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’ “GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY
HENRY B. KUMMEL, STATE GEOLOGIST
BULLETIN: 4.
A Description of the Fossil Fish Kemains
OF THE
Cretaceous, Eocene and Miocene Formations
of New Jersey /
By HENRY W. FOWLER of the Academy of Natural Bricdees of Philadelphia With a Chapter on the Geology by HENRY B. KUMMEL
- +<B+—
TRENTON, N. J. MacCrellish & Quigley, State Printers, Opposite Post Office.
1911.
Letter of Transmittal.
TreNToN, N. J., Marcu 17, IgIt. The State Printing Board, Trenton, N. J.
GENTLEMEN—Chapter 46, Laws of 1910, provides that in addition to an annual administrative report, the State Geologist shall prepare or cause to be prepared such scientific reports as are pertinent to the work of his department, and that the State Printing Bédard shall have authority, on recommendation of the Board of Managers of the Survey, to order printed such scien- tific reports.
The Board of Managers of the Survey, on December 6, 1910, adopted the following motion: ‘That the publication of reports on the Plant Remains of the Cretaceous Clay Beds, and on the Fossil Fishes of the Cretaceous and Miocene Formations of South Jersey, already prepared or in process of preparation under the direction of the State Geologist, be recommended for printing to the State Printing Board, as provided in Chapter 46, Laws of IgI0.
In accordance with the above, I request that the State Printing Board order printed 1,500 copies each of the two reports above mentioned, 100 to be bound, the balance in stiff covers sewed, as provided in the specifications for printing the Geological Sur- vey reports.
Respectfully submitted, HENRY B. KUMMEL, State Geologist.
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4 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
STATE OF NEW JERSEY, OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER OF THE TREASURY. TRENTON, Marcu 20, IQII. Henry B. Kiimmel, Esq., State Geologist, Trenton, N. J.
DEAR StR—Your communication of the 17th inst., addressed to the State Printing Board, was laid before the Board at its meeting held on Friday, last, and, on motion, it was ordered that the publications referred to in your letter be printed and bound as requested. ‘The work will be done by MacCrellish & Quigley, who were awarded the contract last fall.
Very respectfully, id EF. J. EDWARDS; Comptroller, as Secretary, State Printing Board.
INTRODUCTION.
The present work is intended simply as a descriptive summary of the fish remains known from the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations within the limits of the State of New Jersey. A full account of the stratigraphic paleontology of the Cretaceous is given by Dr. Stuart Weller, in his account of these forma- tions, published in volume IV of the Paleontology series of the Geological Survey in 1907. Though no new collections have been made it is hoped that an exposition of the older ones, many of which have not been studied before, will be of value. The one great disadvantage is, as may have been expected, the lack of definite stratigraphic position for each species, the original data usually being incomplete or meager. This was due to the earlier collectors not attaching sufficient importance to preserving exact horizons and localities with their specimens. In many cases Dr. H. B. Kummel, through his familiarity with the local geology, has been able to indicate the horizon from which the specimens came, and all such references to the present classification in the text are on his authority. To avoid confusion such references are inclosed in brackets with the initial K. In some cases com- parison with other material in the collection of the Academy has greatly facilitated determinations, especially in’ the case of types or authoritatively determined material. I have attempted to illustrate as well as describe each species, wherever possible, from specimens, though in some cases have been obliged to use the original accounts. ‘This is especially true among the chimeroids, where I have also allowed reproductions from Dr. Louis Hus- sakof’s photographs. The general scheme of classification is that of Dr. David Starr Jordan, sometimes freely used or modified to suit present purposes.
Dr. O. P. Hay’s Catalogue of Fossil Vertebrata of North America, and Dr. A. $. Woodward’s Catalogue of Fossil Fishes in the British Museum, have been freely consulted with respect
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6 CRE LACH OUS AND MEE Ran tues Sis
to the diagnoses of the higher groups and generic synonymy. The writer is indebted to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for the use of its library and collections, where most of this work was carried on. I am also under obligations to Dr. Henry B. Kummel, the State Geologist, for the oppor- tunity of consulting the collections of the State Geological Sur- vey. All the figures are natural size, unless otherwise stated, in which case the reduction is shown by a line which indicates an inch. The material from the Geological Survey collections is indicated in the explanation by a *.
THE CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMA- MONS OF NEW JERSEY!
H. B. KuMMEL.
THE CRETACEOUS SYSTEM.
The Cretaceous strata of New Jersey outcrop southeast of a line from Trenton to New Brunswick, and as shown by well borings underlie all of South Jersey, although over most of the area they are deeply buried beneath later formations of Tertiary age and even along their belt of outcrop they are frequently covered with a mantle of sand and gravel of Quaternary age.
They comprise unconsolidated sands and clays, which dip 50 to 25 feet per mile to the southeast, and which have an aggre- gate thickness of from 500 to 1,000 feet, the greater thickness being found in the northern portion of the area. The lower- most beds are referred to the upper part of the Lower Cretaceous and are of non-marine origin. The middle and upper portions, however, belong to the Upper Cretaceous and contain an abun- dant marine fauna.
Raritan formation.—The Raritan formation is extremely vari- able, consisting chiefly of light-colored sands and clays, some of the latter being highly refractory. There is on the whole a pre- ponderance of clays in the lower, and of sands in the upper, half of the series. Since it was laid down on an irregular surface its thickness is variable, ranging from 150 to 250 feet at the outcrop, but increasing to the southeastward, as shown by well- borings, to over 500 feet. Northeast of Trenton it rests uncon- formably upon the beveled Triassic shales, but farther southward upon the ancient crystailines of early Paleozoic or pre-Paleozoic age, and perhaps at undetermined points still farther south on earlier Cretaceous beds. It dips 4o to 50 feet per mile to the
()
8 CREMACEOUS PAINDinE RADAR amr See
southeast, the basal beds having the steeper inclination. The known fauna is very limited, consisting of a few pelecypods, some of which are blackish-water types, while two are typically marine, a plesiosaurian bone, and possibly an insect. Its flora embraces a wide range of genera and species, especially of dicotyledons, many of which are closely related to modern forms. It has been regarded by Ward as late Lower Cretaceous, and, therefore, approximately equivalent to the Gault of England and the Albian of continental Europe.?. Berry, however, has recently presented the paleobotanical evidence for its Cenomanian age.”
Magothy formation.—The lignitic sands and clays referred to the Magothy formation, and regarded as the lowermost of the Upper Cretaceous formations, were until recently included in the Raritan. On the shores of Raritan Bay they attain a thickness of about 50 feet, but diminish to the southwest and along Dela- ware River are only 25 or 30 feet. ‘They are slightly glau- conitic near the top. The Magothy rests unconformably on the Raritan, but the discordance is not great and indicates only a slight epeirogenic movement. A marine fauna of 43 species, possessing close affinities to that of the Ripley beds of the south and to the Senonian of Europe, is found on the shores of Rari- tan Bay, but farther southwest the deposits are apparently estuarine. The flora is abundant and presents a much more recent aspect than that of the Raritan. It is regarded by paleo- botanists as showing upper Cenomanian affinities.
Merchantville clay—The Merchantville is a black, glau- conitic, micaeous clay, usually greasy in appearance and mas-
1In continental Europe the Cretaceous system is divided as follows: Danian ; Senonian \ Turonian Cenomanian Unconformity ~ Albian Optian Barremian Neoconian. * Berry E. W., Bulletin No. 3, p. 20 et seq., Geological Survey of New Jersey.
Upper Cretaceous
Lower Cretaceous +
CRE EAC ROUS AND TITER RITEAR YORORMAIIONS. 99
Sive in structure, weathering to an indurated brown earth. Its thickness is about 60 feet. It is conformable to the Magothy formation below and the Woodbury clay above. Its inverte- brate fauna is large and varied, and although it contains many forms common to the beds above and below, its most character- istic species are conspicuous for their absence or great rarity in the adjoining strata. The Merchantville clay represents the lower part of the Crosswicks clay of Clark, forms the base of the Clay-marl series of Cook, and is the lowest of the five forma- tions in New Jersey which are correlated with the Matawan for- mation of Maryland.
Woodbury clay.—The Woodbury is a black, non-glauconitic, jointed clay about 50 feet thick, which weathers to a light choco- late color, and when dry breaks into innumerable blocks, fre- quently with a conchoidal fracture. Its invertebrate fauna of Q5 marine species is more closely allied to that of the Magothy than to the subjacent Merchantville. It is conformable both with the Merchantville below and the Englishtown sand above. It is the upper part of the Crosswick clay of Clark, and forms part of the Clay-marl series of Cook. It is also one of the formations correlated with the Matawan of Maryland.
Englishtown sand.—The Englishtown is a conspicuous bed of white or yellow quartz sand slightly micaceous and sparingly glauconitic. Locally it contains thin laminae of fine brittle clay. So far as known it contains no fossils. It decreases in thickness from 100 feet near Atlantic Highlands to less than 20 feet in the southern portion of the State. It represents the lower part of the Hazlett sand of Clark, and forms a part of Cook’s Clay- marl series. It was formerly called the Columbus sand and is the equivalent of a part of the Matawan formation.
Marshalltown clay-marl—The Marshalltown ranges from a black sandy clay to an argillaceous greensand marl. Locally it is abundantly fossiliferous, its characteristic invertebrate species being in part recurrent forms from the Merchantville, and in part a new element, which recurs again in a higher formation. although absent or inconspicuous in the immediately succeeding beds. Its thickness is 30 to 35 feet. It is a portion of the “laminated” sands which formed the upper part of the Clay marl
IO CRE MACE OUS ANDES RATA Wer iste
series of Cook, although in the southwestern protion of the State he referred these beds to the Navesink (Lower) marl. It was included in Clark’s Hazlett sands, a sub-division of his Matawan. .
The Wenonah and Mount Laurel sands——Above the Marshall- town clay-marl there 1s a considerable thickness of sand regarding which there has been some difference of opinion. The terms Wenonah and Mount Laurel have both been applied to it in whole or in part. Lithologically these sand layers are not sharply dif- ferentiated from each other, although the lower part (Wenonah) is generally a fine micaceous sand and the upper part (Mount Laurel) is coarser and contains considerable greensand. Pale- ontologically, however, they are quite distinct. The Wenonah fauna is largely recurrent from the Woodbury, with compara- tively few prominent species common either to the Marshalltown below or the Mount Laurel and Navesink above. The same elements are prominent again still higher in the Red Bank. The Mount Laurel invertebrate fauna is identical with that of the Navesink above, and is closely allied to the Marshalltown, but contains a foreign element, chief among which is the cephalopod Belemnitella americana and the brachiopod Terebratella plicata, so that the indistinct lithological line between the Wenonah sand and Mount Laurel sand is of considerable paleontological sig- nificance. ‘The combined thickness of these formations is 40 to So feet, the Mount Laurel being limited to a_very thin bed at Atlantic Highlands (Cook’s sand-marl) but increasing much in thickness toward the southwest. The Wenonah sand is the highest bed correlated with the Matawan of Maryland, while the Mount Laurel is the base of the Monmouth.
Navesink marl—The Navesink marl consists of greensand marl, mixed with varying amounts of quartz sand and fine earth, the latter of which contains much carbonate of lime in a powdery state. Where purest the marl has a dark-green or bluish-black color. The upper part of the bed contains progressively less ereensand and is more clayey. ‘The invertebrate fauna is large (121 species, Weller), and is allied with that of the Marshall- town and Merchantville beds, while the characteristic forms of
CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 11
the Magothy, Woodbury and Wenonah are absent. The forma- tion has a maximum thickness of about 4o feet, diminishing southward to 25 feet or less. It corresponds in general to Cook's. Lower Marl, although locally beds referred by him to the Lower Marl have proved to be the Marshalltown. It rests conformably upon the beds below and grades upward into the Red Bank sand, or where that is absent into the Hornerstown marl.
Red Bank sand.—The Red Bank sand is for the most part a. fairly coarse ferruginous yellow and reddish-brown quartz sand, locally indurated by the infiltration of iron. The lower beds are in many places somewhat clayey. The Red Bank invertebrate fauna has come chiefly from these clayey layers. In its essential. features it is a recurrence of the Lucina cretacea fauna of the Magothy, Woodbury and Wenonah formations, and differs in. important respects from the Navesink fauna immediately below. It occurs only in the northern part of the coastal plain, where its maximum thickness is 100 feet, but it thins out and disappears midway across the State. It is the Red Sand of Cook and earlier writers, but does not include certain sands in the southern portion which were correlated by him with the Red Sand of Monmouth county, but which in reality are referable to the Wenonah-Mt. Laurel horizon. With the overlying Tinton bed, it is the upper- most of the beds correlated with the Monmouth formation of Maryland.
Tinton bed.—A lense of green indurated clayey and sandy marl, having a thickness of from 10 to 20 feet, overlies the Red Bank sand in Monmouth County. Its invertebrate fauna is more closely allied to that of the Navesink than of the Red Bank and is characterized by large numbers of crustacean claws of the genus Callianassa. It is Cook’s “indurated green earth,” re- garded by him and other writers as a part of the Red Sand, but in view of its faunal and lithologic differences it deserves some separate recognition.
Correlation, of the Magothy-Tinton beds.—The assemblage of fossils making up the invertebrate faunas of the beds from the Magothy to the Tinton inclusive constitute a larger faunal unit, much more sharply separated from the faunas above and below
12 CRETACEOUS) AND MEE Reaves ile
than are any of its constituent faunules from each other. Weller has shown that this larger faunal unit is made up of two or more distinct facies, one of which, the Cucullaea fauna, is char- acteristic of the more glauconitic beds; namely, the Merchantville, Marshalltown, Navesink and ‘Tinton, while the other facies char- acterized by Lucina cretacea or its associates occurs in the clays or clayey sands of the Cliffwood, Woodbury, Wenonah and Red Bank formations. The two facies existed contemporaneously and migrated backward and forward across the present outcrop of these beds in New Jersey as deeper or shallower water con- ditions prevailed. The larger faunal unit is closely related to the Ripley fauna of Alabama, Mississippi and Texas. On faunal evidence all the formations from the Magothy to Tinton inclusive are referable to the Senonian of Europe, although on floral evi- dence the Magothy might be regarded as Cenomanian. Hornerstown marl—The Hornerstown marl is a bed of glauconite with clay and sand and not differing materially from the Navesink. Its fauna is meager, but is totally different in its essential characteristics from the faunas of all the underlying formations. Terebratula harlami, Cucullaea vulgaris and Gryphaca dissimilaris (Weller) are characteristic forms. A shell bed at the top of the formation is a conspicuous feature at many localities. The thickness is 30 feet or less. At the north it rests with apparent conformity on the Tinton; where that is absent it lies on the Red Bank, and farther south it is continuous with the Navesink, owing to the disappearance of the Red Bank. It is conformably overlain by the Vincentown except where over- lapped by Miocene formations. It is the Middle Marl of Cook, the Sewell marl of Clark, and is a part of the Rancocas group. Vincentown sand.—The Vincentown sand presents two phases, a calcareous or limesand, semi-indurated and largely a mass of broken bryozoan, echinoid, coral and other calcareous remains, and a glauconitic quartz-sand phase. ‘The two phases occur in alternating layers, although the former is more common in the basal portion, particularly to the south, while the quartz-sand phase predominates in Monmouth County. The fauna of the limesand phase contains large numbers of bryozoa, echinoids and
CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 13
foraminifera, while in the siliceous phase elements of the Hornerstown fauna occur in association with forms characteristic of the calcareous phase. Its thickness varies from 25 to 70 feet, but well-borings have shown that it thickens greatly down the dip. It rests conformably upon the Hornerstown marl and is overlain conformably by the Manasquan marl or overlapped by Miocene beds. It includes the “limesand” and “yellow sand” of Cook, the former of which was regarded by him as a part of the Middle Marl.
Manasquan marl.—The Manasquan marl in its lower portion (13-17) is composed chiefly of glauconite, but the upper part (8-12 feet) is made up of very fine sand mixed with greenish- white clay, piles of which look like heaps of ashes—hence the name “ash marl.” The invertebrate fossils are not abundant and are poorly preserved, the commonest occurring also either in the Hornerstown or Vincentown. Its thickness is about 25 feet. It corresponds to the “green” and “ash” marls of Cook’s Upper Marl bed and is the youngest of the Cretaceous formations ex- posed in New Jersey. It probably rests conformably upon the Vincentown and at most exposures is succeeded unconformably by Miocene or Pleistocene deposits, although locally it is overlain by a bluish marl of Eocene age without apparent unconformity.
Correlation of the Hornerstown, Vincentown and Manasquan. —The invertebrate faunas of these three formations are closely related and form a larger fauna sharply separated from the Ripleyian fauna of the underlying Magothy and Tinton beds. This fauna has not been recognized south of Maryland. It shows certain affinities with the lower or Maestrichtian division of the Danian series of Western Europe (Weller).
EOCENE SYSTEM.
Shark River marl.—Eocene deposits in New Jersey are limited in outcrop to small areas near Allenhurst (Deal), Shark River and Farmingdale, in Monmouth County, where a mixture of greensand and light-colored earth 11 feet in thickness and carrying Eocene fossils rests without apparent unconformity
14 (CIE IVMCOWS AUNID) SBIR INUEAIR I IPILSIEL,
upon the “ash” marl of the Manasquan. The conformity, how- ever, is only apparent, well-borings indicating that the Shark River, as this formation has been called, probably overlaps the Cretaceous. Clark! considers that it is not possible to correlate the Shark River marl with any other known Eocene deposits and tegards them as probably older than the Eocene of Maryland. By some other authors, however, they have been placed above the Maryland Eocene.
MIOCENE SYSTEM.
Beds of known Miocene age are widely distributed in the coastal-plain portion of New Jersey, where they overlap the Eocene and many of the Cretaceous formations. At the north they rest on beds ranging from the Eocene to the Hornerstown marl, while in the southern portion outliers are found upon the Mount Laurel sand.
Kirkwood formation.—Under the term Kirkwood have been included all beds of demonstrable Miocene age which outcrop in New Jersey. These beds vary lithologically in different regions, but they are predominantly fine micaceous quartz sands often deli- cately banded in shades of salmon-pink and yellow. Black, lignitic clays occur in many localities at or near the base. In the southern portion (Salem and the adjoining portion of Cumber- land County) a thick (80-90 feet) bed of chocolate or drab- colored clay occurs, above which there are (or were formerly) exposures of a fine clayey sand containing great numbers of shells (the Shiloh marl of many reports), which, in the localities where it occurs, forms the upper bed of the Kirkwood. ‘The thickness is about 100 feet or more along the outcrop. On the basis of the abundant invertebrate fauna in the beds at Shiloh, the Kirkwood is believed to correspond in a general way with the Calvert for- mation of Maryland, the lowest division of the Chesapeake group.
Well-borings at Atlantic City, Wildwood and other points along the coast have demonstrated the presence there of a great thickness of Miocene strata not apparently represented in outcrop.
* Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1893, p. 346.
CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 15
At Atlantic City clays, sands and marls from 390 to 1,225 feet below tide carry Miocene fossils, and at Wildwood those from 300 feet to 1,090 feet and perhaps to 1,244 are Miocene. From the fossils it is evident that strata referable to the St. Marys, Choptank and Calvert horizons of the Chesapeake group are present.
Cohansey sand.—Overlying the Kirkwood at its outcrop is a formation composed chiefly of quartz sand, locally with laminae and lenses of light-colored clay and occasional lenses of gravel. This formation outcrops over a wider area of the coastal plain than any of those heretofore discussed. Obscure casts of molluscan shells have been found in it, but these are of no value in determining its age. Plant remains from near Bridgeton indicate a flora comparable with that of certain European upper Miocene localities. It dips southeastward 9 or 10 feet per mile, and overlies the Kirkwood with seeming unconformity.
Inasmuch as sands and clays similar to the Cohansey are re- vealed in borings along the coast and there overlie clays carrying Miocene fossils characteristic of the St. Marys, the highest divi- sion of the Chesapeake group, the Cohansey apparently belongs to a still later stage of the Miocene or perhaps even to the Plio- cene. It is possible, however, that as now defined it may repre- sent in part at least the’ shoreward phases of the fossiliferous Miocene clays found in the borings along the coast, and that it should be correlated with the Choptank and St. Marys of Maryland. In the light of all data at present available, how- ever, the former view seems most probably the true one.
PLIOCENE SYSTEM.
Beacon Hill formation Under the term Beacon Hill there were described certain beds of gravel and sand occurring as outliers on the higher hills of Monmouth County. Later the sand beds were correlated with the great body of sand now in- cluded in the Cohansey formation, leaving only the gravel in the Beacon Hill formation. It is chiefly quartz, but contains much chert and some hard sandstone and, quartzite. The chert pebbles are uniformly much decayed and are frequently very
6 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
soft. The quartz and quartzites are often more or less corroded. The formation occurs as isolated remnants on some of the high- est hills of the coastal plain. It is perhaps to be correlated with the Lafayette formation farther south.
CORRELATION OF LOCALITIES FURNISHING FISH REMAINS.
The fossils described in this report so far as any definite localities are given were obtained from comparatively few points. The same names recur again and again. Long Branch, Deal, Poplar, Shark River, Farmingdale, Hornerstown, Cross- wicks, Pemberton, Birmingham, Vincentown, Blackwoodstown, Barnsboro, Mullica Hill, Allowaystown, Shiloh, and Stow Creek are frequently mentioned. At some of these localities the geo- logical formation can be identified with certainty, while at others several formations outcrop in the pits from which the specimens probably were obtained so that there is some element of doubt. The following paragraphs indicate the possibilities at each local- ity.
Long Branch—The Hornerstown marl outcrops north of Long Branch and at an early day was dug at several points. South of that place it is covered by the Vincentown sand (Cook’s yellow sand), but was reached in pits at a few localities. Speci- mens labelled Long Branch are assumed to come aro the Hornerstown marl.
Deal and Poplar—The numerous marl pits along Poplar Brook near Poplar and Deal are in the Manasquan marl—the green marl and ash marl of Cook’s Upper Marl. South of Deal, however, near the head of the north arm of Deal Lake the Shark River (Eocene) marl is found. It seems to be safe to conclude that specimens from Poplar are to be regarded as from the Manasquan marl, while those from Deal may be either from the Manasquan marl or the Shark River marl with chances per- haps favoring the former since the pits in the Manasquan were more numerous than those in the Shark River.
Shark River.—Eocene beds—the Shark River marl—are ex- posed in pits along Shark River above the village of that name. Some of these pits penetrated also the Manasquan marl, while
CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 17
locally a dark astringent clay of Miocene age overlies the Shark River marl. Under these circumstances there is some uncer- tainty as to the formations from which the fossils came. Inas- much, however, as the Shark River marl was better exposed here than elsewhere in the State most of the species are prob- ably referable to this horizon, unless there is specific evidence to the contrary. > Farmingdale and Squankum.—Immediately north of Farm-, ingdale in a large pit along the railroad there is an extensive exposure of the Manasquan marl overlain by a dark clay of Miocene age. Southwest of the village along Manasquan River is a line of openings mostly in the Manasquan marl, overlain by Miocene or Pleistocene deposits, but, as stated by Cook, two of them in the “blue and ash marls,”’ 7. ¢., the Shark River and upper part of the Manasquan marl. Whitfield? cites numerous Eocene invertebrate forms “in the upper layers of the Upper Green marls at Shark River, Farmingdale and Squankum, New Jersey,’’ so that it seems to be well established that Eocene fos- sils have been collected from Farmingdale and Squankum, al- though the Manasquan marl is the one most commonly exposed. In this report specimens labelled simply “from Farmingdale,” “from Squankum” are tentatively referred to the Manasquan marl, although it is recognized that they may be from the Shark River formation. In the case of others there is no doubt since their labels expressly state “from the Eocene marl at Farming- dale,” etc. The Miocene clay also may have yielded some forms. Hornerstown.—Of the specimens herein described from Hornerstown it is probably safe to refer them all to the Horners- town marl bed (Cook’s Middle Marl), since that layer was ex- tensively opened for marl at various points near Hornerstown during the years when these collections were made. However, the Red Bank sand occurs along the creek west of the village beneath which at a slightly lower level the Navesink marl is found. It is possible, therefore, that some material was ob-
*Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey. Geol. Survey of N. J., ae det Vole Mi ealsorUnisiG: S. Monographs XVIII, 1801.
2 GEOL
18 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
tained from one or the other of the lower formations and not from the Hornerstown marl.
Crosswicks.—Some material has been reported from “Cross- wicks.” If it was obtained near the village of that name it is referable to either the Woodbury clay or the Merchantville clay, both of which formations occur near that place, the former being the better exposed. Neither of these is a marl, although the Merchantville is generally a marly clay. If, on the other hand, the locality should be Crosswicks Creek, the specimens may have come from any one of half a dozen horizons, as all the forma- tions from the Merchantville to Vincentown are well exposed along the creek between Crosswicks and New Egypt. Since, however, the Navesink marl (Cook’s Lower Marl) was the only one actively exploited in those days, the chances are that they came from it, if the locality reference is to the creek. In the suggested correlations it has been assumed that the specimens came from the village and they are referred to the Woodbury or Merchantville clays, but with more or less doubt.
Birmingham.—At Birmingham there are extensive marl pits formerly worked by the Pemberton Marl Company. A few miles northeast of this point the Red Bank sand which separates the Navesink from the Hornerstown marl, disappears and the two marl beds are combined. It is the combined bed which was so extensively worked at Birmingham, and the specimens are referred to the Navesink—Hornerstown marl.
Pemberton.—The village of Pemberton lies a scant two miles east of Birmingham. Many of the fossils whose locality is cited as Pemberton, unquestionably came from the pits of the Pemberton Marl Company, as is shown by the donor, J. C. Gaskill, who was superintendent of the pits, and they are, therefore, referable to the Navesink-Hornerstown marl. At Pemberton, itself, the Manasquan marl is exposed in the creek banks and was formerly dug at numerous points above the village. Hence some of the material labelled Pemberton may be from the Manasquan formation. The outcrop of Vincentown sand lies between Birmingham and Pemberton, so that the pos- sibility of some material coming from this horizon must not be overlooked.
CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 109
Vincentown.—Below Vincentown, the limesand (Vincentown sand) and Navesink—Hornerstown marl are exposed in a line of pits extending for two miles or more down stream to Eayres- town. At Vincentown and upstream for a mile or more the Manasquan marl was formerly dug. It seems best to refer to the Manasquan the specimens credited to Vincentown except where their occurrence in the limesand beds is expressly stated.
Blackwoodstown.—South of Blackwood are old pits in the Navesink-Hornerstown marl, which is here overlaid by the Vincentown limesand and that in turn by the Kirkwood (Miocene) sand. Specimens from ‘the greensand at Black- woodstown”’ are clearly from the combined Navesink-Horners- | town bed. Other specimens may be from the Vincentown or the Miocene.
Barnsboro.—There are no marl beds at Barnsboro, but in the valleys of several branches of Mantua creek from one to three miles east, south and west of the village, there are numerous exposures of the Navesink—Hornerstown marl and several old pits, once extensively worked. The material from ‘“Barnes- borough” probably came from these pits. The Vincentown limesand is found at some points in the vicinity and above that the Kirkwood sand, either of which horizons may have fur- nished some specimens.
Mullica Hill—A prominent bluff within the village and just south of the creek at Mullica Hill has always been a favorite collecting ground. The conspicuous feature of the section is a “‘s-foot indurated shell bed, filled with fossils: The matrix in which the fossils are imbedded is sandy, with pea-like quartz pebbles, the whole colored dark green by a considerable per- centage of glauconite. Above the shell bed is a nearly pure greensand marl, while beneath it there are exposed 20 feet or more of yellow or red quartz sand containing poorly preserved casts of Belemnitella americana, Gryphea and Neithea.” ‘This sand is the Mount Laurel sand, while the shell bed and overlying glauconite bed represent the Navesink marl and perhaps a por- tion of the Hornerstown marl, which, in this portion of the State, are not separated by any intervening horizon. Since the fossils collected at this exposure probably came chiefly from the shell
20 CRETACEOUS! AND? PER WAIRS. SEO Sie
bed and lower portion of the marl they are unquestionably to be referred to the Navesink, or to the Navesink-Hornerstown marl.
In marl pits along the creek a mile or more above the village the upper portion of the Navesink—Hornerstown bed is exposed and above it the Vincentown limesand. ‘These localities may have yielded some of the material credited to Mullica Hill. The Kirkwood sand is now exposed in a small bank in the southern limits of the village and overlies the Vincentown sand at the marl pits, and while the writer has never noted any fossils in it, the possibility of some Miocene forms being found in this locality must not be wholly overlooked.
Alloway and Riddleton—A number of specimens are credited to “Allowaystown.” No greensand marl beds are known nearer to Alloway than two and one-half miles northwest along the headwaters of Swede’s Run. Here there are old pits in the Manasquan marl. Since these exposures are only a mile west of Riddleton, the material credited to that place may have come from them, but there is less certainty regarding that credited to Alloway. In the vicinity of the latter place there are numerous exposures of a dark, tough clay, sometimes called the Alloway clay,t known to be of Miocene age and now included in the Kirkwood formation. Possibly the material “from Alloways- town” may be Miocene and from this clay.
Shiloh, Jerico, Stow Creek.—Miocene fossils have been found in great abundance in the marl pits along the headwaters of Stow Creek near Shiloh and Jerico in Cumberland County. These beds have often been called the Shiloh marl and the speci- mens credited to Shiloh, Jerico and Stow Creek all came without question from these pits. ‘These pits lie four and one-half to five miles southeast of Alloway and perhaps the material labeled Allowaystown is also from them. The Shiloh marl is regarded aS a part of the Kirkwood formation.
Greensand No. 5, of New Jersey.—Many of the specimens are referred by Cope to “Greensand No. 5, of New Jersey,” “Green- sand No. 4, of N. J.,” etc. From the localities cited it has been possible to identify “No. 5” as the Hornerstown marl, but I
*Report on Clay, Vol. VI., Final Report Series Geol. Surv. of New Jersey, 1904.
CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 21
have not been able to find any certain explanation of these desig- nations.
Whitfield’ in discussing the paleontological horizons of the marl beds of New Jersey, speaks of “seven distinct horizons. six of which may be classed as Cretaceous and one as Eocene,” which “conform very closely, if not exactly, to certain strati- graphical lines, which were long since established by the State Seolesist ~~ 52)» These were, 2)», the. Raritan sclays; 2) The Camden clays at Fish House, containing 12 species of Unionidae; 3) The micaceous clays at Crosswicks Creek below the Lower Marl bed; 4) the Lower Marl bed; 5) the Middle Marl bed; 6) the Cretaceous portion of the Upper Marl bed (Manasquan marl), and 7) the Eocene portion of the Upper Marl (the Shark River). Possibly it is some such correlation as this that Cope had in mind. If so, his “Greensand No. 2” must be relegated to the Pleistocene as it is now known that the Unionide clays at Fish House are not Cretaceous but Pleisto- cene; Greensand No. 3 may include the Merchantville, Wood- bury, Marshalltown clays and certain clayey layers in the English- town and Wenonah sands. Greensand No. 4 would correspond to the Navesink marl, but might also include certain phases of. the Red Bank sand.
* Whitfield, loc. cit. p. 19, 20.
22 CRELACEOUS AND DE RTVARY Hist:
DESCRIMMON OF SEECIESs
Class PISCES.
THE FISHES.
Cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates breathing by means of gills nct purse-shaped, but attached to cartilaginous or bony gill- arches. Skull with lower jaw. Limbs developed as fins, rarely wanting. Body usually covered with scales, bony plates or horny appendages, sometimes naked. Median line of body with one or more fins composed of cartilaginous rays joined by membrane
The Leptocardii (Lancelets) and Cyclostomes (Lampreys), usually to be considered with all fish-like vertebrate faunas, are not known from any undoubted fossil remains, and comprise but a small number of existing forms. The opinions of many writers vary as to the value of the different sub-classes embraced in the present class, though most all agree as to the status of the lance- lets and lampreys. I accept five, as the Elasmobranchu, Holo- cephali, Dipnoi, Crossopterygia and the Actimopteri. At the present time only the Elasmobranchti and Actmopteri are rep- resented by existing types within the limits of New Jersey, though it is probable that some Holocephali may yet be found off our shores in deep water. The Elasmobranchu and Holo- cephalt are, however, very abundant among the remains in our Cretaceous beds, and the former represent about half the entire number of fossil fishes known from that formation.
Sub-Class ELASMOBRANCHII. SHARK-LIKE FISHES.
Teeth distinct. Jaws distinct from skull, joined to it by sus- pensory bones. Gill-openings five to seven slits on each side of pharynx. Membrane bones of head undeveloped, except some-
*By Henry W. Fowler.
BKLASMOBRANCHII. 22
times rudimentary opercle. Skeleton cartilaginous. Skull with- out sutures, mandibular suspensorium present. No air-vessel. Intestine with a spiral valve. Arterial bulb with three series of valves. Optic nerves united by a chiasma. Cerebral hemispheres united. Gills not free, attached to skin by outer margin. Ova few and large, impregnated and sometimes developed internally. Embryo with deciduous external gills. Tail hetorocercal. Ven- tral fins abdominal. Males with large intromittent organs or claspers attached to ventral fins. Skin naked or covered with minute rough scales, sometimes with spines.
An almost perfect gradation exists from the true sharks to the skates, though the notidanid sharks are somewhat removed from the former. The orders are the Ichthyotomi, Notidani, Asterospondyli, Cyclospondyli, Rhine and Batoidei. The first of these is entirely extinct, though no fossils have been found in New Jersey referable to this group.’ All the others are repre- sented by living forms, and possibly at least one of the Notidam may occur off our shores in deep water.
Order NOTIDANI. THE NOTIDANOID SHARKS.
Vertebral column imperfectly segmented, each segment equiv- alent to 2 vertebree and bearing 2 neural arches. Gill-openings 6 or 7. Dorsal fini. Anal present.
This order contains the most primitive of existing sharks. Families 2, recent and extinct.
Family HEXANCHID A. THE GRISETS.
Eyes anterior or submedian. No nictitating membrane. Teeth above, 1 or 2 pairs, awl-like, next 6 broader, and each with several cusps, 1 enlarged. ‘Teeth below, 6 large comb-like
*I may note that a tooth of Petalodus, reported by Leidy, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1876, p. 9. is doubtfully ascribed to the New Jersey Cretaceous and is therefore not likely admissible to that fauna.
DA CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
laterally, besides small posterior. Gill slits 6 or 7. Spiracle small. Dorsal 1, no spine, opposite and like anal. No caudal pit. Viviparous. .
Living species in warm seas, some reaching a very large size. Genera 2 or 3.
“4
Genus HEPTRANCHIAS Rafinesque.
Heptranchias Rafinesque, Car. Nuoy. An. Sicil. 1810, p. 13. Type Squalus cinereus Gmelin, monotypic.
Heptanchus, Heptancus, auct.
Aellopos Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 376. Type Aellopos wagneri Agassiz, first species.
Notorynchus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1856, p. 72. Type Notoryn- chus maculatus Ayres, monotypic.
Notorhynchus, auct.
Differs from Hewanchus in the presence of seven gill-openings. The fossils referred to this genus are only known from detached teeth. About 11 living, and about 33 extinct species have been de- scribed, mostly under the generic name Notidanus, which is properly a synonym of the earlier Hexanchus.
HEPTRANCHIAS PRIMIGENIUS (Agassiz).
Notidanus primigenius Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362 (Cumberland Co., Miocene).
Lateral teeth wide, thin, and greatly compressed. Coronal
region wide, polycuspid, faces similarly convex, smooth and compressed. Cutting-edges entire. Anterior cusp enlarged, well inclined externally, and followed by 6 or 7 similar ones gradu- ated to last, latter quite small. Preceding largest cusp 6 to 10 anterior small graduated cusps, graduated down, first scarcely larger than penultimate or last of external cusps. Graduation of these cusps also slight, as all small. Apices of all cusps com- pressed, not twisted. Root compressed, rather thin, outer face flattened and inner bulging a little convexly. Lower margin entire or slightly convex. In transverse section root somewhat cuneate. Height of largest example 20 mm.
ELASMOBRANCHII. 25
2
Fic. 1.—Heptranchias primigenius (Agassiz). ‘1-2, Allowaystown (Yar- row) ; 3-7, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
All of my examples agree largely with Agassiz’s figures 16 and 17’. Eastman considers H. plectrodon Cope identical’.
Formation and locality. ‘This species was originally found in the State in Cumberland County, in Miocene beds. _Known only from detached teeth. My examples are 4 teeth from Mon- mouth Gounty (W. Cleburne) without formation, though pos- sibly Eocene; 2 teeth from the Miocene [Eocene? K], of Shark River in Monmouth County (T. A. Conrad) ; and 2 teeth from Allowaystown, Salem County (H. C. Yarrow), without for- mation.
Genus XIPHODOLAMIA Leidy.
Xiphodolamia Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) VIII, 1877, p. 252. Type Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy, monotypic. Xiphodontolamia Leidy, 1. c., nom. orig.
*Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 218, Pl. 27, figs. 6-8, 13-17, (4-5 doubtful). *Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 78.
26 CRETACEOUS PANID IPE RANE MRVemENIES Ele
Teeth awl-shaped, rather sigmoid, without any basal cusps, roots unequal or nearly equal and approximated.
Originally this genus was thought to be of uncertain relation. Woodward has suggested its relation with Heptranclias, point- ing out that the teeth are apparently referable to the symphysis of the upper jaw of that genus’. Provisionally, at least, 1 retain it as distinct.
XIPHODOLAMIA ENSIS Leidy.
Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 252, Pl. 34, figs. 25-30. Vincentown, Monmouth County, Burlington County, Allowaystown, N. J.
Teeth slender, compressed laterally. Crown smooth, usually sigmoid, sabre-like in form, front edge sharp and hind border obtuse. Outer surface flat, inner convex. Cutting-edge entire. Apex erect, slender, sharp-pointed. No cusps. Root with both sides apparently approximated, so that ends are directed ob- liquely and parallel, and these sometimes nearly equal. Outer
6 I 2 4 }
or
bi aa
Fic. 2—Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy. 1, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ; 2-5, Mon- mouth Co. (Knieskern); 6, Burlington Co. (Abbott); 7-8, Vincentown (Bryan).
surface depressed or concave, and inner bulging convexly, though inferiorly, inner surface also slopes down flattened. Length - 28 mm. This species is known only from the above described paratypes. Formation and locality. I have examined Leidy’s paratypes, doubtfully ascribed to the Cretaceous? of New Jersey. They
*Cat. Foss. F. Brit. Mus., I, 1899, p. 168.
BKUASMOBRANCHII. 27
are 4 teeth from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern) ; 4 from Vincentown [The Manasquan marl, K.] in Burlington County (T. M. Bryan); 1 from Burlington County (C. C. Abbott) ; 1 from Allowaystown, in Salem County (H.C. Yarrow). Orig- inally there were 12 specimens in the Bryan collection, but I have only examined 4.
Order ASTEROSPONDYLI.
THE TYPICAL SHARKS.
Vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a neural arch and one centrum. Vertebrze each with internal cal- careous lamellze radiating from central ring. Gill-openings 5. Dorsal fins 2. Anal fin present.
This order includes the greater number of living sharks.
Sub-Order PROARTHRI. THE CESTRACIONT SHARKS.
Gill-openings 5, always lateral. Palato-quadrate apparatus articulated to preorbital part of skull. Dorsal fins 2, well de- veloped, each with a large spine.
Usually three families are embraced in this group, all repre- sented by fossil forms, and only one, the Heterodontide, is found living, with a few species in the Indo-Pacific.
Family HETERODONTID.. THE BULL-HEAD SHARKS.
Body robust in front. Head high, thick. Mouth small, nar- row, 7 upper lip lobes-and fold on lower lip. Teeth alike in jaws, small and obtuse in front, large and molar behind. Nostrils confluent with mouth. Gills 5. Spiracles small. T’wo dorsals, strong spine on each. Caudal tip notched usually. Oviparous, egg-cases spiral.
Genera 15, all represented by extinct forms with Heterodontus still existing.
28 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH. Genus ACRODUS Buckland.
Acrodus Buckland, Geol. Mineral, Ed. 2, II, 1837, p. 47. Type Acrodus nobilis Buckland, monotypic.
Thectodus Meyer and Plieninger, Beitr. Pal. Witirttemb., 1844, p. 116. Type Thectodus crenatus Meyer and Plieninger, first species.
Teeth conic, non-cuspidate, crown mostly striated, with one principal elevation, and one or more lateral prominences in either side diminishing outwards. Root much or moderately depressed. Symphyseal teeth few, relatively large. Notochord persistent. Two large hooked-shaped semi-barbed dermal spines immediately after each eye. Shagreen sparse, consisting of small, conical, ra- diately-grooved tubercles, sometimes fused into groups of three. Dorsal fin-spines longitudinally ridged and grooved, ridges not denticulated, and two posterior longitudinal series of denticles, not marginal, but placed together mesially. Anterior dorsal spine longer and more slender than posterior.
This genus is closely related to Hybodus Agassiz, and differs only in the rounded and non-cuspidate character of its teeth. The dorsal fin-spines are also scarcely to be distinguished from those assigned to the same, their determination being based on their association and stratigraphical order. Altogether, possibly 55 species may be referred to this genus.
AcroDUS HUMILIS Leidy.
Acrodus humilis Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 163. Lime- stone from New Jersey cretaceous. Leidy, Rep. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, 1873, pp. 300, 352, Pl. 37, fig. 5 (type).
Tooth depressed. Crown smooth, evenly convex over its entire upper surface, greatest width not quite one-third its length, ends rather angular, and long edges broadly projecting over narrow base, with under surfaces nearly level or but slightly inclined. Upper surface of crown, though with smooth aspect, shows retic- ulations, which, though rather coarse along median axis soon become smaller, and along edges are very minute. Base width about one-half that of crown, with ridge anteriorly and groove
ELASMOBRANCHII. 29
posteriorly along longitudinal surfaces, former not very high and latter shallow. Lower surface of base flat. Length (width) 16 mm.
Fic. 3—Acrodus humilis Leidy. ° (Type.) 1, upper view; 2, lateral view; 3, end view; 4, enlarged 4x.
Formation and locality. I have examined only the above ex- ample, the type ascribed to the “limestone from the New Jersey cretaceous,’ from Vincentown, in Burlington County [The Vin- centown formation, K].
Sub-Order GALEI. THE TRUE SHARKS.
Gill-openings 5, always lateral. Palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with skull. Dorsal fins 2, well developed, each without spine.
This group contains the greater number of existing and fossil families of sharks.
Family GINGLYMOSTOMID. THE NURSE SHARKS.
Eyes very small. Upper and lower lips developed, latter not extending across symphysis. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent. Nasal valves at both sides form one quadrangular flap before mouth, and each provided with a free cylindrical cirrus. Spiracle
30 CRE TACKOUSTAND RE RAMA arose
minute behind eye. First dorsal above or after ventral, second opposite and somewhat before anal. Tail most abruptly bent up at base.
Large sharks of warm seas, referred to two genera.
Genus GINGLYMOSTOMA Miller and Henle.
Ginglymostoma Miller and Henle, Arch. Naturg., 1837, p. 396. (No species given.) Type Squalus cirratus Gmelin, virtually designated by Bonaparte, Nuov. An. Soc. Nat. Bologna, II, 1838, p. 212.
Plicodus Winkler, Arch. Mus. Teyler, III, 1874, p. 301. Type Plicodus thielensis Winkler, monotypic.
Acrodobatis Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 250. Type Acrodobatis serra Leidy, first species, designated by Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, 1902, p. 310.
Acrodontobatis Leidy, 1. c., nom. orig.
Many series of teeth in jaws, each with a strong median cusp and one or two small basal cusps each side. Second dorsal nearly opposite anal. Tail about one-half rest of body.
About seven extinct and two existing species are known.
GINGLYMOSTOMA OBLIQUUM (Leidy).
Acrodobatis obliquum Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 250, Pl. 34, fig. 14. Marl of Monmouth Co., N. J.
Crown wider than high and base extended downward at mid- dle in a rounded prominence, and backward posteriorly in a similar prominence. Summit arises in a tapering point, and lateral acute borders show seven denticles successively decreasing in size. Outer side presents two larger denticles succeeded by
Fic. 4.—Ginglymostoma obliquum (Leidy). (From Leidy.)
four minute ones. Inner acute border of crown long, convex in its course from base of main point. Length 7 mm. (From Leidy. )
ELASMOBRANCHII. Bil
Though Leidy expressly states that the type of this species, a tooth only 4 of an inch long, was presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Dr. Knieskern, I have not located it among the collections. Leidy points out that it differs from Ginglymostoma serra in having the main point of the crown inclined to one side.
Formation and locality. Known only from the Eocene of New Jersey.
Family LAMNIDAS. THE MACKEREL SHARKS.
Body stout. Mouth wide. Teeth large, sharp. Gill-openings wide, all before pectorals, entirely lateral, not extending under throat. Spiracles minute or absent. First dorsal large. Second dorsal and anal very small. Tail slender. Caudal lunate, both lobes not very unequal and upper strongly bent upward. Caudal peduncle with strong lateral keel on each side. Pit at caudal root. Pectorals large. WVentrals moderate.
Large, fierce sharks in all seas, referred to eight or nine genera, of which three still persist to the present time. ‘The muscular system and dentition reaches its greatest degree of specialization known among sharks in this family.
Genus ISURUS Rafinesque.
Isurus Rafinesque, Car. Nuov. Gen. Sicil., 1810, p. 11. Type Isurus oxyrin- chus Rafinesque, monotypic.
Oxyrhina Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1836, pp. 87, 276. Type Lamna oxyrhina Valenciennes, monotypic.
Oxyrrhina, auct.
Isuropsis Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, pp. 308, 408. Type Oxyrhina glauca Miller and Henle, designated.
Anotodus LeHon, Prél. Mém. Poiss. Tert. Belg., 1871, p. 8. Type Anat- odus agassizii LeHon, monotypic.
Body mackerel or tunny-like, caudal peduncle slender. Snout rather long, pointed. Teeth long, lanceolate, cutting-edges sharp and entire, and no basal cusps. First dorsal large, entirely be- hind pectoral, or nearly midway between latter and ventral. Second dorsal and anal very small. Pectoral large.
32 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
About three existing and 39 fossil species have been referred to this genus.
IsuRUS DESORII (Agassiz).
Oxyrhina minutus (nec Agassiz) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila, XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Anterior teeth narrow, robust, much elevated and _ thick. Crown slightly curved inwards towards apex. Outer coronal surface more or less flattened, and inner well convex. Apex scarcely deflected. Cutting-edges entire. No basal cusps. Root thick, concave or flattened on outer surface, inner face with large, pronounced, bulging or convex surface, and each end a long divergent branch, often unequal and acute. Lateral teeth more compressed, root shorter and with more diverging ends, crown narrow, apex scarcely deflected, and usually entire cutting-edges eradually divergent to ends of base. Length varies to 54 mm.
According to Woodward this species differs from the existing Isurus oxyrinchus only in the less curvature of the lateral teeth. From worn and fragmentary examples of Lamna elegans, in which the inner coronal striz seem to be obliterated, I cannot distinguish some material positively. Frequently the teeth of Isurus are more or less depressed basally on their inner surfaces. It is also almost impossible to distinguish the teeth of Lamma cuspidata, and no doubt a number of the teeth of the present species may be listed under that name. This form is known only from the detached teeth.
Formation and locality. A number of examples in the collec- tions of the Academy from the Cretaceous marls, all without beds indicated, are: 1 tooth from “New Jersey” (E. D. Cope), 2 teeth from Deal [probably from Manasquan marl, K.] (Breed), 1 from Monmouth County (C. C. Abbott) and 8 more from the same region (W. Cleburne), 3 from Burlington County (T. A. Conrad), 5 from Vincentown [Manasquan marl or Vincentown limesand, K.] (T. M. Bryan), 2 from 5 miles from Mullica Hill (Abbott) and 1 from the latter locality [ Nave- sink-Hornerstown marl, K.] (J. Da Costa) and 7 from Allo- waystown in Salem County (H. C. Yarrow).
ELASMOBRANCHIL. 33 3
Fic. 5.—Isurus desorii (Agassiz). 1-22, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas) ; 22, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 23, Vincentown (Bryan); 24, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; 25-26, Mullica Hill (Da Costa); 27, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
3, GEOL
34 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
19 15 !
Fic. 6.—IJsurus desorii (Agassiz). 1-13, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas); 14, Deal (Breed); 15-17, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 18-19, Monmouth Co. (Abbott) ; 20-24, Vincentown (Bryan).
ELASMOBRANCHII. 25
Abbott's Monmouth County example is more compressed at the crown than the other examples. It also has flaring trenchant edges, and its inner face basally is swollen. His Mullica Hill examples agree largely with Da Costa’s, which, in turn, differ from Maryland Miocene examples! in the slightly deflected crown, the latter more convex on its inner surface.
The present species does not seem to have been recorded pre- viously from New Jersey, except if confused with Jsurus min- utus, as contended by Eastman.
In the Geological Survey collection I have examined 2 teeth without data, and 34 from Shiloh in Cumberland County (EF. Davis) [from the so-called Shiloh marl of the Kirkwood (Mio- cene) formation, K.], probably belonging to this species.
IsURUS HASTALIS (Agassiz).
Oxyrhina xiphodon Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362 (Cumberland Co. Miocene).
Anterior teeth broad, thin, compressed, widely triangular. Crown slightly curved outward towards apex. Outer coronal surface flat or slightly concave, rarely with basal vertical wrin- kles, and inner surface moderately and evenly convex. Apex usually deflected a little laterally. Cutting-edges entire. Some- times an obselete broad short convex basal cusp at one or each side of base. Root short, with usually blunt obtuse edges, outer surface flattened or slightly concave, inner surface moderately convex, and lower profile a little emarginated. Lateral teeth with coronal edges gradually curving to ends of base, and apex often slightly deflected externally. Length reaches 47 mm.
This species is known only from its detached teeth, usually to be identified by their broad and thin appearance. Woodward Says it is almost impossible to distinguish many of the postero- lateral teeth from those of [surus desoru and the existing Isurus oxyrinchus. He suggests Otodus apiculatus Agassiz, with a rudimentary lateral denticle as a synonym. ‘The present species does not seem to be very numerous among New Jersey fossils.
*Oxzyrhina desoru Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 142.
36 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Fic. 7.--Isurus hastalis (Agassiz). 1-2, Vincentown (Bryan), and others from Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
ELASMOBRANCHII. 37
Fic. 8—Isurus hastalis (Agassiz). Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
38 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Formation and locality. I have 7 teeth from the marls [Man- asquan formation, K.] at Vincentown (T. M. Bryan), also 2 from Delaware (P. Uhler). |
IsuRUS ACUMINATUS (Morton).
Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig. 11. New Jersey.
Lamma acuminata (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on preceding).
Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig. 4. No locality.
Lamma mantelli (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835. p. 277 (name only, based on preceding).
Teeth moderately robust, compressed, and vary from widely angular to acuminate. Crown slightly curved out toward apex. Outer coronal surface mostly flattened, sometimes a few vertical basal wrinkles, and inner surface moderately and evenly convex. Apex usually deflected slightly to one side. Cutting-edges entire. Sometimes a low, obsolete, broad, basal cusp at one or each side of base, variable. Root short, with usually obtuse edges, outer surface flattened or concave, inner surface moderately convex, and lower profile a little emarginated. Anterior teeth compara- . tively wide, with only a gentle curved crown, and lateral teeth with root much broader than crown, thus forming a sudden basal] expansion behind and often anteriorly. Length reaches 40 mm.
Known only from detached teeth. Although this species is usually known by the specific name mantelli, Agassiz’s name acu- minata occurs first on the same page in Morton’s work. Mor- ton’s figure is rather incomplete, though it shows a basal cusp. His figure of mantelli, though also crude, represents a much larger tooth, and is probably the same as the one Agassiz pub- lishes later.
Formation and locality. The following examples appear to belong to this species, most all evidently from the Cretaceous marls. They are: 5 imperfect teeth from “New Jersey” (C. C- Abbott), 2 from the same (Burtt), to from Monmouth County (W. Cleburne), 1 from the same without donor, 1 from the same (P. D. Knieskern), 5 from the Miocene formation of
ELASMOBRANCHII.
” Fic. 9.—Isurus acuminatus (Morton). 1-2, New Jersey (Abbott) : 3, Deal; 4-6, Shark River (Conrad); 7, Long Branch; 8-16, Monmouth Co. (Cle- burne); 17, Monmouth Co. (Breed); 18-19, Vincentown (Bryan); 20, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 21-21, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; (23-24 are Isurus désoru) 25-26, Allowaystown (Yarrow).
4o CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
BAMA ES
~
6
Fic. 10.—Isurus acuminatus (Morton). 1, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 3, Bridgeton (H. B. Abbott); 4, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; *5-6, Vincentown (Dick).
Shark River (T. A. Conrad), 1 from Deal [ Manasquan or Shark River formations, probably the former, K.] and 3 from Long Branch [Hornerstown ? K.], all without donor, 2 from Burling- ton County (T. A. Conrad), 2 from Vincentown [Manasquan formation, K.] (T. A. Bryan), 2 from Mullica Hill [Navesink marl ? K.] in Gloucester County (C. C. Abbott), 2 from Allo- waystown in Salem County (H. C. Yarrow), and 1 from the Miocene of Cumberland County along the “Bridgeton Pike” (C. C. Abbott).
ISURUS SILLIMANII (Gibbes).
Oxyrhina minutus (nec Agassiz) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Teeth moderately compressed, rather thin, and formed as a moderate isoceles triangle. Crown variably curved slightly out- ward, or inwards toward apex. Outer coronal surface flattened or slightly convex, inner surface flattened or slightly convex, and latter without basal vertical folds. Apex deflected, sometimes strongly so, to one side. Cutting-edges entire. Usually at base on either or each side one or two obsolete broad cusps, low, and their edges also entire. Roots short or moderate, outer surface flattened or slightly concave, inner surface bulging in prominent convexity, and lower profile forming a moderate emarginate blunt angle. Ends of roots deep, though not produced. Reaches a length of 34 mm. This description from 24 examples from the Calvert formation of Charles County, Md., in the Miocene.
ELASMOBRANCHIIL. 41
Fic. 11.—IJsurus sillimanii (Gibbes). Charles Co., Md. (Thomas). ’
42 CREDACE OU S PANID PE Ra TARA sill Siem
I have included this species entirely on the authority of Dr. Eastman, who says that Cope partly, at least, determined ap- parently young examples of the present species as Osryrhina minutus. ‘The former also states that Cope’s determination is further practically incorrect, and that some are Isurus desorit and others Eulamia.
Formation and locality. Cope’s material was from the Mio- cene of Cumberland County.
IsuRUS SP.
Oxyrhina sp. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 206. (Greensand No. 4.)
A species with flat but narrower crown than the last [Oxyrhina extenta Leidy], and with perfectly smooth cementum, the base of the latter being serrulate in the convex side of the crown. No denticles. Crown with a lateral curvature. (From - Cope. )
Formation and locality. Common in the “greensand, No. 4, New Jersey,’ according to Cope, though I have no examples.
ISURUS SP.
Oxyrhina sp. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 296. (Greensand No. 4.)
With crown flatter and broader than the last; frequently oblique, but not curved, and not infrequently with lateral den- ticles. Cementum smooth, except a short distance from the base on the convex side striate-grooved. (From Cope.)
Formation and locality. Common in the “greensand, No. 4, New Jersey,” according to Cope. It seems possible this may be- long with Lamna elegans, representing its short posterior teeth.
Genus LAMNA Cuvier.
Lamna Cuvier, Regne Animal, II, 1817, p. 126. Type Squalus cornubicus Gmelin, restricted by Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, p. 32. Lamia Risso, H. N. Eur. Merid., III, 1826, p. 123. Type Squalus cornubicus
Gmelin, monotype. (Preoccupied in insects.) Selanonius Fleming, Brit. An. 1828, p. 169. Type Squalus selanoneus Walker, monotype.
*Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 81.
EBLASMOBRANCHII. A3
Body short, stout, back somewhat elevated. Snout prominent, pointed. Teeth triangular, pointed, entire, each with one small basal cusp on each side, though cusps sometimes obsolete on some teeth in young. Gill-openings wide. First dorsal and pec- toral fins somewhat falcate, former close behind pectoral bases. Second dorsal and anal very small, nearly opposite one another.
Large fierce sharks in most cool seas, to which three existing species and about 34 extinct have been referred.
LAMNA CUSPIDATA Agassiz.
Lamna cuspidata Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 166. (Prob- ably New Jersey Cretaceous.) Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Lamna denticulata Cope 1. c. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Anterior teeth usually long, slender, compressed and moder- ately triangular, scarcely sigmoid in character. Crown usually slender, subulate, erect or sometimes diverging outwards. Outer coronal surface flattened or but slightly convex, smooth. Inner coronal face usually well convex, sometimes little flattened medianly, and entirely smooth. Apex erect or variously de- flected. Cutting-edges prominent, entire. Usually one, sometimes two, small acute basal cusps on one or each side. Root large, outer face concavely depressed, and inner convexly bulging till very pronounced, the convexity usually with more or less complete sulcus. Branches of root usually long, moderately divergent, and angle between branches usually well marked. Lateral teeth broader, shorter, especially crowns, which are often well de- flected, wider angle between branches of base and basal cusps varying quite broad. Length reaches 43 mm.
This is a very common fossil in the New Jersey marls and I have examined many teeth. This species is known only from detached teeth, scarcely distinguishable in many instances from those of Iswrus acuminatus. ‘The teeth may also be confused with those of other related sharks, though they do not appear to reach quite so large a size as the well-marked Lamna elegans. From Isurus desoru it may often be distinguished by the pres-
CRETAICEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Fic. 12.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. 1, Farmingdale (Pilsbry); 2-3, Pemberton (Budd); 4, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 5, Vincentown (Bryan); 6-7, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 8, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 9-13, Burlington Co. (Budd); 14-15, Bur- lington Co. (Conrad); 16-21, Pemberton (Budd); 22-23, Allowavstown (Yarrow); 24-35; Vincentown (Bryan); *36, Shark R. (A. Shafter).
ELASMOBRANCHII.
Fic. 13.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. Cos. (© burne); 11-12, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne and Abbott); 13-18, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ;
E 1-4, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 5-8, Monmouth leburne); 9, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne and Abbott); 10, Monmouth Co. (Cle-
19-20, Burlington Co. (Budd); 21-22, Burlington Co. (Conrad);
23-26, Pemberton (Budd); 27, Allowaystown (Yarrow); 28-40, Vincentown (Bryan).
46 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Fic. 14.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. 31, New Jersey (Cope); 2-3, New Jersey (Abbott) ; 4-5, New Jersey (Kilvington); 6-8, Shark R. (Conrad); 9-10, Long Branch (Chapman) ; 11-12, Long Branch; 13-17, Monmouth Co.; 18, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern and Abbott) ; 19-22, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 23, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 24-26, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern and Abbott); 27-28, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 29-33, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern and Abbott); 34-36, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 37, Burlington Co. (Budd); 38, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 39, Farmingdale (Pilsbry); 40, Burlington Co. (Conrad).
ELASMOBRANCHII. 7
Fic. 15.—Lamna cuspidata Agassiz. 1, Vincentown (Bryan); 2-4, Mon- mouth Co. (Knieskern); 5-7, Vincentown (Bryan); 8-9, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 10-13, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 14, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 15, Vincentown (Bryan); 16, Pemberton (Budd); 17-19, Vincentown (Bryan); 20-21, Burlington Co. (Conrad); z2, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ; 23, Vincentown (Bryan) ; *24, Farmingdale (Johnson) ; *25-26, Farmingdale.
ence of small pointed basal cusps. Some of the specimens listed below may belong really to Isurus desoru, I. acumimatus, or others.
Formation and locality. ‘The following teeth, none of which have the formation given, are in the collection of the Academy:
48 CRETAICEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
From “New Jersey” 3 (E. D. Cope), 8 (C. C. Abbott), 3 (P. D. Knieskern), 3 (Kilvington); Monmouth County 40 without donor, 18 (Knieskern), 178 (W. Cleburne), 1 (Abbott), 95 (Ab- bott and Knieskern); Farmingdale 2 (H. A. Pilsbry); Shark River 5 without donor and 26 (T. A. Conrad); Long Branch 20 without donor and 3 (H. C. Chapman); Burlington County gg (Conrad) and 21 (C. Budd); Pemberton 31 (Budd); Vin- centown 127 (T. A. Bryan); Allowaystown in Salem County 13 (H.C. Yarrow). [The geological horizons from which these came.are probably as follows: Farmingdale, the Manasquan marl; Shark River, the Shark River marl (Eocene), perhaps the Manasquan marl; Long Branch, the Hornerstown or Man- asquan; Pemberton, Manasquan; Vincentown, Manasquan marl, less probably the Vincentown limesand; Allowaystown, the Kirk- wood (Miocene) K.]
In the collection of the Geological Survey I have found the following teeth: From the upper marl of Shark River [Eocene, K.] 8 (A. Shafter’s pits), the upper marl [Manas- quan, ? K.] of Farmingdale 1 (Johnson’s pits). Manasquan marl, 1 mile south of Farmingdale, 9 fragmentary crowns with- out basal cusps, probably 7 teeth from Shiloh [Miocene, K. | (E. Davis), 1 from top of the Red Bank sand at Hornerstown, 104 from Monmouth County (Knieskern), and 5 without data.
LAMNA ELEGANS Agassiz.
Lamna elegans Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat: Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 166. (New Jersey Cretaceous. )
Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Anterior teeth long, slender, compressed and moderately tri- angular, scarcely sigmoidal in profile. Crown usually slender, subulate, erect or sometimes diverging outwards. Outer coronal surface flattened or but slightly convex, smooth. Inner coronal surface usually well convex, sometimes little flattened in middle, and marked with very many fine, delicate parallel vertical striz. Apex erect or variously deflected. Cutting-edges prominent, en- tire. Usually one, sometimes two, small acute basal cusps in one
49
BRLASMOBRANCHII.
others
1-3, Deal; 4-6, Monmouth Co.;
Fic. 16—Lamna elegans Agassiz.
from Vincentown (Bryan).
4 GEOL
50 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Fic. 17—Lamna elegans Agassiz. 1, New Jersey (Cope); 2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 3, Pemberton (Budd); 4-6, Vincentown (Slack); 7-12, Vincentown (Bryan).
or each side. Root large, outer face concavely depressed, and inner convexly bulging till very pronounced, the convexity usually with more or less complete sulcus. Branches of root usually long, moderately divergent, and angle between branches usually well marked. Lateral teeth with lower crowns, often well deflected, wider angle between branches of root and basal cusps varying till quite broad. Length to 65 mm.
This well-marked species is easily distinguished, when not worn, from the other species of the genus by the fine vertical striz in the inner coronal surface. It is quite variable, and in the variation of form closely resembles Lamna cuspidata.
KLASMOBRANCHIL 51
Formation and locality. ‘The following teeth are all from the Cretaceous and Eocene marls, without formation: New Jersey 5 (C. C. Abbott), 2 (E. D. Cope) ; Monmouth County 15 with- out donor, 68 (J. H. Slack, J. Parke, J. H. Powell, Jr., and Ab- bott), 17 (P. D. Knieskern), 3 (Knieskern and Abbott); Deal 84 no donor; Long Branch 11 no donor, 14 (H. C. Chapman) ; Shark River 1 (T. A. Conrad) and 3 (Knieskern); Farming- dale 6 (H. A. Pilsbry) ; Burlington County to (Conrad) and 8 (C. Budd); Pemberton 33 (Budd); Vincentown 188 (T. A. Bryan); Medford 1 (L. Woolman); Mullica Hill 1 (W. M. Gabb); Bridgeton 5 (Budd) and 1 (C. B. Barrett). The last are evidently Miocene.
In the Geological Survey collection I have examined the fol- lowing teeth: From the Wenonah sand a little less than 1 mile southeast of Cranford’s Corner 4 (J. Longstreet’s pit), Man- asquan marl 1 mile south of Farmingdale 11 mostly fragmentary, Shiloh [Miocene, K.] 4 (E. Davis), Woodbury clay east of Matawan 3 (D. Farry’s brickyards), middle marl [ Manasquan, ? K.] at Riddleton 2 (Hackett’s pits), upper marl [ Manasquan, K.] at Poplar 7, and 4 without data.
[The geological range of these specimens is from the Wood- bury clay, Cretaceous, into the Miocene, K. ]
LAMNA MUDGEI Cope. Lamna mudgei Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II. 1875, p. 297,
Pl. 42, figs. 11-12. Niobara epoch of Kansas. Greensand No. 4, of New Jersey.
Indicated by three teeth from the Niobara epoch of Kansas, and one from the greensand, “No. 4,” of New Jersey. ‘These teeth are rather stout, especially at the base, and the crown not
Fic. 18—Lamna mudgei Cope. (From Cope.)
52 ORETACE OUS ANID ile Rela AIayesea Sil
very elongate. The root is excessively protuberant, projecting horizontally beyond the convex side, and flat or truncate below the protuberance. The enamel is entirely smooth. Measure- ments of the New Jersey specimen: Length of crown, 14 mm.; diameter of base, longitudinal, 4 mm.; transverse, 7 mm.; long diameter of roots at basis of crown, 8mm. (From Cope. )
The above description seems to be all that is known of this species in New Jersey.
Formation and locality. As given above, these fossils are Cre- taceous.
LAMNA TEXANA Roemer.
Lamna sp. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 166. (New Jersey Cretaceous. )
Lamna texana Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, 1873, p. 304, Pl. 18, figs. 46-47. (Clay near Haddonfield, in Camden Co., and Cre- taceous greensand of Mullica Hill, in Gloucester Co.)
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 206. (Greensand No. 4 of New Jersey.)
Anterior teeth long, slender, compressed, scarcely sigmoid in profile. Crown slender, moderately thickened, erect. Outer coronal surface flattened or but slightly convex, and smooth. Inner coronal surface convex, sometimes little depressed basally, and marked at least over greater extent basally with prominent vertical striz. These striz more sparse than in related species. Apex erect, scarcely deflected. Cutting-edges prominent, entire. No basal cusps. Root large, outer surface concavely depressed, and inner bulging in prominent convexity, usually with more or less complete sulcus. Branches of root usually long, moderately divergent, and angle between usually well marked. Length reaches 48 mm. |
Leidy first notices the two teeth ascribed to this species from clay near Haddonfield, which he found with a skeleton of Hadro- saurus foulku and shells of Exogyra costata, Ammonites pla- centa, etc. This species is only known from detached teeth, and may be distinguished from Lamna elegans by the coarser striz on the outer coronal surface.
Formation and locality. Known from the Cretaceous. I have 26 teeth from Mullica Hill [Navesink-Hornerstown marl, K.]
ELASMOBRANCHIL. 53
Fic. 19—Lamna texana Roemer. 1-2, Pemberton (Budd); 3-4, Vincen- town (Bryan); 5-8, Haddonfield; 9, Mullica Hill (Gabb).
(W. M. Gabb), 2 from Haddonfield [Woodbury clay K.] (J. Leidy), 1 from Vincentown [the Manasquan ? marl, K.] (T. M.
Bryan) and 1 from Pemberton [Manasquan marl K.] (C. Budd).
Genus OTODUS Agassiz.
Otodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, pp. 266, 307. Type Otodus obliquus Agassiz, first species, restricted by Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, 1902, p. 304.
A provisional genus, embracing species evidently of large size, and known only from the teeth, which are large, thickened, though somewhat compressed, elongately triangular, with sharp- ened and entire cutting-edges, and 1 or 2 rather large cusps each side basally. Roots also large and thickened.
54 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
All the species, of which about 38 have been described, are ex- tinct.
OTODUS APPENDICULATUS Agassiz.
Otodus appendiculatus Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) I, August, 1849, p. 199. (New Jersey Greensand.) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.) Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 295. (Green- sand No. 5, N. J.)
Teeth robust, thickened and moderately compressed. Coronal surface slightly compressed, usually low or but moderately at- tenuated and sharply pointed. Outer face usually more or less flattened, or but slightly convex and smooth, sometimes a little concave basally, but without any vertical wrinkles. Inner coronal face usually well convex, rather prominently so basally, and smooth. Apex slightly deflected or erect. Cutting-edges trench- ant, sharp, entire. Usually one large basal cusp on one or each side, sometimes two. These cusps vary from broad till quite slender, and are always sharply pointed and with entire cutting- edges. Root robust, thick, outer face usually flattened and inner face swelling in a large convexity. In profile lower margin vary- ing rather widely crescentic, and ends sometimes flaring a little. Length to 36 mim.
This species seems to differ from Otodus lanceolatus chiefly in its smaller size. According to Woodward the anterior teeth are erect and slender, and the lateral teeth well inclined back, their front edges being more arcuate and longer than the hind ones. He further says that the thick root has the nutrative foramen not in a groove, and the outer coronal face has often'a few indefinite: vertical folds on its basal half.
Formation and locality. I have examined a number of de- tached teeth from the Cretaceous formations. They are: “New Jersey” 2 (T. A. Conrad), 1 (Burtt), 2 (W. M. Gabb), 1 with- out donor, 3 (C. C. Abbott); Monmouth County 1 (W. Cleburne), 3 (P. D. Knieskern and Cleburne), 3 (Abhoitye Shark River 1 (Knieskern) ; Long Branch 4 (H. C. Chapman) ; Burlington County 4 (C. Budd); Crosswicks 1 (Conrad) ; Vin-
BLASMOBRANCHITI. 55
Fic. z0.—Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz. 1-4, Long Branch (Chapman); 5, New Jersey (Burtt); 6-7, Blackwoodtown (Collins); 8, New Jersey (Conrad); 9-10, New Jersey (Gabb); 11, Mullica Hill (Abbott); 12, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 13-14, Mullica Hill (Abbott); 15-18, near Long Branch (Chapman); 19, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 20, Monmouth Co.; 21-22, New Jersey (Conrad); 23-38, Vincentown (Bryan).
56 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
g A
sau
Fic. 21.—Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz. 1-2, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas) ; 3, Allowaystown (Yarrow); 4, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 5-7, Burlington Co. (Budd); 8, Shark R. (Knieskern); 9, Vincentown (Bryan); 10, Mon- mouth Co. (Knieskern and Cleburne); *11, no data; 12, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern and Cleburne); 13-15, Vincentown (Bryan); *16, near Craw- ford’s Corner; *17, Shark R.; *18, one mile southwest of Farmingdale.
centown 25 (T. M. Bryan); Blackwoodstown in Camden County 2 (W. Collins); Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 3 (Abbott) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 1 (H. C. Yarrow).
In the collection of the Geological Survey are the following teeth: Marl at Shark River 1, Manasquan marl 1 mile south of Farmingdale 2, somewhat fragmentary; Monmouth County 12 (Knieskern), and middle marl (Manasquan) at Riddleton 2 frag- ments (Hackett’s pits). [From the above enumeration of localities the fragments of specimens apparently have been derived from the Merchantville or Woodbury clay (Crosswicks), Nave- sink marl (Mullica Hill), Navesink-Hornerstown marl (Black- wood and Riddleton), Manasquan marl (Farmingdale) and the Miocene (Allowaystown) K.]
ELASMOBRANCHII. EF Oropus LEviIs Gibbes.
’ Otodus levis Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) I, August, 1849, p. 199, Pl. 26, fig. 141 (type). (New Jersey.)
Known only from the record of Gibbes from within the limits of the State. He says: “I have since seen one in the cabinet of
)
the Academy from New Jersey.” I cannot find that his figures
Fic. 22—Otodus levis Gibbes. (From Gibbes.)
differ from those I give as Otodus appendiculatus, except that he shows the crown deflected and more elongate.
Formation and locality.. This species has been ascribed to the Eocene, but no special locality within the State has been given by Gibbes. It was originally obtained in the same formation of South Carolina.
Oropus LANCEOLATUS (Morton).
Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig. 5. New Jersey. Lamna lanceolata (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on preceding). Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig. 1. Arenaceous beds of New Jersey. Lamna obliqua (Agassiz) Morton, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1842, p. 15 (name only, based on preceding). Otodus obliqguus Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849, p. 199, figs. 131-137. (New Jersey Eocene casts.) Reidy, youn Acad, Nat, se, Einla, ie) Vlliee 1877, p. 230) Vans centown. ) \
Teeth robust, usually elongated as an isoceles triangle, and rather thick. Coronal surface but slightly compressed, attenuated,
& 58 CRETACEOUS AND» DEAR IEAIR Ya: EutSisle
sharply pointed, and faces convex in varying degrees, but usually outer less so. Occasionally distinct vertical plications on outer coronal face. Apex usually erect, seldom deflected much. Cut- ting-edges mostly entire, or only occasionally in small examples. with a few obsolete serrations near base. Usually one cusp basally on each side, often large, and edges entire. Rarely still a second smaller basal external cusp. Root robust, thick, outer face usually flattened, and inner face swelling in a large con- vexity. In profile lower margin of root emarginated to cres- centic, and ends not much produced. Teeth reach 84 mm. in length.
This appears to be rather variable. Some writers think cer- tain teeth ascribed to it may belong to Carcharodon, as in rare in- stances their edges show the faint serrations alluded to above. Though known only from detached teeth, this species would evi- dently have obtained some size, being very likely an all-sufficient predatory monster. The teeth are among the most abundant of all the sharks’ teeth found in the fossil beds in the State. Un- fortunately Morton’s Lamna lanceolata is the oldest name avail- able for this species, having virtually several years priority over the familiar Otodus obliquus Agassiz.
Formation and locality. I have examined nyany series of speci- mens in the collections of the Academy, most of which are with- Out detailed data. New Jersey 5 (Burtt), 1 (C) Budd )pamG@e P. Wetherill), 1 (B: Coates), m4. (C: Cy Abbott), 5 iGeaewe Cope); Monmouth County 12 (J. H./Slack,.J- Parker siege Powell, jr.; Abbott); 1 (Powell), 1 (Abbott), 2 (Slack)iau: (W. Cleburne), 1 (Burtt); Farmingdale 12 (H. A. Pilsbry in 1892); Shark River 1 (P. D. Knieskern) ; Long Branch 1, no donor, 1 (H. C. Chapman); Burlington County 3 (C. Budd), 39 (T. A. Conrad); Vincentown 84 (T. M. Bryan), 21 (Bryan on May 4th, 1875) from greensand, 1 (G. Bryan), 1 (C. B. Bar- rett); Pemberton 7 (C. Budd); Pointville 2 (W. F. Atlee in December, 1863); Fostertown 1 (H. N. Potts); Medford 6 (L. Woolman) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 1 (H. C. Yar- row).
In the collection of the Geological Survey are the following: Monmouth County 2 (P. D. Knieskern), upper marl of Far-
.
a.
re a oe) Aieanen hy risa: st eG eT
ve
20 New Jersey (Wetherill) ; 2, New Jersey (Coates); 3-5, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 6-7, Burlington Co. (Wetherill) ; 8-9, Pemberton (Budd); 10-21, Vincentown (Bryan).
Fic. 23—Otodus lanceolatus (Morton). 1,
Fic. 24—Otodus lanceolatus (Morton). 1, Monmouth Co, (Abbott) ; 2, Long Branch; 3, Long Branch (Chapman); 4, Shark R. (Knieskern); 5, Farmingdale (Pilsbry); 6, Burlington Co. (Budd); 7-10 Medford (Woolman}; 11-32, Vincentown (Bryan); 33, Vincentown (Barrett).
Fic, 25—Otodus lanceolatus (Morton). 1-4, New Jersey (Cope); 5, New Jersey (Abbott); 6-7, Monmouth Co. (Slack, ete.); 8, Monmouth Co. (Slack); 9, Monmouth Co.; 10, Monmouth Co. (Burtt); 11, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 12-13, Farmingdale (Pilsbry) ; 14, Burlington Co. (Budd) ; 15-18, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 19-20, Burlington Co. (Atlee) ; 21-26, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 27-30, Pemberton (Budd) ; 31-34 Charles Co., Md. (Thomas) ; *35 Shark R.; 36-37, Vincentown (Bryan).
EBLASMOBRANCHII. 59
mingdale 2 (Johnson's pits), upper marl of Shark River 1 (A - Shafter’s pits), Shiloh 16 (E. Dlavis), marl of Shark River 1 without donor, Manasquan marl 1 mile south of Farmingdale 6, somewhat fragmentary; upper marl at Poplar 1; Vincentown Cretaceous 1 (Dr. Brown); upper marl of Vincentown I (Dick’s pit), and 14 without data.
[The material from the above localities, so far as any refer- ence can be made, apparently came from the Manasquan marl, the Shark River marl and the Shiloh marl, 7. ¢., from the top of the Cretaceous, the Eocene and the Miocene, K. |
Genus CARCHARODON Miller and Henle.
Carcharodon (Smith) Miller and Henle, Arch. Naturg., 1838, p. 84. Type Carcharodon verus Agassiz, virtually monotypic.
Teeth large, flat, erect, regularly triangular, edges serrated. Spiracles minute or absent. First dorsal moderate, nearly mid- way between pectorals and ventrals. Second dorsal and anal very small. Caudal peduncle rather stout, lobes of lunate fin not very unequal. Pectorals large. Ventrals small.
Large pelagic fishes found in most all warm seas and reputed the strongest and most voracious of all fishes. The fossils em- . braced in this genus represent the remains of species many times larger, and thus far more formidable than those existing, or the so-called “man-eaters.”’ It is possibly the sole survivor of about Ig described extinct species, all of which are only known from detached teeth.
CARCHARODON AURICULATUS (Blainville).
Squalus sp. Morton, Syn. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 16, Pl: 12, figs. 3 and 5. New Jersey.
Carcharias canceolatus (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on above and impr. err.).
Carcharias lanceolatus (Agassiz) Morton, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. VIII, 1842, p. 16 (name only, based on above).
60 CRETACEOUS PAN Moan WARNE ili Siee
Squalus sp. Morton, Syn. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 16, Pl. 12, fig. 4. New Jersey. Carcharias megalotis (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XX VIII, 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on preceding). Carcharodon acutidens Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) I, August, 1848, p. 146, figs. 39-44. (New Jersey.) Carcharodon angustidens Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 205. (Greensand of No. 5, New Jersey.) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumber- land Co. Miocene.) Leidy,, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sct: Phila, (@) Will, 1877p) 230.n Ga centown. )
Teeth comparatively narrow, robust, thickened and com- pressed. Coronal surface variably convex, though outer usually slightly more or less flattened. Apex often decidedly acuminate and deflected to one side. Cutting-edges usually coarsely ser- rated, the serre often individually variable, and always gradu- ated small towards tip of apex. Usually a broad basal cusp on each side, sometimes a second, and serrations in its cutting-edge usually enlarged. Tips of most all serratures rounded. Root variable, usually robust, outer face flattened concavely, and inner face often swelling in a large median bulge. In profile lower margin of root often evenly emarginate to crescentic, though ends not especially produced. Teeth reach 112 mm.
This is quite variable and shows many variations in the teeth. Some examples from the Maryland Miocene and others from Monmouth County, N. J., approach Carcharodon polygurus, but have the basal lateral cusps but slightly differentiated. Besides detached teeth this species is known from two nearly complete skeletons from near Antwerp in Belgium.
Formation and locality. I have examined a series of examples from the State now in the Academy, all detached teeth. Mon- mouth County ro (P. D. Knieskern), 1 (Grier), 1 (C. C. Ab bott); Deal 2 (C. Breed), 4 (W. G. Budd); Shark Rivera without donor, 3 (Knieskern), 2 from the Miocene (T. A. Con- rad); Long Branch 2 (H. C. Chapman); Farmingdale (H. A. Pilsbry in 1892) ; Trenton Falls [Tinton Falls ? K.] (Abbott) ; Burlington County 1 (Abbott), 16 (Conrad), 7 (C. Budd), 2 (J. P. Wetherill), 4 (E. Hallowell) ; Pemberton 3 (C. Budd), 1 (T. M. Bryan); Vincentown 17 (C. B. Barrett), from the
f a
pe
he C8, a sit nes! OO PO »s = "Gero ort
. “ee Lg . 2% Sep edat
Fic. 26.—Carcharodon auriculatus (Blainville
| 1
AR i Mt) IN} wilt Ni,
\ Zi a
ELASMOBRANCHII. 61
greensand 115 (Bryan); Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 1 (Abbott) ; Cumberland County 1 (T. B. Gillette). The follow- eeeeclaneled: simply’ “New ‘Jersey’ ares! me (Coates) yi (Budd), 1 (Wetherill), 2 (Chaloner), 3 (Abbott), 1 (W. Cle burne), 4 without donor.
In the Geological Survey collection are the following teeth: Monmouth County 6 (Knieskern) ; Shiloh 9 (E. Davis); Vin- centown Cretaceous 2 (Dr. Brown), and 3 without data. [The formations apparently represented are the Navesink-Horners- town bed, the Manasquan marl, Shark River marl and the Shiloh marl, 7. e., Cretaceous, Focene, Miocene beds, K. ]
CARCHARODON POoLYGURUS (Morton).
Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 12, fig. 2. “Found in both the arenaceous and calcareous strata” [the former evi- dently with reference to New Jersey].
Carcharias polygurus (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art. XXVIII, 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on preceding).
Carcharodon megalodon Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila, XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Teeth comparatively broad, compressed and not especially thick. Coronal surface moderately convex, outer somewhat flat- tened. Apex slightly deflected to one side. Cutting-edges ser- rated, more distinct mostly in smaller examples, and then small. No basal cusps. ‘Tips of serratures rounded. Root compressed, outer face flattened, and inner face rather evenly though usually moderately convex. In profile lower margin of root forms emar- gination often at an obtuse angle, or moderately crescentic. Ends of roots usually compressed and about as broad as rest of basal portion. Teeth range from 40 to 133 mm. in length.
This species seems to be known only from the large detached teeth. These are often with their edges so worn that the mar- ginal serrz appear obsolete or in some cases to be absent. Prob- ably the largest of all fishes, it having been estimated to have reached a length of over twice that of the largest known existing fish, Cetorhinus maximus, or nearly three times that of its nearest existing relative, Carcharodon carcharias. Bowerbank estimated the length of Carcharodon megalodon to be about 87
62 CRETACEOUSTAND WER REN HISEE
feet 7 inches. Its distribution through most all Tertiary seas must have rendered incessant the butchery of the majority of other acquatic animals. Smaller teeth of this species from the Maryland Miocene have their edges finely serrated, one showing traces of an imperfect or very obsolete basal cusp. Altogether, except some of Yarrow’s examples, the entire series of New Jersey teeth examined differ little from Agassiz’s figures, except in having the serrations along the cutting-edges worn.
Carcharias polygurus Morton seems to be the oldest available name for this species, and must, therefore, be adopted, C. meg- alodon Charlesworth, the name now widely adopted, not appear- ing until the following year.
Formation and locality. I have examined the following teeth from the Tertiary marls: Monmouth County 1 without donor, | — (Grier); Shark River 2 (P. D. Knieskern) ; Burlington County 1 (T. A. Conrad); Vincentown 5 (T. M. Bryan); At- © lantic City in Atlantic County 1 (E. Lippincott) ; Allowaystown in Salem County 3 fragments (H. C. Yarrow); “New Jersey” 1 (Spachman), 2 (J. P. Wetherill), 1 (G. Watson) ; “Delaware Bay” 1 (Corse), 1 (C. C. Abbott). I also have seen an example from Delaware (P. Uhler).
In the Geological Survey collection are 4 teeth without data. [The formations represented are apparently the Manasquan, Shark River and perhaps the Miocene, K. ]
Genus CORAX Agassiz.
Corax Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 224. Type Galeus pristodontus Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. F. Brit. Mus., I, 1889, p. 423.
Teeth compressed, more or less triangular, usually with dis- tinct marginal serrations. In external form very suggestive of teeth or Sphyrna or Eulamia, but differing in the absence of an internal cavity.
An imperfectly definable genus, comprising extinct species of small or moderate size, known only by the teeth. About 11 species have been described.
wy
Wit W/.
ELASMOBRANCHIL. 63 Cre.
CoRAX FALCATUS Agassiz.
Galeocerdo falcatus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 295. (Greensand of New Jersey.)
Teeth moderately broad, greatly compressed, and moderately high. Crown moderately oblique to nearly erect, high, smooth, broad and greatly compressed. Outer coronal surface usually, flattened or but slightly convex. Inner coronal surface convex. Apex slightly deflected, broad, compressed. Cutting-edges with feeble serrations, or almost smooth. No basal cusps. Root moderately broad, deep, compressed, inner surface depressed or slightly concave and outer surface moderately convex, not bulg- ing much. Lower margin emarginate. Length 20 mm.
BAAAS
DIS
Fic. 28.—Corax falcatus Agassiz. 1-4, New Jersey (Kilvington) ; 5, Mon- mouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 6, Mullica Hill (Abbott) ; 7-8, Pemberton (Bryan).
This is a smaller species than the next, which it closely re- sembles.
Formation and locality. The following from the Cretaceous, without data as to the beds, seem to belong to this species: ““New © Jersey” 5 (Kilvington); Monmouth County 1 (P. D. Knies- kern) ; Pemberton in Burlington County 2 (T. M. Bryan) ; Mul- lica Hill in Gloucester County 1 (C. C. Abbott). [The forma- tions are probably the Navesink-Hornerstown marl and the Man- asquan marl, K.]
64 "CRE DACE OWS? AND ME Ran RVaE Sie
Corax PRISToDONTUS (Morton).
Squalus sp. Morton, Synop. Org. Rem. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 31, Pl. 11, fig. 6. No locality. Galeus pristodontus (Agassiz) Morton, Am. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835, p. 277 (name only, based on above). Galeocerdo pristodontus Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849, p. 162, fig. 70. (Burlington Cretaceous.) Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, II, 1875, p. 205. (Green- sand of No. 5, New Jersey.)
Teeth broad, greatly compressed, and nearly wide as high. Crown greatly oblique to sometimes erect, low, and greatly com- pressed. Outer coronal surface usually flattened, or usually con- siderably less convex than inner surface, and sometimes a few basal vertical wrinkles. Latter with surface evenly convex. Apex often deflected, especially in lateral teeth. Cutting-edges finely and entirely serrated. Basal cusp sometimes present, low, broad, lateral, variable. Root very broad, deep, usually deeper than crown, compressed, surfaces slightly convex or inner flat- tened and sloping down below trenchant, so that lower profile is slightly emarginate. Ends of roots blunt, not produced. The lateral teeth seem to differ only in having their apices deflected to one side. Length reaches 30 mm.
This species appears closely allied with Corax falcatus, 1f not scarcely distinguishable by its less inclined lateral teeth and larger size. The example recorded by Cope as Galeocerdo appendicu- latus from the Maryland Miocene agrees largely with figures 16 and 17 of Corax appendiculatus Agassiz. ‘The latter has been suggested by Woodward to be the hinder teeth of either Corax pristodontus or Corax affinis. Eastman says! “what species is meant by his citation? in the same place of the nomen nudum ‘Galeocerdo appendiculatus Ag.,’ cannot now be even conject- ured, as there are no specimens in the collection bearing that designation.” Galeocerdo appendiculatus Cope is not a nonum nudum, but the apparently wrong allocation of Corax appendi- culatus in the genus Galeocerdo, as may be attested by an exami- nation of the single specimen in the Thomas collection labeled in
*Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 90. *Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, p. 141.
BLASMOBRANCHII. 65
Cope’s own handwriting (see Fig. 29, No. 23). I might add that Morton’s name is the earliest available for this species.
Formation and locality. I have examined the following teeth in the Academy’s collection: “New Jersey’ 1 from the green- sand without data and 3 from the Cretaceous; Monmouth
Fic. 29—Corax pristodontus (Morton). *1, no data; 2-5, New Jersey; 6-14, Monmouth Co. (Slack); 15, Crosswicks (Gabb); 16-17, Vincentown (Bryan); 18-20, Pemberton (Budd); 21, Mullica Hill (Abbott); *22, one
mile southeast of Crawford’s Corner in Wenonah sand (J. Longstreet) ; 23, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
5 GEOL
66 CREMACE OUST AINID ed RADE evar Sele
County 1 (C. C. Abbott), 8 (J. H. Slack) ; Crosswicks in Mer- cer County 1 (W. M. Gabb); Vincentown 2 (T. M. Bryan on May’ 4th, 1875), 2 (Bryan); Pemberton) 3° (Bryan) eee Budd) ; - Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 1 (Abbott).
In the Geological Survey collection I found the following: Monmouth County 1 (P. D. Knieskern) and a fragmentary crown from the Wenonah sand a little less than 1 mile southeast of Crawford’s Corner (J. Longstreet’s pit). [The formations represented are the Merchantville or Woodbury clay, the We- nonah sand, the Navesink-Hornerstown marl and the Manasquan marl, K.]
Family GALEORHINIDA. THE REQUIEM SHARKS.
Body elongate. Head normal. Snout longitudinally and nor- mally produced. Eyes with nictitating membranes. Gill-open- ings moderate, last above pectoral base. Spiracles small or ob- solete. Oviparous. Dorsals 2, first high, short and entirely be- fore ventrals. Second dorsal comparatively small, opposite anal. Tail mostly bent up from base of caudal fin, and sides without keel. Fins without spines.
This is the largest group of recent sharks, and with many closely related forms, difficult of determination, is found living in most all seas. The living forms comprise about 20 genera, and only to a few of them have fossils been referred. Also, two extinct genera have been described.
Genus GALEOCERDO Miiller and Henle.
Galeocerdo Miller and Henle, Syst. Besch. Plag., 1838, p. 590. Type Galeo- cerdo tigrinus Miller and Henle, first species, restricted by Gill, Ann. yee Ne east. NS Ys Vii t862\psa02:
Galeodes Heckel, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XI, 1853, p. 324. Type Galeodes priscus Heckel, monotypic.
Boreogaleus Gill, 1. c.* Type Squalus arcticus Faber, specified, montoype.
Mouth crescent-shaped. ‘Teeth similar in both jaws, large, oblique, coarsely serrated on both margins and with deep notch
*See diagnosis, p. 4II.
ELASMOBRANCHII. 67
on outer margin. Spiracles present. First dorsal opposite space between pectorals and ventrals. Caudal with double notch. Pit on tail above and below at caudal base.
Among existing species large sharks in most seas, referred to about four species. About 30 fossil species have been described.
GALEOCERDO ADUNCUS Agassiz.
Galeocerdo aduncus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Teeth compressed, broad, elevated, and rather thin. Coronal surfaces rather low, compressed, smooth, broad, pointed, and inner slightly more convex than outer, which is somewhat flat- tened in most cases. Apex usually deflected greatly to one side, © and longer coronal margin mostly forming a very obtuse angle, sometimes nearly evenly convex. Cutting-edges finely serrated. Margin below notch with graduated serre, those at notch largest, and generally at least four more conspicuous. No basal cusps. Root broad, compressed, deep internally and moderately convex, and externally rather concave and shallow. Lower margin usu- ally moderately emarginate. Length 18 mm.
This species seems to be close to Galeocerdo contortus, and appears to differ chiefly in the coronal apex of the teeth, being flatly compressed and broad. According to Woodward, it closely resembles the living Galeocerdo arcticus in the dentition, but the teeth are smaller. JI have identified the material here listed to some extent provisionally. 5;
Formation and location. Known from upper Cretaceous and Miocene, where most likely the following were obtained: “New
Jersey” 2 (Burtt); Monmouth County 3 (P. D. Knieskern), 3 _ (W. Cleburne); Deal 1 (W. A. Powell) ; Shark River Miocene 3 (T. A. Conrad); Burlington County 4 (Conrad); Vincen- town 2 (T. M. Bryan); Allowaystown in Salem County 1 with- out donor.
In the Geological Survey collection is a single tooth from the middle marl of Riddleton (Hackett’s pits). [From the above
68 CRETACEOUS -AND TERTIARY FISH.
Fic. 30—Galeocerdo aduncus Agassiz. 1, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); *2, Riddleton (Hackett), and others from Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
ELASMOBRANCHII. 69
Fic. 31—Galeocerdo aduncus Agassiz. 1-3, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 4-5, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 6, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 7, Deal (Powell); 8-10, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 11-15, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 16-18, Allowaystown (Yarrow).
record the geologic formations are inferred to be the Navesink- Hornerstown marl, the Manasquan marl and the Kirkwood clay (Shark River Miocene) K.]
GALEOCERDO CONTORTUS Gibbes.
Teeth robust, well elevated, little compressed. Coronal sur- face well convex, high, and sharply pointed. Inner coronal sur- face, though evenly convex, scarcely more so than outer, which
Fic. 32.—Galeocerdo contortus Gibbes. 1, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 2, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne) ; 3, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 4-6, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 7-9, Vincentown (Bryan); 10-11, Allowaystown (Yarrow).
is more or less flattened basally. Apex elongated, slender or attenuated, usually well twisted, and deflected laterally. Longer
70 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
coronal margin usually a little undulated. Cutting-edges all finely serrated, margin below notch usually with slightly enlarged serre, graduated externally. No basal cusps. Root robust, thick, outer surface depressed to slightly concave, and inner bulging convexly and extending high. Lower margin of root emar- ginate. Length 24 mm.
This species does not appear to have ever been recorded from New Jersey before.
Formation and locality. A plentiful species in the Maryland Miocene, and the following, except the last, are probably from the upper Cretaceous: Monmouth County 2 (C. C. Abbott), 3 (W. Cleburne), 2 (P. D. Knieskern) and 1 without donor; Bur- lington County 3 (T. A. Conrad); Vincentown [Manasquan marl, K.] 3 (T. M. Bryan); Allowaystown in Salem County 2 Gai Cy Yarrow):
GALEOCERDO LATIDENS Agassiz.
Teeth very broad, well compressed, low, and rather thin. Coronal surfaces low, well compressed, smooth, moderately broad, pointed, outer somewhat depressed or flattened and not
Ln Cy G3 EX BABA
Fic. 33.—Galeocerdo latidens Agassiz. Allowaystown (Yarrow).
quite so convex as inner. Apex usually well deflected to one side, and longer coronal margin usually rather evenly convex. Cut- ting-edges finely serrated. Margin below notch with graduated serre, those at notch largest, generally several rather conspicu- ous. No basal cusps. Root very broad in proportion, well com- pressed, not very deep, outer surface a little concave and inner a little convex. Length 18 mm.
This species closely resembles Galeocerdo aduncus and may be distinguished with difficulty. The only conspicuous character
ELASMOBRANCHIL. 71
appears to be the broader base with the lower crown. It has not before been reported from New Jersey.
Formation and locality. I have eight teeth from near Allo- waystown in Salem County, probably from the Miocene beds (H. C. Yarrow).
Genus HEMIPRISTIS Agassiz.
Hemipristis Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, pp. 237, 302. Type Hemiupristis serra Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fish. Brit.
Mus., I, 1880, p. 450. Dirrhizodon Klunzinger, Verh. Z. B. Ges. Wien., XXI, 1871, p. 664. Type Dirrhizodon elongatus Klunzinger, monotypic.
Body elongated. Teeth elevated, triangular, mostly curved or inclined backward towards apex, both coronal edges becoming coarsely serrated. Root divided with two divergent branches. Upper teeth relatively large, broad, flat. Front lower teeth slender, subulate, curved inward, without denticles or only one or two minute basal points. -Gill-openings wide. First dorsal close behind pectoral base. Second dorsal over anal. Caudal with upper lobe much longer, notched near end.
A single living species in the Red Sea, and seven extinct species have been described.
HEMIPRISTIS SERRA Agassiz.
Hemipristis serra Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Lateral teeth broadly triangular, well compressed, and with moderate thickness. Crown elevated, well compressed, falcate, surfaces convex, but outer slightly flattened, and smooth. Some- times a few short basal wrinkles vertically on outer surface. Cutting-edges strongly serrated, serree becoming slightly en- larged, or remaining subequal in size well on apex, though not extending to its tip. Apex usually strongly deflected laterally, usually inner serree more numerous and much smaller than those on external edge. Often surfaces of crown are slightly twisted or undulated in places, giving quite irregular profiles. No basal cusps. Root well compressed, inner surface often flattened or
72 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Fic. 34.—Hemipristis serra Agassiz. 1-2, Pemberton (Bryan) ; *3, Vincen- town (Dick); 4-5, Salem Co. (Uhler) ; 67, Allowaystown (Yarrow) ; 8-20, Charles Co., Md. (‘Thomas).
ELASMOBRANCHIL 73
Fic. 35.—Hemipristis serra Agassiz. Charles Co.. Md. (Thomas).
74 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
concave, and outer moderately convex. Ends of root widely diverging, and lower edge usually a little emarginated medianly. Cutting-edges of lower front teeth very sharp or blade-like along each edge of crown for apical half. These teeth also differ in often having no serratures, and others show one to twelve basally. They also have a very swollen or protruding inner base, fre- quently with a median sulcus, and the ends of the root are often markedly unequal. Length reaches 4 cm.
This is a strongly marked form, and only the median slender lower teeth somewhat suggest Jsurus or Lamna, but are much thicker. Most all of Agassiz’s figures agree with my material.
Formation and locality. I have examined the following from New Jersey: Monmouth County 11 (P. D. Knieskern); Long Branch 1 without donor; Pemberton 2 (T. M. Bryan) and Vin- centown 1 (Bryan) in Burlington County; Mullica Hill in Glou- cester County 1 (W. M. Gabb); Allowaystown 9 (H. C. Yar- row); in Salem County 5 (P. Uhler). :
I have also examined a tooth in the Geological Survey collec- tion from Shiloh in Cumberland County (FE. Davis). [From the above citation of localities the specimens are probably from the Navesink-Hornerstown marl, the Manasquan marl of Cre- taceous and from the Kirkwood formation of the Miocene, K. ]
Genus GLYPHIS Agassiz.
Glyphis Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 243. Type Glyphis hastalis Agassiz, monotypic.
Cynocephalus (Klein) Walbaum, Pet. Arted. Gen. Pisc., III, 1792, p. 579. Type Squalus glaucus Linnzus, second species, virtually restricted by Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, p. 401. (Name considered inadmissible as simply a reprint, also preoccupied.)
Prionodon Miller and Henle, Syst. Besch. Plag., 1838, p. 35. Type Squalus glaucus Linnzus, first species. (Name preoccupied.)
Prionace Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII, 1849, p. 3900. Type Squalus glaucus Linnzus, virtually as this name is proposed to replace Prionodon.
Body slender. Head rather long, slender. Teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in adult, those in upper broad and lower nar- rower, straight and claviform. No spiracles. Embryo not at- tached to uterus by a placenta. First dorsal large, inserted
ELASMOBRANCHIL. 75
midway between pectoral axils and ventrals. Second dorsal much smaller than first, usually not larger than anal.
Large, slender, swift, voracious sharks in warm seas, compris- ing about two existing and 27 extinct species.
GLYPHIS EGERTONI (Agassiz).
Galeocerdo egertonit Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Glyphis subulata Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) I, August, 1849, p. 194, Pl. 25, figs. 86-87. (New Jersey Greensand, from Wetherill.)
Teeth broadly triangular, well compressed. Crown com- pressed, erect or moderately inclined, and notched on each mar- gin, though posterior or external most conspicuous. Surfaces smooth, convex on inner and outer flattened, latter sometimes with a few vertical basal folds or wrinkles. Cutting-edges finely and conspicuously serrated, the serratures usually extending to the apex. Apex pointed, sometimes deflected. No basal cusps. Root compressed, outer surface depressed or concave and inner moderately convex. Ends of root widely divergent, and lower margin usually emarginate. Length about 17 mm. in larger.
The lower teeth are said to be probably narrower than the upper. The specimens I have listed all appear to belong to this species, though the differences between Aprionodon gibbesu, Sphyrna prisca and Glyphis egertoni are scarcely evident in some cases. ‘The latter may, to some extent, be characterized by its broad upper teeth.
Formation and locality. The following, teeth are probably from the upper Cretaceous or Miocene beds [the Navesink-Hor- nerstown bed marl, the Manasquan marl, the Kirkwood forma- tions, K.], though no such information is given on any of the labels. Monmouth County 2 without donor, 2 (P. D. Knies- kern), 26 (Knieskern, W. Cleburne, C. C. Abbott) ; Burlington County 13 (T. A. Conrad); Vincentown 15 (1. M. Bryan) ; Mullica Hill in Gloucester County 3 (Abbott); Allowaystown in Salem County 48 (H.C. Yarrow).
The following teeth in the collection of the Geological Survey are probably this species: Monmouth County 1 (Knieskern), 2
76 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
A AsA& At
EK JX A, dX. EXYA AA A LA, ABADSZ4LESS AAA AS A ah Ald ae
Fic. 36.—Glyphis egertoni (Agassiz). *1, no data; 2-11, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern, etc.) ; 12, Monmouth Co, (Knieskern) ; 13-15, Burlington Co. (Conrad); 16-24, Vincentown (Bryan); *25, Vincentown (Dick); 20, Mullica Hill (Abbott); 27-47, Allowaystown (Yarrow); *48-49, Riddleton (Hackett) ; *50, no data.
ELASMOBRANCHII. OG)
from the middle marl at Riddleton (Hackett’s pits) and 1 with- out data.
Family SPHYRNIDA‘. THE HAMMER-HEAD SHARKS.
Mouth crescent-shaped, under “hammer.” Teeth in jaws similar, oblique, each with notch on outside near base. Nostrils anterior and eyes on side of “hammer.” Last gill-opening over pectoral. No spiracles. First dorsal and pectorals large, and dorsals nearer pectorals than ventrals. Second dorsal and anal small. Pit at caudal root, single notch towards fin tip.
Large sharks, among living forms easily distinguished by the peculiar form of the head, which is slightly different in each species. Though a number of generic names have been proposed, they are now generally referred to the single genus Sphyrna.
Genus SPHYRNA Rafinesque.
Sphyrna Rafinesque, Ind. It. Sicil., 1810, pp. 46, 60. Type Squalus zygena Linnzus, virtually first species, restricted by Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 26.
Sphyra, auct.
Cestracion (Klein) Walbaum, Pet. Arted. Gen. Pisc., III, 1792, p. 580. ‘Type Squalus zygena Linnzus, virtually first species, restricted by Gill, Ann. EP VeINe Hist Never VLD SOlsp. 37:
Sphyrmas Rafinesque, Analyse de la nature, 1815, p. —? ‘Type Squalus zygena Linnzus, virtually, as this name is offered to replace Sphyrna considered too short.
Cestrorhinus Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1816, p. 121. Type Squalus zygena Linnzus, first species.
Zygena Cuvier, Regne Animal, II, 1867, p. 27. Type Squalus zygena Lin- nzus, first species, by tautonomy, but preoccupied in insects.
Zygana, auct.
Platysqualus Swainson, Lard. Cab. Cyclop. N. H., II, 1839, p. 318. Type Squalus tiburc Linneus, monotypic.
Eusphyra Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862, pp. 403, 412. ‘Type Zygena blochii Cuvier, designated, monotypic.
Remiceps Gill, 1. c. Type Squalus tiburo Linneus, designated, monotypic.
Characters of the genus expressed in those of the family. About six existing species have been described, grading almost perfectly from the narrow hammer of Sphyrna blochi to that of
78 CRE PACE OWS AINIDT avi yh AVRO Va aENES a
the kidney-shaped head of Sphyrna tiburo. ‘The fossils are only known from detached teeth, which seem to be largely doubtfully located in this genus, owing to their close resemblance to those of Eulamia, and are referred to six species.
SPHYRNA GIBBESII Hay.
Teeth compressed, triangular and moderately thick. Crown moderately large, compressed, sharp-pointed, its base width about one-half its height, outer face flattened and inner evenly convex, surfaces smooth. Apex slightly deflected. Cutting-edges entire. At base of crown 3 or 4 broad-pointed cusps, graduated down externally till outer are quite small. Edges of cusps entire, though trenchant. Root rather wide, moderately thick, inner surface flattened or slightly concave, and outer surface moder- ately swollen convexly. Lower edge of root a little emarginate.
Length 8 mm. ch A
Fie. 37.—Sphyrna gibbesii Hay. Monmouth Co. (Knieskern).
My examples seem to be this species, which appears to be char- acterized by its small size, entire cutting-edge and enlarged basal cusps. ‘They agree largely with Gibbes’ figure of Sphyrna den- ticulata. ‘The species has not before been recorded from New Jersey.
Formation and locality. I have six teeth from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern). These are without definite indica- tion as to which of the Cretaceous beds they were found in, but presumably the upper would be correct.
SPHYRNA PRISCA Agassiz. 5
Zygena prisca Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila, XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Cumberland Co. Miocene.)
Lateral teeth well compressed, with broad base, triangular. Crown small, narrowly triangular, compressed somewhat smooth, outer surface flattened and inner surface evenly convex.
ELASMOBRANCHIL 70
Outer basal surface rarely with several short wrinkles. Apex deflected more or less laterally, slender-pointed. Cutting-edges finely serrated and serrze of about more or less even size. Lat- eral coronal margins long, but little less than rest of crown itself when measured to notches, and low. Serre always more or less conspicuous on these lateral crown margins, even when obsolete or absent on coronal margin above notches. No basal cusps. Root compressed, usually wide, conspicuous, depressed or con- cave externally, and inside swelling slightly convex. Ends of
Fic. 38—Sphyrna prisca Agassiz. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
roots widely diverging, so that lower edge is concave or at least slightly notched medianly. Length reaches 15 mm. ‘This de- scription from a series of examples from the Maryland Miocene.
This species is close to Glyphis egertoni, and possibly ma- terial identified with it may belong to that species, but, following Cope, I have allowed it all to fall with the present provisionally. The crown in most of the examples is conspicuously narrow or small, and the root is mostly very wide. Several examples with extremely wide roots suggested a new species to Cope, but they
ry
80 CRETACEOUS -AINID al ol AUR AVG Ens itele
are scarcely different in other respects. They have been called Carcharias collata by Eastman. I have not examined any New Jersey material.
Formation and locality. Known only by Cope’s record from the Miocene of Cumberland County.
Order BATOIDEEL.
aE RIAA S:
Body typically disk-like, broad, flat, margin of disk usually formed by expanded pectorals. Tail comparatively slender. Gill- openings inferior, slit-like, 5 in number. Spiracles present. Ver- tebree cyclospondylous, or each one with internal calcareous lamelle not radiating, arranged in one or more concentric circles or Series around central ring. Dorsal fins inserted on tail when present. No anal fin. Caudal fin small or wanting.
The extremes of specialization in this group widely depart from the typical sharks, though many intergradations render them nearly complete. As many fossils have been found, they probably evolved quite early. Except the Rajide, most all the members of this group are ovoviviparous.
Sub-Order SARCURA.
Tail comparatively thick, with two dorsals and a caudal fin, but no serrated caudal spine.
About four families are usually admitted, and all represented by at least a few fossils.
Family PRISTIDA.
THE SAW FISHES.
Body elongate, depressed. Snout saw-like, much produced, flat, armed with strong teeth on each side set at right angles to its axis. No tentacles. No nictitating membrane. Teeth in
BLASMOBRANCHII. SI
jaws minute, obtuse. Nostrils inferior. Gill-openings moderate, inferior. Spiracles wide, behind eye. Dorsal fins large, without spines, first nearly opposite ventrals. Caudal well developed, bent upward. A fold along each side of tail. Pectorals mod- erate, front margin quite free and not reaching to head.
Large shark-like rays, with the disk gradually passing into the tail, found in most warm seas about sandy shores. A single existing genus, the exact batoid prototype of the Pristiophoride. The fossil species of this family are all provisional, being known chiefly by rostral teeth, fragments of the rostrum, detached ver- tebree, etc., thus rendering the descriptions too imperfect for final determination. They have been referred to three genera, be- sides to the existing Pristis.
Genus PRISTIS Linck.
Pristis Linck, Mag. P. Naturg. Gotha, VI, 1790, p. 31. Type Squalus pristis Linnzus, monotypic.
Pristobatus Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1816, p. 121. Type Pristis antiquorum Latham, first species.
Pristibatis, Pristobatis, auct.
Myriosteon Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 163. Type Myriosteon higginsit Gray, monotypic. (Proposed as “probably indicating a new group of Echinodermata,’ though really based on one of the hollow
- cartilaginous rostral rods of Pristis.)
Pristiopsis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Naf. Sci. Phila., 1905, p. 459. ‘Type Pristis perrotteti Muller and Henle, designated.
Eopristis Stromer, Beitr. Pal. Oester. Ung., XVIII, 1905, p. 52 (16). Type Pristis (Eopristis) reinachi Stromer, monotype.
Characters of the genus expressed in those of the family.
About eight existing species are known, and about 19 extinct species have been described.
PRISTIS AMBLODON Cope.
Pristis amblodon Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1860, p. 312. New Jersey Eocene Greensand. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XXV, 10908, p. 34, fig. If (types).
Rostral teeth well compressed. Front margin convex, and sur- face smooth. Hind margin convex and smooth. Length of smaller example (imperfect) 26 mm.
6 GEOL
82 CRETACEOUS. AND TERTIARY FISH.
The two fragmentary examples I have, evidently of this species, both show their front and hind edges convex. Cope pointed out this character originally, adding that both edges were also curved to the tip, though one curvature greater than the other. Further,
[=
Fic. 39.—Pristis amblodon Cope. 1-4, Monmouth Co. (Cope) ; 5-6, Pem- berton (Bryan).
he says the teeth are not curved out of the horizontal plane, and his example measured 32 mm.
Formation and locality. ‘Two examples described above, ros- tral teeth from Monmouth County (E. D. Cope), are credited by Cope to the New Jersey Eocene.
PRISTIS CURVIDENS Leidy.
Pristis curvidens Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 414. Near Pem- berton, N. J., Greensand.
Teeth of rostrum well compressed. Front margin evenly con- vex and surface smooth. Hind margin slightly concave, some- times a little oblique on sinistral surface, and each edge distinct or a trifle trenchant or keeled. Distal edge of front margin more suddenly convex than hind margin, and convexity of former begins more distally. Teeth nearly or quite level in horizontal plane to well decurved. Length reaches 96 mm.
This species seems to be characterized chiefly by having its rostral teeth considerably curved downward. The type was about 22 cm. long.
Formation and locality. The following examples in the col- lection of the Academy, all rostral teeth, have been examined: Monmouth County 1 (P. D. Knieskern) ; Burlington County 1
ELASMOBRANCHIL. 83
ee UAE REE
3 OT GE ese Fic. 40.—Pristis curvidens Leidy. 1-2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; *3-4,
Monmouth Co. (Knieskern); 5-6, Burlington Co. (Conrad) ; 7-8, Vincen- town (Bryan).
(T. A. Conrad) ; Vincentown 1 without donor and Pemberton 1 (T. M. Bryan). I have also seen a rostral tooth in the collection of she Geologi-
cal Survey without data. So far as determinable, the geologic horizon is probably the Manasquan marl.
84 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Sub-Order MASTICURA.
Tail comparatively slender, dorsal fin single or wanting, and tail above usually armed with one or more serrated spines.
This group comprises four families, of which the Ptychodon- tide are entirely extinct. Of the latter Ptychodus mammillaris Agassiz has been ascribed to the Cretaceous of Delaware, though no representatives have been found in New Jersey.
Family MYLIOBATID/:.
THE EAGLE RAYS.
Disk broad. Nasal valves forming rectangular flap with pos- terior margin free and attached by frenum to upper jaw. Ovo- viviparous. Skull less depressed than usual among rays, its sur- face raised so that eyes and spiracles are lateral in position. Skin smooth. ‘Tail very long, slender, whip-like, with single dorsal near its root, behind which is usually a strong retrorsely ser- rated spine. Pectorals ceasing at sides of head and reappearing in front of snout as one or two cephalic fins supported by fin rays. No differentiated spines in pectorals in males, sexes similar. Ventrals not emarginate.
The existing forms large sting rays in warm seas, feeding chiefly on mollusks, which they crush with their large grinding teeth. All the known six genera are represented by extinct species, though only three of the former have persisted till the present time.
Genus MYLIOBATIS G. St. Hilaire.
Myliobatis G. St. Hilaire, Descr. Egypt, 1809, Pl. 26, fig. 1. Type Mylio- batis bovina G. St. Hilaire, second species.
Myliobates, auct.
Ictetus Rafinesque, Analyse de la nature, 1815, p. 93 (nom nud.).
Ptychopleurus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1838, Pl. 45, figs. 1-3. Type Ptychacanthus faujasii Agassiz, virtually monotypic.
Holorhinus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 331. Type Rhinoptera vespertilio Girard, virtually monotype.
Bates Probst, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Nuturk Wiurtt., XX XIII, 1877, p. 88. Type Bates spectabilis Probst, monotypic.
ELASMOBRANCHII. 85
Disk broad, pectoral fins not continued to snout end, ending on head. sides, and reappearing on snout front as one or two cephalic fins supported by fin-rays. Tail very long, slender, whip-like, with single dorsal fin near root, behind latter usually strong retrorsely serrated spine. Nasal valves form rectangular flap, hind edge free, attached by frenum to upper jaw. Teeth hexangular, large, flat, tessellated, median usually broader than others. Skull less depressed than usual among rays, surface raised so eyes and spiracles are lateral in position. Ovoviviparous. Skin smooth, without pectoral spines, and sexes alike. Ventrals not emar- ginate.
The existing species, about 15, are large sting-rays feeding largely on mollusks which they crush with their large grinding teeth. They are found in most all warm seas. About 80 extinct species have been described.
MyLiopatis pisuLcus (Marsh).
Myliobates bisulcus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 220. Eocene greensand of Monmouth Co., N. J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) VIII, 1877, p. 239 (remarks).
Dental plate with central row of teeth marked along median line by a deep groove, otherwise remarkably smooth and flat. (Marsh. )
The account by Marsh is insufficient, and the species may be considered purely nominal until further elucidated. Leidy thinks M. fastigiatus may be the lower dental plate, in which case Marsh’s name would have priority.
Formation and locality. The type was originally in the Mu- seum of Yale College, and was from the Eocene [Shark River K.] greensand of Monmouth County.
MYLIopATIS FASTIGIATUS (Leidy).
Myliobates fastigiatus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 86. Mon- mouth Co., N. J. Eocene. (No description). — Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) VIII, 1877, p. 238, Pl. 31, fig. 11, Pl. 33, fig. 6 (types). Myliobatis fastigiatus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXv, 1908, p. 32 (type).
86 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH:
Dental plate arched in form, composed of nine median teeth and a row of about four lateral teeth on each side. Enamel surface’ convex, with strong median and lesser convex transverse lateral convexity, so that surface is undulated. Basal surface presents concave surface sloping each side from median range, though lat- ter with convex surface and not sharply defined. Transverse
Fic. 41.—M yliobatis fastigiatus (Leidy). (Type.) Monmouth Co. (Cleburne).
median sutures backward in median convexity and forward on concave depressions. Vertical diameter of median teeth about one-seventh horizontal diameter, their surfaces with feeble ver- tical wrinkles in concave depressions and on lateral depressions, otherwise nearly smooth. Lateral small teeth rather hexagonal, horizontal diameter about three-fifths to two-thirds vertical diam-
ELASMOBRANCHIL. 87
eter, and surface of each with a depression. Length (width) 82 mm.
Known from the type described above and a paratype. Both are thought to be the upper dental plates, anteriorly abraded by the attrition of food. Leidy suggested M. bisulcus may possibly prove to be the lower jaw of this species, as it has a median deep groove. The other example he describes has seven large median transverse teeth in its dental plate. Although Hussakof has
Fic. 42.—Myliobatis fastigiatus (Leidy). (Paratype.) Monmouth Co. (Slack). listed an example of this species as typical and being in the American Museum in New York, the original of Leidy’s figure I1 isin the Academy. Further, his example is said to be an upper dental pavement with 11 median and several small lateral teeth. Leidy states that this example has seven median teeth, together with three small teeth of the first row of one side.
Formation and locality. Known from the Eocene of Mon- mouth County by the type (W. Cleburne) and one paratype (J. H. Slack).
8g CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
MYLIoBATIS GLOTTOIDES Cope.
Myliobatis glottoides Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 293. Eocene bed at Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XXV, 1008, p. 32, fig. 8 (type).
‘Dental plate convex in longitudinal as well as transverse direc- tion, composed of eight teeth, and lateral portions on either side each slightly convex, and thin off to single series of lateral teeth. On median line teeth suddenly swollen, forming together broad,
Fic. 43.—Myliobatis glottoides Cope. (From Hussakof.)
obtuse median ridge. Transversely each tooth is nearly straight, extremity slightly and abruptly curved backwards. Worn sur- face forms sub-triangular concavity. Basal surface obtusely an- gulate in median line below. Vertical diameter of median teeth about one-fourth horizontal diameter. Length (width) about 60 mm. (damaged). (Largely from Cope.)
Cope says this species is thick-toothed like Myliobatis pachyo- don Cope and Myliobatis holmesti Agassiz, but they are not so
BRLASMOBRANCHII. 89
clearly three-ribbed in section as this one. Myliobatis obesus is somewhat similar, but much wider, with more curvature of teeth and biserial laterals. Each tooth is both wider (longer) and deeper than in most of the described species.
Formation and locality. Known from the Eocene [Shark River marl K.] of Farmingdale in Monmouth County. I have not examined any specimens.
MYLIOBATIS MAGISTER (Leidy).
Dental plate depressed in form, thick, composed of six median teeth, and apparently no traces of lateral teeth. Enamel surface convex, with slight median concave longitudinal depression, so
Fic. 44—WMyliobatis magister (Leidy). Vincentown (Bryan).
that surface is double convex with each side sloping down strongly convex. Basal surface presents convex surface sloping each side from median longitudinal convexity. Transverse median sutures nearly horizontally straight, or curving slightly posteriorly each side. Vertical diameter of median teeth about 47% of horizontal diameter (imperfect) and their surfaces almost entirely smooth. Length (width) about 60 mm. (damaged).
90 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
The above-described fragment is the only example I have seen from our limits, and seems to agree with Myliobatis magister, which species has not been recorded before from New Jersey. It is evidently a lower dental plate. Eastman has pertinent remarks concerning this species.?
Formation and locality. One example from Vincentown (T. M. Bryan) from the marl [ Manasquan, K.].
MytLiopatis Jucosus (Leidy).
Myliobates jugosus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 86. (Eocene marl beds of Burlington Co., N. J.) (No description). Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat: Sci. Phila. (2) WIT, 1877, pe 24082 eacie figs. 4-5. Vincentown, Burlington Co., N. J.
Transverse tooth nearly straight, ends angular and possibly ar- ticulated with small lateral hexagonal teeth. Crown forms thick median, transversely convex prominence, with sides extended, out- wardly thin. Triturating surface transversely convex on median prominence and becoming nearly flat on its reflected sides. An-
:, \ eres Sem TTT ee Te
Fic. 45.—Myliobatis jugosus (Leidy). (From Leidy.)
terior inclining surface of crown and projecting posterior sur- face indicate somewhat imbricated arrangement of median teeth. Base of crown opposite median eminence concave, and this cur- vature at sides slightly deflected. Root straight on its attaching surface. Vertical diameter about five in horizontal diameter. Length (width) about 63 mm. (From Leidy.)
*Md. Geol. Surv. Eocene, 1901, p. 100, Pl. 12, fig. 3, Pl. 13, figs. ta, rb.
ELASMOBRANCHIL. gl
Leidy notes that the above tooth at the median prominence is no thicker than in the smaller of the dental plates described as Myhobatis fastigiatus, while it is considerably broader. The prominence appears as an exaggeration of the median ridge o* the dental plate of M. fastigiatus, due to the more abrupt depres- sion of the sides of the crown. In this specimen the coronal emi- nence is unsymmetrical.
Formation and locality. Only the above-described tooth, said to be from the Eocene [Manasquan ? K.] marl beds at Vincen- town, in Burlington County (T. M. Bryan), and presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I have not located this specimen.
My.iopatis LEIDYI Hay.
Myliobatis leidyi Hay, Amer. Nat. XXXIII, 1899, p. 785 (name based on Leidy). Myliobates serratus (nec Meyer 1848) Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 239. Greensand of Burlington Co., N. J. Leidy, Journ. Acad: Nat. Sci. Phila:, (2) VIIL, 1877, p. 2390, Pl. 32; fig: 5} (Pemberton Eocene, same example.)
Dental plate depressed in form, composed of six median teeth and a single series of lateral teeth on each side. Triturating sur-
Fic. 46.—Myliobatis leidyi Hay. (From Leidy.)
face of plate dull, but slightly impressed along median line, in- clines forward and downward on first tooth, apparently as result of wearing. Transverse sutures of median teeth gently curved with convexity backward. Lateral teeth hexagonal, nearly broad as fore and aft wide. Sutures generally, especially outer parts
92 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH:
of median transverse sutures and those uniting median and lateral teeth, as well as these together, remarkable for their unusually serrulate condition. Root surface slopes strongly in each side from median line. Vertical diameter of median tooth about one- sixth of horizontal. Length (width) about 27 mm. (From Leidy.)
Leidy originally identified this species with Myliobatis serratus Meyer, though according to Hay, as the latter was from the lower Miocene, he names Leidy’s specimen M. leidy. Leidy also pointed out its resemblance to the dental armature of Myliobatis toliapicus Agassiz and M. suturalis Agassiz.
Formation and locality. Known only from the above-described dental plate ascribed to the [Manasquan, K.] marl of Pember- ton in Burlington County (C. H. Budd). I have not located it in the collection of the Academy, where it was originally de- posited.
MYLIoBATIS RECTIDENS Cope.
Myliobatis rectidens Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 294. Harrisonville, Gloucester Co., N. J. Miocene? Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 32, fig. 9 (type).
Dental plate apparently depressed in form, composed of seven median teeth and at least two series of lateral teeth each side. Median teeth entirely plane and with perfectly transverse sutures, the series very slightly convex in both directions. Vertical diam- eter of median teeth about five in horizontal diameter. Several of lateral teeth in inner series at least wider than long. Length (width) about 70 mm. (damaged). (Largely from Cope.)
Cope says this species resembles Myliobatis gigas Cope, though in the latter there are twice as many, or 12, teeth in a series of the same length and width as the present. In this species the median Series are straight and in Myliobatis gigas’ are recurved at the extremities.
Formation and locality. The type specimen now in the Ameri- can Museum of New York seems to be the only one known. Cope
* Eastman identifies Myliobatis vicomicanus Cope with this species in Md. Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 73, Pl. 28, figs. 3a, 3b, Pl. 20, figs. ra, 1b.
ELASMOBRANCHII. 93
Fic. 47—WMyliobatis rectidens Cope. (From Hussakof.)
states it is from marl excavations at Harrisonville, Gloucester County. [These marls are now referred to the Navesink-Hor- nerstown bed. The Vincentown limesand also occurs here and the Miocene clay appears on the higher slopes in the neighbor- hood, K.] Ihave not seen this example.
MYLiopaTis opesus (Leidy).
Myliobates obesus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 306. Green- sand of Burlington Co., N. J.
Reidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 236, Pl. 31, fie. 6-10, Pl. 34, fig. 44 (types of M. rugosus and M. obesus). (Pem- berton and Mullica Hill.)
Myliobates rugosus (nec Meyer 1844) Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 395. Marl of New Egypt, Ocean Co., N. J.
Dental plate arched in form, composed of four median teeth and at least a row of lateral teeth each side. Enamel surface in general evenly convex. Basal surface convex, swelling to median longitudinal axis moderately. Transverse median sutures curve
94 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH:
at first slightly convex back till posterior are quite convex. Ver- tical diameter of median teeth about five in horizontal diameter, their surfaces with usually distinct transverse or vertical wrin- kles or nearly smooth. Length (width) 59 mm.
——
cr rc i Dor:
Fic, 48—Myliobatis obesus (Leidy). 1-2, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 3-4, New Egypt (Conrad) (type of Myliobates rugosus Leidy); *5-6, Farming- dale; 7-8, Pemberton (Budd); 9-10, Vincentown (Bryan) (type of Mylhio- bates obesus Leidy) ; 11-13, Mullica Hill (Atkinson).
ELASMOBRANCHIL. 95
This seems to be the most abundant species found in New Jer- sey. and is characterized largely by its convex surface, with slightly convex striz posteriorly.
Mylicbates rugosus Leidy is preoccupied by Myliobatis (Zygo- batis) rugosus Meyer, Neu. Jahrb., 1844, p. 335, from the lower Miocene of Weinheim, and for this reason obesus is re- tained.
Formation and locality. Known chiefly from the Cretaceous marls. I have examined the following examples: The type from New Egypt in Ocean County (T. A. Conrad); the type of My- liobates obesus Leidy from Vincentown (C. H. Budd), both Burlington County; 2 from Mullica Hill in Gloucester County (W. B. Atkinson). [The Hornerstown marl, the Vincentown limesand and the Manasquan marls, all Cretaceous, are the for- mations apparently involved, although the Miocene is known near Mullica Hill, K.]
MYLIoBATIS KUMMELI sp. nov.
Dental plate depressed in form, moderately thick, composed of 17 median teeth, and at least two series of lateral teeth. Enamel surface generally slightly convex, with slight median concave longitudinal depression, so that surface is very slightly double convex, with each side sloping down somewhat strongly convex. Median depression concavely so shallow as to scarcely appear concave. Basal surface largely well and evenly convex from median axis, inclining well towards each side. Transverse median sutures posteriorly, rather evenly, though slightly convex, but anteriorly becoming somewhat slightly double convex. Ver- tical diameter of anterior median teeth about one-ninth of hori- zontal diameter, and of posterior teeth much greater. Lateral teeth hexagonal, 13 in one series on right side and two series of IO in the inner and seven in the outer on left side. ‘Though all enameled surfaces smooth median teeth show a number of vertical wrinkles é€xtending more or less transversely over dental area, with pronounced ridge submedianly extending over at least first 12 median teeth. This ridge assymmetrical or a little nearer right than left side. At lateral portion of each median tooth are one or
96 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Fic. 49—Myliobatis kummeli Fowler. (Type.)
ELASMOBRANCHIL 97
Fic. 50—Myliobatis kummeli Fowler. (Type, in transverse sectional view).
two wrinkles of enameled surface, directed obliquely towards cen- tral keel. Similar wrinkles occur on each lateral tooth. Length (width) about 100 mm.
This species is only known to me from the above-described dental plate, which is nearly entire. It seems to differ from any other American species, and certainly from any I have examined in the lateral wrinkles on the enamel, which are not only distinct on the lateral teeth, but also on the lateral moieties of the median as well.
Formation and locality. Specimen No. 7395, type, collection of the New Jersey State Geological Survey. From the marl of Stow Creek Township in Cumberland County [the so-called Shiloh marl, which is referable to the Kirkwood formations of the Miocene, K.] (Isaac Smalley in March of 1880).
(I take pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. Henry B. Kutmmel, the State Geologist of New Jersey.)
MYLIOBATIS PACHYRHIZODUS sp. nov.
Dental plate depressed in form, thick, especially medianly, composed of seven median teeth, and at least two series of lateral teeth. Enamel surface slightly convex, with slight median de- pression, scarcely concave, also each side sloping very slightly to edges. Basal surface greatly convex, formed as median elevated axis from which each side slopes abruptly down. ‘Transverse median sutures rather evenly and distinctly convex. Vertical diameter of median teeth about one-fifth of horizontal diameter. Lateral teeth rather large, only on right side, four in inner and apparently same number in outer series. Enamel surfaces smooth, without any very distinct wrinkles. Length (width) about 53 mm.
7 GEOL
no
98 CRETACEOUS AND ia Ra TANS V@e rit Stele
Sees ae.
Fic. 51.—Myliobatis pachyrhizodus Fowler. (Type.)
Known from the above-described dental plate, unfortunately imperfect. This species is distinguished by its very thick root.
Formation and locality —Specimen No. 6660, type, in the col- lection of the Geological Survey of New Jersey, and is from the upper marl [ Manasquan, K.] at Poplar.
(Pachyrhizodus, i. e., thick-rooted tooth.)
Genus AETOBATUS Blainville.
Aetobatus Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1816, p. 112. Type Raja narinari Euphrasen, tenth species, virtually restricted by Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. I12.
A;tobatis, Atobatus, Aetobatis, Aetobates, auct.
Goniobatis Agassiz, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., VI, 1839, p. 385. Type Raja flagellum Schneider, monotypic.
Stoasodon Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (Cat. Malay. Fish.), 1849, p. 434. Type Raja narinari Euphrasen, monotypic, and mame based on AZtobatis Muller and Henle=Blainville.
ELASMOBRANCHII. 99
Differs from Myliobatis in having the teeth uniserial, very broad, and no small lateral ones. Upper dental lamina straight and lower lamina projecting beyond upper, curved. Free hind edge of nasal valve deeply emarginated.
A: single existing species in tropical seas, and 13 extinct species have been described, the latter only known from dental plates.
AETOBATUS PERSPICUUS (Leidy).
Aetobatis perspicuus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 396. Mon- mouth Co., N. J. Eocene?
Atobatis perspicuus Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) VIII, 1877, p. 244, Pl. 31, fig. 13 (type).
Median tooth of dental plate well arched or angular, turning abruptly upward at end of tooth. Enamel surface rather broad, flat, and end only slightly rounded. Greatest width or vertical diameter of enameled surface usually uniform, and about one- seventh in entire horizontal diameter. Anterior edge of tooth angularly convex greater part of its extent, feebly deflected for-
Fic. 52.—Aetobatus perspicuus (Leidy). (From Leidy.)
ward laterally, and at end presents projection adapted to cres- centoid depression or socket of contiguous tooth. Posterior edge presents a narrow flange along greater portion of its length, and crescentoid socket at end of tooth adapted to receive projecting border of contiguous tooth. Root with laminze projecting poste- riorily about space equal to one-half vertical diameter of enameled surface, and all directed obliquely towards median axis of tooth. Length (width) about 60mm. (From Leidy.)
Formation and locality. Only the type known described above, from the Eocene of Monmouth County (J. L. Burtt), originally ' presented to the Academy, but which I have not seen.
100 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH:
Genus PLINTHICUS Cope.
Plinthicus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1860, p. 316. Type Plin- thicus stenodon Cope, monotypic.
Known from thin and rather depressed teeth. Related to Aetobatus, but differing in having the roots of the teeth project- ing but slightly posterior to enameled surface.
One species described, extinct.
PLINTHICUS STENODON Cope.
Plinthicus stenodon Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1869, p. 316. Shiloh, Cumberland Co., N. J. Miocene. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 33, fig. 10 (type).
Dental plate greatly depressed, mostly with transverse or hori- zontal teeth nearly straight or but slightly and rather evenly con-
ae
Fic. 53.—Plinthicus stenodon Cope. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
KLASMOBRANCHILI. IOI
vex. Enamel surface broad, depressed or usually more or less flattened, and edges of front teeth at least varying more or less convex. Greatest width or vertical diameter of enameled surface usually uniform, and about one-fourth in entire horizontal diam- ater. Root low, greatly depressed, greatly inclined backward, so that beginning of lower level surface is about opposite medial lesser diameter of enameled surface. Posterior part of root al- Ways seen projecting a little more or less for slight distance behind enameled surface as latter is viewed from above. Entire surface of root marked with moderately numerous sutures, all parallel, and most distinct behind. Front edge of enamel surface curves slightly convexly over root, leaving a slight longitudinal groove below. Posterior edge just below enamel with a slight longi- tudinal ridge. Length (greatest breadth) 40 mm. Here de- scribed from examples from the Maryland Miocene.
Known only from the dental plates.
Formation and locality. I have not examined any examples from New Jersey where it has been ascribed to the Miocene. Cope originally had a single example and I do not think any others have been recorded from the State since [Shiloh marl, Kirkwood formation, Miocene, K.].
Genus RHINOPTERA Cuvier.
Rhinoptera (Kuhl) Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 1828, p. 401. Type Myliobatis marginata G. St. Hilaire, first species, restricted by Bonaparte, Nuoy. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, II, 1838, p. 201.
Zygobatis Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 79. Type Myliobatis jussiem Cuvier, virtually monotypic.
Zygobates, auct.
Trikeras Harless, Abh. N. Phys. Class., V, 1850, p. 841. No species given.
Mylorhina Gill, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1865, p. 136. Type Rhinoptera lalandu Miller and Henle, designated, monotypic.
Micromesus Gill, 1. c. Type Rhinoptera adspersa Miller and Henle, desig- nated, monotypic.
Trycera (Koch) Doderlein, Man. I. Med., III, 1885, p. 242. Type Trycera typica Koch (= Mylobatis marginata G. St. Hilaire), nom. in syn.
This genus resembles Myliobatis in its dentition, having the teeth in several series, the median being very broad. It differs, however, in the emarginated muzzle and having the cephalic fins below the level of the disk.
102 CRETACEOUS AND! Tilia) PARA EISIEl
The existing species, about 10, distributed in tropical seas. About five extinct species have been described.
RHINOPTERA DUBIA Leidy.
Dental plate depressed, evidently upper or enameled surface well convex and lower or basal surface equally concave, though both surfaces evenly so. Enamel surface smooth, of usually even thickness, and edges usually abrupt. Extremities of tooth form rather obtuse angle, and apex would form medianly in vertical diameter. Vertical diameter of enamel surface nearly one-seventh of horizontal. Root not visible as enameled surface is viewed from above, low, greatly depressed, sometimes moderately deep, and uniformly concave. Vertical grooves rather variable, numer- ous or moderate. Greatest breadth 46 mm.
This species does not ever appear to have been noted from New Jersey before. Many of my examples agree entirely with Leidy’s, but other specimens must be admitted somewhat pro- visionally, as they are possibly teeth belonging to Myliobaits. Known only from detached teeth or dental plates. -
Formation and locality. The following examples in the collee- tion of the Academy have been examined: Monmouth County 10 (W. Cleburne) and 2 (P. D. Knieskern); Vincentown, in the marl of Burlington County 1 (C. B. Barrett), and 1 said to be from the Miocene labeled “Bridgeton Pike” (C. C. Abbott).
I have also examined some fragmentary dental remains in the collection of the Geological Survey taken from well-borings at 214 feet on July 23d, 1909, on the beach front at Bradford Cot- tage, Fortesque, in Cumberland County. From 200 to 214 feet the shell-beds were in a tough, leathery mud, and in this horizon were found the fragments of the present species. For informa- tion and these specimens the Survey is indebted to Mr. S. P. Foster, of Elmer, and Mr. C. Holaday, of Hornersville. A com- parison with a large series of examples from the Maryland Mio- cene, with which they agree in most respects, would point to their being from the same formation.
ELASMOBRANCHII. 103
= ae
J = ST ES ee ae —— — NY ee
Fic. 54.—Rhinoptera dubia Leidy. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
104 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY BISE:
S (Gama — — a
Fic. 55.—Rhinoptera dubia Leidy. Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
ELASMOBRANCHII. 105
Fic. 57—Rhinoptera dubia Leidy. 1-2, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 3-8, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 9-10, Vincentown (Barrett); 11-12, Bridgeton Pike (Abbott).
FRAGMENTARY SELACHIANS.
A large number of detached vertebre (Figs. 58, 59) are in the collection of the Academy, representatives of which I have fig-
106 CRETACZOUSTANDY TERIIARY iSite
Fic. 58—Detached vertebre. 1-12, Vincentown; 13-14, Pemberton (Ashurst) ; 15-17, Mullica Hill; 18-22, Shiloh (Conrad).
ELASMOBRANCHIL. 107
Fic. 59.—Detached vertebre. 1-2, New Jersey (Abbott); 3-4, Long Branch (Chap- man); 5-6, Monmouth Co. (Slack); 7, Monmouth Co (Vandyke); 8, Monmouth Co. (Abbott); 9-11, Monmouth Co. (Cope); 12-15, Monmouth Co. (Cleburne); 16-17, Farm- ingdale (Pilsbry); 18-21, New Egypt (Chaloner); 22-23, Pemberton (Budd); 24-26, Pemberton (Ashurst); 27-44, Vincentown (Bryan); 45-46, Blackwoodtown (Lamb); 47-48, Allowaystown (Yarrow); 49-50, Lenola (Conard); *51-52, Wenonah Sand; *53-54, Hurffville (Hurff); 55-56, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
108 CRETACEOUS: AND TERTIARY FISH.
ured in this connection, though I have been unable to locate their true identity. Many are, no doubt, selachians, though many may also belong to teleosts. They are all from Cretaceous beds, but are without stratigraphical position, like most all of the older col-
QA RAMA SSAA ASA SSS
Fic. 60—Myliobatis spine? Vincentown (Bryan).
=: 71 Ge)?
S= 2 5 GES Ge
Fic. 61.—Teleost otoliths. 1-3, Haddonfield; 4-8, Mt. Laurel (Woolman).
a) 8 eT CT ae pe ‘sie Mie aha es
Fic. 62.—Rays from a batoid fish? Vincentown (Bryan).
lections. There is also a spine, possibly of Mylhobatis (Fig. 60), and several teleost otoliths (Fig. 61). Several small, thin, rod-like fossils may also belong to rays (Fig. 62).
Sub-Class HOLOCEPHALI. THE CHIMAERAS.
Teeth united to form bony plates. Jaws coalescent with skull. Gill-openings single in each side of pharynx, leading to four gill- slits. Skull without system of membrane bones, as opercles, suborbitals, etc. Skeleton cartilaginous. Mandibular suspens- orium wanting. Intestine with a spiral valve. Derivative radii sessile in sides of basal bones of limbs. Pectoral fins normally
MOLOCE PHATE 109
developed, placed low. Ventral fins abdominal. Males with claspers attached to ventrals. Skin scaleless, its muciferous sys- tem well developed.
This group generally includes six families.
Order CHIMAEROIDEEL.
Characters included in those of the sub-class.
Family CHIMZERIDZ. THE CHIMARAS.
Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Head compressed. Mouth inferior, small. Upper lip deeply notched. Jaws with teeth confluent into four bony plates above and two below. Nostrils confluent with mouth, separated by nar- row isthmus. Free gills 3, half gills 2, one on each side. Rakers smal]. Isthmus moderate. Males usually with cartilaginous hook on snout above, prickly at tip, turned forward. No spiracles. Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. Lateral line present, usually branched anteriorly. Dorsal usually divided, anteriorly with strong posteriorly grooved spine. Caudal low, fold-like. Pec- torals free, low. Ventral abdominal, many rayed. Males with claspers.
The existing forms are remarkable for their striking appear- ance. They are all natives of deep water and cold seas. Repro- duction is oviparous, the egg-cases long, elliptical and with silky filaments: About 17 genera have been described, all extinct, and only Chimera persisting to the present time. Possibly Chimera atims (Capello) may occur in deep water off our coast, though it has not ever been so recorded.
Passalodon was founded on vomerine teeth and Psittaoodon on mandibular teeth of two European fossils. Woodward says? “the species mentioned below have also been determined upon
*Cat. Foss. F. Brit. Mus., II, 1801, p. 84.
mo, CRE PACEOUS AND ADR EARN rISIEl
the evidence of detached teeth, and, by a misunderstanding of the generic characters, the majority of the American forms have hitherto been ascribed to Ischyodus. Most of the type specimens of the latter are in the collection of Prof. E. D. Cope, Philadel- phia, where the present writer has had the privilege of examin- ing them, and many of the specific distinctions cited in the diagnoses would be regarded as varietal in Britain.’”’ However, the present writer seems justified in following the views of Hus- sakof, who has studied these specimens now in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
Genus EDAPHODON Buckland.
Edaphodon Agassiz’, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, p. 351. Type Edaphodon buck- landi Agassiz, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, II, 1891, p. 80.
Edaphodus, auct.
Passalodon Buckland, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1838, p. 687. No de- scription or species.
Psittacodon Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., III, 1843, pp. 340, 348. Type Chimera mantellu Agassiz, virtually designated, first species.
Dipristis Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 230. Type Dipristis miersit Marsh, monotypic. (Not of Gervais.)
Eumylodus Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. I, 1873, p. 309. Type Eumylodus iaqueatus Leidy, monotypic.
Diphrissa Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875 (Feb. oth)’, (2) p. Io. Type Ischyodus solidulus Cope, designated, monotypic.
Mandibular tooth massive, with no definite thickening on outer aspect, symphyseal facette very broad. Anterior tritor 1, sometimes smaller one below. Median tritor 1, occasionally di- vided longitudinally. External tritors 2. Palantine teeth robust, no well-defined thickening on outer aspect, and three tritors as two inner and one outer. Vomerine teeth mostly triangular in side view, tritors on oral edge. Postoral region laterally expanded, without any thickening.
The species, about 26, are all extinct.
* Buckland, Proc. Geol. Soc. Lond., II, 1838, p. 687. Descr. imperfect, no species given. * Issued April 20th, 1875.
HOLOCEPHALI. TOA
EDAPHODON STENOBRYUS (Cope).
Ischyodus stenobryus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 285. Hornerstown, N. J.. Greensand No. 5.
Edaphodon stenobryus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 39, Pl. 2, figs. 6-7 (types).
Fic 63—Edaphodon stenobryus (Cope). (From Hussakof.) .
I12 CRETACEOUS AND “hb RAIA. ariltSiss
Mandibulars compressed, outer edge rising rapidly from little behind apex, first to a shoulder which supports first exterior den- tinal area, and then steeply to an oblique border which bears hind dentinal area. Dentinal areas very small, inner represented by - two columns widely separated from each other. Inner masticatory margin remains parallel with lower edge of jaw, marking one- third total depth. Grinding face vertical behind. External areas very narrow, and behind anterior smaller one appears in position of inner one of &. tripartitus, thus representing outer part of large removed from former, narrow, and extends little anterior to anterior border of anterior outer.. Apex of jaw obtuse, and terminal area on its superior aspect oval, and continues as edge of a lamina along outer margin of beak. No symphyseal plane, whole jaw much compressed and narrowed. Length 70 mm. (From Cope.)
Said to have much the form of Leptomylus forfex, and ap- proaching E. laterigerus.
Formation and locality. Only known from the type, a pair of mandibulars now in the collection of the American Museum, N. Y. They are from “Greensand No. 5” [the Hornerstown marl, K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County. I have not seen this species.
EDAPHODON TRIPARTITUS (Cope).
Ischyodus tripartitus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 286. Hurffuille, N. J. Upper bed of Greensand.
Edaphodon tripartitus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 40, fig. 16, Pl. 3, figs. 5-6 (types).
Ischyodus mirificus (nec Leidy) Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1860, p. 314 (note).
Ischyodus longirostris Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 287. Birmingham, N. J. Greensand No. 5.
Mandibulars little more than twice as long as deep, rami con- verging in slight curve and ending in narrow produced symphy- seal beak. Outer face of mandible with two longitudinal convexi- ties, inner nearly vertical, and with short symphyseal plane. Dentinal areas moderate, anterior border not much produced, inner represented by three adjacent areas or three columns united at their adjacent borders, and outer more than twice as large as either of two interior ones. Latter separated from inner angle of
Fic. 64.—Edaphodon triparitus (Cope).
1-3, Types of Ischyodus tripartitus Cope; 4, Type of Ischyodus longirostris Cope; (all from Hussakof).
HOLOCEPHALT: I13
jaw by an oblique plane of same width. External areas narrow, posterior quite small, anterior elongate and extends far in advance of inner areas along summit of horizontal ridge, latter produced as strong step on outer margin. Outer narrow border rises ab- ruptly opposite middle of anterior area, causing masticatory face to be very oblique at that point. Superior groove wide, outer face not produced. Length 175 mm. (From Cope.)
This is the largest American species of the genus and said to be not uncommon. Hussakof has united Ischyodus longirostris Cope with this species after an examination of the types. Ac- cording to Cope the former differed in having the inner den- tinal area of the mandibular undivided, contracted and separated by a plane from inner margin. Outer posterior area lost in his specimen, but outer anterior opens in front of interior on hori- zontal step which forms strong angle of outer border. ‘This border, therefore, abruptly excavated from that point forward, while inner border descends gradually from inner angle. Ter- minal area quite large and oblique. Symphyseal face large, in- ferior border of jaw obtuse and jaw end narrowly compressed. Palatal characterized by its small size and posterior position of anterior dentinal area, so that bone appedis more produced. Pos- terior areas large.
Formation and locality. ‘The type, consisting of both mandi- bulars and left palatal, are from Hurffville in Gloucester County. The type of J. longirostris consists of one mandibular and one palatal, both from Birmingham in Burlington County (J. C. Gas- kill). All are recorded as from the greensand No. 5. [According to the present classification all would be referred to the Horners- town marl, although at both these localities the Hornerstown and Navesink marl beds are united in a single layer, so that they may be from the Navesink or lower member, K.]. They are now in the American Museum of New York. I have not examined these specimens.
EDAPHODON LATERIGERUS (Cope).
Ischyodus laterigerus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1860, p. 243. Hornerstown, New Jersey. Cretaceous Greensand No. 5. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 288 (type). Edaphodon laterigerus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV., 1908, p. 38, Pl. 1, figs. 7-8 (type). 8 GEOL
74 CRETACEOUS AND PE RGLARIVe HSE
Fic. 65.—Edaphodon laterigerus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)
Mandibular little more than twice as long as deep, end pro- longed and more flattened than any other species from our region, and thoroughly and regularly curved outwards and back- wards. Inner dentinal area undivided, extending to inner mar- gin of superior face of mandible, large in all dimensions. Below
HOLOCEPHALI. nis
a slender intero-lateral column. Anterior area produced anterior to inner area. -External areas on laminar crests of border, pos- terior area very small or less than one-third anterior, and anterior crest produced, or long and narrow, its middle marking anterior end of great inner area. When two mandibular rami are in place it follows from the above that median line of beak forms deep concavity walled in by high anterior outer crest. Posterior outer crest well developed, also prolonged acutely beyond posterior dentinal area. External terminal column largely developed ver- tically. Length about 165 mm. (From Cope.)
Known only from the above example, the type, said by Cope to approach &. smockit, but of double its size, more compressed and curved, with a much smaller posterior outer dentinal area and a very long anterior outer crest.
Formation and locality. The type is a large left mandibular, almost perfect, from the marl [Hornerstown K.] at Horners- town in Monmouth County (J. C. Meirs), now in the American Museum at New York. I have not examined this specimen.
EpAPHODON SMOCKII (Cope).
Ischyodus smocku Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1860, p. 316. New Jersey. Cretaceous Greensand. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Sury. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 284, 288. Horners- town. Greensand No. 5. Edaphodon smocki Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 309, Pl. 2, figs. 4-5 (type).
Mandibular moderately long and stout. Outer face uniformly concave transversely, inner also with longitudinal concavity much stronger. Surface striez longitudinal, sometimes broken. Den- tinal areas large, surfaces rather plane, elevated supero-anteri- orly, and plane of posterior face descends abruptly from supero- anterior margin of each. Outer margin, therefore, an incline of two steps, inner of one. Outer areas narrowed in front, and inner areas more obtuse and large, separated by very narrow strip from outer posterior, undivided and extending to inner margin of superior face of mandible. Length about 58 mm. (From Cope. )
116 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
ip vic a5 Rao
Fic, 66.—Edaphodon smockii (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)
This seems to be a well-marked species, about half the size of the smaller E. divaricatus. It is much less stout than in the latter and also less elongate than &. tripartitus.
Formation and locality. Known from the types in the Ameri- can Museum at New York, consisting of three mandibular teeth and two fragments, and one of these represented only by an anterior extremity is thought by Hussakof to be probably differ- ent. They are all ascribed to the Greensand No. 5 [Hornerstown marl, K.] from Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. C. Miers). I have not examined any specimens.
EDAPHODON EOCaANUS (Cope).
Ischyodus eocenus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 288. Eocene greensand of Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J.
Edaphodon eocenus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 37, fig. 14 (type).
Mandibular with outer border of beak rising abruptly to con- siderable elevation, supporting anterior outer dentinal area. Lat-
HOLOCEPHALL m7
ter oval, well within border, cut off at its posterior portion, but in advance of position of inner area. Dentinal areas moderate, inner undivided, extending to inner margin on upper face of mandible, and outer area produced anterior to inner area. Inner and posterior outer dentinal areas lost. Length, to anterior outer area, 50mm. Terminal column laminar, extending well back on outer edge of beak. Outer face of jaw uniformly convex to an- terior outer area, apex transverse, not compressed. Symphyseal face not well marked. (From Cope.)
This species is stated by Cope to be quite near &. mirificus, dif- fering in uniform convexity of outer face, which in the latter is
Fic. 67—Edaphodon eocenus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)
partially concave. Cope says the palatal areas are large, elongate, but not on elevated bases as in E. smockii. Outer face of palatal smooth, lower border very oblique to interior, which is longitu- dinally grooved. The specimen he had included five dentinal columns, inner borders more or less exposed, and median or in- terior column longest. This piece was similar in generic char- acters to that of &. mirificus.
Formation and locality. ‘The type consists of a mandibular in the American Museum at New York. Two paratypes are a pala- tal and a fragment, all from the Eocene greensand of Farming- dale in Monmouth County. I have not examined any examples.
118 CRETACEOUS AND EER ITARY HillSign
EDAPHODON INCRASSATUS (Cope).
Ischyodus incrassatus Cope, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 289. Hornerstown, New Jersey. Greensand of Cretaceous No. 5.
Edaphodon incrassatus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 38, Pl. 1, figs. 5-6 (type).
Mandibular with beak little curved outward, long, thick, sym- physeal face a narrow border along inner edge. Convexity of lower half of outer face of jaw very strong, so that lower border thicker than in any other of our species. Inner dentinal area un-
Fic. 68—Edaphodon incrassatus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)
divided, of median extent, extending to inner margin of superior face of mandible, apex marking only middle of anterior oval outer area instead of anterior extremity, latter horizontal on a considerable tuberosity removed well within outer border of jaw so that latter not angulated there as in some similar species- Length 125 mm. (From Cope.)
HOLOCEPHALT. T19g
Formation and locality. Only known from the type, an im- perfect right manibular in the American Museum at New York, from the “Greensand of the Cretaceous No. 5” [Horners- town marl, K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. G. Miers). I have not examined this example.
EpAPHODON FECUNDUS (Cope).
Ischyodus fecundus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 200. Medford, N. J. Greensand of Cretaceous, No. 5, from Birmingham and Hornerstown.
Edaphodon fecundus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXV, 1908, p. 38 (type).
Fic. 69—Edaphodon ends (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)
120 CRETACEOUS) AND Ran TAI Vee EiilSie
Mandibular moderately long, long axis strongly curved, and outer side concave in vertical as well as transverse section. Inner face also concave, with narrow symphyseal plane along inner border. Inner border of beak with same abrupt descent as outer. Dentinal areas moderate, inner undivided, both narrowed an- teriorly and terminating on same transverse line. Anterior outer
tas
Fic. 70.—Edaphodon fecundus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)
rather small and wide, horizontal, so that apex rises abruptly above outer border of beak. Posterior outer area rather small, while inner large and extending to inner edge of upper face of mandible. Apical column an oblique lamina. Length 135 mm. (From Cope. ) According to Cope this species is second in size in the genus t E. tripartitus or about twice the size of FE. smocku. Palatals nar-
HOLOCEPHALI. 121
rowed and truncate in front, and dentinal areas large, especially posterior. Superior groove deep, and outer face extensive and longitudinally ridged.
Formation and locality. Known from eight lower jaws, some with palatals, of which seven mandibulars and one palatal are in the American Museum of New York. They are from the marl [ Hornerstown marl, K.] at Birmingham and Hornerstown. Cope also had an example from Medford. I have not seen any material.
EDAPHODON MIRIFICUS Leidy.
Edaphodon mirificus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 221. Bur- lington Co., N. J. Cretaceous Greensand. Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1873, pp. 306, 350, Pl. 37, figs. 6-12 (types). Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 38, Pl. 2, fig. 3 (Cope’s material).
Ischyodus mirificus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 201. (Barnesborough and Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand No. 5.) Ischyodus monolophus Cope,- Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1860, p. 314.
Barnesboro (Barnesborough), Gloucester Co., N. J. Greensand. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 289 (type, Green- sand No. 5). Ischyodus gaskillu Cope, |. c., pp. 285, 290. Birmingham, Greensand of New Jersey, No. 5.
Mandibulars a little more than twice as long as deep, rami converging in a curve and ending in a long, symphyseal, bird-like beak. Outer surface of each mandibular concave medianly and convex above and below. Outer profile concave anteriorly, then sloping up convexly, and below and behind convex. Inner sym- physeal edge beveled, flat and rather narrow, and below this and posteriorly slightly convex with several longitudinal striz. Oral surface of beak concave and posteriorly forms plane sloping in- wards, this largest dental area. Anteriorly and externally an- other small rounded dental area, situated on a slight convexity, and followed back by a concavity at first rather spacious and then narrow where it separates a third dental area. Latter situated just inside external crest of mandible and about opposite middle in length of largest dental area, and elongate, though same width as anterior dental area about twice as long. A fourth short, nar-
122 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
row dental area on external oral extremity of beak, and another still shorter along inner edge. A fifth area, small, varying in elliptical pattern, at posterior symphyseal bevel opposite front of largest oral dental area, and followed by a prominent ridge which is convex with about two rather prominent longitudinal ridges, and curving back forms edge of mandible ramus posteriorly inside.
Upper maxillaries a little more than twice as long as wide, and their depth a little less. Form generally depressed. Upper sur- face of each with a deep wide gutter extending forward about two- thirds its length and ending in a deep pit, anterior to which area is
Fic. 71—Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. (Type of Ischyodus gaskillii_ Cope, from Hussakof. )
flat and horizontal. Sides of upper maxillaries flat and sloping obliquely out. Lower surface with prominence in front sloping forward, its crest giving rise to an elongated round dental area sloping slightly down behind, where a crest forms, which gives rise in turn to largest dental area. Latter extends well back and close to inner edge, rounded, and also sloping down concavely behind, while laterally it also extends well towards outer edge. Just external to largest dental area another elongated dental area arising on a slight convexity opposite hind region of anterior dental areas, and extending back opposite deep posterior con-
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Fic. 72—Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. *1-5 New Jersey; 6-9, New Jersey “greensand.”
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Fic. 73—Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. *1-6, New Jersey (6616).
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Fic. 74—Edaphodon mirificus Leidy. *1-8, New Jersey (6658).
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mirificus Leidy. (Types.)
Fic, 75—Edaphodon
HOLOCEPHALI. 123
cavity of largest dental area. Between anterior and lateral dental areas on oral surface a concave depression extending back to largest dental area. Posteriorly on oral surface externally edge arises in an elevated ridge, apex forming about opposite concavity in largest dental area, surface inside evenly concave. Inner surface of upper maxillary entirely flat.
As Leidy pointed out, the dental areas appear as white chalky friable spaces, which have more or less decomposed, leaving the little more durable tubules of the vaso-dentine projecting from their surfaces. He supposes originally tubecular structures were found over the dental areas covering the dental columns, but have now disappeared, leaving only their depressed and crum- bling surfaces as now seen. These dental columns, corresponding with the dental areas, may all be located at the posterior ends of all the maxillaries. Length of longest lower maxillary 14 cm.
I have described several of Leidy’s types above, now in the Academy, and note that the others agree in most respects, as he | has already remarked. At present they are a pair of maxil- laries and two pairs of mandibulars. Another small example, a right mandibular, agrees. It is from the New Jersey greensand, and shows a few transverse crescentic striz on its damaged in- ferior surface.
Formation and locality. Known from the Cretaceous green- sand at Barnsboro and Hornerstown [the Hornerstown marl probably, K.]. According to Hussakof Ischyodus gaskillii Cope and J. monolophus Cope, the types of which he has examined, and which are now in the American Museum at New York, are a small left mandibular, apparently of a young individual, and two mandibular teeth, respectively, of the present species.
I have also seen several examples in the collection of the Geological Survey. They are a right and left mandibular from the Cretaceous of “New Jersey,” and one right and two left mandibulars without data.
EDAPHODON MIERSII (Marsh).
Dipristis nviersit Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 230. Horners- town, N. J. Upper Cretaceous Marl.
Ischyodus miersii Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 292. (Hornerstown, Monmouth Co., N. J.)
124 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY PISEE
Mandibular with long and straight beak, and outer face con- cave to base of anterior outer dentinal area. Long axis of jaw straight, also inferior border. Inner dentinal area undivided, transversely thickened, narrow and extending to inner edge of superior face of mandible. Anterior outer dental area not pro- duced anterior to border of inner area, not on a projection, and not extending as far as inner. Apical area end of a curved lami- nar column. Length 100 mm. (From Cope.)
This species was originally described by Marsh from an ichthyodurlite he assigned to a chimeeroid fish. It was a nearly perfect dorsal spine about 356 mm. long, somewhat curved, re- markably slender, tapering regularly to its apex, compressed transversely, outline generally suboval, posterior surface slightly concave in lower portion, upper half of this surface armed with two rows of very sharp decurved teeth while corresponding part of anterior face had sharp cutting-edge finely serrated toward distal end, and sides of spine smooth or faintly striated. He also noted that fragments of this species of much larger size were not uncommon in the same geological horizon in other parts of the State.
Formation and locality. Cope had a broken mandible and a dorsal spine, which latter he thought identical with the one noticed by Marsh. All the material examined by these two writers was from the upper Cretaceous marl bed near Horners- town [the Hornerstown marl] in Monmouth County (J. G. Meirs). The identity of the mandible, described above from Cope, must be considered provisional, resting entirely on the fact that it was topotypic and has not been demonstrated positively to belong to the same fish to which the ichythodorulite belonged.
EDAPHODON DIVARICATUS (Cope).
Ischyodus divaricatus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1860, p. 315- Cretaceous marl of Burlington Co., N. J. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, pp. 285, 292. (New Jersey greensand, No. 5, from near Hornerstown.)
Right mandibular a trifle more than twice as long as deep, and rami would apparently converge in a slight curve, nearly an
HOLOCEPHALT: I
to 1
a
Fig. 76.—Edaphodon divaricatus (Cope). (Type.)
126 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
isoceles triangle, ending in a moderate symphyseal beak. Outer surface of mandibular concave medianly and convex above (below damaged). Outer profile concave anteriorly, then sloping up somewhat undulated and ending above convexly, below and behind (damaged) apparently more or less convex. Inner sym- physeal edge beveled rather short and deep and flattened, except behind, where a slight convex ridge projects and continued back as a groove along posterior inner edge. Inner surface of mandi- bular below and behind symphysis very slightly concave above and equally convex below, with several indistinct longitudinal striz. Oral surface of beak well concave and posteriorly forms plane sloping slightly inwards, equally slightly convex, edges not elevated externally. Inner dental area largest, comprising whole inner posterior surface, extending forward slightly before an- terior dental surface as sharp angle along inner edge, and form- ing deep undulation or loop just below anterior outer dental area. Latter smallest of dental areas, rounded, and placed on com- paratively level surface. Posterior outer dental area much longer than anterior, close to edge, elongated and still closer to inner dental area, only separated by a narrow level area. Lower sur- face of mandibular exposing rather broad longitudinal area marked with numerous even broadly lunate striz. Length 115 mm.
Only the type described above have I been able to examine. Cope had three other examples besides the type from Greensand No. 5, near Hornerstown, in Monmouth County. He notes that they showed the general peculiarities, as interrupted masticatory surface, small external areas, anterior subround and opposite or behind apex of very large inner. Narrowed beak forms an angle with posterior part of jaw and penetrated by a laminar column of little width.
Formation and locality. ‘This species is recorded as from the Cretaceous marls of Burlington County and near Hornerstown in Greensand No. 5. It is tentatively referred to the Horners- town marl.
HOLOCE PHA: 12
NI
EDAPHODON SOLIDULUS (Cope).
Ischyodus solidulus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. XI, 1867, p. 244. Hornerstown, Monmouth Co., N. J. Greensand No. 5.
Diphrissa solidula Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 283. (Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand No. 5.)
Edaphodon solidulus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 39, Pl. 2, figs. 1-2 (type).
Mandibular compressed, rather deep, or depth about half its length. No distinct external crests. Terminal area of beak forms round extremity of a narrow column. Inner and outer margins, anterior to large area, of equal elevation, regularly curved outwards without angulation. No anterior outer den-
Fic. 77—Edaphodon solidulus (Cope). (Type, from Hussakof.)
tinal area. Posterior outer dentinal area very small and faces inwards from gradual elevation of outer superior margin. Inner area very large, undivided, accompanied on inner margin by a slender column which issues in posterior corner of symphyseal ‘plane. Length (restored) about 64 mm. (From Cope.)
This species was made the basis of a separate genus by Cope. The large inner area of dentinal tubules, with a terminal one is- suing near the apex, and only a single small external dentinal area were the chief characters he advanced. However, I accept Hay’s action in merging Diphrissa with Edaphodon.
128 CRETACEOUSTAND 4 RA PAIRWES ine
Formation and locality. Known only from the type, a left mandibular, from “Greensand No. 5” [the Hornerstown marl, K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. G. Miers) now in the American Museum at New York.
EDAPHODON LATIDENS (Cope).
Diphrissa latidens Cope, Rep. U. S$. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 283. Greensand of New Jersey, No. 5. Edaphodon latidens Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p.
38, fig. 15 (type).
Fic. 78—Edaphodon latidens (Cope). (Type, from Hussakef.)
Mandibular with anterior portion of beak narrowed, apical area flat or crescent-like. Inner area very wide, leaving but nar- row border on outer side. This band but little oblique, edge slightly elevated and without any dentinal area. Single outer column issues near border, hind edge in transverse line with an- terior edge of inner area, its front end extending short distance beyond. Anterior border of inner area broad and obtuse. Length 94mm. (From Cope. )
HOLROCE REA. 129
Formation and locality. Only known from an imperfect man- dibular ascribed to the “Greensand of New Jersey No. 5” [the Hornerstown marl, K.] and now in the American Museum at New York.
EDAPHODON sp.
Right palatal depressed, a trifle more than twice as long as wide, and depth about one-third length. Upper surface with a deep wide gutter ending in a deep pit, anterior to which area is flat- tened and horizontal. Side flattened and sloping obliquely out. Lower surface with conspicuous prominence in front or crest,»
Fic. 79.—Edaphodon sp. New Jersey “greensand.”
sloping steeply forward. Apex of crest gives rise to anterior den- tal area, latter elongated, scarcely wider posteriorly, though at that point deeply concave, and extending slightly behind front of inner posterior dental area. External posterior dental area arises very slightly behind front end of posterior inner dental area. Inner surface of upper maxillary entirely flat. Length 70 mm. Q GEOL
130 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY -FISH.
I have but the single example, fragmentary, described above. It somewhat resembles the palatal of E. mirificus, except that the anterior dental areas are much longer and arise on a much higher crest. : | :
Formation and locality. Recorded only as “from the Green- sand of New Jersey.”
EDAPHODON sp.
Mandibular bone, right ramus, a trifle more than twice as long as deep, and width a little more than a third its length, so that rami would converge nearly in a triangle, ending in a short, deep symphyseal beak. Outer surface of mandibular generally de-
Fic. 80.—Edaphodon sp. New Jersey “greensand” (Gabb).
pressed, slightly concave medianly and equally slightly convex above and below. Outer profile undulated slightly anteriorly, arising somewhat convexly behind above. Lower anterior pro- file convex, then sloping up posteriorly and hind profile verti- cally convex. No beveled symphyseal edge, though anteriorly well depressed or flattened, then surface rather convex, and flaring slightly, more so inward, behind. Oral surface well marked by lateral edges, though these scarcely prominent ridges, except slightly at anterior symphyseal region and posterior ex-
HOLOCEPHALT: 131i
ternal. Front region of oral surface, near symphysis, and about midway in its length or opposite front of inner dental area, dis- tinct concavities. Inner dental area extends forward slightly be- fore middle in length along inner edge ard externally well towards outer edge. Below anterior symphyseal region traces of parallel striz transversely. Lower surface of mandibular largely convex. Length 63 mm.
Besides the above fragment another with same data seems to resemble the posterior or outer flange of the palatal of E. miri- ficus.
Formation and locality. I have two fragments “from the Greensand of New Jersey” (W. M. Gabb).
EDAPHODON sp.
Mandibular bone, right ramus (hind end largely broken away) about half long as deep, and rami probably well diverging behind. Symphyseal plain, moderate, distinct. Outer mandi- bular surface generally depressed, somewhat concavely. Inner dentinal area large, and apparently begins a little behind outer, though latter but imperfectly preserved. Length about 68 mm.
The above fragment is in the collection of the Geological Sur- vey and is without data, though, like the next, was most likely from the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Similarly it suggests E. incrassatus, but is too imperfect for satisfactory comparison.
Formation and locality. Not given.
Fic. 81.—Edaphodon sp. *New Jersey.
EDAPHODON sp.
Mandibular bone, right ramus (probably half broken away) a trifle more than half deep as long, and width similar, and rami probably slightly diverging. Symphyseal plane moderate, dis- tinct. Outer mandibular surface generally depressed. Inner dental area (only anterior portion remains) extends to inner
HOLOCEPHALI. 133
Fic. 82.—Edaphodon sp. *New Jersey.
134 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
mandibular edge, and in front begins slightly behind outer den- tinal area. Latter similar, and apparently large. Length about 80 mm.
This fragment is in the collection of the Geological Survey and is without data. It suggests E. incrassatus and may be iden- tical or referable to some similar species as yet undescribed.
Formation and locality. Not given. —
Genus BRYACTINUS Cope.
Bryactinus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 282. Type Bry- actinus amorphus Cope, monotypic.
This genus differs from Edaphodon in having several dentinal areas exposed along outer edges, the apical tube exposed at both extremities and the excavation of posterior half of inner face.
A single extinct species known.
BRYACTINUS AMORPHUS Cope.
Bryactinus amorphus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 282, Pl. 45, fig. 12. Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand of No. 5. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX V, 1908, p. 37, fig. b (type).
Fic. 83.—Bryactinus amorphus Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)
Dental plate triangular, base representing grinding face, not level, but like others slightly convex. Opposite angular ridge only extends half jaw length, then sinks and exposes hind end of apical column of dentine. On grinding surface along outer border three other columns issue, not parallel in their courses, but
HOLOCEPHALI. 135
divergent from nearer origins. Inner face behind posterior exit of apical column excavated, possibly for application of another bone. Grinding face convex at middle, divided into two planes behind, outer narrow and elevated, and inner oblique and sepa- rated by an obtuse angle from excavation of inner side. Length 42mm. (From Cope.)
Formation and locality. Known only from the type described above, from the “Greensand No. 5” [Hornerstown marl, K.] of Hornerstown, N. J., and now in the American Museum at New York. I have not seen this example.
Genus ISOTAENIA Cope.
Isotenia Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 203. Type Isotenia neocesariensis Cope, monotypic.
Differs from Edaphodon in lacking superior groove. Repre- senting two anterior dentinal columns of the latter are two similar exposures, both on same plane and masticatory face together, only separated by a narrow partition.
A single species, extinct.
ISOlH@NIA NEOCZHSARIENSIS Cope.
Isotenia neocesariensis Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 293. Hornerstown, N. J. Greensand No. 5. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 41, Pl. 3, figs. 3-4 (type).
Palatal with three solid planes, widest opposite to dentinal columns and parallel, and nearly wide as latter. Lateral planes not parallel, with one another, wider forms acute angle with last described and narrower very obtuse angle so as-nearly continuous with same, running out into it posteriorly. More vertical side re- tains same depth throughout. One end of bone rounded and truncate, other end excavated directly at right angles to den- tinal areas and then continued as an edentulous plate. Length 93 mm. (From Cope.)
Formation and locality. Known only from the above-described type from “Greensand No, 5” [the Hornerstown marl, K.] at
136 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Fic. 84.—Isotenia neocesariensis Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)
Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. G. Miers), and now in the American Museum at New York. I have not seen this speci- men.
Genus LEPTOMYLUS Cope.
Leptomylus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1869, p. 313. Type Lepto- mylus densus Cope, monotypic.
This genus is related to Psaliodus Egerton,’ différing in hav- ing a single small, narrow dentinal area near the inner margin’ of the mandibular, which is also without any symphyseal bevel. Median interior longitudinal ridge obtuse and little marked, coated with dense glossy layer.
Species 3, all extinct.
*This genus shows no dentinal areas in the mandibulars.
HOLOCEPHALI. 137,
LEPTOMYLUS cCooKII Cope.
Leptomylus cookii Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila. XI, 1870, p. 384. Near Mount Holly, Burlington Co., N. J. Greensand No. 5. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 282. (Near Mount Holly, Burlington Co., N. J. Greensand No. 5.) Leptomylus cooki Hussakof. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 41, Pl. 2, figs. 8-9 (type).
Mandibular with posterior portion curved out from symphy- seal, latter much compressed and moderately prolonged with inner face quite concave, posteriorly outer face also slightly con- cave. A single obtuse external crest descends gradually to plane
Fic. 85.—Leptomylus cookti Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)
of beak, presenting no dentinal area. A single small oval area represents internal, lies along inner margin and latter much thickened, rolled over inwards and symphyseal face very narrow. End of beak (broken away) in section shows no inferior plate- like column, but a round column, which issues on upper surface of beak behind apex. Length nearly 70 mm. (From Cope.) Cope says the apical dentinal column distinguished it from L. densus, in which no such column exists. He also says at hind fractured section of jaw apical column is seen, while internal dentinal area not, latter occupying only a pocket, not a column. The species is like Edaphodon solidulus in the apical. column,
138 CRETACEOUS: AND THRITARY PHISH:
which has same form in both, though two dentinal faces latter possesses are those of true Edaphodon.
Formation and locality. Known only from the type, described above, a right mandibular, from the marl near Mount Holly in Burlington County, referred to by Cope as “Greensand No. 5” [but now recognized as the combined Navesink-Hornerstown marl bed, K.] now in the American Museum at New York.
LEPTOMYLUS DENSUS Cope.
Leptomylus densus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1869, p. 313. Birmingham, N. J. Cretaceous marl pits. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. II, 1875, p. 281. (Birmingham, N, J. Greensand No. 5.) ‘
Mandibular with front end prolonged, slightly narrowed, hind face plane, and transversely concave longitudinally. When ex- ternal edge rises internal falls off, and narrow dentinal area di- rected obliquely upwards and inwards. Inner face, above an anterior thickened margin as deep as prolonged beak, concave, but again convex near superior margin. Marked with obscure curved, coarse lines parallel to hind outer edge. Lower or front edge a contracted ridge, inner plane vertical and upper part of inner face expanding upwards. Dentinal column supporting tubercle large as a goose quill. No other columns. Length from first point about 140 mm. (From Cope.)
Cope also describes a palatal he thinks may belong to this species. It differs from Edaphodon in the presence of two very narrow dentinal bands, which are opposite and parallel, one on the outer margin and the other within the inner margin of the bone. Form much depressed and spade-like, superior face scarcely descending regularly to edge. Outer margin expands an inch behind end and beveled off from continued width of upper face, latter showing slight longitudinal striz. Proximally usual large groove.
Formation and locality. Known only from Cope’s account, reproduced above, based on a mandibular from the “Greensand No. 5” [the Navesink-Hornerstown marl bed, K.] of Birming- ham in Burlington County (J. Gaskill). Also a supposed palatal, with same data.
HOLOCEPHALI. 139
LEPTOMYLUS FORFEX Cope.
Leptomylus forfex Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875 (Feb. oth), p. 19 (nomen nurum). New Jersey Cretaceous. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., IT, 1875, p. 281. Hornerstown and Barnesborough, N J. Greensand No. 5. Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 41, Pl. 3, figs. 1-2 (type).
Mandibular much elevated, elevation being confined to outer side which rises as a lamina, causing masticatory face nearly vertical much its length, and but short extent level to apex. Slight marginal swelling where anterior outer dental should be, and an abrupt rise in margin to position occupied in Edaphodon by posterior outer area. Inner border of masticating surface parallel to inferior border of jaw except where two converge to apex, here entire face included between them occupied by large symphyseal facet. Inner dentinal area represented by narrow acuminate patch on inner angle of masticatory face opposite tuberosity representing anterior outer. Apical area very narrow, extends same distance along exterior angle of superior face. Length 135 mm. (From Cope.)
Cope also notes that the palatal found in connection with the mandibles of Edaphodon mirificus does not pertain to them, and is only inferentially referred to this species. The resemblance to the species is very great. Its oblique superior and outer face greatly extended, while inner narrow and vertical. Usual superior groove present, close to edge of latter. Inferior border quite thin. Only two dentinal areas, these exceedingly small and representing outer and anterior inner of species of Edaphodon. Length 140 mm.
Formation and locality. Known from the type, described above, from ‘“‘Greensand No. 5” [the Hornerstown marl, K.] at Hornerstown in Monmouth County (J. C. Miers), now in the American Museum at New York. Cope also had a mandibular and palatal from near Barnsboro in Gloucester County (J. C. Vorhees [probably from the combined Navesink-Hornerstown marl beds, K.]. .
140
ERETACEOUS AND iE Rt TARY SrSiEr
Fic. 86.—Leptomylus forfex Cope.
(Type, from Hussakof.)
ICHTHYODORULITES. TAI ICHTHYODORULITES.
This group is purely artificial, and is used merely as a reposi- tory for various spines, dermal armature, tubercles, etc., of such cartilaginous fishes as sharks and chimeras, which are only known from fragmentary remains. It often follows that such incomplete indications of these animals are very similar in the various genera, and that their determination as to higher rank is very difficult, if not impossible, for which reason it would be convenient to at least indicate them in this provisional ar- rangement. About 82 genera have been described.
Genus CYLINDRACANTHUS Leidy.
Cylindracanthus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1856,'p. 12. Type Cylindracanthus ornatus Leidy, monotypic.
Celorhynchus (nec Giorna) Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., V, 1843, pp. 892. Type Celorhynchus rectus Agassiz, first species, and name only, restricted by Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, 1902, p. 331.
Glyptorhynchus Leriche, Poiss. Eoc. Basin Belge, 1906, p. —(not consulted).
Spine very long, slender, gradually tapering, rounded in sec- tion, without denticles, external face longitudinally ridged and grooved, each ridge corresponding to wedge-shaped plate which forms small sector of spine. Central cavity relatively small, sometimes in part simple, but usually divided by median parti- tion. Division plane passing through middle of partition, thus allowing spine to be readily split into two symmetrical halves.
This genus was originally thought to be possibly allied with the sword fishes, and others have thought it located near the chimz- roids. Its true position must still be considered doubtful.
CYLINDRACANTHUS oRNATUS Leidy.
Cylindracanthus ornatus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 12. Cretaceous near Pemberton, Burlington Co., N. J. (W. Taylor), and Alabama,
Celorhynchus ornatus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 294. (Eocene Marl of Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J.)
Spine cylindrical, slightly tapering (both ends damaged). Surface with longitudinal strie of more or less even length,
142 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
variation in striz only due to greater width or depth of grooves separating them, and entire surface evenly smooth to touch. As spine narrows occasionally, two will unite and then continue singly. Striz vary 35 to 45 in number. Length (damaged) 87 mm. Diameter 14 mm.
All the smaller examples exhibit about 35 or 36 striz, while in the largest there are 45. Allowing for the flutings, which are not over 10, the variation is considerable.
Formation, and locality. The types, three fragmentary spines from the “Cretaceous near Pemberton” [may mean the Navesink- Hornerstown marl just west of Pemberton at Birmingham, the Vincentown limesand nearer town, or the Manasquan marl, ex- posed in the banks of the creek at Pemberton, K.], in Burlington County (W. Taylor), and four small fragmentary spines from the Eocene marl of Farmingdale in Monmouth County (A. J. Smith).
CYLINDRACANTHUS ACUS (Cope).
Celorhynchus acus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XII, 1870, p. 294. Eocene Marl of Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., N. J.
Cylindracanthus acus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 44, fig. 1 (type).
Fragment of small spine with single median cavity, and exter- nally 19 ridges separated by narrow grooves. Length about 29 mm. (From Cope.)
Cope originally states this to be a portion of the muzzle of a fish similar to C. rectus, but smaller, also much smaller than C. ornatus, and differing from the latter in much fewer ridges.
Formation and locality. ‘The type, described above, from the Eocene marl of Farmingdale in Monmouth County (A. J. Smith), and now in the American Museum at New York.
ICHTHYODORULITES. 143
Fic. 87.—Cylindracanthus ornatus Leidy. 1-6, New Jersey; 7-10, Mon- mouth Co.
_————
Fic. 88.—Cylindracanthus acus Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)
Genus SPHAGEPCHA Cope.
Sphagepea Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 241. Type Sphagepea aciculata Cope, virtually designated, monotypic.
Spine slender, acute, nearly straight, with thin projecting an- terior edge deeply notched from tip to short distance above base, producing an acute dentition. No teeth behind, but two promin- ent ridges separated by a deep groove. Sides of spine longitudi- nally grooved. The single extinct species known.
144 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
SPHAGEPGA ACICULATA Cope.
Sphagepea aciculata Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 241. Cretaceous Greensand of the upper bed, Birmingham, N. J. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 293. (Birmingham, N. J. Greensand No. 5.) Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 50, fig. 22 (type).
Spine much compressed in general form, but section of eden- tulous portion broad as deep. Sides with two elevated ridges, an- terior only continued to near tip, gradually broken into series of tubercles near base. Length about 140 mm. (From Cope.)
Cope says this spine may be referred to either a pycnodont, chimeroid or possibly even a plectognath fish. He also adds it resembles the spine of Microdon nuchalis figured by Dixon.
Fic. 89.—Sphagepaa aciculata Cope. (Type, % size, from Hussakof.)
Formation and locality. Known only from the type which Cope says was discovered in the Cretaceous greensand of the upper bed at the pits of the Pemberton Marl Company, Birming- ham, in Burlington county (T. Kite). Hussakof, however, gives the locality as Hornerstown. [In either event it seems referable to the Hornerstown marl, K.].
Sub-Class ACTINOPTERI. THE TRUE FISHES.
Membrane head bones, as opercle, preopercle, etc., developed. Skeleton sometimes cartilaginous, usually bony. Skull with sutures. Lungs imperfectly developed, or degraded to form swim-vessel, or entirely absent. Heart developed, divided into an auricle, ventricle and arterial bulb. Gills with their outer
ACTINOPTERL 145
edges free, their bases attached to bony arches, normally four pairs of these, and fifth pair being typically modified into tooth-bear- ing lower pharyngeals. Ova small. Median and paired fins de- veloped, latter with distinct rays. No claspers.
Series GANOIDEI. THE GANOID FISHES.
A scarcely definable assemblage of largely provisional nature first used by Agassiz for those fishes armed with bony plates in- stead of the usual type of cycloid or ctenoid scales. The orders are: Lysopteri, Chondrostei, Selachostomi, Pycnodontt, Lepi- dostet and Halecomorphi.
Order PYCNODONTI.
THE PYCNODONTS.
Notochord persistent, without ossifications in its sheath. Opercle small. Preopercle large. Branchiostegal apparatus re- duced. No subopercle or interopercle. No infraclavicles.
This order contains a single family.
Family PYCNODONTIDZ. THE PYCNODONTS.
Trunk deeply fusiform or cycloidal. Mouth gape small. Pre- hensile teeth on premaxillary and dentary, wanting on maxillary (if this bone present) and pterygo-palatine arcade, tritorial on single yomer and splenials, and all teeth without vertical suc- cessors. Cranial bones robust, median occipital plate separating parietals. Facial bones delicate or wanting. Opercle reduced till small, preopercle large. Branchiostegals not more thantwo. Man- dibular suspensorium much inclined forward. Notochord per- sistent, without ossifications in sheath. Scales rhombic when present, frequently wanting on whole or part of caudal region, and almost invariably strengthened by inner rib on anterior edge
IO GEOL
146 CRE DACE OUSPAND RAN ARavaM itil
and united by peg-and-socket articulation in connection there- with. Fin-rays robust, majority well-spaced and articulated, fulcra absent, except perhaps quite at base of caudal fin. Dorsal and anal more or less extended.
This family, of which all its members are extinct, is appar- ently most closely related to the sturgeons, near which it has been placed. About 15 genera have been described.
Genus PYCNODUS Agassiz.
Pycnodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., II, 1835, p. 183. Type Zeus platessus Blain- ville, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, III, 1895, p. 276. : 5
Periodus Agassiz, |. c., p. 201. Type Periodus hoemigii Agassiz, monotypic.
Trunk deeply fusiform, gradually passing into slender caudal peduncle. Teeth smooth or with slight apical pit and feeble rugosity. Oral vomerine surface slightly convex from side to side, with five longitudinal series of teeth. Splenial dentition com- prising three series of teeth, innermost largest. Head and oper- cular bones externally rugose and punctate. Neural and hzmal arches of axial skeleton of trunk expanding to encircle notochord. Scales covering front part of body before median fins. Fin rays delicate, spaced, articulated, somewhat divided distally. Pelvic fins present. Dorsal and anal low, fringe-like, former occupies greater part of back and latter much shorter, arising posteriorly. Caudal with slightly excavated hinder border.
About 32 species have been described.
PycnopUS PHASEOLUS Hay.
Pycnodus phaseolus Hay, Amer. Nat., XXXIII, 1890, p. 788 (name only, based on Leidy).
Pycnodus faba (nec Meyer) Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., I, 1873, pp. 292, 340, Pl. 10, fig. 15-16. Greensand Marl of Crosswicks, Burlington Cosine ds:
Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 280. (Greensand No. oF INL)
Jaw fragment with three broad teeth arranged obliquely parallel with one another from within backward and outward. Outline
ACTINOPTERLI. 147
elongated, bean-shaped, slightly concave in front and convex behind, and slightly wider externally than internally. Length of tooth about 20 mm. (From Leidy.)
The above paratype, figured by Leidy, differs from his type in not having small lateral teeth in at least one series each side of the median, and on one side traces of a second series.
Formation and locality. Originally from the Cretaceous of Mississippi, but also known from Leidy’s record of the above- described example from the greensand marl of Crosswicks in
Fic. 90.—Pycnodus phaseolus Hay. (Type, from Leidy.)
Burlington County (J. H. Slack). This example was said to have been in the collection of the Academy, but I have not located it. [A marly clay, the Merchantville formation, outcrops at Crosswicks village, but no true marl beds occur within several miles of that place. The Navesink marl was formerly dug along Crosswicks Creek, south of Walnford, and 6 or 7 miles above Crosswicks village. It is impossible to determine whether the specimen is referable to the Merchantville clay or to the Nave- sink marl, probably the latter, K. |
Pycnopus Bopustus Leidy.
Pycnodus robustus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 168. Green- sand of New Jersey. Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 1873, pp. 203, 350, Pl. 37, figs. 18-19 (type).
Tooth elongate, rather depressed, slightly convex anteriorly as viewed above, with either end very slightly tapering and rounded. Edges all rounded and like surface smooth. Viewed below
148 CRETACEOUS ANID Ai Ra PARays SE Siee
tooth deeply excavated, leaving trenchant edges all around and longer ones slightly more approximated than edges of upper surface. Length about 29 mm.
This was probably inclined from left downward to right end, and beginning at former greater portion beveled as triturating
Fic. 91.—Pycnodus robustus Leidy. (Type).
surface, leaving lower right portion more convex. Coloration brownish and all about edges rather pale slaty.
Formation and locality. Only the type, described above, with- out definite locality or geological horizon (G. H. Cook) is known. It is now in the collection of the Academy.
Order lEriIDOSTE!
THE BONY GANOIDS.
Skeleton bony. Subopercle and preopercle present, also coro- noid and mesocoracoid. Branchiostegals present. Ventral fins abdominal, with basilar segments rudimentary, as in ordinary fishes. Primary radii of hind limb generally reduced to one rudi- ment. Optic nerves form chiasma. Intestine with spiral valve. Arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Air vessel lung-like, cellular, connected, with cesophagus by duct. Skin covered with ganoid or cycloid scales. Tail heterocercal.
ACTINOPTERI. 149
Family LEPISOSTEIDAE. EEC GARG PIKRS:
Body elongate, subcylindrical. Jaws mostly elongate, spatu- late or beak-like, upper projecting beyond lower. Eyes small. Premaxillary forms most of upper jaw edge. Maxillary trans- versely divided in several pieces. Lower jaw composed of as many pieces as in reptiles, coronoid present. Both jaws with outer series of small teeth followed by one or two series of large teeth, besides series of small close-set rasp-like teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. Large jaw teeth of conic form, pointed, striate, placed at right angles to jaw. These teeth resting in rather deep furrow protected on outside by raised border of jaw, on inside by similar ridge, pierced in center by foramen communicating with maxillary canal through which nerves and blood-vessels enter pulp cavity of tooth. Forms of folded dentine layers within teeth peculiar. Pharyngeal teeth rasp-like. Tongue tooth- less, short, broad, emarginate, set free at tip. Nostrils close to upper jaw tip. Gill-membranes somewhat connected, free from isthmus. Gills 4, slit after fourth. Gill-rakers very short. Pseudobranchie present. Branchiostegals 3. Accessory gill on inner side of opercle. Air-vessel cellular, lung-like, somewhat functional. Stomach not cecal. Pyloric appendages numerous. Intestinal spiral valve rudimentary. Body covered with hard thombic ganoid scales or plates, imbricated in oblique series ex- tending downward and backward. External skull bones very hard, rugose. Fins with fulcra. Dorsal fin short, rather high, posterior, nearly opposite similar anal. Tail heterocercal, in young produced as filament beyond caudal. Caudal convex. Pectorals and ventrals moderate, few rayed, latter nearly mid- way between former and anal.
The existing forms are large fishes, chiefly of the fresh waters of North America, referred to one or two genera. Several generic names have been applied to the fragmentary fossil forms, which are here included under Lepisosteus. It seems likely that the existing forms are divisable into two genera, of which Cylin- drosteus may also be maintained.
130 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Genus LEPISOSTEUS Lacépéde.
Lepisosteus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 330. Type Lepisosteus gavial Lacépéde, first species, restricted by Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, p: 84.
Lepidosteus, auct. ;
Psallisostonus Walbaum, Pet. Arted. Gen. Pisc., III, 1792, p. Type (no species given, except “Esocis species L.”) Esex osseus Linneus, affixed
by Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 81. (Name inad-
missible as only a reprint.)
Cylindrosteus Rafinesque, Ich. Obhien., 1820, p. 72. Type Lepisosteus platos- tomus Rafinesque, first species, restricted by. Jordan and Gilbert, 1. c., p. 87.
Atractosteus Rafinesque, 1. c. Type Lepisosteus ferox Rafinesque, first species, restricted by Jordan and Gilbert, 1. c.
Sarchirus Rafinesque, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I, pt. 2, 1818, p. 418. Type Sarchirus vittatus Rafinesque, monotype.
Pneumatosteus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila. XI, 1869, p. 242- Type Pneumatosteus nahunticus Cope, monotype.
Clastes Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), p. 633. Type Clastes cycliferus Cope, second species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, III, 1895, p. 445.
Trichiurides Winkler, Arch. Mus. Teyler, IV, 1876, p. 31. Type Trichiurides sagittidens Winkler, monotypic.
Characters included in those of the family.
LEPISOSTEUS KNIESKERNI Sp. nov.
Detached scale of lateral line unevenly rhomboid in contour of enameled surface, both upper and lower anterior edges slightly concave and upper posterior side longest. Enameled surface with number of minute pores, and median transverse short exca- vation (evidently a pore of lateral line) about first three-sevenths
Fic. 92.—Lepisosteus knieskerni Fowler. (Type.)
in length of scale. This pore opens on under side of scale in a pore placed about last third in its length, and continued back hori- zontally as rather deep groove. Inner or lower surface of scale rough, not enameled, with short hook-like process at upper angle. Length about 17 mm.
a
ACTINOPTERI. I51
This species is only known to me from the above-described type, No. 2264, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., from Monmouth County, N. J. (Dr. P. D. Knieskern). Unfortunately it is without other data and is accompanied by two small fragmentary bones, one minutely denticulated, possibly belonging to the same animal? This fossil is quite interesting as indicating the first instance of the antiquity of Lepisosteus within our limits.
Formation and locality. No formation or definite locality has been given for this species, which would, however, seem to be Cretaceous? (Named for Dr. P. D. Knieskern, who collected the type.)
Order ISOSPONDYLI. THE ISOSPONDYLOUS FISHES.
Anterior vertebre simple, unmodified, without auditory ossi- cles. Symplectic present. Opercles distinct. Pharyngeal bones simple above and below, lower not falciform. Jaw bones de- veloped. Maxillary broad, distinct from premaxillary, forms part of upper jaw edge. No barbels. Shoulder-girdle well de- veloped, connected with cranium by bony post-temporal. No interclavicles. Mesocoracoid arch always well developed, as in ganoids, forming bridge from hypercoracoid to hypocoracoid Gills 4, slit after fourth. Air-vessel, if present, with pneumatic duct. Scales usually cycloid, sometimes ctenoid, occasionally absent. No developed photophores. Dorsal and anal fins with- out true spines. Adipose fin present or absent. Ventral fins ab- dominal, sometimes wanting.
A large group, containing about 54 ent, some of which show characters analogous in some of the ganoid Halecomorphi, seemingly pointing to a possible line of descent. The present order is a very large group, containing a vast number of marine, soft-rayed fishes among living forms, though the fossils are much less numerous.
Family RAPHIOSAURIDA.
Dentition with short stout fangs occupying alveoli, of which inner side and part of anterior posterior walls incomplete ‘Teeth
LS CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
more or less pleurodont, but extremity of root received into conic fundus of alveolus. Premaxillary bones well developed, maxillaries more so, and enter largely into composition of mouth border. Well developed angle of mandible.
This family differs from the C/irocentride in its dentition. All its species are extinct. Genera about 21. IJ may note that Pachyrlizgodus Dixon? is antedated by Raphiosaurus Owen,? and therefore the present family appellation should stand as above rather than as Pachyrhizodontide.
Genus CONOSAURUS Gibbes.
Conosaurus Gibbes, Smiths. Contrib. Knowl., II, 1851, p. 9. Type Conosaurus bowmani Gibbes.
Conosurus, auct.
Conosaurops Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 202. Type Cono- saurus bowmant Gibbes, virtually, as this name proposed to replace Conosaurus believed preoccupied.
Detached teeth conic, in transverse section circular, solid, sharp-pointed, slightly curved backward, fluted near base on inner face with smooth and fine enamel, and with an expanded osseus support.
Only a single species.
CoNOSAURUS BOWMANI Gibbes.
Conosaurus bowmani Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, p. 200. (Greensand of Burlington Co.)
Conosaurus bowmanti Cope, Rep. U. §S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 276. (Greensand of Burlington Co.)
Fragment of jaw slightly compressed, outer surface above less inclined than inner above, also former nearly plane or scarcely convex and latter slightly concave with inclination extending well down. As viewed above fragment slightly convex in general contour. At present three teeth alternate with four deep alveoli, latter appear as slightly ellipsoid pits of rather large size when
* Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 374. * Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1841 (1842), pp. 145, 190.
ACTINOPTERI. 153
viewed from above. Anterior tooth perfect, inclined slightly back, entirely conical, and tip directed slightly inside. Last two teeth damaged apically, solid, similar to first, and last smallest. Teeth all placed close together. Length 70 mm.
The above example is described by Leidy and referred to this species. Another smaller fragment, similar, only with two teeth, an alveolus between and traces of one externally to each tooth,
Fic. 93.—Conosaurus bowmani Gibbes. Burlington Co. (Taylor).
agrees in having solid conic teeth. In this fragment the ex- ternal face, apparently, of the jaw, is well inclined. Length about 41 mm.
Formation and locality. ‘The two fragments above described are from the greensand of Burlington County [which are Creta- ceous, K.] (W. J. Taylor). The species was originally ascribed to the Eocene of South Carolina.
154 CREDACEOUS SAND DRA DNRVaa ES Ee
Family ICHTHYODECTID®.
Body elongate. Snout not produced. Teeth acuminate, al- “most or exclusively confined to premaxilla, maxilla and dentary bones. Supraoccipital prominent, partly or completely separat- ing parietals in median line. Squamosals reduced, otic region very prominent. Parasphenoid enclosing basicranial canal. Cheek-plates well developed. Mandibular suspensorium in- clined forwards, but mouth gape wide. Premaxilla and maxilla robust and firmly fixed, both entering upper mouth. border. Opercular apparatus complete, with branchiostegal rays, but no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, none with transverse processes. Rubs nearly or completely encircling abdominal cavity. Hzemal arches more or less fused at base of tail. Intermuscular bones present. Post-temporal bones in contact with postero- lateral angles of cranium. Scales thin, cycloid. Fin-fulcra ab- sent. Fin rays divided and closely articulated distally. Dorsal and anal fins remote, latter elevated into an acuminate lobe an- teriorly.
Represented by about eight genera, all extinct. Possibly the most salient character, as distinctive from the Chirocentrid@ is the anal fin having an elevated anterior lobe.
Genus SAUROCEPHALUS Harlan.
Saurocephalus Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, 1824, p. 337. Type Saurocephalus lanciformis Harlan, monotypic.
Saurodon Hays, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., (2) III, 1830, p. 475. Type Saurodon lee Hays, monotypic.
Daptimus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1873, p. 339. Type Sauro- cephalus phlebotomus Cope, specified, monotypic.
J .
Teeth hollow, in sockets, compressed to sharp edge in front
and behind. Maxillary and dentary teeth almost uniform, only
slightly increasing in size backwards, and those on premaxillary
not much enlarged. Successional teeth formed on inner side of
functional teeth, and a series of nutritive foramina on inner face
of jaw below alveolar border or inner margin of each dental
alveolus deeply notched. Small toothless presymphyseal bone
ACTINOPTERI. V5)
in mandible. Vertebrze about 60 (—=2¢ + 35). Centra ex- hibiting two deep longitudinally extended pits on each side. About 20 species.
SAUROCEPHALUS LEANUS (Hays).
Saurodon lee Hays, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila, (2) III, 1830, p. 476. Upper Cretaceous of Pensauken Creek. Saurodon leanus Hays, |. c., p. 477, Pl. 16, figs. 1-10 (type). Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1870, p. 536 (compiled). Cope, U. S. Geol. Surv. Wyom., 1871, p. 421 (reference). Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 255. (Greensand No. 5, N: Jz) Saurocephalus leanus Harlan, Tr. Geol. Soc. Pa., I, pt. 1, 1834, p. 83 (not consulted). Harlan, Med. Phys. Res., 1835, p. 286 (remarks). Morton, Amer. Journ. Sci. Art., XXVIII, 1835, p. 277. (name only). Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 302 (compiled). Leidy, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1857, pp. 91, 94, Pl. 6, figs. 12-15, (largely compiled).
Fic. 94.—Saurocephalus leanus (Hays). 1-2, Allowaystown (Yarrow), and. others type (from Hays). 5
156 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Portion of mandible with rami nearly parallel, below through whole extent of fragment in contact apparently united by suture. Posteriorly on each a smooth shallow cavity. Near hind end appearance of suture, most distinct on left side. Dental bone with single row of alveoli continued in front for teeth. Just below alveolar border a series of foramina, one foramen to each alveolus. Teeth of mandible (crushed?) close within upper. Just within dentai bone on left side rectangular portion of unde- termined bone. Premaxillaries very distinct, united behind by squamous suture to upper maxillary, and apparently lachrymal, anteriorly premaxillaries rounded, and hind portions each side with four or five teeth. A lachrymal between premaxillary and maxillary on each side, deep groove on its front portion passing forward and down becomes smaller as it descends. Each lachry- mal with small smooth superficial groove on upper portions, inside small smooth, slightly convex, apparently articulating surface. Maxillary above and in front, near junction with lachrymal, with smooth convex articulating surface inclining little inwards and alveoli for teeth distinct. Near alveolar edge, on inner sur- face regular series of foramina. Outer surfaces of maxillary and premaxillary with shagreen appearance. Teeth in both jaws close together, uniserial, in distinct alveoli, similar or mandibular rather more compressed, and anterior of latter also smaller than posterior. Crowns of teeth enameled, smooth, lanciform, slightly inclined inwards, and those at hind part of mandible slightly curved forward. Roots hollow, slightly grooved externally, and very slight groove internally. Apparently 9 or Io intermaxillary teeth and about 30 in each maxillary. Length about 87 mm. (From Hays. )
Formation and locality. The type was found in the upper Cretaceous marl of Pensauken creek 5 miles southeast of Moores- town (J. Brick). [The headwaters of Pensauken Creek originate in the belt of Navesink-Hornerstown marl south of Mount Laurel, so that the specimen may be referred to that horizon, K. | I have not examined any examples unless a detached tooth from the marl at Allowaystown [Miocene, K.] (H. C. Yarrow) is identical.
ACTINOPTERI. 157 Family ENCHODONTID.
Snout not produced. Teeth fused with supporting bone, not in complete sockets, those on pterygo-palatine arcade and dentary largest. Supraoccipital not prominent, but extending forwards to frontals and separating small parietals in median line. Squa- mosal reduced, only partly covering otic region, which projects laterally. No basicranial canal. Cheek-plates well developed. Mandibular suspensorium vertical or inclined backwards, and mouth gape wide. Premaxilla delicate, considerably extended, and excluding great part of slender maxilla from upper mouth border. Opercular apparatus complete, with few slender branch- iostegal rays and no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, none with transverse processes. Ribs not completely encircling adominal cavity. Compound hypural bone at tail base. Inter- muscular bones present. Scales delicate or absent, but occa- sional longitudinal series of scutes and dorsal series, when pres- ent, unpaired. Fin fulcra absent. Rayed dorsal never extended much, usually near middle of back, and sometimes an adipose fin behind.
Related to the existing Evermanellide and Alepisauride, both fishes of the deep sea. All the members of this family are ex- tinct and comprise about Io genera.
Genus ENCHODUS Agassiz.
Enchodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. V, 1843, p. 64. Type Enchodus halcyon Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, IV, I9QOI, p. IOI.
Isodus Heckel, Russegger. Reis., III, 1846-49, p. 342. Type Isodus sulcatus Heckel, monotypic.
Ischyrocephalus Marck, Zeitsch. Deutsch: Geol. Ges., X, 1858, p. 248. Type Ischyrocephalus gracilis Marck, monotypic.
Solenodon Kramberger, Jahrb. Geol. Reichsanst., XX XI, 1881, p. 373. ‘Type Solenodon neocomiensis Kramberger, first species, restricted by Wood- ward, l. c., p. 204. (Preoccupied by Brandt 1833.)
Holcodon Kramberger, Rad. Jugoslav. Akad., LXXII, 1885, p. 19. Type Saurocephalus? lycodon Kner, virtually monotypic.
Euryganthus Davis, Tr. Roy. Dublin Soc., (2) III, 1887, p. 601. Type Eury- ganthus ferox Davis, monotypic.
158 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Trunk elongate-fusiform, and, like head, laterally com- pressed. Mandible little prominent, with inner widely-spaced series of large slender teeth, front largest, also marginal series of minute teeth all nearly or completely solid. Premaxillary in form of vertical lamina, deepest in front, tapering behind, with uniserial small teeth. Maxillary long, slender, either finely toothed or edentulous at oral edge. Palatine thickened, tumid, with only one large tooth fixed at front end. Ectopterygoid ro- bust, with single spaced series of large slender teeth, gradually diminished in size backwards. No teeth barbed. Operculum strengthened on inner side by ridge extending horizontally back from point of suspension. Cranial roof with deep median longi- tudinal depression, lateral and occipital margins ornamented like other external bones, with ridges and tubercles of ganoine. Branchiostegal rays about 12-16. Vertebrz 40-50, about half caudal. Centra at least long as deep, constricted mesially, and marked with small irregular longitudinal ridges. Rudimentary dermal scutes not overlapping, in single median series between occiput and dorsal and along course of lateral line. Pair of en- larged hook-shaped dermal scutes at base of tail, one on either side of caudal peduncle. All except foremost rays of each fin finely divided distally, but none excessively elongated. No post- clavicular plate. Dorsal and anal large, neither much longer than deep, and former arising much before middle point of trunk, lat- ter also far forwards. Posterior adipose dorsal. Caudal forked, with curved fulcral rays and stout articulated undivided rays at base both above and below. Pectoral large. Ventral much smaller than pectoral, and far forward.
About 30 species have been described.
ENCHOoDUS FEROX Leidy.
Enchodus ferox Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 397. Greensand near Mount Holly, N. J. Emmons, Man. Geol. Ed. 2, 1860, p. 214, fig. 182 (no loc.). Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 277. (Below Greensand No. 5, New Jersey.) Hay, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., XIX, 1903, p. 68, fig. 50 (Cope’s material). Hussakof, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 72 (Cope’s material).
ACTINOPTERI. 159
Sphyrena Morton, Synop. Organ. Rem. Cret., 1834, p. 32, Pl. 12, fig. 1. (Blue Marl of Monmouth Co.) Enchodus pressidens Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1869, p. 241. Cretaceous Greensand of New Jersey. Cope, Rep. U. S. Geo. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 277. (Greensand No. ? of N. J.)
Fragment of left premaxillary with base of anterior tooth (damaged). Length 38 mm.
Tooth (damaged) compressed laterally, forming rather broad longitudinal concave groove each side, and constricted convex surface with numerous fine parallel vertical basal striz. Broad expanded convex surface smooth. Entire cutting-edges sharp. Crown of this tooth tapering rapidly to broad compressed and finally sharp point. Base of crown slightly flaring a little behind. Length 36 mm.
Another tooth comparatively broader, without striz, form more compressed so convex side faces assymmetrical laterally. This tooth also shows very minute serre along its cutting-edge. Length 38 mm.
The above examples are described in detail as they are Mor- ton’s originals. This species is the most abundant of the genus within our limits. It seems to be characterized by the cutting- edges of the large teeth extending both sides basally.
Formation and locality. Besides the above-described examples, ascribed to the “Blue marl of Monmouth County” [either Nave- sink or the Shark River, probably the former, K.] (3); a large fang and portion of attachment from “the Greensand at Free- hold in Monmouth County” [Navesink marl] (J. H. Slack 1) ; also portion of jaw with three large conic teeth without other locality than New Jersey (C. C. Abbott 1) ; portion of jaw and its attachment labeled New Jersey, and fragment of jaw with two large solid teeth and a series of externals of small size from Bur- lington County. The following detached teeth seem to belong to this species: 1 of moderate size found with Hadrosaurus foulku at Haddonfield [in the Woodbury clay, K.]; 1 from “New Jersey”’ (C. C. Abbott); 1 from “New Jersey’ (E. D. Cope); 1 from the Cretaceous of “New Jersey” (J. Leidy); 1 imperfect from Monmouth County (C. C. Abbott); 1 from Vincentown in Bur-
160 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Fic. 95.—Enchodus ferox Leidy. 1-2, New Jersey “greensand (Slack) ; 3-5, New Jersey (Abbott); 6-8, New Jersey (Cope); 9-12, New Jersey (Leidy) ; 13-17, Monmouth Co. (Morton) ; 18-20, Monmouth Co. (Abbott) ; 21-22, Haddonfield.
ACTINOPTERI. 161
Fic. 96.—Enchodus ferox Leidy. 1, New Jersey (Abbott); 2, New Jersey; 3, Burlington Co.
Fic. 97.—Enchodus ferox Leidy. *1-6, one mile southwest of Farmingdale in Manasquan Marl; *7-8, near Crawford’s Corner in Wenonah sand.
lington County [Manasquan marl or the Vincentown limesand, K.] (T. M. Bryan). I have allowed Enchodus pressidens Cope to fall with this species, as suggested by Hay.
II GEOL
162 CRETACEOUS ANID yale RAW ANROYa hs) le
ENCHODUS SEMISTRIATUS Marsh.
Enchodus semistriatus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869 (1870), p. 230. Lower Cretaceous Marl Bed of New Jersey.
Phasganodus semistriatus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 277. (Greensand of No. 4, New Jersey.)
Tooth slightly sigmoid in shape, compressed, with front sharp cutting-edge minutely denticulated. Rounded posterior surface marked by delicate striz, except near apex, which latter is furnished with a barb. Length about 23 mm. (From Marsh.)
Marsh also identified some smaller teeth more nearly straight, but apparently without the apical barb.
Formation and locality. Known from detached teeth from the “lower Cretaceous marl bed of New Jersey” [probably mean- ing the Navesink marl bed, K.].
ENCHODUS SERRULATUS Sp. nov.
Tooth somewhat sigmoid in form, well compressed, and front cutting-edge sharp, very finely serrated. Convex posterior sur-
Fic. 98.—Enchodus serrulatus Fowler. (Type.)
face with many fine longitudinal basal strize, not reaching apex or cutting-edge. No distinct barb, but apex with entire cutting- edges, posterior extending below short distance as minutely ser- rated edge. Strize quite deep and distinct on basal part of crown. Length 16 mm.
Formation and locality. A single ‘tooth, without formation, from Vincentown in Burlington County [the Manasquan marl, K.] (T. M. Bryan). This example approaches E. semistriatus, but differs in its posterior serrated apical keel, the apex itself being entire. Type No. 5,866, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
(Serrulatus, with little serre. )
ACTINOPTERI. ~ 163
ENCHODUS GENTRYI (Cope).
Phasganodus gentryi Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila, XIV, 1875, p. 362. Miocene of Cumberland Co., N. J.
Enchodus gentryi Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., XXV, 1908, p. 72 (type).
Long tooth of jaw anteriorly slender, curved back, front view shows cutting-edge from apex to base and no cutting-edge or angle on posterior face (unless at damaged apex). On one side cementum smooth, on other and posteriorly crown keeled-striate from base to near apex. Length 10mm. (From Cope.)
This species seems to be distinguished by having a single cut- ting-edge on the large front teeth in the jaw.
Formation and locality. Known only from the type now in the American Museum at New York. It was from the Miocene [the Kirkwood formation, K.] at Shiloh in Cumberland County. I have not seen any material.
ENCHODUS TETRACUS Cope.
Enchodus tetrecus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 278. Cretaceous No. 4, Delaware and New Jersey.
Hay, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, 103, p. 74, figs. 54-55 (types).
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 73 (note on types).
Elongate anterior teeth narrow and slender, greatest basal diameter at right angles to upper part of crown. Posterior side, as usual, much more convex than anterior, two faces separated by
Fic. 99.—Enchodus tétrecus Cope. (Type, from Hay.)
cutting-edges, both of which extend to base of crown. Shallow groove runs just behind each cutting-edge to base, giving latter an unsymmetrical figure 8 form of section. Anterior face but little convex, perfectly smooth and posterior very convex, marked with sharply defined grooves about half way to apex from base between lateral shallow grooves. Fifteen may be counted from side to side. Length of crown 30 mm. (From Cope.)
164 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Formation and locality. Known from various teeth, the type a palatine tooth, in the collection of the American Museum at -New York. It is from the ‘Cretaceous No. 4” at St. Georges, Delaware, though Cope also had other material from the same horizon in New Jersey. Not seen by me.
ENCHODUS OxytomuUS Cope.
Enchodus oxytomus Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 278. Clays below Cretaceous, No. 4, N. J.
Long tooth from front extremity of premaxillary or dentary. Differs from other species of the genus in extent to which hind cutting-edge prolongs downward toward base of tooth, nearly equaling in this respect anterior edge. As in all other species of the genus cutting-edges not opposite, and a section of base un- symmetrical. Cementum mostly smooth. Crown rather broad for its length, which is below average of Cretaceous species. (From Cope.)
Only known from the above incompletely described example, originally in the Cope collection.
Formation and locality. Known only from “clays below Cre- taceous No. 4.”’ Not seen by me.
ENCHODUS SP.
Tooth solid, curved, compressed, rounded convexly behind and constricted to sharp cutting-edge in front, and (though imper- fect) apparently entire. Crown as viewed from cutting-edge
Fic. 100.—Enchodus sp. Monmouth Co. (Slack).
deflected convexly to one side, and basally slightly expanded. Fach side of base with fine parallel strie of rather uneven depth, and not extending up more than basal two-fifths. Length 14 mm.
ACTINOPTERI. 165
Formation and locality. A single imperfect tooth, with. front cutting-edge extending whole length, from Monmouth County (J. H. Slack), without formation.
ENCHODUS SP.
Tooth solid, slightly sigmoid, conic, swelling basally so that transverse section would be deeply elliptical, and apex com- pressed transversely with lateral keel extending downward each
Ab
Fic. 101.—Enchodus sp. Monmouth Co. (Knieskern).
side for about two-sevenths length. Edge of each keel under a lens slightly roughened. Surface. of tooth entire or smooth, though basally with minute parallel striz of various perfection. Length 11 mm.
Formation and locality. A small tooth, without donmeitiarn from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern).
ENCHODUS SP.
Teeth similar to the last except entirely conic, without any keel whatever. Possibly striz were one time present, but only one example shows basal longitudinal striz now. All are rather
1 Q : 9: 5 3 Fic. 102.—Enchodus sp. 1-2, New Jersey (Burtt); 3-5, Monmouth Co.
(Knieskern) ; 6-7, Vincentown (Bryan).
compressed basally so as to appear elliptical 1 in transverse section. Length of largest 18 mm.
166 CRETACEOUS AND i PRAT ARNG Sie
Formation and locality. Like the last from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern) 7. Besides these, also another tooth showing several transverse rings below its middle, from “New Jersey” (Burtt), and one from Vincentown [the Vincentown limesand or the Manasquan marl, K.] in Burlington County (T. M. Bryan).
Order HAPLOMI. THE PIKE-LIKE FISHES.
Mouth with teeth. Post-temporal normally attached to cra- nium. Parietals separated by supraoccipital. Symplectic pres- ent. Opercular bones well developed. Mescoracoid wanting. Coracoids normal. Hypocoracoid and hypercoracoid separate, with developed actinosts. Pharyngeals distinct, superior di- rected forward, 3 or 4 in number, lower not falciform. No inter- clavicles. Scapular arch joined to cranium by post-temporal. Front vertebrae unmodified. Air-vessel with distinct duct. Head usually covered with cycloid scales, like on body. Fins with soft rays. Dorsal low, mostly posterior, first ray occasionally stiff or spine-like. No adipose fin. Pectoral placed low. Ventral ab- dominal, rarely wanting. .
The fishes of this group are interesting as showing osteological characters more in agreement with the /sospondyli, thus more or less annectant with that order and the Acanthoptert. About six families are known, comprising a number of mostly fresh-water forms among existing fishes. The extinct forms have been re- ferred entirely to the Esocide and Pecilude.
Family ESOCID. CEUE, PURE.
Body elongate, not elevated, more or less compressed pos~ teriorly, broad anteriorly. Head long, snout prolonged and de- pressed. Mouth large, its cleft forming about half length of head. Upper jaw not protractile, most of its margin formed by maxillaries, which are quite long and provided with a supple-
ACTINOPTERI. 167
mental bone. Lower jaw the longer. Premaxillaries, vomer and palatines with broad bands of strong cardiform teeth which are more or less movable. Lower jaw of strong teeth of different sizes. Tongue with a broad band of small teeth. No barbels. Gill-openings very wide. Gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus. Gill-rakers tubercle-like. Pseudobranchiz glandular, hidden. Branchiostegals 12 to 20. Stomach not cecal, without pyloric appendages. Air-vessel simple. Basis cranii simple. Head naked above. Cheeks and opercles more or less scaly. Scales small. Lateral line weak, obsolete in young and developed in adult. Dorsal posterior, opposite and similar to anal. No adipose fin. Caudal fin emarginate. Pectoral fins small, inserted low. Ventrals rather posterior.
A single genus, Esox, represented by 5 or 6 living species and 4 extinct. I have, however, included Ischyrhiza as only provi- sionally, following Hay’s suggestion.
Genus ISCHYRHIZA Leidy.
Ischyrhiza Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 221. Type Ischyrhiza mira Leidy, monotype.
Tooth with crown apparently laterally compressed, conical, covered with smooth shining enamel. Fang more robust than crown, curved pyramidal, quadrate in section, with base rugged and divided antero-posteriorly. Pulp cavity expanded within fang, closed below and narrowing towards crown.
An imperfectly defined genus, known only from detached teeth, though subsequently vertebree have also been identified as iden- tical. The three species described are extinct.
ISCHYRHIZA MIRA Lediy.
Ischyrliza mira Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 221. Cretaceous Greensand of Burlington Co., N. J. (. T. Germain.) Leidy, Holmes’s Post-pliocene Foss. S. C., 1860, p. 120, Pl. 25, figs. 3-0. (Greensand of New Jersey.) Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XII, 1872, p. 355 (name only). Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., II, 1875, p. 280. (Greensand, No. 5, New Jersey, near Harrisonville.)
168 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
Tooth with crown compressed, elongate, acuminate, with entire keel extending along each edge to base, and transverse section elliptical. Enamel of crown smooth. Root about equal in length to crown, conic continuation of crown apparently, and below hol- low. Length 28 mm.
Formation and locality. Originally from the Cretaceous
Fic. 103.—Ischyrhiza mira Leidy. Haddonfield (Ford).
greensand and No. 5. I have examined a single tooth, described above, in the matrix or Hadrosaurus clay from Haddonfield (J. Ford). [The specimen from Haddonfield is referable to the Woodbury clay; from Harrisonville (Cope) to the Hornerstown marl or Vincentown limesand, K. ]
Order ACANTHOPTERI. THE SPINY RAYED FISHES.
Mouth edge formed by premaxillary. Maxillary normally distinct, always present, sometimes ossified with premaxillary. Shoulder-girdle connected by post-temporal with skull. Post- temporal normally furcate, usually not ossified with skull. Hy- percoracoid and-hypocoracoid distinct, ossified, former usually perforate. No mesocoracoid or interclavicles so far as known. Pharyngeals well developed, lower rarely united, third upper largest, fourth often absent. Opercular apparatus complete. Front vertebre unmodified, without ossicula auditus. Gill-open- ing before pectorals. Gills laminated. Air-vessel typically with- out duct in adult. Scales variable, typically ctenoid. Lateral line usually extends high. Front dorsal and anal rays typically
ACTINOPTERI. 169
simple or spinous, and all fin rays often articulate. Pectorals placed above plane of abdomen, actinosts always present. Ven- trals mostly anterior, normally attached by pelvis to shoulder- girdle, usually with a spine and five rays, sometimes absent, some- times without spine or with many rays, or otherwise modified. The great majority of living fishes belong to this group, repre- sented by usually very incomplete fossils. As it is impossible to limit or define the present assemblage of fishes by any special one or group of characters, not only as comparatively few of these have been examined, and therefore the necessary data is not available, most likely their genetic relations may never be demonstrated, and this is due in large measure to the meager palzontological record. The transition of forms is quite variable from those with characters approaching the Haplomi to those »
more typical of the spiny-rayed series. About 27 sub-orders have been defined.
Sub-Order PERCESOCES
Branchial arches well developed, bones all present except fourth superior branchihyal. Third superior pharyngeal much enlarged. Lower pharyngeals distinct. Scales cycloid. Spinous dorsal usually present. Pectorals elevated, about level with upper hind opercle angle. Ventrals I, 5, abdominal.
About six families, two of which are entirely extinct, have been included in this group. The existing forms mostly fresh-water or shore fishes of small size, though many quite large and voracious.
Family SPHYRAENIDA. THE BARRACUDAS.
Body elongate, subterete. Head long, pointed, pike-like. Jaws elongate, lower considerably projecting. Upper jaw nonpro- tractile, its border formed by premaxillaries, behind which are broad maxillaries. Large sharp teeth of unequal size on both jaws and palatines. No teeth on vomer, usually a very strong sharp canine near tip of lower jaw. Opercular bones without
1740) CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY MISE
spines or serratures. Gill-openings wide, gill-membranes not united, free from isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Gill- rakers very short or obsolete. Pseudobranchiz well developed. Branchiostegals 7. First superior pharyngeal not present, sec- ond, third and fourth separate, with teeth. Lower pharyngeals separate. Air-vessel large, bifurcate anteriorly. Many pyloric ceca. Vertebrze 24. Body covered with small cycloid scales. Head scaly above on sides. Lateral line well developed, straight. First dorsal over ventrals, of 5 rather stout spines. Second dorsal remote from first dorsal, similar to anal and opposite to it. Caudal forked. Pectorals short, placed in or below line of axis of body. Ventrals I, 5, abdominal, in advance of middle of body.
Usually a single genus, Sphyrena, is allowed, but, according to Hay, Dictyvodus is admitted.
Genus DICTYODUS Owen.
Dictyodus Owen, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1838, p. 142. No species given. Type Dictyodus destructor Owen, Cat. Foss. Rept. Pisc. Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg., 1854, p. I6r.
Sphyrenodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., V, pt. 1, 1844, p. 98. Type Sphyrenodus priscus Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes,
V, 1901, p. 473.
Teeth moderate, compressed, and each side with sharp keel, often finely serrated. Apex sometimes notched.
Scarcely distinguished from Sphyrena, and known only from fragmentary jaw and teeth. Only two species, described below. Woodward refers this genus to the Scombride.
DicTyoDUS SILOVIANUS (Cope).
Sphyrenodus silovianus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. Muocene of Cumberland Co., N. J.
Dictyodus silovianus Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., X XV, 1908, p. 71, fig. 37 (type).
Fragment of jaw with five teeth and alveoli for four others. Jaw compressed and slightly curved, with smooth surface. Teeth subequal, compressed, rather short and acute, without roots, and
ACTINOPTERI. 17t
at their bases alveolar borders notched. Length of fragment 20 mm. (From Cope.) Formation and locality. Known only from the above, obtained
Fic. 104.—Dictyodus silovianus (Cope). (Type, x1%, from Hussakof.)
in the Miocene of Cumberland County and now in the American Museum at New York. Not seen by me.
Dicryopus spEctosus (Leidy).
Sphyrena speciosus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 221. Muio- cene Marl of Cumberland Co., N. J. (E. Davis.)
Sphyrenodus speciosus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila, XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Miocene of Cumberland Co., N. J.)
Detached teeth compressed, without roots, inner side much less convex than outer, so that transverse section would be un- evenly elliptical, and cutting-edge on each side extending com- pletely from base to apex, and also minutely serrated. Enameled
ObOSOGOLS te Bs A iz
IG ler HI
Fic. 105.—Dictyodus speciosus (Leidy): 1-9, Monmouth Co. (Knieskern) ; 10-15, Vincentown (Bryan) ; 16-18, Charles Co., Md. (Thomas).
surface smooth, without striz. Anterior tooth shows only single cutting-edge, and though well compressed opposite edge well convex and forming slight apical barb. Basally and around convex edge many minute vertical strie. Length of largest ex- ample 10 mm.
172 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
These examples all agree with Leidy’s account and strongly suggest the teeth of our existing barracudas. |
Formation and locality. Originally from the Miocene marl of Cumberland, County, it is very likely my nine examples are from the same formation in Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern). Cope also had a single anterior tooth from the same formation in the Thomas collection from Charles County, Md.1_ It seems to agree, as much as its fragmentary nature will permit, with the New Jersey material. Also two small teeth from Vincentown [probably the Vincentown limesand or the Manasquan marl, K.] (T. M. Bryan), may also belong to this species, though they are somewhat more.-curved.
Sub-Order BERYCOIDEI. THE BERYCOID FISHES.
No suborbital stay. Shoulder-girdle and pharyngeals normal. Vertebree 24 to 30. Head with conspicuous mucous cavities. Body naked or variously scaled, sometimes scales greatly special- ized. Air-vessel with persistent duct in some forms throughout life. Dorsal fin with few or many spines. Ventrals thoracic or subabdominal, each with spine, usually seven branched rays, latter varying five to ten, and in one group spine greatly enlarged, with rays reduced in number.
Usually six families admitted, mostly living fishes in tropical seas, and three are also represented by extinct forms.
Family BERYCID/.
Body oblong or ovate, compressed. Eye lateral, usually large. Mouth wide, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile. Maxillary rather large, usually with supplemental bone. Bands of villi- form teeth on jaws and usually on vomer and palatines. Canines sometimes present. Suborbitals narrow, not ensheathing cheeks. Opercular bones usually spinous. No barbels. Gill-rakers mod-
*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 142.
AC TINO RACE RY 11 , 173
erate. Gills 4, slit after fourth. Pseudobranchiz present. Gill- membranes separate, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Pyloric coeca numerous. Body covered with ctenoid or cycloid scales, foliate or granular. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Head with large muciferous cavities, covered by thin skin. Dorsal fin continuous, spines weak, 2 to 8. Anal spines 2 to 4. Caudal usually forked. Ventrals thoracic, mostly I, 7, number of rays usually greater than I, 5.
Genera about eight, of which three are extinct. Most of the existing forms are bathyic.
Genus BERYX Cuvier.
Beryx Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 1820, p. 151. Type Beryx decadac- tylus Cuvier, first species.
Body deep, compressed, abdomen trenchant without enlarged scutes. Head large. Snout short. Eye large. Mouth oblique, mandible end prominent. Both jaws, vomer and palatines with villiform teeth. Opercles serrated. Opercle usually with spine. Preopercle unarmed. Air-vessel simple. Pyloric coeca numer- ous. Body covered with rather large ctenoid scales regularly ar- ranged. Head with thin bones and high ridges with deep mucif- erous cavities. Dorsal continuous, with four to six spines. Anal spines 4, rays 26 to 30. Ventrals with about ten articulated rays.
About six fossil species have been described. ‘The existing species are brilliantly colored red and occur in deep water.
BERYX INSCULPTUS Cope.
Beryx insculptus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1860, p. 240. Lower Greensand bed of Monmouth Co., N. J. Dark clay marl just below Upper Greensand bed at Hornerstown.
Cope, 1. c., XII, 1872, p. 357 (name only).
Cape, Rep Usas) Geolbu Sun beri linis75 Pp. 272) Plas2. figs 4: (Greensand No. 5, N. J.)
Hussakof, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXV, 1908, p. 63, fig. 31 (type).
Body stout. Scapular arch and cranium strongly marked with narrow elevated ridges which form a reticulate relief. Scales
i 9 CRE TACK OUS AND TERA TARY isi
large, thick, also large and narrowly exposed below lateral line, where in seven longitudinal series and not less than two above. In lateral line 23 scales, possibly a few more, as point of departure from suprascapula lost and greater part of cranium broken away. Sculpture of scales consists of a series of radiating ridges, whose interspaces are equal to them, and whose extremities project as
Fic. 106—Beryx insculptus Cope. (Type, from Hussakof.)
short acute points. These ridges interrupted at short distance from middle of exposed surface, forming irregular obtuse eleva- tions, while middle of area divided by shallow grooves into irregular areas. Whole sometimes crossed by one or two shallow interrupted concentric grooves. Tubes of lateral line not extend- ing behind middle of exposed area, acute, with an areolate rugose
ACTINOPTERI. GN 15)
surface. Series of small smooth scales continues lateral line to middle of tail. Fins not well preserved, but pectoral radii remain and are of stout proportions. Diorsal and caudal rays very stout. Length about 143 mm. to probably hind margin of pectoral arch. (From Cope.)
Cope has pointed out its distinguishing characters as com- pared with several European fossil forms.
Formation and locality. Known from part of the trunk, the type now in the American Museum at New York, having been found in the lower greensand [Navesink marl, K.] of Mon- mouth County (S. Lockwood). Another example was also taken just below the upper greensand in the dark clay marl [Red Bank formation, K.] at Hornerstown, in the same county (J. Meirs), and was in the Marsh collection. I have not seen this species.
Sub-Order PERCOMORPHI.
THE PERCH-LIKE FISHES.
Body variously formed, usually oblong. Head usually com- pressed laterally. Mouth and dentition various, usually ter- minal with lateral cleft. Teeth typically pointed in bands on jaws, vomer and palatines. Premaxillary forming mouth edge, usually protractile. Mandibular bones distinct. Opercular bones well developed, normal. Preopercle typically serrate. No cranial spines. No bony stay connects suborbitals with opercle. Gill-rakers various, usually sharp, stout, dentiferous. Gills 4, slit behind last. Pseudobranchiz typically well developed. Gill- membranes usually separate, sometimes joined, rarely attached to isthmus. Branchiostegals few, usually 6 or 7. Lower pharyn- geals mostly separate, usually with cardiform teeth, third upper moderately enlarged, elongate, and not articulated to cranium, and fourth usually present. Air-vessel usually present, without air-duct in adult, simple, generally adheres to abdominal walls. Stomach ccecal, with pyloric appendages. Intestines short in carnivorous forms, long in herbivorous. Shoulder-girdle at- tached to cranium by distinctly forked post-temporal, not adnate
176 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
to cranium or ossified with it. Coracoids normal, hypercoracoid with median foramen. Pectoral actinosts normal, 3 or 4, hour- glass shaped, longer than broad. Vertebre from 24 to 100, usually numerous in pelagic, extra-tropical and fresh-water forms. Scales variously cycloid, ctenoid, sometimes rough or wanting, also small or large. Lateral line various, generally regularly arched, sometimes wanting. Dorsal fin various, spinous portion usually present, sometimes absent. Anal usually like rayed dorsal, spines present or absent. Caudal usually lunate, various, sometimes absent. Pectorals usually well developed. Ventrals sometimes rudimentary or absent, generally present, thoracic, subjugular or subabdominal, usually with one spine and five or more rays.
This group is apparently somewhat provisional, and does not seem to have been exactly defined, though two series of families have generally been admitted, as the Scombroidea and the Per- coidea, comprising a vast army of living fishes typified by the mackerels and perch, respectively. A few.remains have been found in the New Jersey Cretaceous, representatives of each.
Family ISTIOPHORIDA.
THE SAIL FISHES.
Body elongate, much compressed. Caudal peduncle with two fleshy crests or keels. Bones of upper jaw consolidated into a sword, which is roundish on edges and spear-like, shorter than in the sword fishes. ‘Teeth in jaws small, persistent and granular. Gills reticulated as in sword fishes. Vertebre 24, elongate and hour-glass shaped. Neural and hemal spines flag-like. Ribs well developed. Air-vessel very large, sacculate, of many sepa- rate divisions. Intestine short, straight. Body covered with elongate scutes. Dorsal single or divided into 2 contiguous parts, first much longer than second, fin-rays distinct, first rays dis- tinctly spinous. Anal divided. Last dorsal and anal rays suc- torial. Ventrals attached to pelvic arch, each with one or two rays.
ACTINOPTERI. Lay,
The recent forms comprise about two genera, and are oceanic or pelagic, resemble the sword fishes, though of smaller size. The fossils, known only from fragmentary rostra, have been referred to the existing /stiophorus and two other genera.
Genus ISTIOPHORUS Lacépéde.
Istiophorus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. III, 1802, pp. 374, 375. Type Istiophorus gladifer Lacépéde, monotypic.
Histiophorus, auct.
Makaira Lacépéde, |. c., IV, 1803, pp. 688, 689. Type Makaira nigricans Lacépéde, monotypic.
Machera, Macaria, auct.
Nothistium Hermann, Observ. Zool., 1894, p. 304. Type Histiophorus ameri- canus Valenciennes, virtually, as based on Guebucu Marcgrave, though no binomial given.
Zanclurus Swainson, Nat. Hist. An., II, 1839, p. 239. Type Zanclurus in- dicus Swainson, monotypic.
Body slender, much compressed. Rostrum usually shorter and less flattened than in sword fishes, edge more rounded, and man- dible more developed. .Many small teeth on jaws and palatines. Air-vessel sacculate. Intestine short, nearly straight. Body cov- ered with elongate scales, rougher than sword fishes. Dorsal fin very high, continuous, as in young spear fishes and sword fishes, rays numerous, none aborted, first rays much higher than body depth. Anal divided. Ventral present, rays 2 or 3.
The recent forms large fishes of warm seas, the number of species uncertain, likely several, and one recently found on our coast. About six extinct forms.
IsTIOPHORUS ANTIOQUUS (Leidy).
Xiphias antiquus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII., 1855, p. 307. Greensand of Burlington Co., N. J. (C. H. Budd.)
Histiophorus antiquus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., XII, 1869, p. 310 (ref- erence).
Rostrum well depressed, transversely oval in section, its short diameter about one-half its long diameter, and anteriorly becom- ing more cylindrical. Length about 265 mm. (From Leidy.)
I2 GEOL,
178 CRETACEOUS ANID Mie Rani AIROVasiitS isle
This was a large species, known only from its rostrum, and especially characterized by its depressed form with the dentary surfaces on one plane.
Formation and locality. Only the type known, described above, from the greensand of Burlington County (C. H. Budd). Not seen by me.
IsTIOPHORUS HOMALORHAMPHUS (Cope).
Histiophorus homalorhamphus Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 1860, p. 310. Eocene or Miocene Greensand near Squankum, N. J.
Rostrum in general form nearly cylindrical, tapering slightly, depressed above and below, though former surface more so, thus forming wide ovoid in transverse section with lesser diameter one-seventh greater or horizontal at its base. Near end of ros- trum vertical diameter but little less that of horizontal. Upper surface evenly convex, and each side slopes down rather evenly below somewhat in a plane, these surfaces approximating toward end of rostrum and intermediate space at first moderately convex, but gradually becoming very constricted.* At base two small ap- proximated foramina a little below middle in vertical diameter. Surface of rostrum entirely minutely porous. Length 170 mm.
The examples described above seem to be identical with Cope’s. This species differs from J. antiquus in its more cylindrical form and having the dentary surfaces on two planes. The following characters are gathered from Cope’s account.
Rostrum nearly cylindrical, with a slight depression, trans- verse diameter exceeding vertical by less than one-eighth of former. Dentigerous inferior bands not separated by a groove, width of each two-thirds lesser diameter, each forms with other a strong obtuse angle and basally flattened, then curved upwards at external margin. Alveolz numerous, small, 5 in one-tenth of an inch. Base broken, but longer diameter 424 of length. Surface of base not dentigerous, with numerous anastomosing striz. Length about 110 mm.
Formation and locality. Eocene or Miocene greensand near Squankum in Monmouth County (W. S. Vaux). Only known from the above-described type, an osseous muzzle, and three
ACTINOPTERI. 179
Fic. 107.—Istiophorus homalorhamphus (Cope). Vincentown (Bryan).
180 CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FISH.
others from Vincentown [Manasquan marl, K.] in Burlington County (T. M. Bryan).
IsTIOPHORUS PARVULUS (Marsh).
Histiophorus parvulus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1860, p. 227 Eocene Greensand, Squankum Marl Company, in Monmouth Co.
Rostrum slender, very pointed, compressed transversely, and lower surface nearly flat. Brush-like teeth on this portion re- duced to two narrow bands. Remaining surface irregularly striated. Length about 76 mm. (From Marsh.)
Formation and locality. This small species was originally based on the above-described type from the Eocene greensand from the pits of the Squankum Marl Company in Monmouth County (O. B. Kinne), and presented to the Yale Museum. [According to Cook only the Cretaceous marl (the Manasquan) was dug at this company’s pits, K.] Not seen by me.
Genus EMBALORHYNCHUS Marsh.
Embalorhynchus Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 228. Type Embalorhynchus kinnei Marsh, monotype.
iy
According to Marsh this was a small species of sword fish allied with Cylindracanthus of the Eocene. The beak resembles in general form that of Cylindracanthus, but is much smaller, tapers more rapidly and has its lower surface flattened and marked by two shallow grooves. Like the rostrum of Cylindra- canthus it has a double cavity at the base and single median one.
One fossil species described.
EMBALORHYNCHUS KINNEI Marsh.
Embalorhynchus kinnei Marsh, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 228. Eocene Greensand, Squankum Marl Company, Monmouth Co.
Rostrum small, short, tapering rapidly, inferior surface flat- tened and marked by two shallow grooves. Base of rostrum with double cavity and single one through median portion of shaft.
ACTINOR TERT 181
Upper surface very delicately fluted. Length about 65 mm. (From Marsh.)
Marsh thought the fish probably did not exceed 15 inches in total length.
Formation and locality. Only the type known, described above, irom the “Eocene greensand at the pits of the Squankum Marl Company” in Monmouth Co. (O. B. Kinne). [See com- ment on preceding specimens, K.] Not seen by me.
Family SPARID/.
THE PORGIES.
Body oblong or more or less elevated. Head large, crests of skull usually largely developed. Mouth small, terminal, low, horizontal. Premaxillaries little protractile. Maxillary short, peculiar in form and in articulation, without supplemental bone and slipping for most part of its length under preorbital edge, which forms more or less distinct sheath. Preorbital usually broad. Teeth strong, those in front of jaws conical, incisor-like . or molar. No vomerine or palatine teeth. Hind nostril larger, usually more or less oblong or slit-like. Preopercle entire or serrate. Opercle without spines. Gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus. Gills 4, large slit behind fourth. Gill-rakers moderate. Pseudobranchiz large. Lower pharyngeals separate. Air-vessel present, usually simple. Pyloric coeca few. Vertebrze usually 24. Intestinal canal short. No suborbital stay. Body covered with rather large adherent scales, never truly ctenoid. Head sides usually scaly. Lateral line well developed, concurrent with back, not extending on caudal. Dorsal fin single, continuous or deeply notched, spines usually strong and depressible in a groove. Dorsal spines heteracanthous, Io to 13. Anal rather short, similar to rayed dorsal, spines 3. Caudal usually concave. Ventrals I, 5, thoracic, usually with distinct scale-like basal ap- pendage.
The recent genera, about 12, carnivorous shore fishes of tropical © seas, most valued as food. Fossils have also been referred to some of these as well as about eight others.
182 CRETACEOUS ANID R Pi Ral WARING: Ets ice
CroMMyopus Cope.
Crommyodus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, 1860, p. 243. Type Phacodus irregularis Cope, virtual designation eva monotypic. (Phaco- dus preoccupied. )
Teeth fusiform, irregularly and closely crowded on surface of an elongate semidiscoid bone of possibly hyoid apparatus. Mas- ticatory surface moderately convex. Crown abruptly contracted below into short root, which presents very small orifice for ad- mission of nutrient vessels, etc. Teeth thus somewhat shape of an onion inverted. Pulp cavity large. Superficial layer of crown very thin, its structure not known, but its punctate appearance resembles that of a worn surface of vaso-dentine.
Cope also states the successional teeth as very abundant, and closely placed. They appear to rise through the spongy tissue of the bone without reference to any definite line of succession or superposition. ‘Those of the inferior series, visible on under sur- face of bone, have an average larger size than those on upper surface which are in use. A single extinct species.
CROMMYODUS IRREGULARIS (Cope).
Phacodus trregularis Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1869, p. 33. Miocene near Shiloh, Cumberland Co., N. J. Crommyodus irregularis Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XI, eos 243 (reference). Cope, 1. c., XIV, 1875, p. 362 (reference).
Teeth, though irregularly arranged for short distances in lon- gitudinal lines, transversely ovate, closely packed or with slight intervals. ‘Those at outer and inner margins of bone considerably smaller than median and more rounded. Crown of successional teeth flattened, as well as those in use. Median teeth number 5 in one-half inch, and lateral 7 in same length. Surface of root finely striate, striz coarser at point of convergence at orifice of pulp cavity. Crown in many teeth broken away, leaving short conic pulp cavity and its thin walls exposed. Bone convex in transverse direction, descending more gradually on convex mar- gin. Length of bone about 40 mm. (From Cope.)
ACTINOPTERI. 183
Formation and locality. Known from the Miocene marl [ Kirkwood, K.] near Shiloh in Cumberland County. Not seen by me. oe
Sub-Order PHARYNGOGNATHI.
THE LABROID FISHES.
Nostrils double. Gills 3%, without slit after last. Lower pharyngeals fully united. Scales weakly ctenoid or cycloid. Dorsal and anal fin spines not very strong. Ventrals thoracic, each with one spine and three rays. Otherwise not differing much from the Percoidea.
The existing forms are mostly large tropical fishes, with bright colors and strong dentition. About four families are admitted.
Family LABRIDZE. THE WRASSE FISHES.
Body oblong or elongate. Mouth moderate, terminal. Pre- maxillaries protractile. Maxillaries without supplemental bone, slipping under membranaceous preorbital edge. Front teeth usually very strong, canine-like. Jaw teeth separate or soldered together at base, not forming continuous plate. No vomerine or palatine teeth. Lips thick, longitudinally plicate. Nostrils round, with two openings on each side. Gill-membranes somewhat con- nected, sometimes joined to narrow isthmus. Gills 314, slit after last arch, small or obsolete. Pseudobranchiz well developed. Branchiostegals 5 or 6. Lower pharyngeals completely united into one bone, without median suture, this bone T-shaped or Y-shaped, its teeth conical or tubercular. Air-vessel present. No pyloric coeca. Body covered with cycloid scales. Lateral line well developed, continuous or interrupted, often angularly bent. Dorsal fin continuous, spinous portion usually long, spines rather slender, 3 to 20. Anal like rayed dorsal, spines 2 to 6. Ven- trals thoracic, I, 5, inserted below pectorals, latter sometimes thoracic.
184 CRETACEOUS AND TBR ls ri Sirt
The existing forms comprise about 60 genera, largely in tropi- cal seas. Their dentition is admirably adapted for crushing the shells of mollusks, upon which most of them feed. About 11 ex- tinct genera have been described, and some few species referred to several of the existing genera.
Genus PHYLLODUS Agassiz.
Phyllodus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., II, pt. 2, 1844, p. 238. Type Phyllodus toliapicus Agassiz, first species, restricted by Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, ING TOOK, pa546:
Paraphyllodus Sauvage. Bull. Soc. Geol. France (3) III, 1875, p. 615. Atypie.
Pharyngeal dentition compact, tritoral, leaf-shaped, showing pile of successional teeth beneath each functional tooth, and mid- dle teeth much larger than marginal teeth. Upper pharyngeal bones apparently fused together with lower pharyngeals.
This extinct genus is only known from the pharnygeal denti- tion. About 20 or more species have been described.
PHYLLODUS CURVIDENS Marsh.
Phyllodus curvidens Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1860, p. 220. Miocene Marl, near Shiloh, Cumberland Co. Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XIV, 1875, p. 362. (Miocene of Cumberland Co.)
Central portion of pharyngeal dental plate with very thick teeth, longest of which considerably curved, so that crushing sur- face of plate transversely concave. (From Marsh.)
Marsh says this species is readily distinguished by the un- usual thickness of the teeth and the longest being considerably curved.
Formation and locality. Known from the Miocene marl near Shiloh [Kirkwood, K.] in Cumberland County. Not seen by me.
PHYLLODUS ELEGANS Marsh.
Phyllodus elegans Marsh, Proc. Amer, Ass. Ady. Sci., 1869, p. 228. Eocene Greensand at Farmingdale, in Monmouth Co.
Pharyngeal dental plate obtusely triangular, small, and tri- turating surface a little convex. Central teeth enlarged, circular,
ACTINOPTERI. 185
well depressed or disk-like with central portion well pressed down, giving each tooth appearance of shallow cup. Only rims of each tooth covered with smooth enamel. Though most all teeth circular they vary into irregularities of circular design. Marginal teeth all smaller, similar, only with triturating sur- faces less concave, and enameled marginal ring less defined, so enamel extends equally over concave median portions. Succes- sional teeth equally enlarged median as seen from lower sur-
Fic. 108.—Phyllodus elegans Marsh. Monmouth Co.
face, as they are above, and marginal teeth also correspondingly reduced. Longest diameter 18 mm.
The above-described example agrees with Marsh’s account, which states the lateral or smaller teeth to be rather few.
Formation. and locality. Known only from the type ascribed to the Eocene greensand at Farmingdale (A. J. Smith), and pre- sented to the Yale Museum, and another example in the Academy from Monmouth County (P. D. Knieskern), most likely from the same horizon, though this is not given. [See comment on page 180, K.]
END ES:
Names in italics represent synonyms.
Acanth opteri, Acrodobatis,
serra, Acrodontobatts, Acrodus,
humilis, nobilis, Actin opteri, 43llopos wagneri, Aetobates, Aetobatts, Aétobatus,
perspicuus, Aetobates perspicuus,
Zz tobatis, ADT Sg OI BRCM ORCI SEE Albian formation, Alepisauride, Allopos,
CTT Ar af ee Os Co HONO BG DIE Alloway, formations near, Ammonites placentz, Anotodus,
agassizu,
Aprionodon gibbesii, Aster ospondyli, Atractosteus,
B. Barnsboro, formations near, IDASLACUGAS «+2 c2.c ade tievese cis o/s wins Barrennian formation, Batoidei,
Spectavalis, (minis ses +s Beacon Hill formation, MSE CL are sai oke eye Sr onesie ate a iondt ee etka Berycoidei, .....-. Sec wanaeaesee nee Berycoid fishes, Beryx,
decadactylus,
WUSCHUPTWS, Nationa once: Birmingham, formations at, ...... Blackwoodstown, formations at, Bony ganoids, Boreogaleus, Bryactinus,
amorphus, Bullhead sharks,
Cc. PAGE. PAGE. 168 Carcharias canceolatus, ........... 59 30 GOLLGEG, | actors eeseieteuatopersgere 80 30 lanceolatws nna. ctieyeol- ths 59 30 HARM NOD wean wacea6° 62 28 HARHIDIOS, Good ono ouS seach 60 28 DOMES) She diceg vec 61, 62 vA (Carrelaainclor, sdouocdsesuoucboo0[} 58, 59 22, 144 Acutidens Meme ane 60 24 angustidens, 60 98 AUTICULALUS eet cr: 59 98 carcharias, ...... : 61 98 MEZAIO AON so ercietsioi+ « 61 99 OMA, (aid dbo'n bo 60, 61 99 DOTS ree sever sistent ae 59 OSmeCenomatnian warrior ent knees 8 98 CESETACIOWS, Nie cs revses ous) ei sieneycinisteersierens 77 8 @estracionteshanicstene eer : (27 E57 + ECestrorninuss sce nai seiko oe ees 77 24 Cetorhinus maximus) 222.00 eee- 61 24 Chimzray® Ac aaa Be ostins Pari i 109 20 ATITIS a eleneerets ao a0.0'6.0 00 109 52 MILONIC LIV We sfote <tota lta ele) oket ei 110 31 @himerashieprne «aes eves ere ees reveieyose 108, 109 31 Chimeeridwiadapeian asso ee hss 109 75 Chimerotderiynwecosreeoe ee oe ele 109 23, 27 Chirocentrider arian eee 152, 154 150 Chordrosteiie eerie eee rectors 145 Clashes: Hieinetersrsn stave eee 150 CYCIUFCTUS or etialstetei ete) ei se 150 19 Cohanseyisaridierr p-ervettentteneists cies 15 he) (CIGARS, caobododdnoe0odeo.oC 141 8 COUSF ional oietets 142 23, 80 ORO. csosaocoge 141 84 ARIS a Aico odor 141 Sau CONOSAULOPS eee eee EEE 152 15 CONOSATITUS) 1 ciety Nstaiertaeeaes ie oie ols orate 152 172 Dowmariieurerorieeers 152 172 DOWIMANI: Vins eleteee 152 Lp2een IA COMOSUSWS) wuroueteeReley-yenNcheerer etree 152 O72 | A COTA Ne josyoliaie aye Pen aie ane eere oo 62 173 Blithe oo Sool Maer bidedce 64. 173 appendiculatus, .....:..<.. 64 18 LAlCAt US viceere ts chore re oe eaais 63, 64 19 PLISLOMOUEUS Wl rejes ate eae noite 64 148 Cretaceous, European, ........... 8 66 Cretaceous formations described, .. Fi 134 Crosswicks, formations near, ..... 18 134 Crommvyoduses-t erie eee 182 27 irregularis, 182
188
INDEX.
PAGE. Grossoptenyeias cease -ciceiicstcien 22 Cylospomahyit; coabeccoscocna0dcd 2 @yclostomeseersercren erlerieeseneenctenets 22 Gylirdracanthiussieercyecricier enter 141, 180 ACUSS We ayeietey espa 142 Osaewes, dososdoc I4I, 142 MACS, “Sooo 060.00 142 CHACTOSIENS, acindésoosooocoddcat 149, 150 Gynocephalys eric tec 74 D. IDG DUS. Bo onay opens acad He ooOCM 154 PWIEDOLONUWS ites oilers re 154 IDE SENSE Somos aioda tenn. Gork SET 8 Deals tormations near spacer yess 16 Di CtyO dS koncert settee aVetats oiciersite I70 Silovaansy) qelyeeiee siecle 170 SPEClOSUS sama ere iecic 171 Diphrissa, ...:... dea eiawa caret aa II0, 127 [Lei IABS. alcaoba50005000 128 SORCRMA, Sascidonooooc0 127 D) 10 OVA ee: SeeHollis cel sveushalsisissoroterete testenehe 22 DAD RUS HUSH vieiajceves suche avatet ells Safeaie (evabelors velivieke 110 MULE TSUN cveraicinssisicrdeer ae I10, 123 IDIFABANN, - SdiloobabnsbConood0oC 71 ClOWZOIUS, (2s eens 71 EX
Bagley may sects sere he Ie 84 Hocene SyStemlnw ceteles terrence 13
Edaphodon, 110,127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 138, 139 bucklandt. steer 110 divanicatuss ume arr 116, 124 (Soyer Baa saposogso I16 WAOLIE, Anapaodssco IIQ anerassatusy seis 118, 131, 134 laterigertss is jcl-veeers DL2 nT latid ensMeir irene 128 MIETSIIe. een Neos 122
MITA CUS Hye a cieteieiere TL 20 pL sOyna reso SMOCRU Aoi telsinte sese os II5 SMOCKIMN sticin n=l II5, 117, 120 solidulysieisscre cies T27037, Steno bivllsiee = eae III tripartitus, ..... 112, 116, 120 ESA GPROGUS), .cceusats stich eee II0 Miasmobranchitsee: cee eee ee 22 Brmbaloghynchus;) «ciclo + ance sence 180 din els Ss,40.0% 5 siete 180 Bnchod antidce werent ete 157 Pn chodiiswenietc- aero 157, 158, 164, 165 FETOR Serre cee eR eee 158 Sentryiseci Ge wae wees 163 halcnon. wrote soe 157 OXVtOnIUS,Otetepiah ane Get 164 Pressidens Veen us Aves 159, 161 semistriatus) yen. eee 162 serrulatuss Shige. swictecs 162 VEEERSERS< b.s spo ge booses 163
PAGE.
Hnglishtownsandsanseeer eee 9
BORING, oobocedrooxtoen eee sparen Sr
Hsocide:. 4. worn taper ; ic 166
ES ORCS dest uaicveisuetey sions BiG CRO O FOO 60.6 56 167
OSSCUS, | die Hestee les are 150
I OL ee ote bc.c:01b'G 16 © 0 c 42
Inbllerbey Ss c60g000dd0 sdueiletel ecw leteees 62, 78
Himiylodussa scion be IIo
laqueatusd Vries IIo
EULN SNOLNUS emerald ae eee 157
ARE a OS 810.0 157
EWSPLYTO,. \elvecis ecient ee 77
Hyermanellidz sence eee I57
Hxogyracostatas seer 52 F.
Farmingdale, formations near, .... 17
FaAshesy, oeftinayeetece ays, bleie vel stcterevereretaeeeore 22
Hragmentany, selachians', se eee 105 G.
Galein\s oui athe Sina eee 29
Galeocerdo,... coeur ene 64, 66
adUNCUS waster 5 67, 70
appendiculatus, ..... a 64
EURGEISE, Gooconc0odCoar 67
CoystHonkG gochoncooad> 67, 69
€gertonit, 9). rere : 75
RufeiwIS, “Besooccscogsc 63
latidens® =i sone ee 70
PristodOntws, - etl nie 64
HSTINUS)) |o)-were lke steers 66
Galeode senna x sis teisin stots 66
PUISCUSS, is. mln apeeee even ee - 66
Galeorhinidey Ge.c- oe 66
Galens pristodontus, ~vmece5--52- 62, 64
Ganoidel,, esas sero cee Oe 145
Gar iptkessa i decgeeise tot alee 149
Gault eo Pate ied Ses ctestaers ts eee 8
Ginglymostoma,) ---p eerie er eee 30
obliqutuntweree ere 30
SELlal) oocyte 31
Ginglymostomide wc seiner 6 29
Glyphis,."* s.:ste-oc acme scene 7A
egertoni, .co25 aden 75,79
hastalis’ >. 28)... ..\. aero 74
subulata, .235jcesee eee 75
Gly ptorhynchus eee Eee eee 141
Gontobatis,. sis eases Eee : 98
Greensand No. 5 of New Jersey, .. 20
Grisetsy) \Aecl.c Sskrs aee ee ee 23
Gueducy, oc.50ih 20 be see ee 177 H.
Hadrosauruasy foulka- eee 52, 159
lalecomorphi,y .251% 6 one eee I45, 151
Elaplomi, | is'css'seeesns 22 OS ee 166, 169
Hemiprstis, .2).¢25 240256650 71
S€rray score eb oiedetotene 71
Heptanchuss \.id<0 35 525052 eee . 24
Te PLOn CUS see ee Sooobe s sRevainneus 24
INDEX.
PAGE.
ESTES MSY ce COCOS EU GOR OOOGL 24, 26 plectrodon, .... +... 2
primigenius, ........ 24, 25 EFEEEFOGONEGE: <..)< clei c:. Rae a 2
ibeterodontus, )-).-.)--)-)- leer : 27
LE. Sa GinGks Gepemopebeecous SoHE: 23
LIGSTIGIEES ooeadeoodoouconodaos 2 24
FEFESEROR MOTUS Ai avey = = lol otkore sc) <1 cveleicl a): 177
QMEPICONUS, «...-.--% 177
OTTERS BoeeUaeecal 177
homalorhamphus, ... 178
PETIOLES, “Sooudeoneas 180
ERE EOIT © ata /5¥s/2/0.5 odie seloscicis resi 157
Hialeceplalin syieon tere) renee eee LOS
.GLGAATUS. Boebascccodanoopeauon 84
Hornerstown, formations near, ... 17
Hornerstown marl. sone cies ate .ciers 12
IESG EES eB oGageuocboee coOReODSEDe 28
Il.
Wehthyodectida;, 2 -): sia cece ais tele ‘ 54
Kehthyodorulites, . ... ..1: sss cnicens 141
MGHEH VOLO, | coctc oo = shereieysievahel ieee 23
LG GEESE OAC Cece CUCL ot Oe 84
WSEFOGUUCTION. otc cciee sss cine orci soe 5
I SEM GOR Ropopce sone soousanoadan IIo
divaricatus, «222.2... 124
COCCHUS aetiieiaiste hiss: 116
FECUNAUS.. Bais cicisleei oe 119
aS erlitiyee ae veyeticcl cisse I2I, 123
SHELOSSOLUES HM etarnici= ici -1-16 118
FAteETAZeTUs, ..2000c02 00 113
BOMGIOSETASS) cise nne =e Wats ote}
GL en OO BOD One 123
MIT STREAUSS Be crete. cele aie se 112, 121
MONnOIGPHUS, ..22- 24 121, 123
SMOGRW, 2 «s/s», sisters Sizvnye 115
SOMGUINS, © cievecnre ce eiane I10, 127
SEEMODTYUS; aie ois jc 22 s+ III
PTIPORIAtUS. JAeseoe sae 112
SCH VENIZAM ne pisictstour css ».cis%s slecal eras 167
HISk Ce Jo S IAD ATA Ge DHE: 167
ESCHAPOLEBHAIUS) <5 Fz ccajo\e steve sttyctest 157
EVACHISS iicye clot 157
ECUGLT ORR Reh Pate ae ROE PRS EE 157
SULCOLWS stiches seine ot I57
ESOSHONGY LISS sore cere oie cine Oye eee I51 Isospondylous fishes, ............. I51
EAA ie be eearpeeeeet at ee Bes sean nye ea ete 135
neocesariensis, 135
Nettophoridces ny. as yn ee 180
ESELO PMO TES 15 erisn(0 pA RAO? 177
ATELGUUS, Pepe ioletesd eaten yy hs)
ANA E COOSROBEES os 177
homalorhamp-hus, ..... 178
Parviulus, He oc ec sees 180
SMS OP SUS ovate eo Soe 3 31
NSCS west oer aae ie 31, 32, 42, 74
ACHIMINIALTISS Ue vaeersiocoisiete 38, 43, 47
ESOL ce tor 32, 35, 43, 47
189 PAGE. C2300 Wis So aotano Gobo douS 42 Inhastalis tue acrsnvercheysce i 35 oxyrinchus, 3 35 oxyrinchus) x scm. aS 32, 35 Gillies, Soysoueoanoocds 40 J. Yerico, formations’ near, <......5..- 20 K.
Kirkwood formation, ........... ke 14 Kummel\ He Bs). report, bys eee 7 L. al riG any oat pase nse icici tie tie scat heres 183 Labroid fishes, ..... Pad tee sto p 183 TY OMNAG!. WX Payaeeistasaestsneinatolese sono td 6 42 Ih rabo taints oc c-51pb DG EGG secbibepste avs So Ca oie ILO eR GE aa TOs boa OOO As 52
ACLINUNGLDS raernaenneo cise 38 CER GEE, Goacooccoubobn 32, 43, 50 denticulata, ..... Li cnehepslioktie 43 elegans ..-eenineee 32, 43, 48, 52 lanceolata e-ycaseieie-lsicn 57,58 Cie palin, “obs anoa000 Reve 38 MIU SSI eyersicyestuerctehcksverereleks Ge QUMGe oooddueuvnbougadus 57 (CLAMAON Cs OUIde Dobie b BOC 31 HEEEHIEN “Godiblooncaca eekorsKeVs 52 Wammnidze:/aeveisicre obits hAvente aes 4 31 Wampreysoy ies Hy sy iiatccubayetstatehieyetel tits 22 Wan Celet seo ean ein cnyrorre ICR e aoe 22 Wepidostet epee Neier svacsie 145, 148 IE CDUMOSLCMSAS clelel Fa. V NO eIN evar 150 Wepisosteidcenn Tepisisisisreusveroise kee 149 Wepisosteus) -acrvanincen einer 149, 150, 15. ALCL eo Bae " 150 GUTH o500 000.0000 ‘ I50 kniteskertit, Gace meee 4 150 PlAtOSEOIMUS, lesser 150 IL Soe Goonaneopbooududucs vc 22 Weptoniylussm jaciueatenene chee 136 COORG uekbatnacener nets 137 COOKIN ei ccieyshenseeieiate 137 Census ncisrchuaeetanale 137, 138 LOPLER ayeveeist ae iekeevere ce I12, 139
Long Branch, formations near, TOVSOPECLIh Ms stevevsy cushet etre ees aiepeeke 145
M.
MEAC OTM aye eae oe etter eee " 177 VICK AIA eel Cena oes birt teed A EI ea RPE one c 177 Mackerel sharksauen ces aeieniociincle 31 Magothy formation, ....... sealistatete 8 WE GR OU ere Rane ka eae 177 Manasqiuaremearls | prliicictieetee erie 13 Marshalltown formation, ......... 9 Miastictitare npsrccincutas ots enone 84 Merchantville formation, ..:.... Bh 8
Igo PAGE. Macrodony nuchaliss;,s554..-2-2 12. 144 WETOTDESUS, oO b650GnbonaoDedecoes 102 Miocenemsystentjun see eee I4 Mountwlyatrelsar dase -errrre tier 10 Mullica Hill, formations near, .... 19 WS LACHES A Sok OSCR MU COOL Oooo abn 84 (WSWIGUS. oa bau uodwe 85 (OSES: Be cloonaaae 85 OD ESIS Gt Ania tcearttoreu stats 93,95 FUSOSUOS Ga udeouc oOo 93, 95 DORRIT: obs cocoa ab QI Mey lrobatidcemarnecriree ccmeeicenste 84 MiyvldobatisHmyermnicii rit 84, 99, IOI, 102, 108 DiSulCus aise eee er 85 Owinlas We ees tae stkers ones 84 PFAStioiatUS a eervelevee cae 85, 87, 91 PUTAS Hem nvavs cucve ke arenes 92 S1OtEOId essa yensiissera 88 holmesit;y = 71a ee 88 UGOSUSIy Nels eytera tice é 90 GWSSUCUIIS marenettetst ayn ceier IOI kummelivn a. ctae nero 95 leidyine e5,a3 2 ee QI MAGISTERS Wr sae rece 89, 90 MOR ZIN ALON eae ci reke IOI ODESUSY HUN aes cee eas 93 pachyodony.-t-'.cjsrervetete 88 pachyrhizodus, ...... 97 FECtidens heels cee j 92 PUFOSUS eet nee eiere 89 (Zygobatis) rugosus, . 95 Somes Soodasconoaa = 92 suturalisie season 92 toliapicrsi ei. cle eerste ; 92 VICOMICANUS,. ..2.+00- 92 Mioylorhinae « alae la stsjarstetere te toi eyorave coat IoI MN rvosteomn: © (eit susstavsisierspeievsscccuessievs 8x PAZ LEN St ire eves eke terete lee 81 N. Navesinkmmarliy mere eyietscret aie isis Io INECCOMIANE Var. sce aneie ae 8 NOothistium™ “one mere eee ome. 177 Natidami. "25s season cere ceskeetcire 2 Wotidanoid, sharks) ee... oss 6 23 INO GON Ws. AS merce tate re ere ahora ter ctetts 24 primigenius, ....-..... 24 Notorhanchiutsy Psaastonce ce iene 24 Niotorwrchusay WY Me is ole teieis cen cso cheesn 24 INC CUIALWSS oe te tee eiete 24 Nurses Gharkssy..tceretiteels sce Sok ien's 29 O. Optiansgapme sce ee sees oe Otodusy cece scion snes ee 53 OPtCUlatUss” cae ciiaass 262s 35 appendiculatus, ......... Bek ne lanceclatusi 2. acee. o- oe 54: 57 TEVA). Nes sk ars oes eS Sere 57 obliquus, Sosa Se ee 53,57: 58
INDEX.
PAGE.
OB SGA. oh ekatsctiienvor ener OE RE, Az deSOTU,. kage ee 35
PIGUCO.” AA tee cere 31
TEES, | Go bbAdgoso 32, 35, 40, 42
CUPNO COM wete ite 35 Oxyrrhingr sale snes e cee 31
P.
Pachyrhizodontid@, ao se2 eee : 152 Rachyrhizodus\ ace aoe eee 152 Paraphyllodust ea eee 184 IOS HO, “Gaeosocapaedcdscoadoe 109, III Pemberton, formations near, ...... 18 HET GESOCES War are bassisalie sree OS 169 Perchalike @nshesse.. eee eee 175 Percoidea), yo efi utye-- ieee eee 176, 183 IBSoyOrOl, Gopdagocdcadansce ee 17s Periods: s Vactentsvei aleaisiciiece OR 146 hoemign, ....:- cee 146
Pétalodus (nxt cele eee 23 Phacodus arregularis, .......-+2.-- 182 Pharyncognathis se cryereii este neene 183 Phasganodus.icentryi, ores ee 163 S@mistriatus, 05.02 162
Phy llodustema seis SF ahs ae aioe 184 CUTUIGENS tele) ee 184
elegans. are cee et 184
toliapicus)) (aeceeee eee 184
Bike-like fishes ae. .rerei-ireei eerie 166 PIKES 10s sista vcyss eis ee aca eats Oo en 166 PisGes 5. ies, S hye cvsnsc ser eee Oe 22 BIGEVSQUCliU sy Werseusrcr-cornicrenelene reese 77 PU COdUSS: B23. 0's wireatin RE BO 30 tielensis:: :..,aaeee eee 30 Plinthicus,, <.Asccicis see eee 100 Sisal Kodoanadacos 100
Pliocene: system, 2.ceeia. er eee 15 Preumatosteus, \ csr eee 150 nahunticus, ..... 150
Poplar tormationsiathe eee 16 POrgvess os. 24) aieceiesoccsssscete us os Seen ae8 181 IME Gb O AAO OC OMRRAA CDOS 06 , 74. Prionodon, ..... cherbuel sisiislorene terpenes 74 PHS Dalts.e ns dlenieie eet wee el ern 81 Bristidaes os..2.oleic scenes ayn sees Bs 80 Prestiopsus, . 2y<.s.01s5.3 02 Se Oe 81 Pristisy | .co00 Seascale 81 amblodon) ca... ere eae 81 antiquortim,s)+...5e eee 81 curvidens, “22 stieee eee ereie 82 perrottetis, <..50eree eee 81 (Eopristis,) reinachi, ..... 8r Pristobatis; s93562c0 eee ete 81 Pristobvatus,, + .\sc-set eee ene 81 Proarthet. |. ncn eee Sree 27 Psaliodusy ses sid seeia we sae wane - 136 Psalltsostomus, ox 20242-2502 050 see 150 Pstttacodons cee I09Q, III Ptychacanthus faujasti, ;.......... 84 Ptychodontide, <0. 24.056 eh eerie 84
Ptychodus mammillaris, Piychobleurus, Pycnodonti, Pycnodontide, Pycnodonts, Pycnodus,
faba, phaseolus, robustus,
Raja flagellum,
narinart, Rajide, Raphiosauride, Raphiosaurus, Raritan formation, Rays, Red Bank sand, Requiem sharks, Rentceps, Rhine, Rhinoptera,
dubia, Htiie sooo ObHE Coase CGUZTOS Sosoocbone Riddleton, formations near,
Sail fishes, Sarchirus,
SECIIAS C2 CRIBE OE OE OR Ieee AMLOCEDNALIS yar anette ley r ei cloe MCANUS Sw Sacco tiere lanciformis, lycodon,
STG TTS Me Bee 6 Ue GOCOIA HOLE HAS ee neg RC OOS DOCESE VCANWS ee ovocttas crete Saw fishes, Scombridz, Scombrotdea, Selachostomi, SAUMONIMUS Ree ee ee Senonian formation, Sitark-tken fishes: (Fer aon Shark River, formations near, SharkeRiver marl: s.snecneeae
Shiloh, formations near,
i ie i ar er ry
ee ed
ee ee er
SOLENOAOW Noe os Ss eee NEOCOMMENSIS, ....22.0
PALI dae emclnce ees veo eeiclgeiashne SPUAGE IAs Racers ht te ee GETEULGLO ae pyiiee eet) oie)
ACICUMAL AZ isiiel ctate see
TULLE PIC RIEU DOE TCI TEE
INDEX.
102 102 103 102
Sphlryreeniay, (cia hesekerccs) erates seeetercnre eevee 170
SY PACH Pomme cienb ia e noite SIMA CHENG 159
SPECTOSUS,. a's. elake Hiei ouele 171
Sphyraenidc ence eee 169
SPLVrenod us waeeise see eie tn 170
SHOTS, o06e0'50 00 170
GYAROSIO, Godaoacco 171
Sphynnaan pets ciaeeaeas ee abersater eee torre 62,77
[wlofel bien ammo mod BotoO Gc 77
RCENLICUIOLO Mm eirneirceetteete 78
gibbesit iy me iaemitscciee mene 78
DIASCAG Cer sechalay ssn cistoerovs 75,78
LUD UO Saipretetersioe sane raheieronnene 78
SALAS. GodonauacoocoogaasGude 77
SWithvndiees eo eeassrooeomucon ates 77
Spiny, rayed@inshess sjevuvencresirensiens 168
SIGUA TUS Mate en erage eneeretccn ae ons 38, 57, 59, 60, 61
CPREHENS| ocododedboaddbe 66
COATRIG, Vanonoannoen6 o© 24
CORMIDTCWSMamereioetcienalcreels 42
OHEIG. SooosoogodoHude 74
PUUSEUSH ci aarti Merit eee 81
GALTAOGGIS,; Booacoos é 42
WANT, “soddsoodndoo0 O00 Dy
LY CONG Wve eels 77
-Squankum, formations near, ...... 17
SHOURUMD, cdbodadoobooaeooda soe 98
Stow Creek, formations near, 20 T.
eleostmotolithss ecient 108
Mextianyecormations ai. -\-seieere ster 7
SDN Neh oXe HT Tops ny res aay Bicone Hee EAL GIO Oe 28
(CHAMOERIS, Bo0God00db000 28
Tinton beds teesccinceie onsen wee Ir
IGA, VassiaoooospelesoouNeo 150
SARILHIGENS et aetlete 150
LMI CPOS: | ov ctatte ee cPalc clarateres easter eustats 102
PEriemhsShessrs cea cacisec nce irae 144
Sharks a eron sere eaaeecopege 29
DPM CONG, - inayat, Meret asics lorereulane tae eeu 102
EN PUC TMD Ne Micparcicilscstiaieisetos 102
MEAT GNIATE Wieyedarva rt vRevay salon Actevey cxetatele 8
Ly picalesnarksey servation 27 Vv.
Vincentown, formations near, 19 Waricentownsat dimer entre lier 12 Ww.
WGHoMels Gey Sododbabbossocboe 10
Whitfield, R., divisions of Cretace-
OUSMID Veneers heteiciatatavsrateleve ere rioe 21 Wioodburyaclayanmenicicieretecincre 9 Wirassellfishes iy acc) et sternite 183
x. Miphodolaiiam erie ee erkeeece re: 25 Gish ood onesie 25, 26 XAPWODONLOIAMIIC civasileeieleieion etree 25
blochii, -. _ Zygana, ......- WSEAS Neietsrccae SRN AAS GOWIAS, 6000000
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