutus, Sp. nov., PI. Z/XXXF, Fig. 15.

Fruit oval; nucleus marginate, oval in outline^ rounded
at the base ; outer testa prolonged at the top into two thick
horn-like acute appendages.

I have for examination two specimens, one two and a half
centimeters long, seventeen millimeters broad, including
the borders which are of thick fibrous consistence, three
to four millimeters thick ; the nucleus is of the same size
as that of f. 15, which has the margin destroyed. In both,
the nucleus transformed into pyrite is very rough. As the
imbedding nodules are split in the middle, exposing the
inner part of the fruit, these horn-like appendages may be
mere fragments of the pericarp enlarged crown-like at the
top, with the inside of the crown exposed by the splitting.

Habitat — Nodules of Mazon creek ; specimens T, 29 and
30, of the Museum Comp. ZooL, Cambridge, Mass.

Rhabdocarpus arcuatus, Lesqx., PI. LXXXY, Fig. 52.

Geol. Bept. of Ky., (Z). D. Owen), IV, p. 434.
Carpolithes rostellatus, (by erratum in Expl. of Plates.)

Fruit oblong, constr icted in the middle, rounded and nar-
rowed at the base to a pedicel, and toward the top to a pro-
longed acumen; outer testa tliin, striate lengthwise ; nu-
cleus obscurely vertically lineate, marked by rectangular
dots along the lines.

This is a remarkable fruit without analogy to any other
of the coal measures. Its form is that of a peanut, Arachis

684 P. REPOPwT OF PROGPwESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

hyioorjea. It is five centimeters long, including the beaked
acumen, one centimeter in diameter in the middle where it
is a little strangled, inflated and rounded upwards and down-
wards, narrowed at the base into a pedicel one and a half
millimeters thick, and one and a half centimeters long. It
is somewhat scythe-shaped, and the acuminate apex is in-
clined to one side. The nucleus of the same species, as
seen from a sj^ecimen found at Cannelton, has the same
shape as f . 52, less the jDedicel and the acumen. It is nar-
rowed into an obtuse or blunt apex, distinctly marked by
sharp narrow longitudinal wrinkles, soon effaced down-
ward ; the lower part is smooth, and the base apparently
broken or without a pedicel.

Habitat — I found two sjjecimens of this fruit in a bed of
soft shale of the Lower Carboniferous Measures on Burnt
branch of Canney, near West Liberty, Morgan county,
Kentucky, with abundant remains of Lepidodendron and
Eremopterls flexuosa. The specimen from Cannelton was
communicated by Mr. I. F. Mansheld.

Trigoxocarpus, Brgt.

Fruits omid^ compressed at the base point of insertion^
three or six costate, the ribs more distinct and prominent
toward the base, sometimes disappearing above; apex
pitted by a small round or triquetre mammiUate cavity.

These fruits of various size appear to be composed of a
membranaceous or fibrous testa sometimes very thick, de-
hiscent in valves which are often found separated from the
nucleus. When these seeds are six costate, three of the
ribs are stronger than the others.

These fruits have been referred sometimes to Palms,
sometimes to Conifers or to Cycadece, As the Palms ap-
pear at a later period in the flora, at the end of the Creta-
ceous, the attribution of Trigonocarpus is probably to the
CycadecB, to which the seeds have an affinity of characters.

TRiGoxocARPUsiS'oEGGERATHr, Brgt., PI. LXXXY, Fig.l.

Brgt., Prodr., p. 137. LI. & Hutt., Foss. Ill, PI. CXCIII, B,f. 1-4;
CCXXII, f. 2, 4. Goepp. & Berg., Be. fruct., p. 18, PL. I, f. I, 2. Lesqx.,

TRIGONOCAKPUS.

P. 585

Qeol. Bept. of III., IV, p. 46O, ri. XXX F, /. 16. Schp., Paleont. veget., II,
p. 214.

Fruit oimte w ith a a ovate- acuminate tr ico skate nucleus^
apparently surrounded by a double or triple thick testa.

Tliis fruit is cut longitudinally in the middle by the
splitting of a nodule of iron. The internal structure, as
far as it is indicated by the different substances of the com-
pound, is represented in the figure. The nut is five centi-
meters long, two and a half centimeters broad below the
middle. The sarcotesta is four to six millimeters thick, of
a compact smooth texture, without appearance of fibres.
The endotesta transformed into iron j^yrites is variable in
thickness, narrow on the borders, broader at the base and
the top in where it crosses the inside broad testa, pro-
longed upward to c. This inside envelope is a texture of
black fibrous hard substance, separated from the ovule by
a thin line or wall. The nucleus placed in the middle of
the fruit is rounded at the base, gradually tapering up-
ward and prolonged into a thread-like style wdiich passes
through the endotesta. The details are not perfectly clear ;
the two inner envelopes may be only one, ax)pearing double
by a difference in the mineralization of the matter.

But the sarcotesta and the small nucleus, only two cen-
timeters long, six millimeters broad near its base, are quite
distinct. The fruit, therefore, has, at least, a thick double
testa, like the seeds described by Brongniart under the
generic name of Blplotesta. It is not possible to say if
this fruit is positively T. Noeggerathi^ Brgt. In LI. &
Hutt., PI. CXCIII^ the figures represent nuts like the nu-
cleus. They are of the same form but larger than in our
specimen. The author remarks that he has published the
same species, II, PI. CXLII^ (7, and on the plate the longi-
tudinal cross section of the fruit has the greatest analogy
with that described above.

In Goei)x^. & Berg., also, 1. c. and in Fiedler, the species
is represented by nuts quite as large. I have a number of
specimens of the seeds exactly similar to those figured by
this last author, Foss. fr., PI. XXI, f. 2. They are locally
abundant.

58G P.

KKPOUT OF PUOGliESS.

LEO LESQL'EIIEUX.

Hahitat — Mazon creek, communicated by Mr. Jos. Even.
Sandstone at the base of tlie coal measures in different lo-
calities of 111.

Tkigxocakpus Dawesii, LI. & Ilutt., PL LXXXV, Figs.

2, 3, 25.

Ll. & Hutt., Foss.fl., Ill, PL CCXXI. Schp., Paleont. veget., II, p. 215.
Carpolithes disjunctus? Lesq., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 877, PI. XVII, f. 11.

Fruit broadly ovate or oblong, marked with three strong
'prominent ribs.

These fruits vary in length from four to five centimeters,
and from two to two and an half in width. When covered
with their sarcotesta, the ribs are scarcely seen ; they are
quite distinct when deprived of it, as they are generally
when embedded and transformed into sandstone. F. 25
represents a sx)ecimen flattened upon shale. It shows ap-
parently one side between the ribs. But I have, from the
same locality, a number of specimens free of the testa,
whereuj^on the nut is smooth or without any ribs like the
figure of LL & Hutt. There is a degree of uncertainty in
the identification of the specimens which I refer to this
species, for T. Noeggeratlii is represented in Fiedler, Foss.
fl., PL XXI, XXII and XXIII, f. 10, 11, exactly like f.
2, 3, of Atl.

To the species is probably referable the nut described as
Carpolithes disjnnctus, Lesqx., 1. c, a nucleus half sep-
arated from its testa.

Habitat — Base of the coal measures in conglomerate sand-
stone, Indiana. Shale above coal, Cannelton, Penn'a.

Trignocarpus bertholletiformis, Foster.

Ann. of Sci. of Clevel., I, p. 128. Neivby., Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont.,
I, p. 369, PL XL II, f. 12, 12a.

Kut long, ovoid in outline, rounded, and obtuse at base,
acute at summit; section trigonal, the angles marked by
ragged salient ridges.

The author remarks that it resembles the fruit of Berthol-
letia excelsa, the Brazilian nut.

TIIIGONOCAIIPUS. P. 587

Ilahitat — Upper part of the Lower Coal Measures, Guern-
sey county, Ohio.

Trigonocarpus Saffordi, 5^. nov.

Nut oval^ rounded at the base and there marked hy a
large triangular slightly flattened impression; ribs
three, at equal distance, continuous and equally distinct
to the gradually narrowed apex.

This fruit may be the same as the one described above.
It differs merely by the ribs not at all prominent, though
distinct, separated by two or three obtuse broad strise,
and the sides unequal. The nut is four and a half centi-
meters long ; two of the sides measure two and a half cen-
timeters in diameter in the middle of the fruit, the other
only sixteen millimeters. The difference may be the result
of compression ; the edges of the costse, also, may have
been destroyed by maceration.

The figure of T. Bertholletiformis shows the sides of the
nut irregularly striate lengthwise, a character not mentioned
in the description.

Habitat — Sandstone (conglomerate) above the tunnel,
Tennessee R. R., Prof. Jas. Safford. T. 1, of the collection
of the Museum Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Trigois^ocarptjs magt^us, Newby.

Geol. Bept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. 369, PL XLIl, f. 11, 11a.

Nut ovoid, or elliptical, large; surface marked by six
salient ridges running from base to summit ; space be-
tween the ridges smooth, and at the base of the nut rising
into prominent arches between the depressed, base of the
salient ridges.

This fine fruit is five and a half centimeters long, four and
a half in diameter, broadly ovate, flat or subtruncate at base,
more rapidly narrowed to the apex. From the figure, it ap-
pears covered by a thick sarcotesta. The six costse are ir-
regularly striate or rough lengthwise, equidistant and of
equal thickness.

588 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Habitat — Sandstone of the coal measures near Coshocton.
Ohio.

Trigonocarpus juglaxs, Lesqx., PI. LXXXY, Fig. k.

Lesqx., Geol, Rept. of III., II, p. 460, PI, XLVI, /. 8.

Fruit large^ nearly globular^ marked with three salient
ribs ; surface smooth^ distantly and obscurely lined length-
wise.

The top of the fruit is destroyed and the basilar part im-
mersed into the stone, therefore the characters are not de-
fined. The nut, four and a half centimeters long, three
and a half broad, is a nucleus separated from its outer
testa. Its surface is quite smooth, like that of a hard shell.
It greatly resembles the former species, and may, perhaps,
represent its nucleus.

Habitat — Found in a black ferruginous shale, in connec-
tion with the coal of Murphysborough, 111. I found also a
specimen referable to this species in the shale over the coal
of Cuyahoga Falls, 0. T. 11 of the collection of the Mu-
seum of Comp. Zool. of Cambridge.

Trigokocarpus Hildreti, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 877.

Nut oval^ oblong^ marked at the base with a large trian-
gular impression mammillate in the center^ the angles
being conterminous to three narrow distinct obtuse costce
converging to the top; surface hard^ smooth^ lineolate
lengthwise.

The specimen presented to me by Dr. Hildreth is remark-
ably fine. It is three and a half centimeters long, half as
broad, covered with a shelly pericarp not thicker than half
a millimeter. The species is far different from T. trilocu-
laris^ Newby., to which it is identified by this author.

Habitat — Sandstone of the Lower Coal Measures ; speci-
men T. 9, of the collection of the Museum of Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge.

TRIGONOCARPUS.

P. 589

Trigonocarpus trilocularis, Ilildreth.

Amer. Journ. Sci , 1st Ser., v. XXXI, p. 29,/. 4. Newby., Geol. Rept. of
Ohio, Paleont., I, p. 367, PL XLIl, f. 1, 13, 13a; XLIII, h 13.

Nut ovoid, somethnes nearly spliericaL marked loWi
three salient ridges wMcTi pass from base to summit; sur-
face between the wings smooth.

The author adds that the ridges are the remains of promi-
nent wings which in a few rare instances are preserved, form-
ing a long triangular point as in his PI. XLII, f. 1. With-
in the shell is contained an ovoid nucleus with reticulate sur-
face.

Dr. Newberry' s figures appear referable to two different
species. F. 1 represents an ovate acute nucleus with bor-
ders emerging from the base, enlarging upward and pro-
longed into a long slightly obtuse acumen as in Cardiocar-
pus elongatus, Atl., PI. LXXXV, f. 41, much larger how-
ever. F. 13, 13a represent a large Trig onocar pus covered
with a thick sarcotesta. It does not seem to have with f. 1
of PI. XLII a correlation of characters.

I have compared wdth Dr. Hildreth his specimens of T.
trilocularis, with the one presented to me and it has been
recognized by himself as of a truly different species. In
T. Hildreti, the nut is larger, oblong or subcylindrical
rounded and narrowed to the acumen ; the surface lineate.

Habitat — Conglomerate and Lower Coal Measures, Sum-
mit, Ohio.

Trigonocarpus parkinsoki, Brgt.

Prodr., p. 137. Parkins., Organ. Bern., 1, PL VII, f. 6-8. Sclip., Paleont.
Veget., II, p. 214.

T. suhcylindricus, Lesqx., AtL, PL LXXXV, f. 9, 10.

Nut omte, tricostate, lanceolate- acuminate ; basilar im-
pression large, triangular.

The species is represented in numerous specimens slightly
variable in size from two and one half to three centimeters
long and generally one centimeter broad. The European
specimens merel}^ shorter, two centimeters, have the same
character. Geinitz identifies the species with T. Noeggerathi

590 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

which, however, from its representation in Goeppert & Ber-
ger and also Fiedler, is far different.

From the specimens obtained at Cannelton, it is most
probable that the form figured Atl. 1. c. as T. subcylindri-
cus is a mere variety with longer subcylindrical nuts.

Habitat — Shale above the tunnel, Tennessee R.E,., com-
municated by Prof. Jas. Safford ; specimen. T. 8., of the
collection of the Museum Comp. ZooL, Cambridge. Also
found at Cannelton by Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

Trigonocarpus oliy.eformis, LI. & Hutt., PI. LXXXV^

Figs. 7-8a.

Ll. & Ilutt., I'oss. fl., Ill, PL CCXXII, f. i, 3. Schp., Paleont., Vegef.,
II, p. 215.

Nut ovate-acuminate, round or truncate at base, trig-
onal; testa tliicTc.

In his description, the author says that this species has
only three angles instead of six and is more ovate, but that
otherwise it is much like T. Noeggerathi.

Of the two specimens which I refer to this species, one
shows a smooth side, the costa being covered by the thick
testa ; the other is a truncate nucleus which, from the im-
pression of the truncate base, as well as the lines on the
surface of the nut, indicates six instead of three costse.

Habitat — A large number of these specimens all referable
to one species, some with three, others with six ribs some-
times obliterated, were communicated by Mr. J. Collet from
the sandstone of Eugene, Ind.

Trigonocarpus menzelia:n-us ? Goepp. & Berg., PI.
LXXXV, Fig. 11.

Goepp. & Berg., d. Fr., p. 19, PI. I, f. 5-7. Gein., Verst., p. 4s, PL XXII,
f. 21. Schp., Paleont. Veget., II, p. 21G.

Nut round-ovate, distinctly apiculate, tricostate ; sur-
face rough not striate.

The fruit resembles in shape G-ein., f. 21, 1. c. But, in
the figure and description of the author, the fruit is rugose,
striate lengthwise and the costa obsolete. The nut described
here is merely rough, not striate lengthwise and has a dis-

TRIGONOCARPUS.

P. 591

tincfc medial rib indicating its tricostate character. It is
thus doubtful if the reference is correct. The fruit, with
a narrow border, is two centimeters long on^ and a half
broad, below the middle, where it is the largest. It is grad-
ually narrowed into a short acumen.

Habitat — The only specimen I have seen was found at
Massillon, Ohio. It is T. 14 of the collection of the Mu-
seum Comp. Zool., Cambridge.

TRIG0?^^0CARPUS TRICTTSPIDATUS, NewhlJ .

Ann. of Sci. of Clevel., p. 269, f. 8. Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p.
368, PI. XLII,f. 2-6.

Nut elliptical in outline^ rounded below, narrowed above
into a neck-lilce prolongation expanded into a three loinged
area^ three costate ; nucleus oval, prolonged into a short
cylindrical column^ crenulate-iorinkled lengthwise.

The costse of the fruit pass down from the three points
of the crowning umbrella-like expansions, and become
effaced near the base. The author remarks that as it was
probably the case with other species of Trigonocarpus this
one w^as surrounded by a drupaceous envelope covered with
a leathery rind ; two fragments, base of this epicarp are
figured. The nut is, in its whole, three and a half centi-
meters long, one and a half broad. The bottle shaped
nucleus is two and a half centimeters long and one broad.
It is a fine species, beautifully represented.

Habitat — Roof shale of coal No. 1, Talmadge, Ohio.

Trigonocarpus ornatus, Newby.., PI. LXXXV^ Figs.

13.

Newby., Qeol. Rept. of Ohio. Paleont., I, p. 368, PL XLII, f. 7, 7a.

Nut elliptical in outline^ six costate., constricted above
into a neck which is expanded into a stellate six rayed
cupped area at the summit.

The six sharp keeled ridges descend from the rays to near
the base of the nut, where they become obsolete ; three of
them are more prominent and prolonged to the base.

This fruit is fusiform or bottle shaped like that of the

592 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

former species, shorter and narrower. As tlie author re-
marks, the fusiform outline of this elegant little nut, its stel-
late summit, and the six sharp and prominent keels, will
enable any one to distinguisli it at a glance from any other
described species.

Habitat — Sub-conglomerate, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.

Trigonocakpus multicari]S"atus, Newby.

Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. 869, PL XLII,f. 8, 8a.

JSfut of small size^ rounded helow^ suhcylindrical to the
middle^ there truncate or broken ; surface marked by about
twenty longitudinal r idges^ three of them more prominent.

The fruit is a fragment from the middle to the base, about
of the same size as the former, nearly cylindrical or some-
what contracted below the truncate broken apex. The cross
section shows the continuity of the costse to the center of
the fruit which is thus divided star-like in as many sections
like parietal placentae. This character refers the species to
the genus Polypterospermum^ Brgt., Ann. d. S. nat., p. 22,
PL XXIII, f. 1.

Habitat — Same as the former.

Trigonocarpus GirFORDi,^^?. nov.^Pl. LXXXY, Figs. 5^6.

Nut globular^ cut at the apex by a deep triangular ori-
fice^ indistinctly tricostate, striate by numerous deeply
carinate furroios ; epicarp nery thick with a rough sur-
face.

The nut with its outside testa is nearly three centimeters
in transverse diameter, two and a half centimeters from
base to top. The epicarp is seen, from its partly decayed
state, as composed of thin very hard parallel lamelles,
directed from the triangular apex to the compressed base,
scarcely half a millimeter thick, sharply edged at their
borders, more than two millimeters high, in the middle of
the nut and about as distant, the space between them being
filled with a hard compact brown matter. In the small
patches where the outer testa is preserved whole, the narrow

TRIGONOCAKPUS.

P. 593

ridges are entirely covered and the surface is rough, slightly
striate. Under the epicarp, the endotesta, which appears
like a hard shell, is merely marked by obtuse lines, base
of the ridges composing the outer envelope. The base of
the nut is impressed by three round scars corresponding to
the base of the three costse and passing up to the angles of
the orifice of the summit. The costge are not distinct upon
the epicarp but only observable, slightly prominent and ob-
tuse, when the fruit is deprived of it, or decayed in part.

Habitat — Lower coal measures, near Alta, Peoria county,
111. ; found and communicated by Mr. Wm. Gifford.

Trigonocarpus oblon^gus, LI. & Hutt., described in
Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 877, should be omitted as uncer-
tain, on account of the too imperfect state of the only
American specimen referred to this species.

Carpolithes, St.

Seeds of uncertain relation not referable by tlieir char-
acters to any of the former divisions.

The attribution of these fruits is still more indefinite and
varied than it is for those referred to the former groups.
Some of them may represent merely the nucleus of species
already described from the characters of their testa.

Carpolithes bifidus ? Lesqx., PI. LXXXV, Fig. 16.

Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 877, PL XVII, /. 10. ISchp., Paleont. Veget., II,
p. 226.

Fruit large., ovate in outline., surrounded by a thick dou-
ble or triple testa^ broadly pedicellate ; nucleus oblong., ob-
tuse at base., acute at the summit.

This species is uncertain. I have attributed to it divers
forms which are probably referable to different species. As
seen by the figure in Atl., the fruit is composed of a broad
thick epicarp, seven millimeters or more, surrounding a
nucleus three centimeters long, one centimeter in diameter,
without any pedicel, while in Penn'a Geol., 1. c, the fruit
is a broadly pedicellate nucleus ? inclined on one side. A
38 P.

594 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

large specimen, whose upper part is broken, preserved in
the collection of Lafayette College, Easton, Penn'a, is five
and a half centimeters broad, with double or triple testa
nearly one centimeter thick ; the nucleus is oblong, curved,
prolonged downward into a pedicel partly covered by the
testa. Another is much smaller, but has the same characters
as the former, and the nucleus is also prolonged downward
into a short pedicel partly covered by the outer testa. Per-
haps all these fruits may be referable to Tr Igono carpus
Noeggerathi, as figured by LI. & Hutt., II, PI. CXLII, C,
whose nucleus is pedicellate, sometimes at least, and sur-
rounded by a very thick double testa.

Habitat — The specimens in the collection of Lafayette
College, one of which is figured in Atl., are all from Haz-
leton. The one described in Geol. of Penn'a is from the
coal of New Philadelphia, Penn'a, an upper bed.

Carpolithes fasgiculatus, Lesqx.

Oeol. Rept. of III., II, p, 46 1, f*l. XLVI, /. 7.

Trigonocarpus rostellatus, Lesqx., ibid., p. 46O, PI. XLVI, /. 6.

Nuts of medium size, smooth, ovate, prolonged at the
top into a curved pedicel.

These fruits, nearly two centimeters long, half as broad
in the middle, oval, rounded at base, smooth, with a thin
coriaceous or shelly testa, were found all at the same
locality, many together, distributed as if they had been in
connection with a raceme. Most of them are constricted
toward the apex as to a pedicel of which I have seen only
fragments, none of them attached to the seeds. Fig. 6, 1.
c, only, has its apex formed of a hooked ridge prolonged
dowuAvard to near the middle, like a costa. But if these
fruits were fasciculate or in racemes, this inflation should
represent merely a fold of the testa caused by compression.
The two other fruits, though marked in the middle by a
narrow linear short furrow, cannot be referable to Trigono-
carpus. The nuts are generally three, four or more together
in close proximity. I have not been able to find any in
more evident connection than those of the sx)ecimen copied
f. 7, 1. c.

CAEPOLITIIES.

P. 595

Hdbiiat — Abounds at Graysville, White co., 111., Upper
Coal Measures.

Cakpolitiies cistttla, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., II, p. 46I, PI. XLVl, /. 5.

Ft ait small, oblong, truncale at both ends, bordered by
a double elevated testa ; nucleus convex in tJie middle, ob-
scurely costate lengthioise.

Tlie fruit, as exposed upon the shale, is oblong, truncate
at both ends, parallel sided, twenty- three millimeters long,
half as broad, composed of a double pericarp, the outer
half a millimeter thick, the inner narrower, apparently hard,
represented by a coating of coaly matter. The nucleus is
elliptical, with rounded corners and both sub-truncate ends
slightly convex and indistinctly marked in the middle by a
logitudinal costa. The fruit looks like a small ox)ened box.

Habitat — Shale above Murphy sborough coal.

Carpolitiies corticosus, Lesqx.

Oeol. Rept. of lU., IV, p. 462, PL XXXI, f. 17.

Nutlet small, flattened, mammillate at one end, covered
with a thin yellowish membranaceous pellicle ; nucleus
oval, surrounded by a thick pericarp transformed into
crystallized iron.

The whole fruit is one centimeter long, six millimeters
broad ; the testa two and a half millimeters thick. But for
the difference in the texture and the small mamilla, at-
tached a little outside of the base, this fruit would be refer-
able to the following species.

Habitat — Mazon creek in concretions.

Carpolithes PERSIC aria, Lesqx.

Geol. Rept. of III., IV, p. 462, PI. XXXI, f. 18.

Seed small, in the form of a narrow lozenge, marginate
at one end, acute at the other ; nucleus distinct, of the same
form, bordered by a comparatively broad, thick testa.

The whole fruit is one and a half centimeters long, half
as broad in the middle. The compact testa or margin, one

596 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

to two millimeters broad, is enlarged on the sides of the
nucleus which is apparently of a softer texture, being
partly destroyed.
Habitat — Shale of the coal of Murphysborough, 111.

CaRPOLITHES ACUMI]S"ATUS, St.
Fl. d. Vorw., I, PL VII, f. 4. Lesqz., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. S77.

Seed sniall^ narrowed wp from a rounded base to a
sharply acuininate apex ; surface smooth or shining^ hard.

The seeds referred to this sj)ecies are five millimeters
long, three millimeters broad toward the inflated round
base, (^ten smaller, preserved imbedded into the shale in
their original state of turgescence, never flattened. They
are generally largest near the base, gradually narrowed to
a shar]3 acumen, sometimes oval-oblong, acuminate at one
end, obtuse at the other.

Habitat — I have seen them at divers localities, but espe-
cially upon shale of the lower coal of Trevorton, Penn'a.

Carpolithes retusus, St.

Fl. d. Vorw., I, PI. VII, f. 10, 11.

Cardiocarpus returns, Newby., Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. 374j
PI. XLIII, f. 6.

Nucleus oval^ strongly rugose, emarginate at the apex^
with a small cicatrice at the base.

Prof. IS'ewberry remarks that Sternberg's figure is more
rounded at the apex than in his specimen and destitute of
the striate border.

This and the two former species may be referred to Rhab-
docarpus.

Habitat— finale over coal N. 1, Talmadge, Ohio.
Carpolithes fragarioides, Newby.

Geol. Rept. of Ohio, Paleont., I, p. 370, PI. XLIII, f. 2, 2a.

Nucleus spherical in outline; surface viarlced loith a
Jcind of net worJc of smooth bands with areoles which form
a double spiral; outer testa apparently drupaceous with
coriaceous rind.

The nucleus is one and a half centimeters broad in the

CARDIOCAKPUS.

P. 597

middle, a little less in a vertical direction. It seems to bear
at its base a short pedicel. According to the author, the
figure of the nucleus gives a very imperfect idea of the
marking of the surface. The shelly envelope f. 2 is sepa-
rated from the nucleus, but both are so associated in one
locality as to render it almost certain that they belong to-
gether.

Habitat — Shale over coal N'o. 1, Mill creek near Youngs-
town, Ohio, Dr. Newberry.

Species of uncertain attribution.

Cakdiocakpus Tkeyortoni, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, 1858, p. 876.

Nuts flattened, broadly obovate, sub-emarginate at the
base, acute or acuminate to the apex, marked in the middle
by a sharp elevated line, very smooth.

Habitat — Trevorton, Penn'a.

Cardiocakpus plicatus, Lesqx.

Geol. of Penn'a, I. c, p. 876, PI. XVII, f. 9.

Differs from the former by its undulate plaited convex
surface, without medial line, probably a variety of the for-
mer species. These fruits one and a half centimeters broad
in the middle and as long, are not rare at Trevorton and va-
riously shaped according to the degree and bearing of com-
pression in the shale. They should be described as Carpo-
litlies. Some of them are like the nucleus of Trigonocarpus
olivceformis LI. & Hutt., when crushed; or may be refer-
able to Carpolithes sulcatm of the same author as figured
III, PI. CCXX, f. 1-6. But they are never costate, while
f. 1 of LI. & Hutt., is tricostate or a Trigonocarpus.

Habitat — Shale of the lower coal at Trevorton, Penn'a.

Caediocarpus punctatus? Goepp. & Berg.

Be Fruct., p. 24, PI. II, f. 26. Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, {1858,) p. 876.

Fruit Jlattened^ rounds emarginate or reniform ; surface
marked by elevated points regularly placed in quincuuxial
order.

Merely differs from the figure of the author by the regu-

598 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

lar disposition of the dots. I have seen only the specimen
described, and Groeppert's species is also from a single speci-
men. It is uncertain.
Habitat — Shale of the coal of Muddy creek, Penn'a.

Carpolitiies spicatus. Daws.

Dev. PL of Maine, Quat. Journ., Geol. Soc, 1863, p. 461, PL XVII, f. 15.

Carpels or spore-cases oml^ about three millimeters in
length apparently with a thiclc outer coat, densely placed
on a thick rachis.

The author further says : " That this is evidently a spike
of fructihcation, and may be allied to his Trigonocarpus
racemosus^ and that it more resembles the fructihcation of
Annularia or Sphenophyllwn than any fossil fruits known
to him. He further remarks that its parts are too indistinct
to admit of minute description, and that the two ranked
appearance of the seed is probably deceptive."

I have specimens, which I consider as identical with this
species, from the Yergent or Chemung red shale near Sha-
mokin, Penn'a.

Habitat — Perry, Maine, Devonian.

Carpolitiies lunatus, Daws.

Dev. PL L c.,p. 464, PL XVII, f. 11.

Base rounded regularly ; apex broadly truncate and
mucronate ; nucleus surrounded by a narrow margin.

The seed, seen from the figure, is quite flattened, seven mil-
limeters in diameter at its truncate apex, vertically four mil-
limeters. It has a semi-lunar shape, is apiculate at the
base, and in the middle of the transverse line or diameter.

Habitat — Same as the former.

Carpolitiies ?. siliqua, Daws.

Dev., PL, L c.,p. 465, PL XVII, f. 4.

Elongate, smooth, flattened ; sides slightly sinuate, three
to four millimeters in length, fine millimeters in breadth.

The author adds that these objects are too thick and car-
bonaceous to have been fronds or leaves and too regular in

CAKPOLITHES.

P. 599

form to be fragments of stems, and that they may have been
small extremities of roots.

The figure is much like that of Lepidocystls fraxinifor-
mis^ Lesqx., Atl., PL LXIX, f. 21. The body is somewhat
narrower and the sides more undulate. This species is ex-
tremely abundant in the Pocono below Pottsville, Penna,
and is most variable in size and shape. Some of these
specimens have the same form and size as the figure given
by the author.

Habitat — Same as the former.

These three species are too insufficiently represented.
Prof. Dawson published them in order to help the geologi-
cal determination of the strata where they were collected.

Besides the fruits described above, I have seen in differ-
ent collections, and also have in my possession a large num-
ber of specimens of seeds whose descriptions are omitted
here, either from their imperfect state of preservation or
from the difficulty of clearly defining their characters with-
out an elucidation by figures.

Among them there is especially a fruit which appears to
represent the Genus Codonospermum, Brgt., An. d. Sci.,
1. c, p. 24, at least by its likeness to the beautiful figure
given of a seed of this kind by Grd'Ey, Fl. Carb., PL XY, f.
5. The fruit, six to eight costate, is bottle shaped, abruptly
contracted above the middle to a truncate or nearly flat top,
more inflated and rounded at the base; the costse, distinct
but narrow, are converging to the top and to the base. The
seed is a little larger than represented by Grd'Ey, three
and a half centimeters long, two centimeters broad below
the middle, contracted to one and a half above it, the costse
being five millimeters distant in the middle of the fruit, and
the space between them smooth even polished. It seems
that it was enveloped into a fleshy sarcocarp, as flakes of
a thin membranaceous like substance are irregularly spread
along the borders, especially toward the upper part of the
seeds, seemingly remains of a compressed partly dissolved
vascular tissue.

These specimens are on a piece of shale from Cannelton,
communicated by Mr. I. F. Mansfield.

GEISTERA-L REMARKS.

Chapter I.'''

On the nature of the vegetation of the Carboniferous era^
and its agency in the economy of the world.

§ 1. Having described the plants of the Carboniferous
age, from a study of their remains in the coal measures, it
seems advisable to consider the vegetation of that age as a
whole ; first, in its nature compared to the characters of the
flora of our epoch, and to its function in geology as the
prime agent producing mineral coal ; and then in regard to
the distribution of the species, geographical and strati-
graphical.

The first will be essayed in this chapter. In the next
chapter we will see how far the ancient distribution of
species can be inferred from the present distribution of their
remains ; and how far we can go in assigning separate fixed
horizons in the vertical columns of the rocks to individual
species or groups of species.

§ 2. The coal flora was made up 1, of Cryptogamous
plants : Fit ices or Ferns, Lycopodiacece^ Eqidsetacece — and
2, of SigillaricB and Cordaitece : two groups or families of
uncertain affinity to recent plants, but generally accounted
Gymnosperms of peculiar conformation, related to the
Cycadece^ and partly, perhaps, to the Conifers.

§ 3. The LycopodiacecB and Equisetacece of the present
epoch are represented by plants of small size, sparingly

* This chapter owes precision of style and lucidity of expression to Prof.
Lesley, who had the kindness to give to my first draft a careful and thorough
revision.

( 601 P. )

G02 P. IIEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

distributed over the whole world, with stems no larger
than a man's finger.^ But in Carboniferous times all of
them were of greater size, most of them large trees.

The Lepidodendron trunks measured from six to thirty
centimeters in diameter, and were i^roportionally high.

The Calamites were smaller trees, with stems ten to thirty
centimeters thick ; their growth was extremely rapid ; and
they stood crowded close together as now in the south-
ern swamps the Canes^ which cover the surface of the
ground with a dense mass of vegetation rising high into the
air.

Ferns have been called the most conservative beings of
the world. The Ferns of the coal flora resembled in some
of their characteristic features the Ferns of the present day,
as they are seen in the humid tropics. But their growth
was far more luxuriant. Many of them were virtually trees,
in size and aspect, far exceeding the noblest of existing
Fern-trees ; and none of tlie bushy Ferns Ave have now can
compare in dimension with those of the Carboniferous.

Tlie CordaltecE and Slgillarice also were, in the main,
trees of great size.

Tlie SlgillaricB were interspersed among the Lepidoden-
dron and Fern-trees.

The Cordaites formed dense forests, quite comparable
for their distribution to the pine woods which shade with
gloom the tide-water region of the Atlantic and Gulf States.

§ 4. The character of such a vegetation expresses the
conditions of atmospheric influence under which it grew.

Judging by the habits of their living relatives, these an-
cient plants grew partly immersed in the shallow water of
extensive swamps.

Some, like the ^plienopliyllum and Annular ia^ stretched
their stems and expanded their foliage ujjon the surface of
the water, while the Calamites leafed out above them.

Others, like the Slglllaria and Lepidodendron,^\v\Q root-
ing in the swampy vegetable mould, or borne upon a solidly
compacted raft of creeping Stigmarice afloat upon the la-

* The largest living Equisetum (Horse-tail). E. xylochoelon of Peru has a
stem about ten feet high and two centimeters in diameter.

GENERAL KEMARKS.

P. G03

goons, lifted their cimes aloft liigli above the underwood,
seeking sufficient light and air for tlie due unfolding of
their leaves. We know that their leaves were soon decid-
uous ; for we generally lind them i^reserved at the extrem-
ities of the branches only.

But all, without exception, Cordaltes^ Slglllaria and
Ferns, were swamp j^lants, and that in more than the mere
sense of living in or on a marsh ; they were themselves so
impregnated with moisture from the super- abundant hu-
midity of the surrounding atmosj)here, that they must have
produced boggy ground even on elevated land, were there
any such at that time.

§ 5. In the leaves of the coal plants we read their history.

The Lepidodendron had lanceolate-acuminate, small
leaves, analogous in shape and function to those of Conifers.

The Pern-trees had huge fronds, curved downwards like
umbrellas, displaying to the influence of the air a wide sur-
face, sub-divided into branches, leaves with miniite lobes,
teeth, and even hairs. In this manner they multiplied their
points of contact with the air for the condensation and ab-
sorption of its nourishing elements.

The bushy Ferns had large undivided leaves, and consti-
tuted an undergrowth like that of tlie swamj^y valley bot-
toms of the Amazon, or like that of the lowlands of tropical
islands like Cuba. Exotic Ferns now thrive in our conser-
vatories only in an atmosphere of great humidity and of
moderately warm but uniform temperature. I say moder-
ately Avarm ; for there are regions in our temperate zones,
the exceptional humidity of which effects without the aid
of a high temperature a luxuriant growth of Ferns, sug-
gestive of the vegetation of the tropics. Thus Schimper
says

"Nothing is more surprising than the Fern vegetation of
Killarney, Ireland, where one sees, united to sub- tropical
types like Hymenopliyllum Tunhridgense and //. Wilsoni,
the graceful Tricliomanes radicans covering rocks and
trunks of trees with European species whose luxuriant

* Paleont. Veget. I, p. 358.

604 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

growth, nnknown elsewhere, have here, by their dimen-
sions, the aspect of tropical Ferns."

The Fern-trees of the present age show plainly enough
by their geographical distribution what sort of atmosphere
they require for their prosj^erity ; for they are seen espe-
cially inhabiting such mountain slopes and summits as are
bathed in fog and cloud ; and affecting such altitudes as
suit the periodical condensation of j)revailing winds. The
upper and lower limits of the Fern- zone on the Sandwich
islands are distinctly defined, and mark the upper and lower
limits of the zone of condensation. So it is in the islands
of the Gulf of Mexico, on the mountains of tropical Asia,
and in line wherever the Fern-trees are known to grow.

The Lepidodendron leaves, small, linear-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate in shape, presented an unusually large sur-
face to the air, compared with other leaves. They could
condense and absorb more vapor. The abundance of Lepi-
dodendron in the coal age, therefore, indicates a j)revailing
humidity of climate. Our Conifers, with leaves constructed
on the same principles, thrive especially well along our
southern seaboard, covering it in fact with an immense for-
est. We find them also on the tojDS of our mountains ; on
the plains of the north, which are so often covered by fogs
and clouds ; along the rocky sides of small streams, and
especially in boggy places, where Tamarack and Bald-cypress
root themselves, like the ancient SigillarlcB^ in the swamp
mud.^^

§ 6. The sameness of the types of coal plants in all coun-
tries where coal beds have been found and examined, proves
the prevalence of an invariable or uniform moderately high

* On this subject and that of the influence of humidity upon the production
of wood, mos<^ interesting researches have been made in various countries,
especially in France. The celebrated chemist and physiologist, Chevandier,
discovered by numerous experiments thai the woody mass of a pine tree,
one hundred years old, growing in a dry rock fissure, exposed to the south,
amounts to only 1.25 steres (cubic meters=about 50,000 cubic inches, or 1728
cubic feet); while with the same situation and exposure, if some accident of
surface retains the drainage for its use, such a tree will produce wood to the
extent of 3 steres; and if a neighboring stream gives an abundant supply of
water, both by contact with the roots and by evaporation to the foliage, the
woody mass -Nviii amount, in a hundred years, to 4.15 steres.

GENERAL REMARKS.

P. 605

temperature during the coal age, just as plainly as the
facts stated in the preceding paragraphs prove the preva-
lence of great atmospheric humidity. \The exuberant coal
flora of Spitzbergen in 80° N. latitude, that at the equator,
that also in Australia, have a common facies.

From the coal measures of Barren island, in 74° 30' N.
latitude, Heer has identified two species of Cardiopteris^
PalcBopteris Bcemeriana^SpTienopteris Sclilmperi, all found
in the coal beds of Germany; Lepidodendron Weltheimi-
anum^ Stigmaria flcoides^ two Cyclostigma^ Knorria im-
hricata and Bornia radiata^ species abundant in the lower
coal measures of America, as well as of middle Europe.
And the same types have been observed in the coal beds of
Spitzbergen.

§ 7. The cause of tl:^is great uniformity of temj)erature,
which seems to have prevailed over the whole surface of
the globe in early geological ages, or at least during the
Carboniferous times, I am not called upon to discuss. Sev-
eral hypotheses have been offered. But it seems clear
enough that extensive low lands, alternately and very slowly
rising and sinking near to sea leveF'^ surrounded or sub-

* The long Paleozoic subsidence, during which from twenty to forty thou-
sand feet of Silurian and Devonian strata were deposited, ended with the coal
formation and was followed by a general elevation in the Permian age, by
which our Appalachian mountain system was inaugurated. During the de-
posit of tliree tliousand feet of coal measures, there must have been either
oscillations of land (or of sea), or else stages of arrest of subsidence, marked
by successive coal beds. Whether the vegetation of a coal bed took place at
the precise sea level, or at moderate heights above sea levels, or on swampy
plateaux at still higher levels, the supposition of its subsequent submergence
is rendered necessary to explain the pandstone, shale, and limestone strata
which now lie over it. And every coal bed in the series calls for a repetition
of the process. The story of the older coal is repeated word for word in that
of the Lignite of the West, occupying a wider expanse of earth surface than
the ancient coal fields. Along the eastern base of the Rocky mountains the
Lignitic strata have the same distribution and the same characters as those of
the Carboniferous, in mineral constitution and in vegetable properties, al-
though the plants of which the lignite beds are composed were very different
from the plants of the Carboniferous age. Here and there the Lignite for-
mation was rent and penetrated by volcanic eruptions ; and after the Tertiary
formation was deposited the entire region of the west was elevated, as the re-
gion of the east had been at the close of the Carboniferous era, and the lig-
nite beds were folded and broken in various ways, and tilted sometimes even
vertical.

606 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX

divided by extensive reaches of open water, must have had
a warm wet climate, far more uniform than any climate
which the present distribution of continents and oceans
presents to our examination.

§ 8. An excess of carbonic acid in the coal age atmosphere
must be added to an excess of moisture, and a uniformity
of temperature, if we would complete the explanation of
the vegetable growth of coal.

The preponderance of this acid in the air is as favorable
to vegetation as it is hostile to animal life. Such a prepond-
erance would at least help to explain the more magnificent
prox)ortions of the coal plants, such as they Avere, and the
remarkable scarcity of animal land forms in the coal meas-
ures.

Except some batrachians and insects, no air-breathers
seem to have inhabited the land.^ It is rightly called the
Age of Plants, for earth's atmosphere was then not only
fitted in the true ways just specified, to nourish vegetation,
but unfitted to nourish any other kind of life.f

§ 9. Of the exuberance of the Carboniferous vegetation,
the great thickness of some coal beds is indeed suflicient
evidence.

The almost incredible quantity of vegetable matter need-
ful, on the hypothesis that a large coal bed is merely a com-
pacted mass of the fallen trunks, roots, branches, and leaves
of a growth in situ, has esx)ecially excited opposition
against it.

But such opposition must succumb to positive evidence
presented for examination in our own day in the case of a
kind of vegetation quite comparable to that of the Coal
period. One has only to penetrate the cedar swamps of the
north, or the Dismal swamps of the Carolina seaboard, to

* See J. W. Dawson, The Air-breathers of the Coal Period, 1863. E. D. Cope,
Geol. Kept, of Ohio, Paleont., vol. II. S. H. Scudder, Palteozoic cockroaches,
Boston Soc. of Nat. History, vol. YIII, p. 1, No. 3.

t To the same cause may be attributed the scarcity of remains of mammals
in the Eocene lignitic formation. During its prevalence large Saurians of the
Cretaceous were still inhabiting the bogs ; but very few remains of land ver-
tebrates have been discovered in that group.

GENERAL REMARKS. P. 607

comprehend the degree of activity to which vegetable life
may rise under certain circumstances.

The surface of a cedar swamp is covered by decaying trees
and slirubs, heaped together in every stage of decomposi-
tion, and at every angle of inclination. This surface-heap
is from four to ten feet thick. To malve one's way across
such a swamp is sometimes impossible and always a most
difficult feat. Even the aborigines preferred to make a de-
tour of thirty miles around it, to crossing such a swamp only
three miles wide.

In the south, large trees, especially the Magnolia and the
Bald Cypress {Taxodima)^ grow at distances upon the bogs ;
but the underwood is mostly a compound of Canes from
twenty to thirty feet in height, crowded so closely together
that a path must be forced with the hatchet.

What then must have been the mass of vegetable remains
heaped upon the surface during a coal period when growth
took place under circumstances twice as favorable as in our
great swamps.

Could we then show proof that the remains of Carboni-
ferous vegetation were thus heaped upon the ground, that
additions to the pile were constantly made for a long time,
and the whole transformed into coal by slow degrees after-
wards, the problem of the formation of a coal bed would be
satisfactorily explained. This I will now attempt :

§ 10. The transformation of the woody substance of dead
plants into ulmine by oxidation takes place everywhere in
comparatively dry air, ulmine being a constituent of the
humus or common earth.

When the dead woody fiber however is shielded from
the more energetic action of the atmospheric oxygen b}^ im-
mersion in saturated wet air, or under water, it escapes de-
composition for an indefinite length of time, and is gradu-
ally transformed, by a sort of eraumacausis or slow burn-
ing, into a soft black material, composed of the same ele-
ments as wood. The substance of peat consists of this soft
material. In time and under pressure it grows more com-
pact, like lignite, and then becomes dense hard coal. Fi-

I

608 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREtJX.

nally, by the loss of its more volatile hydrocarbons it passes
into anthracite."^

§ 11. In the peat bogs of our time, the transformation of
the woody matter takes place either under water, or beneath
a water-soaked spongy covering, precluding the access of air.

On the slopes of mountains, protection is found in the
air itself, surcharged as it is with water in the condition of
fog.

In the great humidity of the carboniferous atmosphere
we find then the first cause of the preservation of carboni-
ferous vegetable remains and their conversion into coal.
For, the heaps of fallen vegetation became, by absorption,
reservoirs of water, protecting themselves against rapid
oxydation. Afterwards when actually submerged and
covered with sheets of mud, sand, gravel, etc. , their protec-
tion from destructive oxydation became perfect for all sub-
sequent ages, even after the elevation of the continent high
above sea level.

The process was a simple one ; and being repeated in our
sight at the present time, can be studied at leisure, and ad-
mits of no dispute.

§ 12. First, as to objections based upon the great thick-
ness of some coal beds.

It has been thought that this necessitates the hypothesis
of the transportation from a distance, by water, in various
ways of at least part of the materials and the heaping of
them together upon the sea bottom or in lakes.

It has been thought necessary also to imagine large con-
tributory accumulations of macerated marine plants, the
growth of which was as prodigiously active then as it is
now.

§ 13. The second part of the hypothesis can be disposed
of in a few words.

It is certain that nature takes good care of all that it pro-
duces, so that no particle of matter is really lost. It is cer-

*Liebig says that woody fiber decomposes slowly even in the air, the oxy-
gen of which unites with the carbon of the plants to make carbonic acid gas;
but with extreme slowness under water, because in this case hydrogen com-
bines with the carbon, hydro-carbon gasses being evolved, and a mass of un-
combined carbon remaining behind.

GENERAL llEMAliKS.

P. 609

tain that marino vegetation has its purpose imd end as much
as that of the land. But nature, even in its multiplicity of
recompositions, cannot j^roduce a new compound from ele-
ments which have no existence in the matter under decom-
position.

All the hydrophytes (water plants) whether of fresh or
salt water are merely cellular in structure ; have no fiber, no
woody element. Land plants'''' on the contrary are com-
posed of vascular and cellular tissues in different propor-
tions. Transformation of the cellular matter into various
more or less valuable substances, acids, ulmine, empyreu-
matic oils or resins, takes place first, the woody fibers be-
ing left behind.

In the decomposition of Algse the entire mass undergoes
one and the same transformation : that to which only the
cellular tissue of land plants is subjected, without any resid-
uum of woody fiber whatever. Algse can therefore produce
nothing in the shape of coal — nothing but liquid fuel, oil.

Their decomposition moreover is so rapid, that when sea-
wrack is gathered for manure it has to be spread upon the
fields at once ; otherwise, as farmers say, it melts and loses
its fertilizing properties.

The Algse cannot be preserved against decomposition any
more than can the fleshy parts of animals. They cannot
burn nor emit any amount of" caloric.

Add the geological fact that all remains of plants found
either in the shales which cover coal beds or in the body of
the coal itself are land plants, with woody fiber, and the
demonstration is complete that however vast the accumula-
tion of decayed vegetation in a coal bed, none of it is that of
marine vegetation, Algse or cellular plants ; but all of it is
that of air breathing land plants, out of the vascular tissue
of which was formed the coal.

§ 14. As to the ability of a standing vegetation to supjjly
all the material of a coal bed, on the spot, without need of
other transported matter from a distance, it is only neces-

*Plants rooting in water, but upraising their stems or rhizomas to the sur-
face of the water or above it, are land plants in substance ; for their growth is
produced under atmospheric action.

39 P.

610 P. IlEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

sary to refer again to what I have written above respecting
the heaped droppings of modern cedar swamps, the luxuri-
ance of wliich must certainly be far inferior to that of the Car-
boniferous swamp-forests, in ability to produce wood. Those
who have not explored the mode of growth of peat, or per-
haps even visited a peat bog, cannot conceive tlie magnitude
of the results of such a vegetation. To be well understood,
it must be studied in marshy places of difficult access, even
dangerous to approach, and therefore, under circumstances
which few naturalists care to encounter. A volume could
scarcely suffice to contain the observations to be made on
the subject. I will merely quote some figures, to give an
idea of the quantity of vegetable wood produced under
different circumstances.

§ 15. Researches and experiments, made by the Depart-
ment of Forests of France, show that in one hundred and
twenty years, one acre of forests =f or ty- three thousand
five hundred and sixty (43,560) square feet^ produces twen-
ty-two thousand and eighty-five (22,085) cubic feet of pine
wood, weighing (at thirty pounds per cubic foot) six hun-
dred and sixty-two thousand five hundred and fifty (662,-
550) pounds.

One acre of a peat bog, with an estimate average growth
of one foot in one hundred and twenty years, produces
43,520 cubic feet, which, when dried and comi3ressed to a
density of twenty pounds per cubic, (at which peat has the
same heat power as pine wood at 30 pounds,) weighs 871,400
pounds, or 208,750 jjounds more than pine wood.

It may be easily admitted that the production of vege-
table matter in the coal age was twice as active as now, that
therefore twice as much woody fiber was grown to make
coal ; and therefore again, that one foot of coal could have
been produced in one hundred and twenty years.

This amount, one foot, is adopted as a basis of calcula-
tion in view of the compression and prolonged decomposi-
tion of the vegetable mass ; being one half the thickness
produced in a given time assumed in the case of peat ; with
a heat power double that of peat.

* The measures are reduced to American standard.

GENERA L 1 lEM A RK S .

P. Oil

The annual layers of peat, measuring one incli at the top
of the bank, are compressed so as to measure about one tenth
of an inch at a depth of only ten to twelve feet beneath the
surface ; while the layers of a coal bed are often seen to
measure only the twentieth of an inch (one millimeter).
This shows that the swamp growth of the coal age was twice
as rapid as that in our peat bogs ; and that two and two
thirds as much combustible matter was formed in a given
time tlian is formed in the same length of time in one of
our modern forests.

§ 16. Viewing the subject in the light of these facts, all
the objections urged against the analogy of the production
of the coal to the growth of peat can be set aside ; since
Nature uses at the i)resent day the same methods for ar-
riving at the same results.

Everybody living on the borders of a peat bog, knows of
its growth. Records of pre-historic human races, and of
men of later historical times — relics of the stone, the copper,
and the iron ages, — Celts, Gauls, and Romans — are found
in layers of peat at various depths beneath the surface of
the bogs ; and the rate of growth of the matter has thus been
approximately ascertained.

In Germany, Holland, England, etc., the surface of ex-
tensive peat bogs has been triangulated and leveled repeat-
edly to ascertain its gradual elevation ; and not only have
such measurements verified the fact, but the estimated
rate of grow^th thus obtained has corresponded to tlie com-
puted amount of surface matter produced in a given time
by the vegetation of the swamps.

§ 17. For a comparison of the great thickness of some
coal beds with that of deposits of peat at the present time,
the data are quite explicit.

There are deposits of wood, mined in Benmark to the
depth of seventy-five feet, formed by successive and alter-
nate growths of peat and forests on the same spot.

Other trae peat bogs in Sweden and Russia have been
ascertained by borings to be more than one hundred feet
thick ; the whole mass composed of ripe black combustible
material.

612 P. KEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Sucli a mass, subjected for geological periods of time to
the process of slow burning and condensation under super-
imposed deposits of sand and clay, would constitute a bed
of coal from thirty to fifty feet thick.

As such enormous accumulations of Avoody matter are sel-
dom observed on the jjresent surface of the globe, so also coal
beds of corresponding size are rare in the Coal Measures.
The average thickness of peat growing under favorable cir-
cumstances (as for example, along the shores of the Baltic
and North sea) is not more than ten or twelve feet ; and
this corresponds in solidity to a thickness of five or six feet
of a coal bed, which is a common size, although the average
thickness of all the coal beds in Pennslvania falls much be-
low five feet.

§18. Coal not a Delta deposit. — The vegetation of the
Coal epoch, as remarked above, was every where governed
by the same atmospheric circumstances, and had the same
character. There is nothing in the Coal Measures them-
selves to show the existence of high mountains. There
would follow an absence of considerable rivers, capable of
transporting heavy materials. The land was either sta-
tionary or continued its slow and gradual movement of up-
heaval, bringing up the surface to near or above the level
of the water, where, in shallow basins, shielded against the
invasion of the sea by sand walls, the woody material were
heaped during varied periods of time. Or contrar^^wise, the
land was gradually sinking beneath the ocean level sub-
merging one coal bed after another, and furnishing tempo-
rary sheets of open water to receive the intermediate deposits
of sand and mud. But during the stage when the ocean level
remained stationary, and the coal bed was growing, lagoons
or irregular water channels traversed great extents of the
area.

It is therefore impossible to understand wlierefrom the
remains of the vegetation should have been derived for
transportation ; and still more so to account for their trans-
portation itself.

It is only necessary to contemplate the action of our
present great rivers, the Mississippi or the Amazon, to see

GENERAL REMARKS.

P. 613

that the woody matter which they bring from afar and de-
posit in their deltas is not concentrated in masses or layers
by itself, bnt on the contrary is scattered and distributed
throughout thick layers of sandy mud deposited from the
turbid water in which the wood floated. The drifted ma-
terials of deltas and delta islands composed of sand, mud
and trees intermixed cannot constitute a bed of coal.

§ 19. To meet this difficulty Bischoff supposed a sifting
process ; the heavier material constituents coming to rest in
dead water first, the clay next and the vegetable float (trees,
leaves, etc.) last, in the form of a layer covering the others.

But if this view were tenable, then, 1. Each coal bed would
represent a single case of transportation, one season of
freshet, one year ; and the number of layers of coal in the.
coal measures would be practically infinite. 2. Each coal
bed would be more impure at the bottom and increase in
purity towards the top. How contrary to facts both these
conclusions are, everybody knows.

Moreover, such a deposit as the Pittsburgh coal bed would
be an impossibility. For, whence could come sufficient float
vegetation to form a layer fourteen thousand (14,000) square
miles in extent, and averaging eight feet in thickness ? We
cannot imagine fourteen thousand square miles of forest
carried down some mighty river, or system of rivers, to
make it. But even if we could, that amount of forest
would suffice (in bulk) for only one foot of coal ; the re-
maining seven feet would remain unaccounted for. The
necessary supposition, that the whole event took place at
once, in order to obtain but one coal bed is rendered, in-
credible by the regularity of the bed over its immense area.

§ 20. By the slow decomposition of the plants in passing
into coal, they lose their form, and are generally con-
verted into a homogeneous compound in which none of
their characters can be recognized. But even in this con-
dition they can be studied and determined generically, by
submitting the coal to the action of acids, by which the
woody fibers are loosened and separated.

In the case of some coals, thin lamellae of fibrous dry

614 p. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

charcoal interposed between the layers of compact bright
coal, form clearly drawn pictures of the outlines and ner-
vation of Ferns. Often also the forms of vegetable stems
and trunks converted into sulphide of iron (pyrite,) remain
unimpaired even into conqmct coal.

§ 21. But the most of the well preserved remains of plants
are found in the laminated shales overlying the coal beds.
These roof shales were always deposited at the end of the
life of a coal bed, w^hen the swamp had been invaded by
water so rapidly or to such an extent as to first lessen the
activity then stop the growth of its whole vegetation."^

The invading water being more or less turbid but moving
in all directions with extreme slowness, while its surface
was exposed to daily evaporation, deposited successive thin
layers of mud between which were locked up and in time
X^ressed flat the dead leaves, twigs and the stems, which
floated for a while at the surface and gradually rested at
the bottom. Most of these were detached from plants still
growing around the swamps, or upon hammocks and knolls
still unsubmerged, and constituting so many islets in the
water. As soon as they were inclosed separately between
layers of mud and protected from any further rapid decom-
l^osition they became subjected to the process of petrifac-
tion by infiltration of earthy elements in their tissue.

It is chiefly then upon the surfaces of these laminae of
shale that the history of the composition and formation of
coal is w^ritten in beautiful hieroglyphics, the letters of
which are leaves, branches and trunks of trees ; and the de-
cii)hering of the language thus preserved constitutes the
science of Palseobotany.

• In other kinds of deposit such as sand, the woody ma-
terial, esi)ecial]y that of tree trunks, was first slowly soft-
ened by a decomposition hastened by the porosity of the
embedding matter, and then gradually re-placed by elements
held in solution by the water ; in the end nothing being
left of the vegetable but the print of its bark ; and this is

* Similar deposits of sliale occur also in the body of a coal bed, and mark in-
terruptions of the growth, not fatal to the whole bed, but only to the growth
in patches or belts here and there throughout the swamp.

GENERAL REMARKS.

P. 615

what is most commonly seen in the coal-measure sand-
stones.

In other cases silica or carbonate of lime has taken the
place and the form of the tissue of vegetable remains, the
structure of which can thus be studied if the mass be thinly
sliced and placed under the microscope.

Transformations of this kind were not rare in the coal
age, and they would suggest a greater amount of silica held
in solution in the waters then than now, did we not know
that the silica of the sandstone itself is taken up by the
percolating rain water and redeposited at certain points
where chemical changes are going on.

Whole forests of silicified Fern- tree trunks standing in
the place where they grew, are found in sandstone beds of
the Coal Measures ; for example, on Shade river, south of
Ohio, or along the Great Kanawha river, Kentucky, from
Charlestown to its mouth. In these trunks the whole mat-
ter is silicified by a chemical process such as has converted
into stone the famous stone forests of the desert between
Cairo and Suez in Egypt, and of Colorado, the Yellow
Stone, and other countries of the west.

The texture of the wood is distinctly preserved and can
be studied by anatomical process as distinctly as in the
wood of living plants.

In other cases, as on the shore of the bay of Funda, and
at the west of Cape Breton, the standing trunks have been
converted into stone by infiltration of sand and mud ; as is
generally the case for the trunks of Lepidodendron and
Sigillarla which have left only the impression of their bark
into sandstone and clay. When the trunk of standing trees
is decaying in the inside, the bark may remain firm for
a length of time, and the sand and mud either percolate
through it, or when the stems are broken short the earthy
matter is poured into them, and fill the hollow pipe with a
mould or cast of sandstone or of clay.

This is proved not only by the character of the cast and
the coaly envelope of bark which is sometimes preserved,

616 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

but also by the discovery of insects and invertebrate animals
inside the stem at its base.^

Other plants (as well as animals) have been X)reserved in
nodules of carbonate of iron, the origin of which is to be
ascribed to Diatoms or infusoria, congregating and building
up around the yege table fragments or dead animals, enclos-
ing them in the end completely, and preserving their sur-
face characters with a remarkable minuteness of detail.
These concretions are widely scattered through all Coal
Measures, but are especially abundant near Morris, in Illi-
nois, on Mazon creek, the name of which occurs, therefore,
frequently in the descriptive i)art of this volume.

* Occurrences of this kind are observable at our time on the borders of
Bome peat bogs. Drummond lake, in the middle of immense deep peat for-
mations of the Dismal swamp, in Virginia, has its borders gradualh' sloping
into the water. At a distance of the outskirt, trees from Taxodmm (Bald
Cypress,) have the base of the trunks immersed three to live feet or more in
the lake. The vegetation of the trees is thus impaired by deep water, their
tops are mostly decayed, all are hollow. Some of them are broken at or near
the level of the water ; others have their bark partly cleaved at or below the
surface of the water ; most of them are filled by decayed remains of plants,
leaves, cones; or of animals, shells, even skeletons of fish, which, first floating
at the surface, have entered the hollow trunks, and thence sunk to the bot-
tom. In that way, some trunks are filled with mud, and remains of organic
matter, to a depth of a few feet below the level. Diving the full length of the
arm into the hollow from the boat, I could rarely reach the bottom of these
deposits. The bark is the most tenacious part of the tree, longer resisting
against decomposition. In the old peat b6gs, flattened sheets of bark are often
found hollow or without wood. In the tertiary lignite there are deposits of
woody matter, heaped as mud at the bottom of the basins, while bark sepa-
rated from the wood a pulpy mass, covers in hollow flattened cylinders, the
decomposed woody substance. In the Coal Measures, the bark of Lepido-
dendron and Sigillaria is sometimes found superposed in layers Avithout al-
ternance of coaly matter.

Chapter TI.

On the Geographical and StratlgrapJiical distribution of
the plants of Carhoriiferous age."^

§ 22. The uniformity of temperature, and of other circum-
stances of climate in Carboniferous times being taken for
granted, as described in the foregoing chapter, a general
uniformity of vegetation over the whole expanse of land
surface becomes a probable inference.

But that the flora was nevertheless greatly diversified in
species is well j)roven by the fossil remains already known
to us. And very naturally ; for a diversity of characters
in plants is the certain result of a diversity of local circum-
stances : some species thriving at the surface of water ;
others under the shade of trees ; others in open land, and
so forth.

The general uniformity of Coal vegetation, then, must be
understood as including such local and circumstantial di-
versities ; the same kinds of plants prevailing in all places
of the region where their peculiar dispositions were fa-
vored. In other words, each species had its habitat, not in
any one special restricted part of the region, but in a greater
or less number of suitable localities scattered over the
whole.

The geographical distribution of the Coal flora is ex-
pressed then, by referring the various species growing at
any given date or stage of the Coal era to the various lo-
calities in which they grew.

§ 23. One would naturally admit a priore that the char-
acters of the vegetation changed in the lapse of time, so
that the same plant forms should not be found in the higher
strata which are found in the lower.

The Carboniferous age must have been a very long one.

* Edited by J. P. L.
(617 P.)

618 P. REPORT OF PPwOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

judging by the thickness of the coal beds, and the great
variety and size of the sandstone, shale and limestone
strata which are interposed between them. During so long
a time the coal flora must have gone through many modifi-
cations ; whether by the alteration of types ; or by the dis-
appearance of some species and the introduction of others.

The StratigrapJiical distribution of the Coal Flora, then,
is revealed by a study of the various species proper to the
different coal beds in their relations to one another as upper
and lower beds, newer and older beds. It is that which
appears up and down the pile of Coal Measures, during the
entire length of time occupied in their deposit.

The geoc/raphical distribution is that which existed over
a horizontal surface at some one given time.

The study of this vertical distribution is the more import-
ant one, because it may afford data for distinguishing each
individual coal bed, and for tracing such a bed from place
to place, and identifying it at distant localities. This is its
practical value.

Its scientific utility is evident ; for it must needs furnish
significant materials for solving the problem of organic de-
velopment, by showing the succession of vegetable types in
the course of time.

It is clearly impossible, however, to ascertain what changes
took place in the flora of successive coal beds unless the
entire flora of each bed in its whole extent be w^ell known.
It is not enough to know the various species of each bed in
one locality, comparing them with the species of superior
and inferior beds in that locality ; seeing that the circum-
stances of growth may have changed or oscillated from time
to time at that spot, and the character of the flora of course
with the character of the circumstances.

The remains of the plants are only found in the roof
shales of a coal bed. Its flora is now known only from
these remains. But the species found in the roof shales of
a bed in a given place must not be taken as a complete in-
ventory of all the species growing in that bed at one time
over the whole expanse of that bed. It will be only a local

DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS.

P. 619

inventory of such of them as were then growing in that par-
ticular part of the bed. Many other species were growing
at the same time elsewhere. Circupistances varied witli
every locality.

Consequently, if a species be found in the roof shales of
bed A, and not in those of bed B above it, it does not fol-
low that the species had become extinct. It may have been
growing in bed B elsewhere ; and by the time bed C came
into growth, the same species having returned to its old
locality, by force of favorable circumstances, may have left
its remains in the roof shales of bed C.

Only after a careful study of the whole extent of all three
beds, and upon finding a species in one or more places in
bed A, and not anywhere in beds B and C, can the proba-
bility of its extinction (or modification into another species)
be even provisionally adopted.

Nothing can more plainly show how difficult a study this
of the vertical distribution of plants is. A long time must
yet pass, and extensive re-searches are still to be pursued,
before sufficient data are collected for the elucidation of the
problem. The coal fields are of immense extent ; exposures
are comparatively few and wide apart, and the roof shales
of a very small number of mines have been examined.

§ 24. The area of the coal deposits of Carboniferous age,
in the United States, is generally estimated at about 190,000
square miles, divided into six sub-areas or coal-fields as fol-
lows, beginning at the east ;

a. The Anthracite sub-area includes : 1, Some small out-
lying basins in Rhode Island and Massachusetts ; 2, The
coal fields of the Schuylkill, the Lehigh and North-branch
Susquehanna rivers in Eastern Pennsylvania. These
are called the First, Second, and Third Anthracite Coal
Fields, and are known locally as the Mauch Chunk, Tama-
qua, Pottsville, Dauphin county, Wiconisco, Mine hill.
Broad mountain, Mahanoy, Shamokin, Beaver meadows,
Hazleton, Wilkes-Barre, Scranton, and Carbondale basins.
The area of these three fields is about 1,000 square miles,
and it is at present the most important coal area in the

620 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEUEUX.

world, in view of the great thickness of the beds and the
quality of their coal.

h. The AppalacJdan bituminous coal field of Western
Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio, Western Maryland, West
Virginia, East Kentucky, East Tennessee, and North Ala-
bama ; with an area of nearly 48,000 square miles.

c. The Illinois bituminous coal field, occupying also the
Western border of Indiana, and a part of Western Kentucky;
with an estimated area of 47,200 square miles.

d. The Iowa bituminous coal field, occupying also por-
tions of Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska ; with an estimated
area of 52,650 square miles.

e. The Michigan bituminous coal basin ; with an area of
6,700 square miles.

f. The Western ArTiansas coal field, of about 10,000 square
miles.

§ 25. The term Carboniferous is usually employed prop-
erly to designate the coal measures superior to the Potts-
ville conglomerate or Millstone grit of England, and their
coal beds were formerly distinguished as bed A, bed B, etc.,
beginning at the top of the Conglomerate and lettering up-
wards. Local geographical names have been substituted
for this lettering in Pennsylvania.

The term Suh-Carhoniferoiis has been and is still used to
designate all the workable coal beds subsequently discovered
to exist either in the body of the Conglomerate or within
a few hundred feet beneath it.

The term Inter -conglomerate coals is now frequently used
for the beds in the body of the Conglomerate itself, since
the discovery of the fact that the Conglomerate is not a
solid mass, but divisible into a series of separate deposits
of gravel, sand and clay.

Beneath the Pottsville Conglomerate in descending order
lie the following formations : Mauch Chunk red shale (No.
XI) ; Pocono sandstone (No. X) ; Catskill red sandstone
(No. IX) ; Chemung, Portage, Marcellus, Hamilton, Gen-
essee, Upper Helderberg (No. VIII), and Oriskany sand-
stone (No. VII), which last is adopted as the bottom for-
mation of the Devonian system.

PLANTS OF PRE-CARBONIFEROUS AGE. P. 621

In several of these formations deposits of coal have been
discovered much older than the true Carboniferous or Sub-
carboniferous, but furnishing nocoali)eds of practical value
except in one or two instances. In a work like this, however,
it is important to consider these earlier formations of coal^
on account of the peculiar vegetable forms which they con-
tain ; and this will now be done as preliminary to a state-
ment of the true coal beds, and beginning with the lowest
formation in which coal has been observed.

§ 26. It is needless to speak of the small concretionary
pieces of coal which have been found in many places in the
Hudson Bicer formation (No. Ill) near the bottom of the
Silurian system ; because they are not in the form of coal
beds ; and have yielded no plants.

The earliest real coal beds have been observed in the
Marcellus^ near the base of the Portage ; but-only in one
locality, the region of the lower Juniata liver in middle
Pennsylvania. As yet no record of the plants which enter
into their composition has been got, and therefore no ac-
count can be taken in this work of the botany of these
Lower Devonian coal measures.

§ 27. From the CatsJdll group of rocks the only vegetable
remains obtained by the explorations of the Pennsylvania
Survey represent one species alone, ArcJiaeopteris minor,
communicated in numerous specimens by Mr. A. Sherwood
from northern Pennsylvania. At a lower stage in the form-
ation Mr. Sherwood found also numerous fragments of
Dictyophytum ; but the affinity of this plant is as yet un-
certain, and its distribution in the column of rocks is gen-
erally ascribed not to the Catskill but to the Chemung.

§ 28. For various reasons not necessary here to give in
detail, the hase of the Suh-carhoniferous, and therefore the

* Professor James Hall, in the Seventh Annual Report to the State Univer-
sity of New York, describes with figures, pp. 87, etc., nine forms or species
of Dictyophytum, from the Devonian of New York and Ohio. The fragments
collected by Mr. Sherwood are small; the characters are not sufficiently de-
fined to allow of an elaborate description. They represent small branches,
divided, at right angles to the axis, into three or more branchlets inflated at
top. This character is not remarked in the species described by Mr. Hall.

622 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

base of the entire system of Coal Measures, has been fixed
at the dividing line between the top of the Catskill and
the bottom of the Pocono formations ; although in point
of fact no such dividing line can be drawn with precision,
because, in tlie absence of fossils for several hundred feet,
no distinction can be made between the two formations
except such as is founded on differences of lithological
composition. For it so happens that there are alternations
of these lithological characters in the beds belonging to the
top of the one formation and the bottom of the other.
Therefore, in the absence of any non-conformability, and
in view of the evident continuation of the deposits, while
it may be said that the Chemung formation graduates by
alternations upwards into the Catskill, it is nevertheless
true that taken as a loliole the Chemung formation is per-
fectly distinguishable from the Catskill formation above it.

Another fact which makes the determination of the base of
the Carboniferous at the base of the Pocono purely empirical
is this, viz : The first coal beds met with (going up) are not
at the base of the Pocono, but about two thirds of the way
upwards towards the top. At this stage in the Pocono oc-
curs the first important formation of coal.

There are, nevertheless, certain coarse conglomerate strata
at the bottom of the Pocono, formed of large pebbles, which
may be considered, perhaps, as the practical base of that
formation, and over these are softer sandstone and shale
deposits in which no kind of organic remains have yet been
discovered.

§ 29. The Pocono (Vespertine) formation (No. X) is a
group of rocks best described at one locality in Huntingdon
county, Middle Pennsylvania, from data obtained in the
gap of Sideling hill and in the railroad tunnel through that
mountain at a higher level. This description will be found
in Report F of the publications of the Second Geological
Survey, pages 206 to 208.

The lower division of the Pocono is here a series of alter-
nating shales, and massive and sometimes conglomeritic
sandstones, with layers of red shale and of carbonaceous
shale.

PLANTS OF CARBONIFEROUS AGE,

P. 623

The middle division of the Pocono here contains numer-
ous very thin coal beds, 19 of which are recorded by Mr.
Ashburner in his section ; but no one of these beds is more
than about one foot thick.

In Perry county, Pennsylvania, at the junction of the
Juniata and Susquehanna rivers, a coal bed has been opened
in the Pocono sandstone (hundreds of feet beneath the
Mauch Chunk red shale) which, with its roof shales, meas-
ures 4'. Probably other beds of less size accompany it.

On the borders of Yiro^inia, and West Virginia, at the
Lewis tunnel of the Chesapeake and Ohio railway through
the Allegheny mountain, near the White Sulphur springs,
Prof. W. M. Fontaine found what seems to be the Pocono
coal measures, 410 feet exposed, holding four or five coal
beds, none of them a foot thick. The upper 135' has a local
coal bed resting on coarse sandstones. The next 215' con-
tains four coal beds, and rests upon a 60' mass of white,
pebbly sandstone. Under these come 500 feet of flags and
shales ; and these the red marls and shales of the Catskill,
No. IX.^

In southern Virginia, on the New river in Montgomery
county, and near Augusta, in Augusta county. Prof. W.
B. Rogers, the State Geologist of Va., reported, in 1836,
workable coal beds far below the Conglomerate. In 1858
Prof. J. P. Lesley described in the Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society, two beds of coal on Tom' s
creek, Montgomery county, 4' and 8' thick, resjjectively, in
a shale formation overlying the Pocono sandstone, and un-
derlying 1000' of Mauch Chunk red shales ; and in the Peak
mountain of Wythe county a dozen small coal beds en-
closed in the Pocono sandstones. — In 1877, Prof. W. M.
Fontaine described in Silliman's Journal a section made at
the Lewis tunnel, on the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad,
through the Allegheny mountain, where four coal beds, all
less than 1' thick, inhabit 215' of measures enclosed between
a top conglomerate of 95' and a bottom conglomerate of 60',

*See Silliman's Journal for Jan., Feb., 1877; and Ashburner's Report F,
page 214, 215.

624 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

under which lie 500' of flaggy sandstones and shales ; these
again lying on Catskill red marls and sandstones.

In the coal measures of the west, the Pocono formation
has not been recognized ; or, if it exists, is composed merely
of limestone strata. Tlius in Illinois the Kinderhook group,
about 100 feet thick, and mostly limestone, is probably re-
ferable to the Pocono ; although some geologists consider
it Chemung.

§ 30. The Mauch Chunky (Umbral,) red shale formation
No. XI, lies upon the Pocono, and under the Pottsville
Conglomerate. It varies greatly in thickness and com-
position, exhibiting several thousand feet of red shale in
Eastern Pennsylvania, fining down to almost nothing in
Western Pennsylvania, and becoming a great limestone
formation in the southern and western States. I use the
term Sub-conglomerate to designate the forms found in this
formation.

In Middle Pennsylvania the section given by Mr. Ash-
burner, in Report F, represents it as 1,100 feet thick, divis-
ible into thrfee members: 1, The upper, composed of shales
and sandstone, 910 feet thick ; 2, The middle (Mountain
limestone,) 49 feet thick; and, 3, The lower, composed of
shales and sandstone, 141 feet thick, without coal beds in
either of the divisions.

In Maryland the red shale is not only repeated and the
limestone also, but the whole formation compares in total
thickness to that of its normal exhibition on the Schuylkill
and Lehigh rivers in eastern Pennsylvania. According to
Mr. Howard G. Jones' section (1874 to 1880) it consists (at
the top) of 200' of gray shales, 375' of red shale, 360' of
limestones, 2000' of red shales, 475' of limestones, and (at
the bottom) 300' of gray shales (holding iron ores) immedi-
ately above the top of the Pocono, which consists of 100'
of very massive white sandrock. The total thickness of
Mauch Chunk here is either 3410' or 3710'. Both the lime-
stone divisions are very fossiliferous in their higher layers.

In West Virginia, Professor Fontaine combines in his
section of 1,197 feet of rock the Mauch Chunk, with the

PLANTS OF CAKBONIFEROUS AGE.

P. 625

Conglomerate above it/'' and calls the whole group the Con-
glomerate series^ consisting of shales, corrugated sandstone,
massive sandstone, and a bed of ferri\ginous limestone, and
in the middle of the group nine coal beds. The Upper coal
bed (Quinimont) is 4 feet thick. The lowest of the coal
beds is reported to be 11 feet thick, but this was not seen
by Professor Fontaine. The other coal beds vary from 8
inches to 10 feet. At the top of the section lies a Conglom-
erate sandstone 150 to 200 feet thick, and at the base of the
section lies another Conglomerate 80 feet thick. Hence the
terms Conglomerate and Inter -Conglomerate series.

In Alabama, the Warrior Coal basin of Jefferson county
exhibits a section which seems to correspond with that of
Professor Fontaine, in West Virginia.

At the base lies 100 feet of silicious sandstone, resting on
shales, limestone with Fentremites and sandstones, in all
210 feet thick ; at the top of the section is a conglomerate
16 to 20 feet thick. The interval of 729 feet between these
two conglomerates is filled up with alternations of coal,
shale, clay, and sandstone, and in this interval (of 729 feet)
lie 13 coal beds, varying in thickness from 1 to 3 feet, and
measuring altogether 25 feet of coal.

In Tennessee, the Sub-Conglomerate measures resting on
Mountain limestone, are divided into two parts. The lower,
228 feet thick, contains three thin coal beds (one four feet
thick)t alternating with shales, clay and sandstone ; and
the top of this lower member is a conglomerate sandstone
70 feet thick. The upper part, over this conglomerate, is
from 300 to 500 feet thick, and is capped by another con-
glomerate of 50 feet. In this interval (300 to 500 feet) lie
four coal beds, one only workable, the Sewanee, var^dng
from 3 to 7 feet in thickness. :j:

Whether the whole section represents Sub -conglomerate
measures, is the question which will be examined in con-

* American Journal of Science, third series, vol. IX, p. 279 and 280.

t The Etna vein under the conglomerate and cliff rock in the Raccoon
mountains, is 3 feet thick, and the most important coal seam ot the section.
See Geological Report of Tennessee, James Safford, p. 369.

X The section {ibid., p. 389) shows approximately 500 feet of measures, in-
cluding a heavy top sandstone 100 feet thick.

40 P.

«

626 P.

EEPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

sidering tlie character of the plants found with these coal
beds.

In Arkansas, all the Coal measures underlie a conglom-
erate formation, which varies in thickness from 40 to more
than 1000 feet. The Wilmoth coal seam, in Johnson county,
is overlaid by 1100 feet of measures, dark yellow-reddish
shale, thin-bedded flaggy sandstone, passing upwards into
a massive sandstone (sub-divided into three members) from
500 to 600 feet thick. The Spadra coal, also in Johnson
county, is a semi-anthracite coal, remarkably rich in fixed
carbon (86 per cent.) and like the Wilmoth coal, is covered
by 90 feet of black shale under a conglomerate.

In Missouri, the Sub-conglomerate measures, as also the
conglomerate strata, are not distinctly defined from the un-
derlying Mountain limestone (Chester, Saint Louis) group.
The only remark I find of this formation, is in the Geolog-
ical Report of Missouri, 1872, p. 279, where, in the descrij)-
tion of Lincoln county, is noticed the occurrence of a coal
bed of limited area, or coal in isolated masses, lying in de-
pressions, or previously excavated holes, in the sub-carbon-
iferous limestone.

No fossil plants have been received from the Sub-con-
glomerate strata of Missouri. In Henry county, Taonurus
Colletti abounds in the drab shaly sandstone indicated in
the report as Lower Carboniferous.

In the Northern coal areas, the Sub-conglomerate coal
measures are distinctly and definitely separated from the
underlying formations, and generally hold workable coal
beds.

The lower division consists, usually, of heavy beds of
limestone and sandstone. The Chester and St. Louis (Ar-
chimedes, Pentremites, Mountain) limestone groups of Illi-
nois, Indiana, and Kentucky, come in here. The sand-
stones, which in many places alternate with the limestones
and shales in the lower part of the formation, constitute in
Kentucky the Knob sandstone series,^ (Pocono, No. X. ?)

* The designation was first employed in D. D. Owen's Geol. Rt. of Ken-
tucky, I, p. 90, 1856, to characterize the rocks of ranges of conical hills front-
ing the last outcrop of the Coal Measures, and was afterwards used through-
out his reports.

PLANTS OF CAEBONIFEROUS AGE.

P. 627

The upper division, between the Chester limestone and
the Conglomerate, consists of shale beds holding workable
coal beds. ^

In western Kentucky, the lower division, 200 to 500 feet
thick, supports shales with one or two workable coal beds.
In Breckenridge county two thin coal beds (six to ten inches)
are intercalated between the Archimedes limestones. (Geol.
Rep. Ky., II, p. 88, and III, p. 328.)

In eastern Kentucky, the lower division consists of from
5 to 50 feet of Knob-stone, and from 70 to 400 feet of lime-
stone ; above which, in the upper (shale) division, come from
one to five coal beds, varying from one to five feet in thick-
ness. (Geol. Ht. Ky., lY, p. 451.)

In Illinois, the lower division is mostly limestone, the
Chester and St. Louis groups together being nearly 1000
feet thick. The upper shale division holds sometimes one
coal bed, three or four feet thick, close under the Conglom-
erate. There is also a thin coal bed underneath the Chester
and above the St. Louis group.

In Indiana, the sub-carboniferous is a diversified forma-
tion of 1, a soft black shale ; 2, an upper limestone {Kas-
lcasJhla)\ 3, black shale; 4, Cliester limestone (sometimes
sandstone), and 5, St. Louis limestone (200 to 400 feet thick)
lying at the bottom of the group.

Here, as in Illinois, a coal bed usually appears with the
first black shale just under the Conglomerate ; and another
between the Chester and the St. Louis groups.

From these sub-conglomerate measures in Indiana and
Illinois we have no vegetable remains ; but a number of
fine plants are described from a clay bed underlying the
Chester group in Illinois ; and also from the whetstone
beds which in Indiana replace the Chester limestone beds
of Illinois.

In southern Ohio the Waverly group, 350 feet thick, and
in northern Ohio the Cuyahoga shale and Berea grit 400 to
500 feet thick, have some fossil characters which would
identify them with the sub-conglomerate series in Indiana ;
and their geological horizons have been followed through
north-western Pennsylvania.

628 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

§ 31. The Pott smile Conglomerate group (No. XIT) is a
term adopted in Pennsylvania to designate a thousand feet
of coarse sand dej^osits, the mountain outcrop of which
marks the southern limit of the First Anthracite coal field.
It is analogous to the English term Millstone grit.

This deposit, underlying the so-called Lower Productive
Coal measures, and outcropping with steep dips around
all the separate basins of the great Anthracite Coal area,
diminishes in thickness rax)idly in a north-west and west
direction from Pottsville ; becoming only 250 feet thick at
the west end of the Shamokin basin ; less than 200 feet
thick about Wilkes-Barre, Scranton and Carbondale ; and
not thicker in middle Pennsylvania around the Broad Top
semi-bituminous coal basin, and in Maryland around the
Cumberland semi-bituminous coal basin.

This progressive diminution in the thickness of the for-
mation was supposed, until recently, to go on northward
and westward throughout the bituminous coal area spread-
ing west of the Allegheny mountain ; for it seems to be less
than one hundred feet thick at Towanda and Blossburg,
and in western Pennsylvania.

But it is now known that this im23ression was erroneous.
What was taken for the whole formation is in fact only the
lower division of it. The whole mass is now subdivided
into three great sandrocks, '-^ separated by shales holding car-
bonaceous slates and coal beds.

Even around the Pottsville anthracite field large and
important coal beds have been ox)ened in the body of the
Conglomerate ; and at Shamokin, where the whole is 250
feet thick, four coal beds are intercalated between five con-
glomerate sandrock subdivisions of it.

The thickness of the Conglomerate series (No. XII is now
known to be maintained beneath the whole Bituminous Coal

* Named in the northern counties, Pa., Upper : Johnson run rock ; Middle :
Kinzua creek rock ; Lower : Glean Conglomerate. (See Report of Progress
R, by Mr. C. A. Ashburner.) Named in the Western counties, Pa., Home-
wood sandstone ; Connoquenessing sandstone ; and Sharon Conglomerate.
(See Reports of Progress Q2 Q3, by Prof. 1. C. White.) Identical in Ohio
with the Massilon Conglomerate group. (See Reports of Ohio, by Dr. New-
berry.)

PLANTS OF CARBONIFEROUS AGE.

P. 629

area of western Pennsylvania, at an average of 250 or 300
feet ; and the apparently great loca^ variations in the thick-
ness is due to the great sudden local variations in the com-
position of its three (or more) sand divisions.

What has been said in preceding images resi)ecting the
sub-conglomerate rocks of the western and southern States,
must be understood to be provisional, inasmuch as no suffi-
ciently close and thorough connection has yet been possible
between the definitely limited series in Pennsylvania, and
in those States. It is as yet impossible to say with cer-
tainty that any individual sandrock beneath the Coal Meas-
ures projDer in W. Virginia, southern Ohio or Kentucky, is
the precise analogue of the top, middle or bottom members
of the Pottsville group in Pennsylvania ; even if it may not
prove on examination to be lower than any of them in the
series ; that is, perhaps an intercalated sand deposit of
Mauch Chunk (XI) age.

As the greater number of fossil plants described in this
report have come from the mines of Pennsylvania, the un-
certainties just alluded to will affect but little the botanical
conclusions arrived at as to the vertical distribution of
forms."^

In Western Maryland Mr. Howard Grant Jones' section f
across the Cumberland coal basin, shows the conglomerate
series to be there 560' thick, from the top of the Piedmont
sandstone to the lowest coal bed. Its coal beds are all thin,
although one of them is locally workable, but variable.

In the west, as in the south, our knowledge of the consti-
tution and contents of any series of massive sandstones
which may be proved hereafter to be strictly cotemporane-
ous with the Appalachian Conglomerate (XII) is very insuf-
ficient. The so-called Conglomerate is variable and rarely
described with sufficient minuteness, or traced continuously
from one distant locality to another.

*The reader wiU appreciate the force of this, by examining Index B, of
habitats, and the specially long lists of genera and species there referred to
under the heads of " Pittston," and " Cannelton."

t Constructed in 1874, studied anew in the following years, and finished in
1880. See Report on Somerset and Cambria counties. F. &. W. G. Piatt,
1877. See also the proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Phila-
delphia, September 17, 1880.

630 P. EEPORT OF PEOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX. '

In parts of Illinois, especially Morris, Colchester, Mur-
]3liysborougli, etc., on tlie northern boundary of the field,
the Conglomerate is reduced to a single bed scarcely 6 feet
thick ; but on outlying patches further north it frequently
occurs from 20 to 110 feet thick.

In Indiana, also, the Conglomerate is said to vary in
thickness from 20 to 100 feet.

In Western Kentucky the Conglomerate is found divided
into two members. Under the main mass of conglomerate,
and separated from it by a few feet of shales, is a lower
stratum of the same composition ; and in the interval be-
tween the two occurs a bed of coal, as on the Ohio river
near Casey ville, (see descrix^tion of the Battery Rock coal,
in the Kentucky reports.)

In Eastern Kentucky, as in Ohio and Pennsylvania, the
Conglomerate is still more varied in comx30sition, and un-
dergoes, locally, great changes of thickness ; but it is gen-
erally in two beds of different characters, both of them vari-
able ; so that it is still questionable whether coal beds like
the Jackson coal and the Cuyahoga coal of Ohio, should be
considered Sub-conglomerate or Inter-conglomerate coals.
A similar question, respecting the Sharon coal of Pennsyl-
vania, has been recently settled with some certainty by the
surveys of that State, and that coal bed placed systemati-
cally in the Conglomerate, and not under it.

The only coal beds evidently within the body of the Con-
glomerate which I have myself seen are the Battery Rock
bed in Illinois, above mentioned, and a bed on Mill creek
above St. Clair, in the Anthracite basin of Pottsville ; but
from these beds I have not obtained any valuable materials
to represent their flora.

On the North Branch of the Susquehanna, however, in
Eastern Pennsylvania, a bed of shale, without coal, but rich
in fossil vegetable remains, occurs at Campbell's Ledge
above Pittston, between two massive plates of the Conglom-
erate, the interval being only from 6 to 8 feet.

Whether or not some of the coal strata called Sub-con-
glomerate, in this report, and from which fossil plants have
been obtained, be, or may be Inter-conglomerate coal beds,

PLANTS OF CARBONIFEROUS AGE. P. 631

is a question wliicli shall be examined on the basis of data
exhibited in the table of distributiqn fnrther on.

§ 32. The Carboniferous proper or Productive Coal Meas-
ures, are represented in the Anthracite Fields of Pennsyl-
vania, by about 1,400 feet of strata containing (where the
coal beds have been most mined) from 12 to 14 coal beds,
variable in thickness individually, but averaging at least
100 feet of combustible material.

The section at Scranton, in the Third Anthracite Coal
Field, given in Lesley' s Coal Manual of 1856, shows 14 coal
beds in about 800 feet of measures.

A generalised section published by Messrs. Daddow and
Bannan, (Coal, Iron and Oil, p. 247,) gives 14 coal beds,
with thicknesses varying from 2 to 15 feet, and footing up
110 feet of coal, in 1,530 feet of measures, measured from
the top of the Conglomerate upwards.

The same number of beds and about the same amount of
coal (107 feet) is given by Mr. P. W. Sheafer in his memoir
"On the Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania, and their
exhaustion."

A section derived from a boring on Judge Woodward's
lands, in Upper Plymouth, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania,
shows 949 feet of measures, enclosing 7 coal beds from 5 to
29 feet thick, with 91 feet of coal. This section lacks the
higher measures.

§ 33. The plants known through the Anthracite region
are numerous enough. But except for the Pittston section
few positive data have been obtained relative to the horizons
at which the vegetable remains have been obtained. The
Mammoth vein, about the fourth above the Conglomerate,
and the Salem or Gate v^in high up in the mensures are ex-
ceptions.

The numerous plants from the Anthracite of Khode Is-
land are interesting in regard to the geographical distribu-
tion of the forms ; but as yet the horizon of the Rhode Is-
land coals is not positively made out.

§ 34. The Bituminous coal measures of Pennsylvania are
sub-divided thus :

1. The Lower Productwe Coal Measures , which com-

632 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

mence at the top of the Conglomerate, and ascend to the
Freeport Upper coal bed under the Mahoning sandstone.
This division is between 300 and 400 feet thick, and includes
9 or 10 coal beds, 5 of which are usually of workable size,
but not all in any one locality.

2. The Loioer Barren Measures ascend from the Mahon-
ing sandstone to the Pittsburgh coal bed, and are about 600
feet thick, including 6 or 7 coal beds, or continuous deposits
of coaly matter, usually very thin and im]3ure, but widely
traceable through the bituminous coal fields ; as are also
the intermediate characteristic beds of limestone, red shale
and sandstone intercalated among them. In Somerset
county, Pennsylvania, however, several of the Barren
Measure coal beds are workable, and in some instances are
large and important.

3. The Upper Productwe Coal Pleasures ascend from the
Pittsburgh coal bed, 400 to 500 feet, to the Waynesburg
sandstone, and contain 5 coal beds (including the Pittsburgh
at the bottom,) varying from 1 to 15 feet in thickness. In
this division occur the great limestone formations of the
Upper Coal Measures.

4. The Upper Barren Measures, over the Waynesburg
sandstone, have been divided by Professor J. J. Stevenson
(see Report K, page 34, 1876,) into two groups : (a,) Wash-
ington County Group^ from the Waynesburg sandstone up
to the Washington limestone, a distance varying from 150
to 450 feet; and, (Z>,) The Green County Groups from the
Upper Washington limestone to the highest strata left by
erosion on the upland surface of southwestern Pennsylva-
nia, with an extreme thickness of about 800 feet.

§ 35. The Permo-carhoniferous formation of south-west-
ern Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

The recent discoveries by Profs. Fontaine and White of
numerous Permian plant-forms in the Upper Barren Meas-
ures have been published in Report of Progress PP. (See
especially page 117.)

It becomes probable that the Waynesburg sandstone is
the analogue of the conglomerate base of the Permian sys-
tem in other parts of the world ; that the red shales higher

PLANTS OF CARBONIFEROUS AGE.

P. 633

up represent the red measures of the Permian ; and that
the numerous beds of limestone hi the Green county and
Washington county groups represent to an uncertain ex-
tent the Zechstein of Europe.

§ 36. In southern Virginia Prof. J. J. Stevenson finds in
a total thickness of 1751' — 80'=1671' above the to^^ of the
•Conglomerate 18 coal beds, varying from 4 inches to 15 feet
in thickness. The aggregate thickness of coal in the ui)per
seven beds is only 6' 5''; in the lower ten beds 47' 3''.^^' The
15' bed is the fifth from the bottom.

He supposes it possible that the lower 883' of this section
may correspond to the Lower Productive coal measures of
Pennsylvania, since this division increases southward
through West Virginia, from about 350' on the Pennsyl-
vania state line to more than 700' on the Baltimore and
Ohio railway, and to more than 1200' on the Great Kanawha
river, t where the uj^per limit is fixed by the "Flint Ledge "
connected with the Mahoning sandstone.

In Tennessee, west of Knoxville, Prof. Lesley's unpub-
lished sections, from the lowest coal bed at the mouth of
Coal run (on a level with the lowest drainage of the country)
to the tops of the highest mountains, capi)ed with Con-
glomerate sand rocks, amounted to more than 3000 feet.

§ 37. In Ohio the distribution of plant-forms throughout
the Froditctive Coal Ileasures is very much the same as in
Pennsylvania, with the same amount of local variations.

A generalized section of 1100 feet of Coal Measures, given
by Dr. Newberry in the Geol. of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 81, ex-
tends from the top of the Conglomerate to 350 feet above
the Pittsburgh coal bed, and contains 13 well defined coal
beds, five of which above the Pittsburgh bed are scarcely
thick enough to be considered workable.

Few plant remains have been obtained or described from
the Ohio Coal Measures except those described by Dr. New-
berry from the Conglomerate coal of Cuyaliaga and the coal

*Two of these beds, however, could not be measured, as only the blossom
was visible. For this section see Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc, Philadelphia,
Aug. 1880.

fSee Proc. A. P. S., Notes on the Geology of West Virginia, No. 2, 1876.

634 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

of Yonngstown on the Ohio river near the Pennsylvania
state line ; and those described by Prof. E. B. Andrews from
a shale of the Sub-carboniferous Waverly group. We have
only a few sj^ecies from the Pittsburgh bed at Pomeroy on
the Ohio river, and from St. Clairsville.

Over eastern Kentucky extend the Ohio coal measures,
with a similar distribution and variation of plant forms,
very few of which, however, are known.

In Illinois the Coal Measures jDroper are about 1000 feet
thick, and include 16 coal beds, the lower seven of which
are locally variable in thickness from 2 to 7 feet. The
higher beds var}^ in thickness from 6 inches to 2 feet. (See
Geol. Kept. Illinois, 1875, Vol. YI, pp. 2 to 5.)

The lowest (Morris) coal of Illinois, lying generally close
above the Conglomerate, is the one worked and exposed at
the borders of the field ; and the largest number of plant-
forms known in that region have been collected from its
roof shales. Man}" of them have been found in calcareous
concretions enclosed in these roof shales, on Mazon creek,
at Murpheysborough, and elsewhere.

In western Kentucky, the coal measures of which are an
extension of the Illinois field southward across the Ohio
river, and similarly constituted, the plants are little known.

In Indiana, the Coal Measures i)roj)er, forming the east-
ern border of the Illinois field, are described in a general
section, in the Report to the State Board of Agriculture for
1876. Here 650 feet of measures contain 12 beds of coal,
from none of which have we received any x)lants, with the
exception of some fruits from the Conglomerate itself. The
vegetable remains mentioned in this report come from the
Sub-carboniferous whetstone rocks.

In Missouri, Professor J. C. Brodhead, in his Geological
Report for 1879, vol. 2, p. 53, gives a condensed vertical
section of the coal measures thus sub-divided :

1. Upper coal measures 1319 feet thick, with 3 coal beds,
neither of Avhich is more than 1 foot thick.

*I have recently seen some beautiful specimens, from the coal of Sullivan
county, sent to the National Museum at Washington, hy Mr. J. W. Spencer,
of Paxton, in that county. This coal is N. 6 of the Indiana Geol. Keports.

PLANTS OF CARBONIFEROUS AGE.

P. 635

2. Middle coal measures 290 fe^t thick, with 5 beds of
coal, the thickest being 2 feet, and the aggregate of the 5
measuring only 5' 7'^ of fuel.

3. Lower coal measures 269 feet thick, with 8 coal beds,
varying from 5 inches to 4^ feet, and aggregating between
11 and 12 feet of coal.

Most of the plants obtained from the Missouri field wete
got near the roof shales of the Clinton coal, the third from
the bottom.

From Michigan, no fossil plants worth mentioning have
been obtained. The numerous specimens sent in by the
State Geologist, Dr. Roeminger, all represent the omni-
present Btigmaria jicoides^ of the under clays.

636 P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

§ 38. Tlie table of wrtical distribution now to be pre-
sented is arranged in separate columns, thus :

1. Pre-carboxiferous.

Column 1.
D. Devonian.

Ch. Chemung (top division of No. VIII)— middle Devonian.
Ca. Catsliill (No. IX,) upper Devonian.

Column 2. Pocono sandstone (No. X.)
In Penn'a, Sideling Hill tunnel, Huntingdon county, (S.); Red shale, below
Pottsville (Mt. Carbon) (Po.) ; Lehigh Gap, below Mauch Chunk (M.) ;
Banks of the Susquehanna, above Pittston (Pi.) ; (Lewis Tunnel, (L.) and
New River Group, (N. R.,)? W. Virginia.)

Column S. Sub-conglomerate ; Mauch Chunk No. XL ? *
W. Va. Plants quoted from Fontaine's conglomerate series of W. Virginia.
Al. Alabama.
Te. Tennessee.
Ar. Arkansas.
111. Illinois; Chester group.
In. Indiana; Cliester group.

M. Megalopteris beds of Ohio and Illinois, in a half column.

Column 4. Inter-conglomerate, No. Xll.
Ca. Campbell's Ledge, near Pittston, E. Pennsylvania.
S. Shamokin Gap, E. Pennsylvania.

J. Jackson Shaft bed, Ohio.

Cu. Cuyahaga bed, Talmadge, Summit beds, Ohio.
Y. Youngstown, Ohio.

II. Coal Measures Proper.
i. Anthracite Fields.

Column 5.

Beds, A, B and C, at Archibald, Carbondale, Pittston and vicinity. In On-
tario, Carbon Hill shaft, Boston, Everhart, and other collieries. These beds
are often close together or united.
Column 6.

Beds D, E, F, at Pittston, Wilkesbarre, Scranton, Plymouth, and vicinity.
At Butler, Tompkin's, Pennsylvania Coal Company's, Port Griffith, Brown
collieries, Carbon Hill Tunnel collieries, with Baltimore or Mammotli vein of
Wilkesbarre. These beds are also quite close, and sometimes together.

* The plants are not separated by their local habitats, but only by the
names of the States in which their habitats lie ; as they are not sufficiently
known from local sections. They may define geological groups like those in
the following columns. The relation of the Penn'a XI to the sub-conglom-
erate of the other States is not definite.

DISPOSITION OF THE TABLE. P. 637

\

Column 7.

Bed 1, Go, of the Oliphant section; at Oakwood, Plymouth, Wilkes-
Barre, &c.

Column 8.

Upper anthracite (Salem and Gate veins, Tunnel vein of Tremont, &c.)
Column 9.

Rhode Island coals, and others the horizons of which are not yet deter-
mined. •

2. Bituminous Fields.

Column 10.

Coal A, B above the Conglomerate, (both beds often united.)

Mu.

at Murpliysborough, '

N.

at Neleysville,

Ma.

at Marseilles,

Co.

at Colchester,

Mo.

at Morris,

> Illinois.

Ma.

at Mazon Creek,

Ca.

at Centralia shaft.

Va.

at Vandalia.

Ky.

at Burnt branch of Caney, etc., Kentucky.

Ma.

at Massillon, Ohio.
Column 11.

Coal C, (which is sometimes united to B.)

CI.

at Clinton, Missouri.

Ca.

at Cannelton, West Pennsylvania.

Column 12.

Fourth Coal (under the Barren Measures.)

D.
St.

at Duquom,
at St. John,

1 Illinois.

N.

at Nelsonville, Ohio.

Co.

at Coshocton, Ohio.

In.

at Sullivan Co., Indiana.

Column IS.

Upper coal, (top of the Barren Measures.)

Pi.

at Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania.

Po.

at Pomeroy,

1

S. C.

at St. Clairsville,

\ in Ohio.

B.

at Barnsville,

j

C.

at Carmi, Illinois.

In.

at Gray ville and New Harmony, Indiana.

Column 14.
Coal beds of undermined horizons.

Column 15.
Coal plants also found in Europe.

63S P. EEPOET OF PROGKE>S. LEO LE^QrEREUX.

TcMe of distrihiition of tlie iilants

NAMES OF SPECIES.

PRE CAEBOXIFEROUS.

CRYPTOGAMOUS,

FrxGi,

Rhizomorphay . .
R. Sigillariae, . .
Thalassophytes.
Taonurus, ....
T. marginatus, . .

T. CoUetti

T. Cauda-Galli, . .
Pa'.ceophycuSy ...

P. Milleri, ,

P. gracilis, . . . . ,
P. divaricatus, . . ,

AsterphycUrS, ■
A. Coxii, . . .
A. simplex, . .
Conostychus, .
C. Broadheadi,
C. prolifer, . .
C. ornatus,
Calamari-i;, .
Calamites,
C. Suckowii, .
C. major, . . .

Ar., Mo.

C. ramosus,

C. ramiftr,

C. eannseformis,

C. gigas,

C. approximatus,

C. Cistii,

C. dubius

C. pachyderma,

C. disjunctus,

C. gracilis,

Bornia,

B. radiata,

Colamodendron ? species,

Asteroph^jllites,

A. equisetiformis, . . . .

A. anthracinus,

A^i longifolius

A. rigidus

A. sublfevis,

A. foliosus,

A. grandis,

A. fasciculatus,

A. gracilis,

Annulnria,

A. longifolia,

A. inflata.

A. calamitoides,

W. Ya.
W. Ya.

Ca.,
Ca.,

Ar., Al., ^Y. Ya.

Ky.,

Dev.

Ar,, Ala., W. Ya.

Ca.,

Ca.,
Ca.*,

TABLE OF DISTKIBUTION".

P. 639

described in the TJ. 8. Coal Flora.

TRUE CARBONIFEROUS.

ANTHRACITE.

A,B,C.

D, E, F.

vicinity,
e and vicini
id vicinity.
(1 vicinity

o

Pittston and
Wilkes-Ban
Plymoutli ai
Scranton am

O 4)

ci CO

s5

BITUMINOUS.

A,B.

S tH O

D,E,F.

lis

Ca.

Ma.

Ca.

M,

Ca.

C,

M,

R. I.
R. I.

Ma., Mo.,
Ma., Mo.,
Ma., . . .
Ma., . . ,
Mo., . . ,

Ma.,
Ma.,

Ca.

In.

640 P. EEPOKT OF PKOGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Annularia,

48

A., spheiiophylloides,

49

A. iiiinuta,

50

T.,

50

A. Emersoni,

51

Ala

51
52
53

Ar.,

53

S. loiijiitoliiiiii,

Ar

55

55

S. bifurcatum,

Ar.,

56
57

S, ohlons'ifolium,

58

Cal imostnchys^

59

59
60
60

C. pr;elongus,

62

Equisftites^ ....

62

63

6t

0.,

65

65

Filic(iC'<(B ,

73

75

77

77

Ala.,

78

N. dihitata,

Nephropterids,

79
80

81

Ar., , .

82
83

. . .

81

85
86
87

88

N. aiiriculata ?

N. Collinsii

Euneurojyterids ,

Aia.,'

Ar.,

89
91

93

93

94

. : : . .

96
97
98
99

100

N. R.,

Ar., W. Va., . . .

102

....

Al.,

103

104

105

Pnchydermate.

3 6

Ala., W. Va., . . .

3)7

1J8
109

111

112

113

115

116

117

117

AnoTfKxl ous .

119

120

121

121

122

123

123

124

125

126

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. P. 641

1

48

o

49

o

50

50

51

51

—

! -

°

52

M,

R. I.

Ma., Mo., ....

D, . ,

o

53

E, . . .

Go,"

Ma.,

Ca.,Cl.,

B., . . . .

o

53

.... 1 St., ....

o

55

55

55

CI., . .

o

57

M,

R. I.

|Ma.,

CI., . .

58

r ■

59
59

B,

Go,

o

60
60

62

Ma,.,

Ca., . .

62

63
61

Go,

65

65

73

75

o

77

CI., . .

o

78

M,

Ca., . .

o

79

o

80

E, . . .

Go,

M,

Mo., Ma , ....

Ca., . .

81

E, .

M,

M,

Ca. , . .

83

M,

Ca., . .

84

Ca., .

o

85

Go,

Ma

86

Ma.. Mo., ....

87

M,

Ma., Mo,, ....

Ca.,

Pi., ....

88

M,

Ma.,

Ca.,Cl.,

o

89

E, . . .

M,

Mo.,

Ca.,Cl.,

o

91

Ma., 111.,

93

F,

Ma., N.,

93

E, . . .

Go,

Ma.,

Ca., . .

Til., .

94

E, . . .

Ma., ....

Ca., . .

Pi.,' Po.,* '.

o

96

M,

o

Ca.,

Gr., . . ,

o

97

Ma.,

Ca.,Cl.,

o

98

'

Go,

Ma., Ky., . . .

Ca.,

99

R. I.

o

100

102

E, . . .

Ma., Mo., ....

103

CI.,

104

D ? . .

M,

Ca., .

o

105

106

107

M,

108

E, . . .

Go

Mo., Ma., ....

CI., . .

109

B,' . .'

Ma.,

111

D, ! !

M,

Ca., . .

In., .

112

M,

Ma. ,

o

113

Mo.,

115

G?

M,

Ca., .

Po., ....

o

iia

Ma., ......

117

Ca., ? .

117

M,

Mo.,

119

Ma.,

1-20

121

121

M,

122

o

123

o

o

123

124

M,

125

Go,

0

126

41 P.

642 P.

KEPORT OF PKOGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

Ociontopteris,

127

O, Newberryi,

W. Va.,

Y.,Cu.,

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137
138
139

140

140

141
142
142

143

145

146

147

148

149

M. Hartii,

w . V a. , ivi. , ...

149

149

M

150

151

151

152

TV/r

153

153

Ala

154

154

OU., . .

155

156

ivr

156

156

157

158

v

159

160

162

ID^

163

164

164

166

166

167
168
169
169

Ar

^Va

171

A 1 /I r»i r*^1 i

Ala

172

173

174

175

Ca.,

176

177

Cu

179

W Va

179

A. HelensB, . .

N R

Wa.,Ar., Ala., 111.,

T

A. ,

181

1D1

loi

182

183

185
186

186

187

188

188

♦ Dictyopteris Neuropteroides, Gutb, Top of a pinna, triangular; leaflets crowded,
basilar lobe being rarely prolonged; terminal pinnule deltoid, enlarged on the side, very
aistinct, but ofteii passing sidewise, either above the veins or covering them; tumescent at

TABLE OF DISTKIBIJTIOIS". P. 643

—

—
127

Ca .

128

Mu

o

129

Ma.,

130

o

131

R.T,,

o

132

K

o

133

Ma

134

Ma ,

Ca.,

135

F

M,

Mo Ma ,

In

St

o

136

137

c

138

Ma., . .

CI.,

139

140

Ma

140

141

• 1

142

142

143

Mu.

145

F . .

146

147

148

149

149

149

150

151

151

152

153

153

154

154

155

156

156

156

St., .

157

158

159

Ma

160

162

Pi St

162

163

164

A

Go,

Co., Mo., Ma.,

Cl.,Ca.,

164

Ca '

166

Ma . .

166

1

o

167

r ■

Ca

168

o

1

169

F, . . .

Go,

M,

169

1

171

CI

1

172

' 0 Ma

173

Ma

174

175

— C, '.

D,E, F,

Go,

Ma

CI Ca

o

176

c,

D

Ma Mo

CI

o

177

179

179

B, '. '.

F,'.'.'.

M,

181

Go,'

Ma.,

o

•

181

Go,

St. .

Pi., ....

o

182

B

o

183

185

o

186

M,

o

o

186

!

187
188
188

oblong, lanceolate, obtuse at the apex ; borders contiguous; base nearly equal, the lower
obtuse, comparatively large. Venation neuropteroidal ; veins forking twice, the divisions
the forks. Habitat— Csinnelton. t

644 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

189

PSEUDO-PECOPTERIDS, . . .

- - -

■

190

190

193

P. suijcrenulata,

194

P. Slieaferi,

195

196

197

198

199

P. Pluckneti,

201

202

203

203

Ala., Ar

•

205

P cordato-ovata ••••••••

Ar.,

206

P Sillimanni,

Ca.,

207

209

209

210

Ca.,

211

212

214

Wa., Ar., Ala., S.,

215

Ala,. Ar

215

W. Va., Ala., In.,

216

Ala.,

217
•

L., . .

217

Ala.,

218

219

N. P.,

Ala., W. Va., . . .

220

221

223

223

225

226

Ca.,

227

227

228

229

230

230

232

233

234

235

236

237

2-38

239

240

241

242

243

243

244

P Bucklandi,

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

255

256

256

257

258

259

260

261

261

262

263

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTIOTT.

P. 645

D, E,

E, " '. '.

Go,
Go,

Go,

R.I.,
I •
R.I.,

In. I.',
R.I.,

M,

Ma.
Ma.

Ma.,
Mo.',

Ca., CI.
Ca., .
Ca., . .

Ca.

RI.<

Ma.,
Ma..

Ma., . .
Ma., Mo.

Mu.,

Co.

Ca.

Dq.

Co.

Ca.

E,

E, F,
E, . ,

E, . . .

Go,
Go,
G,

M, RI.o Ma., .
. .[ Ma., .
... I Ma., .

. . Ma.,
R.I.,! Mo., Ma
Ma., .

Go,

R.I.
R.I.

Mo., . . .
Ma., Mo.,
Ma., Mo.,
Ma., . . .
Ma., Mo.,

Ma., Mo.

St.

Ca., .
Ca., .

Po.
Ma."
St.,'

ri..

Po.

R.I.

Mo.

, Ma.
I' Ma.
I Ma.

CI.,

CI., Ca.
Ca., . .

Ca.

Ma.
Ma.

Pi.,Gr.,St.

Po.

Ca., .
CI., Ca

E,

Go,

Mo., Ca.

Co., Ma., Mu., Mo. .

Mo.,
Mo.,

CI..
Ca.

M,

Ma.,

Ma., Mo.,

Ma.
Ma.

646 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Psco'ptavis ,

264

P. incoinpleta,

264
265
266

2-66

P. couciiiiia

Oligocarpia,

O. Alabaiiieusis
0 Gutl)itri,

Ala

267

0. llagellaris,

268
269
269

Sphenoptkrid^e
Sphenopteris (Pscopterid)
S. goniopteroides,

270

S. ch?eropliyiloides, . . .

271

S. mediana,

271

S. pseudo-Murrayana, .

Ar

272

S. subalata,

273

111

274

S. {proper),

274

S. G ravenhorstil

275

S. Du buissoiiis,

276

276

S. gracilis

277

S. Brittsii

278

279

S. scabtirrima,

280

S. microcarpa,

Ala

281

S. (Hyincnophillites),
S. spinosa, *

281

282

S. splcndens, . .

283
283

S. furcata, .
S Hildreti

MC T

281

S. flexicaulis,

Av

284

S. trichoinanoides,

In 111

286

Ala., ....

286

S. quercifolia

Ala

287

S elegaiis

Ala

288

S Lariscliii

Ala. ,

288

S Hoeningliausii,

Ar ,Ala W Va T

290

S. Ballantini,

M.,

290

S linearis.

T. . .

»291

292

Erarnopteris, . .

292

292

Ala.,

293

293

293

E. artemisisefolia,

Ala.,

294

295

E. Missouriensis,

296
296

E. (Triphyllopteris) micropliylla,
E. (Sphenopteris) marginata,

Ala., Ky.,

M., .

297

297

297
299
300

Po.,

301

302

Ca., .
Ca., .

M.,N.R
M.,Pi.,

304

A. TIalliana,

Dev.,

N. It.,

3)5

Pi., . .

3G6
307

307
308
309

310

311

Pi.^ '. .

311

312

813

314

314

315

316

317

* Lately found in fine specimens in the fossil plants of the National Museum, communi-
cated bv ]Mr. F. W. Spencer, of Paxton, Sullivan county. Illinois; Coal L.
t Abundantly collected by Mr. A. Sherwood in the Catskill Ked Shale of Tioga county. Pa.

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

P. 647

Ma., Mo., Va.

Ca.

R. I.
R. I.
R. I.

Ma., . .
Mo., . .
Ma.,

Mo., Ma.,
Ma., . .

Ca.

Mo.,
Mo.,

CI.,
CI.,
CI.,

CI.

Mo.

Dq.

Co.,

Co., Mo.,
Mo.,
Ka., . .

Mo., Ma.,
Mo., . .

Ma.,

Ky., Mo.

Ca.

CI.

Mo.
Ma.

Ca.

CI.

E,

Go,
Go,

Mo.
Ma.
Ma.
Ma.

Ca.,Cl.
CI., .

648 P. REPORT or PROGRESS LEO LESQUEREUX.

Rhacophyllum.

317

318

318

319

320
321
321

322
323
323

324

324

325

325
326
326

327
328
328

329

329

330

331

331

332

332

Dev.,

332

Dev.,

332

Dev. ,

333

Dev.,

333

Dev. ,

333

333

334

334
335

335

337

337

337

338

339

339

339

340

340

341

341

342

342
343
343

344

344

345

346

347

Dev.,

317
348
348
349
349

C. pcregrina,

Dev. ,
Dev. ,

350
352

353

355

357

357

357

358

359
359
360

361

362

Dev.,

362

362

1 Dev.,

363
366

L. Sternbergii,

1;::;

, Ala., ^\. Va., . . .

1:::::

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. P. 649

1

317

318

M,

CI., . .

318

E, . . .

Go,

R.I.,

Ma.,

Ca., . .

319

320

321

—

—

o

321

322

D, . .

323

Go,

323

324

324
325

325

326

326

327

Mo.,

328
328

329

CI.,

329

330

331

331

332

332
332

332
333

333

333

333

334

I Ma.,

334

335

335

337

Go,

337

337

338

Go,

Ca., . ,

339

339

Go,

M,

339

D, . .

340

340

Go,

341

341

342

342

343

343

E, . .

Go,

344

E, D, .

Mo

Ca., . .

344

E, . . .

Go,

Mo.,

Ca., . .

°

345

Ca., . .

346

347

347

348

348

Mo.,

349

°

349

350

352

353

355

Mo.,

357

Mo.,

357

Ma., Ky., ....

358

359

359

360

361
362

362

E, . .

Go,

o

363
366

650 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Lepidodendron.
L. Brittsii, . . .
L. lanceolatum,
L. scutatum, . .

370
370
371
372
373
374
376
377
377
379
379

395

397
397
397
401
401
403
404
405
405
407
407
409
411
413
414
416
417
417
418
420
421
422
423
424
425
425
426

431

L. latifolium,

L. Morrisianum, . .

L. aculeatiim,

L. rigens,

L. longifolium,

Veltheiinianum, .

squamiferum,"

primaeve,

corrugatum,

vestitum,

Rushvillense,t

L. clypeatum,

L. costatiim,

L. turbinatum,

L. liiombicum,

L. quadrangulatum

L. dichotomum,

L. modulatum,

L. carinatum,

L. distans,

L. cuspidatum,

L. Worthenii,

L. Andrewsii,

L. quadrilaterale,

L. forulatum,

L. diplotegioides,

L. Tijoui,

L. obtusura,

L. rimosum,

L. crenatum,

L. cyclostigraa,

L. Mielickii,

L. Gaspianum,

L. Chemungense,

L. icthyolepis,

L. obscurum, .

L. radicans,

Ulodendron, . . .

U. commutatum,

U. majus,

U. minus,

U. ellipticum,

U. eloiigatum,

U. punctatum,

Knorria, .

K. imbricata,

Halonia, .

H. tuberculata,

H. tortuosa, . . .

H. (Ulodendron) Mansfleldl, . .

H. (U.) flexuosa,

H. pulchella,

H. secreta,

Lepidophloio.s\

L. crassicaulis,

L. auriculatus,

L. laricinus

L. obcordatus, .

L. macrolepidotus,

L. sigillarioldes,

L. protuberans,

L. iclithyoderma,

Fructifications of Lepidophloios,
Cyclostigma,

C. Kiltorkense,

Dechenia^

D. striata,

III., Ala., Ar.
Ala

Co

Dev.
Ch.,

Po.,S.

Ar.,

Ar.,

M.,

Ala.

111.,

111.,

Cat.
Ch.,

111.

111.

Ala.. . .
Ala., . ,
Ala., T.

111., Ar.

111.

Ar.

Ala., . . .
T.' Ala.,'/

* Lepidodendron Volkmannianum, a subcarboniferous species in Europe, has been sent
by M. Harvey, from Arkansas.

t L. Rushvillense is apparently identical to L. (Sagenaria) depressum, Goepp., Uebegsg.,
p. 179, PI. XLIII. which Schim per records from Mauch Chunk, Penna., from specimens in
the Museum of Strasbourg.

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

P. 6^)1

368

369

369

370

370

c, . .

E,

Go,

R.I.,

Ma.,

Ca., .

o

371

372

o

373

-B, C

E,

E, .

Go,

374

376

377

377

B, C,

Go,

379

•

379

-C, .

E,

Go,

380
381

E,

Ky

o

382
3&2

°

°

383

—

—

384

-B, C

E,

Go,

385

B, C,

386

B, C,

387

E,

F, ,

388

388

Ma.,

389

389
390

Co

390

E,

o

St., . .

391

B, C,

E

o

392

B, .

E,

Co., Mo,, ....

o

392

E,

394

■

394

°

394

395

o

396
396

D, . .

397
397

E,

397
401

—

401

403

I>,

404

E,

405

405

B, . .

E,

407
407

409
411

413

Ca.,

414

O 9

416

417

°

417

418

O 9

420

421

422

Co.,

D, . .

423

424

CI., .

425

F,

Mo.,

425

Mo., .......

426

427

429

o

o

429

o

430

431

652 P. REPOKT OF PKOGKESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

431
432

434
434

440 I

441

411

442

442

443

443

444

444

445

446

447

447

447

448

448

449

449

450

450

451

451

452

452

454

454

454

455

455

456

457

457

458

458

458

459

459

460

461

464

465

465

466

Lepidostrobus, . .
L. Goldenbergii,
L. pralongus, . . .
L. princeps, . . . .
L. variabilis, . . .
L. spectabilis, . . .
L. lancifolius, . . .
L. lanceolatiis . . .
L. oblongifolius,
L. ovatifolius, . . .
L. hastatus, . . . .

L. Lacoei,

L. ornatus, . . . .

L. Aldrichi

L. connivens, . . .
L. species, . .
L. incertus, . . . .
L. Maerocystis, . .
L. (M. ) Salisbury!,
L. (M. ) quadratus,
L. (M.) Mansfieldi,
li. (M.) foliaceus, .
L. (M.) mirabilis, .
Lepidophyllum, .

L. affine,

L. brevifolium, . .
L. tumidum, . . . .
L. Morrislanum,
L. majus, . . . . .
L, Mansfieldi, . . .
L. auriculatum, . .
L. acuminatum, . .
L. obtusum, . . . .
L. rostellatum, . .

L. striatum

L. linearifolium,
Lepidocystis, . . .
L. pectinatus, . . .
L. lineatus, . . . .
1j. quadrangularis,
L. obtusus, . . . .
L. angularis, . .
L. vesicularis, . . .
L. fraxiniformis, .
L. bullatus

Sporocijstis^

S. planus,

Psilophyton,

P. princeps, ...

Leptoplilfeum rhoinbicum, . .

Tceniophyllurn,

T. decurrens,

T. contextuin,

T. deflexum,

SiGILLARI.E

Sigillariu—1. Leiodermarice.

S. monostigma,

S. fissa,

S. obliqua,

S. spinulosa,

S. dilatata,

S. reticulata,

S. Lorenzii,

S. stellata,

S. Scliimperi,

S. corrugata,

S. leioderma,

S. lepidodendrifolia,

2. ClathrariCB.

S. Brardii,

S. Menardi,

S. Serlii,

3. Rhytidolepis.

S. Dournaisii,

S. tessellata,

S. iclitliyolepis,

S. liexagona,

S. mamillaris,

S. Lescurii,

Ca.,

Al.

Ar.

Ca.,

Ca.,
Ca.,
Ca.,
Ca.,

Ca.

Dev.,
Dev.,

Ar., Al:

Ala.

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTIOT^.

P. 653

Ma., . . .
Mo., Co.,

Ca.

Go,

Ca.

Ca.

E, .
E, F,
E, .
E, .

E, F,
E, .

Go,

Ma.

Ma.
Ma.
Ma.

;l Ma.
,1 Ma.
1 1 Ma.
I Ma.
Mo.

Ca.

Ca.
Ca.
Ca.

Mu.,Mo.,Ma.

E, . . Go,

R.I.

Mo.
Mo.

CI.,
Ca.

e' '. ! Go,
E, ....

Mo.

Ma.
Ma.

St.

E, .
E, .
E, F,

E," '.

M,

Mo., Mu.
Mo. , Ma.

Ca.
Ca.

Ca.
Ca.
Ca.

E,

E, .
E, .
E, .

E, F,

Go,

M,

Go,

Go,

Co., Mo.

Ma.

Mo.
Co.,

Ca.

Ca,

Ca.

W. Po.,
Po., .

654 P. PvEPOKT OF PPtOGKESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Sigillaria—3, Rhytidolepis.

486

486

487

488

488

a iit: 1 1 : n ^: :

4S9

490

490

491

491

492

493

493

494

495

495

496

498

Cu.,

497

498

499

500

501

502

502

503

504

S. Brongniarti,

505

505

5( 6

Dev.,

506

506

Dev.,

507

. . . .i . . .

509

514

S. ficoides et var. ,

516

516

516

517

517

518

518

519

520

Ca.,

520

52 L

Ca.,

521

523

523

524

Ala., i . . . .

525

525

527

529

530

530

Ca.,

532

Ca.,

533

534

535

535

537

539

540

540

542

543

. . . . 1 . . .

544

Dev.,

544

Dev.,

545

545

546

547

549

j

549

550

551

551

552

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTTOlsr.

P. 655

M

o

486

r ,

o

486

Mu

487

o

F

488

Go

488

4^9

490

C, . .

490

F. '.

Go,

491

o

491

o

492

k .

Go,

493

F, . .

o

o

493

. . . 1 F, . .

Go,

Ca

o

494

t*\ •

495

o

495

496

o

496
497

498

Fi •

/

499

C, .

o

500

O 9

o

501

.502

°

502

F, .

O 9

o

503

o

o

504

o

o

505

505

506

506

506

In., . .

507

o

509
514

516

E, , .

516

Mo.,

516

517

Ma.,

517

518

518

Ma.,

o

519

Ma . . .

520

Ma ....

520

521
521

523
523

524

525

525

527

E,

Ca., .

529

E, . .

o

530

530

c, . .

E, . .

o

532

B, C,

E, . .

o

533

E, . .

CI., .

534

E, . .

535

E, . .

M,

Co., Mo., ....

CI., .

St.,D.,

o., . . .

535

Ca. ,

537

Mo., . .

539

Ca

540

Ca

540

Ca.,

542

543

544

544

545

o

545

546

o

547

549

C, . .

E, . .

o

549

■ 1

o

550

Ca., .

551

551

552

656 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQLTEREUX.

553

•

553

554

556
557

557

557

561

562

Cu., ,

563

563

564

564

Ca.,

565

Ca.,

565

567

Cu. , .

Ca.,

567

Cu., .

Ca.,

567
568
568
569
569

l^u. , .

Ca.,
Ca,,
Ca. ,
Ca. ,
• • •

570

Ca.,

570

Ca.,

571

Ca.,

571

572
573

Ca.,
Ca.,

573

573

574

575

575

576

Cu., .

Ca.,

578

■ ■ ■ '

Ca.,

579

Cu., .

579

579

rill

580

Ca.,

581

581

Oa,,

582
583

Ar

Ca.,
*ja. ,

583

583

584
584

586

586

587

587

Ca.,

588

588
589
589
590

T. trilocularis,

W . Va.,

o

590

591

591
592
592
593

593

594
595

595

595

Ca.,

596

596

Cu., .

Ca.,

596

597

597

597

Dev.,

598

598

Dev.,

598

Dev.,

599

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTIOTS^.

P. G57

Ca.

CI.

E,?

Co.

Ca.

Go,
Go,

Ma.

Ca.

Mu.

Co.,

Ca.

Z.,
Ma.

Ma.

Ky.

Ma.,
In.,

Ca.

Co.

Mu.

E,?

Ca.

Gr.

Mu.
Ma.
Mu.

Ca.

Ca.

42 P.

Chapter III.

Amount of Materials coinposinrj the Goal Flora.

§ 39. Of the species of the Coal flora, named in the Table
of Distribntion, a few have been found and determined after
the printing of the descriptive part. It is proi)er to men-
tion them here in order to indicate tlie localities wherefrom
they are derived and the names of the discoverers.

From Cannelton, Mr. I. F. Mansfield has sent : Astero-
phyllites grandls^ Neuropterls Granger one leaflet which
seems referable to N. Agassizl (or perhaps represents a
form of Odontoperis Alpiiia)^ Pecopterls Cist 11^ P. Clln-
tonl, P. vestlta^ P. deiitata, Lepldodendron aculeatum^
Rliahdocarpus clavatus, and especially a beautiful speci-
men, the toj) of a pinna of Dlctyopterls neuropteroldes^
Gutb.

From Arkansas we have from Mr. F. L. Harvey : Conos-
tycus BroadJieadl^ Aster ophyllites gracilis (in numerous
fragments, some of them fructified), CalamostacJiys typica^
Sclip. (a splendid specimen, with fructifications distinct),
Alethopter is HeleiicE^ Pseudopecopteris miiricata (abund-
ant), P. latifolia^ P. cordato-ovata^ Sphenopteri^ crenata,
8. pseudo- Murray ana, 8. Hoeningliausii, Bhacopliyllum
fiUciforme, Lepidodemlron yeltheimianurri^ L. mod^ula-
tum^ Sigillaria reticulata^ Cardiocarpus orbicularis (in
numerous specimens), Trigonocarpus Parlcinsom^ and two
new species of ' Sphenopter is of tlis typa of 8. Hoeiiing-
liausii.

From Mr. P. W. Emerson, St. Clairsville, we have still :
Neuropteris anomala. Pecopteris elegans, P. squamosa {? a
specimen too small for positive identification), P. ClarJhii^
P. Miltoni and Rliabdocarpus mult i sir at us.'''

* Some species described by Prof. Fontaine in his memoirs on the New
river and on the Conglomerate measures of W. Virginia are named here below,
for a separate comparison of the plants of these groups.

( 659 P. )

660 P. REPOET OF PROGKESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

A recent revision made in the cabinet and with the assist-
ance of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of the fossil plants found around
Pittston, has enabled me to fix with more precision the refer-
ence of the species to their horizon.

§ 40. Prof. Schimper, in his Vegetable Paleontology, de-
scribes, deducting the synonymy, eight hundred and thirty
species from the coal measures of Europe. About one
hundred have been discovered there since the publication
of that work.

Of the whole number (say 930) nearly two hundred are
recognized in the coal measures of North America.

These European species, referable to all the sub-divisions
of the carboniferous, have been described by more than
fifty different authors, from Schlotlieim, 1804, to the pres-
ent time.

As seen from the table we know as yet from the U. S.
coal measures six hundred and thirty-five species, most of
them described since 1850 ; for before that time a few coal
plants only were published or figured by Steinhauer, 1818,
and a few others (seventeen) by Brongniart (1828-1844)
from American specimens.

These materials we have to use :

For a comparison of the U. S. Coal Flora with that of
Europe.

For a few remarks on the geographical distribution of
the plants.

For an exposition of their stratigraphical distribution.

For a review of the origin, succession and modifications
of some of the more important vegetable types, from the
base of the coal measures upwards.

Chapter IY.

The U. S. Coal Flora compared to that of Europe.

% 41. For the Thalamopliy tes or marine plants, no point of
comparison is found in the European coal flora. The species
described in this volume are as yet the only representatives
of marine plants found iathe coal measures of any country.

§ 42. With few exceptions, the CalamaricB are the same on
both continents. All our Calamltes except two, insufficient-
ly defined from poor specimens, are Eiiroi)8an. The num-
ber of species of Calamites is, however, uncertain, as the
authors generally differ on the value of the specific charac-
ters of these plants. Calamodendrori which I have placed
in this order belongs to the upper coal measures of Europe,
the Permo-Carboniferous and Permian ; the characters of
the plants are recognized mostly from anatomical analysis
which we are unable to do here. Of Aster oj)hylUtes^ three
species pertain as yet exclusively to the American flora,
and three species also of Sphenophylliim. Annularla
species are identical, excei^ting A. Inflata^ which may be a
mere form of A. longifolia. I believe, therefore, that when
the species of the Calamar'm are defined by more complete
specimens, scarcely any difference will be remarked between
the European and the American representatives of this
order.

The genus Trochophyllum, h^^pothetically added to this
division is formed of two exclusively American plants.

§ 43. In the Ferns, the differences are very great, one third
only of the two hundred ninety-four species described from
the U. S. Coal Measures being considered identical with
those of Europe. This difference seems at first peculiar and
might be supposed to result essentially from uncertain de-
terminations, if it were not rendered evident by a number of
peculiar distinct types. Merely quoting the more remark-

( 661 p. )

G(32 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

able ones, we have : Neuropteris laciniaia^ Rogersi^ ClarJc-
son% Desorii^ rariiiervis, Agasslzl^ anomala, verbena^ folia.
N. flmbriata was considered for years a tyj)e peculiar to
America, but a relative species lias been found more recently
in the anthracite of the Alpine mountains of Savoy. In
Odontopteris^ we have : 0 Neioherrii^ cornuta, heterophylla^
Woithenli, siibcwneata^ gracillivia ; and then Lesley a
grand is, D i cly opt er is rubella, n\\ t\\e 3fegalopteris,'^ Tceni-
opteris SmitJtsii, Nerioj^tcris, Ortliogomopteris, Danceites^
Idiopliyllum especially, whose characters are without ana-
logy to any coal plant of Europe. In the genera Aletliop-
teris, Pseudopecopteris^Pecopteris, Splieriopteris and ArcJi-
(Bopteris, one half of the species are identical, and most of
those considered as distinct have characters striking enough
to have been recognized as specific by SchimiDer, Grand' -
Eury and other European authors.

The more marked dilference is in the species of the
genus Rhacopliyllum, of which nineteen are described from
American specimens, four of which only are Euro^^ean.
Tliece plants appear to have been either parasitic upon other
Ferns or sometimes merely protophylles, like the foliaceous
patches preceeding the unfolding of stems and fronds of
some Ferns. A number of these vegetable organisms are
found exclusively in nodules or iron concretions wherein
the more delicate parts of plants have been preserved. This
may account for the great number of species we have of this
genus, and also for the separate fruiting fragments of Ferns
described under the name of Sorocladus and of rhizomas,
none of which have been discovered in Europe.

The prej)onderance of - Fern- trees in the U. S. coal flora,
seen by remains of Stemmatopteris, Caidopteris, and Mega-
pliytum, was probably caused by peculiar differences in the
atmospheric circumstances. Of these genera we have twen-
ty-four species, two of which onh% Caulopteris Clstii and
Megapliytum McLayi, are identified from Europe.

§ 44. The Lycopodiaceoi have, here as in Europe, entered to
a great extent into the composition of the coal. The number

■^^Saporta (in letter) says that fraaiments of large leaves probably referable
to this genus have been discovered in France.

I

U. S. AND EUKOPEAI^ COAL FLOIIA COMPARED. P. 663

of species of tins class, recognized in the American coal
measures is increased by fructifications, some of these of
peculiar conformation, which for the genera Lejpldopliyl-
lum^ Lcpidocystis^ Sporocystls^ have scarcely been des-
cribed by European authors.

The genus Lepidodendron is represented in Scliimper's
Yeget. Paleont. by fifty-nine species, deducting the syno-
nyms, thirty to forty in number. Of the species, twelve are
identified in the U. S. Coal measures, besides twenty-nine
described as new.

For this genus and for Slglllaria also, the characters
we have for determination are merely taken from the scars
left on the bark, as points of attachment of the leaves. As
they are variable in their characters at different ages, it has
been asserted, perhaps with reason, that the number of
species is by far too widely increased. I have already re-
marked on the subject, p. 364. I have only to add, that
from the number of s^Decies published in these two genera
from the European coal flora, it would be rational to come
to a contrary conclusion. Schimper, after carefully reduc-
ing the number of species by elimination of those consid-
ered as synonyms, has still, for Lepidodendron^ seven to
eight per cent, of the species of the whole coal flora, and
for Slgillaria ten j^er cent., while the Lepidodendron make
only six and a half and the Sigillaria eight per cent, of
the species described in this flora.

I believe, however, that for these two genera, still more
than for the Ferns, the number of species may be reduced
hereafter by comparison of American with European speci-
mens, although we have, as for the Ferns, some peculiar
types which, without analogy to any of those recognized in
Europe, evince the continental character of each flora. Of
this kind are Lepidodendron BrittsU^ latifoUnvi^ squami-
ferum, corrugatum, costatum, turhinatum, Wortlienll,
diplotegioides^ and also (though contested) the common Z/.
clypeatum.

Our species of Lycopodites are also mostly distinct, es-
pecially L. sir ictus and L. annular ice folius. .One, L. Or-
toni^ belongs to the group of Lycopods with dimorphous

664 P. EEPOET OF PKOGKESS. LEO LESQUEKEUX.

leaves {Selaginella), represented in Eurox)e by four different
species.

In TJlodendron tlie species are identical except one.

Halonla lias three identical species, one related and two
of peculiar types ; while of the Lepldopliloios^ only two of
the eight species described here are identified in Eurox:>e.

It is especially in the fructifications of the Lycopodiacece :
Lepidostrohus^ Lepidopliyllum^ Lepldocystis ami Sporo-
cystis, that we have here a number of greatly diversified
forms most of them unknown in Europe. These vegetable
remains have been obtained mostly in the nodules of Mazon
creek, the shale of the Morris coal, those of Cannelton, and
in the intra conglomerate shale (the CampbelFs ledge) of
Pittston. Of eleven species of Lepidostrobus^ and five of
LepidopJiyllum, three only are European. All the species
of Lepidostrohiis {Macrocystis) and all those of Lepidocys-
tis and Sporoeystls are exclusively American.

The number of fructifications of the Lycopodiacece, is
comparatively far above that of the sj)ecies of Lepidodeii-
droii. The very distinct and peculiar characters of these
remains forces upon us the conclusion that the trees of tliis
class of plants were more diversified in genera and species
than is generally believed.

§ 45. What is said for the Lycopodiacece may be repeated
for the SigillaricB, except for the fructifications, of which
as yet scarcely anything is known. Possibly the species of
Lepidostrohus {Macrocystis) may be referable to Sigillarice.
* If this were ascertained, the group should be definitely
placed with the Lycopodiacece. But as yet we have, no
positive proof of the relation. Remains of Macrocystis at
Cannelton correspond in abundance to those of Sigillaria
monostygma only ; for this locality has merely rare speci-
mens of a few other Sigillaria and Lepidodendron.

The number and proportion of species of Sigillaria to the
flora is remarked above. Of the fifty species described
here half of them are European. As essentially distinct
tyi^es besides S. monostigma^xQ have: S. reticulata, stel-
lata, Sell imp eri, corrugata, Mass Hi ens is, acuminata, Pitts-
toniana and Lacoei.

U. S. AND EUROPEAN COAL FLORA COMPARED. P. G65

Remains of Stigmaria are found everywhere in abund-
ance, as said already, from the lowest to the upper coal
strata, over tlie whole extent of the coal measures. The
flora of the Michigan coal is as yet known to me only by
the communication of a large number of sj^ecimens of Stig-
maria. Most of the species or varieties are common to the
coal flora of both continents.

The genus Spirangium is represented in the U. S. Carbo-
niferous by four distinct species, two of wliich have been
found in the sub- conglomerate ledge of Pitts ton. Until
now it has no representatives in that of Europe Avhere i^lants
of this kind appear later, mostly in the Trias. S. carhonar-
iuin^ Sclip., only, is from the New Red or Lower Permian of
Saxony. The author remarks on it that the existence of
this vegetable type positively dates from the Permian.

The CordaitecB are particularly interesting on account of
its now generally acknowledged relation to the Gymno-
sperms.

Until 1877, when the flora of Grand' Eury was published,
the Cordiatece were known merely from fragments of leaves,
and their affinities were not clearl}^ defined. From the re-
mains described in that work and from the numerous speci-
mens discovered in the U. S. Coal measures, the characters
of these plants and their distribution have been more dis-
tinctly exposed. The species are difficult to se23arate. Of
thirty referable to this order, and described here as stems,
leaves, flowers and fruits, eight only are identified with
those of Europe. The differences in typical characters
between the plants of both continents are still more striking
in this order than in the Sigillarice. Cordaites graiidi-
folius, Lacoei^ divers ifoli us, gracilis, radiatus, costatus,
serpens, are quite as distinct as species as C or da i sir oh us
and Desmiophyllum are as genera.

As yet ripe or full grown fruits of Cordaites still at-
tached to stems, have only been found in the U. S. Coal
measures.

§ 46. The seeds are described as Cardiocarpus, Rliabdo-
carpus, Trigonocarpus and Carpolithes. Those referable
to Cardiocarpus are generally small, locally distributed.

666 P. EEPORT OF PROGEESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

and of difficult determination. They represent mostly new
species. Of the twenty- two described here eighteen are of
the sub-conglomerate measures, and of these only five are
identified with European ones. Of over fourteen species
of Rliabdocarjnis three are Euroj)ean, and of Trigonocar-
X)iis^ mostly sub-conglomerate, we have fifteen species, five
of which only are European. This genus, like Cardiocar-
pus^ is in the U. S. Coal measures especially represented in
the Sub-conglomerate.

§ 47. After marking the relation and differences in the
X3lants of the Carboniferous of both continents, can we pos-
itively assert that the flora rei3resents the vegetation of one
and the same epoch ? Tlie climatic circumstances, tem-
perature, atmospheric humidity, etc., being identical at
that time over the whole Northern hemisphere, is it not
fair to sujjpose that the plants should be exactly the same
here as they Avere in Europe ?

The geographical distribution of the plants does not
mereh^ dex^end upon the atmosx)here. TJie nature of the
land, its mineral compounds, the origin of the vegetable
types, their deviations and modifications in x)assing to spe-
cies or genera, the transfer of seeds, and a quantity of other
causative agents modify the characters *of the vegetation
and its distribution even at short distances. For example,
the bed of coal shale at Morris is tlie equivalent of that of
Mazon creek ; the formation is identifiable over the interval
of ten or twelve miles which separates the localities where
X^lants have been most searched for and collected. Now
from Mazon creek we have eighty-five species not seen at
Morris, while thirty-five found at Morris have not been seen
at Mazon creek. Setting aside the species of general dis-
tribution, the two localities have only fifteen sx)ecies in
common.

The most common vegetable types of the Coal epoch are
all identical on both continents. As we have seen above,
very few of the American genera are not represented in
Europe, and vice versa. Of the species described from the
U. S. Carboniferous, as indicated the table, one hundred
and ninety -two, or one- third, are European.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

P. 667

This is sufRcient to prove a most intimate correlation of
the floras ol* both continents at the Carboniferous age.

Chapter Y.

Geograpliical distrihvMon of the plants of the U. 8.
Coal measures.

§ 48. There is no special remarlv to make on this subject.
A comparison of the species found at dilferent localities
whose horizon is recognized, the same shows their geo-
grax)hical distribution. The different localities of one and
the same geological age are placed in the same column of
the table of distribution. On the third column (the Sub-
conglomerate), for example, one hundred and five species
are indicated as contemporaneous or occurring in the coal
fields at the same period of time. It indicates also that
about one third of these species are found at far distant
localities, as in Arkansas, West Virginia, Alabama, Illinois,
Kentucky, &c., some at a single locality, others at two,
others at three or four. Addition of species to the column
by new discoveries will by and by complete and more dis-
tinctly interpret the characters of the flora of the Sub-con-
glomerate.

It is the same case with the different stations indicated by
the columns of the table. Long and continued researches
at distant localities whose horizon is ascertained, afford
points of comparison for the representation of the geographi-
cal distribution.

On this subject Ave have, besides those marked in the Sub-
conglomerate, important i:)oints of observation for coal A.
In Illinois, at Mazon creek, Morris, Murphysborough, Col-
chester, &c.; in Missouri, at Clinton ; in Pennsylvania, at
Cannelton and Pittston. Of the j^lants of these localities.^
which I consider as representing a coeval flora, about three
hundred and eighty species have been already obtained up

668 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

to the present time. These materials afford ample means
for comparison.

The station of Mazon creek, that of Cannelton, and the
Campbell's ledge of Pittston, are for the geographical dis-
tribution by far the more important ; not merely for the
abundance of the specimens obtained from each locality,
but because they more fully represent than any other the
characters of the vegetation of the time.

In all the other localities, the j^lants here described have
been found in the top shale of the coal strata and, therefore,
merely exhibit a diminutive part of the whole flora which
may have contributed to the constituent of a coal bed, or
the plants living during a fraction of the whole period of
time necessary for that formation. But the nodules of
Mazon creek are derived from a stratum of soft clayey shale
three to eight feet thick. The bed has been waslied through
centuries by the water of a creek. Tlie heavy iron-stones
in which the remains of plants are imbedded have been
spread and heaped, mixed together upon a wide bottom ;
therefore, these nodules represent the vegetation of a whole
or at least of a prolonged period. For this reason, as also
for the more i^erfect preservation of soft fragments of plants,
which are generally destroyed in the top shale of the coal
beds, the flora of that locality is remarkably rich and im-
portant.

The plants at Cannelton are found in a lower bed of shale
or shaley cannel coal, four feet thick, which is entirely
taken out of the mines and carefully examined, in its whole
thickness for the vegetable remains which it abundantly
contains, and which, as at Mazon creek, represent plants
composing the flora of the coal during a prolonged period.

It is the same with those found in the shale of the Camp-
bell's ledge near Pittston. This bed, four feet thick, is
also entirely quarried out and searched in its whole thick-
ness for the collection and examination of its vegetable
remains.

Chapter YI.
Strati graphical distribution of the coal plants.

§ 49. The marine plants cannot be talven here into consider-
ation, as they cannot offer any j)ositive indication in regard
to the horizon of the strata where they are found, and, in-
deed, are not likely to afford in future time documents of
importance on the subject. This, not merely on account of
the vagueness of their characters or the difficulty of their
determination, but because their types are preserved for a
vast period of time. Species of marine Algse apparently
identical are observed from the Devonian to the Cretaceous.

I do not take any account of the species mentioned from
the Devonian and the Catskill group. They are consid-
ered in the remarks on the succession and development of
vegetable types.

§ 50. To the column of the Pocono are referred the plants
partly described by Prof. Fontaine from the New River
group, with those obtained by Prof. Meek from the Lewis
tunnel, of Allegheny county, Virginia ; a few from Potts-
ville, Mauch Chunk, Pittston, and those from the Sideling
Hill tunnel in Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania.

The number is small. Excepting those of the New River
group and of Lewis Tunnel, we have only from this geo-
logical division Sphenopteris flaccida^ ArchcBopteris ohli-
qua^ A. ohtusa^ A. minor^ A. HalUana^ A. hyheriiica^ A.
Bogersi^ Rhacophyllum truncatum^ Lepidodendron cor-
Tugatum. Of these we may consider the Archceopteris
as Devonian or Catskill types, for A. minor was obtained
in numerous specimens from the Catskill red shale of Tioga
county, Penn'a, by Mr. Sherwood, and ^1. ohtusa is from
the same formation at Montrose, Penn'a; Sphenopteris
flaccida is a type of the Old Red of Europe. Rhacophyl-
lum truncatuvi is comparable to Cyclopteris Brownii^
which, with Lepidodendron corrngatum, is Devonian in
Canada. None of these species are found either identical

( 669 p. )

670 P. IlEPORT OF PROGKESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

or by analogous form in the Sub-conglomerate, except
Archceopteris Halliana and Lepklodenclron corrugaium.

Taking separately the plants of the New River formation
which Prof. Fontaine considers as partly devonian, con-
tinued into the Pocono"^ we have : Aletliopteris HelencB
most abundant ; Megalopteris Dawsoni^ Splienopteris oh-
tusiloha^ Splienophytluni antiquum^ Archceopteris Halli-
ana.

Of these i3lants Aletliopteris Helence is the more common
species of the Sub-conglomerate of Alabama, also abundant
in Arkansas and in the shale of the Jackson coal of Ohio.
Megalopteris Dawsoni is apparently a narrow leaved form
of M. Hartli^ described by Prof. Andrews from the upper
AVaverly group of Ohio. Splienopteris ohtusiloha or S.
acuta is a sub-conglomerate and carboniferous species.
These, with Splienopliyllum antiquum and Archceopteris
Halliana^ completing the list of the x)lants of the New
River group are all named in the list given here below of the
plants from the Conglomerate of West Virginia.

Prof. Fontaine refers also to the New River formation
the few plants described by Prof. Meek from the Lewis
Tunnel ; Pseudojjecopteris Virginiana^ a species closely al-
lied to, perhaps a mere variety of P. speciosa of the Sub-con-
glomerate of Alabama. Tripliyllopteris Lekcuriana^ a
beautifTil form intermediate between Archceopteris Boclc-
schiaiia. sub-conglomerate in Pennsylvania, and Eremop-
teris^ a genus of Avliich all the species iire sub-conglomerate
or carboniferous, Lepiclodendron Scobiiiiforme, described
as Stigmaria minuta from the upi)er Red shale below Potts-
ville or from near the base of XIL Then Archceopteris Al-
leghanensis which identified with A. Roerneri is a lower or
Pocono type.f This small group of plants has therefore

*He says as cinclusion, Am. Joar. Sci., 3d sar., vol. VTI, p. 579. It would
then seem that the great expansion of tlie conglomerate of New River is not
an isolated phenomenon, but that it is the effect of a condition of things which
began in much older formations and continued until a later era.

t Prof. Fontaine, who has visited the locality, still mentions as seen there :
Neuropteris flexuosa a carboniferous species, perhaps taken for A^. suhfalcata
of the Alabama Sub-conglomerate, Archceopteris obtusa a Devonian one.
But he remarks that he had only time to collect a few plants which he has not
had opportunity to study thoroughly, {ibid. p. 578.)

STRATIGRAPIIICAL DISTRIBUTION.

P. G71

a more ancient character tlian tliat of the Sub-conglomerate
to which it is however allied by identity or ck)se affinity of
all its species except one.

We have now for comparison the plants of the Conglom-
erate Series of West Virginia quoted and partly described
by Prof. Fontaine, as follow :

Sphenopteins HceningliauslL Calamites Roemeri, ? Lep-
idodenclroii selaginokles, Sphenopteris adianioides and
macilenta^ Bornia radiata^ Odoniopterls graciUlma^ Cal-
lipter idium rugosum^ Cordaltes Robhll^ f Alethopteris
HelencB^ Calamltes Cammformis^ Alethopteris grandi-
folla, Neuropteris Smithsil, iT. tenuifolla^ two species
of undescribed Splienopter is ; S. spinosa, an Equiset-
itltes^ Aster ophyllites aclcularls^ Trigonocarpus trilocu-
laris^ Megalopteris Ilartii and another species provision-
ally named M. Swelleni^ Splieiiopteris ohtuslloba^ ArchcB-
opteris Halllana^ Splienopliyll'itm antiquum, Odontopte-
ris Neioberrii^ and Calamltes approxlmatus .

This list is a good abridged synopsis of the flora of the
Sub -conglomerate, all the species except ArchcEopterls Hal-
llana being true sub-conglomerate or lower carboniferous ;
ioY ^plienopliyllum antlquicmT)di,w^. is an uncertain species
described by the author from a single lobe, and determined
also by Prof. Fontaine from a mere fragment of a lobe, and
Aster opliyllltes acclcularls is referable to Calamltes raml-
fer^ a sub or intra-conglomerate sjpecies, whose leaves are
similar to those of Asteropliyllltes foliosus to wdiich Schim-
per compares A. acclcularis. Calamltes Roemerl and Cor-
daltes Bohhll are quoted by Prof. Fontaine as doubtful.

As remarked already, all the species of New River are
mentioned in the above list, and though the species are few,
as none of them have the characters of an inferior group or
any devonian type, it is scarcely possible to admit the New
River formation as older than the Sub-conglomerate, whose
flora is distinctly characterized.

§ 51. This sub-conglomerate flora is represented by one hun-
dred and five species, of which forty-five exclusively per-
tain to it. It has none of the older types, except those
quoted from New River ; among them Arclmopterls Hal-

672 P. REPOKT OF Pr.OGKESS. LEO LESQUEKEUX.

liana^ wliicli pass to the Upper Waveiiy Sandstone of
Ohio.

Of species continued upwards to more recent strata, it
has nine in the Intra-conglomerate, twenty-two in the lower
division of the true carboniferous coal A, B, C, and eighteen
passing still higher to coal E, besides eighteen which repre-
sented in the whole thickness of the coal measures, are com-
mon species, and may be eliminated from any comparison
made on the stratigraphical distribution. As seen upon
the table where they are indicated by an horizontal line,
none of them appear lower than the Sub-conglomerate. It
is therefore from this well determined geological division
that the more important and more numerous typical forms of
the vegetation of the Carboniferous have had their origin.*

Stratigraphical determination places into this Sub-con-
glomerate a peculiar bed of shale discovered in the upper part
of the Waverly Sandstone of Ohio, near Rushville, by Prof.
E. B. Andrews. This shale has furnished, especially Meg-
alopteris species and some others, described and figured
by Prof. Andrews, which have not been found in any part
of the j)roductive Coal-measures. The same formation also
barren of coal has been observed near Port Bryon, 111., as
recognized by i3lants which are of the same type. At this
last locality the horizon of the shale could not be positively
ascertained, it was merely indicated as in the lowest strata
of the Carboniferous of that country.

The originality of the characters of these plants, their dis-
similarity from the types of the other carboniferous species,
either American or European, may be explained in sup-
posing that there was already at the coal epoch a land flora
distinct in its characters from that of the swamps forming
coal, as is now the flora of the peat bogs, and that its re-
mains being rarely preserved are still mostly unknown to us.
Except two species of Megalopteris found in Canada and W.
Virginia and ArchcBopieris HalUana^ all the species of this
isolated formation are peculiar and limited to it. They are
indicated upon the fourth column by letter M.

* Only three species are known from the Mauch Chunk red shale XI. The
proper place of the group is, therefore, undefined.

STRATIGRAPIIICAL DISTRIBUTION.

P. 673

§ 52. The intra-conglomerate i)]ants are marked upon two
divisions of the fourth cohimn, the left side for those of the
bituminous coal measures, the other for the antliracite.

The whole group has one hundred and sixty -seven species,
thirty of which are peculiar to it. Twenty-nine of these
are found in both the anthracite and the bituminous, four
of them limited to the group ; thirteen are also in the Sub-
conglomerate, especially in that of W. Virginia, and twenty-
live pass above, esx>ecially to the lower strata, A to C, of
the true Carboniferous.

This group is remarkable for its abundant remains of fructi-
fications found mostly at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, and under
the Campbell's ledge of Pittston. At Cuyahoga Palls the
seeds are associated with Ferns, especially Aletliopteris
grandifolia^ LepidodendronYeltlieimianum, three species
of Slgillaria and Wliittleseya elegans^ while under the
Campbell's ledge of Pittston, they are found with few Perns,
Calamites ramifei\ two species of Spiraiuilmn^ Lepidoden-
dron Yeltlieimianitm and two species of Cordaites. Some
of these numerous seeds are hypothetically referred to
Wliittleseya and to Cordaites ; others to Lycopodiacem.

The Coal beds of Youngstown are identified with those
of Cuyahoga Palls by the j)resence in both of some identical
species, by the abundance of seeds and by the affinity of
types. But until now I have not obtained sufficient mater-
ials in plant remains from the Coal beds of Sharon to
know if they are referable by their vegetation to the intra-
conglomerate or the sub-conglomerate measures.

Most of the specimens seen from around Sharon rei)re-
sent Lepidodendron and Slgillaria species, with few fruits.
These remains agree in characters with those of tlie upper
coal of Tennessee, the Sewanee mine, which, with Aletliop-
teris Serlli^ A. loncliltlca and Aster opliyll lies grandls^ has
five species of Slgillaria and five of Lepidodendron.

The ^tna vein of Tennessee, however, with Sjolienopteris-
tridactylltes^ S. Hlldretu S. f urcata, three species of Lepi-
dodendron and three of Trlgonocarpns has its j^lace in the
Sub-conglomerate. Therefore, the upper coal of Tennessee,
43 P.

G74 P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

like that of Sharon, may be intermediate to one of the mem-
bers of the Cono'lomerate, XII.

§ 53. It is from the lower coal beds of the true Carbonifer-
ous, or from Coal A, the first above the Conglomerate, that
we have the more numerous and more important data.

Sometimes two, even the three of the lower coal beds of
the Productive Carboniferous, A, B, C, of Lesley's manual
are close to each other, even united in one, and for this rea-
son have been indicated in the Reports of the Geol. Survey
of Kentucky, by D. T>. Owen, as la, lb, Ic. For in Ken-
tucky, Coal Ic is either the third bed above the Con-
glomerate, or the second, even the first, by connection with
one or the two lower. It is generally a cannel coal, or pass
at short distances from cannel to bituminous, in such a way
that sometimes cannel coal is taken out at one side of a
mine, and bituminous coal at the other.

It is now questionable if the lower coal strata of Illinois
seen at Mazon creek, Morris, Murphysborough, and Col-
chester, can be identified by concordance of vegetation with
the Clinton coal of Missouri and the Cannel ton coal of Penn-
sylvania, from which we have abundant vegetable remains
for comparison.

Of the plants-exclusively found in connection with each
o^ these coal beds, Mazon creek has eighty, Morris twenty-
three, Murphysborough nine, Colchester five. The geo-
logical station of these four localities is identified by strati-
graphy as well as by the analogy of their flora, as seen
upon the table. We have therefore for comparison, taking
all the plants peculiar to the same horizon in Illinois, one
hundred and seventeen species. Of these Cannelton has
fifty-six, besides its thirty-eight proper species and Clin-
ton twenty- eight, with eighteen proper species. The rela-
tion is thus so intimately marked that if it is not j)ossible
to admit the strata as synchronous, it is at least necessary
to consider them as pertaining to a same group quite as
distinct in the characters of its flora as is the Sub-conglom-
erate. This group corresponds to A B C of the anthracite
and if for future reference called Group A. The species

STllATIGRAPIIICAL DISTRIBUTIOJS^. P. 675

discovered in it amounting already to three hundred and
twenty.

§ 54. The Coal strata coming after in the ascending order
appear to correspond to the horizon of the Upper Free-
j)ort of Pennsylvania or Coal 6 of the Ohio, Indiana and
Illinois sections.

Of this horizon we have so few materials that it is not yet
possible to present points of comparison between the
localities w^here the few plants have been obtained and to
relate them to upper or lower strata. Possibly Coal 1 o^'
Olyphant marked Go on the third column of the Anthracite
side of the table may be referable to this horizon. But as
yet the coal strata have only three species in common.
That the flora is a middle one and has distinct characters
is indicated by its species.

Those not found elsewhere : Rliacojpliyllum injlatum^
Stemmatopteris insignis^ LycopocUtes Ortoni^ Lepidoden-
dron foridaium^ L. Tyjoiii^ L. radlcans^ Halonia secreta^
Lepidoploios aurlculatus^ Cardlocarpus hlcornutus^ are,
with few exceptions, of peculiar types, as also Pseudopecop-
teris spinulosa which was found at Duquoin first, and of
which small specimens have been obtained in the Anthracite
of Rhode Island. The other species of the group are re-
lated nearly in equal number to the flora of the lower and
to that of the upper strata.

§ 55. The upper division of the coal, including the bed
marked in the anthracite measures as M, in the bitumin-
ous as G, constitutes a distinct group, though like the for-
mer its flora is not yet represented by sufiicient materials.

The number of species known from it is seventy-eight,
, besides five marine Algse. Of this number thirtj^-four are
prox)er to the group, eighteen in the anthracite, eleven in
the bituminous measures, three being found in both. The
others, forty-four" in number, are diversely distributed
mostly in the whole thickness of the true coal measures,
as are generally the common species found everyw^here.

The more distinct relation is with Morris and Mazon
creek by seven species, with Cannelton by seven also, and
with Rhode Island by four ; a dozen of these are present

676 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

in two or tliree localities : Mazon Creek, Morris, Cannelton,
Clinton, etc., while besides the three mentioned above, ten
are present both in the anthracite and the bituminous.

§56. The anthracite bed of Rhode Island is still left for
consideration. Do the plants obtained from it indicate its
geological station 1 We have from the coal twenty-seven
species, three of which only are proper to it ; of the others,
twenty are identified in the group A. Though a number
of them are of wide distribution, the reference of the coal
of Rhode Island to the lower group A seems positive, so
far as one may rely on evidence based on such scanty ma-
terials.

Chapter YII.

On the origin^ succession, and modifications of the veg-
etable types, from the base of the Coal Measures up-
wards.

§ 57. Though the evidence is not admitted by all the phy-
topalseontologists as entirely satisfactory, it seems proved
that the types of the primary divisions of the coal flora are
represented already in the upper, even from the middle of
the Silurian.

Remains of Calamarice have been described as Spheno-
phpllum primcemcm,'^ from the Cincinnati group, and as
Annularia Roemlngerl, from the Lower Helderberg sand-
stone of Michigan, t

As yet, no remains of Ferns are known from the Silurian
of this Continent ; but Saporta has described and figured
under the name of Eopterls Morieri^X a remarkably well
preserved branch of a Fern closely related by its character to
the Nephropterid section of the genus Neiiropteris. This
Fern was discovered in the Schistes of Angers, a formation
whose age apparently corresponds to that of the Cincinnati
group.

Of the Lycopodiacece, Prof. Dawson has found remains of
Psilophyton and Selaginites in the Upper Silurian of Can-
ada, § and Prof. Claypole has described a silurian Lepido-
dendron from Ohio.||

Of the Sigillarice, fragments of a stem is described and
figured as Protostlgma Slglllarloides from the Cincinnati

* On Silurian Plants, by L. Lesquereux. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, VII, v, p.
167.

t Ibid., p. 166.

X Saporta. Le nionde des plantes, p. 35, PL I.

§ On the pre-Carboniferous flora, etc., Canadian Naturalist, May, 1861, p. 16.
'I Geol. Magaz. Decade II, No. 12, 1878.

( 677 P. )

678 P. EEPOKT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

group. A larger fragment of a well-defined Slgillarla,
8. Hausmanni^ Goepj)., found in the lowest strata of the
Devonian of Scandinavia sufl[iciently proves the presence
of the genus in the Silurian.

Of the Cordaites, remains of C. angustifoUus are repre-
sented with descriptions by Prof. Dawson, f from the Up-
per Silurian of Canada.

In ascending the Series of the formations, the remains of
land plants, all referable to the same divisions of the vege-
table reign, become more numerous, also better preserved
and more positively determined, so that, from the middle
Devonian, Prof. Dawson already describes two species of
Calamites^ a Cyclopteris incerta^ which, from the branch
representing the fructification, is like a species of ArchcB-
opteris ; a Fsilopliiton^ two species of Lepidodendron^ a
Slgillaria^ a Didymopliyllum^ and three Cordaites.X

In the Catskill and the Chemung above, with species of
Lepidodendron^ Sigillaria, Calamites, and Cordaites, the
Ferns are more abundantly represented by Arcliceopteris
species, a peculiar and distinct type which pass to Adiantites
and Splienopterls, soon losing its identity. For the last
traces of ArclicBopteris are seen in the middle of the Sub-
conglomerate, or at the horizon of the Chester limestone.

It is at this liorizon, or in the middle of the Sub-conglom-
erate, that appear two essential and more predominant and
persistent types of the Neuropterls ; the first in N. tenui-
folia^ N. Losclii ; the second in N. liirsuta^ which, both
continued by identity and derivation, are abundantly dis-
tributed in the whole thickness of the Carboniferous, and
higher up to the Permian.

Here also we find in their admirable luxuriance the Meg-
alopteris^ an isolated and i)eculiar type of Ferns, whose
species, by the forking of the medial nerve of their leaves
and by their venation, have left trace of their existence only
in the more recent Neuropteris fasciculata. The type does
not appear to be derived from a more ancient one. A species

*On Silurian Plants; by L. Lesquereux, loc. cit., p. 169.
t Canadian Naturalist, May, 1861, pp. 10, 16.
X Quater. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1862, p. 298.

SUCCESSION OF VEGETABLE TYPES.

P. 679

is quoted by Prof. Dawson in the Devonian of Canada ; all
those described in this flora are from tlie liorizon men-
tioned above, that of the Chester limestone or the upper
part of the Waverly group.

I have remarked already that it may be a representative
of the land flora of the Carboniferous age. We have, in-
deed with it, plants which, without anteceding relatives are
also limited in their distribution to the same formation —
Lesley a grandis^ one species of Orthogoniopteris, Danceites
macrophyllus^ Proiohleclinum Iloldeni, Eremopteris mar-
glnata^ Ilymenopliyllites Balantlni, and a true Folypo-
dium^ not described by Prof. Andrews, but wliich, from the
specimens examined (fragments of fruiting linear narrow
leaves) could be admitted as representing one of the numer-
ous varieties of the living P. august if oUum Sw. of Cuba.

§ 58. The order of the Equisetacece (quite as distinct at the
beginning of the coal period as it is at our time) is limited to
four types, of characters very difficult to fix, and scarcely
modifiable. Of the EquisetUes the U. S. Coal flora has
merely a few sheaths. Of the Calamarioe^ the Calamit^s
are present in the lower Devonian as well as their branches,
the Aster opliyllites, and are distributed through the whole
thickness of the coal measures ascending to the Permian.
The same remark applies to Annularia. Spheriopliyllmn^
more distinctly characterized, not merely as a genus, but in
its different species, has a wide distribution. Present in the
Silurian and the Devonian, it is in the Sub-carboniferous in
three species, and after, by an abundance of its remains, it
shows its i^assage through all the strata of the Coal-meas-
ures to the Permo-carboniferous, where it disappears en-
tirely.

Born la and Calamodendron are known as yet by mere
fragments, their relation to the Calamarlai, or to a higher
order of plants is still unascertained.

§ 59. In the Ferns, the genus Neurop)terls is the more re-
markable by the elegance and size of its fronds and leaves.
The type may be derived, as well as that of the Megalopterls
and of the ArclicEopterls from the silurian Eopteris; but the
genus itself is limited in its characters, wliich though variable,

G80 P. liEPoirr of progress, leo lesqueheux.

are always distinct. The group of tlie Cyclopterids and that
of the Neitropterls proper are represented m the Devonian
from which Prof. Dawson has described Cyclopterls varla
and KeuTopterls j^olymoipha allied to iV^. angustifolia.
This last type especially has numerous representatives
through the whole tliickness of the coal measures in lilr-
suta, i\\ corclata^ JSf. Losclii'i^ J^. toiiufolla^ all species pre-
sent in tlie Sub-conglomerate, most abundant in the uj^per
Carboniferous, passing higher to the Permian. N. liirsuta
and jy. Loscliii fill Avhole strata of soft sandstone or black
shale at the horizon of the Pittsburgh and the Pomeroy
coal. fimhrlata and JSf. injlaia have the same distribu-
tion from the Sub-conglomerate, but as yet have not been
seen above the Carboniferous.

The species mentioned above represent the section of the
thin veined NeuroiDteris ; a sub-division of the same group,
that of the coarse veined species, includes N. ClarJiSoni^
N. Desorll, rarlRervls^ JSf. vermicular Is^ all commonly
represented in the true Carboniferous. The lirst of these
species, only, is found in the Sub-conglomerate measures.

The genus Odontoj)teris is mixed in its characters and its
distribution. It is derived for some of its species from
NeuroiDteris^ and allied by others to Biolienopter i s . Its dis-
tribution is from the Sub-conglomerate to the Permo-carbo-
niferous and the Permian. No species of Odontopteris are
described from the Devonian of Canada.

Bictyopteris is nearly identical in its characters with
Neuropteris. Of the two sj^ecies described, one, from the
lower Carboniferous, represents the section of the Neplirop-
ierids ; the other, related to the Neuropterids proper, es-
pecially to N. Loschii^ is, like this species, distributed
through all the stages of the coal measures, from the Sub-
conglomerate to the Permo-carboniferous.

From the Neuropterids we pass to the AJethopterids by
Lescuropteris and Callipteridium. These two genera are
allied to the Neuropteris hj the venation, and to Aletliop-
teris by the ramification, the mode of division of the fronds
and the shape of the leaflets. The fructifications of Callip-
teridium are scarcely known, for the only fructified fragment

SUCCESSIOISr OF VEGETABLP] TYPES.

P. 681

referred to the genus, that of C. irijlatiun^ is too small
to allow a deduction on the characters of the fructifica-
tions of the group. Species of this genus liave been re-
ferred by authors to Neuropteris^ Aletliopierls or CalUp-
terls. Tlie two species of Lesciiropterls are limited to the
upper Carboniferous ; of Calllpter id licm^ three species are
in the Sub-conglomerate, the habitat of the others (except
one) is limited to the lower Carboniferous A, B, C.

Alctltopteris has in Canada one devonian si)ecies ; four
are exclusively sub-conglomerate in the United States coal
measures ; of the others four ascend to the upper Carbon-
iferous. The genus is represented also in the Permo-car-
boniferous and the Permian.

The type is not sufficiently allied to the Neuropterids
to indicate a distinct derivation through the genus CalUp-
teridlum. It rather seems to be an original one, anteceding
and foreboding the great division of the Fecopterids. Its
fructifications as far as known by A. Gibson i are marginal
like those of the living Pier is aquilina to which Brong-
niart compares the genus.

For Aletliopteris^ as for some other groux')s of plants of
the Carboniferous, the original species or those nearer to the
point of origin are the largest, more fully developed than
the descendants. Thus we pass from the large-leafed Ale-
thopteris discrepans of the Devonian, A. maxima and A.
grandifolia of the Sub-carboniferous to A. Serlii^ A. lon-
cliitica of Coal A, B, C, then to A. ainhigua reduced in
size, ascending to the upper .coal and then to Pecopteris.
The same decline is marked from the Megalopteris to the
NeiiTopteris^ Dyctyopteris, etc.

The genus Pseiidopecopieris^ composed of species closely
allied together, distantly related to Aletliopteris and Splie-
nop)ieris^ is altogether a peculiar group, not less distinct in
its characters than in its distribution. All the sx)ecies, ex-
cept three, indifferently referred to the genus, inhabit the
Sub-conglomerate and the lower Carboniferous.

The genus Pecopteris has in the U. S. Coal measures a
single representative below the Conglomerate, P. arigustis-
sima^ a rare form here as in Eurox)e. A few species of the

682 P. r.EPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEIIEUX.

genus, some of the division of the Goiiiopteris^ and most
of those of the Crestate and Villous groups, have their
habitat limited to coal A. But generally the genus Pecop-
ieris is more abundantly distributed and more diversified
in the upper Coal measures. The common sj^ecies, P. ar-
gtita^ P. oreopterldis, P. platyracliis^ P. dentata^ P. elllp-
tlca^ P. Milton% pass upwards to the Permo-carboniferous,
even to the Permian. The two last species, Avith P. arhor-
escens and P. nodosa are not found lower than the middle
coal E.

The SplLenopterids are Sub-conglomerate or lower Car-
boniferous ; very few of them pass above the middle coal E.
A 23eculiar group of this genus allied to Pecopterls aj^pears
in the Permo-carboniferous and is limited to that horizon.

The genus is diversified in its tyjjes ; some of them ap-
pear to be original. >S^. Ilwningltaus Brgt., one of the
more abundant species of the Sub-conglomerate, already
present in the Devonian of Canada, is rej^resented here as
in the Culm of Europe by a number of closely allied forms,
mostly composing the group of the Ilymenopliyllites. Ere-
mopterls and Tripliylloptcris^ separated by Schimper from
SpheRopteris^ are evidently derived from Archceopteris^
having also the same distribution, all in the Sub-conglom-
erate* or still lower.

The trunks of Fern trees, ^temmatopterls^ Caulopterls^
Psaronlus^ Meg aphy turn, rare in Europe, are in the U. S.
Coal-measures, if not abundant, at least often found in the
lower and middle Carboniferous. Three species are men-
tioned in the Devonian of Maine, none from the U. S. Sub-
conglomerate.

Silicified remains of Psaronius and of other Fern trees
abound at the horizon of the Pomeroy coal of Ohio.

§ 00. The LycopodiacecB of the coal, known mostly in their
fossil state by remains of trunks and branches, compose an
original grou]3 which, though very distinct, is much diver-
sified in its character.

The oldest plants of this order traced in the Silurian be-
long to Lepldodendron and to Psilophiton. The distribu-
tion of this last genus seems limited to the Lower Devonian.

SUCCESSION OF VEGETABLE TYPES. P. 083

A few fragments of P. princejps have been found in the
Devonian of Maine ; none have been seen in the U. S. Coal
measures. The characters of the genus are not yet fully
defined.

All the LycopodiacecB have the same essential characters
and therefore ajDpear derived from a same stock. From the
Devonian, where, in the U. S., seven species have been found
already, they rapidly increase in the number of their rep-
resentatives, becoming most predominant at the horizon of
the Conglomerate, where the coal strata under and above
this formation are mostl}^ composed of their remains. From
the third Coal C upwards they follow a contrary and^uite
as rapid movement of decadence, so that very few Lycopo-
diacece are recorded from the middle Carboniferous. One
species only is referable to the upper strata. It is a branch
of a peculiar Lycopoddtes^ L. strlctus^ found near New
Harmony, Indiana, in the shale of a coal bed whose horizon
is not positively ascertained.

§61. TheSiglllarice, knownlike the Lycopodlacece, merely
by remains of trunks, and characterized by the scars left upon
the bark at the points of attachment of the leaves, consti-
tute also a well-defined group, whose relation, however, to
plants living at the present epoch is far from being ascer-
tained. They are also evidently derived from a single an-
cestral stock, already recognized in the Silurian. A few
species have been discovered in the Devonian of this Conti-
nent ; three of them are described by Prof. Dawson, from
this formation in Maine and New York State. We have in
the flora six Sub-conglomerate species. In the Lower Car-
boniferous, the number is greatly increased, but they are
there in a far less proportion than Lepidodendron^ which
Siglllaria gradually replaces, becoming mostly predominant
in the middle Carboniferous, and continuing in a limited
degree into the Permo-carboniferous and the Permian.

Stigmaria has a far more general distribution than Slgll-
laria. Its remains abound everywhere as well in the Sub-
conglomerate as in the true Carboniferous. The are of less
frequent occurrence in the Permian.

§ 62. The Cordaitece are also an original group distinctly

684 P. IIEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

limited in its characters and generally distributed from the
Devonian to the Permian, most abundant at some peculiar
localities, but without distinct i^redominance in regard to
stratigraphical distribution. Their relation to" plants of Qur
time is, like that of the Slglllarke, still uncertain. They
belong, evidenly, to the Gymnosperms, and, as remarked
in the description of the order, are considered by Renault
as related essentially to the Cycadece.

Accepting this conclusion, I may repeat now with entire
confidence an assertion somewhat hypothetically expressed
years ago : that until now no trace of the Conifers have been
seen in the U. S. Coal-measures. The first and only coal
plants which may be referred to Conifers are the SalishuricB
(the Ginkgo). Whittlesey a seems more distinctly related
to Cordaites, but may be an intermediate type ; while, evi-
dently, Saportea and Baiera of the Permo-Carboniferous"^
belong to the Salt shur ice. But even these SaUsljurice are
not true Conifers ; they constitute a separate group which,
distinct in its characters and preserving its identity, has
passed from the base of the Permian through the whole
series of the Geological formation, homogeneous, unmixed
by the intrusion of foreign elements. This group has cer-
tain characters in common with the Conifers, but it differs
essentially ])y its inflorescence, fructification, and foliage.
The true Conifers, with fruits in catkins, appear later in
the Permian, by the Walcliice. IS'one of them has been
found in the U. S. Coal measures.

§ 63. The reference of the numerous fruits and seeds de-
scribed in the Flora is not positively ascertained. A num-
ber of them are evidently mere capsules or sporanges, con-
taining seeds of Lycoj)od.iacecB. Others are recognized as
pertaining to the Cordaites ; authors ascribe a number of
them to Slglllaria. In their distribution they essentially
range like the Lycojyod'iacecB from the Sub-conglomerate to
the middle Coal E, mostly under, within, and immediately
above the Conglomerate measures.

* R2p. PP, Permian flora, pp. 101, 103.

LITEEATURE OF THE U. S. COAL FLORA.

Andree, (R.) Versteinemngen d. Steinkohlen Gabirge, von

Stradonitz, Bolimen.
Andrews, (E. B.) Descriptions of Fossil Plants from the

Coal Measnres of Ohio. (Rept. of the Gaol. Survey

of Ohio, Paleontology, vol. ii, 1875.)
Elementary Geology, (1878.)
Auerbach, (J.) Notiz iiber einige Pflanzenversteinernngen

ans einem Sandsteine des moskovit Governement.

(Bullet, de la Soc. Imp. des naturalistes de Moscow.

1844.)

Artis, (Ed. Tyrell.) Antediluvian Phytology. London,
1825.

Balfour, (John Hutton.) Introduction to the study of Pa-
Iseontological Botany. Edinburg, 1872.

Berger, (Rehih.) De fructibus et Semlnibus ex formationo
lithanthracum. Vratisl., 1848.

Binney, (E. W.) Remarks on SiglUaria and some spores
found imbedded in the inside of its roots. (Quat.
Jour. Geol. Soc, 1859.)
On SiglUaria and its roots. (Trans. Manchester Geol.

Soc, 1860-61.)
A description of some fossil plants showing structure,
found in the lower Coal seams of Lancashire and York-
shire. (Philosoph. Trans., vol. x, Mvccclxv.) Lon-
don, 1865.

Observations on the structure of Fossil Plants found
in the Carboniferous strata. Part I, Calamites and
C alamo dendr 011^ 1888; Part II, Lepidostrohas, and
some allied cones, 1871 ; Part III, Lep idodendron^
1872 ; Part lY, Sigillaria and Stigmaria, 1875. (Pa-
Iseontographical Society of London.)

(685 p.)

686 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Brauns, (D.) Der Sandstein by Seinstedt unweit des Fall-
steins und die in ihm vorkommenden Pfianzenreste.
(Palseontograi^liica, vols, ix and xiii.)

Brongniart, (Ad.) Prodrome d'une histoire des vegetaux
fossiles. (1828.)
Histoire des vegetaux fossiles ou reclierclies botaniques
et Geologiques sur les vegetaux dans les diverses
couches du Globe, 1828-1844. (15 fasc. ; work not fin-
ished.)

Memoire sur la relation du genre Noeggeratliia avec
les plantes vivantes. (Ann. Sci. Nat., 1833.)

Observations sur la structure interieure du Sigillaria
elegans^ comparee a, celle des Lepidodendron et des
StlgmaricB et a, celle des vegetaux vivants. (Archives
du Museum, vol. i.) 1839.

Tableau des genres des vegetaux fossiles consideres sous
le point de vue de leur classification botanique et de
leur distribution geologique. (Extrait du Diction-
naire universel d' histoire naturelle.) 1849.

Etudes des graines silicifiees du Terrain Houiller de
Saint-Etienne. (Ann. d. Sci. nat. 5e series, vol. xx,
1878.)

Bunbury, (Ch. I. F.) Description of an upright Lepido-
dendron with Stigmaria roots, in the roof of the Sid-
ney Main Coal, in the Island of Cape Breton. (Quat.
Journ. Geol. Soc, 1847.)
On erect SlgUlarim with conical tap roots, found in the

roof of tiie Sidney Main Coal. {Ihld., 1849.)
On a particular Fossil Fern from the Sidney Coal-field,

Cape Breton. (Quat. Jour. Geol. Soc, 1852.)
On fossil plants from the Coal formations of Cajje Bre-
ton. {Ihid.^ vol. iii.)
Claypole, (E. W.) On the occurrence of a Fossil Tree {Glyp-
todeiidron) in the Clinton limestone. (Geol. Mag.,
Dec. 2, vol. Y, 1878.
Coemans(Eag.) et Kickx, (J. J.) Monographie des Splien-
opliyllum d' Europe. (Bull, de I'Acad. roy. de Bel-
gique, vol. xviii.) 1864.
Corda, (A. C. J.) Beitrage zur Flora der Yorwelt. 1845.

LITERATURE OF THE U. S. COAL FLORA. P. 687

Cr^pin, (Frangois. ) Fragments paleontologiques pour servir
a la Flore du Terrain Houiller de Belgiqne. (Bull,
de TAcad. Roy. d. Belgique, 2d series, vol. xxxviii.)
1874.

Description de quelques plantes fossiles de Tetage des

Psammites du Condroz. (Ibid.) 1874.
Dawson, (J. W.) Acadian Geology, 1855; Supplement,

1800. Second edition, 1868 ; third edition, 1878.
On fossil plants, from the Devonian Rocks of Canada.

(Quat. Journ. Geol. Soc. of London.) 1859.
On the Pre-Carboniferous Flora of New Brunswick,

Maine, and Eastern Canada. (Canadian Naturalist

for May, 1861.)
On the Flora of the Devonian Period in North-Eastern

America. (Quat. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xviii.) 1862.
Further observations on the Devonian Plants of Maine,

Gaspe, and New York. {Ibid., vol. xix.) 1863.
On the conditions of the Dej)osition of the coal, more

especially illustrated by the Coal Formation of Nova

Scotia and New Brunswick. {Ibid., vol. xxii.) 1866.
On the Structure and Affinities of Slgillarla, Calamltes,

and Calamodendron. {Ibid., vol. xxvii.) 1871.
On new Tree Ferns and other Fossils from the Devonian.

{Ibid., vol. xxvii.) 1871.
The Fossil Plants of the Devonian and Upper Silurian

Formations of Canada. (Geol. Survey of Canada.)

1871.

Report on the Fossil Plants of the Lower Carboniferous
and Millstone Grit Formations of Canada. {Ibid.)
1873.

On a specimen ol Dlploxylon from the Coal Formation
of Nova Scotia. (Quat. Journ. Geol. Soc, Novem-
ber, 1877.)

Notes on some Devonian Plants. (Canad. Naturalist,
vol. viii. No. 7.) 1872.(''-)

* Of otliers works not quoted in the U. S. Coal Flora Prof. J. W. Dawson
has published.

Notes on an erect Sijillaria and a Carpolites. (Quat. Journ. Geol. Soc,
vol. X, 2, 6.

688 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Dawes, (J. S.) Kemarks upon the internal structure of
Halonia. (Quat. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1847.)

Eicliwald, (E.) Leth^ea rossica on Paleontologie de la E,us-
sie. 3 vols., 1852-1869.

Ettingsliausen, (C. v.) Beitragezur Flora d. Yorwelt. (ISTa-
tur. Abliandl. v. Haidinger, vol. iv, 1851.)
Die Steinkolilen flora von Stradonitz in Bohmen. (Ab-
liandl. der G-eol. Reiclisanstalt, 1852.)
Die Steinkolilen flora von Radnitz in Bohmen. {Ibid.,
1854.)

Ettingsliausen, (C. v.,) and Debey. Die urvveltlichen Acro-
bryen d. Kreidegebirgs von Aachen und Ma^tricht.
(Denk.-An. d. K. K. Akad. d. Wissensch., Yien,
1857.)

Feistniantel, (Oscar.) Steinkolilen flora von Kralup in Boh-
men. (Abhandl. d. K. Bohm-Gesellscli d. Wis-
sensch., vi, Yien. 1871.)

Fiedler, (H.) Die fossilen Fruclite der Steinkolilen forma-
tion Breslau, 1854.

Faircliild, (Herman L.) On the variations of decorticated
leaf scars of certain Slgillarlce. (Annals of the ISTew
York Ac. of Sci., vol. i, No. 2, 1877.)
On the variations of leaf scars of Lepidodendron acu-

leatum, St. {Ihld., No. 3, 1877.)
On the identity of certain supposed species of Slgillaria
with S. lepidodendr [folia, Brgt. {lUd., No. 5, 1878.)

Fontaine, (W. F.) Species of fossil plants described or
mentioned in the Great Conglomerate on New River,
West Yirginia. (Am. Jour. Sci., third series, vol.
vii, 1874.)

The Conglomerate Series of W. Yirginia. {Ibid.^ vol.
xi, 1876.)

Notes on the Yespertine Strata of Yirginia and West
Yirginia. {Ibid., vol. xiii, 1877.)

Synopsis of the Flora of the Carboniferous Period. (Can. Naturalist, 1863.)
The vegetable structures in Coal. (Quat. Journ. G30I. S>c.. vol. xv.) 1860.
Report on Prince Edward's Island. (Plants of Perm:) Carboniferous, 1871.)
Oji spore-casei in coal. (Am. Journ. Sai. ct Arts, 1871.)
On Carruther's views of Prototaxites. (Monthly MIcr. Journ., 1873.)
On the Upper Coal Formation of Nova Scotia. ( Fossil plants, 1874.)
On New Devonian plants. Proc. Ge )1. S^c. of Lond3n, 1880.)

LITERATURE OF THE U. S. COAL FLORA.

P. 689

Fontaine, W. F., and I. C. White. The Permian or upper
carboniferous Fk)ra of West Virginia. (Sec. Geol.
Surv. of Pennsylvania, Rept. PP.)

Geinitz, (H. B.) Die Versteinerungen der Steinkohlen for-
mation in Sachsen. Leipsig, 1855, fol.
Die Zeclistein formation u. d. Rothliegende. Berlin,
1861.

Germar, (E. F.) Versteinerungen des Steinlvohlengebirgs

von Wettin u. Lobejiin. Halle, 1844.
Germar u. Kaulfuss, ueber merkwurdige Pfianzenabdriicke,

a. d. Steinkohlen formation. (Nova Acta nat. Curios.,

1831.)

Goldenberg, (F.) Flora Sarr^pontana fossilis, 3 livr., fol.

Saarbrucken, 1855-1862.
Goeppert, (H. R.) Systema Filicum fossilium. (Nova acta

Acad. C^esarege Leop. natur. Curios, suppl., vol. xvii.

Breslau, 1836, 4°.)
De Coniferarum Structura Anatomica. (1841.)
Die Gattungan der fossilen Pflanzen. Bonn., 1841-48.

Fasc. 1-6, 4°, not finished.
Monographie der fossilen Coniferen. (Naturk. Ver-

hand. Haarlem II, Deel 6, Leyden, 1850, 4°.)
Die fossil e Flora des Uebergangsgebirges. . (Nova acta

Acad. Caesareae Leop. nat. Curios., vol. xxii, suppl.,

Breslau, 1852, 4°.
Die fossile Flora der Permischen Formation. Cassel,

1864-1865, 4°.)

Grand' En ry, (Cyrille.) Flore carbonifere du Departement

de la Loire et du Centre de la France. Paris, 1877, 4°.
Granger, (E.) Notice of Vegetable Impressions on the rocks

connected with the coal formation of Zanesville,

(Ohio.) (Amer. Journ. of Sc., vol. iii.)
Gutbier, (A. V.) Abdr*icke u. Versteinerungen des Zwick-

aur Scliwarzkolilengebirges u. seiner Umgebungen.

Zwickau, 1842.
Die Versteinerungen des Rotliliegenden in Sachsen.

Dresden u. Leipsig, 1849.

44 P.

690 P. EEPORT OF PROGP.ESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Hall, ( James.) Natural History of Xew-York, i Paleontol-
ogy.) Albany, 1852, 4°.

Contributions to Palaeontology, (Flora of the Devonian
Period.) Sixteenth Annual Report of the Regents
of the University of New York. Albany, 1863.
Harlan, (Rich. ) Description of an extinct species of fossil
Vegetable, Fucoides Aller/lieniens is . (Acad, of Xat.
Sci., Philadelphia, vol. vi, 1831.)

On Fucoides Brongnlartli. (Anier. Jour, of Geol. &
Nat. Sci., i, 1831.)

Notice of Fossil Vegetable remains from the Bitumin-
ous Coal Measures of Pennsylvania. (Trans. Geol.
Soc. of Penn'a, i, p. 256.

Description of a new fossil plant from Penn a. (Ihid.^
1, p. 260.)

Heer, (Oswald.) Flora fossilis Helvetica. 4 vols., fol.
1855-1876.

Flora fossilis arctica. 5 vols., 4°. 1868-1878.
Fossil flora der Baren-Insel. (Kongl. Svenska Vedens-
Kaps. Akad. Handl., ix, 1871.)
Hildreth, (S. P.) On the Bituminous Coal deposits of the
Ohio Valley, with notes on fossil organic remains.
(Amer. Journ. Sci., first series, vol. xxix, 183G.)
Notes from the diary of a naturalist on a tour to the
falls of Cuyahoga, Ohio. (Am. Journ. Sci., first se-
ries, vol. xxxi, 1838.)
Hooker, (J. D.) On the vegetation of the Carboniferous
Period, as compared with that of the jiresent day.
(Geol. Surv. of the United Kingdom, 1847.)
On a New Species of YolkmannLa. (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc, 1854.)
Hooker and Binney. On Trigonocarpous contained in bitu-
minous nodules. {Ihid.^ 1855.)
Lesquereux, (Leo.) New species of fossil plants from the
Coal fields of Pennsylvania. (Boston Journ. of Nat.
Hist., vol. vi, 1854.)
Fossil plants of the Coal strata of Pennsylvania. (In
H. D. Roger's Geol. of Penn'a, 1858.)

LITERATUEE OF THE IT. S. COAL FLORA. P. 691

Lesquereux, (L^o. ) The fossil plants of the Coal measures
of the United States. Catalogue with description of
new species. Pottsville, I808.

Palseontological Peport on the Flora of the Coal Meas-
ures of W. Kentucky. (D. Dale Owen Geol. Survey
of Ky., vol. iii, ISC^i.)

Report of the fossil Flora and on the stratigraphical
distribution of the coal in the Kentucky Coal fields.
(Ibid., vol. iv, 1861.)

Botanical and pala3ontological Peport on the Geolog-
ical State Survey of Arkansas. (Second Peport on
the Geol. of Ark., 1860.)

Enumeration of the fossil Plants found in the Coal
Measures of Illinois, with descriptions of new spe-
cies. (Geol. Survey of PL, vol. ii, 1866.)

Fossil plants of the Main Sewanee Jackson Coal, etc.,
of Tennessee. (Geology of Tennessee, 1869.)

Peport on the fossil Plants of the Illinois Coal fields.
{Ibid., vol. iv, 1870.)

On Fucoids in the Coal formations. (Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc, vol. xiii, 1868.)

On species of Marine Plants from the Carboniferous
measures. (Seventh Annual Pept. on the Geol, Sur-
vey of Indiana, 1875.)

Partial List of Coal Plants from the Alabama fields.
(Geol. Survey of Alabama, 1876.)

Land plants recently discovered in the Silurian Pocks
of the United States. (Am. Phil. Soc, Philadelphia,

1877. )

On Cor da lies and their Generic Divisions in the Car-
boniferous formations of the United States. {Ibid.,

1878. )

On a branch of Cordaites, bearing fruit. {Ibid., 1879.)
Lindley and Hutton. Fossil Flora of Great Britain. 3
vols., 8°. London, 1831-1837. JN'ew Ed., London,
1872.

Ludwig, (P.) Fossile Pflanzenreste aus der palseolithen
Formation der Umgegend von Dellenburg, etc. (Pa-
leontograph, vol. .xvii, 1879.)

692 P. IlEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Meek, (F. B.) Descriptions of New Species of Fossil Plants
from Allegheny Co., Virginia. (Bull. Phil. Soc. of
Washington, 1875.)

Morris, (John.) Descriptive Catalogue of the Fossil Or-
ganic Remains of Plants contained in the College of
Surgeons of England. 1855.

Newberry, (J. S.) Fossil plants from the Ohio coal basin.
(Annals of Science, of Cleveland, Ohio, vol. i, Nos.
8 & 9, 1853.)

New Fossil Plants from Ohio. {Illd., Nos. 10, 13, 14,

1853. )

Structure and Affinities of certain Fossil Plants of the

Carboniferous era. {Ibid., No. 23.)
New species of Fossil Plants. {Ibid., vol. ii, No. 1,

1854. )

Descrij)tion of Fossil Plants from the Coal measures of
Ohio. (Pept. of the Geo]. Survey of Ohio, vol. i,
Palaeontology.)

Parkinson, (J.) Organic remains of a former World. Lon-
don, 1808-1820. '

Petzhold, (Al.) Ueber Calamiten und Steinkohlenbildung.
Leipzig, 1841.

Presl, (K. Bos.) Beitrage zur kunde vorweltl. Pflanzen.
(Yerhandl. d. Gesellsch. d. Yaterl. Museum in Bcih-
men. 1837.)

Renault, (B.) Etudes sur quelques vegetaux silicifies des

environs d' Autun. (Ann. Sc. nat., 5th ser., vol. xii.)
Recherches sur rpTganisation des SpJienopliyllum et

des AnnulaHa. ' {Ibid.^ vol. xviii.)
Structure compares de quelques tiges de la Flore Car-

bonifere. (Nouv. arch, du Museum de Parie, 11, 2d

series, 1879.

iRoehl. Fossile Flora der Steinkolilen f ^^mation estpha-
lens, ein-schlieslich Piesberg und Osnabriick. Cas-
sej, 1868.

Roemer, (Fr. Ad.) Pflanzen des productiven Steinkoh-
lengebirges am Harz und Piesberg. (Palseontograph.
vol. ix.)

LITERATURE OF THE U. S. COAL FLORA.

P. 693

Saiiveur, (J.) Yegetaux fossiles des anciens terrains liouil-
lers cle Belgique. Bruxelles. 1868. (No text.)

Scliimper (W. P.) et Mougeot, (A.) Monographie des
plantes fossiles du gres bigarre des Vosges, 4°. Leip-
sic, 1844.

Schimper, (W. P.) Les vegetaiix fossiles de Terrain de
Transition des Vosges, (in Terrain de Transition des
Yosges,by J. Koechlin-Sclilumberg&W. P. Scliimper,
4°. Strasbourg, 1862.)
Traite de Paleontologie Vegetale. Paris, 1874.

Schimper (W. P.) and Karl Zittle. Handbucli der Palseon-
tologie. (1879.) Not iinislied.

Scheucbzer. Herbarium diluvianum. (1709.)

Sclilotlieim, (E. Freili. v.) Besclireibung merkwurdiger
Krauterabdriicke und Pflanzenversteinerungen. Go-
tlia, 1804.

Flora der Yorwelt, 1 Abtli. Gotha, 1804.

Die Petrefactenkunde auf ilirem, jetzigen Stand-
punkte. Gotha, 1820, mit Nachtragen. Abth. I &
II, Gotha, 1822-1823.
Steinhauer, (H.) On Fossil Reliquia, of unknown vege-
tables in Coal Strata. (Trans. Araer. Phil. Soc, 1.)
1818.

Sternberg, (Gasp. Graf, v.) Versuch einer Geognost. botan.
Darstellung der Flora der Yorwelt, fol. liv. 1-4.
Leipzig, 1821-1838.
Stur, (D.) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flora der Yorwelt,
fol. Yol. I. Die Culm-Flora des niarisch-Schlesischen
Dachschiefers. Yien., 1875.
Yol. II. Die Culm-Flora der ostrauer und Walden
burger Schichten. Yien., 1877.
Teschemacher, (J. E.) On the Fossil Yegetation of Amer-
ica. Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. Y, 1847.
linger, (Fr.) Ueber die Structur der Calamiten und ihre
Pangordnung im Gewachsreich. (Amtl. Bericht d.
Yersamel. d. Naturf. u. Aerzte zu Erlangen, 1840.)
Genera et Species plantarum fossilium. Yindob, 1840.
Synopsis plantarum fossilium. Leipzig, 1845.
Beitrage zur Palseontographie des Thuringes-Walde,
3856.

694 P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Yanuxem, (Lard.) G-eology of New York. Albany, 1842.
Weiss, (C. E.) Fossile Flora der jungsten Steinkohlen
formation, u. d. Rotliliegenden in Saargebiet. Bonn,

1869- 1872.

Studien uber Odontopteriden. (Zeitsch. Dentscli.,

Geol. Gesellsch, 1870.)
Williamson, (W. C.) On the strncture of the woody zone

of an undescribed form of Calamites. (Mem. of the

Liter, and Phil. Soc, Manchester, 1869.)
On a new form of Calamitean Strobilns. {Ibid., 1870.)
Notes on the organs, fructification, and foliage of Cala-

modendron commune. {I hid., 1870.)
On the organization of Volkmannia Dawsoni. {IMd.^

1870- 71.)

On the organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal
Measures. Part I-X, 4°. (Philos. Transact., 1871-
1880.)

Witham, (H.) Observations on Fossil Vegetables, illust.

of their internal structure. London, 1831.
Wood, (Horatio C.) Contributions to the Carboniferous

Flora of the United States. (Proceed. Acad. Nat.

Sci. of Philadelphia, 1860.)
Catalogue of carboniferous plants in Museum Acad.

Nat. Sci. {Ibid., 1860.
Contribution to the knowledge of the Flora of the Coal

Period in the United States. (Proceed. Amer. Philos.

Soc, vol. xiii, 1866.

LITERATURE OF THE U. S. COAL FLORA. * P. 693

Saiiveur, (J.) V egetaux fossiles des anciens terrains liouil-
lers de Belgique. Bruxelles, 1868. (No text.)

Scliimper (W. P.) et Mougeot, (A.) Moriograi:>hie des
plantes fossiles du gres bigarre des Yosges, 4°. Leip-
sic, 1844.

Scliimper, (W. P.) Les vegetaiix fossiles de Terrain de
Transition des Vosges, (in Terrain de Transition des
Yosges, by J. Koechlin-Sclilumberg&W. P. Scliimper,
4°. Strasbourg, 1862.)
Traite de Paleontologie Yegetale. Paris, 1874.

Schimper (W. P.) and Karl Zittle. Handbucli der Palseon-
tologie. (1879.) Not finished.

Scheuclizer. Herbarium diluvianum. (1709.)

Sclilotlieim, (E. Freili. v.) Besclireibung merkwurdiger
Kraaterabdriicke und Pflanzenversteinerungen. Go-
tlia, 1804.

Flora der Yorwelt, 1 Abth. Gotha, 1804.

Die Petrefactenkunde anf ilirem, jetzigen Stand-
punkte. Gotha, 1820, mit Nachtragen. Abth. I &
II, Gotha, 1822-1823.
Steinliauer, (H.) On Fossil Reliquia of unknown vege-
tables in Coal Strata. (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1.)
1818.

Sternberg, (Gasp. Graf, v.) Yersuch einer Geognost. botan.
Darstellung der Flora der Yorwelt, fol. liv. 1-4.
Leipzig, 1821-1838.
Stur, (D.) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flora der Yorwelt,
fol. Yol. L Die Culm-Flora des marisch-Schlesischen
Dachschiefers. Yien., 1875.
Yol. II. Die Culm-Flora der ostrauer und Walden
burger Schichten. Yien., 1877.
Tescliemaclier, (J. E.) On the Fossil Yege tation of Amer-
ica. Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. Y, 1847.
linger, (Fr.) Ueber die Structur der Calamiten und ilire
Rangordnung im Gewaclisreich. (Amtl. Bericht d.
Yersamel. d. Naturf. u. Aerzte zu Erlangen, 1840.)
Genera et Si)ecies plantarum fossilium. Yindob, 1840.
Synopsis plantarum fossilium. Leipzig, 1845.
Beitrage zur Palseontographie des Tliuringes-Walde,
1856.

694 P. KEPOET OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Vanuxem, (Lard.) Geology of New York. Albany, 1842.
Weiss, (C. E.) Fossile Flora der jungsten Steinkohlen
formation, n. d. Rotliliegenden in Saargebiet. Bonn,

1869- 1872.

Studien uber Odontopteriden. (Zeitsch. Deutscli.,

Geol. Gesellsch, 1870.)
Williamson, (W. C.) On the structure of the woody zone

of an undescribed form of Calamites. (Mem. of the

Liter, and Phil. Soc, Manchester, 1869.)
On a new form of Calamitean Strobilus. {Ibid., 1870.)
Notes on the organs, fructification, and foliage of Cala-

modendron commune. {IMd.^ 1870.)
On the organization of Yolkmannia Dawsoni. {IMd.^

1870- 71.)

On the organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal
Measures. Part I-X, 4°. (Philos. Transact., 1871-
1880.)

Witliam, (H.) Observations on Fossil Vegetables, illust.

of their internal structure. London, 1831.
Wood, (Horatio C.) Contributions to the Carboniferous

Flora of the United States. (Proceed. Acad. Nat.

Sci. of Philadelphia, 1860.)
Catalogue of carboniferous plants in Museum Acad.

Nat. Sci. {IMd., 1860.
Contribution to the knoAvledge of the Flora of the Coal

Period in the United States. (Proceed. Amer. Philos.

Soc, vol. xiii, 1866.

REPORT OF PROGRESS P.

A. Index to Botanical Names.

Note. — When a * is prefixed to a page num ber it signifies that the descrip-
tion is to be found there. On other pages ivhere the name is found it is
merely referred to, as syvonyme, or otherwise.

A

Page.

Abietese, 566

Acetabularise, 14, 15

Acrogens, vascular cryptogamous plants, 17, 68

Acrostichuin, 187

A. meridense, Klotz., 187

A. Silesiacum, St., 287

Adenopteris, , 309

A. hymenophylloides, 309

A. tamarisci, Kaulf., 309

Adiantideaj, ' 72

Adiantites, *297— 73,74,114,268,269,292,298,299

A. German, Goepp., 113,114

A. giganteiis, Goepp., 522

A. (C^'clopteris) heterophyllus, 105

Adianthum, 299

Albertia, 568

Alethopterids, 73,158,159,188

Alethopteris, Sternb. (emend.), . . *i75 ^94 ^121, 147, 153, 155, 159, 162, 164, 168

171,173, to 175,177,185,186,191,198,208,222

A. ambigua, Sp., nov., *182

A. aquilina, Schloth.,— Schp.,— Lesqx., 174,183,187,195*181,182

A. brevis, 185

A. Bunburyi, Andrews, *185

A. crenulata, Lesqx., 193

A. cristata, Gein., 256

A. discrepans, Daws., 179

A. distans, Lesqx., 177,178

A. Dournaisii, 174

A. erosa, Gein., 255

A. falcata, Lesqx.,— Goepp., *186,185

A. Gibsoni, vSp. nov., *183

A. grandifolia, Newb'v, .... *179

1^ " (P.i)

11 JT . Kh-FUKi Ur 1 KUItKIIjOo.

LitA) Lihibv^U-T^KJlilJ A.

Page.

A rrrmirliiii T^rcrf

174 180 181

*179

188

A li V1T1PT10 t^li v] loiflpsi 7 jpc;n V

196

174

A 1 n n /^pr\l o T ,pg/^ v

227

A IsBvis Lgscjx

187

A If^noliitipa Rplilnfli

*177 180

A 1 oiiplii firl i^ TiP<n"v pf vn'frnfinr

177

A 1 n (Tl tV^l IQ T V

226

*186

A IVTciQttil 1 ir^n ici T.PcrtY

A ^ i"nQ"viivin A nr1»*p«''C!

A IVTn 'zrin inn n TiP5:n"Y"

190

A iim rinjif.Ji rTrOPttr*

203

A riGrvoSti Bro't

199

A r\l~\Ci/^n T .PCi^v v

17rt

A OwGnii Losr^x

167

A. PGiiiisyl Viinicii Lgs(jx

*181

A "PI ni^lm pf 1 r^Piri

1QQ

A Tiio*n<4!i T.p«:nY

IfiQ 170

*17fi 158 222

A SGrnilti IjGSfjx

140 256

A SJliPafpfi TjpcnY

194

A solida Lgscjx

261

A» StGrnbGr<'*ii GrOGpp

177 178

A cifpllcitii T .PQn Y

260

A. tsGnioptGroidGS Bunb'y

168

A vnl crfif lOT* Sif

178

A 1 nrfP mciTinp

4 ^ 1^ 14.

A n oicif TTkr^Vn'"! 1 nm (^riPT^T^ 9

427 431

A Si i rrTYini'iJipforTniQ

408

AnGimiji

327 328

A nPiinil'PG

74

191

A T* ()'ir» T'^fpriH in m n

15^ 156

A miniQT'io 'Rfo't' m'^^rlt*

*44 1« 4fi 47 PJI f^'> (X'i f54 ^fil 59,S

A 5ir^ir>n1 QT*i5i T^*i wrG

50

A l^T'PIT'lfV^l IQ T^ffrf

48

A o m 1 fi^i r1 PC S/^l'»n

*48

A Dtiwsoni Sclip

*51

A "IT'mPT'Goni Sn n<'"i\7

*50 51

A fprtilis St

45

A galioides LI & Hutt

. . 48

*47 49

*45 39 46 47 48

A 9 X .ocr^ "v

38

A. niinuta, ? Brgt., . . .

*49, 51

■ . . . *50

*18,47,50

45

INDEX A, NAMES.

P. iii

Page.

Antholithc3, 528,545,547,549

A. PitCiiirniiX), LI. & Hutt.— ( Botryoconns) Grd'Ey, 547,548

A. priscus, 548

Apblebia, Presl. (ex parte), 309,558

A. adiuiscens, Presl., 321

A. aiioinala, 310

A. flabcllata, St., 311

A. irregularis, Germ , 326

Apoc3aie8e, 64

Aracliis hypogea, 583,584

Archaeocalainites radiatus, Stur., 30

Arcliseopteris, Daws., *299— 73,74,114,209,289,296 to 305,380,460

A. Bockscliiana, ? Goepp., *306,269

A. Halliana, Goepp., *304

A. Hitchcockiana, 305

A. Hybernica ? Ed. Forbes, 292,*305,303

A. Jacksoni, 305

A. minor, Lesqx.,— var. minor, *302,305,312,307

A. obliqua, Lesqx., *300

A. obtusa, Lesqx., *301

A. Roemeriaiia, Goepp., 303

A. Rogersi, Daws., *307

A. striata, 303

Arthropitus, 33

Artisia, . .419,421,528,542,543

Asolanus camptotsenia. Wood, 468

Aspidiaria, 366

A. Schlotheimiana, St., 383

A. undulata, St., 371

A. variolata, St., 481

Aspidites lepptorrachis, Goepp., 233,221

A. nodosus, Goepp., 234,221,233

Aspidium, 75,222

A. angustissimum, St., 257

Asplenites, 189,294,295

A. elegans, Ett., 294

A. nodosus, 221

A. ophiodermaticus, Goepp., 240

Asterocarpus, 224,250,260

A. radiatus, Goepp., 249

Asteropliycus, Lesqx., *12, 17

A. Coxii, Lesqx., *12,15,16

A. simplex, Sp. nov , *13

Asterophyllites Brgt., 18, 19, *34,36, 39, 42, 43, 45, 52, 56,59

Asterophyllites, (Calamooladus, Schp.), *34

A. fructifications of — 43

A. anthracinus, Herr, *36

A. aperta, Lesqx., 60, 61

A. comosus and jubatus, LI. & Hutt., 37

A. delicatulus, Brgt., 43

ivP.

EEPOET OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

A. equisetiformis, Schloth.— Brgt., *35,41, 44

A. erectifolius, Andrews, 35

A. fasciculatus, Sp. nov., *41

A. foliosus, LI. &Hutt., 23,*38,46, 61

A. gracilis, Lesqx., *42

A. grandis, CJein. — St., *41

A. jubatxis— See A. comosus, above, 37

A. laiiceolatus, Lesqx., 38, 40

A. latifolia, Daws ., 51

A. longitolius, Brgt., *36, 37

A. ? minutiis, Andrews, -.43

A. ovalis? Lesqx., , 35,36, 44

A. parviila, Dawson, 43

A. radiatns, Brgt., 50

A. rigidus, Gain., *37

A. sublsevis, Lesqx., *38

A. tenuifolius, St., 37

A. tuberculatus, ? LI. & Hutt., Lesqx., .45,60

B.

Baiera or Salisburia^ 73

Bechera dubia, St., 38

B. delicatula, St., 41

B. grandis, St., . . .■ 41

Bergeria, 366

Bergerla rhombica, FresL, 382

Blechnea3, 188

Blechnum, 188

B. glandulosum, 188

Bolets or Pol^'pores, 2

Bornia, Room, *30, 18

B. radiata (Brgt.), Schp., *30, 29

B. transitionis, F. A. Roem, 30

Botliodendron, 400,406

B. punctatum, LI. & Hutt., 405,406

Botrychium, ... 327

Botryoconus, see Antholilhes. 548

Brachj'phyllnm, 456

B. obtusitm, Lesqx., 455

Bruckmannia longifolia, St., 37

B. tuberculata, »St., . . 45

B. antiquata, Hall, 9, 11

Buthotrephis gracilis, Hall, 11, 17

a

Calamarif^e,

Calamites, Such., . . . .
C. of uncertain relation,

17,18, 34

*19, 18,20,21,28,34,38,39, 110, 308,393,484,530
29

i Xi XJ Jid^A, -TV ^ ±y XX ill. i^j o •

P. V

Page.

*2fi 27 24 '^'^

n (^i^tii Rro-f

*27 2f» 4ft

C crucititus Br<^'"t ^ Gutb

20

> 1 1 1 >i 11 1 ) iG Tn^tf

9rt 9ft

24 25

C (I isj uiiotus Lgscjx

*29 41

G dubius Artis,

*27

Rft

*9,ri 91 9n S4

*29

C iMornatus Daws

30

C iiitijor Weiss

*21

n i"inrln«n« "Rrtrf T.l At TTnff

20 41

30

C^. T^o O VMlfA 'Rt'ri'f

*28

30

*23 26

C. raiiiosus A.rtis f^]

*22 23 39 430

C SnnlvOwii Tlro't TTppr

*20 21 22 23 25 2fi 28* 24

11 fPTi n n 1 f o] in e TT.i-f

^7

fl frjiTisit.ionisi (^oa r\r\

30

1; nnrlnlnfnc! T .acr^v

o^^ 97

C variolatus Groepp

25 30

C. verticillatus LI & Hutt

60

CalamitGse

18

Vyc^xci-Ixiv/V-ACIVA tJKjH yj* ^ iiSSLC/X W^JXi^ XiltV^O, J^l^lJ* « <

19 *34

pnni<5Pfifnrmi<s SpTin

35

ll "rolir^cme Si/^lir^

^8

C. grandis Sclip

41

C. ri<''id.us Sclip

37

Calaniod-Gnclron Brgt

•'^32 18 23 27 33

Q approxiinatiini Cotta

33

*32

*59,18

*o9

*171

*174

*1G8,172

*166,169

*173

*166,168

*169,166,174

*169

*164,158,167,168

vi P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Callipteris Sullivantii, Lesqx., 1G4

Calymnotheca, 305

C. Larischii, Stur., 288

C. Strangeri, 269,289,305

Camerospongia fungiformis, Goldf., 15

Camptopteris, 145

Cancellophycus ? 6

Capellia rugosa, Goldf., 15

Cardiocarpus, Brgt., *561, 560, 547,548,572,575

with flat membranaceous margins or wings, *562

with narrow compact margins, *570

C. (Sclerotesta)— (drupaceous), 561

C. aflinis, Lesqx., . . *564

C. annulatus, Newb'y, *364

C. apiculatus, Goepp. & Berger, *571

C. Bayleyi, Daws., ,563

C. (Ptilocarpus) bicornutus, Lesqx., *565

C. bicuspidatus, St., *573

C. congruens, Grd. Ey., *573,551

C. diminutivus, Sp. nov., *570

C. elongatus, Newb'y, *567

C. fasciculatus, Sp. nov., *570

C. Gutbieri, Gein., 574

C. ingens, Lesqx., *o63

C. lagenarius, St., 572

C. (Samaropsis), late-alatus, Sp. nov., *568

C. latus, Newb'y, *567

C. ? mamillatus, Lesqx., *'571

C. marginatus (Artis), Gein., *573

C. minor, Newb'y, 548

C. minus, Newb'j', *567

C. Nevvberryi, Andrews, *563

C. orbicularis, Newb'y, *569

C. o vat us, Grd.'Ey, '^550,548

C. pachytesta, Sp. nov., *o65

C. plicatus, Lesqx., *597

C. punctatus? Goepp. & Berg., *597

C. regularis? St., *572

C. retusus, Newb'y, 593

C. samaraeformis, Newb'y, *562

C. (Samaropsis) simplex, Sp. nov., *569

C. Trevortoni, Lesqx., *597

C. (Samaropsis) zonulatus, Sp. nov., *o68,569

Cardiopteris, Schp., 74

Carpolithes? or Cardiocarpus? *593

Carpolitbes, St., *593, 443, 528, 549, 561, 594

C. acuminatus, St., *596

C. bicuspidatus, St., 573

C. bifldus? Lesqx., *593

C. bullatus, Lesqx., 458

C. cistula, Lesqx., *595

INDEX A, NAMES. P. vU

Page.

Carpolithes clavatus, 581

C. corticostus, Lesqx,, *595

C. clisjunctus, ? Lesqx., 586

C. ellipticus, St., 572

C. fosciculMtiis, Lesqx., ■5«-594

C. fragarioidos, Newb'y, . . i *596

C. fraxiniforinis ? Goepp. & Berg, 457,458

C. Jacksonensis, Lesqx., 576

C. lagenarius, St., 581

C. latemargiiiatus, Schp., 582

C. luiiatus, Daws., 598

C. marginatus, Artis., 573

C. inultistriatus, St., 578

C. persicaria, Lesqx., *595

C. platimarginatus, Lesqx., 582

C. retusus, St., 596

C. rostellatus, 583

C. siliqua. Daws., *598,457

C. spicatus, Daws., ^^598

C. sulcatus, ? St., 576,597

C. vesicularis, 457

Casuarinites equisetiformis, Schloth., 35

Caulerpa prolifera, Lamour, 10

CiUilerpites marginatus, *6, 7

Caulopteris, LI. & Hutt., *343

C. ? acanthophora, Lesqx,, 405,403,407

C. antiqua, Newb'y, *347

C. Cistii, Brgt., *345

C. Giffordi, Sp. nov., *343

C. Gigantea, Lesqx., 340

C. insignis, Lesqx., 340

C. liacoei, Sp. nov., *344

C. Lockwoodi, Daws., *347

C. macrodiscus, Brgt., 397

C. Mansiieldi, Sp. nov., *346,397

C. obtecta, Lesqx., *314

C. peregrina, Newb'y, *348

C. Phillipsii, LI. & Hutt., 344

C. punctata, Lesqx., 339,340

C. Worthenii, Lesqx., 342

Cellular acotyledonous plants, *1

Characese 512

Cheilantes, 260,280

Clieilantites elegans, Goepp., 287

Chondrites antiquus, St., 11

C. Colletti, Lesqx., 7

Clathrarise, *477,468

Clathropteris, 145,161

Codonospernium, Brgt., 599,560

Coeloptyoliium agaricoides, Gold., 15

Communes, *532

viii P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Confervje, 512

Conifers, 52 1,526, 543, 548, 553, 561, 574, 584

C. (devonian), 419

Conostychus, Lesqx., *14

C. Broadheadi, Sp. nov., *15

C. ornatus, Lesqx., *17

C. prolifer, *16

Cordaianthus, . 526,528,544

C. baccifer, Gut.— Grd'Ey, *547, 549, 53 1,534, 538

C. circinndatus, Grd'Ey, 547

C. dichotomus, Sp. nov., ■^546

C. foliosus, Grd'Ey, 547

C. gemmifer, 535,538,545,547

C. glomeratus, Grd'Ey, 547

C. gracilis, Grd'E\', 547

C. ovatus, Sp. nov., *545

C. simplex, Lesqx., 538

Cordaite«, *525,356,357

Cordaicarpus, Grd'Ey, *549

C. apiculatus, Sp. nov., *551

C. costatus, Lesqx , 540,541

C. Gutbieri, Gein., Grd'Ey, *549,551

C. Mansfieldi, Lesqx., 539

C. ovatus, *550

Cordaistrobus, Grand'Euryi,— Lesqx., *522,526,*551

Cordaites, Ung., *527,1 ,137,298,301,310,322,419,420,421 ,430,

46 1 , 462 , 463 , 46 4 , 522 , 526 , 53 1 , 552 , 554 , 555 , 559

C. bearing leaves ; racemes 536,533

C. flowers and fruits; leaves; bud-, *544,546,549

C. species insufficiently chai-act- riz3d, *o43

C. (see Flabellaria,) 525

C. angustifolius, Daws , *544,535

C. borassifolius (St.) Unger., *532,528,530,544

C. communis, Lesqx., *534

C. costatus, Lesqx., *540,545,554

C. crassifolius, Grd'Ey, 530

C. crassus, Lesqx., *530

C. diversifolius, Lesqx., *535

C. flexuosus, Daws., •5^544

C. foliatus, Grd'Ey, 535

C. gracilis, Lesqx., *539

C. grandifolius, Lesqx., *530,547

C. Lacoei, Sp. nov., . . *535

C. lingulatus, Grd'Ey, *533,535,545,547

C. Manstieldi, Lesqx., *537,545

C. principalis, Goepp., 528

C. radiatus, Sp. nov., *540

C. Robbii, Daws., *543

C. serpens, Lesqx., *o42

C. ? Sul)-Germarianus, Grd'Ey, 547

C. validus, Lesqx., *529

P. ix

rage.

97 'XX

*307

*1 Aft 1\

*2^0 224 260

237

99^? 99f^

9'^t>

. . 221

221

221

Cycadeje, 466,467,521,522,526,527,551,552,559,584

551

299,552

550

411

C. ornata, (St.) Gold.,

411,412

*77, 77

Cyclopteris, Goepp., 73,82,99,145,299,301,521,522

307

83

346

C. flabellata,

73

C. hybernica? Ed. Forbes,

305

C. lacerata, Heer,

82,83

C. McCoyana, Goepp.,

305

*429,417,509

C. Kiltorkense, Haus^hton,

X p. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

D.

Page.

Dadoxylon, 419,543

Dansea, 156,157,159

Danseites, Goepp., *156,157,147

D. ( Alethopteris) macrophylla, Newb'y, 187

D. asplenioides, Goepp., 157

D. Emersoni, Sp. nov., *157

D. lit mus, Heer, 157

D. macrophyllus (Newb'y,) Lesqx *159

D. Schlotlieiniii, Deb., 157

Danseopsws, Heer, 148,153

DavallijB, 280

Dechenia, Goepp., ' *430,431

D. euphorbioides, Goepp., 430

D. striata, Sp. nov., 431

Desmiophyllum, Lesqx., *556,526

D. gracile, Lesqx., *557

Devonian conifers, 419

Dicksonioidse, *195

Dicksonia [?] barometz. Link., 196,197,208,261

D. gracilis, Heer, , 308

D. Plumieri, Hook, .196

Dicotyledonous gymnosperms, 18,522,526

Dicranophyllum, .Grd'Ey., *553, 555,526,465

D. dichotomum, Sp. nov., *553

D. dimorphum, Lesqx., *554

Dictyophyllum, LI. & Hutt., 145,147,160

D. Nillsoni, 147,160

Dictyoneuropterids, 145

Dictyopteris, Gutb., *143, 71, 73, 98, 99, 129, 144, 145, 147

D. cordata, 144

D. obliqua, Bunb'y., *146,144

D. rubella, Lesqx., *145,144

D. Scheuchzeri, Roem., 144

Didymophyllum (Goepp.), Daws., *506,508,509,513

D. reni forme, Daws., *506

D. Schottini, Goepp., 506,508

D. (Sigillaria) Owenii, Lesqx., *507,517

Diplazites emarginatus, Goepp., 225

D. Rhabenhorstii, Gein., 1

Diplotegium truncatum, Lesqx., 408

Diplotesta, Grand' Euryi, Brgt., 531,500,585

Diplothniema, Stur., 189

D. elegans, Stur., - 287

D. MlMeki, Stur., 288

Dolerophylleae, 522

Doleropteris, 522

Dracoena, 526

INDEX A, NAMES. P. xi

E.

Page,

Equisetacese (Horse-tail family), 18,46,52, 68

Equisetum, , 519

E. infundibuliforme, Braun., 60

E. steliifolium, Harl., 45

Equisetites, Schp., *62,18,577

E. Infundibuliformis, Gein., 60

E. occidentalis, Lesqx., , *62

Eremopteris, Schp., *292, 268, 295, 297, 298

E. artemisiEefolia, Brgt., *293,294

E. crenulata, Lesqx., *292

E. dissecta, Lesqx., *293

E. elegaiis, Ett., *294

E. flexuosa, I^esqx., *293,584

E. Missouriensis, Sp. nov., *295

E. (Tnphyllopteris) microphylla, Sp. nov., *296

Euneuropterids, *88, 77

Excipula Neesii, Goepp., 1

F.

Favularia tessellata, LI. & Hutt., 481

F. elegans, variolata, 481

Ferns, 65, 66, 67, 68, &c.

Ferns of uncertain attribution (fragments of), *307

F. fructifications, *327

F. stems and trunks, *336

Ficoidites furcatus, F. verrucosus, Artis, 514

Filicacese (Ferns), *65

Filicites acuminatus, Schloth., 123

F. aquilinus, Schloth., 181

F. arborescens, Schloth., 230

F. conchaceus, Germ. & Kaulf., 86,87

F. crispus, Germ. & Kaulf., 113,114,311

F. cyatheus, Schloth., 230

F. lonchitica, Schloth., 177

F. Pluckneti, Schloth., 199

F. oreopteridis, Schloth., 238

F. osmundseformis, Schloth, 136

F. vesicularis, Schloth, 136

Flabellaria (Cordaites) borassifolia, St., 525,526,532

Fruits or seeds, ... ^^559

Fructifications of Lepidophloios, ? *427

Fucus; fiicoids; Fucoides, Vanuxem., 4,5,6, 9

Fucoides antiquus, Brgt., 9

F. cauda-galli in Silurian rocks and in Chemung (Devonian), 6, 8

F. (Taonurus) cauda-galli, 325

F. crispus, Gutb., 114,315

F. dentatus, Gutb 114,311

F. filiciformis, Gutb., 316

F. radians, Gutb., 321

Fungi (mushrooms) ; funginese, = *lj2, 3

xiiP.

REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Galium sphenophylloides, Zenk, 48

Genus of uncertain relation, *518

Ginkgo digitata, Heer 523,524,551

Gleichenise, 192,196

Gleiclienites, *190,208

Glossopteris, 142

Gonioi^terids (Pecopteris), 223

Goniopteris (Pecopteris), 223,221,230,269

G. arguta, Schp., 227

G. elegans, Schp., 228

G. emarginata, Schp., 221,225,230

G. longitblia, Schp., 221,222,226

G. unita, 230

Grammitaceoe, 285

Graphtolithes, 9

Gyninogramma Calomelanos, Kaulf., 285

Gymnospernis, 559

H.

Halonia, LI. & Hutt., *409, 356, 410,411, 415, 416, 418, 426

H. (Cyclocladia), 410

H. diohotonia, Gold., 414

H. (Ulodendron) flexuosa, Gold., *416

H. gracilis, LI. & Hutt., ■ 417

H. (Ulodendron) Mansfieldi, Sp. nov., "^414

H. pulchella, Lesqx., *417

H. punctata, (LI. & Hutt.) Gein., 422

H. regularis, LI. & Hutt., 410,411

H. secreta, Sp. nov., . . *417

H. tortuosa, Schp.— LI. & Hutt., *413,411,414

H. tuberculata, Brgt., *411,412

Hexactinellidse, Smith, 15

Hottonia carinata. Germ., 60

Hydatica prostrata, Artis., 38

H. columnaris, Artis., 38

Hymenophyllites, Goepp., (Exp.), 309,56,189,292,310,323

H. (Sphenopteris), 281

H. adnascens, Lesqx., 321

H. arborescens, Lesqx., 314

H. Clarkii, Lesqx., 319

H. flexicaulis, Lesqx., 284

H. furcatus, Goepp., 283

H. inflatus, Lesqx., 323

H. lactucM, Lesqx., 315

H. mollis. Lesqx 326

H. piiinatitidus, Lesqx., 284,285

H. spinosus, Lesqx., 281

H. Strongii, Lesqx., 325

H. thalliformis, Lesqx., 324

Hymeiiophyllese, 285

INDEX A, NAMES. P. xiii

Page.

Hymenophyllum, 309,32;j

H. Weissii, Schp., 323

Hymenophj^lites alatus? Gein., 272

Hypnum, 513

Hypoxilese, . . . . 1, 2

Hypurites longifolius, LI. & Hutt,, 35

Hysterium, 76

I.

Idiophyllum, Lesqx., *159,147

I. rotuudifolium, *160

Isoetese, 463

Isoetes, 355

Juglans, 551

K.

Knorria, St., *407,356, 366, 374, 410, 429, 467, 468, 509, 514, 517

K. acicularis, Goepp., 408

K. imbricata, St., *407

K. longifolia, Goepp., , 407,408

K. Schrammiana, Goepp., 408

K. Sell ran kiana, Goepp , 408

L.

Leaf-scars, *485,*490,*492

Leiodermarise, *468

Lepidocystis, Lesqx , . *454,356

L. angularis, Sp. iiov., *456

L. buUatus, Lesqx., *458

L. fraxiniformis (Goepp.), Lesqx., *457,444,599

L. lineatus, Sp. nov., . . *454

L. pectinatus, Sp. nov., *454

L. obtnsus, Sp. nov., *155

L. quadrangularis, Sp. nov., . *455,4o6

L. veslcularis, Lesqx., *457,458

Lepidodendrse, 356,461

Lepidodendron, . 154

289,328,312,355 to 358,363 to 356,373,375,381,383,393,395,397,398,401,410
4 14 , 4 16 , 4 18 , 427 , 432 , 437, 447 , 456 , 458 , 467 , 469 , 475 , 508 , 513 , 514 , 528 , 553 , 584

L. leaves, 377

L. aculeatum,S., *37 1,391, 394, 397

L. alveolare, St., 481

L. anceps, 366

L. Andrewsii, Sp. nov., *389

L. appendiculatum, St., 371

L. Brittsii, Sp. nov., *368,382,389

L. carinatum, Lesqx., *386

L. caudatam, St. Var. Rochl— 372,391

L. CLarpentieri, Goepp., 397

L. cheilaleum. Wood, ... 387

xiv P.

REPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

*396,374

Jj. confluens, St.,

ono

41-00 4

0/?i? Oi^T 00/4

A orvo

•

Tj. lanceolatum, Sp. nov.,

*doy,o7o

*Q7rt ^J7Q

*Q7Q 4 /I -I

octa

Qftl

384,371,381,385

*392

387

403,404

, 379

INDEX A, NAMES. P. XV

Page.

Lepidodendron paohypbloeus, Goepp., 419

L. polituin, Lesqx., 385

L. prinKX3ve, H. D. Rogers, *377

L. (Lepidostrobus ?) princeps, Lesqx., 393

L. quadrangulatuin, Scliloth, *383

L. quadratutn, St., 382,383

L. quadrilaterale, Andrews, *389

L. radicans, Lesqx., *397

L. rhoiiibicum, 8chp. — St., *382

L. rigens, Lesqx., *372

L. rimosum, St., *392,393,394,405

L. rugosum, Presl 384

L. Rushvillense, Andrews, *379

L. salebrosum ? Wood, . 370

L. scobiniforme. Meek., 377,378

L. scutatuin, Sp. nov., *369,379

L. selaginoides, LL & Hutt.— St., 358,366,367

L. seti folium, ined., 370

L. sigillarioides, Lesqx., 379

L. simplex, Lesqx., 392,393,394

L. squamiferum, Sp. nov., *376

L. Sternbergii, Brgt., *366,367,368

L. " Ett.— Schp., 373,384,396

L. tetragonum, 461

L. Tijoui, Lesqx., *391,422

L. turbinatiim, Lesqx., , *382

L. undulatum, St., 371

L. ureum, ? Wood, 371

L. variabilis, 393

L. vasculare, 365

L. venustum. Wood, 392

L. vestitum, Lesqx., *379,369

L. Veltheiniianum, St.', . . 366, *374, 376, 378, 389, 394, 401, 404, 405, 407, 409,467

L. Volkmannianum, St., 368,382,389,427

L. Wickianum, Herr, 376

L. Worthenii, Lesqx., *388

Lepidophloios, St., 353,381 ,401, *418,422, 425,480

L. (fructifications), . . , *427

L. auriculatus, Lesqx,, *421,450

L. crassicaulis, Corda., — Heer, ^420

L. icbthyoderma, Sp. nov., *426,431

L. icthyolepis, Wood, 396

L. irregularis, Lesqx., 380,381

L. laricinus, St., *422,428,429

L. lepidophyllifolius, 428

L. Lesquereuxii, Andrews, 380,381

L. macrolepidotum, Gold., 423,424

L. obcordatus, Lesqx., *423

L. protuberans, Lesqx., *425

L. sigillarioides, Sp. nov., *425

Lepidopbyilum, 358, 333, 422, 429, -431, 432, 433, 436, 437, *447

Xvi P. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Lepidophyllum (blades), 453

L. acuminatum, Lesqx., *4o0

L. affine, Le-iqx., *447

Li. anomalum, 310

L. auriculatum, Lesqx., 422,*450

L. brevi folium, 453

L. foliaceum, Lesqx., 445

L. linearifolium, Sp. nov., *452

L. Mansfieldi, Sp. nov., *449

L. majus, Brgt., 428,*449

L. Morrisiannm, Sp. nov., *448

L. obtusum, Lesqx., *451

L. rostellatum, Lesqx., *451

L. striatum, Lesqx., *452

L. truncatum, Lesqx., . 458

Lepidostrobus (Macrocystis) Lesqx., . . . *443,44G

L. 35G,333,*131,412,443,446,456

L. Aldrichi, Sp. nov., *441

L. Bailyanus, vSchp., 453

L. connivens, Lesqx., *441

L. (Maoroystis?) foliaceus, Lesqx, *445

L. Geinitzii, Scbp., 434

L. gemmseformis, Goepp., 442

L. Goldenbergii, Schp., *432

L. hastatus, Lesqx., *438

L. incertus, Sp. nov., *442

L. Lacoei, Sp. nov., *439

L. lanceolatus, Brgt., *436

L. lancifolius, Lesqx., *435

L. lepidophyllaceus? Gutb., 436

L. (Macrocystis) Mansfieldi, Sp. Nov., ... *444

L. Macrocystis) mirabilis, (New'y) Lesqx., *44G

L. oblongit'olius, Lesqx., ' "437

L. ovatifolius, Lesqx , *433

L. ornatus, LI. & Hutt., *440

L. prtelongus, Sp. nov., *433

L. princeps, Lesqx., *43t

L. (Macrocystis) quadratus, Sp. nov., *444,437

L. (Macrocystis) Salisbury!, Sp. nov.,' *443

L. spectabilis, Sp. nov., *435

L. truncatus, Lesqx., .441,442

L. variabilis, LI. & Hutt., 437, 134, 438, 439

L. species, .... ... *442

Lepidoxylon, Lesqx., *557,526

L. anomalum, Lesqx., *557

Leptophloeum rhombicum. Daws., *460

Lescuropteris, Schimp., *162

L. adiantites, Lesqx., *1G3

L. Moorii, (Schp.,) Lesqx., *1G2,1G3,171

Le.sleya, Lesqx., *142,73,152

L. grandis, Sp. nov., *142,143

INDEX A, NAMES. P. XVU

rage-

liGucostega, 280

Lomatophl' -ios, Corda, (exparte,) *418,421,526

L. crassicaulis, Corda, 420,421,461

Lomaria atteuuata, Willd., 188

Loncliopteris, 145

Loxsoma Cunninghaini, Br., 197

Lyclienes, 1

Lycopods, 66,355,513

Lycopodiacese, Gonera and Species doubtfully referable to, *459,46,64,324,326
328 , 333 , 339 , *355 , 356 , 361 , 363 , 365 , 416 , 4 18 , 421 , 428 , 430 , 454 , 459 , 456 , 467 , 526

Lycopodites, et Selaginites (auct.,) *357 ; 356,358,361,376,443

L. annularisefolius, Lesqx., *361

L. asterophyllitsefolius, Le>qx., 376

L. cavifolius, Lesqx., . . *358

L. comosus, Daws., *362

L. elongatus, Gold., . . . 358

L. (Selaginites) Erdmanni, Germ , 358

Jj. Meekii, Lesqx., *357

L. Ortoni, Sp. nov., *359

L. pendulus, Sp. nov., *357

L. pennseformis, Goepp., 363

L. Richardsonl, Daws., *362

L. (Rhizomopteris) selaginoides, 362

L. strictus, Sp. nov., *360

L. uncinnatus, Lesqx., *359

L. Vanuxemi, Daws., *362

Lycopodium, 357,359,360

L. complanatum, 360

L. inundatum, 511

L. macrophyllus, Gold., 360

M.

Macrocystis, see Lepidostrobus.

Macrospores, 432

Macrostacliya, Schp., 18,3'i,40,41,*60, 62

M. infundibuliformis, Schp., . . *60, 62

Macrotoeniopteris, 153

Mantellia, 551

Maratiopsis, Schp., 153

Marattise, 121,124,125

Marattia fraxinea, Sm., 124

M. purpurascens, 124

Marchantia, 324

Marine plants, or Thalassophytes, • *4, 5

Matonia pectinata, R. Br., 175

Megalopteris, Daws., 143, *147, 152,153,155,187,188,297,380,563

M. abbreviata., Sp. nov., , 151,150

M. Dawsoni, Hart, 151

M. fasciculata, Sp. nov, *150 , 153 , 155 , 94

M. Hartii, Andrews. *149

M. lata, Andrews, *151

2^ P.

Xviii P. IlEPORT OF PKOGEESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Megalopteris ? marginata, Sp. nov., *152

M. minima, Andrews, *149 159

M. ovata, Andrews, *149

M. Soutliwellii, Sp. nov., *148,150,151

Megaphytum, Artis, *348,336,352

M. frondosum, Artis, 352

M. Goldenbergii, Weiss, *349

M. Grand' Euryi, Sp. nov., -9^350

M. magnificum, Daws., 350

M. McLayi, Lesqx., *349

M. protuberans, Lesqx., *352

Microspores, 432

Mixoneura, 125

Monocotjdedonous plants, 527

Mycelium, 3

Myriophyllum gracile, Artis, 38

N.

Neriopteris, Newb'y, *154,147,156

N. lanceolata, Newb'y, •'^154

Nepliropterids, .77,81,103

Nephropteris, Brgt., 73, 74

N. dilatata, Schp., . 78

N. reniformis, Scbp., 77

Neuropteridimii, 164,174

Neuropteridese, 72

JVeuropterids, *73, 76, 77, 79, 162, 269

Neuropteris, Brgt., 73,74,*75,76,

77,80,84,87,90,94,95,99,114,118,120,123,124,125,126,128,
132 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 147 , 162 , 164 , 169 , 198 , 206 , 269 , 308 , 309 , 522

N. acuminata, Brgt., *123,108,119,141

N. acutifolia, ? Brgt., 89,90

N. adiantites, Lesqx., 163

N. Agassizi, Sp. nov., *117,118,127

N. alpina, St., 126

N. anomala, Sp. nov., *119,120,513

N. aspera, Sp. nov., n21,122

N. augustifolia, Brgt., *89, 80, 84, 91, 92, 94, 98, 115

N. auriculata, ? Brgt., *83,90,95, 97

N. biformis, Sp. nov., *121

N. callosa, Sp. nov., *115, 86

N. capitata, Lesqx., *103,144, 79

N. Cistii, Brgt., 105

N. Clarksoni, Lesqx., *94, 95,76, 87, 90, 104, 112, 129

L. Collinsii, Lesqx., *87

N. conferta, Schp., 193

N. cordato-ovata, Weiss., 205

N. cordata, Bunb'3^— Brgt., 80,89; *91,114

N. coriacea, Lesqx., *111,113

N. crenulata ? Brgt, *116, 117, 118, 120,138

N. decipiens, Sp. nov., *93, 94, 89, 92, 94, 131, 144

N. dentata, Lesqx., *82,126

INDEX A, iS^AMES.

P. xix

Page.

Neuropteris Dluhoschi, Stur., 107

N. Desorii, Lesqx., *112,90,114,123

N. dilatata, LI. & Hutt., 123, *78

N. Elrodi, Sp. nov., *107

N. Eveiiii, Lesqx., *117

N. fasciculata, Lesqx., *93,150

N. fimbriata, Lesqx, *81,80,74,82, 83

N. flssa, Lesqx., *122,123

N. flexuosa, Brgt., 75,76,96,97,100,101,102

N. German, Geopp., . .*113,87,114

N. gibbosa, Lesqx., *84,75,144

N. gigantea, St., 101,102

N. Grangeri, Brgt., *105,106

N. heterophylla, Lesqx., 89

N. hirsata, Lesqx., *88,74,76,84,90,91,93,115,122,232

N. inflata, Lesqx., *86

N. laciniata, Lesqx., *80

N. Leberti, Heer., 97

N. Lindleyana, St., 107

N. Loschii, Brgt., *98, 75, 81,90, 97, 101, 104, 106, 107, 108, 144

N. microphylla, Brgt., 107

N. minor, Lesqx., *123

N. Missouriensis, Sp. nov., *104

N. Montana, Heer, 103

N. Moorii, Lesqx., 162

N. obsciira, Sp. nov., *108

N. ovata, Germ., 164,174

N. plicata, Sternb., *96,97,108

N. pteroides, Goep., 164

N. rarinervis, Bunb'y, *109, 74 ,78,91,104,110 to 113,123,460,522

N. regina. Ram., 164

N. reniformis?, Brgt., *77

N. Rogersi, Lesqx., *83,232

N. rotmidifolia, Brgt., *97,104

N. Scheuchzeri, Brgt,, 89, 92

N. smiiacifolia, Sternb., 123

N. Smithsii, Lesqx., , *106,107

N. speciosa, Lesqx., 83

N. subfalcata, Sp. nov., *102

N. tenuifoiia, Brgt., *100, 101, 102, 82, 99, 104, 106, 145

N. tenuinervis, Lesqx., 125

N. trichomanoides? Brgt., *79,104

N. undans, Lesqx., 74,83, 84

N. verbensefolia, Lesqx., *120

N. vermicuiaris, Lesqx., *99,145

N. Villersii, Brgt., 86

Noeggerathije, *521,310,526,527

Noeggerathia, St., 299,300

N. Bockschiana, Lesqx., . . 306

N. crassa, Goepp., ? 530, 30

XX p.

REPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEPvEUX.

Page.

Noeggerathia flabellata, LI. & Hutt., 525

N. foliosa, St., 521

N. Gilboensis, 305

N. graiiiinifolia, Ung., •. 544

N. minor, Lesqx., 302

N. obliqua (Goepp.), Lesqx., 300

N. obtusa, Lesqx., 301

O.

Odontopteris, Brgt., *124

73,74,77,104,114,118,125,126,127,130,143,147,162,164,198

O. proper (Xenopteris), . . 125

O. abbreviata, Sp. nov., *138

G. sequalis, Lesqx., *135

O. alata, Lesqx., *131

O. Alpina, Gein., *126, 114, 118, 125, 127, 129, 137, 163

O. Brardii, Brgt., *132, 133, 138, 139, 142, 198, 199

O. Brardleyi, Lesqx., *140

C. britiinnica, 125

O. connata, Rsem., 164

C. cornuta, Sp. nov., *128

O. crenulata, Lesqx., 137

O. deformata, Sp. nov., *141,133

O. gracillima, Newb'y, *140

O. heterophylla, Lesqx., *129

O. intermedia, Lesqx., . '. 132,133

O. Lescurii, ? 126,127,130

O. Lindleyana, Goepp., 127

O. lingnlata, Goepp., 134

O. minor, Brgt., 142

O. Newberryi, Lesqx., *127

O. neuropteroides, Newb'y.— Roem., 127,128

O. obtusa, LI. & Hutt.— Brgt., 127,128,134,126

O. Reicliiana, 114

O. Schlotheimii, Brgt., *136 , 125 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 147

O. sorifera, 124

O. sphenopteroides, Sp. nov *139

O. squamosa, Lesqx., *133,80

O. subcrenulata. Sp. nov., *137

O. subcuneata, Bunb'y., . . . *134,126

O. tenuinervis, Lesqx., *125,135

O. Worthenii, Lesqx., *130,122

Oleandrinum, Schp., 153

Oligocarpia, Goepp., *265,272

O. Alabamensis, Lesqx., *266

O. flagellaris, Lesqx., *267

O. Gutbieri, Goepp., *266, 270

O. quercifolia, Stur., .... 286

Ophioglossum, 329,330

Orthogoniopteris, Andrews, 147,^155

O. clara, Andrews, *156

INDEX A, NAMES. P. Xxi

Page.

Orthogoniopteris Gilberti, Andrews, *156

Otopteris, 128

P.

Pachydermata, 77,106

Pachyphyllum, Lesqx., 309

P. afflne, Lesqx., 318

P. hirsutum, Lesqx., 318

P. lactuca, Lesqx., Schp., 315

Pachypteris, Brgt., 308,309

P. graciliima, Lesqx., *308

Pachytesta, 565

Paloeopteris Hibernica, Schp., 305

Palms, 584

Palmites verticillatus, Schloth, *52

Palmacites quadrangulatus, Schloth., 383

P. varioiatus, Schloth , etc., 481

Palseobromelia, Ett , 518

Palj3eophycus, Hall, *9,11

P. divaricatus, Lesqx., *11,12

P. gracilis, Lesqx., *11

P. Mileri, Lesqx., ^ 10,12

P. tubularis, Hall, 10

Palseopteris, ; 299

Palseoxyris, Brgt., 518

P. appendiculata, Lesqx., 520

P. corrugata, Lesqx., . , 519

P. Prendeiii, Lesqx., 519

Peat, 5

Pecopterids, *221, 73, 156,162,222,247,265

P. (Sphenopteris), 268,*269

Pecopteridece, 72

Pecopteris, Brgt., *223,168,

174 , 175 , 176 , 1 89 , 191 , 208 , 221 , 222 , 236 , 239 , 247 , 249 , 254 , 265 , 272 , 362

P. (villous), *250,223

P. (acrostichides), 222

P. (aspidioides), ; 222

P. asplenioides), ; 222

P. (proper) or Cyatheids, 223

P. (Cyatheites), 222

P. (Goniopterids), 223

P. (Goniopteris), '. *223

P. of uncertain relation, *261

P. abbreviata, Brgt., *248

P. acuta, Brgt., *241

P. sequilis, Brgt., 240

P. affinis, Brgt., • 243

P. alata, Schp.— Brgt., 209,273

P. angustissima ? Brgt., *257

P. aquilina, Brgt., 181

xxii P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Pecopteris arborescens, Schioth, *230

P. Brgt., 220,99,221,231,234,235,247,255

P. " Schp., 232,233

P. arguta, Brgt., ^227232

P. aspidioides, Brgt., 231

P. Biicklandi, Brgt., *244,222

P. aspera, Brgt., *242

P. Candolliana, Brgt., *243

P. chserophylloides, Brgt., 270

P. Cistii, Brgt., *243,244,245

P. Clarkii, Sp. nov., *261

P. Clintoni, Sp. nov., *251

P. concinna, Lesqx., *264,209

P. crenulata, ? Brgt., 193

P. (crestate), *255,223

P. cristata, Gutb., *256,260,273

P. cyathea, Brgt., 231

P. (Cyatheites), *230

P. (Cyatheites) pulcher, Heer, 237

P. Defrancii, Brgt., 75

P. Dav^reuxii, Brgt., 177

P. decurrens, Lesqx , 209,222

P. dentata, Brgt., *240,243

P. distans, Lesqx., *246

P. elegans, Germ., *228,229

P. elliptica, Bunb'y, *245,246

P. emarginata, Goepp.— Bunb'y, ^225

P. erosa, Gutb., *255,256,257

P. flavicans ? (Presl.) Lesqx., 237

P. gigas, Gutb., 164

P. Hallii, Lesqx., *258

P. incompleta, Lesqx., *264

P. laciniata, LI. & Hutt,, 203

P. lanceolata, Lesqx , *227

P. lepidorachis, Brgt., 231

P. linearis, Gutb., 255

P. lonchitaca, Brgt., 177

P. longifolia, Brgt.— Germ., *226,225

P. Loschii, Brgt., 206

P. lyratifolia, Goepp., . *259

P. marginata, Brgt., 186

P. microphylla, Brgt., *263

P. Miltoni, Brgt., *247,185,244

P. " Gein., 248,249,250,254

P. " var. pilosa, Gutb., 253

P. Murrayana, Lesqx,— Brgt., 271,272

P. nervosa, Brgt., 197

P. Newberryi. Lesqx , 202

P. nodosa, (Goepp.,) Schp., *233

P. notata, Lesqx., *262

P. oreopteridia, Schp., 238,222

INDEX A, NAMES.

P. xxiii

Page.

Pecopteris oreopteridis, Schloth.— Brgt., *233,245,263

P. pennjBformis, Brgt., *239,240,242

P. aspidioides, Sobp., " 231

P. platyracliis, Brgt., *232

P. Pluckneti, Brgt., 199,222

P. pluinosa, Brgt., 240,241

P. polymorpha, Brgt.— Schp., 247,248,244,249

P. pteroides, Brgt., *249,244

P. pussilla, Lesqx., 220

P. quadratitolia, Sp. nov., *234

P. robusta, Sp. nov., *229

P. Sauveurii, Brgt., 197

P. Schlotbeimii, St., 230

P. Serlii, Brgt., 176

P. serpillifolia, Sp. nov., *237

P. serrula, Lesqx.— Schp., *256,222; 256,258,259

P. Sheaferi, Lesqx., ... 194

P. Sillimanni, Lesqx.— Brgt., 205; 206,208

P. solida, Lesqx., . . ^261

P. squamosa, Lesqx., *235

P. stellata, Lesqx., *260

P. Strongii, Lesqx., *236

P. unita, Brgt., *223,225,226,229

P. urophylla, Brgt., 177

P. velutina, Lesqx., *250

P. venulosa, Sp. nov., *230

P. vestita, Sp. nov., *252

P. villosa? Brgt., • *253,255,334

Pellsea, • • 152

Pinites pulvinaris, St., 408

P. mughiforniis, St., 408

Pinnularia, LI. & Hutt., *518

P. calamitarum, Lesqx., 518

P. capillacea, LI. & Hutt., 518

P. confervoides, Lesqx., 518

P. ficoides, Lesqx., 518

P. horizontalis, Lesqx., 518

P. pinnata, Lesqx., 518

Phillites, 160

Phlebopteris (Dictyophyllum) Nilsoni, Brgt., 147,160

P. polypodioides, Brgt., 261

Phyllopteris, Brgt., 121

P. antiqua, Daws., 155

Phytholithus cancellatus, Steinh., 374

P. notatus, Steinh., 486

P. parmatus, Steinh., 401,403

P. tessellatus, Steinh 481

P. verrucosus, Martin, 514

Phytopsis cellulosum, Hall 12

Physophycus, Sclip., 6

P. Andrsei, Stur., 7

Xxiv P. KKPOET OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Pag»e.

Physophycus marginatus, Schp., 7

Piniiularia, see Rhizolites.

Plants doubtfully referable to Calamariae, *63

Plantula debilis, 538

Poa-Cordaites, 532

Polypterospermum, Brgt., • 589,292

Poiyporites Bowmanni, LI. & Hutt., 2

P. elegaus, Goepp., 227

Poly podium, 261, 75

Pol\-pores (Bolets or ), 2

Polysporia ? Newb'y, 443,446

Protoblechnum, Lesqx., *188,162,147

P. Holdeni (Andrews), Lesqx., *188

Protopteris, 336

Psaronius Corda, •^353,351,343

Psaronites, 348

Pseudopecopterids, *189

Pseudopecopteris, Lesqx., -5^190,209,221,222,273

P. actua, Brgt., *215,211,216

P. abbreviata, Lfsqx., *203

P. anceps, Lesqx , *207, 208, 211, 190, 171

P. biforniis, 190

P. callosa, Lesqx., *209,222

P. Cordato-ovata (Weiss), Lesqx., *205

P. decipiens, Lesqx., *214

P. decurrens, Lesqx., 209, 190*, 265

P. denudata, Sp. nov., *212

P. dimorpha, Sp. nov,, *201

P. glandulosa, Lesqx., *210,190

P. hynienophylloides, Lesqx., *196

P.- irregularis, St., *211,210

P. latifola, Brgt., *215,216

P. Loschii, Brgt., 222

P. macilenta LI. & Hutt.), Lesqx., *219

P. Mazoniana, Lesqx., *190,208,209

P. Muricata, Brgt., *203,190,222

P. nervosa, Brgt., *197, 172, 190, 200, 204, 216. 222

P. Xewberryi, Lesqx., , *202,2O3,190

P. Owenii, 190

P. Pluckneti, Schloth., *199,201,202

P. polyphj'lla CLl. & Hutt.) Lesqx., *218

P. pussilla, Lesqx., *220,222

P. rugosa, Lesqx., 190

P. Scheaferi, Lesqx., *194

P. Sillimanni, Brgt., *206,210,222

P. speciosa, Sp. nov., *216, 190,214

P. spinulosa. Lesqx., *195

P. subscrenulata, Sp., nov., 193,230

P. subnervosa, Roemer, *198,222

P. trilobata, Brgt., 204

INDEX A, NAMES. P. XXV

Page.

Pseudopocopteris trifoliuta, (Brgt.) Lesqx., *217,218

P. Virgiuiaiia (INIeek) Lesqx., *217

Psaronius, 336

Psilopliytoii, Daws., *459,357

P. Condrusoriiiii, 304

P. princeps, Daws., *459

Psilotiim, 3G5

Psygmophylluni 527

Pteris, . . 75,152

Ptilocarpus. (See Cardiocarpus bicornutus above,) 566

Pycluiophyllum, 526,527

P. borassifolimn, Brgt., 532

R.

Rachiopterides, 331

Rachiopteris, *331

R. affinis, Lesqx., *331

R. cyclopteroides, ... *332

R. pinnata, Daws., *332

R. punctata, Daws., *332

R. selago, Lesqx., *332

R. striata. Daws., *333

R. tenuistiiata, Daws., *333

Rhabdocarpus, Goepp. & Berger., *574

R. acuminatus, Newb'y., *579

R. amygdalae formis, Goepp & Berg., *581

R. apiciilatus, Newb'y., 579

R. arciiatus, Lesqx., *583

R. carinatus, Newb'y., *579

R. clavatus? (St.) Gein., -5^581

R. costatus, Newb'y., . 579

R. cornutus, Sp. nov., *583

R. Danai, Foster, 580

R. Howardi, Sp. nov., *575

R. hisignis, Sp. nov., *575,579

R. Jacksoniensis, Lesqx., "576,575

R latemarginatiis, Lesqx., *582

R. lineatus, Goepp. & Berg., 551

R. Isevis, Newb'y., . . "^579

R. mamillatus, Lesqx., 571

R. ? minutus, Lesqx., *583,570

R. multistriatus, Presl.— St., *578,853

Rhabdophyllum pachyrachis, Schenk., 313

Rhacophyllum, Schp., *309, 310, 558, 114, 314, 324

R. (Fucoides), *324,310

R. (Hymenophyllites), *314,310

R. (Neuropterids), . *310

R. adnascens, LI. & Hutt.— Schp., *321; 321,317,323,327

R. afRne, Lesqx., 319

R. arborescens, Lesqx., *314

R. Clarkii, Lesqx., *319

XXvi P. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Rhacophyllum cornutum, Sp. nov., *3i7

R. corrallinum, Sp. nov., *317

R. expansuin, Sp. nov., *323

R. flabellatiim, St., . . *311,312,322,522

R. miciforme (Gutb.), Schp , . . *316,320,321,322

R. fimbriatuui, Lesqx., *318

R. fucoideuni, Sp. nov., -^325

R. Gutbierianum, Gein., 316,317,320

R. haniuiosum, Sp. nov., *321

R. hirsutuni, Lesqx., *318

R. inflatum, Lesqx., *323

R. irregulare, Germ., *326

R. lactuca, Stern b., • . • *315,322

R. membranaceum, Sp. nov., *312

R. moile, Lesqx., *326

R. paclijTachis (Scliizopteris), Schenk., 314

R. scolopendrites, Lesqx., *313

R. spinosum, Sp. nov., *320,323

R. Strongii, Lesqx., *325

R. thalliforme, Lesqx., *324

R. trichoideum, Sp. nov., *322

R. truncatum, Sp. nov., *311

Rhaeopteris elegans, Schp., 294

Rhizolites (Pinnularia) palniatitidus, 518

Rhizomorpha, Roth., *3

R. Sigillarise, Lesqx., *3

R. subcorticalis, Lesqx., 3

Rhizomopteris, Schp., (see Lycopodeacese), 333,69,439

R. filiforniis, Schp., 359

R. lycopodioides, 358

Rhodea radians, Presl. , 321

Rhytidolepis, *480,468

Roots of uncertain relation, *518

Rotulai ia polyphylla, St., 55

Rueilise, Germ., 361

Sagenaria, 366

S. aculeata, Presl., 371

S. accuminata, Goepp., 374

S. caudata, St., 371

S. crenata, Brgt., 394

S. dichotoma, (St.,) 436,438

S. elliptica, Goepp., 374

S. rimosa, Presl., 392

S. Veltheimiana, Presl.— (St.) Gein., 374,401

Salisburia. (See Baiera,) 73,76,523,524,556

S. adiantifolia, 312

Samaropsis, Goei^p. (See Cardiocarpas late-alatus, simj^lex and zonu-

latus,) 562,548,566,571

Sargassum, 4,5

INDEX A, NAMES. P. XXvii

Page.

Sarcotaxus, 560

Schizopteris, Auct. (exparte,) 309

S. adnascens, LI. & Hutt , 321

S. anomala? Brgt., 557,558

S. Giitbieriana, Gein., 316

S. lactuca, Presl., 315

Schutzia bracteata, Lesqx., 545

Sciadopitys verticillata, Sieb., 566

Scolopendrium, 313

Scolopendrites grosse-dentatus, Lesqx., 313

Seeds, *559

Selagineaj, . 459,467

Selagiiiella, 355,463

Selagiiiites. (See Lycopodites, ) .... *357

S. crassus, Lesqx., 358

S. Erdinanni, Germ., 350

S. uncinnatus, Lesqx., 359

Serpentes, .... *542

"Sigillarise, *466, 467, 410, 526, 537

Sigillaria, . . . *467, 4, 328, 333,364,365, 366,382, 390,396, 398, 414, 416 to 469,478

502,503,508 to 514,517,528

S. acuminata, Newb'y, 496

S. alternans, LI. & Hutt., 501,502

S. alveolaris, Brgt., 481,482

S. attenuata, Lesqx-, *488,485

S. Biercei, Newb'y 482

S. Brardii, Brgt., *477,479,257

S. Brongnarti, Gein., 504

S. canaliculata, Brgt., 497,499

S. Cistii, Brgt., 345

S. contracta, Brgt., 490

S. corrugata, Lesqx., *475

S. Cortei, Brgt., ' . *495

S. cuspidata, Brgt., *486

S. Defrancii, Brgt., 480

S. dentata, Newb'y., 481,482

S. denudata., Goepp., 470

S. Deutschiana, Brgt., 497

S. diplodernia, Corda, 490

S. dilatata, Lesqx., *472

S. discoidea? Lesqx., 499

S. Dournaisii, Brgt., *480

S. dubia, Lesqx., 495,496

S. elegans, Brgt., 481

S. ? ficoides, 510

S. fissa, Lesqx., *470,467

S. hexagona? Brgt., *483,482

S. hyppocrepis, Brgt., 491

S. ichtliyolepis, St., *482,479

S. Knorrii, Brgt., 481,482

S. Lacoei, Sp. nov., *499,489

Xxviii P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Sigillaria laevigata, Brgt., *o00,490,501

S. leioclerma, Brgt., *476

S. lepidodendriiblia, Brgt., *477

S. leptoderma, Sp. nov., ' *489

S. Lescurii, Schp., *485,488,494

S. Lorenzii, Sp. nov., *473

S. inammillaris, Brgt., *483

S. marginata, Sp. nov., *498

S. Massiliensis, Lesqx., *487

S. Menardi, Lesqx.— Brgt., 401,-:479,480

S. microstigma, Brgt., 481

S. minima, Brgt., 506,481

S. monostachya, LL & Hutt., 501

S. monostigma, Lesqx., *468, 407, 467, 5 J 7, 518

S. notata, Brgt., *486

S. obliqua, Brgt., *470

S. obovata, Lesqx., ■'^496

S. orbicularis, Brgt., *491_

S. ovalis, Sp. nov., *495,496'

S. Ovvenii, Lesqx., 507,508

S. pachyderma, Brgt., 482

S. pes-capreoli, Gein., 504

S. Pittstoniana, Sp. nov., *493,498

S. polita, Lesqx., *490

S. pulchra, Newb'y, *490

S. radicans, Lesqx., *517

S. reniformis, Brgt., *501,490

S. reticulata, Lesqx., *473,474

S. rhomboidea, Brgt., 470,471

S. rimosa, Gold., 469

S. rugosa, Brgt., *497,493

S. Saullii, Brgt., 491

S. Schimperi, Lesqx., *474,470

S. sculpta, Lesqx., 470,471

S. Seriii, Brgt., *480

S. Sillimanni, Brgt.— Gold., *493,492

S. simplicitas, Vanux., 506

S. spinulosa. Germ., *471

S. stellata, Lesqx., , *474

S. ? Var. Stellata, *515

S. tessellata, Brgt.— Schp., *481, 482, 483, 484, 503, 504

S. transversalis, Brgt., 490

S. Vanuxemi, Goepp., ■''505

S. Volzii, Brgt., -^492

S. Williamsii, Sp. nov., *488

S. Yardlei, Lesqx., *491

Sigillarioides, Lesqx., *517

S. stellaris, Lesqx., ... 503,516

Sorocladus, Lesqx., *327

S. asteroides, Lesqx., *328

S. ophioglossoides, Sp. nov., *329

INDEX A, NAMES.

P. xxix

Page.

Sigillarioides sagittitus, Lesqx., *329

S. stellatus, Lesqx., *328

S. Worthenii, Lesqx., *330

Spirophytoii, Hull, 6

Spliagiiuiii, . 513

Sphenopliyllites longifolium, Gein., 53

S. oblongilblius, Germ., 57

S. saxifrages folius. Germ., 55

Sphenophyllum, Brgt-, 18, *51,52, 56, 58,594, 598

S. var. Saxifragsefolium, 55, 56

S. bifurcatum, Lesqx., *55

S. cornutuiii, Lesqx., *56

S. dentatuni, Brgt., 55

S. eraarglnatum, LI. & Hutt.,— Brgt.— Gein., *53, 55

8. erosuin, LI. &Hutt., *55,58, 59

S. filiculine, Lesqx., *58

S. fimbriatuni, Brgt., 55

S. latilblium, Wood, 53, 54

S. longifolium. Germ., *53, 54

S. oblongifolium. Germ. — Gein., *57, 52

S- (Rotularia) oblongifolium, 58

S. quadritidum, 55

S. saxifragse folium, 56

S. Schlotheimii, Brgt., *52

S. trifoliatum, Lesqx., ' 55

Sphenopteridse, . . *268

Sphenopteris., . . . 72,73,114,265,268,274,139,189,265,268,269,272,281,292,323

Sphenopteris abbreviata, Lesqx., 203

S. acuta, Brgt., 215

S. adiantoides, LI. & Hutt., '. 220

S. Alabamensis, Lesqx., 266

S. alata, Gutb. , 282

S. amoena, Sp. nov., 217

S. artemisise folia, Brgt., 293

S. asplenites, Gein., 294

S. Balantini, Andrews, *290

S. Britsii, Sp. nov., *277

S. coarctata, RoehL, 264

S. chserophyylloides, St., *270

S. crenata, LI. & Hutt., 322

S. cristata, St., . *273

S. crithmifolia, LI. & Hutt., 294

S. decipiens, Lesqx., 214

S. dilatata, Lesqx., 214

S. Dubuissonis, Brgt., *275

S. elegans, Brgt., *287

S. flaccida, Crepin., . *291

S. flagellaris, Lesqx., 267

S. flavicans, Presl., . . 238

S. (Hymen.) flexicaulis, Lesqx., *284

S. fiexuosa, Gutb., 282

S. (Hymen.) furcata, Brgt., *282

XXX p. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

I'age.

Sphenoj)teris Gravenhorstii, Brgt., *274

S. goniopteroides, Sp. nov., *269

S. gracilis, Brgt., *276

S. (Hymen.) Hildreti, Lesqx., *283

S. Hitchcockiana, Daws., , 304

S. (Hymen.) Hoeninghausi, Brgt., *288,107,269

S. hymenophyllites, 268

S. integra, Andrje., 253

S. intermedia, Lesqx., 271

S. irregularis, St., 211,212

S. (Hymen.) Larischii, Stur., *288

S. latilblia, LI. & Hutt.— Brgt., 211; 215,220

S. laxa, Hall, " . 304

S. Lesquereuxii, Newb'y., 208

S. linearis, Brgt,, *290

S. lobata, Giitb., 219

S. lyratifolia, Goepp., 259

S. macilenta, (LI. & Hutt.), 219

S. (Eremopteris ? ) marginata, Andrews, *296

S. mediana, Lesqx., *271

S. membranacea, Gutb., 282

S. microcarpa, Sp. nov., . . *280

S. mixta, Schp., *276,278

S. myriophyllum, Brgt., 275

S. Newberryi, Lesqx., 202

S. paupercula, Lesqx., *278

S. pentaphylla, Roem., 213

S. plicata, Lesqx., *292

S. pollyphylla, /LI. & Hutt.), 218

S. pseudo-Murrayana, Sp. nov., *271

S. (Hymen.) quercifolia, Goepp., *286

S. quadridactylites, Gutb., 284

S. rigida, Lesqx., 276 •

S. scaberrima, Lesqx., *279

S. (Hymen.) spinosa, Goepp., *281,213

S. (Hymen.) splendens, Lesqx., *282

S. squamosa, Lesqx, /207

S. stipulata, Gutb., 213,214

S. stricta, St., 294

S. subalata, Weiss, *272

S. (Hymen.) trichomanoides, Brgt., *286

S, (Hj^men.) tridactylites, Brgt., *281,278

S. trifoliata, Brgt., 211,212,217

Spheria, 2

Spirangium, Schp., *518,161

S. appendiculatum, Lesqx., *520

S. intermedium, Sp. nov., *521

S. multiplicatum, Sp. nov., *520

S. Munsteri, Presl., 520

S. Prendelii, Lesqx., *519

Spirophyton, ^

INDEX A, NAMES.

P. xxxi

Page.

Spirophyton typum, Hall., 8

Spiropteris, 261

Spirorbis carbonarius, Daws., 430

Sporlederia. Stiehl., 518

Sporocystis, Lesqx., *458,356

S. planus, Sp. nov., *458

Staphylopteris, Presl., 327,328

S. asteroides, Lesqx., 328

S. polybotrya, 327

S. sagittata, Lesqx., 329

S. stellata, Lesqx., 328

Stemmatopteris, 336, *237, 346, 352, 406, 462, 663

S. angustata, Sp. nov., *339

S. Cistii Corda, 345

S. cyclostigma, Sp. nov., *341

S. einarginata, Sp. nov., *337

S. gigantea, Lesqx., *340

S. hlrsuta, Sp. nov., *337

S. insignis, Lesqx., *340,351

S. mlmica, Sp. nov., *341

S. peltigera (Sigillaria,) Brgt., 339,340

S. polita, Sp. nov., *342

S. puctata, Lesqx., *339

S. Schimperi, Sp. nov., *338,462

S. squamosa, Sp. nov., '^339

S. Worthenii, Lesqx., *342

Stephanospernum, " ... 560

Sternbergia, 419,460,528,542,543

S. approximata, Brgt., 420

Stigmaria, Brgt., . . *509

25 , 333 , 334 , 335 , 364 , 365 , 378 , 408 , 4 14 , 416 , 467 , 478 , 503 , 50 3 , 515 , 517

S. Var. Sigillarioides, Goepp., *515

S. amoena, Sp. nov., *516

S. Evenii, Lesqx., 333

S. ficoides, Brgt.— Goepp., *514,503,410

S. ? var. iuEequalis ? Goepp., *516

S. ? var. reticulata, Goepp., *515

S. stellaris, Lesqx., *516

S. umbonata, Lesqx., *516

S. ? var. undulata, Goepp., *515

S. minuta, Lesqx., 377,378

Stigmariopsis, 333,517

Stigniarioides, Lesqx., *333

S. affiiiis, 'Lesqx., 331

S. Evenii, Lesqx., *333

S. linearis, Lesqx., *335

S. selago, Lesqx., 332

S. truncatus, Lesqx., *334

S. tuberosus, Lesqx., *335

S. villosus, Lesqx., *334

Struthiopteris, 329

XXxii P. KEPORT OF PKOGKESS. LEO LESQUEKEUX.

Page.

Syringodendron, *502,333,468,517

S. Brongniarti, Gein., *504

S. cyclostigma, Brgt., *505

S. gracile, Daws,, *506

S. pachyderma, Brgt., *503

S. palpebra, Daws., 503

S. pes-capreoli, St., 50i

S. Porteri, Lesqx., *502

T.

Tseniophvllefe, *461, 526,550

Tseirtophyllum, Lesqx., *46 1,356, 462, 463

TseniopLylluui contextum, Lesqx., , . *465,463

T. decurrens, Lesqx., *464; 338,462,463

T. deflexuni, Lesqx., -5^465,463

Tffiniopteris, Brgt., *153, 143, 147, 155, 156, 159

T. carbonaria, Schp 154

T. multinervis, Weiss, 154

Taonurus, Fisch. Ost., *6, 9

T. cauda-galli (Fisch. Ost.), Venux., *8

T. Colletti, Lesqx., *7,326

T. marginatus, Lesqx., *7,325

T. see Fucoides, 325

Taxodiacece, 566

Taxodium distichum, 566

Taxospermum, 560

Thalassophytes, *5, 6

Tithimalithes biformis, St., 420,421

Tmesipteris, 365

Torreya, 551

Trigonocarpum racemosum, Daws., 538,549

Trigonocarpus, Brgt., *584,524,528,549, 560,561, 576, 577, 5^4

T. Bertholletiformis, Foster, *586,587

T. Daw^esii, LI. & Hutt., *586

T. Giffordi, Sp. nov., ^592

T. Hildreti, Lesqx., , . *588

T. juglans, Lesqx., *588

T. magnus, Newb'}', . . *587

T. Menzelianus, ? Goepp. & Berg., *590

T. multicariuatus, Newb'y, *592

T. Noeggerathai, Brgt., *584, 586, 587, 590, 594

T. oblongus, LI. & Hutt., *593

T. oliv^formis, LL & Hutt., *590,597

T. ornatus, Newb'y, *591

T. Parkinsoni, Brgt., *569

T. racemosus, Daws., 598

T. rostellatus, Lesqx., 591

T. Saffordi, Lesqx., 587

T. Schultzianum, Goepp. & Berg., 578

T. subcylindricus, Lesqx., 590

T. tricuspidatus, Newb'y, *591

INDEX A, NAMES.

P. xxxiii

Page.

T. trilocularis, Hildreth, 569

Trichoiiiaiies, 49

Trichomaiiites adnascens, Goepp., 321

Triphyllopteris, Schp., *279, 74, 217, 268, 296, 295

T. see Eremopteris, 296

T. Collombi, Sclip., 305

T. Lescuriana, Meek *297

Trochophyllum, Lesqx. (nec. Wood), *63, 18,61, 63

T. clavatuiii, Sp. uov., *66

T. lineare, Sp. nov., *64, 47

U.

Ullmannia biarmica, Eichw., 361

Ulodendroe, 461

Ulodendron, *397, 356, 375, 382, 398, 400, 406,409,410,411 ,413 to 416,434

U. see Halonia.

U. commutatum, Schp., *401,375,415

U. ellipticum, St., ' *404,405,390

U. elongatum, Lesqx., *405,434

U. flexuosuin, Gold., 416

U. LindleyaiiuiH, St., 405

U. majus, LI. & Hutt., *401,398,415,480

U. minus, LI. & Hutt.— Schp., . *403 ; 404,398,399,434,461

U. punctatum, LI. & Hutt.— St., *404,400,406,417 ; 403

U tiicularia intermedia, Hayne., 512

Uvularia, 513

V.

Variolaria ficoides, St., 515

Vascular cryptogamous plants, or Acrogens, 17,355

Volkmannia 43

V. disticha, St., 38,40

V. gracilis, St., .. 45,44

V. pseudosessilis, Grd. 'E., 44

W.

Walchia flaccida, 361

Whittleseya, Newb'y., *523,73,524

W. elegans, Newb'y., *523,579

W. integrifolia, Sp. nov., *524

W. undulata, Sp. nov., *525

Weissites vesicuiai-is, Goepp., 136

X.

Xenopteris, see Odontopteris, 125

Z.

Zamia, 521

Zamites Cordai, St., 420

Zonaria, 14,15

IXDEX HABITATS. P. xlvii

Page.

Eremopteris artemisiaefolia, Brgt., 294

E. elegans, Ett., 295

Halonia (Ulodendron) Mansfieldi, Sp. nov., 416

Lepidocystis angularis, Sp. nov., 457

L. fraxiniformis (Goepp.) Lesqx., 458

L. vesicularis, Lesqx., 457

Lepi(iodendron clypeatum, Lesqx., 381

T;epidophyllum linearifolium, Sp. nov., 453,454

L. Mansfieldi, Sp. nov., 449

Lepidopliloios cassicaulis, Corda., 421

L. ? fructifications, 427,429

Lepidostrobus (Macrocystis?) foliaceus, Lesqx., 446

L. Goldenbergii, Schp., . . 433

L. (Macrocystis) Mansfieldi, Sp. nov., 444

L. ornatus ? LI. & Hutt., 441

L. (Macrocystis) quadratus, Sp. nov., 444

L. spectabili'3, Sp. nov., 435

Megaphytum McLayi, Lesqx., 349

Macrostachya infundibuliformis, Sclimp., 60,62

Neuropteris angustifolia, Brgt., 89,91

N. aspera, Sp. nov., 121,122

N. auriculata, Brgt., 85,86

N. Capitata, Lesqx., 103,104

N. Clarksoni, Lesqx. , 94,95

N. Cordata, Brgt., 91,92

N. crenulata? Brgt., 116,117

N. Desorii, Lesqx., 112,113

N. fimbriata, Lesqx., 81,82

N. gibbosa, Lesqx., • 84,85

N. Loscliii, Brgt., 98,99

N. plicata, Sternb., 96,97

N. Rogersi, Lesqx., . 83,84

N. trichomanoides ? Brgt., 79,80

N. vermicularis, Lesqx.,- 99,100

Odontopteris sequalis, Lesqx., 135,136

O. cornuta, Sp. nov., 128,129

Pachypteris gracillima, Lesqx. , 309

Pecopteris acuta, Brgt., . ,242

P. cristata, Gutb., ^ . . 256

P. dentata, Brgt., . . 241

P. platyrachis, Brgt., 233

P. quadratifolia, Sp. nov., 234

P. squamosa, Lesqx., 236

P. velutina, Lesqx., 251

Pseudopecopteris anceps, Lesqx., 208

P. denudata, Sp. nov., 214

P. macilenta, 220

P. Newberryi, Lesqx., 203

P. Pluckneti, Scliloth., 199,200

P. nervosa, Brgt., 197,198

P. subnervosa, Roemer 198,199

Xlviii P. BEPORT OF PROaRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Rhabdocarpus arcuatiis, Lesqx., 584

R. multistriatus, PresL, 578

Rliacophyllum Clarkii, Lesqx., 320

R. cornutum, Sp. iiov., 318

R. lactuca, Sternb., 316

Rhizoiiiorplia Sigillarise, Lesqx., 4

Sigillaria, 467

S. ellii^tica, Brgt., 495

S. tessellata, Brgt., .* 481

Sphenophylluiu longifolium, Germ,, 53,54

Sphenopteris goniopteroides, Sp. nov., 269

S. subalata, Weiss., 273

Stemmatopteris angustata, Sp. nov., 339

S. emarginata, Sp. nov., 338

S. hirsuta, Sp. nov., 337

S. mimica, Sp. nov., 342

S. polita, Sp. nov., " 342

S. punctata, Lesqx., 340

S. Schimperi, Sp. nov., 339

S. squamosa, Sp. nov., 339

Taeniophylium contextum, Lesqx., 465

T. decurrens, Lesqx., 464,465

T. deflexum, Lesqx., . . 466

Trigonocarpus Dawesii, LL & Hutt., 586

T. Parkinson], Brgt., 590

Ulodendron punctatum, LL & Hutt., 407

Lawrence county^ Slippery Rock creek.
Taonurus marginatus, Lesqx. (in XIT), 7

Western coals of Pennsylvania.
Neuropteris Clarksoni, Lesqx. (very rare), 94,95

Venango county, near Oil City.
Halonia tuberculata, Brgt. (base of XII), 413

Northern Pennsylvania, Chemung.
Lepidodendron Chemungense, Hall, 396

Ohio.

Ferns, 68,69

Neuropteris callosa, Sp. nov. (upper coals), 115

N. Loschii, Brgt. (Pittsburgh bed), .98,99

N. fimbriata, Lesqx. (in nodules), 81,82

N. tenuitblia, Brgt. (lower coal), . . 100,102

Trigonocarpus Hildreti, Lesqx. (lower coals), 588

Rhabdocarpus ITowardi, Sp. nov., . 576

Caulopteris antiqua, Newb'y, (Corniferous L., VI) 348

C. peregrina, Newb'y ( " *' ), 348

Psilophyton princeps, Daws. (Silurian) , 460

Akron,

Lepidodendron corrugatum. Daws. (Chemung, Hamilton), 378

Sigillaria ichthyolepis, St. (Akron ?), 482

Syringodendron, gracile, Daws. (Hamilton beds), 506

INDEX B, HABITATS. P. xlix

Page.

Athens.

Pecopteris arborescens, Schloth. (clay beds), 232

Bavjiesvilie.

Alethopteris Gibsoni, Sp. nov. (roof shales), 183,185

Sphenophylluin longifolium. Germ. (Pittsburgh coal), 53

Caulopteris Cistii, Brgt. (Upper coals), . . 346

Coshocton.

Cardiocarpus (Ptilocarpiis) bicornutus, Lesqx., 566

Sigillaria lirardii, Brgt., 479

Trigonocarpus magnus, Newb'y, 588

Cuyahoga falls.

Cardiocarpus bicuspidatus, St. (Coal No. 1), 574

C. latus, Newb'y (**"), 567

C. minus, Newb'y (under Coal 1), 567

C. orbicularis, Newb'y (Coal 1), " 570

Riiabdocarpus Jacksonianus, Lesqx., 577

R. Isevis, Newb'y (XI), 580

Sigillaria acuminata, Newb'y, 497

S. elliptica, Brgt. (Mus. C. Z. Camb.), 495

Trigonocarpus juglans, Lesqx. ( " " ), 588

T. multiearinatus, Newb'y, 592

T. ornatus, Newb'y (XI), 592

Whittleseya elegans, Newb'y, 524

Guernsey county.

Trigonocarpus BerthoUetiformis, Foster (upper low coals), 587

Jackson shaft.

Alethopteris Helense, Lesqx., 179,180

Lepidodendron Veitheiniianum, St., 376

Lepidophloios laricinus, St., 423

Mahoning county.

Odontopteris New berry i, Lesqx.— (No. 1 coal), 127,128

Mah. CO. Summit.

Riiabdocarpus carinatus, Newb'y, 579

Marietta.

Lepidodendron carinatum, Lesqx., 387

Neuropteris Loschii, Brgt. (above Pomeroy bed), 98, 99

Pecopteris arborescens, Schloth. (clay beds), 232

P. nodosa (Goepp.), Schp. (in tunnel), 234

P. nodosa ( " ) (in grotto of flowers), 234

Masillon.

Callipteridium Masillionum, Lesqx. (low coal), 173,174

Sigillaria leioderma, Brgt. (Mus. C. Z. C), 476

S. spinulosa. Germ, (rare— Mus. C. Z. C.) (low coal), 472

S. tessellata, Brgt. (lower coals), 481

Trigonocarpus Menzelian us? Goepp. & Berg. (M. C. Z, C), ..... .591

Newark. ,
Trochophylium lineare, Sp. nov. (XI), 64

1 p. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Pomeroy.

Neuropteris callosa, Sp. nov., 115

N. plicata, Sternb .... 96, 97

Pecopteris arborescens, Schloth., 232

P. oreopteridis, Schloth., 239

P. pteroides, Brgt., 250

Sigillaria Brardii, Brgt., 479

S. Menardi, Brgt., 480

Perry county.

Cardiocarpus Newberryi, Andrews (XI), 563

Lepidodendron quadrilaterale, Andrews, (base of C. M.), 389

Lycopodites Yanuxemi, Daws. (Waverly SS.), 363

Sphenopteris Ballantini, Andrews (XI), 290

E. (Eremopteris?) marginata, Andrews (XI), 297

Rushville, Perry county.

Alethopteris Bunburyi, Andrews, (base of C. M.), 185,186

A. ? maxima, Andrews, (near base of C. M.), 187,188

Lepidodendron Rushvilliense, Andrews, 380

Megalopteris, (near base of coal measures), 188

M. Hartii, Andrews ( " " ), 149

M. minima, Andrews ( " ** ), 149

M. ovata, Andrews ( " " ), 149

Orthogoniopteris clara, Andrews (base of C. M.), 156

O. Giiberti, Andrews ( " " ), 156

Protoblechnum Holdeni (Andrews), Lesqx. — (near base), 188,189

8t. Ciairsville Belmont county.

Annularia Emersoni, Sp. nov., . 50,51

Danseites Emersoni, Sp. nov. (Pittsburgh coal), 157,158

Dictyopteris obliqua, Bunb'y (St. Ciairsville vein), 146,147

Lescuropteris Moorii, Schp. (Pittsburgh coal), 162,163

Neuropteris obscura, Sp. nov. ( " " ), 108,109

Odontopteris Brardleyi, Lesqx., 140,141

O. Sclotheimii, Brgt. (Pittsburgh coal), 136,137

Sphenophyllum erosum, LI. & Hutt. ( " ), 55

/Shmvnee, Perry county.
Lycopodites Ortoni, Sp. nov. (coal No. 6), 360

Summit.

Trigonocarpus trilocularis, Hildreth (XII), 589

Summit county.

Neuropteris lanceolata Newb'y (coal No. 1), 154,155

Odontopteris Newberryi, Lesqx. '* ( " ), 127,128

Talmadge county.

Alethopteris grandifolia, Newb'y (coal No. 1), 179

Cardiocarpus samarseformis, Newb'y (" " ), 562

Carpolithes retusus, St. ( <' ), 596

Trigonocarpus tricuspidatus, Newb'y ( " " ), 591

Youngstown, Mill creek.

Cardiocarpus annulatus, Newb'y (" " ), 565

C. elongatus, Newb'y ( " " ), 568

INDEX B, HABITATS. P. li

Page.

Carpolithesfragarioides, Newb'y (" " ), . 597

Danteites macrophyllus, (Newb'y,) Lesqx. ( " " ), 159

Lepidostrobus (Macrocystis) mirabilis, (Newb'y,) Lesqx. ( " " ), . . 447

Odontopteris gracillima, Newb'y (" " ), 139,140

O. Newberryi, Lesqx. ( " " ), 127,128

Rhabdocarpus aciiminatus, Newb'y ( " " ), 579

Sigiilaria pulchra, Newb'y, sub-conglomerate, 490

ZanesviUe.

Neuropteris Grangeri, Brgt., *. . 105,106

Rhabdocarpus Danai, Foster (coal No. 3), 580

Indiana.

Trigonocarpus, Dawesii, LI. & Hutt. (XII), 586

Da7iville.

Lepidophloios crassicaulis, Corda. (Gurley's Cab.), 421

JEugene.

Syringodendron Porteri, Lesqx. (State Cab.), 503

Trigonocarpus olivseformis, LI. & Hutt., 590

Lodi, Towle^s mills, Fountai7i county.
Taonurus Colleiti, Lesqx., 7,8

Nev) Harmovy.

Asterophycus Coxii, Lesqx., 12, 13

Didymopliyllum Owenii, Lesqx. (upper coals), 509

Lycopodites strictus, Sp. no v., 360

Pecopteris Miltoni, Brgt., 247

Rhabdocarpus Isevis, Newb'y (upper coal), 580

Neivport.

Sigiilaria ichthyolepis, St., 482

Orange County {Whetstone quarries) .

Neuropteris Elrodi, Sp. nov., 108

Pseudopecopteris acuta, Brgt., 215

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) tridactylites, Brgt., 286

S. (Hymen.) Hoeninghausi, Brgt., 290

Spring Creek.

Callipteridium Owenii, Lesqx., 167,168

Odontopteris heterophylla, Lesqx., 129,130

Pecopteris venulosa, Sp. nov., 230

Vigo County.

Palseophycus divaricatus, Lesqx. (nodules), 11, 12

P. gracilis, Lesqx., 11

P. Milleri, Lesqx., 10

Illinois.

Conostichus ornatus, Lesqx., 17

Lepidocj'stis bullatus, Lesqx. (over XII), 458

Lepidodendron clypeatum, Lesqx., 381

Megalopteris fasciculata, Sp. nov., 150,151

M. abbreviata, Sp. nov., 150,151

Neuropteris capitata, Lesqx., 103,104

liiP.

REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

N. tenuifolia, Brgt. (lower coal), 100,102

Pseudopecopteris anceps, Lesqx. ( " " ), 208

Sigillaria hexagoiia? Brgt., 483

Syringodeiidron cyclostignia, Brgt. (State Cab.), 505

S. pachyderma, Brgt., (State Cab.), 504

Aledo (? ) T. Worther.
Pecopteris niicrophylla, Brgt. (lower C, M.), .264

Alta, Peoria County.

Caulopteris Gilfordi, Sp. nov., 344

Cyclostignia Kiltorkense, Haugt., 430

Carmi^ White County.

Megapliytum protuberans, Lesqx., 353

Steinmatopteris Worthenii, Lesqx., 343

Centralia Coal Shaft.
Neuropteris dicipiens, Sp. nov., 93

Chester County.

Halonia tuberculata, Brgt. (sub-cong. coals), 413

Lepidodendron costatum, Lesqx. ( «' " ), 382

L. turbinatuni, Lesqx. ( " '* ), 382

Colchester.

Callipteridium Sullivantii, Lesqx., 164,165

Cordaites diversifollus, Lesqx. (middle and lower coals), 536

Lepidodendron diplotegioides, Lesqx., 391

L. rimosum, St., 394

Lycopodites uncinnatus, Lesqx., 359

Pseudopecopteris anceps, Lesqx., 208

P. irregularis, St., 212

Rhabclocarpus multistriatus, Presl., 578

Rhacopliyllum thalliforme, Lesqx., 324

Sigillaria Brardii, Brgt., 479

Splienophyllum cornutum, Lesqx., 56, 57

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) spinosa, Goepp., 281

S. (Hymen.) splendens, Lesqx., 282

Ulodendron majus, LI. & Hutt., 402

U. punctatum, LI. & Hutt., 407

Duquoin.

Calamites ramosus, Artis, 22, 23

Cordaites diversifollus, Lesqx., 536

Lepidodendron radicans, Lesqx., 397

Lepidophloios obcordatus, Lesqx. (St. John's Coal), 424

Lepidostrobus princeps, Lesqx., 434

Rhacopliyllum inflatum, Lesqx. (roof shale), 323

Sigillaria Brardii, Brgt., 479

S. obliqua, Brgt., 471

Splienophyllum eniarginatum, Brgt., 53

Stemmatopteris insignis, Lesqx., 340

Fayette County.

Neuropteris plica ta, Stern b 96, 97

INDEX B, HABITATS. P. liii

Pftge.

Orape Creek.

Alethopteris ambigna, Sp. nov., 182,183

A. Gibsoni, Sp. nov., 183,185

Lepidophyllum acuminatum, Lesqx. (Gurley's Cab.), 451

Lepidophloios macrolepidotus, Gold. ( " " ), 424

Graysville, White County.

Carpolithes fasciculatus, Lesqx., 595

Neuropteris rotundifblia? Brgt., 97, 98

Pecopteris Miltoni, Brgt., 247

Little Vermilion River.
Spirangium Prendelii (var. corrugata), Lesqx., 520

Macclonnough County,
Rhabdocarpus amygdalae Ibrmis, Goepp. & Brgt. (Coal No. 3), 582

Marseilles^ Lasalle County.

Sigillaria corrugata, Lesqx., 476

S. Maesiliensis, Lesqx., 487

Mercer County.

Alethopteris Helenas, Lesqx., 179,180

Knorria imbricata, St. (sub-cong. coal), 409

Lepidodendron Veltheimianum, St., 376

Lepidophloios laricinus, St., . 423

Neuropteris Germari, Goepp. (sub-cong. shale), 113,115

Rhacophyllum flabellatum, St., 311

Sphenopteris cristata, St. (sub-cong. coal), 274

S. (Hymen) tridactylites, Brgt. (Coal No. 1), 286

Mazon Creek.

Alethopteris falcata, Lesqx. (in concretions), 186

A. lonchitica, Schloth. ( " " ), 177,178

A. Serlii, Brgt. ( " «' ), 176

Annularia calamitoides, Schp., 48

A. inflata, Lesqx., 47, 48

A. longifolia, Brgt., 45, 46

A. sphenophyllum, Zenk., 48, 49

Asterophyllites foliosus, LI. & Hutt., 38, 41

A. rigidus, Gein., .... 37

Calamites Cistii, Brgt. (in concretions), 27

C. dubius, Artis, ( " " ), 27, 28

C. major, Weiss. ( " ), 21,22

Callipteridium inflatum, Lesqx., 174,175

C. neuropteroides, Sp, nov. (nodules), 166,167

C. Suilivanti. Lesqx. ( " ), 164,105

Cardiocarpus mamillatus, Lesqx. ( " " ), . 572

Carpolithes corticostus, Lesqx., 595

Dictyopteris obliqua, Bunb'y, 146,147

Equisetites occidentalis, Lesqx., 62,63

Idiophyllum rotundifolium, Lesqx., 160,161

Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sternb., 372

L. Andrewsii, Sp. nov., 389

L. modulatum, Lesqx., 386

L. rigens, Lesqx., 373

liv P. EEPOET OF l^ROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

L. vestitum, Lesqx., 379

Lepidopliylluni rostellatum, Lesqx., 452

L. striatum, Lesqx., 452

Lepidostrobus Aldrichi, Sp. nov. (Princeton Col. Cab.), 441

L. connivens, Lesqx., . 442

L. (Macrocystis?) foliaceus, Lesqx., 446

L. GoLdenbergii, Schp. (Mus. Comp. ZooL Camb.), . . . . 433

L. hastatus, Lesqx., " 439

L. lanceolatus, Brgt., 437

L. lancifolius, Lesqx., 436

L. oblongifolius, Lesqx., 438

L. ornatus? LI. & Hutt., 441

L. ovatifolius, Lesqx. (Princeton Col. Cab.), 438

L. species, 442

Lycopoditesannularisefolius, Lesqx., 362

L. cavifolius, Lesqx., 358

Macrostachya infundibuliformis, Shp., r 60,62

Pecopteris abbreviata, Brgt., 249

P. arborescens, Scliloth., 232

P. arguta, Brgt., 228

P. Bucklandi, Brgt., 245

P. Cistii, Brgt., 244

P. Clarkii, Sp. nov., 262

P. Candolliana, Brgt., ' 243

P. emarginata, Goepp., 226

P. Halli, Lesqx., 259

P. lanceolata, Lesqx., 227

P. longifolia, Brgt., 226

P. lyratifolia, Goepp., 260

P. oreopteridis, Schloth., • 239

P. pteroides, Brgt., 250

P. serpillifolia, Sp. nov., 238

P. solida, Lesqx., 261

P. squamosa, Lesqx., 236

P. steliata, Lesqx., 260

P. Strongi, Lesqx., 236

P. unita, Brgt., 224

P. vilosa ? Brgt., • 255

Pseudopecopteris anceps, Lesqx., 208

P. muricata, Brgt., 205

P. Mazoniana, Lesqx., 190,192

P. Newberryi, Lesqx., 203

P. hymenophylloides, Lesqx,, 196,197

P. Sillimanni, Brgt., 207

P. subcrenulata, Sp. nov., 193,194

Neuropteris capitata, Lesqx., 103,104

N. Clarksoni, Lesqx., 94, 95

N. Collinsii, Lesqx., 87

N. coriacea, Lesqx., Ill

N. decipiens, Sp. nov., 89,93

N. Evenii, Lesqx., 117

INDEX B, HABITATS. P. Iv

I'age.

Neuropteris fasciculata, Lesqx., 93, 94

N. fiiiibriata, Lesqx., 81, 82

N. German, Goepp., 113,115

N. liirsuta, Lesqx., 88, 89

N. inllata, Lesqx., 86, 87

N. Loscliii, Brgt., 98, 99

N. plicata, Sternb., 96, 97

N. verbensefolia, Lesqx., 120,121

N. vermicularis, Lesqx., 99,100

Odontopteris Brardleyi, Lesqx., 140,141

O. Ecqiuilis, Lesqx., . . 135,136

O. sphenopteroides, Sp. no v., 139,140

O. subcuneata, Bunb'y, . ]34,135

O. Worthenii, Lesqx., 130,131

Oligocarpia Gutbieri, Goepp., 267

Rhabdocarpus clavatus (St.), Gein., 581

R. cornutus, Sp. nov. (Miis. Comp. ZooL, Camb.), 583

Rhachiopteris affinis, Lesqx., 332

R. selago, Lesqx., . 332

Rhacophyllum Clarkii, Lesqx., 320

R. cornutuui, Sp. nov., 318

R. corallinum, Sp. nov., 317

R. micirorme (Gutb.), Schp., 316

R. fiabellatum, St., 311

R. fucoideum, Sp. nov., 325

R. liamulosum, Sp. nov., 321

R. lactuca, Sternb., ; 316

R. niolle, Lesqx., 326

R. spinosuin, Sp. nov., 321

R. Strongii, Lesqx., 326

R. thaliiforme, Lesqx., 324

Sigillarioides radicans, Lesqx., 518

Stigniarioides Evenii, Lesqx., 334

S. linearis, Lesqx., 335

S. truncatus, Lesqx., 334

S. tuberosus, Lesqx., . ' 335

S. villosns, Lesqx., 334

Sphenophyllum longifolium. Germ., 58, 54

Sphenopteris chserophylloides, St., 271

S. cristata, St., 274

S. pseudo-Murrayana, Sp. nov., 272

S. subalata, Weiss, 273

Spirangium multiplicatum, Sp. nov., 521

S. Prendelii, Lesqx., 520

Sorocladus sagittatus, Lesqx., 329

S. Worthenii, Lesqx., 330

Stemmatopteris hirsuta, Sp. nov., 337

Trigonocarpus Noeggerathi, Brgt., 586

Morris.

Alethopteris lonchitica, Schloth. (Morris coal), 177,178

A. Pennsylvanica, Lesqx. ( " <' ), 181

Ivi P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Asterophyllites grandis, St., 41

A. longifolius, Brgt., 36, 37

Callipteridiutn SuUivantii, Lesqx., 164,165

Oaulopteris Cistii, Brgt. (shale of Morris caal), , . 346

C. obtecta, Lesqx., ( «' ), 345

Cordaites gracilis, Lesqx. (Strong's Cab.), 539

Ereniopteris artemisisetblia, Brgt., 294

Lopidocj'stis vesicularis, Lesqx., 457

Lepidodendron modulatum, Lesqx., 386

L. Morrisianum, Lesqx., 371

L. rimosum, St., 394

Lepidophloios crassicaulis Corda, 421

L. iciithyoderma, Sp. nov., 427

L. protul)erans, Lesqx., 426

L. laricinus, St., 423

Lepidophyllum auriculatum, Lesqx., 450

L. majus, Brgt., 449

L. Morrisianum, Sp. nov. (Strong), 449

Lepidostrobus (Macrocystis?) foliacus, Lesqx., 446

L. incertus, Sp. nov., 443

Lycopodites Meekii, Lesqx , 357

L. penduliis, Sp. nov., 357

Megaphytum McLayi, Lesqx., . 349

Neuropteris angustifolia, Brgt., 91 —

N. anomala, Sp. nov., 119,120

N.-cordata, Brgt., . 91, 92

N. fiinbriata, Lesqx. (low coal), ... 81, 82

N. hirsuta, Lesqx. ( " " ), 88, 89

N. rarineryis, Bunb'y, 109,111

N. vermicularis, Lesqx., ... 99, 100

Odontopteris Schlotheimii, Brgt., 138,137

Oligocarpia Gutbieri, Goepp. (on clay shale), 267

Pachypteris gracillima, Lesqx., . . ^ , 309

Pecopteris arguta, Brgt., 228

P. aspera, Brgt., ^ 243

P. erosa, Gutb., 256

P. lyratifolia, Goepp., 260

P. quadratifolia, Sp. nov., 234

P. Strongii, Lesqx., , 237

P. vestita, 253

Pseudopecopteris anceps, Lesqx., " . . 208

P. callosa, Lesqx., 210

Rhacophylluni arborescens, Leqx., 315

/ Sigillaria lepidodendri folia, Brgt. (Mus. Comp. Zool. Camb.), 477

Sorocladus asteroides, Lesqx., 329

Sphenopteris chaerophylloides, Sp., 271

S. gracilis, Brgt., 277

S. mediana, Lesqx., 271

S. mixta, Schp., 276

S. scabbcrrima, T^esqx., , 280

S. (Hymen) splendens, Lesqx., 282

INDEX B, TIABTTATS. P. Ivii

Page.

Sphenopteris (Hymen) trichomanoides, Brgt., 286

S. (Hymen) tridactylites, Brgt., 286

Stigmaria steliaris, Lesqx., 517

Ulodendron ellipucuni, St., 404

U. elongatum, Lesqx., 405

U. punctatum, LI. & Hutt., 407

Murphy sborough, Jackson county.

Calamites ramosus, Artis., 22,23

Carpolithes cistula, Lesqx., 595

C. persicaria, Lesqx., 596

Dictyopteris rubella, Lesqx. (low coal), 145,146

Lepidocystis vesicularis, Lesqx., 457

Lepidodendron Worthenil, Lesqx., 389

Lepidostrobns (Macrocystis?) foliaceus, Lesqx., 446

Neuropteris aspera, Sp. nov. (low coal"), 121,122

N. capitata, Lesqx., 103,104

N. rarinervis, Bunb'y, 109,111

Odontopteris heterophylla, Lesqx., , 129,130

O. Worthenil (low coal) 122,130

Pseudopecopteris callosa, Lesqx., 210

P. nervosa, Brgt., 197,198

Rhabdocarpus Jacksonianus, Lesqx., 577

Sigillaria tessellata, Brgt., 481

Trigonocarpus juglans, Lesqx., 588

Neleysville.

Neuropteris fasciculata, Lesqx., 93,94

Peoria county.

Cyclostlgma Kiltorkense, Haught., 430

Dechenia striata, Sp. nov., 431

Halonia secreta, Sp. nov. (above coal No 6), '. 418

H. tortuosa, Schp., 414

Trigonocarpus Qiffordi, Sp. nov., 593

Perry county.

Alethopteris ambigua, Sp. nov., 182,183

Pseudopecopteris spinulosa, Lesqx., 195,196

Port Byron.

Eremopteris elegans, Ett., 295

Lepidodendron crenatum, St. (sub-cong. coal), 394

Megalopteris ? marginata, Sp. nov., 152,153

M. South welli, Sp. nov., 143,149

St. John, Perry county.

Alethopteris ambigua, Sp. nov., 182,183

Cordaites diversifolius, Lesqx., 536

Lepidodendron, forulatum, Lesqx., 390

L. Tijoui, Lesqx., 392

Lepidophyllum auriculatum, Lesqx., 450

Lepidophloios auriculatus, Lesqx , 422

Megaphytum McLayi, Lesqx., , 349

Pseudopecopteris spinulosa, Lesqx., 195,196

Sphenopteris paupercula, Lesqx., 279

Iviii P. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Cli)iton county. Page.

Lepidophyllum iiiajus, Brgt., 449

Vandalia shaft.

Oiigocarpia Gutbieri, Goepp., 267

Missouri.

Neiiropteris tenuifolia, Brgt. (low coal), 100,102

N. Clarksoni, Lesqx., 94,95

Taonurus Colletti, Lesqx. (base of C. Meas.), 7,8

Clinton.

Alethopteris ambigua, Sp. iiov , 182,183

A. Seriii, Brgt., X76

Asterophyllites fasciculatus, Sp. nov., 41,42

Callipteridlum raembranaceum, Sp. nov., 172,173

C. Sullivantii, Lesqx., 164,165

Cordaites communis, Lesqx., 535

C. diversifolius, Lesqx., 535

Cordaiantlius dichotomus, Sp. nov., 547

Dictyopteris obliqua, Bunb'y, .... 146,147

Eremopteris Missouriensis, Sp. nov., 295

Lepidodendron Brittsii, Sp. nov., 368

L. cyclostigma, Sp. nov., 395

L. lanceolatum, Sp. nov., 369

L. scutatum, Sp. nov., 370

Lepidopliloios sigillarioides, Sp. nov., 425

Lepidoxylon anomalum, Lesqx., 559

Megaphytum Golden bergli, Weiss, 350

Neuropteris angustifolia, Brgt., 89,91

X. cordata, Brgt., 91,92

N. dilatata, LI. & Hutt. (low coals), 78,79

N. Loschii, Brgt., 98,99

N. Missouriensis, Sp. nov., 104

N. rarinervis, Bunb'y, 109,111

Odontopteris spbenopteroides, Sp. nov., .139,140

Pecopteris Clintoni, Sp. nov., 252

P. dentata, Brgt., 241

P. erosa, Gutb., 256

P. pennfeformis, Brgt., . . 240

PseudopecDpteris irregularis, St., . . 212

Rhacophyllum filiciforme (Gutb.) Schp., 316

R. hirsutum, Lesqx., 318

R. fimbriatum, Lesqx., 319

R. hamulosum, Sp. nov., 321

R. lactuca, Sternb., 316

R. membraneum, Sp. nov., 313

R. spinosum, Sp. nov., 321

Sphenophyllum liliculme, Lesqx., 58,59

S. longifolium, Germ., 53,54

S. oblongifolium, Germ., 57,58

Sorocladu^ ophioglossoides, Sp. nov., 330

Sphenopteris Brittsii, Sp. nov., 278

INDEX B, HABITATS. P. lix

Page.

Sphenopteris Dubuissonis, Brgt., 276

S. Gravenhorstii, Brgt., 275

S. mixta, Schp., 276

S. (Hymen.) splendens, Lesqx., 282

S. (Hymen.) tridactylites, Brgt., 286

Vernon county.

Conostychus Broadheadi, Sp. no v., 15,16

C. prolifer, Sp. nov., 16

Arkansas.

Asteropliyllites gracilis, Lesqx. (sub-cong. coal), 42,43

Callipteridium Ovvenil, Lesqx. (" " ), 167,168

Cardiocarpus affinis, Lesqx. (Male's coal), 564

C. ingens, Lesqx. ( " " ), 564

Dictyopteris obliqua, Bunb'y (sub-cong.), 146,147

Halonia pulchella, Lesqx., ( " *' ), 417

Knorria imbricata, St. (" ") 409

Lepidodendron diplotegioides, Lesqx. ( " " ), 391

L. niodulatmn, Lesqx, ( *' " ), 386

Neuropteris tenuifolia, Brgt. ( " ), 100,102

Rhabdocarpus, latemarginatus, Lesqx., 582

R. minutus, Lesqx., 583

Sphenophyllum bifurcatum, Lesqx., 55, 56

Sphenopteris -(Hymen.) flexicaulis, Lesqx., 284

Sigillaria reticulata, Lesqx., 473

Sorocladus stellatus, Lesqx., 328

Odontopteris Brardii, Brgt., 132,133

Lee^s Creek.

Callipteridium Owenii, Lesqx., 167,168

Kansas.

Ellsworth.

Neuropteris rarinervis, Bunb'y, 109,111

Colorado.

Calamites gigas, 26

Calamodendron ? species, 32, 34

Virginia.

Alethopteris grandifolia, Newb'y (sub-carbon, coal meas.), 179

Sigillaria mammillaris, Brgt. ( " " ), 485

Allegheny County.

Archseopteris Rogersi, Daws. (Lewis tunnel), 307

Pseudopecopteris Virginiana (Meek.), Lesqx., 217

Lepidodendron corrugatum. Daws. ( *' " ), 378

Triphyllopteris Lescuriana, Meek. ( " " ), 298

West Virginia.

Annularia minuta? Brgt., ... 49, 50

. Lepidostrobus (Macrocystis) Salisburyi, Sp. nov., 444

Psaronius (Great Kanawha River) 336

Ix p. REPORT OF PROGRESS. LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Charleston. Salines.

Alethopteris lonchitica, Schloth , 177,179

Neuropteris tinibriata, Lesqx., 81,82

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) Hildreti, Lesqx., 283

Qni7mimont.

Neuroptoris Smithsii, Lesqx., 106,107

Odontopteris Newberryi, Lesqx. (cong. series), 127,128

Kentucky.

Asterophycus Coxii, 16

Conostichus prolifer, Sp. nov., 16

Ferns (carboniferous measures), 68, 69

Neuropteris vermicularis. Lesqx., 99,100

Taonurus Cauda-galli (Fisch. Ost.) Vanux., 8, 9

Burnt Branch of Caney.
Lepidodendron rhombicum, St., 383

Caseyville.

Calamites pachyderma, Brgt. (Cong, meas.), 28, 29

Hausville.

Lepidodendron rimosum, St , 394

Louisa Biver.

Ulodendron punctatum, LL & Hutt., 407

Morgan County.

Eremopteris artemisisefolia, Brgt., 294

Rhabdocarpus arcuatus, Lesqx., 583

Sphenophyllum bifurcatum, Lesqx., 55, 56

Oslcy County.

Eremopteris (Triphyllopteris) micropliylla, Sp. nov., 298

Rock Castle.

Asterophycus Coxii, Lesqx., 12, 13

Racoon Furnace.

Lycopodites cavifolius, Lesqx., 357

Terrace Vein.

Pseudopecopteris Sheaferi, Lesqx., 194,195

Western Kentucky.
CaJamites gracilis, Sp. nov., 29,30

Tennessee.

Trigonocarpus Safifordi, Sp. nov. (XII), 587

T. Parkinsoni, Brgt 590

jELna Mines.

Splienopteris linearis, Brgt. (sub-cong.), 291

Sigillaria mammillaris, Brgt. ( *' *' ), 485

Ulodendron minus, LI. & Hutt., 403

Sharon.

Annularia radiata, Brgt., 50

INDEX B, HABITATS. P. Ixi

Alabama.

Page.

Bornia radiata (Brgt.), Schp. (sub-oong.), 30, 31

Lepidopliloios lariciniis, St. ( " " ), 423

Neuropteris biformis, Sp. nov., 121

N. reiiiforrnis? Brgt., , 77, 78

N. subfalcata, Sp. nov., 102,103

Sigillaria reticulata, Lesqx., 473

Tseiiiopteris Smithii, Lesqx., 153,154

Warrior Coal Seam.
Annularia Dawsoni, Schp., 51

Jefferson Co. Black Creek seam, (Newcastle).

Callipteridum Aidrichi, Sp. nov., 171,172

Neuropteris Smithsii, Lesqx. (Black Creek vein), 106,107

Pseudopecopteris macilenta (LI. & Hutt.), Lesqx., 220

P. muricata, Brgt., Lesqx., 205

P. nervosa, Brgt., Lesqx., 197,198

Lepidodendron Sternbergii, Brgt., 368

Tuscaloosa.

Wliittleseya integrifolia, Sp. nov., 525

W. undulata, Sp. nov., . . 525

Helena, Shelby county.

Alethopteris Heiense, Lesqx., 179,180

Asterophyllites gracilis, Lesqx., 42,43

Eremopteris artemisiisefolia, Brgt., 294

E. crenulata, Lesqx., 293

E. dissecta, Lesqx., 293

E. flexuosa, Lesqx., ' 293

E. (Triphyllopteris) microphylla, Sp. nov., 296

Lepidodendron clypeatum, Lesqx., 381

L. squamiferum, Sp. nov., 377

L. Veltheimianum, St., 376

Oligocarpia Alabamensis, Lesqx., 266

Pecopteris angustissima ? Brgt., 258

Pseudopecopteris decipiens, Lesqx., 214

P. latifolia, Brgt., 215

P. nervosa, Brgt., 197,198

P. pollyphylla (LI. & Hutt.), Lesqx., 219

P. speciosa, Sp. nov., 217

P. trifoliata, (Brgt.), Lesqx , 218

Khabdocarpus clavatus, (St ,) Gein., 518

Sigillaria Dournaisii, Brgt. (Aldricli), 481

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) elegans, Brgt., 288

S. (Hymen.) qnercifolia, Goepp., 287

S. (Hymen.) Hoeninghausi, Brgt., 290

S. (Hymen.) Larischii, Stur., 288

S. microcarpa, Sp. nov., 280

S. (Hymen.) trichomanoides, Brgt., 286

Ulodendron commutatum, Schp., 401

Montevallo mines,

Lepidostrobus Aidrichi, Sp. Nov., 441

Ixii P. REPORT OF PROGRESS.

LEO LESQUEREUX.

Page.

Lepidophloios orassicaulis, Corda., 421

Neuropteris Elrodi, Sp. nov., 107,108

N. inflata, Lesqx., 86, 87

N. subfalcata, Sp. nov., 102,103

Ulodendron inajus,.Ll. & Hutt., 402

U. minus, LI. & Hutt., 403

Coal. Measures, top to bottom.

Asterophyllites equisetiformis, Schloth., 35, 36

Dictyopteris obliqua, Bunb'y (from sub-cong., up to upper beds of Mid-
dle Coal Measures), 146,147

Lepidodendron dichotomum, St., 385

Sphenopliyllum Sciilotheimii, Brgt., 52, 53

Upper Coal Measures.

Pecopteris Miltoni, Brgt. (Pittsburgh coal), 247

Pecopteris nodosa (Goepp.), Schp. (red clay beds), 234

Middle Coal Measures.

Alethopteris ambigua, Sp. nov. (top to bottom), 183

A. Serlii, Brgt. (lower strata), 176

Calamites approximatus, Schloth., 26, 27

C. cannseformis, Schloth. (Pittsburgh C. to XII, and from Salem to Mam-
moth), 24, 25

C. ramosus, Artis (whole of middle coal measures), 22, 23

C. Suckowii ( " " ), 20, 21

Neuropteris angustifolia ( " ), 89, 91

N. cordata, Brgt. ( " '«),... 91, 92

N. hirsuta, Lesqx. (base to upper part), 88, 89

N. Loschii. Brgt. (base to highest beds), 98, 99

N. plicata, Sternberg (upper part), 96, 97

Odontopteris Schlotheimii, 130,137

Pecopteris oreopteridis, Schloth. (top to bottom), 239

Rhacophyllum adnascens, LI. & Hutt. ( " ), 322

Sphenophyllum filiculme, Lesqx. ( " ), 58, 59

Uldendron puncatum, LI. & Hutt. (Mahoning SS.), 407

Lower Coal Measures.

Annularia longifolia, Brgt. (especially over XII), 45, 47

Lepidodendron rimosum, Sternb. (just over XII), 394

Pecopteris villosa? Brgt., 255

XII AND Sub XII.

Annularia sphenophylloides, Zenker, 48, 49

Lepidodendron obscurum, Lesqx., 397

Lesleya grandis, Sp. nov. (base of Chester limestone), 142,143

Neuropteris subfalcata, Sp. nov. (sub-congl.), ..... . 102,103

Sphenopteris (Hymen.) tridactyllites, Brgt. (from sub-carb. up to coal A.), 285

Museum of Comp. Zoology, Cambridge.
Rhacophyllum irregular e, Germ., 327

ITOEX B, HABITATS. P. Ixiii

Page.

Academy of Nat. Sciences, Phila.

Lepidodendron quadrangulatum, Schloth., 384

L. distans, Lesqx., . . ; 387

Europe; Swina coal mines.
Pecopteris angustissitna? Brgt., 258

Switzerland; anthracite.
Cyclopteris lacerata, 82

Seco^^d Geological Survey of PEiNnsylyania.

REPORTS FOR 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, AND 1880.

' The following Reports are issued for the State b}^ the Board of Commis-
sioners, at Harrisburg, and the prices have been tixed as follows, in accord-
ance with the terms of the act :

PRICES OF REPORTS.

A. Historical Sketch of Gi^oLOGiCAii Explorations in Pennsylvania
and otlier States. By J. P. Lesley. With appendix, containing Annual
Reports for 1874 and 1875 ; pp. 226, 8vo. Price in paper, $0 25 ; postage, fO 06.
Price in cloth, $0 50 ; postage, $0 10.

B. Preliminary Report of the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania —

1874. By Dr. F. A. Genth. With appendix on the hydro-carbon compounds,
by Samuel P. Sadtler. Svo., pp. 206, with vicq) of the State for reference to
counties. Price in paper, $0 50 ; postage, $0 08. Price in cloth, ^0 75 ; post-
age, $0 10.

B. ® Preliminary Report of the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania for

1875. By Dr. F. A. Genth. Price in paper, !^0 05 ; postage, ^0 02.

C. Report of Progress on York and Adams Counties— 1874. By
Persifor Frazer. 8vo., pp. 198, illustrated by 8 maps and sections and other
illustrations. Price in paper, $0 85 ; postage, ^0 10. Price in cloth, $1 10 ;
postage, ^0 12.

CO. Report of Progress in the Counties of York, Adams, Cumber-
land, AND Franklin — 1875. Illustrated by maps and cross-sections, show-
ing the Magnetic and Micaceous Ore Belt near the Avestern edge of the Meso-
zoic Sandstone and the two Azoic systems constituting the mass of the South
Mountains, with a preliminary discussion on the Dillsburg Ore Bed and
catalogue of specimens collected in 1875. By Persifor Frazer. Price, ^1 25 ;
postage, %0 12.

CCC Report of Progress in 1877. The Geology of Lancaster County,
with an atlas containing a colored geological map of the county, local map of
the Gap Nickel Mine, map and sections of the East Bank of Susquehanna
River ; other geological sections across the county, and geological colored maps
of York and Lancaster counties. By Persifor Frazer. 8 vo., pp. 350. Price
of Report, |0 89 ; postage, |0 16. Price of Atlas, $1 32 : postage, $0 08.

D. Report of Progress in the Brown Hematite Ore Ranges of Le-
high County— 1874, with descriptions of mines lying between Eniaus, Al-
burtis, and Foglesville. By Frederick Prime, Jr. 8vo., pp. 73, with a contour-
line map and 8 cuts. Price in paper, $0 50 ; postage, $0 04. Price in cloth,
$0 75 ; postage, $0 06.

DD. The Brown Hematite Deposits of the Siluro-Cambrian Lime-
stones of Lehigh County, lying between Shimersville, Millerstown,

(1)

Schencksville, Ballietsville, and the Lehigh river— 1875-6. By Frederick
Prime, Jr. 8 vo., pp. 99, with 5 map-sheets and 5 plates. Price, §1 60 ; post-
age, ao 12.

E. Special Report ox the Trap Dykes and Azoic Kocks of South-
eastern Pennsylvania, 1875 ; Part I, Plistorical Introduction. By T. Sterry
Hunt. 8 vo., pp. 253. Price, SO 48 ; postage, ?0 12.

F. Report of Progress in the Juniata District on Fossil Iron Ore
Beds of Middle Pennsylvania. By John H. Dewees. With a report of the
AuGHWicK Valley and East Broad Top District. By C. A. Ashbur-
ner. 1874-8. Illustrated with 7 GeolorjicaL maps and 19 sections. 8 vo., pp.
305. Price, §2 55 ; postage, §0 20.

Gr. Report of Progress in Bradford and Tioga Counties— 1874-8. I.
Limits of the Catskill and Chemung Formation. By Andrew Sher-
wood. II. Description of the Barclay-, Blossburg, Fall Brook, Arnot.
Antrim, and Gaines Coal Fields, and at the Forks of Pine Creek in
Potter CouNTY^ By Franklin Piatt. III. Ox the Coking of Bitumin-
ous Coal. By John Fulton. Illustrated with 2 colored Geological county
maps, 3 pagepZafes and 35 cuts. 8 vo., pp. 271. Price, §1 00 ; postage $0 12.

txGr. Report OF Progress. The Geology of Lycoming and Sullivan
Counties. I. Field Notes, by Andrew Sherwood. II. Coal Basins, by Frank-
lin Piatt. With two colored geological county maps and numerous illustra-
tions. 8 vo., pp. 268. Price, ^1 03 : postage, SO 14.

GGG-. Report of Progress in 1876-9. 8 vo., pp. 120. The Geology of
Potter County, by Andrew Sherwood. Rsport on the Coal Field, by
Franklin Piatt, with a colored geological map of county, and two page plates
of sections. Price, §0 58 ; postage, $0 OS.

H. Report of Progress in the Clearfield and Jefferson District
OF THE Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania— 1874. By
Franklin Piatt. 8vo., pp. 293, illustrated by 139 cuts, 8 maps, and 2 sections.
Price in paper, $1 50 ; postage, SO 13. Price in cloth, SI 75 ; postage, SO 15.

IIH. Report of Progress in the Cambria and Somerset District
OF THE Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania — 1875. By F.
and W. G. Piatt. Pp. 194. illustrated with 84 u-ood-cuts and 4 ynajys and sec-
tions. Part I. Cambria. Price, SI 00 : postage, SO 12.

HHH. Report of Progress in the Cambria and Somerset District
OF THE Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania — 1876. By F.
and W. G. Piatt. Pp. 348, illustrated by 110 wood-cuts and 0 77iaps and sec-
tions. Part II. Somerset. Price, SO 85 : postage. SO IS.

HHHH. Report of Progress in Indiana County*— 1877. By W. G.
Piatt. Pp. 316. With a colored map of the county. Price, SO 80 ; postage,
?0 14.

I. Report of Progress in the Venango County District— 1874. By
John F. Carll. With observations on the Geology around Warren, by F. A.
Randall; and Xotes on the Comparative Geology of North-eastern Ohio and
Northwestern Pennsylvania, and Western New York, by J. P. Lesley. 8 vo.,
pp. 127, with 2 maps, a long section, and 7 cuts in the text. Price in paper,
SO 60; postage, SO 05. Price in cloth, SO 85 ; postage, SO OS.

II. Report of Progress, Oil Wells, Records, and Levels— 1876-7.
By John F. Carll. Pp. 398. Published in advance of Report of Progress, III.
Price, SO 60 : postage, SO 18.

J. Special Report on the Petroleum of Pennsy^lvania- 1874, its
Production, Transportation, Manufacture, and Statistics. By Henry E. Wrig-
lev. To which are added a Map and Profile of a line of levels through Butler,

(2)

Armstrong, and Clarion Counties, by D. Jones Lncas: and also a Map and
Profile of a line of levels along Slippery Rock Creek, by J. P. Lesley. 8 vo.,
pp. 122; 5 tiuqys and sectio7is, 'd plate and o ctcts. Price in paper, ^0 75 ; post-
age, ^0 06. Price in cloth, ^1 00 ; postage, ^0 08.

K. Report ont Greene and Wasiiix(;t()n Counties — 1875, Bituminous
Coal Fields. By J. J. Stevenson, 8 vo., p[). 420, illustrated by 3 sections and 2
county maps, showing tiie depth of the Pittsburg and Waynesburg coal bed,
beneath the surface at numerous points. Price in paper, ^0 05 ; postage, ^0 16.
Price in cloth, ^0 90 ; postage, ^0 18.

KK. Report of Progress in the Fayette and Westmoreland Dis-
trict OF the Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania —
1876. By J. J. Stevenson ; pp. 437, illustrated by 50 wood-cuts and 3 county
maps, colored. Part I. Eastern AUeglieny County, and Fayette and West-
moreland Counties, west from Chestnut Ridge. Price, $1 40 ; postage, ^0 20.

KKK. Report of Progress in the Fayette and Westmoreland
District of the Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania — 1877.
By J. J. Stevenson. Pp. 831. Part II. The Ligonier Valley. Illustrated
with 107 wood-cuts, 2 plates, and 2 county maps, colored. Price, |1 40 ; post-
age, $0 16.

L. 1875— Special Report on the Coke Manufacture of the Yough-
lOGHENY River Valley in Fayette and Westmoreland Counties,
with (leoiogical Notes of the Coal and Iron Ore Beds, from Survej-s, by Charles
A. Young; by Franklin Piatt. To which are appended: I. A Report on
Methods of Coking, by John Fulton. II. A Report on the use of Natural Gas
in the Iron Manufacture, by John B. Pearse, Franklin Piatt, and Professor
Sadtler. Pp. 252. Price, ^1 00 ; postage, |0 12.

M. Report of Progress in the Laboratory op the Survey at
Harrisburg— 1874-5, by Andrew S. McCreath. 8vo., pp. 105. Price in pa-
per, $0 50: postage, $0 05. Price in cloth, ^0 75 ; postage, ^0 08.

MM. Second Report of Progress in the Laboratory of the Sur-
vey at Harrisburg, by Andrew S. McCreath — 1876-8, including I. Classifica-
tion of Coals, by Persifor Frazer. II. Firebrick Tests,^ by Franklin Piatt.
III. Notes on Dolomitic Limestones, by J. P. Lesley. IV. Utilization of An-
thracite Slack, by Franklin Piatt. V. Determination of Carbon in Iron or
Steel, by A. S. McCreath. With 3 indexes, plate, and 4 page plates. Pp. 438.
Price in cloth, $0 65 ; postage, |0 18.

N. Report of Progress — 1875-6-7. Two hundred Tables of Elevation
above tide level of the Railroad Stations, Summits and Tunnels ; Canal Locks
and Dams, River Riffles, &g., in and around Pennsylvania ; with map ; pp. 279.
By Charles Allen. Price, $0 70 ; postage, ^0 15.

O. Catalogue of the Geological Musuem — 1874-5-6-7. By Charles E.
Hall. Part I. Collection of Rock Specimens. Nos. 1 to 4,264. Pp.217. Price,
$0 40; postage, |0 10.

P. 1879— Atlas of the Coal Flora of Pennsylvania and of the
Carboniferous Formation throughout the United States. 87 plates
with explanations. By Leo Lesquereux. Price, $3 35; postage, $0 22.

PP. Upper Carboniferous Flora of West Virginia and S. W.
Pennsylvania, with 38 plates and text. By Wm. Fontaine, A. M., and I. C.
White. Price, ^2 25 ; postage, |0 17.

Q. Report of Progress in the Beaver River District of the Bitu-
minous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania. By I. C. White ; pp.
337, illustrated with 3 Geological maps of parts of Beaver, Butler, and Alle-

(3)

gheny Counties, and 21 plates of vertical sections — 1875. Price, 51 40 ; post-
age, $0 20.

QQ. Report of Progress in 1877. Tlie Geology of Lawrence County,
to which is appended a Special Report on the Correlation of the Coal
Measures in Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio. 8 vo., pp. 336, with
a colored Geological Map of the county, and 134 vertical sections. By I. C.
White. Price, $0 70 ; postage, ^0 15.

QQQ. Report of Progress in 1878. 8 vo., pp. 233. The Geology of
Mercer County, by I. C. White, with a colored geological map of county,
and 119 vertical sections. Price, ^0 60 ; postage, ^0 11.

V. Report of Progress — 1878. Part I. The Northern Townships of But-
ler county. Part II. A special survey made in 1875, along the Beaver and
Shenango rivers, in Beaver, Lawrence, and Mercer Counties. 8 vo., pp. 248,
with 4 maps, 1 profile section and 154 vertical sections. By H. Martyn
Chance. Price, $0 70 ; postage, ^0 15.

VV. Report of Progress in 1879. 8 vo., pp. 232. The Geology of Clar-
ion County, hy H. Martyn Chance, with colored geological map of county,
a map of the Anticlinals and Oil Belt, a contoured map of tlie Old River
Channel at Parker, 83 local sections figured in the text, and 4 page plates.
Price, ^0 43 ; postage, |0 12. .

Other Reports of the Survey are in the hands of the printer, and will soon
be published.

The sale of copies is conducted according to Section 10 of the Act, which
reads as follows :

* * * "Copies of the Reports, with all maps and supplements,
shall be donated to all public libraries, universities, and colleges .in the State,
and shall be furnished at cost of publication to all other ap)plicants for
them."

Mr. F. W. FoRMAN is authorized to conduct the sale of reports ; and letters
and orders concerning sales should be addressed to him, at 223 Market street,
Harrisburg. Address general communications to Wm. A. Ingham, Secretary.

By order of the Board,

WM. A. INGHAM,
/Secretary of Board.
Rooms of Commission and iSIuseum : Address of Secretary :

SS3 Market Street, Harrisburg. 228 Market Street, Harrisbicrg.

^4)

ERRATA. P.

Page 3, top line, lor Rhizoiiiorphia, read Rhizomorpha. ^
Page 20, line 5 from bottom, for Hcbr, read Helv.
Page 8!), lines 13—18 from top, omit tin; whole period.
Page 96, line 3 from top, erase 8V2.

Page 99, line 7 from top, for leaflet of Cyclopteris, read cyclopterid leaflet.
Page 140, line 4 from bottom, for brardlei, read Bradleyi.
Page 145, line 10 from top, for Dietycophyllnm, read Dictyophyllum.
Page 173, line 22 from top, for vinelets, read veins.

Page 197, line 7 from bottom, after Ak thopteris nervosa, add Lesqx., Geol. of Penn'a, 1858.
. Page 2"0, line 1 fi'om top, for su bconglomerate, etc., read Port Griflith, between F. and C.
vein.

Page 261, line 24 from top, for of the Genus Spiropteris, read or the Genus Splioiropteris.
Page 263, line 6 from top, for intermediate the, read intermediate to the.
Page 269, line 11 from top, erase Bochsiana.

Page 303, add to the. last line, Catskill Red Shale, Tioga county, Mr. M. A. Sherwood.
Page 310, line 19 from top, for Lepidophyllum, read Lepidox}4on.

Page 312, to the second paragraph, fa- Prof. Dawson, etc., substitute: Prof. Dawson re-
marks, on a specimen of this species, in the Cabinet of Prof.Wni. Rogers, that it very closely
resembles a beautiful leaf from ihe Ponent of Pennsylvania, figured but not described, Geol.
of Penn'a, 1858, PI. XXII, and compared by Prof. Balfour to Salisburia adiantoides, a
likeness, etc.

Page 330, line 13 from top, before Geol Rep., read Stnphylopteris Worthenii.

Page 336, line 25 from top, for Newburj', read Newberry.

Page 352, line 15 from top, for Mr. Ed. Jones, read Mr. Williams.

Page 400, line 6 from bottom, for Bothodendron, read Bothrodehdron.

Page 411, line 3 from bottom, for my figure, read my fig. 9. Atl., PI. LXXIV.

Page 412, line 7 from top for figured from, read figured PI. LXXXVII, f. 1, this vol., from.

Page 428, line 4 from bottom, for the fragment PL, read the fragmeiit Atl. PI.

Page 483, line 12 from bottom, for \Vortheu, read Worther.

Page 513, line 17 from lop, for Uvularia, read Utricularia,

Page 518, line 2i, after palmalifidus, add Atl.

Page 519, line 19, for one, read many.

Pa2e 539, line 5, for Cardiocarpns, read Rhabdocarpus.

Page iS73, line 6 from bottom, for II, read I.

Page 637, add to bottom of page: Sign — indicates that the species is present at all the
localities of the column. ° Indicates uncertain geological distribution or locality.
Page 639, top, for Helansville, read St. Clairsville.

Errata in. the explanation of the plates in Atlas.

PL III, for Fig. l-5a, read 1—4.

PL III, for Fig. 6—7, read 5—7.

PI. XXXVIII, for Uvularia, read Utricularia.

PL LXIX. Fig. 31, for Lepidophyllum spathulatuni Sp. nov., read Lepidophyllum afllne,
Lx.

PL LXXII, f. 7, 8, for S. attenuata, read S. Lescurii, Schp.

PL LXXll, f. 9, for S. Lescurii, Schp., read S. attenuata, Lx.

PL LXXIII, f. 7, for S. Menardi, Bt., read S. ichthyolepsis, St.

PL LXXV, f. 16, for Bornia approxiraata Sp. nov., read Calamodendron species.

PL LXXXIIT, read f. 6, 6a. Cordiacarpus apiculatus, Sp. nov., f. 7, C ovalis, Sp. nov.

PL LXXXV, f. 52, for Carpolithes rostellatus, Lx., read Rhabdocarpus arcuatus, Lx.

DATE DUE

GAYLORD

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

WELLESLEY COLLEGE LIBRARY

3 5002 03455 5321

Science QE 157 . A16 P v. 1-2

I

I Lesquereux, Leo, 1806-1889.

Description of the coal
flora of the Carboniferous