A93
—Tnvert |
Zool. |

[THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

} .

DESCRIPTIVE CATALIGUE

||

SPONGES

AUSTRALE -N MUSEUM,
SYDNEY.

BY

ROBERT von LENDENFELD, Pu.v., F.LS.,

FELLOW OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, HONORARY MEMBER OF
THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AUSTRALASIA, CORRESPONDING MEMBER
OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES,
E. P. RAMSAY, LL.D., F.RS.E, F.GS8., MR.LA, F.R.G.S., Curaror.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
ratty
1888.

<A]
~an

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! ie a i

diy inne bh) has

Savi 7 a i) r -

“\ ‘THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF THE

SPONGES

IN THE

SUS tk vi baAN. MUS ESM
SDN ¥

BY

ROBERT von LENDENFELD, Pu.D., F's

FELLOW OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, HONORARY MEMBER OF
THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AUSTRALASIA, CORRESPONDING MEMBER
OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF -THE TRUSTEES,
E. P. RAMSAY, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.GS., MRA, F.R.G.S., Curator.

TG Nu ON

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

1888.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND.

PREFACE.

Dr. LENDENFELD was entrusted with the compilation of a descriptive Catalogue
of the Sponges in the Australian Museum by the Trustees of this Institution
in 1885, as on account of his previous knowledge of the subject he was
considered specially competent to do the work ; and a workroom was provided
at the Museum fitted with all necessary facilities. The Collections, however,
were found to be so extensive, and the number of new forms obtained by
almost weekly dredging-operations during the continuance of the work was
so large, that the Catalogue assumed much greater dimensions than was

originally expected.

After a careful examination the whole collection was put in order, and
by the beginning of 1886 all the good specimens were numbered and provided
with preliminary names. The Author’s change of residence from Sydney to
London, early in that year, somewhat retarded the progress of the work ; but
he considers that the loss of time was amply made up by the advantage he
enjoyed of being able to study the collections in the British Museum, and to
compare the types of other authors with the Australian Sponges. He is
therefore able to present this Catalogue in a form which would not other-

wise have been attainable.

th

INT ROD UG EOIN:

Sponges have been known to science for a long time. From the numerous
references to them in Homer, it may be inferred that the bathing-sponge
was in use amongst the ancient Greeks. Aristotle distinguished, in his Iepi
E®wy isropius, three species of Sponges; his opinion was that Sponges were
animals.

Other Authors of the Classical and the Middle Ages did not add any observa-
tions to those made by the great Alexander’s great tutor.

Although some of the papers of these authors were perhaps not absolutely
and entirely fanciful, yet we may say that the true nature of Sponges was
discovered by Grant in 1825.

The manner in which the older celebrated authors—Linné, Cuvier, Lamarck,
and Lamouroux—treated the Sponges was by no means satisfactory ; and also
the works of Pallas and Esper (certainly the best of their time) are not so
good as they might have been.

Very little was done to establish the knowledge of species until Bowerbank
and O. Schmidt studied the British and Adriatic Sponges respectively.
Through their labours the standard of spongiological works was raised
very considerably.

F. E. Schulze subjected a number of Adriatic Sponges to a very careful

~ anatomical and histological examination, and published the results of his
labours in the form of a series of monographic essays, which are the most
important contributions to our knowledge of Sponges. It may be said that
F. E. Schulze has established a ‘“‘new school” of Spongiology, represented by
Vosmaer, Poléjaeff, and myself.

But, in spite of Schulze’s labours, and those of Carter, Sollas, myself, and
others, our knowledge of Sponges was not on a satisfactory footing until
now.

Through the extensive collections made by the ‘ Alert’ and ‘ Challenger’ in
all parts of the world, and through my own labours in the Australian seas, we
have been placed in the possession of sufficient material to attain a much
clearer insight into the nature, affinities, and distribution of Sponges.

The results of these labours are laid down in four large monographs, two of
which have lately appeared and two are in the press.

Three of these monographs (by F. E. Schulze on the Hexactinellida, by
Ridley and Dendy on the Monaxonida, and by Sollas on the Tetraxonida) appear
in the ‘ Challenger’ Reports. The fourth, written by myself, deals with the
Horny Sponges, and is being published by the Royal Society.

ae

v1 INTRODUCTION.

Thus, when all these monographs have appeared, our knowledge of Sponges
will be established on a firm basis, as the only remaining group, the
Calecareous Sponges, has already been made the subject of a monograph by
Haeckel, and has been studied by Poléjaeff and myself.

This satisfactory and complete working out of Sponges is partly due to the
facilities afforded me by the Trustees of the Australian Museum and by
individuals in New South Wales.

I have to perform the agreeable duty of expressing my thanks to the Hon.
William Macleay, who, in the first place, enabled me to study the rich Sponge-
fauna of Port Jackson carefully ; and to the Trustees of the Australian
Museum, and to Dr. Ramsay, the Curator, who have met and assisted me in
a liberal manner in carrying on my researches. I am equally indebted to
the Authorities of the British Museum, and particularly to Dr. Giinther and
Mr. 8. O. Ridley, for the uniform kindness with which they assisted me
during the time J was working there.

We may now review our knowledge of Sponges, and give an outline of the
chief results attained.

The simplest Sponges (the Asconide among the Calcarea) have the shape
of a sac the thin walls of which are perforated by numerous small holes.
This wall is composed of a structureless jelly- or glue-like substance known as
the ground-substance, in which cells of various kinds and also the skeleton are
contained. The surface of the mesogloea is covered with a continuous layer of
epithelial cells. Nowhere does the mesoglcea come in direct contact with the
surrounding water. Every epithelium-cell bears one cilium, which is appa-
rently in continuous motion. The cells on the external surface are low and
flat, and derived from the ectoderm of the gastrula-larva ; those on the inner
side are high and cylindrical, and their free end bears a long flagellum and a
conic prolongation of the margin—a collar. These cells are of entodermal
origin, and known as collar-cells; they are very peculiar in shape, and no cells
of this kind have been found in any Metazoa except Sponges. They are
similar to certain flagellate Protozoa, Salpingeca and Codosiqa.

The sexual cells, the connective-tissue cells, the muscular and sensitive cells,
the gland-cells, and the skeleton-producing cells are imbedded in the mesoglea,
which extends between the ectoderm and entoderm, and all these cells are of
mesodermal origin.

The epithelia, both ectodermal and entodermal, invariably appear as single
layers of cells, and do not produce any organs of the interior.

As mentioned above, the flagella are in continuous motion, and, particularly
those of the collar-cells, produce a pretty strong current of water, which
enters by the small pores in the sac-wall and leaves by the large terminal
aperture—the mouth of the sac, which is termed the osew/wm.

All the more highly organized forms of Sponges can be easily derived from
the simple Ascon described above. In the first place, the wall of the sac becomes
folded and forms diverticula. Then the collar-cells, which clothed the whole of

INTRODUCTION. Vil

the inner surface of the Ascon-sac, confine themselves to these diverticula, and
are replaced in the central cavity, into which the diverticula open, by flat ento-
dermal epithelial cells, which are similar in structure to the ectodermal epithelial
cells on the outer surface. The diverticula, which alone in these higher Sponges
are clothed with collar-cells, are termed ciliated chambers. The afferent pores,
scattered over the whole of the surface of the Ascon-sac, confine themselves to
the ciliated chambers. The central cavity communicates with the outer water
by one aperture only, the terminal osculum.

A further differentiation is produced by the development of a special dermal
lamella, which covers the outer surface. This lamella—the skin—is perforated
by numerous small holes, the inhalant pores. In the Hexactinellida and the
Hexaceratina the pores lead into wide cavities which are often traversed by
slender trabeculw. These subdermal cavities communicate with the chambers by
numerous small holes in the chamber-wall—the afferent pores of the chambers.

In the other Sponges—the higher Calcarea, the Chondrospongixw, and the
Cornacuspongie—the layer of ciliated chambers is folded in a more complicated
manner than in the two orders Hexactinellida and Hexaceratina; and the
intervening space is filled with mesogloea, which develops to such an extent
that only comparatively narrow canals are left open. These canals lead on
the one hand from the inhalant pores in the skin down to the ciliated chambers,
and on the other hand from the chambers to the central, often small, cavity
which opens out by the osculum.

These canals are much branched and form two systems—the inhalant and
exhalant canal-system.

The ciliated chambers are in the Syconidw and Sylleibide, among the higher
Calcarea, and in the Hexactinellida and Hexaceratina, large, oval or sac-
shaped ; and in the other Sponges smaller, spherical or oval.

Most Sponges have a skeleton. The few which are destitute of any support
may be regarded as rudimentary forms.

The skeleton consists in the Calcarea of spicules composed chiefly of
carbonate of lime. In the Hexactinellida and Chondrospongie the skeleton
consists of spicules composed chiefly of silica, which appears in the amorphous
state and may be compared to opal. In the Cornacuspongie we find originally
a skeleton composed of monaxon siliceous spicules. These are attached to each
other by a cement of a horn- or silk-like chemical nature, which is known as
spongin. Ina great number of the Cornacuspongie the quantity of spongin
greatly increases, and a skeleton is formed which consists of a network of
spongin-fibres, in the axis of which proper spicules are contained. Finally,
in the Horny Sponges the spicules disappear altogether, and the skeleton
consists of spongin in which foreign bodies (sand &c.) are often embedded.

All the Sponges the development of which is known undergo a complete
metamorphosis. The ova and spermatozoa are similar to those of other Metazoa.
The sexes are often distinguished ; but some Sponges are certainly hermaphro-
dite. The oyum is fructified in the body of the mother, and passes through the

Vill INTRODUCTION,

first stages of development in special capsules or in the canals of the mother.
It develops into a ciliated gastrula, which leaves the body of the mother and
swims about freely on its own account for some time. Finally the embryo
attaches itself to a suitable surface, loses its regular shape, and grows out to
form a sponge. We know little about the later stages of development, and
I recommend them to the special attention of students.

The digestive functions of Sponges are carried on in an unknown manner.
We do not even know what Sponges feed on. Their organization precludes
the possibility of their devouring things of a large size, and I am inclined
to believe that their nourishment consists of the organic substances contained
tn solution in the water which passes through their elaborate and complicated
canal-system. I should like to draw the attention of students to this point
also.

Sponges are met with both in fresh water and in the sea. The freshwater
forms are few in number, and the Australian freshwater Sponges are very
similar to the European. The diversity of marine forms is very great, and it
appears that the Australian coast is particularly rich in Sponges.

The systematic position of Sponges has been extensively discussed, and
many different views have been put forward with regard to it. I think,
however, that my publications on the subject* may be regarded as fairly
establishing the fact that Sponges are Metazoa and not Protozoa, and that
they belong to the Grade Coelentera, and do not form a separate group equiva-
lent to the groups Metazoa and Protozoa. Within the Grade Ccelentera I
distinguish two Phyla:—(1) Mesodermalia, the chief organs of which are
mesodermal in origin; and (2) Epithelaria, the chief organs of which are
epithelial (ectodermal and entodermal) in origin. The Mesodermalia comprise
the Sponges, and the Epithelaria comprise the Hydromeduse, Scyphomeduse,
Anthozoa, and Ctenophora.

The classification of Sponges is at present in some confusion, as every author
establishes a different system, and no time is allowed to verify them before
another new system crops up. I shall here of course follow the system
established by myself. Time will show whether my system or another
is correct; but I rather suspect that none of them will be found quite
satisfactory. The system here employed differs somewhat from that published
by me in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1886.

After this short Introduction I now enter on my proper subject—the
descriptions of the Sponges which were in the Australian Museum at the
beginning of 1886. This work is simply a descriptive Catalogue, and I do
not wish to have it considered in any other light.

* Proc. Zool. Soe. 1886; Zool. Jahrb. vol. ii.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PREFACE .
InTRODUCTION

MESODERMALIA
1. Classis CALCAREA .

1. Ordo HOMOCELA

Familia Asconipz

Genus Ascetta

2. Ordo HETEROCELA .

Familia Syconrp =

Subfamilia Syconine .
Genus Sycandra

Subfamilia Uterine
Genus Grantessa

Familia LevconIDE . . .
Genus Leucetta .
Leucortis
Leucandra

Page
ilt

_

Do =

oon wo bd ho

co CO & &

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page
DeiClaasis Sadak OEA ¢ 4 12 (4. Gene Oe ee ee ee)

i 1O0rdo HEXACTINELLIDA .. 28 ee eee eee
Subordo’ LYSSACINA. 9.) =. 2 48 G20 Be eed eer eee

Familia Hurirctentipz. (4. .). =. 4.) pene elo
Genus) Huplectella”, . =.) % ~ snc eee

‘Familia SROssRibim eine. 9 cp geo + Gs es Vs ee
Genus Holtenia BPN ge See? Be Bee mee)

Familia MyaroneMaTypm = 2 0: <« © 2". sees 21
Genus Hyalonemay. .. = 2. c24.) 2 92 eee

2. Order HEXACERATENA, Te. 2 = % 8 s.02c) Goeen ene
Familia - DAmwiINneLLipm.. 3. 6 4 «© os oe 2 eee

Familia Apivertiimm 94.7) % Gs seas 6 eee
Genus-Lanthella <2 7.0%. 20 00 ee, ee ee
Anylysilla: i) See) Jo ane ar ee

Dendrillate (se a. <o eo eAe he eT

Familia HAnisaReupat 9.) @ 0.) joe) cee e ete ee
Genus Bajalus: c60 6 © 6) -). A2cn Ge ee eee

3. Ordo CHONDROSPONGI@ . . 2... 2. 3 sw a se a ee
Sabordo TE DRAXONDTAV. sug. ge 1). fe) lel yeu ous en areas

Group-L7 THIS EDA Vy. Te ee cee), ef
Group CHORISTIDA, i200 V7) 2) 0 a re

Tribus Tétradina ©. .'".) “0 2° ae eee
Tribus ETianina.) a2) oso ee. See es, ee

Familia Gropmpz 4 (252 5 =. 455 - 2 foe lc ec
Genus (Geodia ...(K.CA60 Pe Sse ce 170 0s ete
ot eee oat Kaew oc 5 24

Cydoniums te) 20) Alea: hen Oe) eae eC

HamiliasSreLEe PPD zt.) <\h.>) ts 2 cele eee ee ee O
Gemes:Stellettan.c toed ics Up ee eee ene em
Psammeastra; %. <2. s. 4eee bee
Uhalassomlora .. +. os. 6 ve We See NO UECEO

Familia AncortmniDaty = vs cice 3 8 a) ence nen eee
Genns Ancorina, 4.2295: 2) 3-2. el a ee

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Familia THENEDD &
Familia Terin.ip a
Genus Spiretta .

Familia TrrHyopstLiip®
Genus Tethyopsilla

Subordo MONAXONIA .

Familia Treruyp& . . ,
Genus Tethya
Tethyorrhaphis
Tuberella

Familia SoLLAsELLip a
Genus Sollasella

Familia SprrastRELLID®
Genus Spirastrella .
Papillina
Raphyrus
Papillissa

Familia SuBERAMATIDE .
Familia SuBERITID .
Genus Poterion .
Suberites
Plectodendron .
Cliona

Subordo OLIGOSILICINA .

Familia CHonDRILLIDE .
Genus Chondrilla

Familia CoonpRrosip
Genus Chondrosia .

Ordo CORNACUSPONGIZ .

Familia SroneGiLLipa
Genus Spongilla
Tubella .

Meyenia .

Xi

Page
42
42
42

+4
45

46

46
46
52
56

56
56
57
57
58

60
64

65
65
65
66
67

ss “J
oO,

=P)

xii SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Familia HomorrRHAPHID™ .
Subfamilia Renierine

Genus Reniera .
Petrosia .
Halichondria
Reniochalina

Subfamilia Chalinine
Group Cacochalinine
Genus Cacochalina .
Chalinopora
Cladochalina
Chalinella
Group Pachychalinine.
Genus Chalinissa
Pachychalina
Ceraochalina

Group Placochalinine
Genus Antherochalina
Placochalina
Group Siphonine
Genus Phylosiphonia .
Siphonochalina .
Siphonella

Group Hoplochalinine
Genus Hoplochalina

Group Dactylochalinine
Genus Dactylochalina
Euchalina
Chalinodendron

Group Arenochalinineg

Genus Arenochalina

Familia Sroneip x
Genus Chalinopsilla
Phyllospongia .
Leiosella .
Huspongia

Page

ae

Ud
80
80

83
83
83
84
85
86

86
86
88
88

89
89
90
92
92
94
97
98
98
99
99

5, LO
. 102
. 103

«, 103

. 104
. 104
2 dita
«- 120
, 128

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Familia Sronaipa (continued).

Genus Hippospongia .
Thorecta
Aplysinopsis
Luffaria .
Aplysina
Dysideopsis .
Halme
Stelospongia

Hircinia .
Familia HererorRHAPHID&

Subfamilia Stylotellince
Genus Stylotella

Subfamilia Phlaeodictyine
Genus Rhizochalina

Subfamilia Gelline

Genus Gelliodes .
Gellius

Subfamilia Zedaniine
Genus Tedania .

Familia SPONGELID .

Subfamilia Phoriospongine :

Genus Phoriospongia .
Sigmatella
Subfamilia Spongeline
Genus Haastia .
Psammopemma
Spongelia
Familia DresmMAcIDONIDz&
Subfamilia Esperelline
Genus Sideroderma
Esperella
Subfamilia Hctyonine
Genus Myxilla .
Clathriodendron
Kalykenteron

X1v SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Familia Desmactbon1p& (continued).

Page

Genus Clathrissa 4. s0bel cn ee es

Echinonemai Wee ee ec

Clathria: ... G: cus Su eects = Py ee eee cok

Thalassodendron +. . «09. |. |. eS eeeoe

Rlectispa 2g: c) 2s us, fecal eC EO

Clathriopsamma ». . 5 . 4. een

FamiliavAurEntpa =, 26S. 2c) 2 a eee
Genus-Aulenaies Gs es ee
ivattellar’ A 8s . 2 2 os | ee eee

Familia, Axinmrrmpmicy hs os 8) op eee cues Umer
Genus*Axinellacs a: oo) 22 oem. ee ee). 0), nee
Spiophorella «4: 3) 9...) eae eee

(KerngorocrHeiGRNbRa.. ) ae ok ek Ue eS, can so ec ene, eco

(GUNRRAL INDEX: ee eo ne oe tea pet ese AEE) er ee Beco

ERRATA.

Page 42, line 3 from bottom, for Ancorinide read Tetillide.
Page 172, line 11 from bottom, for Stelospongia read Stelospongos.

THE

De ler Oe Nuctre liters

THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Phylum MESODERMALIA.

Coelentera with a transgressing canal-system, with entodermal
collar-cells. The chief organs are of mesodermal origin.

1. Classis CALCAREA.

Mesodermalia with a skeleton composed of calcareous spicules.

1. Ordo HOMOCGLA.

Calcarea the entoderm of which consists exclusively of collar-

cells.
Familia ASCONIDE.
Sac-shaped Homoceela, often forming colonies, without a thick
mesoderm which the canals perforate.

The Asconide are identical with Haeckel’s Ascones. Haeckel’s genera are

adopted preliminarily.
B

to

ASCETTA,.

Genus ASCETTA.

Asconidee with predominant triact spicules, some of which may
possess an incipient fourth ray; without diacts.

Ascetta procumbens, Lendenfeld.

Ascetta procumbens, R. von Lendenfeld, ‘“ A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part IIT.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1086 (1885).

The sponge consists of numerous slightly curved cylindrical tubes, which
chiefly extend in one plane, anastomose to form perforated plates, and attain a
diameter of 25 and a thickness of 2°5 millim.

The skeleton is regular. The rays of the spicules are 0-1 millim. long and
at the base 0-015 millim. thick ; they are pretty stout, conic, and slightly rounded
at the ends. Our species is distinguished from the allied species by the rays of
its spicules being neither cylindrical as in Ascetta coriacea nor pointed as in the
numerous varieties of Ascetta primordialis ; besides that, the spicules are shorter
than those of the latter and thicker than those of the former.

GrograpHicaAL Disrrinution.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip
(Lendenfeld). Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson (Lendenfeld).

2. Ordo HETEROCGLA.

Calcarea with differentiated entoderm. The ciliated chambers
are clothed with collar-cells and the gastral cavity with entodermal
pavement-cells.

I adopt Polcjaefi’s name, with a different definition but nearly identical

meaning.

Familia SYCONIDZ.

Heteroccela with cylindrical ciliated chambers which traverse
the body-wall, are situated radially and open direct into the
vastral cavity. Sensitive cells around the inhalant pores.

Identical with Haeckel’s Sycones.

Connected with the Asconidee by Homoderma and with the Leuconide by
Vosmaeria.

SYCANDRA. 3

Subfamilia SYCONIN &.

Syconide with unbranched, distally separate ciliated tubes, and
without complicated canal-system.

(Subgenera of Sycones with the end-syllable “ aga” of Haeckel.)

I divide this subfamily, which comprises a great number of the Sycones,
Haeckel, according to Haeckel’s principle, preliminarily into the seven genera
which, according to Haeckel, comprise all Syconide.

Genus SYCANDRA.

Syconinz with diact, triact, and tetract spicules.

Comprising Haeckel’s subgenera Sycocarpus, Sycocercus, Sycocubus, Syco-
trobus.
Sycandra arborea, Haeckel.

Sycandra arborea, B. Haeckel, Die Kalkschwiimme; eine Monographie, Band it.
Seite 331 (1872).

Sycandra arborea, R. von Lendenfeld, “ Das Nervensystem der Spongien,’
Zoologischer Anzeiger, viii. Jahrgang, No. 186 (1885).

Sycandra arborea, R. von Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part ITI.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1095 (1885).

Sycon arborea, N. de Poléjaeff, “ Report on the Calcarea,” The Zoology of the
Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ part xxiv. p. 40 (1883).

5)

Branched sessile colonies, composed of more or less eylindrical tubular
individuals, with small frills. Colonies composed of from 5 to 30 persons,
each measuring from 8 to 20 millim. in length and from 4 to 8 millim. in
diameter. Inhalant pores very regularly disposed, and surrounded by rings
of muscular cells—sphincters. The inhalant pores lead into subdermal
extensions of the intercanals, which are wide and have a quadratic transverse
section.

Spicules.—Gastral tetract Spicules. The radial centripetal ray pointing
towards the osculum and also curved in that direction, pointed, conic;
0:04-0:06 (exceptionally 0°08) x 0°008 millim. (Haeckel), 0-08 x 0-008 millim.
(my measurements). The two aboral rays paired and straight; the other
longitudinal and curved, concave towards the gastral cavity; all of equal
size, 0°037-0:04 x 0-006 millim.—Parenchymal triacts. Sagittal ; lateral rays
0:16—-0-1 x 0:005-0:006 millim. The unpaired ray in the proximal part
of the ciliated tubes shorter than the others, 0°05 x 0-004 millim.; in the

distal part longer, 9°12 0-007 millim.—Dermal diaets short and_ stout,
B2

4 SYCANDRA.

curved and irregular, massed on the summits of the ciliated tubes. In each
group 6-10 long diacts, 0°96-1x0-05 millim., and very numerous short
ones 0:04—0-2 millim. long, of the same thickness. The latter are imflated at
the distal ends. The terminal knobs, which have a diameter of Q:08-0°1
millim., form a hard pavement on the surface.

GroGRAPHICAL Distripution.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip (Len-
denfeld), Bass Straits (Haeckel), Monceeur Island (‘Challenger’). Hast coast of
Australia: Port Jackson (Ramsay).

Sycandra ramsayi, Lendenfeld.

Sycandra ramsayi, R. von Lendenfeld, ‘A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part IIT.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1097 (1885).

Sac-shaped or spherical Sycandre, which never form colonies, and which
attain a height of 50 anda diameter of 40 millim. The body-wall is very thick ;
so that even the largest specimens have a comparatively small gastral cavity,
which is more or less tubular, sac-shaped. In consequence of the thickness of the
body-wall, the ciliated chambers attain an exceptional length ; they are longest
in the middle of the sponge : their length decreases towards the oral and aboral
ends. The sponge attains, in consequence of the long protruding dermal
diacts, a very hairy appearance. The circular osculum, 5-10 millim. in
diameter, is surrounded by a frill of very long (4 millim.) longitudinal
diacts. The protruding, nearly conic, distal ends of the elongate ciliated
chambers are crowned by clusters of very long and slender diacts.

Spicules.—Giastral tetvacts. Very slender, irregular ; centripetal radial
ray conic or cylindrical, nearly straight, 0°-22x0-:005 millim. ;_ trans-
verse tangential rays straight, 0-20-0048 millim.; longitudinal tangential
ray 0:1 x 0-003-0:004 millim., pointing towards the aboral pole. The
centripetal radial rays protrude into the gastral cavity—Parenchymal
Spicules. Triacts and tetracts, with numerous transition-forms. The
largest tetracts perfectly regular; all rays straight, slender, and slightly
conic, 0°17 x0:0048 millim. The rays of the largest triacts, which are
likewise regular, of the same dimensions. Towards the outer surface the
spicules become sagittal, the unpaired rays always being longer and pointing
outwards. Measurements of the dermal tetracts and triacts: centrifugal
ray 0:15-0:18 x 0-006 millim., tangential rays 0:07-0:12 x 0-006 millim.—
Dermal protruding diacts straight, slightly leaning towards the osculum, ecylin-
drical in the centre, and conic at both ends ; the proximal end more abruptly
pointed than the distal end; 1°8—2°5 x 0-021 millim.

GroarapuicaL Distrisution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
“ Pottle and Glass rocks,” on black mud, 10 fathoms (Ramsay).

SYCANDRA.—GRANTESSA. 3)

This sponge, one of the most beautiful in Port Jackson, was provisionally

set down by Miklucho-Maclay as Baeria Ramsay. The genus Baeria may

with further investigation be reestablished, when we are in a position to

replace Haeckel’s artificial classification by a more natural one. The specific
name has been retained.

Subfamilia UTEIN 2.

Syconide, the ciliated chambers of which coalesce throughout,
so that there are no projecting distal cones, and the outer surface
is smooth and continuous. The tubes are simple and unbranched ;
there is no complicated canal-system.

Genus GRANTESSA.

Uteinee with sparsely scattered bunches of long dermal pro-
truding diacts, which are not determined in their number or
position by the ciliated chambers.

Grantessa sacca, Lendenfeld.

Grantessa sacca, R. von Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.
—Part III.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,
vol. ix. part 4, p. 1098 (1885).

Large sac-shaped sponges, which do not form colonies and which are charac-
terized by the large size of their gastral cavity and the thinness of the body-wall.
The sponge attains a length of 80 millim. and has the shape of a straight or
slightly curved cylinder, with a circular transverse section 20-25 millim.
in diameter. The body-wall is only 2—-2°5 millim. thick. Intercanals with
triangular transverse section, regular, and conspicuous, connected with the
outer water by small pores, which pervade the dermal layer. No subdermal
extensions of the inhalants.

Spicules.—Gastral tetracts rare ; oue differentiated ray protruding into
the gastral cavity, straight, short and stout, conic and pointed, 0-055—
0-006 x 0-005 millim. Tangential rays regular, in one plane, vertical to the
centripetal ray, 0-07 x 0-005 millim.—Triact Spicules of the Parenchyma
sagitally differentiated ; centrifugal unpaired ray straight, conic, rounded at
the end, 0°2-0°3 x 0:006—-0-007 millim.; the paired rays slightly bent, with
the convex side looking inward, 0°11 x 0°004 millim, Regular triacts with
straight, cylindrical, abruptly pointed rays are met with towards the outer
surface: their rays measure 0°1-0-14 x 0:007 millim. Dermal triacts, similar

6 LEUCETTA.

in shape to the sagittal ones in the parenchyma, are very numerous; their
unpaired ray is situated radially, and pointed inwards. The paired rays
stand nearly vertical on this one and are very variable in size; always,
however, very slender; they form a dense and hard dermal felt.—The
Dermal diact spicules are cylindrical and pointed at both ends, more abruptly
at the distal end. They are very slender, and consequently nearly always
broken off in preserved specimens. They measure 2-3 x 0-014 millim. These
spicules are massed in clusters of from 10 to 15, and they protrude five sixths
of their length beyond the surface, on which they stand vertical. The clusters
are regularly disposed, and situated at intervals of about 2 millim. from one
another. Small linear diacts are also met with in these clusters.

GrograPHicaAL DistrisuTion.—EHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson, on
rocky bottom (Lendenfeld).

Familia LEUCONID.

Heteroccela with ramified inhalant and exhalant canals, and with
spherical ciliated chambers. ‘The outer surface is not differentiated
into distinct poriferous and osculiferous areas.

This family comprises the Leucones of Haeckel with spherical chambers with
the exception of the Teichonide.

Genus LEUCETTA.

Leuconide with exclusively triact spicules.

This genus is nearly identical with Haeckel’s genus of that name.

Leucetta microrrhaphis, Haeckel.

Lewcetta microrrhaphis, R. von Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part III.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1117 (1885).

Leucetta microrrhaphis (Leucetta primigenia, var. microrrhaphis), E. Haeckel,
Die Kalkschwimme ; eine Monographie, Band ii. Seite 119 (1872).
Leucetta primigenia, var. microrrhaphis, 8. O. Ridley, Report on the Sponges,
Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean

during the Voyage of H.MLS. ‘ Alert,’ 1881-82, p. 482 (London, 1884).

Dermal and gastral surfaces smooth. ‘Triacts regular. Rays straight,
pointed. Numerous small spicules measuring 0°142~x 0-011 millim., and

LEUCETTA. 7
rarer large ones of a similar shape measuring 0:8 x 0-085 millim. ; very rare
spicules of an intermediate size are also met with.

I have seen many specimens of Haeckel’s Leucetta primigenia. They are all
slightly ramified ; 3-6 cylindrical pieces, with uneven surface, grown together
and meeting at sharp angles. These cylinders taper towards the terminal
oscula, and attain a length of 25 and a diameter of 8 millim. The gastral
cavity is large, the body-wall not exceeding 2 millim. in thickness. The
inhalant pores are covered with thin perforated membranes, and lead into wide
bulbous cavities, from the proximal ends of which the inhalant canals take
their origin. A great number of canals radiate from each subdermal lacuna ;
the latter have a diameter of 0-12 millim. The small spicules are very regularly
tangentially disposed in the surface in such a manner that they form a network
with hexagonal meshes, in which the pores are situated ; but there is not a
pore to each mesh. ‘The spiculation of all these specimens is the same
(as above), corresponding to that of Haeckel’s var. microrrhaphis of Leucetta
primigenia. Ridley (J. c.) has obtained the same sponge from Torres Straits.
The similarity in the structure of my specimens and their constant difference
from other forms of Haeckel’s species lead me to assume that this variety of
Haeckel’s should be considered a distinct species.

GrocrarnicaL Disrripurron.—Australia? (Haeckel). North coast of
Australia: Torres Straits (‘Alert’), South coast of Australia: Port Phillip
(Lendenfeld). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson (Lendenfeld).

Leucetta megarrhaphis, Haeckel.

Leucetta megarrhaphis (Leucetta primigenia, var. megarrhaphis), E. Haeckel, Die
Kalkschwiimme ; eine Monographie, Band ii. Seite 119 (1872).

The specimens of this sponge which I have seen are irregularly lobose, com-
pressed, and measure (the largest) 15010025 millim. The surface is
smooth. A few large oscula of an irregular shape are found near the margin of
the flattened sponge. The spirit-specimens are not well preserved; they are of
adirty brown colour. The inner part of the sponge is taken up by an extensive
gastral cavity of irregular shape, which, however, copies the outline of the
outer surface roughly, so that the body-wall is of pretty uniform thickness
throughout. In some places the opposite walls coalesce, and the sponge
appears solid. There seem to be only very small subdermal cavities, from
which, however, pretty large inhalants extend downwards; these are of
irregular, cylindrical shape; some of them extend centripetally nearly to the
gastral wall; at the end they bend round abruptly and form tangential
branch-canals, from which the small final ramifications are given off. These

8 LEUCETTA.—LEUCORTIS.

canals measure 0:4—0°8 millim. in diameter, The exhalants are more irregular,
and join to form canals with a diameter varying from 0-6-0-2 millim., which
open with circular pores of the same width into the gastral cavity. These pores
are in some places 1°5—2°5 millim. distant ; in others they are further apart.

The skeleton is composed of dense masses of triact spicules; these are equi-
angular. The rays of the smaller ones measure 0°160 x 0-12 on an average,
those of the large ones 0°640 x 0-02 millim. The spicules of the small variety
are larger than those observed by Haeckel, whilst the large ones are not so
numerous.

GnroagRaPHicaL DistripuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Ramsay).

Genus LEUCORTIS.

Leuconide with triact and diact spicules.

Leucortis elegans, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a meandric, much and irregularly curved lamella
with a very uneven surface and numerous oscula. ‘This structure has
faint resemblance to the human brain, and may attain a length of 130,
width of 100, and height of 40 millim. The lamella appears, if studied
more closely, to surround a very extensive cavity, which is the common
gastral cavity of the sponge, and in connexion with the outer water by
numerous oscula. The lamella is accordingly the body-wall. The dredge
frequently brings up fragments of this extremely tender structure only—small
pieces of the lamella. Of these the one side is the inner (gastral) surface and
the other the outer one. This lamella, or the body-wall as I shall henceforth
designate it, is about 0°8-1-2 millim. thick, so that the proportion of the
thickness of the body-wall to the diameter of the body-cavity is a very unusual
one, 1:30 or more. This accounts for the extreme laxity and tenderness of
the whole structure. The oscula are generally situated on raised irregular
ridges ; they are circular and frilled, and have a diameter of 1 millim. The
frill is about 1 millim. high. Both the inner and outer surfaces are smooth ;
macroscopically the two can be distinguished because the inner surface
appears less dense than the outer. The sponge is in spirit white, witha yellow
tinge. The subdermal cavities are highly developed. The inhalants are irregular
and small. The exhalants join to form large canals which extend tangentially
through the thin body-wall and often undermine the gastral surface for some
distance; they open into the gastral cavity with very large, circular pores 2-4
millim. in diameter, which are not numerous. The exhalant canals in the
middle of the body-wall measure 1-1°5 millim. in diameter; those below the

LEUCORTIS.—LEUCANDRA. 9

gastral surface have the same size as the vents, measuring 2-4 millim. in dia-
meter. The exceptionally extensive gastral cavity has been mentioned above.

Skeleton—(1) Triact Spicules. These form the bulk of the skeleton.
Two varieties of them are found:—(A) Dermal triacts: the rays of these do
not lie in one plane, but are disposed like the edges of a low triangular
pyramid. They are equiangular, and the rays slightly curved concave to the
pyramid. The rays measure 0-16 x 0-01 millim., are conic, and pretty sharply
pointed. (B) Triacts of the Parenchyma: Equiangular ; the rays lie in one
plane and measure 0°36 x 0:02 millim., are conic and sharp-pointed. Tlie rays
of adjacent spicules are parallel and join in such a manner that the ray of the
one spicule which points one way is joined for the greater part of its length to
the ray of the adjacent spicule which points the opposite way. In this respect
our sponge is similar to Amphoriscus.—(2) Diact Spicules. These are not very
numerous, imbedded in the outer surface of the sponge, and vertical toit. They
project slightly beyond the surface. ‘They are curved, more so near the outer
end than proximally. The distal end is very abruptly pointed, like a Roman
sword. The thickest portion of the spicule is situated just below the outer
end. The proximal part is slightly conic and rounded at the end. These
spicules measure 1-20 x 0-04 millim.

Groararutcan Disrrrpution.—East coast of Australia (Ramsay).

Genus LEUCANDRA.
Leuconide with diact, triact, and tetract spicules.

Nearly identical with Haeckel’s genus Leucandra.

Leucandra meandrina, Lendenfeld.

Leucandra meandrina, R. von Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part III.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1128 (1885).

A solitary, cylindrical, tubular sponge, which attains a length of 120 and a
diameter of 25 millim. The dermal surface is smooth, without projecting spi-
cule-rays; the gastral surface and also that of the larger exhalant canals appears
hairy or velvet-like. The outer surface is very uneven, and bears an intricate
meander-like sculpture in high relief. The gastral cavity is cylindrical, and the
thickness of the body-wallis very different in different parts in consequence of
the above-mentioned surface-sculpture. The canal-system is rather peculiar ;
there are no lacunose extensions of the inhalant canals, no subdermal cavities. In

the gastral part of the body-wall we meet with very regular longitudinal canals of

10 LEUCANDRA.

an oval transverse section ; the short axis of the ellipse is situated radially. The
thickness of the body-wall is 1:8—2-1 millim., and the gastral cayity is very large
accordingly. The longitudinal canals measure, on an average, 0°7 x 1:2 millim.
These exhalent, wide, collecting-canals open separately into the gastral cavity,
without forming anastomoses or lacunes. The remarkable gastral tetract
spicules clothe these canals in the same way as the gastral cavity itself, so
that they make rather the impression of branches of a ramified gastral cavity
than of exhalant canals.

Spicules—The skeleton consists of gastral tetract spicules with a very
elongated, protruding centripetal ray, parenchymal triacts of two kinds, and
parenchymal, radially situated, and slightly protruding large diact spicules.
The gastral tetracts are sagittal and regular. The centripetal ray measures
from 0:07 to 0°28 millim. in length ; the longer ones predominate, they have
avery constant basal thickness of 0°005 millim. The tangential rays lie in one
plane, which is vertical to the centripetal ray. They, and also the angles
between them, are equal. Like the centripetal ray, the tangential ones are
quite straight or slightly and irregularly curved at the distal end; they
measure 0°18 x 0°005 millim. Allraysare cylindrical and pointed. The triacts
of the parenchyma are regular or slightly irregular, never sagittal, and stout or
slender ; the stout ones predominate throughout; the slender ones are more
numerous towards the outer surface. The rays of the stout triacts measure
0-28 x 0-021; those of the slender ones have the same length, but are only
0-007 millim, thick. Among the triacts there are also a few small tetracts
with rays corresponding to those of the slender triact spicules. T'ransition-
forms between these tetracts and the slender triacts are present in great
abundance. ‘Transition-forms between the slender and the stout triact spicules
do not exist. The diact spicules are spindle-shaped and pointed at both ends ;
they measure 1°5 x 0:035 millim., and are rare. Around the osculum there are
no differentiated spicules.

GrogRAPHicaL Distrrpurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Lendenfeld).

Leucandra cataphracta, Haeckel.

Leucandra cataphracta, BE. Haeckel, Die Kalkschwimme; eine Monographie,
Band ii. Seite 203 (1872).

Leucandra cataphracta, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “‘A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part ITI.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1129 (1885).

The sponge consists of a solitary person, which has an elongate, cylindrical,
fusiform, or flattened shape. A slender peduncle and a narrow oscular

LEUCANDRA. ell

part are generally met with. These cylinders attain a length of 20 to 30
millim. and a diameter of 6 millim. The gastral cavity is narrow, only one
sixth to one fourth of the diameter of the outer cylindrical surface. Osculum
terminal, without frill. A great number of very fine gastral pores, which lead
into very minute parietal canals, open in the surface of the stomach. In longi-
tudinal sections through the wall these latter are hardly visible.

The main mass of the skeleton is, in this species, quite different from that
of all other Calcarea ; it is composed of several layers of enormous longitudinal
diact spicules, which lie parallel to the outer surface. These spicules are coated
and united by a cement which consists of small, mostly sagittal, triact spicules.
The large diact spicules are spindle-shaped, either tapering to both ends or
inflated at the oral end, mostly slightly curved, rarely straight, 1 to 3 x
0°15 to 0°2 millim. All diacts lie in a longitudinal direction, parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the body, but pointing a little outwards at the oral end.
They are situated in several parallel layers closely packed (ten to fifteen layers
in the thickest part of the body-wall). The small interstices between the diacts
are filled up by small ¢riacts, which surround particularly the inner diacts sheath-
like. Most of them are sagittal, and parallel, with their basal ray, to the
longitudinal axis of the body, whilst both the lateral rays diverge towards the
oral side and often embrace the diact spicules. The unpaired angle 150°
to 170°, the paired ones 95° to 105°. The straight basal ray measures 0-15
to 0-2 millim. in length ; its basal thickness is 0°:005 to 0-008 millim. Between
the sagittal rays there are also single, irregular, rarely regular, triact spicules.
The sagittal tetracts clothe the whole inner surface of the gastral cavity and
the large canals, and are arranged regularly ; the basal ray points towards the
aboral side. They possess an unpaired angle of 160° to 170°, and two paired
angles of 95° to 100°. Their basal ray is 0°25 to 0°35 millim. long, straight,
their slightly curved lateral rays are 0:2 to 0-3 millim. long, and, like the basal
ray, only 0:005 millim. thick. The apical ray is two to six times thicker, that
is 0:01 to 0-02 or 0°03 millim. Its length varies, in the greater part of the
gastral cavity it is only 0-1 to 0°15 millim., but towards the osculum 0:3 to
0-4 millim.long. The entrance to the gastral cavity is in this way surrounded
just below the osculum by a circle of strong apical rays.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Frauenfeld) ; Port Denison (Ramsay).

Leucandra typica, Polcjaeff.

Leucandra typica, R. von Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part L11.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1130 (1885).

We LEUCANDRA.

Leuconia typica, var. tuba, Poléjaeff, Report on the Calcarea, The Zoology
of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ part xxiv. p. 56 (1883).

This sponge attains a length of 40 millim., and an average diameter of
12 millim., the thickness of the body-wall is 3 millim. The spherical ciliated
chambers have in this species particularly regular outlines, and are smaller
than in any other allied forms, their diameter rarely exceeding 0-03 millim.

Skeleton.—Gastral tetract Spicules. Basal ray straight, tapering from the base
to a sharp point, usually shorter, 0°18 millim., and rather thinner than lateral
rays, forming with each of these latter an angle varying from 105° to 110°;
lateral rays more or less cylindrical, either straight or slightly curved forwards,
rarely exceeding 0:225 millim. in length, and 0-015 millim. in thickness ;
apical ray curved, more or less sharply pointed, length not exceeding
0:06 millim., variable. This ray is often rudimentary; and there are
amongst the tetract spicules many triact spicules also.— Triact spicules of the
Parenchyma mostly quite regular; rays straight, smooth, tapering from
the base to sharp points, reaching 0°75 millim. in length, and 0-065 millim.
in diameter.—Dermal triate Spicules. Sagittal, all rays of the same length,
rarely exceeding 0°35 millim., and of the same diameter, 0°02 millim., either
tapering from the base to sharp points, or of a cylindrical form; basal ray
straight ; lateral rays curved forwards, forming each with basal ray an angle of
about 115°.—Diact Spicules. In the walls of the body, sparsely scattered here
and there in the parenchyma, either isolated or in groups, fine linear, straight,
oceasionally slightly curved, 0°3 millim. long; near the osculum piercing the
wall in perpendicular direction, either spindle-shaped or rather cylindrical,
but sharp-pointed, straight, or slightly curved, 0-1 millim. long, 0-004 millim.
in diameter.

GrograrHuicaL Disrrreution.—North Atlantic: off Bermudas, 32 fathoms,
mud (‘ Challenger ’).
East coast of Australia: Port Jackson (Lendenfeld).

Leucandra villosa, Lendenfeld.

Leucandra villosa, R. von Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part III.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1131 (1885).

This sponge appears in the shape of a very large, thin-walled, and irregular
sac, with an extremely wide osculum. ‘These sacs, of an irregular cylindrical
or oval shape, attain a length of 50, and width of 25 millim. and more. They
generally appear compressed, with an oval transverse section, the large axis of
the ellipse about twice as long as the small one. The osculum is nearly as

LEUCANDRA. 13

wide as the body ; narrower in the oval specimens, it becomes relatively much
wider in the cylindrical ones. The body-wall is only 2-4 millim. thick, so
that the gastral cavity appears very roomy. The osculum is destitute of a frill.
Our sponge seems always to be solitary. The outer surface is covered by
dense spicules protruding a good distance, and consequently makes the impres-
sion of athick fur. The inner surface is slightly roughened. The canal-system
is different in different parts of the sponge: near the osculum it is extremely
simple, no lacunes or anastomoses of any kind are found there. The body-wall
is consequently very thin in this part (2 millim.). Further down towards the
aboral pole the gastral wall is perforated by large, densely scattered round
holes, measuring 1-5 to 2°5 millim. in diameter. These exhalant pores lead into
longitudinal canals of an oval, transverse section, similar to those described in
a very different species, Lewcandra meandrina, by myself. The apertures, or
rather short radial canals connecting the longitudinal tubes with the gastral
cavity, are conic or trumpet-shaped, wide at the mouth, they open with an
aperture not exceeding 0-5 millim. in diameter into the tubes. These longi-
tudinal tubes are clothed with the same skeleton as the stomach.

Spicules.—Gastral tetract Spicules. Centripetal, sagittally differentiated
ray, straight, slender, and protruding into the tubes and gastral cavity ;
this ray is cylindrical and pointed, rarely slightly curved towards the end,
measuring 0°2-0°55 x 0-01 millim. Three tangential rays equal, in a plane
vertical to the centripetal ray, straight, conic, and pointed, with equal angles
between them; these rays measure 0°28 x 0°01 millim.—Tvriacts and tetracts
of the Parenchyma. Regular triacts with straight, conic, and rounded rays,
measuring 0°35 x 0-02 millim., are predominant in the body-wall. Besides
these there are triacts of a similar size as the former, with curved rays and
more or less irregular angles. I have never met with proper sagittal
triacts. On these irregular spicules, and also on a few regular ones,
an incipient fourth ray can be observed. These forms lead up to tetracts
with conic, curved, and terminally rounded rays, measuring 0:3 x 0-018
millim., which are, however, rare-—The dermal diacts are of two kinds:
very slender linear spicules, and larger, but also slender and very long spindle-
shaped spicules. The latter are set at nearly right angles to the surface of
the sponge, and are very numerous; they cause the hairy appearance of our
sponge. They are sharply pointed at both ends, and immersed about 1-3 of
their length in the body. They measure 2-3°5 x 0-035 millim. The shorter
ones are common, those measuring over 3 millim. in length found only excep-
tionally. The linear diacts measure 1 x 0-006 millim.

GroGRAPHICAL Distrisution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Lendenfeld).

14 LEUCANDRA.

Leucandra erinaceus, 0. sp.

This sponge is spindle-shaped and hollow. The body-wall is only 2-3 millim.
thick. The gastral cavity extends down from the osculum nearly to the base
of the sponge. Generally there is a cylindrical peduncle with uneven surface
6 millim. thick and 30 millim. long. The body-cavity extends down through
the peduncle, which appears hollow accordingly. The peduncle gradually
extends above to form the body of the sponge, which has a circular transverse
section, and is wider in the centre than at either end, where it attains a
diameter of 18 millim. The body is about as longas the peduncle, so that the
entire length of the whole sponge is 60-80 millim. At the upper end a circular
osculum 8 millim. in diameter, which is not protected by a frill, is situated.
The surface of this sponge appears hairy or villous, in consequence of the
diacts which project several millimetres beyond the surface, and which are
very close together. Alive, in spirit, and dry the sponge is pure white. The
inhalant pores lead into small subdermal cavities. The inhalant canals branch
in a penicillate manner, and extend mostly in a centripetal direction. The
exhalants are of a similar nature, and join to form larger canals, which
extend sometimes for a short distance tangentially below the gastral wall,
and finally open with circular vents 0-6-1 millim. in diameter into the wide
gastral cavity, which, having the same shape as the sponge itself, appears
cylindrical and extended below the osculum.

Siceleton.—The bulk of the skeleton consists of very large diacts situated
radially and protruding 1-3 millim. beyond the surface. The other spicules
are small triacts and tetracts. there are about twice as many of the former
as of the latter. (1) Zriact Spicules. Equiangular, with straight, slightly
conic rays, rounded at the ends. The rays measure, on an average, 02 x
0-016 millim. Intermediate stages between these and the tetracts are
abundant; in some the rays are slightly curved in an undulating manner.
(2) Tetract Spicules. Slightly larger than the triacts, the three tangential rays
often curved, angle between them and the fourth ray 110°; rays average
0:24 0:02 millim. (3) Diact Spicules. Spindle-shaped, slightly curved,
obtusely pointed at each end, 1-4 x 0:08-0-11 millim.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrRrpuTIoN.— East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Ramsay).
Leucandra vaginata, Lendenfeld.

Leucandra vaginata, R. von Lendenfeld, ‘A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part III.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1133 (1885).

Solitary, cylindrical sponges, with relatively hairy inner, but nearly smooth
outer surface (compared to the nearly related Z. aspera). Our sponge has the

LEUCANDRA. 153

shape of an irregular cone or spindle, or may be ovate. The osculum is always
situated terminally on the narrow end of the cone.

Leucandra vaginata attains a height of 30-40 millim., and a diameter of
12-20 millim. The body-wall is thick, particularly in the short and irregular
specimens, the gastral cavity measuring only 1-3 of the diameter of the
sponge. The osculum is sometimes surrounded by a frill. The canal-system
is rather complicated ; the inhalant pores lead into a reticulation of tangential
canals below the surface, all of which possess a circular transverse section
and a diameter of 0:2 millim. The meshes of this reticulation are wide, so
that no lacunes, which might be regraded as subdermal cavities, are formed.
Towards the gastral wall we meet with irregular, circular canals extending
tangentially, but not regularly longitudinally. I am doubtful as to whether
these form a reticulation; I think not. If anastomoses are present they are
very rare. From these canals numerous small radial tubes, only 0-2 millim. in
diameter, lead into the gastral cavity. The terminations of these, the pores
in the gastral wall, are of the same dimensions as the canals to which they
belong, and very close together.

Spicules.—The skeleton consists of similar elements as that of the foregoing
species. Gastral tetracts. Centripetal, protruding ray 0-1 x 0-008 millim.,
conic, pointed, mostly straight, sometimes slightly curved near the end.
Tangential ray sagittally developed ; one ray situated longitudinally and point-
ing towards the aboral pole, shorter than the other two; angles on the sides
of it equal, about 100°; this ray measures 0-08 x 0-006 millim., the other
two equal rays 0°12x0-008 millim.—Triact and tetract spicules of the
Parenchyma. The triacts are equiangular, with straight, conic, terminally
rounded rays, the rays mostly sagittally developed; the unpaired ray
longer than the other two, pointing outward, and measuring 0:28 x 0-014
millim., the others 0°22x0:014 millim. Some regular triacts are also met
with; their rays have varying intermediate dimensions between the longer
and shorter ones of the sagittal triacts; some of the latter show an
incipient fourth ray. Decidedly tetract spicules are rare; their rays have
the same dimensions as those of the triacts, but are generally curved.—
Diact Spicules. These measure 0:7 x 0-035 millim., are spindle-shaped and
slightly curved, the concave side towards the osculum. They are immersed
in the body of the sponge about half their length, and stand nearly vertical to
its surface; both ends are sharply pointed. These spicules are not very
numerous. The sheath, which covers the spicules of calcareous sponges
generally, is very highly developed on the protruding part of these spicules,
much more so than in any other calcareous sponge known to me; and I have
derived the specific name from this characteristic peculiarity.

GrogRAPHicAL Disrrinution.—LEast coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Lendenfeld).

16 LEUCANDRA.

Leucandra saccharata, Haeckel.

Leucandra saccharata, BE. Haeckel, Die Kalkschwiimme; eine Monographie,
Band ii. Seite 228 (1872).

Leucandra saccharata, R. von Lendenfeld, Das Nervensystem der Spongien,
Zoologischer Anzeiger, vill. Jahr. no. 186 (1885).

Leucandra saccharata, R. von Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part III.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 11387 (1585).

Leuconia saccharata, 8. O. Ridley, Report on the Sponges, Report on the
Zoological Collection made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage
of H.M.S. ‘ Alert,’ 1881-82, p. 482 (London, 1884).

This sponge occurs in the shape of solitary persons, and also in colonial
forms, with or without oscula. The solitary form, with a naked osculum, has
the shape of a cylinder or cone, and is sometimes compressed leaf-shaped
measuring 10-50 x 5-30 millim. It is attached by a broad base, or a rudi-
mentary solid peduncle. The osculum at the terminal end is circular or oval,
and measures 3-10 millim. in diameter ; sometimes it is closed. The colonial
forms appear as large undulating masses with highly projecting gyri, often
similar to a “range of volcanoes ” (Haeckel, l. c.). The largest sponge seen by
Haeckel measured 60 x 40 millim. Carter was therefore wrong in saying that
his Teichonella prolifera is “ by far the largest calcisponge on record.” I have
seen specimens measuring 140 x 80 x 30 millim., which were only fragments
brought up by the dredge ; so that although the upper limit of size to which
this sponge may grow is unknown, it is clear that this species is a giant among
the Calcarea.

The body-wall is from 2 to 5 millim. thick; the gastral cavity follows
in shape the outer surface pretty regularly, but is not influenced by the
external gyri. The canal-system appears simple ; the outer cortex is perforated
by numerous small pores, which are equidistant, and which measure 0-04 millim.
in diameter ; the solid parts of the cortex between them are of the same dimen-
sions as the pores. Below the pores the inhalant canals commence with trumpet-
shaped extensions, and lead centripetally downwards into the parenchyma.
These canals are cylindrical, and situated radially ; they measure 0°16 millim.
in diameter, and do not taper towards their centripetal termination, but end
cul-de-sac-like. No tangential inhalant canals are met with: there exist no
anastomoses or subdermal cavities ; the ciliated chambers measure 0:04 millim.
in width. The exhalant canal-system is slightly more complicated. Radial
canals, parallel to the inhalant ones, lie between the latter, and have the same
shape and dimensions as these. They do not open directly into the gastral
cavity, but join it by means of short tangential tubes; 5 to 20 of these
coalesce to a very short radial tube 0-1 millim. in diameter, which opens into
the gastral cavity with a trumpet-shaped extension.

LEUCANDRA. ly;

Spreules.-The skeleton chiefly consists of large tetracts, to which minute
diacts are added in the cortex, and tangential triacts in the gastral wall.
The outer surface is covered with a smooth cortex of a brilliant white
colour, which is chiefly composed of a cement of minute diacts of peculiar
Shape; these consist of a longer, conic, and pointed centripetal part,
and, originating from the distal thick end of this, in an oblique direction, a
shorter, also pointed, centrifugal part, which has the shape of a triangular
pyramid. From the edges of this pyramid strong spines take their origin,
which are as long or longer than the spicule is thick, and give to the edges of
the pyramid a strongly serrated appearance ; these minute spicules measure
0-06 x 0-004 millim. In the cortex we meet here and there with middle-sized
triacts and large tetracts. The largest tetracts are regularly disposed ;
their rays are sagittally developed; three of them extend tangentially in
the outer surface and lie in one plane, the fourth extends centripetally, and
is exactly radial in its position, standing vertical on the plane of the other
three ; this centripetal ray is 1-1°5 millim. long, and straight. The tangential
rays are 0°5-1 millim. long, and curved inward at the base; all rays are
0:06-0:08 millim. thick. These spicules are very regularly situated at equal
intervals. Below the cortex a layer of tetracts is met with, the sagittal rays of
which are situated centrifugally and meet the centripetal rays of the dermal
tetracts.—Parenchymal smaller triacts regular, with rays measuring 0:2-
0:5 x 0:002-0:004 milim. Parenchymal larger triacts with rays measuring
0-6—0°8 x 0:006-0:008 millim. Between these regular spicules a few irregular
triacts are met with.—Parenchymal tetracts irregular and variable, slightly
smaller than the dermal ones described above. Gastral and canal-walls (ex-
halant) are coated by a layer of sagittal triacts, which are situated tangentially.
The surface of the stomach and exhalant canals is consequently perfectly
smooth. The lateral rays enclose an angle of 160°, and measure 0:3 x 0-024
millim., the basal sagittal ray measures only 0-07 x 0-012 millim. Below the
outer surface groups of spindle-shaped cells are met with, which are mesodermal,
and which I regard as sensitive elements.

GrograPHicaL DistriputTion.—South coast of Australia: Bass’s Straits
(Haeckel). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson (Ramsay, Lendenfeld), Port

Denison (/tamsay).

Leucandra conica, Lendenfeld.

Leucandra conica, R. von Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part IIT.,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. ix. part 4, p. 1126 (1885).

A small, solitary, irregular, more or less evlindrical sponge, with an osculum

C

18 LEUCANDRA.

which bears a small, hardly perceptible fringe of spicules, or appears naked.
The outer and inner surfaces are pretty smooth. The sponge attains a length
of 30 millim., and a diameter of 12 millim. The gastral cavity is cylindrical
and rather narrow, measuring only a third of the diameter of the sponge.
The thick body-wall is lacunar ; wide canals, with a circular transverse
section, measuring from 0:2-5 millim. in diameter, traverse it in every
direction. Below the outer surface we meet with extensive anastomosing
subdermal cavities, from which comparatively narrow canals take their origin ;
these can be traced for some distance in a centripetal direction. The cylindrical
-canals mentioned above belong to the exhalant canal-system, and are connected
with the gastral cavity by very wide (0-4 millim.) and irregular tubes, which
are not perpendicular to the gastral wall, but extend upwards towards the
osculum. The apertures in the gastral wall at their terminations are scattered
sparsely, and measure on an average 0:5 millim. across. The ciliated chambers
have a diameter of 0:06 millim.

Spicules.—The skeleton consists mainly of triacts in the parenchyma.
The gastral tetracts are small and irregularly scattered ; the rays and angles
are all different. The rays vary from 0:028-0-08 x 0:004-0:007. The paren-
chymal triacts are very regular; sometimes the rays are slightly bent, they
are conic and blunt, and measure 0°35 x 0:01.—Diacts of the parenchyma
more or less radially disposed, pointed at both ends, slightly protruding beyond
the surface, spindle-shaped, and measuring 1°5 x 0°035 millim., rather rare.—
Minute diacts in a continuous layer in the outer surface, all parallel and
situated radially, measuring 0:08 x0:002. These spicules are rounded at
the proximal and pointed sharply at the distal end. Although forming
a continuous layer, they nevertheless do not produce a dense and hard
armour, as in those species which possess a “Stiibchen-Mértel ” (Haeckel).
Diacts forming the frill round the osculum of the same appearance as the
former, measuring 0°3-0°5 x 0-002, often slightly bent; thickest towards the
proximal rounded end, and tapering from there to the distal end, which is,
in specimens, generally broken off.

GrocrapHicaL Distrrpution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,

Laminarian zone (Lendenfeld).

Leucandra aspera, Haeckel.

Grantia aspera, J. B. Gray, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,
1867, p. 554 (1867).

Grantia aspera, O. Schmidt, Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres, ii. Supple-
ment, Seite 4 (1866).

Leucandra aspera, E. Haeckel, Die Kalkschwiimme ; eine Monographie, Band
ii, Seite 191 (1872).

LEUCANDRA.—EUPLECTELLA. 19

Spongia inflata, Delle Chiaje, Memoire sulla storia e anatomia degli animali
senza vertebrale, Napoli, vol. ii. p. 114 (1828).

Sycinula aspera, BE. Haeckel, “ Prodromus eines Systems der Kalkschwimme,”
Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Medizin und Naturwissenschaften, Band v.
Heft ii. Seite 242, spec. 60 (1870).

Sycinula aspera, O. Schmidt, Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres, i. Sup-
plement, Seite 35 (1868).

Sycon asperum, O. Schmidt, Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres, Seite 15
(1862).

GEOGRAPHICAL Disrrrgurton.—Mediterranean.

2. Clasis SILICEA.

Mesodermalia with a siliceous or horny skeleton, or without
any skeleton.

1. Ordo HEXACTINELLIDA.

Silicea with very loose soft parts, and with spicules which are
either isolated or united to form a continuous framework, and
belong or are reducible to the triaxial system.

Subordo LYSSACINA.

Hexactinellida in which the spicules either remain altogether
isolated, or are in part subsequently and irregularly united by
transverse synapticula.

Familia EUPLECTELLIDE.

Lyssacina with hexasters; chambers isolated and thimble-
shaped. The dermal skeleton contains dermal sword-shaped
oxyhexacts with long proximal ray.

Genus EUPLECTELLA.

Euplectellidee with parenchymal oxyhexasters.

20 EUPLECTELLA.—HOLTENIA.

Euplectella aspergillum, Owen.

Euplectella aspergillum, C. Claus, Ueber Euplectella aspergillum, Marburg (1868).

Huplectella aspergillum, W. Marshall, ‘“‘ Untersuchungen tber Hexactinelliden,”
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftlche Zoologie, Band xxv. Supplement, Seite
142 (1875).

Euplectella aspergillum, W. Marshall, “ Ideen ber die Verwandtschaftsverhialt-
nisse der Hexactinelliden,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band
xxv. Seite 113 (1876).

Euplectella aspergillum, R. Owen, ‘‘ New Genus and Species of Sponges,” Pro-
ceedings Royal Society London, vol. ix. pp. 3-5 (1841).

Euplectella aspergillum, R. Owen, “ Description of a New Genus and Species
of Sponge,” Transactions Zoological Society London, vol. iii. part 2,
p-. 203, tab. xiii, (1843).

Euplectella aspergillum, ¥. EB. Schulze, “On the Structure of the Soft Parts of
Euplectella aspergillum, Owen,” Transactions Royal Society Edinburgh,
vol. xxix. p. 661, tab. A (1880).

Euplectella aspergillum, F. E. Schulze, Report on the Hexactinellida, Reports
of the Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ vol. xxi. p. 64 (1887).

GrocrapuicaL Distripurion. — Philippine Islands. Off the coast of
Portugal. 95-100 fathoms.

Familia ROSSELLIDA.

Euplectellidee the dermalia of which have no centripetal ray.

Genus HOLTENIA.

Monozoie, sac-shaped Rossellide, with or without osculum,
always without peristomal apparatus. Root-tussac irregular and
only slightly developed. Besides the typical hexaradiate spicules
there are some with only five rays, besides those with four rays.
Pappus-shaped termini to the defensive spicules. Cloacal cavity
clothed with hexaradiate spicules.

Holtenia pourtalesii, Schmidt.

Lloltenta pourtalesii, W. Marshall, ‘* Ideen tiber die Verwandtschaftsverhilt-
nisse der Hexactinelliden,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band
xxvu. Seite 113 (1876).

Holtenia pourtalesr, O. Schmidt, Grundziige einer Spongienfauna des atlan-
tischen Gebietes, Seite 14 (1870).

HYALONEMA. 21

Holtenia pourtalesti, O. Schmidt, Die Spongien des Meersbusen von Mexico,
Seite 65 (1880).

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution.—Atlantic Ocean: Florida. 254-324 fathoms.

Familia HYALONEMATIDA.

Lyssacina with amphidises in the limiting membranes and
pentact pimulee in the dermal and gastral surfaces.

Genus HYALONEMA.

Hyalonematidee at the lower end of the funnel-shaped, somewhat
spherical body, of which a long and slender root-tuft is observed,
the spicules of which are four-toothed anchors. No uncinates.
Marginalia are diacts pointed above, with spined distal ray.

Hyalonema sieboldii, Gray.

Hyalonema mirabilis, Gray, “On the Coral known as the Glass-plant,” Pro-
ceedings Zoological Society London, vol. iii. p. 63 (1835).

Hyalonema sieboldii, Gray, “‘ Note on the Glass-rope, Hyalonema,” Annals
and Magazine Natural History, ser. 3, vol. xvili. p. 287 (1866).

Hyalonema sieboldii, W. Marshall, “ Untersuchungen tber Hexactinelliden,”
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxv. Supplement, Seite 142
(1875).

Hyalonema sieboldii, W. Marshall, “Ideen tber die Verwandtschaftsverhalt-
nisse der Hexactinelliden,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie,
Band xxvii. Seite 113 (1876).

Hyalonema sieboldii, Max Schultze, Die Hyalonemen, Bonn (1860).

Hyalonema sicboldii, B. EB. Schulze, Report on the Hexactinellida, Reports
on the Results of the Voyage of the ‘ Challenger,’ vol. xxi. p. 190 (1887).

GrograrnicaL DisrriputTion.—Seas of Japan. 200 fathoms.

2. Ordo HEXACERATINA.

Silicea with large, sac-shaped, ciliated chambers, with simple
inhalant canals. Skeleton, when present, composed of pithed
horny fibres. Without siliceous or calcareous spicules.

22 TANTHELLA.

Familia DARWINELLIDA.

Hexaceratina with horn-fibres and with horn-spicules.

Familia APLYSILLID.

Hexaceratina with horn-fibres, but without horn-spicules.

Genus IANTHELLA.

Aplysillide with cellular. cavities in the spongin-wall of the
horn-fibres.

Tanthella concentrica, Hyatt.

Lanthella concentrica, A. Hyatt, “ Revision of the North American Porifere,
with Remarks upon Foreign Species.—Part L.,” Memoirs of the Boston
Society of Natural History, vol. ii. (1875).

Tanthella concentrica, F. E. Schulze, ‘‘ Untersuchungen tber den Bau und die

Entwicklung der Spongien.—IV. Mittheilung. Die Familie der Aplysi-
nid,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxyv. Seite 385
(1878).

This sponge presents the shape of a regular cup which is attached by a com-
paratively broad base ; it attains a height of 150 millim. and has a circular
margin 110 millim. in diameter. The shape of the cup is that of a cone.
Just below the margin the wall of the cup is 10 millim. thick, it becomes
thicker further down. The surface is rendered uneven by the projection of
very irregular broad and low conuli, which are on an average 8 millim. apart
and 2-3 millim. high. The external and the internal surface of the cup
present the same appearance. ‘The oscula are confined to the inner side of the
cup; they are circular, and 1:°5-3-5 millim. wide; rare and small near the
margin of the cup, they become larger and more numerous towards the base.

The skeleton consists of a very irregular network of immensely thick
fibres, The meshes of the network are 10 millim. wide and the fibres are
1 millim, thick. Of all the sponges known to me, this has the thickest fibre.
The sponge, when dry, is of a dark blue colour; it is very hard, and quite
incompressible,

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution.— West coast of Australia, Western Australia
(Baily).
Fiji (Z7yatt).

ITANTHELLA. Be

Ianthella flabelliformis, Gray.

Alcyonium wrregulare &c., Albert Sebx, Locupletissimi rerum naturalium
thesauri accurata descriptio et iconibus artificiosissimis expressio, 1734-
1760, vol. iii. p. 183, nos. 2-4, partim (1734-1760).

Flabellum aruense &., Georg. Everard Rumphius, Amboynsche Rariteyt-
kamer, vol. vi. (1741).

Lanthella flabelliformis, W. Fleming, “ Ueber Ianthella, Gray,” Wiirzburger
Verhandlungen, Neue Folge, Band ii. (1871).

Lanthella flabelliformis, J. E. Gray, ‘Note on Ianthella, a new Genus of
Keratose Sponges,” Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 1869,
p- 50 (1869).

Lanthella flabelliformis, N. de Poléjaeff, Report on the Scientific Results of the
Voyage of H.MLS. ‘Challenger,’ Zoology, 1884, vol. xi. part 24, p. 37.
Lanthella flubelliformis, F. E. Schulze, ‘* Untersuchungen tiber den Bau und
die Entwicklung der Spongien.—LV. Mittheilung. Die Familie der Aplysi-
nid,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxx. Seite 335

(1878).

Keratophyton majus &¢c., Hermann Boerhaave, Index alter plantarum horti
Lugduno-Batavi, Leyden, p. 6, partim (1720).

Spongia flabelliformis, EK. J.C. Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere, vol. 1. p. 213 (1791-
1830).

Spongia flabelliformis, J. de Lamarck, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Vertcbres, Deuxicine Edition par de Blainville, vol. ii. p. 550, partim
(1832).

Spongia flabelliformis, C. von Linné, Hortus Cliffortianus, p. 480, partim (1737).

Spongia flabellifornus, C. von Linné, Systema Nature, 12 Editio, p. 1296, partim
(1767).

Spongia flabelliformis, P.S. Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, p. 350 (1766).

Spongia flabelliformis &e., Royen, Prodromus, p. 522, no, 6, partim.

Verongia flabelliformis, EK. Ehlers, Die Esper’schen Spongien, p. 11 (1870)

This sponge is more or less fan-shaped. It consists of a large lamella,
which is expanded in a plane or folded longitudinally. This lamella is
attached by a short peduncle; it may be simple or (and this is particularly
the case in large specimens) several fronds may grow out from one and tbe
same stem. Sometimes the lamella appears branched, inasmuch as secondary
lamelle grow out from the first. The sponge attains a height of 500—1L0U0
millim. and a similar width, The lamellee of large specimens are on an average
10 millim, thick, whilst those of small specimens rarely exceed 5 imillim. in
thickness. ‘The whole of the surface is covered with conuli, which are on an
average 4 millim. apart and 1 millim. thick at the rounded distal end. The
height of the conuli varies greatly from 1-7 millim. The conuli are connected

DA TANTHELLA.

a

with each other by elevated ridges, which separate the concave fields. The
inhalant pores are situated on one side of the lamella,-the oscula on the other.
The latter are 0°5-1°5 millim. wide, and generally situated in groups of five to
seven. The colour of the sponge when alive is bright yellow ; when the sponge
is exposed to air or fresh water it changes to a dark blue; in spirit it becomes
dark brick-red or copper colour.

The skeleton consists of radial fibres, which form bands extending from the
stem to the margin of the plate; these bands are vertical to the surface of the
lamella. The main fibres approximate and coalesce in the stem, so as to form
a very dense structure. In the sponge-lamella the bands of main fibres are
connected by transverse fibres, vertical to the former and parallel to the surface;
these form similar bands as the main fibres. Besides these two systems of
fibres, which form regular square meshes, there are fibres vertical to the surface,
which are situated at the points of intersection of the two former systems.
The branches of the latter, which appear ramified in a dendritic manner, ter-
minate in the conuli. Dry specimens are very hard; living ones exceedingly
soft ; spirit-specimens are flexible and readily compressible.

The sponge is abundant in parts of the East Indies and on the Australian
coast. It is one of those few Australian sponges which have been known in

Europe for a considerable time.

GrograpHicaL Disrrieution.—North coast of Australia: Torres Straits
(‘ Challenger’). West coast of Australia (Baily). Kast coast of Australia:
Port Jackson (Lendenfeld, Ramsay).

Indian Ocean (auctorun).

Ianthella basta, Gray.
(Puate IX.)

Alcyonium irrequlare &e., Albert Sebze, Locupletissimi rerum naturalium
thesauri accurata descriptio et iconibus artificiosissimis expressio, 1734-
1760, vol. i. p. 183, tab, 95, nos. 2, 4, partim.

Basta marina &e., George Everard Rumphius, Amboynsche Rariteyt-Kamer,
1741, vol, vi, tab, 89. fig. 1.

Lanthella basta, J. E, Gray, “ Note on Janthella, a new Genus of Keratose
Sponges,” 1869, Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 1869, p. 51.

Janthella basta, F. E. Schulze, “‘ Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die Ent-
wicklung der Spongien.—IV, Mittheilung. Die Familie der Aplysinide,”
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxx. Seite 485 (1878).

fanthella flabelliformis, 8. O. Ridley, Report on the Zoological Collections
made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H.M.S. * Alert’ in
1881-1882, Spongida, p. 392, p. 601 (?).

TANTHELLA. 25

Lanthella home, J. E. Gray, ** Notes on Janthella, 1 new Genus of Keratose
Sponges,” Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 1869, p. 51.
Lanthella homei, F. E. Schulze, “ Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die
Entwicklung der Spongien.—IV. Mittheilung. Die Familie der Aply-
sinide,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxx. Seite 485
(1878).

Keratophyton majus &c., Hermann Boerhaave, Index alter plantarum horti
Lugduni-Batavi, Leyde, 1720, Seite 6, partim.

Rete philippense &c., Jacob Petiver, Gazophylacii Naturae et artis decades 10,
Londini, 1718, vol. i. p. 32, partim.

Spongia basta, K. J. C. Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere, 1791-1830, vol. ii. p- 25.

Spongia basta, J. de Lamarck, Annales du Muséum des Sciences Naturelles,
vol. xx. p. 442.

Spongia basta, Lamouroux, Histoire Naturelle des Corallaires flexibles, vol. ii.
p- o7.

Spongia basta, P. 8. Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 309.

Spongia flabelliformis, J. de Lamarck, Histoire Natural des Animaux sans
Vertébres, 2° édition, 1832, vol. ii. p. 550, partim.

Spongia flabelliformis, C. von Linné, Hortus Cliffortianus, Amsterdam, 1737,
p- 480, partim.

Spongia flabelliformis, C. von Linné, Systema Nature, 12th edition, 1767,
p- 1296, partim.

Spongia flabellifornus etc., Royen, Prodromus, p. 522, no. 6, partim.

This sponge appears as a thin ramified lamella, attached by a small base and
expanding above more or less in one plane, so as to form a flabellar structure,
which is composed of spirally twisted bands growing up froma small base ;
these are on an average 4 millim. thick, and ramify, forming irregular anas-
tomoses above. The sponge attains a height of 250 millim. and a breadth
of 150 millim. The surface is conulated; the conuli are small, sharp-pointed,
and about 3 millim. apart; the inhalant pores are situated on one, and the
oscula on the other side exclusively; the latter are on an average 1 millim.
wide and scattered.

The skeleton is composed of fine fibres, which form regular, rectangular,
elongate meshes. The sponge is pretty hard and elastic when dry, but very
flexible in spirit. The colonr in spirit is reddish; dry, blue-black. The dry
skeleton is black with a reddish tinge.

GroGRraPHicaL Disrripution.—Australian Seas. North coast of Australia:
Torres Straits (Macleay), Port Darwin (‘ Alert’).
Indian Ocean (Gray). Mascarene Islands (‘ Alert’)

VerticaL Distrrurion.—13—20 metres (¢ Alert’).

26 APLYSILLA.

Genus APLYSILLA.

Small, lamellar, mostly incrusting Aplysillide, with a skeleton
composed of numerous isolated, small, dendritically ramifying,
upright fibres. Without cells in the spongin-wall of the fibres.

Aplysilla rosea, Schulze.

Aplysilla rosea, F. E. Schulze, “ Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die Ent-
wicklung der Spongien.—IV. Mittheilung. Die Familie der Aplysi-
nide,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxv. Seite 416
(1878).

Aplysina cruor, H. J. Carter, “ Supplement to the Descriptions of Mr. Brace-
bridge Wilson’s Australian Sponges,” Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, ser. 5, vol. xviii. p. 286 (1886).

Aplysina nevus, H. J. Carter, “ Descriptions and Figures of Deep-sea Sponges
and their Spicules, from the North Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board
H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine,’ ” Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4,
vol. xviii. p. 229 (1876).

Aplysina nevus, H. J. Carter, “Supplement to the Descriptions of Mr. Brace-
bridge Wilson’s Australian Sponges,” Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, ser. 5, vol. xviil. p. 285 (1886).

Verongia rosea, Barrois, “ Embryologie des quelques éponges de la Manche,”
Annales des Sciences Naturelles (1876).

Incrusting, 3-5 millim. high, sponges. The surface is covered with high
and slender conuli, which are on an average 2 millim. apart. The colour of
the living sponge is rose-red. The fibres of the skeleton are at the base 0-2
millim. thick ; they taper towards the upper end and terminate in the conuli.

GuograrHicaL Distripution.—European coast of the North Atlantic and
Mediterranean (Barrois, Carter, Schulze).

South coast of Australia: Port Phillip Heads (Wélson). East coast of Aus-
tralia : Port Jackson (Lendenfeld).

Aplysilla violacea, Lendenfeld.

Aplysilla violacea, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘“ Ueber Coelenteraten der Sudsee.—I1.
Neue Aplysinide,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxvii.
Seite 237 (1883).

Incrusting sponges, 1°5-14 millim. thick. Irregular protuberances often

arise from the upper surface, which is covered with conuli 2-4 millim.

APLYSILLA.—DENDRILLA. 27

high; these are on an average 2°5 millim. apart. The oscula are 1-2
millim. wide and on an average 20 wmillim. apart. The sponge-crusts
appear to have an unlimited lateral growth. I have observed crusts which
extended for many yards without a break. The colour of the living sponge is
violet, with a crimson or carmoisin-red fluorescence. Spirit-specimens appear
dark blue.

The skeleton consists of isolated fibres, which are at the base 0-2 millim.
thick. The thickness of the pith-cylinder is equal to three-fourths of the
thickness of the fibre. The fibres appear somewhat irregularly and angularly
bent and bear small branches, which are disposed in an irregular verticillate
manner.

GroerapuicaL Distrisurion.— South coast of Australia: Port Phillip
(Lendenfeld). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson (Lendenfeld).

Genus DENDRILLA.

Large, erect Aplysillide, with a dendritic or reticulate skeleton,
without cells in the spongin-walls of the fibres.

Dendrilla elegans, n. sp.

Erect, pedunculate, somewhat pyriform sponges, from the upper end and
the sides of which small, rounded, digitate or lobose processes arise. The
whole sponge attains a height of 220 millim. and a width of 90 millim.
Large lacunz are observed in the interior ; these are disposed in such a manner
as to lead one to suppose that the massive body of the sponge is the result
of the partial concrescences of digitate parts. The surface is pretty smooth,
covered with scattered low conuli; these are in the upper part 5 millim., in
the lower part 12 millim. apart. The oscula are scattered and small.

The final ramifications of the fibres of the skeleton are about 0-2 millim.
thick. The pith-cylinder has a diameter equal to two thirds of the diameter
of the fibre, and is often not quite centrally situated.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistriInurion.—East coast of Australia : Port Jackson
(Lendenfeld).

Dendrilla tenella, n. sp.

Massive, lobose, digitate sponges, attaining a height of 40 millim. The
surface is covered with numerous conuli, which are low and very close together.
The oscula are situated, chiefly, on the sammits of the processes; they are

3 millim. wide.

28 DENDRILLA.

The skeleton consists of dendritically ramifying fibres, which anastomose
here and there. The stems are 0-3 millim. thick. The pith-cylinders have a
diameter equal to four fifths of the diameter of the whole fibre in the
branches, but equal to only half of the thickness of the fibre in the stems.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTion.—EHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson

(Lendenfeld).

Dendrilla czespitosa, Carter.

Aplysina cespitosa, H. J. Carter, “Supplement to the Descriptions of Mr.
Bracebridge Wilson’s Australian Sponges,” Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 282 (1886).

The sponge consists of a 240 millim. high and 180 millim, broad mass of
folded 1-3 millim. thick fronds. The whole structure is very light and loose.
The living sponge is light yellow, the skeleton is black. The surface is covered
with slender conuli, 2 millim. high and 2 miilim. apart.

The final ramifications of the fibres of the skeleton are remarkably smooth,
0-16 millim. thick. The thickness of the pith-cylinder is equal to about two
thirds of the fibres.

GuograpuicaL DistrrBuTion.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip
Heads (Wilson). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson (Lendenfeld).

Dendrilla rosea, var. typica (Selenka), n. var.

Aplysilla cactus, ¥. E. Schulze, ‘‘ Untersuchungen tber den Bau und die Ent-
wicklung der Spongien.—IV. Mittheilung. Die Familie der Aplysinide,”
Zeitschrift fiir wissenseaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxv. Seite 417 (1878).

Dendritla rosea, R. von Lendenfeld, ‘* Ueber Coelenteraten der Stdsee.—IT. Mit-
theilung. Neue Aplysinide,” Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie,
Band xxxviii. Seite 271 (1883).

Spongelia cactus, E. Selenka, “ Ueber einige Schwiimme aus der Siidsee,”
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xvii. Seite 565 (1867).

Irregularly massive, pedunculate sponges, which attain a height of 150
millim. The peduncle of large specimens is 15 millim. thick. The surface is
covered with very large conuli, which are on an average 5 millim. high and 10
millim. apart. The oscula are few in number and situated on the upper surface ;
they are smaller and more numerous in small specimens than in large ones.
In very large specimens a single osculum is observed on the summit of the
sponge; this has a diameter of 10 millim. The living sponge is flesh-

coloured.

DENDRILLA. 29

The final ramifications of the skeleton-fibres are pretty smooth, slightly and
irregularly bent, and 0-16 millim. thick. The pith-cylinder has a thickness
equal to about two thirds the thickness of the fibre.

GuogRaPHicaL Distriputron.—South coast of Australia : Port Phillip (Len-
denfeld); Bass Straits (Selenka), Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson (Len-
denfeld).

Dendrilla digitata, n. sp.

This sponge consists of a bunch of erect, digitate processes which coalesce
for the greater part of their length. The whole sponge attains a height of 50
millim., The digitate processes are 3-15 millim. thick. The surface is covered
with sharp and slender conuli, which are 3°5 millim. apart. The oscula are
oval, 2-4 millim. wide, and scattered over the sides of the digitate processes.

The final ramifications of the skeleton-fibres anastomose more frequently
than in other species; they are straight, and 0:08-0:16 millim. thick. The
pith-cylinder is equal to half the thickness of the fibre. The fibres occa-
sionally approximate and join to form perforated plates, particularly in the
basal part of the sponge.

GroGRaPHicaL DistripuTion.—Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Lendenfeld).

Dendrilla janthelliformis, n. sp.

This sponge appears as a thick, erect lamella, 70 millim. high and 50
millim. broad. It is very lacunose. The surface is covered with very low
and blunt conuli. The oscula are situated on the margin, and are 4-7 millim.
wide. The colour of the living sponge is dark violet.

The final ramifications of the skeleton-fibres anastomose more frequently
than in some other species; they are straight, and 0:06 millim. thick. The
thickness of the pith-cylinder is equal to half the thickness of the fibre.

GeroGRAPHICAL Distripution.—EHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson

(Lendenfeld).

Dengdrilla cavernosa, Lendenfeld.

Dendrilla cavernosa, R. von Lendenfeld, “Studies on Sponges,” Proceedings
of the Linnean Society New South Wales, vol. x. p. 557 (1886).

Digitate, branched sponges, attaining a height of 400 millim. The digitate
processes are straight, cylindrical, and 25 millim. thick. The surface is

30 DENDRILLA.—BAJALUS.

covered with irregular conuli, 2-4 millim. high and, on an average, 8
millim. apart. The oscula are scattered, 3 millim. wide. The whole sponge
appears perfectly hollow. The digitate processes are tubular, with walls
about 3 millim. thick; the cavities of these tubes join below in the basal mass
of the sponge, from which the digitate processes grow up, to a large hollow
space. This cavity opens outward at the termini of the digitate processes by
large circular pseudoscula, which are covered with perforated membranes ;
the pores of which can be contracted or dilated, and are surrounded by rings
of sensitive cells.

The final ramifications of the skeleton-fibres are 0:14 millim. thick, and
nearly straight; they anastomose here and there. The pith-cylinders have a
thickness equal to about half the thickness of the fibres.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distrrpurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
( Lendenfeld).

Familia HALISARCIDZ.

Hexaceratina without horn-fibres and without horn-spicules.

Genus BAJALUS.

Halisarcidee with simple, sac-shaped, not ramifying, ciliated
chambers ; without a reticulation of supporting-threads ; and with
large and complicated subdermal cavities.

Bajalus laxus, Lendenfeld.

Bayalus laxus, R. von Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.—
Part IV. The Myxospongiw,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society New
South Wales, vol. x. p. 5 (1885).

Our sponge represents an irregularly ramified or lobose mass of a dull purple
colour. The separate processes are either digitate and slender, or short,
broad, and lobular; they measure to 18 millim. in length and from 2 to
10 millim. in breadth. The long and slender processes are cylindrical; the
truncate ones generally more or less flattened. Both kinds of processes never
occur on the same specimen ; so that one might distinguish two varieties of
this species—-one with broad, the other with slender ramifications. The whole
sponge never seems to attain a large size: the finest specimen I have seen
measured 50x 40x20 millim. It is always more or less expanded in one

.

BAJALUS. sil

plane. The oscula are situated terminally on the processes, so that there are
as many vents to the sponge as there are branches. The oscula are surrounded
by small ‘‘ chimneys” similar to the tubes deseribed by Schulze, which appear
as prolongations of the oseulum-margin in Oscarella lobularis. The surface of
the sponge is perfectly smooth, as in Halisarea dujardini. The oscula measure
from 1 to 2 millim. in width, and are liable to great alterations in size. The
“chimney” can be retracted, so as to leave the oscular opening nearly bare.
The inhalant pores measure 0-1 millim. across; they are circular. Each is
covered by a thin and tender perforated plate. The perforations are circular
or polygonal, with rounded corners, and measure 0:01 millim. in diameter.
These little pores are lable to great alterations in size, and can be contracted
and even closed by the sponge.

Canal-system.—The outer skin is divided from the interior of the sponge—
from the zone of ciliated chambers—by a broad subdermal cavity 0°15 millim.
wide. This cavity is continuous; it is traversed in all directions by a highly
complicated network of fine threads, measuring 0:005-0°01 millim. in thick-
ness. These repeatedly ramified, anastomosing threads are cylindrical, and
between the joining-points more or less straight. They connect the skin and
the body of the sponge; and appear to be to a certain extent contractile.
The zone of ciliated chambers is folded. Broad and conic inhalant canals
lie between the folds.

The ciliated chambers are of a regular elongate, oval, cylindrical shape. They
are longer than in Aplysilla, and somewhat similar to the radial tubes of the
Syconide or the ciliated chambers of Huplectella. They measure 0:17 millim.
in length, and are 1 millim. wide. The afferent pores form groups of three
to five. Some chambers are in direct communication with the subdermal
cavity ; whilst others draw their supply of water from the inhalant canals.
The ciliated chambers are not constricted at their exhalant aperture, which
is circular and opens either into a narrow exhalant canal, or direct into the
gastral cavity in the centre of the sponge.

The exhalant canal-system consists of narrow more or less radial canals,
which extend slightly upwards towards the osculum ; these canals are cylindrical,
and curved in such a manner that their distal portion runs for a short distance
parallel to the outer surface, whilst their proximal part is radial, and often
stands at nearly a right angle to the former. These canals open out into an
extensive gastral cavity which occupies the central portion of the sponge. This
cavity is traversed by a few stout ramified threads of tissue. The narrow
exhalant branch canals have a diameter of 0-1 to 0°3 millim. The central
gastral cavity has a diameter equal to a fourth or a third the diameter of
the part of the sponge in which it is situated. The threads pervading it in
varying direction are distant and rare; they are more or less cylindrical, and
measure 0°1 millim. in thickness. Towards the osculum they become more

32 LITHISTIDA.

scarce: in the uppermost 5 millim. of the oscular tube or gastral cavity there
are no threads.

GerogRaPuicaL Distrinutron.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip
(Lendenfeld),.

3. Ordo CHONDROSPONGIA.

Silicea, the ground-substance of which is hard and tough, like
cartilage. A cortex is often developed. The ciliated chambers
are spherical and small. The ground-substance is granular. A
supporting skeleton is nearly always developed*; it is composed
of tetraxon or monaxon siliceous spicules; the latter are monact,
styli, or tylostyl. The spicules are never cemented by spongin ;
they form bundles, which are often regularly radially situated.
Microsclera often present, mostly polyact.

This Order comprises the Corticates of Oscar Schmidt, together with the
Lithistidee and Gumminve of the same author. It is composed of a portion of
the Myxospongiz, all the Tetraxonia, and a portion of the Monactinellide, as
conceived by Zittel. It differs from Vosmaer’s Ordo Spiculispongie only

by Halisarca not being contained in it.

Subordo TETRAXONIA.

Chondrospongi with tetraxon spicules.

1. Group LITHISTIDA

Body hard, witha central gastral cavity or with numerous vertical
tubes. ‘Tetraxon, branched, irregular spicules present. Monaxon
megasclera and microsclera also occur. The spicules of the
supporting skeleton are mostly interwoven so as to form a
very dense skeleton.

No specimens in the Australian Museuiti.

* Chondrosia and Chondrilia are the only genera in which it is absent.

GEODIA, 33

2. Group CHORISTIDA.

Chondrospongie with tetraxon spicules of regular shape.

Tribus Tetradina.

7 ° 7. ” .
The chief spicules are tetracts with equal rays, and can-
delabras.

No specimens in the Australian Museum.

Tribus Trianina,

The centres of the tetract. spicules with one differentiated ray
lie in the surface, in which the equal rays extend tangentially.

Familia GEODIDA.

Trianina with a cortex of globostellate spicules. The body
is spherical or irregularly massive and branched. In most forms,
particularly the regular ones, the supporting skeleton exhibits a
regular radial structure. Large monaxeon and tetraxon megasclera
and stellate microsclera are observed. Chone, which can be
closed by a muscular sphincter, are present.

Genus GEODIA.

The oscula sittated in groups at the base of a common de-
pression, which forms, when highly developed, a praosculum.
Ectochone not much depressed, nearly cup-shaped. Body often
spherical, sometimes also massive or branched.

Geodia nigra; n. sp.

Massive, lobose sponges which are attached by a broad base. The spherical
specimens have a diameter of 80-40 millim.; the lobese forms appear as four

»

34 GEODIA.—ISOPS.

to eight such spherical ones joined in one mass, which may attain an extent of
100 millm. Colour in spirit very dark brown, nearly black. The cortex is of
a darker colour than the interior. Surface shagreen-like and very uneven,
roughened by projecting ridges and knobs, which are raised 0-8—1-2 millim.
over the general surface of the sponge. The oscula are situated in groups at
the hase of shallow depressions. Ectochone pretty narrow. Cortex 0-48
millim. thick. Below this, exceptionally few canals of the subdermal system
are found ; these attain a diameter of 0:24 millim.

Skeleton.—(1) Tetrawon Megasclera, Angles between centripetal and tan-
gential rays >90°; centripetal ray 1°5x0-04 millim., slightly conie, and
abruptly but not sharply pointed ; tangential rays 0-16 x 0-03 millim., slightly
curved, conic, sharp-pointed. These spicules are met with just below the
cortex ; they are not numerous.—(2) Monavon Spicules. In radial slightly
oblique bundles just below the cortex, more irregularly disposed in the in-
terior. Smaller monact spicules are also found in the cortex. The large
spicules of the interior are tylostyli, slender, slightly curved, 2 x 0-016 millim.,
cylindrical, and pretty abruptly pointed. The monact spicules of the cortex
are styli, disposed irregularly, cylindrical, and not very sharply pointed; they
measure 0'1 x 0-08 millim. These spicules form dense masses in the outer-
most layer of the cortex.—(3) Polyact Spherical Globostellate Spicules. Highly
granular ; diameter 0°067 millim.; forming a dense layer in the cortex, with
the exception of the oscular area. Similar spherical spicules are found in great
abundance throughout the interior. Here there are also a great number of
their young stages. The globostellates in the interior are more spiny than
those in the cortex.—(4) Stellate Spicules. The stellates are not at all numerous
in this species; they are of one kind only, small, with numerous slender and

smooth rays.

GroGRAPHICAL DistriputTion.—East coast of Australia: Broughton Island
(Ramsay).

Genus ISOPS.

Geodidee the inhalant pores and oscula of which are free and
not covered by sieve-membranes. Ectochone bell-shaped, deep.
Globostellates present in all parts of the cortex. Spicules of the
interior monact. Various varieties of stellate microsclera present.

Isops sollasi, n. sp.

This species grows in the shape of a thick-walled, pedunculate cup, or
irregularly curved lamella. The smaller specimens in particular are very

ISOPS. 35

regularly calyciform: in these, the peduncle, which is short and irregular,
measures 20-30 millim. in diameter and is about 40-50 millim. long. The
total height of the sponge varies from 100 to 180 milim. The margin of
the cup is narrow, sharp, and regularly circular, in a plane vertical to the
axis of the sponge. The mouth of the cup has a diameter of 40-50 millim.,
and the cup is 50-60 millim. deep; irregularly conic. The thickness of the
cup-wall varies much, from 10 to 30 millim., in consequence of the irregu-
larities both of the inner and outer surface. The lamellar specimens attain a
length of 300 millim., and a thickness of 30-40 millim. The surface of the
cup-shaped specimens is rendered very uneven by numerous irregular out-
erowths and depressions, whilst the surface of the lamellar forms appears more
uniform and smooth. The surface has a rough, somewhat shagreen-like
appearance ; this is particularly well visible in dried specimens. A difference
in the degree of roughness of the outer and inner surfaces of cup-shaped
specimens, or the different sides of lamellar ones, can easily be discerned.
The oscula are found on one side of the lamelle only, and the oscular side
is the smoother one of the two. In the cup-shaped specimens the oscula are
confined to the inner surface of the cup. The oscula are circular, and mea-
sure 0°5-1 millim. in diameter. They are, on an average, 1:5 millim. apart ;
more numerous in depressed portions of the surface than in others, and absent
near the margin. In spirit of a uniform melange colour; dry, lighter brown,
yellowish in the interior.

This sponge is generally inhabited by commensals, particularly tubicole
Annelids, the abodes of which are so similar to true sponge-canals that it
is difficult to recognize their true nature. Apart from these, our sponge does
not present any great peculiarities. The entochon are slender and small ; the
ectochone large and dome-shaped, about as wide as long, measuring 0-6 millim.
each way. The cortex is 0°8 millim. thick and of uniform structure through-
out. Below the outer surface tangential canals of the inhalant system
can be observed, most of these have a diameter of 0-1 millim., whilst a few
attain a width of 0°3-0°5 millim. Their transverse section is circular.

Skeleton—(1) Tetravon Megasclera. Abundant just below the superficial
layer of globostellates. Scarce in the interior. Jong ray always centripetal.
Angles between centripetal and tangential rays >90°. Centripetal differ-
entiated ray 1x 0-025 millim., slightly conic, and abruptly but not sharp-
pointed. Tangential rays 0-26 x 0-02 millim., slightly curved, conic, not sharp-
pointed.—(2) Monawon Megasclera. Forming a network in the interior, single
or in bundles of two or three series; those below the cortex disposed radially :
0:8 x 0-016 millim.; slightly curved, and tapering abruptly to a sharp
point.—(3) Polyact Globostellates, forming « hard cortex, 0-8 millim. thick ;
also found scattered in the interior of the sponge; 0:°048 millim. in dia-
meter, with a granular surface, Young stages, measuring 0°02 millim. in

Dz

36 ISOPS.—CYDUNIUM.

diameter, are covered with long and slender spines.—(4) Polyact Stellate Spi-
cules. There are two varieties of these spicules scattered indiscriminately
throughout the interior of the body:—(A) With numerous short and thick
spines, 0°016 millim. in diameter. (B) With comparatively few rays or
spines ; the number varies from two to twelve. The rays of these spicules
are very slender and thin; they measure 0:014x0-0016 millim.; the whole
spicule attains a diameter of 0:028—0-03 millim. Young stages of both
varieties are found in abundance. The small spicules of the slender-spined
variety possess more rays than the large ones; and it is to be supposed that

the number of spines decreases with increasing age.

GEOGRAPHICAL Disrrinution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Genus CYDONIUM.

Inhalant and exhalant pores similar ; the former generally in a
group together. Oscula and pores both over chone. Globo-
stellate and stellate microsclera.

Cydonium erinaceus, n. sp.

This sponge is of a rather variable shape. Specimens with thick digi-
tate or lobose processes are the most numerous; massive ones, however,
also occur. Large specimens are usually branched; they measure 200 x
100 x50 millim, The processes are generally situated on the margin of the
usually compressed sponge, and are as thick as the sponge itself (50 millim.),
and being rounded, dome-shaped, about equally long. Here and there there are
oval depressions in the surface, which measure 8 x 12 millim.; at their bottom,
which les 3 millim. below the surface, the oscula are situated. The sponge is
excessively hard, like a Lithistid. The surface is even, but appears spiny
in consequence of the presence of numerous large tetract spicules, which project
several millimetres beyond it. Colour in spirit dirty white or light brown.
The chonz are similar to those of the species described by Sollas. The canals
which are found in the pulpa mostly extend in a centripetal direction : some
are wide and irregular, having a diameter of 2 millim.; a greater number
are more regular, and have a diameter of about 0°6 millim.

Skeleton.—(1) Tetract Supporting-Spicules. Abundant below the cortex.
Angle between centripetal and tangential rays = 100°; centripetal ray
straight, conic, pointed, 1-3 x 0:04 millim.; tangential rays curved, concave
towards the interior; all of equal size and with equal angles, 0:4 x 0-08
millim., conic, not sharply pointed.—(2) Tetract Velar Spicules. These are
attached by their centripetal ray, which is planted in the outer part of the

CYDONIUM.—STELLETTA. oii

cortex. The greater part of the centripetal ray, and also the tangential rays,
are free ; the latter form a kind of veil, which is, as the centripetal rays project
about 2°5 millim., that distance away from the surface of the sponge. The
measurements of these spicules and their shape are the same as those of the
tetract supporting-spicules. The veil produced by these spicules is comparable
to analogous structures in certain Hexactinellida—(3) Monact Supporting-
Spicules. In the interior, the pulpa, of the sponge, bundles of styli are met
with, which consist of 5-7 spicule-series. The spicules are slightly curved,
cylindrical, and sharp-pointed at one end; they gradually taper towards the
other rounded end; these spicules are very long and slender, measuring
2x 0:04 millim.—(4) Monact Spicules of the Cortew. In the outermost layer
of the cortex dense masses of oxea are found ; these are situated obliquely or
perpendicular to the surface; they are sharp-pointed and slightly curved,
measure 0°32 x 0:012 millim., and resemble the spicules of certain Renieride
very closely.—(5) Globostellates. These are very large and oval, or somewhat
kidney-shaped ; those in the cortex form dense masses; they are the largest,
appear comparatively smooth, possess an umbilicus, and measure 0-16 millim.,
in diameter. The globostellates in the interior, where they are numerous but
scattered, are smaller and more regularly spherical. Young stages im every
degree of development are found here ; these possess dense and sharp spines.
The spines when broken off are sharp, regularly conic, 0°015 millim. long,
and at the base 0-003 millim. wide.—(6) Stellate Spicules of the Cortex. The
outermost layer of the cortex is composed of exceedingly minute stellates with
6-10 rays measuring 0-003—0-005 millim. in diameter; they form a layer about
0-05 millim. thick, which is penetrated here and there by the cortical oxea.—
(7) Stellates of the Pulpa. Two varieties of stellates are met with in the
interior :—(A) Stellates similar to the cortical ones ; these are pretty numerous.
(B) Stellates of much larger dimensions, with stout, conic rays 0-03 millim.
in diameter ; these are scarce, and it is often difficult to find them.

GrograrHicaL Disrrisution.—East coast of Australia (Ramsay).

Familia STELLETTIDA.

Trianina with stellate microsclera in the cortex, but without
elobostellates.

Genus STELLETTA.

Stellettidee with simple stellate microsclera.

38 STELLETTA.—PSAMMASTRA.

is

Stelletta tethyoides, n. sp.

Spherical sponges, which are attached by a broad base and attain a diameter
of 50 millim., with a depression on the upper side about 5 millim. deep, at
the bottom of which large oval oscula measuring 6 x3 millim. are situated.
In smaller specimens the vents are smaller. Colour in spirit dark brown
on the outer surface, light brown in the interior. The spherical shape is
rendered somewhat irregular by numerous slight irregularly scattered protu-
berances. The surface is shagreen-like. The chonz of the mhalant system
approach the shape of ordinary subdermal cavities; they appear as tangential
canals extending below the surface and measure 0°25 millim. in diameter ;
large radial canals, which are for 3 to 20 millim. straight and 0-5 to 1 millim.
wide, extend in a centripetal direction downwards from these. The exhalant
canals join to form large oscular tubes, with a diameter of 2 millim. For
about 20 millim. below the surface of the oscular area the space is taken up
by a lacunose tissue.

Skeleton.—(1) Tetract Supporting-Spicules. These are found in the subcor-
tical layer only. Angle between the centripetal and tangential rays= 100° ;
centripetal ray 1:2 x 0-016 millim., straight, smooth, pointed ; tangential rays
0-16 x 0-012 millim., slightly curved, conic, not sharply pointed.—(2) Monact
Spicules of the Pulpa. Oxea, slightly curved, sharp-pointed, 1-2 x 0-012 millim.,
numerous, near the outer surface in bundles, towards the interior more irregu-
larly disposed. A few styli of similar dimensions also occur in the interior.
—(8) Stellate Spicules of the Cortex. A cortex 0°15 millim. in thickness covers
the whole of the sponge, with the exception of the oscular area. This cortex
is pervaded by the narrow and slender ectochonz, and composed of a dense
mass of stellate spicules, which have 10 to 15 conic rays. ‘These spicules
have a diameter of 0:05 millim.; each ray is about twice as long as thick at the
base, measuring 0:016 millim. in length.—(4) Stellate Spicules of the Pulpa.
There are three kinds of stellates in the interior of this sponge :—(A) With
few cylindrical, exceedingly slender rays, measuring 0-032 x 0-002 millim. ; the
central mass of this spicule is exceedingly small. (B) Small, stout, stellate
spicules, with numerous sharp and conic rays, measuring 0-016 millim. in
diameter. (C) Large, stout stellates, with numerous conic rays, measuring
v-U64 millim. in diameter.

GuocraPuicaAL Disrrizurion.— Solomon Islands (Australian Museum,
Sydney).

Genus PSAMMASTRA.

Stellettidee with stellate microsclera and spined rods.

PSAMMASTRA, 39

Psammastra gigas, 1. sp.

Irregularly spherical massive sponges, which attain a diameter of 200 millim.
and are attached by a small base ; with irregular indentations and excrescences
on the surface, and one large osculum measuring 20 millim. in diameter on the
upper side. Some specimens are contracted towards the base, so as to appear
pear-shaped. The surface is uneven and rough; the colour in spirit dirty
brown.

The tufts of tetract supporting-spicules, which expand in the surface, allow
space for large subdermal cavities between each other; these cavities appear
in the shape of tangential canals, and frequently anastomose to form a per-
fect reticulation, which undermines the skin. The tangential canals have an
elliptic transverse section and an average width of 0°5 millim. They join to form
larger inhalant canals, which extend for some distance in a centripetal direction.
These canals are much curved and appear very irregular ; they have an average
width of 2 millim., and join below to form large lacunose canals, which pervade
the whole of the massive sponge. The latter have an irregularly circular,
transverse section, and an average width of 6 millim. They form anastomoses,
and in this way a perfect reticulation of inhalant lacune is produced in the
interior of the sponge. From all parts of this inhalant canal-system slender
branches originate, which supply the ciliated chambers. Membranous dia-
phragms are frequent in the inhalant canals. The exhalant canals are similar
to the inhalants, but do not anastomose; they join to form large branches,
which open into an oscular tube passing right through the whole sponge, and
measuring 25 millim. in diameter.

Skeleton —(1) Tetract Megasclera. Abundant in the cortex and scattered
throughout the sponge. Angle between the centripetal and the tangential
rays = 90°; centripetal ray straight, conic, not sharply pointed, 1-7 x 0-03
millim.; tangential rays strongly curved, anchor-like, 0-2 x 0-024 milli. ;
curvature and angles very variable. Those tangential rays which are strongly
curved are only half as long as the others, or Jess—(2) Monact Megaselera.
Oxea slightly curved, cylindrical, pretty abruptly pointed, points rounded,
1:2x0:016 millim., rare in the surface tufts, forming bundles in the interior.
—(3) Monact Microsclera. The outer surface contains two varieties of these
spicules, which together form a thin cortical layer. All the spicules are more
or less vertical to the surface and project slightly beyond it. (A) Spined stron-
gyla 0-048 x 0-005 millim. (B) Slender hair-like rods very thin and smooth,
pointed at each end, 0°12 x 0-002 millim. Both varieties are also found scat-
tered throughout the interior of the sponge.—(4) Stellate Microsclera. These
are not numerous and very small; they are found in the interior of the sponge ;

40 PSAMMASTRA.—THALASSOMORA.

their rays are slender, straight, and cylindrical ; the whole spicule measures
0-01 millim. in diameter.

GeroGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTtIon. — East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Ramsay).

Genus THALASSOMORA, n. gen.

Stellettidee of spherical shape, without fibre-cortex. The centri-
petal ray of the tetract megasclera is longer than the tangential rays.
Microsclera of three kinds: small, spindle-shaped, and stellate
bodies in the interior ; and slender, rod-shaped, smooth spicules
projecting beyond the surface and perpendicular to it, causing
the outer surface to assume a velvet-like appearance.

Thalassomora nigra, n. sp.

Spherical sponges, which are attached by a small base and attain a diameter
of 30-60 millim., a little broader than high, irregular and massive. Surface
pretty even and smooth ; in consequence of the projecting dermal oxea, velvet-
like. Colour in spirit dark purple, nearly black on the surface, light brown
in the interior, The specimens are badly preserved and this colour is very
likely unnatural,

There is no proper subdermal cavity: between the surface-tufts of tetract
spicules very small cylindrical canals extend in a tangential direction ; these
have an average width of 0-08 millim. and are very numerous, they are
situated just below the surface. A little further down larger tangential canals,
with a more or less triangular transverse section, are met with; these
have a diameter of 0-4 millim. In this lower zone also canals leading down
in a centripetal direction make their appearance; these have an average
diameter of 0°17 millim., and from them, small irregularly tangentially extend-
img canals originate, which have for the most part oval transverse sections.
The exhalants join to form curved oscular tubes with a circular transverse
section and a diameter of 1-2°5 millim. These tubes pervade the whole body
of the sponge, and give it in sections a somewhat bread-like appearance. The
oscula are small, only 1 millim. wide, scattered and not numerous.

Skeleton.—The supporting skeleton consists of large tetracts in the outer
layers and of monacts (oxea) in the interior. The microsclera are of three
kinds :—(1) Tetract Megasclera. Abundant in the surface and just below it;
absent in the interior, Angle between the centripetal and tangential rays > 90°
(mostly =120°) ; centripetal ray 1:8 x 0-056 millim., conic, pointed ; tangential
rays 0°3xX0-05 yillim., very slightly curved, conic, not sharp-poimted.—

TIALASSOMORA.—ANCORINA. 4]

(2) Monact Megasclera. Oxea 1:6 x0°058 millim., nearly straight, spindle-
shaped, sharp-pointed, forming a fibrous skeleton in the interior. The bundles
contain 5-12 series of spicules.—(3) Stellate Microsclera. Small, inconspicuous,
scattered through the pulpa; with slender rays, 0:008 millim. in diameter.—
(4) Spindle-shaped Microsclera. Small, numerous, scattered throughout the
interior, of an oval shape, 0°01 millim. long, and 0:0024 millim. thick in the
centre.—(5) Monact Microsclera of the Skin. Vertical to the surface and pro-
jecting beyond it, slender hair-hke rods 0°16 millim. long and 0-001 millim.
thick : generally rounded at the ends (strongyla).

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTion.— East coast of Australia: Port Molle,
Queensland (/tamsay).

Familia ANCORINID/: *.

Trianina without microsclera.

Genus ANCORINA.

A cortex is developed. Megasclera monact and tetract. No
root-tufts of spicules.

Ancorina australis, n. sp.

Massive sponges, with irregular, small, digitate processes, attached by a small
base and measuring 35 millim. in diameter. Surface hairy, shagreen-like ;
viewed from without, a dark reticulation with meshes 1 millim. wide makes its
appearance in it. This network is the expression of the terminations of the
tufts of radiating spicule-bundles which are separated in the surface by tissue,
in which only few spicules are contained. Colour in spirit light grey.

The subdermal cavities are small, and have the shape of tangential canals
extending between the surface-tufts of radiating spicules; most of them havea
triangular transverse section ; their average width is 0-2 millim. ; here and there
they extend laterally to a transverse diameter of 1 millim. The inhalant
canals which originate from them are small and much and irregularly branched.
The exhalant canals join to form irregular lacun in the interior of the sponge,
the walls of which are very spiny ; the spines form a perfect filter. The oscula
are circular and situated in groove-shaped depressions on the surface of the
sponge ; they measure from 1—2 millim. in diameter.

* The family Ancorinide in this sense is much more restricted than the ‘‘Ancorinide” of
Vosmaer.

42 ANCORINA.—SPIRETTA.

Skeleton.—(1) Tetract Spicules of the Supporting-Skeleton. The tetract spicules
form two layers in the cortex and are also scattered throughout the pulpa of
the sponge. Between the tufts which form the outer layer, and which expand
towards the outer surface, small tangential subdermal canals are met with.
Below these another layer of similar spicules is situated. Angle between the
centripetal and tangential rays = 90°; centripetal ray straight, conic, sharp-
pointed, 1:4 x 0°021 millim. ; tangential rays either short and strongly curved—
angle between them and the centripetal may < 90°, or long and only slightly
curved, this angle > 90°—conic, pointed; the tangential rays are 0:024—0:15
millim. long, and at the base 0-02 millim. thick. The tetracts in the interior

oD?
are similar to these, but more slender.—(2) Yetract Velar Spicules. These

spicules are attached to the outer surface and give it the hairy appearance
mentioned above. As far as their shape and dimensions are concerned they
resemble the spicules with the long tangential rays, described above, of the
cortex ; they project 1 millim. beyond the surface.—(3) Monact Spicules of the
Interior. Oxea nearly straight, sharp-pointed, 1-2 x 0-016 millim., in bundles
and scattered ; some of these spicules in the interior of the sponge possess
irregular excrescences. Monact spicules of the same dimensions are also found

in the surface-tufts.

GroGRAPHICAL Distrrpution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson

(Ramsay).

Familia THENEIDA.

‘'rianina with large efferent pores to the ciliated chambers, and
splrastrellid microsclera.

No specimens in the Australian Museum.

Familia TETILLIDZ.

rianina with sigmate, spiral, or rod-shaped microsclera.

Genus SPIRETTA, n. gen.

Ancorinide without a fibre-cortex, with projecting tetract velar
spicules, and monact microsclera, but no stellates, with abundant

small spiral microsclera.

SPIRETTA. 43

Spiretta raphidiophora, n. sp.

Irregularly spherical sponges, which are attached by a small base, and attain a
diameter of 40-80 millim. Colour in spirit dark brown on the surface, light
brown in the interior. The specimens are not well preserved, and no reliance
can therefore be placed on this observation. Surface slightly uneven, rough, and
hairy. Very few triangular tangential canals form the subdermal cavity. The
interior of the sponge is very dense, no canals of any kind are visible there
with the naked eye; with the microscope, very scarce canals, with a circular
transverse section and a diameter of 0:08—0-3 millim., can be seen extending
irregularly through the sponge. The oscula are scarce and very small, 0°5
millim. in diameter.

Skeleton.—This species is very rich in spicules. The supporting spicules
form thick bundles, which radiate from the centre and take up the greater part
of the body; the interstices are filled up with monact and spiral microsclera.
The radial bundles are composed of large styli and a few tetracts, in which
the tangential rays are very small. Besides these there are tetract velar
spicules projecting beyond the surface of the sponge.—(1) Vetract Megasclera.
Found below the surface ; absent in the interior. Angle between the centri-
petal and tangential rays <90°; centripetal ray=1 Xx 0-01 millim., straight,
conic, and pointed; tangential rays curved, anchor-like, 0:08 x 0-008 millim.,
sharp-pointed ; two equal, the third sometimes absent, sometimes dissimilar to
the other two, and sometimes the three tangential rays of uniform shape
and size—(2) Letract Velur Spicules. In every respect similar to the tetract
supporting-spicules, and projecting 0°3 millim. beyond the surface.—(3) Monact
Megasclera. Forming the bulk of the bundles in the interior and also of the
cortex. (A) Styli 0°6 x 0-07 millim., straight, cylindrical, conic and rounded at
one end, and sharp-pointed at the other. (B) Oxea straight, spindle-shaped, and
sharp-pointed, measuring 3-4 x 0-05 millim.—(4) Monact Microsclera of the
Cortew. Abundant, straight or curved, 0-4 x 0-003 millim., rounded at each end.—
(5) Monact Microsclera of the Interior. Scattered irregularly throughout the
sponge ; oxea 0-24 x 0-02 millim., very slender, and sharp-pointed at each end.
—(6) Spiral Microsclera; very abundant, particularly in the cortex, forming
1 or 13-2 regular spiral turns ; very small, measuring 0-014 x 0:0008 millim.

Geograruican Drsrriputron.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson

(Ramsay).

Spiretta porosa, n. sp.

Irregularly spherical sponges, which attain a diameter of 50 millim., with a
circular, slightly depressed zone on the upperside, in which numerous large
oscula are situated; these are oval, and measure 8X3 millim. in diameter.

Surface hairy and rather uneven, in consequence of the projection of the centri-

44 SPIRETTA.

fugal monact spicules of the bundles and the slender tetracts. Colour in spirit
grey. Nosubdermal cavities. Below the thin cortical layer, canals of some size
are met with, which form irregular anastomoses and have an average diameter
of 0°16 millim. The tissue in the interior is rendered exceptionally loose in
consequence of the presence of wide exhalant canals, which join to form
oscular tubes 2-3 milim. in diameter ; these are much curved, and terminate
in the oscula described above.

Skeleton.—The skeleton resembles that of the Tethyde very closely. There
is a central sphere of irregularly disposed spicules, 4 millim. in diameter ;
from which gracefully curved, 0-5 millim, thick, bundles radiate.—(1)
Monact Megasclera. Styli 4x 0-036 millim., more or less spindle-shaped, and
straight or curved like the bundles. These form the bulk of the spicules in
the bundles. The pointed ends of the centrifugal spicules project 2 millim.
beyond the surface. Some of these spicules may be tylostyli; such, however,
are not frequent.—(2) Tetract Megasclera. Small and insignificant. Angle
between the centripetal and tangential rays < 90° (about 60°); centripetal
ray 1:2 x 0-006 millim., tapering towards a sharp-pointed end, generally slightly
curved ; tangential rays anchor-shaped, curved, and sharp-pointed, thick at
the base, measuring 0°04 x 0-007 millim. These spicules are more frequent
just below the outer surface than in other parts of the sponge and altogether
absent in the interior.—(3) Tetract Velar Spicules. Similar in every respect to
the supporting-spicules described above. The end of the centripetal ray is
planted in the skin. The tangential rays of these spicules are in most cases
regular, anchored ; sometimes, however, they point outward, the angles between
them and the centripetal ray being 140°, so that they appear fork-shaped.
Occasionally such spicules are also found in the subcortical layer. In the
interstices between the bundles, tetract spicules are found in which the cen-
tripetal ray is very long and thin, measuring 1 x 0-003 millim.; the angles
are variable ; the anchorates predominate, but pitchforks of various shape also
occur.—(4) Spiral Microsclera. These are extremely abundant throughout the
sponge; they measure 0-007 x 0-0006 millim. and exhibit 1 or 13 turns.

GrocgraPnuicaL Disrrrsution.—East coast of Australia: Port Denison, Q.

(Ramsay).

Familia TETHYOPSILLIDZ.

Trianina with dense masses of radially extending monaxop
megasclera and comparatively few and rudimentary tetracts, with
short and irregular tangential rays.

TETHYOPSILLA. 45

Genus TETHYOPSILLA, n. gen.

Tethyopsillidee of spherical shape; the whole surface is more
or less hairy. Tangential rays of the tetract megasclera very
irregular and short. No microsclera.

Tethyopsilla stewartii, n. sp.

Small, pretty, regularly spherical sponges, which measure only 20 millim. in
diameter and are attached by a small base; broader than high. The speci-
mens which I have seen from Mauritius attain a diameter of 40 millim.
The surface is even and hairy, in consequence of the presence of projecting
spicules. In spirit light flesh-coloured.

The cortical layer has a thickness of 1:2 millim. Below it tangential canals
are met with, which are 0°16 millim. high, and laterally expanded ; they form
numerous anastomoses, and form a true subdermal cavity. Narrow inhalants
lead down tothem. The canals, which extend downward from these subdermal
cavities and pervade the pulpa, are, like those of the exhalant system, narrow,
so that the pulpa has a very solid appearance. The exhalants join to form
a few oscular tubes 0-7 millim. in diameter, which extend radially and ter-
minate in very small oscula, which are slit-shaped, 1:2 millim. long and 0-3
millim. wide. These oscula are raised slightly above the surface.

Skeleton.—(1) Tetract Megasclera. Most irregular. In numbers in the tufts
of the cortical layer; absent in the interior. Angle between the centripetal
and tangential rays variable ; centripetal ray 2 x 0-01 millim., straight, conic,
pointed; tangential rays one, two, or three often below the end; never alike,
short, and much curved. It frequently occurs that the angles between the
different tangential rays and the centripetal are very different; one often
observes angles of 60°, 120°, and 160° in the same spicule-—(2) Monact Mega-
sclera. In the interior abundant, but also forming parts of the surface-tufts.
Oxea 1:5 x 0-01 millim., straight, cylindrical, sharp-pointed ; forming bundles
and more or less irregular masses, as the centripetal continuations of the
surface-tufts.—(3) Tetract Velar Spicules. Attached to the outer surface by
the proximal end of the centripetal ray, which is immersed in the cortex,
we find a perfect forest of tetracts; these project 1-1-5 millim. and have
similar dimensions to the cortical tetracts. Their tangential rays are still more
variable, however. Two varieties of velar spicules can be distinguished :—
(A) Hard Variety : angle between the centripetal and tangential rays generally
= 140°, centripetal ray 1-50-01 millim.; tangential rays equal, straight or
slightly concave outside, sharp-pointed, measuring 0-04 x 0-006 millim ; radial
ray always vertical to the surface. These pitchfork-like spicules are frequent

46 TETILTYOPSILLA.—TETILY A.

all over the surface.—(B) Elastic Variety: the head bears only one or two very
short and much curved, pointed, tangential rays. The head is bent down and
immersed in the surface, like the proximal end of the radial ray, but not so firmly.
The radial ray is hereby completely curved round, and forms a semicirele. The
slightest touch is sufficient to liberate the head of the spicule, which then, in
consequence of the vertical insertion and elasticity of the radial ray, is thrown
out with great force. These elastic defensive spicules appear analogous to the

enidoblasts of the Cnidaria.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTIoN.—EHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Lendenfeld).

Mauritius (//aast).

Subordo MONAXONTA.

Chondrospongiz with monaxon megasclera, styli and tylostyli.

Familia TETHY D/A.

Spherical Monaxonia with regular subdermal cavities between
the distal ends of the radial spicule-bundles.

Genus TETHYA.

Tethydee with stellate microsclera.

Tethya multistella, n. sp.

I distinguish two varieties of this species—megastella and microstella.

Spherical sponges, 20-40 millim. in diameter, attached by a small base, or
also by half the surface ; in the latter case the specimens attain a more semi-
spherical shape. Surface regularly tuberculose. The tubercles are divided from
each other by a network of depressions, which occasionally appear as sharp
lines (transition-form to T'ethya fisswrata), but more often have the appearance
of simple and undefined concavities. The tubercles are raised 1°5—2°5 millim.
above the depressions, and represent the terminations of the spicule-bundles.
Light red, flesh-, or rose-coloured in the living state; if properly preserved
the colour is retained in spirit without much alteration: badly preserved

specimens are colourless, white. The interior is always dirty white; the

TETHYA. 47

cortex and the buds alone contain the red pigment. The oscula are circular.
2-4 millim. wide, and very slightly raised above the surface; they are situated
on the upper surface of the sponge. There are, according to the size of the
specimen, from one to five oscula.

The sponge is much more dense than the European Tethya lyncurium.
The canals are narrow. In the cortex radially depressed and very irregular
lacune, sometimes 2 millim. broad and up to 0-4 millim. high, are met with.
Also cirenlar canals are found, which have a diameter of 0-4 millim. Both
extend tangentially and form subdermal cavities, which are supplied by narrow
canals from without. The canals in the pulpa are, with the exception of the
exhalant stems, very narrow, on an average 0-064 millim. wide, and disposed
radially.

Skeleton.—A mass of irregularly tangentially disposed spicules forms a solid
centre, 2—5 millim. in diameter, which is regularly spherical. From this the
0-3-0°5 millim. thick bundles of supporting-spicules radiate, which extend in
the cortex in a trumpet-shaped manner, and terminate in the tubercles. The
centrifugal ends of the most distal spicules project 0°2—0°3 millim. beyond the
surface. The microsclera may be more or less abundant; but as any number
of transition-forms between wmultistellular and paucistellular specimens have
been observed by me, I consider these differences as of no systematic import-
ance.—(1) Megasclera. Styl 2-3-5 x 0:018 millim., straight, slightly contracted
at the rounded end, not very sharply pointed. In the cortex similar smaller
spicules are found in connection with the surface-tufts of the radial bundles,
which measure 0°5 x 0:006 millim. The pointed end is turned outward and pro-
jects beyond the surface.—(2) Stellate Microsclera. These are of two kinds :—
(A) With Conical Rays: abundant in the variety Tethya multistella megastella,
and rare in the variety T'ethya multistella microstella ; their rays are conic and
sharp-pointed ; they grow out from the central spherical mass, which measures
0-012 millim. in diameter, and are 0-01 millim. long and at the base 0-007
millim. thick. (B) With Cylindrical Rays, which have a terminal knob: these
are small, only 0:01 millim. in diameter, and frequent in the variety microstella,
With a higher power the terminal knob on the rays can be dissolved into two
or more short terminal recurved spines. These spicules are very different from
the young stages of the larger stellates, which always have the same shape
as the adult spicule, however small they maybe. The outer layer of the cortex
is composed of these stellates, which form a pretty dense layer in it in the
variety microstella.

GrograpuicaL Distrrpution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
(Ramsay, Lendenfeld). South coast of Australia: Port Phillip (Lendenfeld).
New Zealand, Port Chalmers (Parker); Chatham Islands (Parker).

48 TETHYA.

Tethya corticata, n. sp.

Spherical sponges, 25-40 millim. in diameter, covered with conuli, always
attached by a small base ; root-like excrescences usually grow out from the
lower surface. The surface is irregular. Sharp, 2-3:5 millim. high conuli
are found on the upperside of the sponge; the conuli are flattened, cylindrical,
or conic, and at the base 1°5—2°5 millim. thick. A few oscula of irregular
outline and with a diameter of 2—4 millim. are found on the surface. Colour
of the cortex light red, flesh-colour in spirit. The interior dull white.

Inhalant pores in the depressions between the high conuli lead into inhalant
canals which, extending centripetally, penetrate the cortex. Two or three join
to form a straight radial stem. These stem-canals are widened in a trumpet-
shaped manner at the proximal end ; in the centre they have a diameter of 0-08
millim., and they are as long as the cortex is thick, namely 2-2°5 millim. The
internal canals are larger than in most other Tethye ; they are radial and
have an average diameter of 0°16 millim.

Skeleton.—The central mass of supporting-spicules is spherical and has an
average diameter of 4 millim.; the radiating bundles are 1 millim. thick ;
stellate microsclera are abundant, particularly in the cortex.—(1) Megasclera.
Stvli 2x 0-013 millim., straight, obtusely pointed at the outer end. The distal
ends of the centrifugal spicules project only 0-1 millim. over the surface. The
cortical spicules which surround the surface-tufts of the bundles are vertical
to the surface, and measure 0:4 x 0-006 millim.; they are similar in shape to
the styli of the interior.—(2) Stellate Microsclera. Of two kinds :—(A) Large
stellates, with conic rays: abundant in the cortex, diameter 0:06-0:08 millim. ;
each ray very regular, conic, 0:02—-0-024 long, and at the base 0-006 millim.
thick ; these rays readily break off, and are often found scattered throughout
the cortex. (B) Small stellates, with cylindrical, slender, terminally thickened
rays: particularly abundant in the canal-walls ; diameter 0-016 millim,

GeoGRAPHIcAL Distrrpution. — East coast of Australia: Port Jackson

(Ramsay).
Tethya fissurata, n. sp.

Irregularly spherical, more or less kidney-shaped sponges, with a flat base.
Body high, measuring 40 by 35 millim. From the base rootlets originate,
which attain a length of 20 millim. and more, are much and irregularly curved,
and have a thickness of 2-4 millim. The structure of the surface is very
remarkable; protuberances are found on it, which give one the impression
that they do not belong to the sponge, and are separated from it by deep
incisions ; these protuberances widen centrifugally, having the shape of broad
and low inverted cones ; 3 millim. wide and 1-2 millim. high; their terminal
face is depressed, and round the central depression a few spines are seen, like

TETHYA. 49

marginal conuli; these make the cireumference appear irregular, polygonal.
These remarkable rosettes attached to the surface are connected with each other
by threads and bands 0-5-2 millim. in breadth, which bridge over the 2-3
millim. wide fissures between the rosettes. Spicules protrude from the rosettes
to a great length and give the sponge a hairy appearance. Two to four
oscula, 1:5 millim. in diameter, are situated on the upper surface.

Numerous small canals originate from the bottom of the fissures, and join
to form inhalant stems, which traverse the cortex and extend to insignificant
subdermal cavities at the limit between cortex and pulpa. There appear to be
no inhalant pores in the projecting rosettes. Below the inhalant pores there
are peculiar chone-like arrangements for regulating the water-current. In the
pulpa irregular canals descending from the subdermal cavities are met with ;
some of these extend tangentially in a lacunose manner; sand-grains are
observed in their walls.

Skeleton.—The skeleton consists of a hard, spherical, central mass of irregu-
larly disposed spicules, which measures 6 millim. in diameter. The bundles
which radiate from this centre are 1-1-5 millim. thick, and expand distally in the
surface rosettes, where they are surrounded by small monact spicules, and there
are two kinds of stellates.—(1) Megasclera. Styli 3 x 0-08—0°1 millim. ; straight,
cylindrical, obtusely pointed, the pointed end centripetal ; greatest thickness
at the truncate end.—(2) Monact Spicules of the Cortew. Styli surrounding the
surface-tufts and projecting, like the spicules in the distal part of the radial
bundles, some distance beyond the surface, 0-9 x 0-012 millim., obtusely pointed
at the centrifugal end, which projects 0-5 millim. beyond the surface. The large
bundle-spicules project 1-2 millim.—(3) Stellate Microsclera. Two varieties :—
(A) Large stellates, with conic rays, forming dense masses in the cortex ; body
of spicule 0-048 millim. in diameter, with on an average twenty conic sharp-
pointed rays 0-08 millim. long and at the base 0-016 millim. thick. (B) Small
stellates, with slender, cylindrical rays, which are terminally thickened ; these
spicules form the outer coating of the sponge, and are also scattered through-
out the interior; they measure 0-01 millim. in thickness. Besides these a
ereat abundance of the young stages of the larger kind of stellate is to be
found.

Grocrapuican Disrrreution. — East coast of Australia: Port Molle,
Q. (Ramsay); Port Jackson, N. S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld). New Zealand
(Lendenfeld).

Tethya inflata, n. sp.

Spherical sponges, sometimes depressed in the centre, 40 millim. broad and
20 millim. high, attached by a broad base. Surface smooth, with very long
(30 millim.) and 0-2 millim. thick, thread-shaped appendages, which grow out

E

50 TETHYA.

irregularly from all parts of the surface; they are not very numerous, and
generally arranged in groups or zones, leaving portions of the surface without
appendages. The cortex of spirit-specimens is of a light flesh-colour, the
interior dirty yellow. The cortex is in the free part of the sponge 3 millim., at
the base only 1 millim. thick. Oblique, up to 0°16 millim. wide, canals are met
with in the cortex, which join to form tangentially extended subdermal cavities.
The inhalant stems extend centripetally down from these, pervading the
cortex; they are widened in a trumpet-shaped manner at each end, and at
the narrowest portion 0°08 millim. wide. The usual radiating canals are
found in the interior.

Skeleton.—The centre from which the bundles radiate is situated in the
middle of the base; the bundles have a thickness of 0°5 millim. There are
two kinds of stellate microsclera, which are particularly abundant in the
skin.—(1) Megasclera. Styli 2x0-014 millim., cylindrical and _ straight,
sharp-pointed, the pointed end looking outward. In the cortex smaller
spicules of a similar kind are met with; these are often curved, and
measure 0°6x0:07 millim.—(2) Stellate Microsclera. Of two kinds :—(A)
Larger stellates, with conic, pointed rays, sparsely scattered throughout the
body of the sponge, measuring 0:05 millim. in diameter. (B) Small stellates,
with slender, cylindrical rays, terminally thickened, forming a dense outer
coating on the surface, and present also in the walls of the inhalant canals,
measuring 0-012 millim. in diameter.

GroGRAPHICAL Distrrution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Tethya phillipensis, n. sp.

Spherical or kidney-shaped sponges, generally broader than high, measuring
20-35 x 15-20 millim.; attached by a small portion of the base only. The
kidney-shaped specimens are always attached at the indenture. Sometimes
thick and short, root-like appendages are developed. Surface tuberculated,
divided by reticulate depressions into polygonal areas, which measure on an
average 2 millim. in diameter, and are raised 0-5 millim. over the surface. By
a perforation of the membrane, which extends between the projecting tubercles,
a structure is produced which strongly resembles the rosettes of Tethya
fissurata, above described. In the living state and in well-preserved spirit-
specimens the cortex and portions of the pulpa are light red, flesh-coloured,
the remainder of the sponge is colourless. The cortex is 2-3 millim. thick ;
at the lower limit of the cortex, irregular tangential canals, with an average
diameter of 0:4 millim., are met with; very narrow radial canals extend
down from these.

TETHYA. 51

Skeleton.—(1) Monact Megasclera. The radial bundles 0:3 millim. thick, are
composed of styli which measure 2 x 0-018 millim. and which are straight and
eylindrical ; the pointed end looks outward ; the distal spicules of the bundles
project slightly beyond the surface. Similar spicules, measuring 1 x 0-008
millim., surround the surface-tufts, pointing obliquely outward; it is always
the pointed end which projects.—(2) Stellate Microsclera. Three varieties of
stellates occur in this species :—(A) Large, spherical spicules, with conic rays,
measuring 0-06 millim. in diameter, and forming a dense mass in the cortex ;
the same spicule is also found in abundance in the interior of the sponge. (B)
Small stellates, with slender cylindrical rays, which are terminally thickened ;
these stellates measure 0-006 millim. in diameter, and are not found on the
outer surface; in the cortex they are rare, but more abundant in the pulpa.
(C) A stellate spicule found in the pulpa, which is peculiar to this species ;
it is about as frequent as the foregoing variety. This stellate has no visible
central body and it has slender conic rays, which are covered with long
spines; these spicules measure 0-03 millim. in diameter, each ray is 0°014
millim. long, and at the base 0003 millim. thick.

GuoaraPnican DrstrrputTion.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfeld).

Tethya lzevis, n. sp.

Spherical or oval sponges, attaining a diameter of 20-50 millim., attached by a
small base, 2-6 slit-shaped oscula on the upperside, which measure 1 x 0-2 millim.
in diameter ; thread-shaped appendages, which may attain a length of 20 and a
thickness of 2 millim., are found either in groups or appear scattered irregularly
over the surface. The surface is smooth or slightly tubercular ; often one por-
tion of the surface is smooth and the other tubercular. In spirit light brown on
the outer surface and in the interior; the lower layer of the cortex appears
white. The small inhalants join to form stems, which traverse the cortex in
a centripetal direction, and have a diameter of 0-1 millim. Irregularly reticu-
lating canals, which pervade the cortex in every direction, connect the vertical
canals with each other. The canals in the interior are not so regularly radial
as in other species of this genus.

Skeleton.—The centre from which the bundles radiate is situated in the middle
of the sponge ; the radiating bundles have a thickness of 0°8 millim.; they divide
in the cortex into several branches, and expand so much that no space is left
between the surface-tufts. Stellate spicules are found in the cortex and pulpa.
—(1) Megasclera. Styli 2x 0-1 millim., cylindrical, sharp-pointed, sometimes
very short, only 0-6 millim. long, pointed end always centrifugal. There are
no smaller cortical monact spicules around the suface-tufts, as in the other
species.—(2) Stellate Spicules, Of three kinds :—(A) Large spherical spicules,

Bn 2

52 TETHYA.—TETHYORRHAPHIS.

with sharp conic rays ; abundant in the surface, but very scarce in the interior.
(B) Small stellates, with slender, cylindrical, terminally thickened rays, forming
a dense layer on the outer surface and scattered throughout the interior, parti-
cularly in the walls of the canals. (C) Small stellates, without any visible
central body, and with slender, spined, conical rays, 0:04 millim. in diameter.

GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRinutTIoN.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Genus TETHYORRHAPHIS, un. gen.

Tethydee with small diact microsclera, besides the stellates.

Tethyorrhaphis levis, n. sp.

Spherical sponges, 30-45 millim. in diameter, sometimes higher than broad,
attached by a small base; without rootlets; occasionally with short irregular
outgrowths around the base of attachment. Surface slightly tubercular in
some parts of the sponge, even and smooth in others; the tubercles are separ-
ated by rounded concave depressions, and project not over 1 millim. In spirit
light brown on the outer surface, the interior of a lighter colour.

Just below the surface extensive laterally extended, tangential canals,
0:2 millim. in diameter, are met with. The inhalant pores are situated in
zones over these canals; from them the usual centripetal canals originate,
which often divide into two or more branches before they leave the cortex ;
anastomoses between them occur very rarely. The cortex is 2 millim. thick,
below it we find irregular canals from 0:05 to 0:17 millim. in diameter
pervading the pulpa. Radial canals are rare. The oscula are small, and
scattered over the upper surface.

Skeleton.—The bundles which radiate from the centre of the sponge have
a thickness of 0:5-0°8 millim.; they expand distally to form the usual
surface-tufts. Diact and stellate microsclera are abundant in the cortex
and pulpa.—(1) Megasclera. Strongyla 2x 0-036 millim., spindle-shaped, the
greatest thickness (0-036 millim.) about 0-5 millim. from the centripetal end,
which is about four times as thick as the distal; both ends are rounded;
the distal rays project 0-2 millim. beyond the surface. There are no smaller
cortical spicules surrounding the surface-tufts—(2) Stellate Microsclera.
There are three varieties of stellates :— (A) Spherical, large spicules,
with conic rays 0-064 millim. in diameter, fairly abundant just below
the surface and along the inhalant canals, but very scarce in the interior.
(B) Small stellates, with slender cylindrical terminally thickened rays,
0-012 millim. in diameter, scattered throughout the interior, pretty scarce.

TETHYORRHAPHIS. 53

(C) Small spicules, with slender cylindrical rays without terminal thickenings,
0-02—0-03 millim, in diameter, scattered throughout the interior, more numerous
than the foregoing, but also rather scarce.

(3) Strongylote Microsclera. These
form a dense layer 0°08 millim. in thickness below the outer surface, and
extend down the walls of the inhalant canals; they are also found in abun-
dance scattered throughout the interior of the sponge. These spicules are mostly
straight and rounded at each end; strongyla; they have a slightly roughened
surface, and measure 0:012x0-001 millim. Some of these spicules are
slightly bent, whilst others are angularly bent; the angle varies from 180-
120 degrees ; such forms may produce a third ray which appears sagittal,
and a number of transition forms between the diacts and triacts have been
observed by me, similar to those described by F. E. Schulze in Plakina.
But there are also some transition forms between these triacts and polyact
stellates. The whole series represents the development of these diacts from
the slender-rayed stellates by a reduction of the number of rays.

GrocrapHicaL Distrisution.— East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Tethyorrhaphis tuberculata, n. sp.

Spherical or subspherical sponges, which are attached by a broad base,
equal to about two thirds of the diameter. Broader than high: 25 x 35 to
30 x40 millim. Surface tubercular. Tubercles of uniform width, but not of
uniform height throughout ; rounded, conic, or mammilliform, divided by a
reticulation of sharp incisions; 2°5 millim. wide at the base, and from 1
to 3 millim. high. Oscula 1 millim. wide, scarce, and scattered over the
surface. Alive bright red; in spirit more dull. The red colour pervades the
whole of the cortex; the pulpa is dull white. Cortex 3 millim. thick. No
subdermal cavities. Inhalant pores in the depressions between the tubercles.
The small inhalants form a few anastomoses; they measure only 0:03
millim. in diameter, and pervade the cortex in an irregularly radial direction,
being much and irregularly curved. The pulpa is very dense. Most of
the canals in it extend in a radial direction.

Skeleton.—Central supporting sphere 4 millim.in diameter. Radiating bundles
0-7-1 millim. thick, much expanded in the surface-tufts, the margins of which
are in contact, so that the depressions between them appear as sharp narrow inci-
sions.—(1) Megasclera. Styli or strongyla. Straight, spindle-shaped; the greatest
thickness near the proximal end; measuring 2°5x 0-025 millim. The distal
end generally the narrower of the two; difference in thickness between the two
ends, 1:3. The points of the styli are remarkable for the abrupt manner in
which they taper, hke a Roman sword. Sometimes a terrace-like diminution

b4 TETHYORRHAPHIS.

of thickness is observed ; the end then appears telescope-shaped. The margins
of the tufts are composed of styli measuring 0°6x0°015 millim. Some of
these are situated so that the pointed end lies centripetally ; most, however,
point their sharp end outward. The distal spicules project 0°1-0-2 millim.
beyond the surface.—(2) Stellate Microsclera. Globate stellates 0°056 millim. in
diameter, with pointed conic rays, not numerous, scattered throughout the
sponge, particularly in the canal-walls.—(8) Diact Microsclera. Very abundant,
forming a layer 0-03 millim. thick in the outer surface ; rough, 0°012 x 0-002
millim., mostly straight, sometimes curved or bent in an angular manner.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistriputTion.—Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Tethyorrhaphis gigantea, n. sp.

Spherical sponges, attached by a small base, covered with monticular projec-
tions, which are separated from each other by irregular depressions. Height
60-90 millim.; breadth 50-70 millim. The superficial projections are raised
8 millim. over the depressions. Surface regularly tuberculose. The tubercles
higher on the elevated parts than in the depressions ; 2°5 millim. broad and
from 1:2 millim. high. Oscula very small, few in number, mostly on the
upper side of the sponge. Alive intensely orange-red on the surface; of a
lighter colour in the interior; in spirit light yellow. Cortex 3-4 millim. thick.
Radially compressed and irregular tangential canals are found in the cortex
just below the outer surface; they are divided from the cuter water by a
very thin perforated membrane. The pores are arranged in zones following
these superficial canals, and measure 0-06 millim. in diameter.

Skeleton.—Central sphere 4 millim. in diameter. Radiating spicule-bundles
further apart than in any other species (4 millim.), 0:-5-0°7 millim. thick,
expanding only slightly in the surface-tufts—(1) Monact Megasclera.
Strongyla, spindle-shaped, 2x 0°035 millim.; thickest portion much nearer
the blunter end, which is usually situated centripetally, and about 23 times
as thick as the other. The rounded ends are slightly inflated. There are
no monact cortical spicules round the surface-tufts.—(2) Stellate Microsclera,
Of three kinds:—(A) Globose stellates, with conical pointed rays, 0:07
millim. in diameter; in the outermost portion of the pulpa and along
the cortical canals. (B) Small stellates, with slender cylindrical terminally
thickened rays; scattered throughout the pulpa, not numerous. (C) Small
stellates, with slender, rough cylindrical rays, which are often not of uniform
length, and in other ways irregular; measuring 0:02 millim. in diameter.
These spicules are likewise scattered throughout the sponge; they are very
rave m the cortex.—(3) Oweote Microsclera. Scattered sparsely throughout

TETHYORRHAPHIS. 55

the sponge; more abundant in the surface and the walls of the inhalant
canals, measuring 0°014 0-003 millim., with irregular thickenings and
excrescences.

GerograpuicaL Disrrrpurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Tethyorrhaphis conulosa, n. sp.

Spherical sponges, 30-40 millim. in diameter, attached by a small base.
The surface is covered with high conical protuberances, on an average
6 millim. broad and 6 millim. high; these are rather irregular at the base,.
and taper to sharp points. The conuli on the upper side of the sponge
have a more rounded apex, towards. the base they become pointed, and those
which surround the base itself are prolonged to form thread-shaped rootlets,.
which may attain a length of 15 millim. Colour of the living sponge yellowish
red; in spirit more dull. The lower surface of the cortex is quite smooth ;
its thickness accordingly subject to great variations. Below the depressions
the cortex is only 2 millim. thick; while it attains a thickness of 8 millim.
and more below the high conuli. Tangential canals, 0-4 millim. wide, extend
below the surface of the depressions. Numerous narrow branched canals,
which are on an average 0°08 millim. wide, arise from these and extend
centripetally. In the pulpa the canals extend in a very irregular manner ;.
their average diameter is 0°016 millim.

Skeleton.—Radial spicule-bundles 2 millim. apart and 0°5 millim, thick.—
(1) Monact Meyasclera. Strongyla, straight or curved, 2 x 0:04 millim., thickest
portion near the middle, spindle-shaped, blunter end about four times as
thick as the other. These spicules form the radial bundles. In the cortex,
between the surface-tutts, styli, measuring 0°56 x 0°014 millim., and situated
oblique to the surface, are met with; these are straight, the pointed end
looking outward. Neither these nor the distal bundle-spicules. project beyond.
the surface.—(2) Stellate Microsclera. Of two kinds:—(A) Globose Stellates with
conic sharp-pointed rays, measuring 0:07 millim. in diameter. These spicules.
are found only in the outermost layer of the pulpa. (B) Small Stellates with
slender cylindrical rays, measuring 0:04 millim. in diameter, scattered irre-
gularly threughout the sponge.—(3) Oweote Microselera. Very abundant, par-
ticularly in the cortex, where they are on an average only 0-024 millim. apart.
These spicules form a thin but very dense layer on the surface, and measure
0-018 x 0-003 millim. ; their shape is variable. Transition-forms between these
and the stellates, variety B, are not rare.

GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION.—LHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (2tamsay).

56 TUBERELLA.—SOLLASELLA.

Genus TUBERELLA.

Tethydee with a smooth surface or with tubercular protuber-
ances. Without fibrillous cortex. Spicules: styli of varying size.

Tuberella tethyoides, Keller.

Tuberella tethyoides, C. Keller, ‘‘ Neue Ccelenteraten aus dem Golfe yon
Neapel,” Archiv fiir mikroskopische Anatomie, Band xvii. Seite 271.

GrograPHicaL Distripurion.—Mediterranean : Naples.

Familia SOLLASKELLIDE.

Monaxonia the cortex of which is composed of the expanding
surface-tufts of the radiatimg spicule-bundles. Chone are situ-
ated between these. ‘The skeleton of the interior consists of
wregular, not radially disposed, spicule-bundles.

Genus SOLLASELLA, n. gen.

With stylote megasclera and without microsclera.

Sollasella digitata, n. sp.

Irregular digitate sponges, which are attached by a small base. The digitate
processes are regularly cylindrical, with a transverse circular section 12-15
inillim. in diameter. Very often two or more branches partly coalesce for some
distance, so that the processes become irregular. The whole sponge attains a
length of 130 millim. The individual, terminally rounded, branches are 30-50
millim. long. The surface appears hairy, some spicules protruding 2 millim.
beyond it; these, however, are not numerous. Polygonal fields 1-2 millim. in
diameter are found on the surface; these are expressions of ‘the terminations
of the surface-tufts of the spicule-bundles. These fields are divided from each
other by sharply defined incisions, which are 0°6 millim. wide, and about as
deep. Colour black in the interior; the cortex is of a lighter brown colour.
In the depressions between the surface-tufts, rows of inhalant pores of a

SOLLASELLA.—SPIRASTRELLA. 57

structure similar to that of the chonz of the Geodide are found; these are
0-15 millim. wide, and communicate below with extensive lacunz which separate
the cortex from the pulpa of the sponge. The latter form a nearly continuous
subdermal cavity 0°1—-0-2 millim. wide. The interior of the sponge is lacunose ;
the greater part of the space is occupied by very irregularly curved canals
with a pretty uniform width of 0°25 millim.

Skeleton.—The skeleton of the pulpa consists of irregularly situated,
isolated, and more or less curved oxea measuring 0°7 x 0-008 millim.; these
spicules are cylindrical, and abruptly pointed; one end generally more blunt
than the other. Irregularly disposed bundles composed of large styli, which
measure 2 X0°045 millim., and which are often accompanied by bundles of
the smaller kind described above pervade the pulpa. The bundles in the
subcortical layer, composed chiefly of large styli, extend tangentially and
longitudinally. We also observe bundles composed nearly exclusively of the
smaller kind of spicules, extending in a radial direction and connecting the
surface-tufts with the internal skeleton. The surface-tufts themselves are
distally as broad as the fields above described, and composed of oxea and styli,
which measure 0°5—0°6 x 0-:01—0:012 millim.

GuoeraPuicaL DistripuTion.—East coast of Australia (amsay).

Familia SPIRASTRELLID.

Monaxonia with spirastrellid microsclera.

Genus SPIRASTRELLA.

Massive Spirastrellidee with stylote or tylostylote megasclera ;
microsclera, stellates, and short-spined stronglya.

Spirastrella australis, n. sp.

Large and massive lamellar sponges, 10-20 millim. thick, attaining a height
of 300 millim. and to a breadth of 250 miliim., attached by a small base.
The surface of the lamella is very smooth and even ; the lamelle are slightly
curved, and the surface is generally more smooth on the concave than on the
convex side; oscula 1 millim. wide, scattered over both the concave and convex
surfaces. Colour of surface in spirit light brown; the same colour in the

interior. The canals, which extend from the uniformly scattered inhalant

58 SPIRASTRELLA.—PAPILLINA.

pores downward, are oblique to the surface, 0:2 millim. long and 0:04
millim. wide, and join in an irregular manner to form larger stems,
which occasionally attain a width of 0°5 millim.; 1:3 millim. below the
surface, cylindrical canals, with a diameter of 0-6 millim., extend in a strictly
tangential direction ; these are not numerous and about 4 millim. apart ; they
represent the subdermal cavity. The canal-system in the interior is very
regular; there the canals have an average width of 0°2 millim.; only the much
curved oscular tubes are wider, having a diameter of about 1 millim.; the
sponge therefore appears very dense.

Skeleton.—The skeleton consists of a dense mass of large spirastrellids
and small bundles of slender tylostylii—(1) Tylostylote Megasclera. Tylostyli
0-6 x 0:01 millim., cylindrical, pointed at one end; bulb terminal, spherical,
0-016 millim. in diameter.—(2) Spirastrellid Microsclera. Very irregular, elon-
gate stellates and short rods with long spines, about as frequent as the regular
stellates ; the different shapes appear as transition forms between the regular
stellates of the Tethyde and the spined rods of Papillina ; their diameter
averages 0:04 millim. ; their rays or spines are conic and sharp-pointed, about
14 times as long as thick at the base.

GroagraPHicaL DisrrisutTion.— East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (tamsay).

Genus PAPILLINA.

Cavernose Spirastrellidee with tubercular papillz on the surface ;
microsclera, spined strongyla.

Papillina panis, n. sp.
(Prats I. figs. 1, 2.)

Massive, irregular, lamellar or cup-shaped erect sponges ; the largest speci-
mens attain a length of 300 millim. and a thickness of 60 millim. at the base,
tapering to 20 millim. below the margin; the sponge is always attached by
a broad base. ‘The surface is covered everywhere, except in the vicinity of the
vents, by rounded papille, which have the shape of segments of spheres, and
which are divided from each other by a network of broad and flat depressions ;
the papille are from 6-9 millim. apart, have a breadth of 2-4 millim. at the
base, and project 1-2 millim. above the depressions. Surface purplish brown or
dirty white; interior light greyish brown in the living state; the colour
remains unchanged in spirit.

Vents, covered for the most part by movable membranes, are found on

PAPILLINA. 59

the margins of lamellar individuals or in groups on the massive ones; they
are circular and have a diameter of 8 millim.; the oscular tubes which extend
down from them are much curved, have a circular transverse section, and
do not anastomose. The depressions between the papille are occupied
by perforated membranes; the inhalant pore-sieve appears accordingly as a
continuous network of broad zones. In these a reticulation of 0-2-0-4 millim.
wide bands, the meshes of which are 0°4—0°7 millim. wide, is observed ; the
meshes are again subdivided by slender bands into three to six parts, in each
of which there are on an average eight 0°05 millim. wide pores. Large canals,
0-8 millim. in diameter, are found in abundance below this region; 5 millim.
below the surface they join and open into tangential canals, of irregular
transverse section, which have an average diameter of 2°5 millim.; from these
canals the smaller inhalants originate, which form anastomoses ; the exhalant
canals are irregular and wide, like the inhalants, and join to form oscular
canals 0-2 millim. in diameter, which open into large tubes.

Skeleton.—The skeleton consists of supporting spicules and microsclera.
The Megasclera form irregular, on an average 0°6 millim. thick bundles ; they are
tylostyli, measuring 0°8 x 0:018 millim., obtusely pointed at one end, and gene-
rally slightly curved; the bulb is situated terminally, spherical, and measures
0-023 millim. in diameter. The Microsclera are spined strongyla of varying
shape; they measure on an average 0:06 x 0-01 millim.; are either straight or
curved, and covered with irregularly scattered, conic spines, which are 0-01
millim. long and generally at the base half as thick; these spicules are very
abundant, particularly in the canal-walls.

GrograpuicaL Distrinution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Papillina ramulosa, n. sp.

Massive, lobose, very irregular sponges, attaining 200 millim. in length, 160
in breadth, and 80 in thickness. The surface is smooth, but rendered very
uneven and irregular by numerous digitate, lamellar, or tubercular excres-
cences; these processes are generally developed more highly at the distal
ends of the lobes than on their sides ; the digitate ones all extend towards the
terminations of the lobes. Colour light purplish brown in spirit, the same colour
in the interior and on the surface. Small vertical inhalant canals join to form
stems 0-1 millim. wide, which open into tangential canals situated 0°6 millim.
below the surface. These rather scarce canals are irregular in shape and
measure on an average 0°3 millim. in diameter; they represent the subdermal
cavity, which is not highly developed. The interior of the sponge is very
dense ; the canals are not numerous, and have an average width of only 0°12

60 PAPILLINA,.—RAPHYRUS.

~millim.; the more slender branches which supply the ciliated chambers are
very narrow and rendered invisible by contraction in spirit-specimens. The
exhalants join to form oscular tubes 1°5 millim. wide, which terminate in
the scattered, equally wide, circular oscula.

Skeleton—The supporting skeleton is composed of spicule-bundles which
ramify in a dendritic manner and have a thickness of 0°5-1 millim.; micro-
sclera are very abundant.—(1) Megasclera. Styli and tylostyl, measuring
0-4 0-012 millim., straight, abruptly pointed at one end; the bulb where
developed spherical, situated terminally, on an average 0:02 millim. in diameter ;
the tylostyli are more numerous than the styli. These spicules form the
bundles above mentioned, and are also very abundant, scattered irregularly
throughout the ground-substance; a great many are situated in the
surface, and there lie either tangentially or more or less oblique to the
surface; some protrude 0-2 millim. beyond it.—(2) Microsclera. Spineo
strongyla, 0°05 x 0-008 millim.; the spines are not numerous, about fifteen tc
each spicule, sharp-pointed, and as long as the spicule is thick ; these micro-
sclera are mostly straight, although irregularly curved ones are not unfrequent ;
they are very abundant throughout the sponge.

GerogRaPHicaL Disrrisution. — East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Genus RAPHYRUS.

Spirastrellidee with a regular honeycomb-like structure in the
interior and a regular network with hexagonal ineshes, correspon-
ding to this,on the surface. This network consists of lines raised
over the general surface of the sponge. The bulk of the micro-
sclera are short and stout, spmed strongyla.

In 1862 Oscar Schmidt * described two sponges as Papillina suberea and
P. nigricans, from the Mediterranean; in 1866 Bowerbank t described a
sponge as Raphyrus Griffithsii, which has also been figured =. Oscar
Schmidt afterwards § combined this Raphyrus of Bowerbank with his own
Papillina suberea, an arrangement which has been followed by Norman ||.
The genera Raphyrus, Bowerbank, and Papillina, O. Schmidt, would according

* O, Schmidt, Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres, 1862, p. 69.

+ J.S. Bowerbank, Monograph of the British Sponges (Ray Society), vol. ii. p. 354.

t J.S. Bowerbank, Monograph of the British Sponges (Ray Society), vol. iii. pl. lxiv.

§ O. Schmidt, Grundziige einer Spongienfauna des Atlantischen Gebietes, 1870, p. 77.

| A.M. Norman, Monograph of the British Sponges, by the late J. 8S. Bowerbank (Ray
Society), vol. iv. supplementary, p. 182.

RAPHYRUS. 61

to this appear identical. Among the Australian sponges there are forms
which doubtlessly belong to the genus Papillina, O. Schmidt, whereas others
again appear very different from these and coincide with Bowerbank’s
Raphyrus. All, however, contain, besides the tylostyli, short, spined strongyla.
I assume that these also occur in the European species, but escaped the
observation of Bowerbank and O. Schmidt. I think that both these genera
should be retained. In Papillina the internal cavities are irregular and large ;
in Raphyrus they are very similar to the cells of a honeycomb, smaller, and
very regular.

Raphyrus hixonii, Lendenfeld.
(Pirate I. fig. 3.)

“ Raphyrus hiwonit, a new Gigantic Sponge from Port Jackson,” Proceedings
of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. (1886).

The smaller specimens are irregular, bulbous, with several vents on the
upper convex surface. The large specimen is massive, expanded above,
and was attached to the sand of the sea-bottom by a flat expanded
base, 300 millim. broad; it extends above; the upper surface is uneven
and horizontal. Seen from above the outline appears very irregular, with
lobose projections beyond a circular circumference. The sponge measures
about 600 millim. in width and 350 millim. in height ; there are massive semi-
spherical projections over the sides and upper surface; the latter are particu-
larly regular and well defined. These protuberances extend 50 millim. over
the depressions between them, and are 120 millim. broad. In the large speci-
men there are nine such protuberances on the upper side, in the centre of each
of which a vent is situated. In the smaller specimens these vents are scattered
over the smooth and uniform surface of the convex upper side; in the large
specimen they are found in the centres of the upper protuberances. These
vents lead into short conic tubes, which are not oscula, but pre-oscula. In
the large specimen there are, according to the above, nine such tubes,
260 millim. long, and at the mouth 30 millim. wide; they are straight,
but not regularly conic, as occasionally there are extensions halfway
down, whereby their diameter may be locally increased to 50 millim.
All these tubes are vertical and open on the upper, expanded surface on
the summits of the protuberances. The sponge weighed, when fresh, about
100 kilog.; now that it has been dried it weighs about 14 kilog. Alive, in
spirit, and dry the sponge is very hard, a pressure of 70 kilog. in no way
affects a surface of 50 sq. centim. The colour in the living state is a
very bright red, similar to rosanilin red; in spirit the sponge becomes pale
flesh-coloured, and dried it is brown. The spirit extracts a deep orange-

62 RAPHYRUS.

coloured pigment, very similar to that extracted by spirit from many other
sponges. |

The surface is reticulated throughout in avery regular and uniform manner,
and is very similar to the surface of Bowerbank’s Raphyrus griffithsii, and also
to that of some species of Halme among horny sponges. Young and old speci-
mens always show the same reticulation on the surface ; there seem never to
be papille in the place of the meshes, as is the case in young specimens of the
genus Papillina, O. Schmidt. The reticulation is produced by a very regular
network of 2 millim. broad projecting lines. In the meshes between these
there are slight depressions about 4-5 millim. deep; the regularly polygonal
meshes themselves have a width of 3-4 millim.; the concave membranes which
are expanded in the meshes are very soft, whilst the projecting lines are exceed-
ingly hard ; in these membranes we find groups of small pores, which lead into
the inhalant canals. This network covers the whole of the surface of the
sponge, and extends in the conic tubes down to their bottom. Oscula are
found scattered irregularly over the whole of the surface; they are circular
and measure from 2-10 millim. in diameter; these oscula are as frequent on
the exposed parts of the sponge as in the sides of the conic tubes.

The whole sponge consists of a reticulate structure. Lamellous fibres with
an average thickness of 1 millim. form a network, which appears very regular
on eyery section ; these fibres consist of a very hard tissue, with few and small
canals and a great abundance of spicules ; in the meshes between them there is
a very much softer tissue, with wider canals or irregular lacune; here, only
few and insignificant spicules are observed. Below the pore-sieves, in the
concave membranes which extend in the meshes of the surface-network, large
irregular cavities are met with. The pores are situated, as stated above, in small
groups ; the sieve-membranes are very thin and delicate. The pores can appa-
rently be entirely closed by the sponge. The subdermal cavity extends far
down and gives off branches, which ramify to supply the ciliated chambers or
extend to form lacune in other parts of the interior of the sponge; most of
the lacune found throughout the interior of the sponge belong to the inhalant
system. The ciliated chambers are small and difficult to see; they are
spherical and measure 0°02 millim. in diameter; from the chambers very
narrow canals originate, which unite to form the larger exhalants. The
chambers are situated in groups, which occur both in the tissue of the hard
fibres, and also in the soft. pulpa which occupies the cells of the honeyeomb-
like structure. The exhalant canals do not form extensive lacune; the larger
branches and stems are found only in the soft tissue of the meshes; the oscular
tubes follow the network in their lower part, and are therefore much curved ;
they are narrow, long, and ramified in an irregular manner.

Skeleton.—The skeleton consists of the tylostyli and styli described by
Bowerbank and O. Schmidt in their genera Raphyrus and Papillina, to

RAPHYRUS. 63

which two other kinds of spicules, not noticed by these authors, must be
added.— Surface Skeleton. The surface of the hard projecting ridges in the
surface-net is occupied by a number of small spicules, which form a layer
about 0°06 millim. thick; these spicules are very variable in their shape.
straight or curved, with large and irregular spines all over the surface, and
particularly at the ends—spirastrellid; they are of very uniform size,
and measure 0:03 millim. in length and 0-007 millim. in thickness. Besides
forming a dense armour on the projecting ridges, they are found scattered also
in the concave membranes of the meshes.—Skeleton of the Hard Fibres. The
main support of the whole sponge is constituted by a reticulate mass of styli
and tylostyli, which are mostly situated longitudinally and disposed in such
a manner as to point towards the free surface in the projecting ridges, or
towards the soft pulpa in the meshes of the interior. These spicules are not
cemented together by any horny substance; they are very abundant, and
form hard, dense masses throughout the fibres in the interior; scattered,
these spicules are also but rarely found in the soft pulpa of the meshes in the
interior; they are of uniform size, 0-5 millim. long and 0:02 millim. thick,
cylindrical, and abruptly pointed. The bulb of the majority of spicules
measures 0°03 millim. in diameter, sometimes it increases to a diameter of
0-036 millim., and may show indications of points at its greatest diameter ;
one of these points may grow out to form a spine 0-09 millim. long; this,
however, is rare. On the other hand the bulb may be absent altogether.
Proper styli are not unfrequent.—Skeleton of the Pulpa. The soft tissue in the
meshes contains, besides scattered spicules of both the preceding kinds, also
small clusters of very slender and gracefully curved spined oxea; the clusters
of these are found scattered irregularly throughout the soft tissue and com-
prise from 7 to 12 spicules, crossing each other in a perfectly irregular manner.
These spicules attain a length of 0-2 millim. and a thickness of 0-003 millim. ;
they bear short and sharp spines.

In the soft tissue of the internal meshes remarkable granular, highly
colourable cells are met with in great abundance. The shape of these
elements in Raphyrus hixoniti is subject to great variations: the cells
are spherical, about 90 per cent. of them; irregular lobose, 2 per cent. ;
spindle-shaped, 6 per cent.; or with indications of dividing, 2 per cent.
A nucleus is indicated by a more transparent patch in the centre, but
it is not clearly visible. In stained specimens the whole cell (or, rather,
the granules) take up so much colouring-matter that the whole structure
is rendered non-transparent; the nucleus in the fresh state and in spirit-
specimens is light and transparent because it is free from granules. Tho
granules are large, and refract the light very strongly. The differences in
shape between these cells lead me to assume that they are a peculiar kind
of amoeboid wandering cell. I further assume that in this case, as also in

64 RAPHYRUS.—PAPILLISSA.

other sponges, these cells are in connection with the digestive functions of
the sponge and take up and absorb microscopic food-particles, which may get
into the lacune of the inhalant system and there come in contact with the
epithelium.

GrocgraputcaL DisrrisuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Genus PAPILLISSA, n. gen.

Very lacunar Spirastrellide, with tubercular papillae on the
surface. The septa between the lacunz are so much reduced in
thickness as to attain a membranous character. Long and slender
spined oxea form the bulk of the microsclera.

Papillissa lutea, n. sp.

Massive, irregular, laterally expanded sponges, attaining a width of 120
millim. and a height of 80 millim., attached by a small base. The surface is
covered with round papillae; these are on an average 8 millim. apart, at the
base 4 millim. broad, and raised 1 millim. above the depressions between
them. There are numerous circular, 4 millim. wide, vents scattered irregularly
over the surface. Colour in the living state bright yellow ; in spirit yellowish
white. The vents mentioned above are not true oscula, they lead into a
system of vestibular lacunz which occupies the interior of the sponge; these
lacune have an average diameter of 4 millim., and communicate with each
other by large apertures. The canal-system proper is very simple; the
canals are narrow, and the tissue very dense.

Skeleton.—The supporting-skeleton consists of dense masses of rather irre-
gularly disposed tylostylote Megasclera, which measure (6 x 0-012 millim.; they
are straight or slightly curved and sharp-pointed at one end; the bulb is
generally spherical, and situated either terminally or a little within the
truncate end; it measures 0-024 millim. in diameter, and its usually spherical
shape is subject to great variations ; when the bulb is situated otherwise than
terminally, the spicule attains the shape of a sword. There are three kinds of
Microsclera :—(1) Spined strongyla, straight or slightly curved, 0-08 x 0-008
millim., with numerous short spines; very rare. (2) Very small curved
spicules, 0:024 x 0-003 millim., with two regular undulating curves in them.
(3) Spined oxea, 0-2 x 0-004 millim., mostly slightly curved ; spines numerous
and very small.

GrograPHicaL Distrinution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

POTERION.—SUBERITES. 65

Familia SUBERAMATIDA,

Monaxonia with sigmate microsclera.

No specimens in the Australian Museum.

Familia SUBERITIDA.

Monaxonia without microsclera.

Genus POTERION.

Large cup-shaped pedunculate Suberitidee. The skeleton con-
sists of spicule-bundles and scattered spicules, which are tylostyli.
The pores are situated on the outer side of the cup and circum-
vallate oscula on the inner side.

Poterion neptuni, Hardwicke.

Poterion neptunr, P. Harting, Mémoire sur le genre Poterion, Natuurkundige
Verhandelingen, Utrechtsch. Genootsch. pp. 1-40, Taf. 1-4 (1870).

Spongia patera, T. Hardwicke, Bulletin Ferussac, p. 165 (1826).

Spongia patera, T. Hardwicke, “ Description of a Zoophyte of Singapore,”
Asiatic Researches, xiv. p. 180 (1822).

GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTIon.—Pacific Ocean.

Genus SUBERITES.

Dense and irregularly shaped Suberitidee, with narrow canals.

Suberites domuncula, Nardo.

Alcyonium domuncula, G. Olivi, Zoologia Adriatica (Bassano, 1792).

Halichondria compacta, N. Lieberkiihn, “ Beitriige zur Anatomie der Spongien,’
Miller’s Archiv (1859).

Suberites domuncula, G. D. Nardo, Classification der Schwiimme, Isis, 1833
(1834).

Suberites domuncula, O. Schmidt, Die Spongien der Adriatischen Meeres,
Seite 67 (1862).

3

66 SUBERITES.—PLECTODENDRON.

The Australian specimens lead a similar mode of life to the European
Suberites domuncula; they always form the abode of a crab; I have,
however, not seen them enclosing a shell inhabited by a Pagurus.
The largest Australian specimens measure only 35 millim. in breadth and
15 millim. in height. The surface is smooth. The colour is bright yellow.
Between the surface-tufts of spicules tangential canals are found 0-2 millim.
below the surface ; these are irregular and measure on an average 0°14 millim.
in diameter; further down radial canals of equal dimensions are seen, which
belong to the exhalant system; they join to form canals of irregular shape,
which are 1 millim. wide; these are not rare in the interior and pour their
contents into the wide and short oscular tube.

Skeleton.—The skeleton consists of irregular masses of tylostyli which
form a reticulate structure; towards the surface they are united to very
short bundles, which extend to form the surface-tufts; the spicules of the
surface-tufts protrude 0:18 millim. beyond the surface, with their pointed
end; so that, as O. Schmidt remarks, “ Die Oberfliiche ist glatt, fuhlt sich
aber rauh an.” Spicules 0°7x0:008 millim., cylindrical, gradually and
sharp-pointed at one end, and slightly constricted below the bulb, which
is spherical and measures 0:014 millim. in diameter; the bulb is situated a
little below the termination ; the truncate end of the spicule appears as a slight
centrally situated excrescence of the bulb.

GuograPHicaAL DistrrsuTrion.—Mediterranean.
Australian Seas: South coast of Australia (Lendenfeld). Hast coast of Aus-
tralia: Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Genus PLECTODENDRON, nov. gen.

Pedunculate Suberitidee, forming a regular network extended
in one plane. ‘The spicules form very loose, anastomosing bundles.

Plectodendron elegans, n. sp.

The whole sponge forms a flabelliform reticulation, which extends in one
vertical plane and is attached by a peduncle, 25 millim. long and in the
central contracted portion about 12 millim. thick; it widens above and
below. The reticulation of the sponge itself is composed of somewhat
prismatic trabecule, which are compressed in a direction yertical to the
plane, in which the sponge expands; their transverse section is square,
with rounded corners, and they measure 9 x 6-7 millim. in thickness; the
meshes of the network are elongate, irregularly widened at the ends, and
measure 6 x25 millim.; they are disposed longitudinally. The whole sponge

PLECTODENDRON.—CLIONA. 67

attains a height of 200 and a width of 250 millim. I have seen in other
museums some specimens which appeared to me to be at least twice the size
of the largest in this collection, The surface is pretty even and smooth ;
the projecting ends of the spicules in the surface-tufts, however, give it a
roughness clearly perceptible to the touch, although not perceptible to the
eye: a faint and regular network, with meshes 1°5 millim. wide, makes
its appearance on the surface; it is the result of the tissue in the inter-
stices of the surface-tufts being of a darker hue than the tufts themselves.
Colour in spirit ight brown, uniform throughout. Inhalant pores are found in
the slight depressions between the surface-tufts only ; they lead into tangential
canals situated 0:3 millim. below the surface ; these canals are 0:2 millim. high
(diameter in a radial direction), and tangentially very much extended, so as to
form true subdermal cavities, The exhalants join to form rather wide, oval
canals, 1 millim. in diameter, which are the beginnings of oscular tubes ; the
latter terminate in oval oscula, situated in the meshes of the sponge-net ; they
measure 1 to 2x7 millim. and are fairly numerous; no oscula are ever found
on the face of the flabelliform sponge.

Skeleton.—The irregular reticulation of loose and scattered spicules in the
interior becomes more regularly fibrous towards the surface; the bundles
terminate in widely extended surface-tufts. The whole of the skeleton consists
of spindle-shaped, slightly curved, sharp, and at one end gradually pointed,
tylostylote spicules, measuring 0°24 x 0-008 millim. ; the bulb measures 0-014
millim. in diameter; it has the shape of a depressed rotation ellipsoid, and is
situated terminally; the distal surface is quite flat and level, vertical to the
axis of the spicules. Thus the spicule attains the shape of a nail.

GeocgrapuicaL Distripution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay). North coast of Australia: Torres Straits (MJacleay) ;
Northern Territory, 8. A. (J/aacke).

Genus CLIONA.

Boring Suberitidee, the skeleton of which consists of smooth
tylostyli.

Cliona, sp. ?

The holes which this sponge bores in shells are 0:4-1:1 millim. wide
and very regularly circular; they lead into irregular canals, which re-
peatedly curve and pervade the whole of the shell. I have not observed the
sponge itself, only the holes which it bores, and can therefore not give any
description.

GrocrapuicaL Disrrizutton.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld). New Caledonia (Ramsay).
F2

68 CHONDRILLA.

Subordo OLIGOSILICINA.

Chondrospongize without any supporting skeleton. Micro-
sclera, when present, stellate.

Familia CHONDRILLID.

Oligosilicma with stellate microsclera and a distinct cortical
layer.

The microsclera of this Subfamily are of a very simple kind, and all represent
the shape of a spined ball with numerous irregularly disposed axes; the axes
are represented by the spines which radiate from the sphere; the possible
variations are that the spines may attain a relative great length, whilst the
diameter of the central solid sphere is inconsiderable ; in this way the star-
shaped spicule is produced; the spines of this may be smooth or rough, serrated
by secondary spines of a very small size. If the central solid sphere attains
a large size and the spines become small, then the shape of a spiny ball is
attained, which may be more like a Datura fruit, or a Swiss “‘ Morgenstern,”
according to whether the spines are numerous and slender, or not numerous,
short and thick.

Genus CHONDRILLA.

Chondrillidee in which the commencement of the inhalant canal-
system consists of a great number of parallel radial canals, leading
from the inhalant pores direct into tangential canals, which collect
the water, and from which the inhalant system of the pulpa
originates.

Chondrilla secunda, Lendenfeld.

Chondrilla nucula, H. J. Carter, “ Description of Sponges from the Neigh-
bourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 200 (1885).

Chondrilla secunda, R. von Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges, Part IV.—II. Ordo Myxospongia, Haeckel,” Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 1, p. 15 (1885).

Chondrilla secunda, R. von Lendenfeld, “ Notes to the Australian Sponges
recently described by Carter” (Description of Sponges from the Neigh-

CHONDRILLA. 69

bourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 196), Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. x. part 2, p. 152 (1885).

I named this sponge the second to commemorate the fact that it was, of the
thousands of different forms collected by me in Australia, the second specimen
I found.

Our sponge represents in outer appearance a lamellar or irregular bulbous
mass ; the lamellar shape being the most frequent. The lamelle are not of
uniform thickness throughout; they attain an average size of 30 x 60 millim.
and more, and measure in the thickest part 12 millim. in diameter; in
places these lamelle are very thin, or even pierced so as to present a
sieve-like appearance. The bulbous variety of this species is not large, it is
spherical, attains a diameter of 25-85 millim., and is attached to stones &c.
by a small basis only; also the more frequent lamellar form is attached to
stones by small parts of its lower surface only. I obtained most of my speci-
mens adrift.

The surface is perfectly smooth. The colour is subject to similar variations
as in some European species, and varies from light dull yellowish grey to dark
bluish black. Mostly the side exposed to the light seems to be of a darker
colour than the other. However, a strict rule can be established here as little
as in the case of Chondrosia reniformis. The colour of the outer surface is
alone subject to these variations; the interior of the sponge always has the
same dull grey colour. The oscula are raised slightly over the surrounding
surface, 3-6 in number; they are always situated on the upperside of flat
specimens, are circular, and measure 2-3 millim. in diameter. The bulbous
specimens have only one osculum. The dark parts of the cortical layer are
non-transparent in consequence of the great number of pigment granules ;
the light parts are more transparent and better suited for investigation.
The outermost zone always appears radially striped in consequence of the
inhalant canals being vertical to the surface in their distal portion.

Structure.—Our species does not seem to differ from Chondrilla nucula in any
respect except in the shape of the spicules. There are two kinds of spicules ;
both kinds are met with not very abundantly throughout the sponge ; towards
the outer surface and particularly also in the canal-walls they become much
more numerous. The larger kind measures 0:064 millim., the smaller kind
0-012 millim. in diameter. The spines of the larger kind are about 0-006
millim, long and 0-004 millim. broad; the spines of the smaller kind measure
0-003 x 0-001 millim. The larger spicule has the shape of a ball with distant
short and smooth spines, which are terminally rounded; the surface of the
central sphere is clearly visible between the spines. In the small spicule the
spines are pointed and relatively much longer, three times as long as broad at

70 CHONDRILLA.

the base, and regularly conic; the surface of the central sphere is not visible
because the spines stand so close together that their bases are in contact.

GnograPHicaL DrstRipuTion.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfeld).

Chondrilla corticata, Lendenfeld.

Chondrilla corticata, R. von Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges, Part IV.—II. Ordo Myxospongia, Haeckel,” Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 1, p. 154 (1885).

This species is characterized by its extremely hard cortex.

It has only been found in the shape of rather thin lamella, which are
peculiarly bent and curved, and often attain the shape of a cup. The flat,
extended sponge measures, when full-grown, 70 millim, in length and 40
millim. in width. It is the largest Australian Chondrilla I have seen. The
lamella is of uniform thickness throughout, measuring from 10-12 millim. in
diameter.

The outer surface is smooth. The whole sponge has a light brown colour.
The oscula are few in number, about seven toa large specimen; they are
circular and slightly drawn in, that is to say, situated at the bottom of slight
funnel-shaped depressions in the surface, and surrounded by a slightly
elevated ring ; sometimes they lie in the plane of the surface. The interior
of the sponge is a little darker in colour than the cortex. The canals in the
pulpa are more numerous and smaller than in other species. The structure
of the pulpa exhibits no peculiarity ; the cortex, however, is interesting.

There are two kinds of spicules—spherical and stellate ones. The spherical
spicule measures 0015 millim.; the spines are particularly short, broad and
conic, and terminate in very sharp points; they measure 0:001 millim. in
length and are at the base 0-0015 thick. The stellate spicule measures 0-01
millim.; the spines are mostly smooth and generally taper to a fine and
sharp point; they are slender and conic, measuring 0-004 millim. in length
and at the base 0°0008 millim. in thickness. In the pulpa we find both these
kinds of spicules pretty uniformly distributed, with a slight preponderance
of the stellate spicules; here the spicules are, on the whole, scarce and
in thin sections they appear very far apart. In the outer part of the cortex,
just below the outer surface, we meet with a regular hard pavement composed
of the spherical spicules, which lie closely packed in three or four layers above
one another ; they are situated as close together as their spherical shape will

allow, and their spines are interposed in such a manner that the pavement

which they form attains a high degree of firmness. Similar cortical layers are

CHONDRILLA. Hl

known in Geodia and some other sponges. No other species of Chondrilla
possesses a cortex.

GuOGRAPHICAL DisTrRipuTIoN.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Chondrilla australiensis, Carter.

Chondrilla australiensis, H. J. Carter, “‘ On two New Species of Gumminee,”
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4, vol. xii. p. 23 (1878).

Chondrilla australiensis, R. von Lendenfeld, ‘“‘ A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges, Part [V.—II. Ordo Myxospongia, Haeckel,” Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 1, p. 153 (1885).

Incrusting or self-supporting and spreading horizontally, flat, cake-shaped ;
of a dirty yellow or buff colour. Surface smooth, glistening; consistence
pretty elastic, tolerably tough. Oscula numerous, small, of different sizes,
in groups, or terminal on the lobes. Cortex translucent. Spicules of two
kinds :—(1) With short, sharp, conic spines, taking up the whole surface of
the sphere. (2) With slender, sometimes terminally bifid or trifid serrated
spines. These two kinds of spicules are most numerous towards the outer
surface ; the short-spined spicules measure 0°026 millim., the others 0°022
millim.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(Carter). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Chondrilla pap lata, Lendenfeld.

Chondrilla papillata, R. von Lendenfeld, ‘A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges, Part [V.—Ordo II. Myxospongia, Haeckel,” Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 1, p. 153 (1885).

This species is characterized by a very peculiar roughness of the surface.
The sponge is lobose or massive, not lamellar or globose, as many other
species. It appears somewhat like a horny sponge, in consequence of its
erect shape and the papille on its surface. It consists of a central mass,
from which cylindrical or slightly flattened processes grow up. The whole
sponge attains a maximum diameter of 60 millim. (height). The processes
measure 10-14 millim. in breadth. The oscula are situated terminally on
the processes; they are circular and have a diameter of about 2 millim. ;
they are not surrounded by chimneys. The whole surface is rendered very

d2 CHONDRILLA.—CHONDROSIA.

rough by the projecting papille, which stand very close together; these
papille are spherical and attached by a broad base; they appear as two-
thirds of spheres and stand so close together that the spaces between them
are always smaller than their own diameter. The colour of this species in
spirit is a uniform light mélange or brown; the interior has the same colour
as the surface, only in a lighter shade.

In internal structure this sponge shows no aberrant peculiarity. The
spicules are of two kinds:—There are spherical spicules with short,
sharp, conic spines; and stellate spicules with slender, conic, serrated
spines. The spherical spicule measures 0:019 millim., the spines 0:003 x
0-002 millim. ; the stellate spicule measures 0-013 millim., the spines 0°008 x
0:0015 millim. Both kinds of spicules are met with somewhat sparsely scat-
tered through the whole of the sponge; in the papille, however, the spicules
are massed, so that the distance between the spheres is about equal to their
diameter; the spicules lie here three or four layers deep. In this part of the
sponge the spherical spicules predominate very much over the stellate ones ;
in the pulpa the difference in percentage of the two is slight ; if there is any
perceptible difference the stellate form predominates.

GroGRAPHICAL Disrripurion.— Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Familia CHONDROSIDA.

Oligosilicia without microsclera, with a distinct cortical layer.

Genus CHONDROSIA.

Chondrosidee with a smooth surface; the oscula without
serrated frills.

Chondrosia ramsayi, Lendenfeld.

Chondrosia ramsayi, R. v. Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges, Part [V.—IT. Ordo Myxospongia, Haeckel,” Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 1, p. 147 (1885).

I dedicate this species to the Curator of the Australian Museum.

Flat irregular massive sponges, attached to rocks &e. at a few points of
the lower surface only, generally having the shape of convex lamella, the
convex side being uppermost. The lamella attains a size of 40x30 millim.,

CHONDROSIA. 73

and a thickness of 10-14 millim.; smaller specimens are proportionately
thinner.

The colour is very constant; it is always in reflected light dark bluish black,
and in transmitted light dark brown. The surface is shiny, but not quite
smooth. A reticulate structure, as described by O. Schmidt in Chondrosia
plebga, does not exactly make its appearance, but still the roughness is of a
kind not met with in other Chondrosia species, so that by this alone our species
can be distinguished. A transverse section shows that the cortex is highly
developed ; it has a dark outer margin and is light coloured towards the interior.
The pulpa is of a uniform dark brown colour; a few canals are seen, but
these are rare and small. The oscula are numerous and grouped together ;
they possess small “chimneys,” thin membranous frills which are about
1 millim. high, simple, cylindrical, with a smooth margin.

The canal-system shows some peculiarities which distinguish it from other
species. It may perhaps eventually be advantageous to establish a new genus
for this species for this reason.

Scattered all over the surface we find small pores, measuring about 0-01
millim. ; these are circular, and situated in groups of 5-10, and there is always
a group of such pores at the base of each concavity of the rough surface.
Below each group of pores we find an extensive subdermal cavity, which is con-
nected with adjacent cavities of a similar kind by tangentially extended, lacunose
canals. Two layers of canals can be distinguished. The canals of the outer
layer communicate with each other by means of very rare and minute pores,
and with the larger lacunes below by means of similar pores, which in conse-
quence of their paucity and smallness are difficult to find. All these lacunes
lie so close together that only narrow walls of tissue remain between them.
The average diameter of the lacunes in the outer layer is 0-05, of those in the
lower layer 0°2 millim.; the whole lacunose layer has a thickness of 0-4 millim.
Below this no lacunz are found in the cortex, except a few very distant and
large irregular tangential canals, which collect the water from the small com-
municating outer Jacunze ; these canals have very irregular transverse sections
and an average diameter of 1 millim. The cortex is also 1 millim. thick, so that
the whole thickness of it is taken up by the canals; the lower side of these
large tangential canals, from which numerous inhalant canals originate, lies
in the surface which divides the cortex from the pulpa of the sponge. The
canals which descend from the large superficial tangentials are cylindrical
and follow a more or less radial direction; repeatedly ramifying, they
become smaller the further they penetrate into the sponge. The ciliated
chambers surround their final cecal narrow ramifications. They are spherical,
have a diameter of 0°05 millim., and do not appear to be very numerous.
The inhalant pores could not be found; the exhalant openings are
small and circular. Regarding their shape and position they do not differ

74 CHONDROSIA.—SPONGILLA.

from those in Chondrosia reniformis. The exhalant canal-system is simple and
not lacunose ; it shows no peculiarities.

GrocraPHicaL Distrisution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Chondrosia collectrix, n. sp.

Irregular, incrusting sponges, which attain a height of 20 millim. and a
breadth of 60 millim. The surface is smooth or slightly conulated. The body
contains a great quantity of foreign material, portions of hydroid skeletons,
sand, &c.; the sponge-tissue itself appears only as a cement between these
foreign bodies ; there are fewer in the outer layers than near the base of the
sponge. The surface of spirit-specimens is light purplish grey ; the interior
brown. Subdermal cavities are found in the shape of tangentially extended
canals 0°2 millim. below the surface, which are on an average 0°17 millim.
wide, and connected with the inhalant pores on the outer surface by straight
or curved canals, 0°024 millim. in diameter. The inhalant canals, which
extend from the subdermal cavities centripetally, are irregular and 0°4 millim.
wide. The interior is very dense.

GrograpHicaL Disrrinution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

4. Ordo CORNACUSPONGIA.

Silicea with pretty soft mesoglcea and oval or spherical, not
very large, ciliated chambers. A supporting skeleton is always
present; it is composed of diact, monaxon megasclera, held
together by a varying amount of spongin; or of spongin-fibres
without proper siliceous spicules, in which foreign bodies are
often imbedded. Microsclera never stellate.

Familia SPONGILLID.
Freshwater Cornacuspongie, with gemmule and a skeleton

composed of spicule-bundles.

Genus SPONGILLA.

Spongillide, the spicules in the gemmule-capsules of which are
spined oxea.

SPONGILLA.—TUBELLA. 75

Spongilla sceptroides, Haswell.

Spongilla sceptroides, W. A. Haswell, “On Australian Freshwater Sponges,” Pro-
ceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. vil. p. 209 (1883).

Spongilla sceptroides, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Siisswasser-Ceelenteraten Aus-
traliens,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 89 (1887).

Sponge green, incrusting, smooth, pretty elastic, not crumbling. Skeleton-
spicules small, curved, spindle-shaped, sharply pointed at each end, with small
spines. Statoblast round, enclosed by slender, long, straight, cylindrical
spicules, with long pointed thorns; the thorns accumulate towards the ends,
where they form distinct swellings: the central part of the spicule has no
thorns.

I add to this description of Haswell’s (J. c.) that the skeleton-spicules are
cylindrical and abruptly pointed, and measure on an average 0°25 millim. in
length and 0:01 millim. in thickness. The specimen seen by me is a branch
8 millim, thick and 20 millim. long.

GrogRAPHiIcaAL Distripurion.—Near Brisbane, Queensland (Haswell).

Genus TUBELLA.

The gemmule-capsule consists of a layer of radially disposed
amphidiscs ; the terminal discs of unequal size (ineequibirotulate).

Tubella nigra, Lendenfeld.

Tubella nigra, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Siisswasser-Coelenteraten Australiens,”
Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Bd. ii. Seite 91 (1887).

Sponge incrusting, black; the crusts are 3-6 millim. thick, the surface is
continuous and appears velvet-like. The sponge extends horizontally, and
attains a length of 70 millim. and a breadth of 50 millim.; the outline is irre-
gular, lobose. The sponge is soft ; the spicule-bundles which form the fibres
of the skeleton are very slender, often composed of a single row of spicules.
The canals are narrow and insignificant. The gemmules form a continuous
layer at the base of the sponge.

The skeleton-spicules are spindle-shaped and gradually pointed; their average
length is 0-22 millim., and the central part measures 0:0074 millim. in thick-
ness. They are sharply pointed, entirely smooth, and slightly curved. The
gemmules are irregularly globular and measure 0°3 millim. in diameter; the
umbilical depression is well pronounced. The amphidises are 0-033 millim.
long; the slender stalk, which bears a few sharp and slender spines, is 00015
millim, thick; the spines sometimes attain a length equal to the radius of the

76 TUBELLA,—MEYENIA.

centripetal, smaller, terminal disc. The terminal discs are very regular,
rotulate, with many sharp, equal teeth; the thickened end of the amphidisc-
shaft slightly projects over each terminal disc in the shape of a semispherical
protuberance ; the diameter of the larger centrifugal dise is 0°0125 millim.,
and of the smaller centripetal one 0-008 millim.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIzuTIoN.—In a swamp near Sydney, New South
Wales ( Whiteleqge).

Notr.—lI have received Tubella-gemmule from Lake Hindmarsh in Victoria.
I think that they may be referable to this species.

Genus MEYENIA.

Spongillidae, the gemmule-capsules of which consist of amphi-
discs, the two terminal dises of which are similar to each other

(equibirotulate).
Meyenia fluviatilis, auctorum.

Meyenia fluviatilis, H. J. Carter, “ History and Classification of the known
Species of Spongila,” Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5,
vol. vu. p. 92 (1881).

Spongilla fluviatilis, auctorum.

Sponge massive, irregular, when dry fragile and crumbling. Skeleton-
spicules spindle-shaped and gradually pointed, curved. The gemmule is sur-
rounded by amphidises, with equal deeply-toothed terminal discs.

This species is frequent in Europe, and occurs also in Australia; I con-
sider the Australian form a variety of the European species.

Meyenia fluviatilis, var. ramsayi, Haswell.

Meyenia fluviatilis, var. ramsayt. R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Siisswasser-Coelen-
teraten Australiens,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Bd. ii. (1887)
Seite 92.

Spongilla ramsayi, W. A. Haswell, “ On Australian Freshwater Sponges,” Pro-
ceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. vii. p. 210 (1883).

Haswell (1. ¢.) gave a short description of this sponge, and established a new
species for it. The study of Haswell’s types at the museum in Sydney, and of
specimens found by myself, has led me to the conclusion that this is not a new
species, as Haswell thought, but only a variety of the common European fresh-
water sponge.

The sponge is, when alive, of a light brown or dirty yellow colour. It
is massive, and has irregular ridges on the surface; the oscula are scattered.

MEYENIA,—RENIERA. aah

The sponge grows on immersed branches, which it encloses sometimes entirely
for a length of 50 millim., and attains a thickness of 30 millim.; it is toler-
ably hard. The skeleton consists of spicule-bundles. The canals are remark-
ably wide, and the sponge therefore appears very lacunose.

The gemmules are situated at the base; they coincide entirely with those of
the European forms, which I have been able to compare with this Australian
variety ; their average diameter is 0°35 millim. The skeleton-spicules are not
so spindle-shaped as those of other forms of the same species, but appear more
cylindrical and abruptly pointed ; they are on an average 0°22 millim. long
and 0-01 millim. thick in the centre and slightly spiny; the spines are on an
average 0008 millim. high and 0-01 millim. apart ; there are no larger thorns.
I have never seen any perfectly smooth spicules. The amphidiscs of the
gemmule-capsules are 0:029 millim. long, and possess a very stout shaft which
is 0:005 millim. thick. On this shaft there are a few stout spines, the
length of which is about two-thirds of the thickness of the shaft.

This variety is distinguished from the preparations of Bowerbank and Carter,
which I have examined in the British Museum, by the considerably larger size
of the supporting-spicules, and also by the amphidiscs of the Australian
variety having large and stout thorns, which is not the case in those of the
European form. Cylindrical skeleton-spicules, which, according to Carter, do
not occur in the European form, are nevertheless to be found in some of
Bowerbank’s type-preparations. The terminal discs are 0°02 millim. broad
and very strong; their margin is deeply serrated. The teeth are about 12-16
in number.

Grograruican Distriputton.—Bell River, Wellington, New South Wales
(Haswell). Macquarie River, near Dubbo, New South Wales (Lendenfeld).

Familia HOMORRHAPHID.

Cornacuspongize with oxeote or strongylote megasclera ; no dif-
ferentiated microsclera, except toxea. Without gemmule. Marine.

Subfamilia RENIERINZ.

Spicules never completely enveloped in horny fibre.

Genus RENIERA.

Homorrhaphidee with a skeleton composed of loose spicules,
which form a network with triangular meshes.

The spicules for the most part do not form bundles, but remain isolated and

78 RENIBRA.

form a network with, often, triangular meshes, the sides of which are formed
by single spicules ; the spicules are cemented by spongin only at their ends.

Reniera collectrix, n. sp.

This species is massive and generally more or less spherical, sometimes
slightly depressed, cake-shaped. It attains a diameter of 100 millim. and a
height of 80 millim. The lower surface is attached at several points. The
oscula are on an average 5 millim. wide and circular; they are situated in
groups on the upper surface. The surface is rendered uneven by the presence
of rounded tubercular projections, which are on an average 2 millim. high,
the distribution and size of which is very variable, sometimes they are not
developed at all. The colour of the living sponge is dark crimson; its
consistence very hard. It contains in the ground-substance a great quantity of
foreign material, sand-grains, &c., some of which have a diameter of 1 millim.
and more. The canals are narrow and inconspicuous. Extensive lacune are
found only in the vicinity of the oscular tubes, which lead from the oscula
vertically downward to the base of the sponge.

The skeleton consists of strings of single spicules, which are attached to each
other at their ends ; others are scattered irregularly throughout the ground-
substance. The spicules are oxea and styli; the former more numerous than
the latter; they are straight exceptionally, also slightly and irregularly curved,
and measure 0:09 millim. in length and 0-003 millim. in thickness.

GrogRAPHICAL DisrrinutTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Reniera australis, n. sp.

Massive, lobose, horizontally extended, more or less incrusting sponges,
with dome-shaped protuberances on the upper surface, on the summits of
which the circular, 3-5 millim. wide, oscula are situated. Surface smooth.
The sponge attains a height of 30 millim., a length of 150-200 millim.,
and a width of 100 millim. Colour in the living state rosy red, in spirit grey.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal fibres, which are on an average 0-02
millim. thick, and composed of 3-5 series of rather loosely packed spicules.
Between these fibres a very dense network of irregularly scattered spicules is
observed ; the spicules constituting it are not attached to each other by any
cement, but appear to lie loose in the ground-substance. The spicules are
oxea, straight, sharp, and somewhat abruptly pointed, 0°12 millim. long and
0-004 millim. thick. The spicules forming the fibres are similar to those in
the ground-substance.

GroGRaPHicaL DistrrpuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

;

RENIERA. 79

Reniera megarrhaphea, n. sp.

Massive, lobose, digitate, erect sponges, which are attached by a small base,
and attain a height of 150 millim. The digitate processes generally coalesce
for the greater part of their length, and taper towards their upper end ;
on their summits the irregular and small oscula are situated. Also on the
sides of the digitate processes a few slightly elevated oscula are situated. The
surface is smooth, the base of attachment generally very narrow.

The skeleton consists of bundles of spicules, arranged somewhat in the fashion
of a network, the meshes of which measure 0:015-0-02 millim. The spicules
in the bundles are rather irregularly situated; they are straight or slightly
curved oxea, 0°5 millim. long, and 0°03 millim. thick in the centre. There
are also much smaller ones, densely packed, and scattered more or less irregu-
larly between the fibres, and also participating in their formation; these are
straight, pointed oxea, about 0:02 millim. long and 0-008 millim. thick.
Spongin cementing the spicules is not discernible.

GroGRAPHIcaAL DistrrpuTion.—EHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Reniera pandza, nv. sp.

Sponge fan-shaped, attached by a small base, 150 millim. high, 200 millim.
broad, and 20-30 millim. thick. Oscula on the upper semicircular margin,
numerous, circular, on an average 5 millim. in diameter. Surface smooth.

The skeleton is composed of a network of 0:02 millim. thick fibres, with 0:3
millim. wide meshes. The fibres consist of densely packed parallel spicules ; these
are styli, slightly curved, 0-13 millim. long and 0-005 millim. thick, conic, and

tapering to a somewhat blunt point. Similar spicules are also found scattered
in the ground-substance.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiBuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Reniera lobosa, n. sp.

Irregular, massive, lobose sponges, with smooth surface and scattered
circular, 3 millim. wide oscula.

The skeleton is composed of longitudinal main fibres—spicule-bundles,
which are connected with each other by scattered spicules; these fibres are on
an ayerage 0-16 millim. apart and 0:05 millim. thick; they consist of very
irrecularly situated spicules, which protrude beyond the surface of the fibre.
The spicules are oxystrongyla, slightly angularly curved in the middle, 0-01

80 RENIERA.—HALICHONDRIA.

millim. thick and 0-19 millim. long. The connecting spicules are similar.
Besides these, more slender spicules of a similar kind also occur.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIpuTIoN.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Genus PETROSIA.

Hard sponges, the skeleton of which consists of a dense network
of thick spicule-bundles.

Petrosia hebes, n. sp.

Irregular, massive sponges, horizontally extended, 80 millim. broad and
30 millim. high; with digitate processes on the upper surface, which attain
a length of 40 millim. and a thickness of 15 millim.; they are irregularly
curved, knotty, and often flattened. The surface is smooth. Oscula incon-
spicuous and scattered, circular, 1-3 millim. in diameter.

Skeleton composed of a network of very thick (0-2 millim.) fibres, with 0°5
millim. wide meshes; the fibres are composed of stout and large oxystrongylote
spicules with blunt ends, which measure 0:22 millim. m length and 0-018
millim. in thickness. Similar spicules are scattered abundantly throughout
the ground-substance.

GrocgrapHicaL DistrrutTion.—LEast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus HALICHONDRIA.

The skeleton consists of an iregular network of fibres, com-
posed of long and slender spicules.

This genus is here accepted in the sense of Ridley and Dendy.

Halichondria rubra, n. sp.

Large sponges, with digitate, conical protuberances, which terminate in
rather sharp points; the branches are 20-30 millim. thick. The whole sponge
attains a height of 300 millim. The surface is smooth ; the oscula are scattered
and of varying size, 2-5 millim. in diameter. In the living state the sponge is
of a bright scarlet colour, which is sometimes retained by spirit-specimens.

The skeleton consists of a network with distinct main and connecting fibres.
The main fibres, which extend longitudinally, are 0°15 millim. thick, and the
connecting fibres, which are vertical to the former, have an average diameter

(00)
—

HALICHONDRIA.

of 0:07 millim.; the meshes of the network are more or less quadratic, 0°35
millim. wide. The fibres are composed of irregular spicule-bundles. The
spicules are straight oxystrongyla with sharp or blunt points, 0-2 millim. long
and 0:006 millim. thick. Similar but more slender spicules are scattered
abundantly through the ground-substance.

GrogRaPHIcAL Distrisution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W., 30 metres (Lendenfeld).

Halichondria rubra, var. digitata, nov.
(Puate II. fig. 1.)

This variety is distinguished from the species H. rubra by the small diameter
of its digitate processes, which are also more numerous ; they are cylindrical,
and do not exceed 15 millim. in thickness. The sponge attains a_height
of 300 millim. The surface is roughened in consequence of the main fibres
slightly protruding beyond it. The scattered oscula are circular, 3-4 millim,
wide.

The skeleton consists of a network in which main and connecting-fibres can
be distinguished. The main fibres measure 0°15 millim. in thickness, and the
connecting-fibres 0:07 millim.; the meshes of the network are 0°35 millim.
wide. The spicules are slender and often slightly curved; they are on an
average 0°15 millim. long and 0:004 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution.—Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Halichondria mammillata, un. sp.

Large, massive, or horizontally extended, cake-shaped sponges of irre-
gular shape, from the upper surface of which dome-shaped protuberances grow
out. The sponge attains a breadth of 200 millim., the processes are 40-60
millim. high, at the base 40 millim. broad, and situated close together.
The surface is smooth ; on the summit of each dome a circular osculum, 7-12
millim. wide, is situated; from this a cylindrical oscular tube of the same
diameter extends downward.

The skeleton consists of stout main fibres, which are connected by single
spicules and by loose spicule-bundles. The main fibres are 0-12 millim. thick
and on an average 0°24 millim. apart. The spicules are mostly straight, excep-
tionally also slightly curved, sharp-pointed, oxystrongyla, 0-25 millim. long and
0-006 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL Disrripution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

82 HALICHONDRIA.—RENIOOHALINA.

Halichondria clathriformis, n. sp.

Sponge lobose, massive, attaining a height of 250 millim., erect, attached by
a small base, with very large and conspicuous oscula, 10 millim. wide, which
lie scattered on the summits of the lobes, and a smooth surface.

The skeleton consists of bundles of loosely packed spicules, which are con-
nected by very numerous others, scattered in such a way that the whole often
appears like a dense mass of irregularly disposed spicules. Spicwles: oxystron-
gyla, slightly curved in the middle and very slightly tapering towards the ends ;
the ends are somewhat rounded, and from them a very narrow and sharp
spine projects, which lies axially and renders the spicule sharp-pointed. The
spicules are 0°33 millim. long and 0-011 millim. thick in the centre; the ter-
minal spine is 0:006 millim. long.

GEOGRAPHIOAL DisTRIBUTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus RENIOCHALINA, n. gen.

Lamellar, thin, branched, more or less flower-shaped Renierine,
with smooth surface and a fibrous skeleton; the spicules are
partly embedded in spongin.

Reniochalina stalagmitis, n. sp.

The sponge is attached by a small base. It consists of a much-folded
lamella, about 2°5 millim. thick, which rises from the base of attachment
upward and outward, thus giving to the sponge the appearance of a broad
cone ; the interior of the cone is filled with the meandric windings of this lamella
and with secondary lamelle which are attached to it. From the upper free
margin lobose and digitate processes arise, and the whole attains more or less
the shape of a flower. The sponge is of dark colour in the living state. The
surface is roughened by the projecting skeleton-spicules. The oscula are
small, numerous, and scattered all over the surface.

The skeleton consists of three systems of fibres—one longitudinal extending
from the base to the margin of the lamelle, the second transverse, and the
third perpendicular to the plain in which the two others extend. The fibres
belonging to the first two systems accordingly extend in the direction of the
lamella, whilst those belonging to the third system are perpendicular to it
and to the surface; these fibres consist of bundles of somewhat irregularly
disposed spicules. The meshes between the fibres are square and on an
average 0-2 millim. wide, the fibres themselves are 0-045 millim. thick. The

RENIOCHALINA.—CACOCHALINA. 83

spicules are oxea, not very sharply pointed, slightly curved, 0-3-0-°5 millim.
long, and 0:01—0:025 millim. thick. The largest spicules are those which form
the fibres of the third system, some of these protrude beyond the surface.

GerocrapuicaL Disrrinution.— Western Australia (Baily).

Reniochalina lamella, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a flabelliform lamella, attached by a small base; the
lamella is more or less folded, but always retains its flabelliform shape. The
oscula are numerous, scattered, small, and inconspicuous. The surface bears
small, slender conuli, 1-1°5 millim. high, and appears roughened by project-
ing spicules.

The skeleton consists of three systems of fibres—one longitudinal extending
from the base to the margin of the lamelle, the second transverse, and the
third perpendicular to the surface of the lamella. The fibres belonging to
the first two systems accordingly extend in the direction of the lamella,
whilst those belonging to the third system are perpendicular to it; these
fibres consist of bundles of somewhat irregularly disposed spicules. The
meshes between the fibres are square and on an average 0-2 millim.
wide, the fibres themselves are 0:045 millim. thick. The spicules are
very variable. The prevalent form is a straight oxystrongylus, with some-
what blunt points. Besides this, oxea and styli are found; some of the
spicules are curved. Their size varies, like their shape, very much; the largest
in the interior attain a length of 0°3 millim. and a thickness of 0-012 millim.,
and those which project beyond the surface a length of 0°35 millim. and a
thickness of 00014 millim.

GxoGRAPHICAL Distripution.—LEast coast of Australia (Ramsay).

Subfamilia CHALININGE.

Homorrhaphide with distinct horn-fibre, in which the spicules
are embedded.

Group CACOCHALININZ.

Chalinine of massive irregular shape, with thin fibres and slender

spicules.
Genus CACOCHALINA.

Massive Cacochalininze with very wide meshes in the skeleton-
G2

84 CACOCHALINA.—CHALINOPORA.

net and no special surface-skeleton. Slender tylostyli or oxea
abundant, scattered irregularly throughout the axis of all fibres.
No apparent oscula.

Cacochalina globosa, Lendenfeld.

Cacochalina globosa, R. vy. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 762 (1887).

Irregular, massive sponges, attached by a small base, 140 millim. high and
100 millim. broad. Skeleton-net rather loose, with stout fibres. Sprcules
abundant, oxea, gradually and sharp-pointed, 0°16 millim. long and 0-004
millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.—East coast of Australia: Ulawarra, N.S.W.
(Ramsay).

Genus CHALINOPORA.

Irregularly branched or lobose Cacochalinine, with finer
skeleton-net and a special fine surface-skeleton. Oscula large,
conspicuous. Slender oxea abundant.

Chalinepora subarmigera, Ridley.

Chalinopora subarmigera, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 767 (1887).

Cladochalina subarmigera, S. O. Ridley, “* Report on Sponges,” Report on the
Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific during the Voyage of
H.M.S. ‘ Alert,’ 1881-82, p. 397 (1884).

Irregular, cylindrical, repent sponges. Branches 10-15 millim. thick and
100-200 millim. long. The large, slightly raised oscula, which measure 1—4
millim. in diameter, are situated in a row. Skeleton-net regularly hexacti-
nellid, meshes on an average 0°5 millim. wide, fibres 0-05 millim. thick. Spzcules :
oxystrongyla, gradually pointed, 0-1 millim. long and 0:0025 millim. thick.

GroGRAPHICAL Distrinution.—North and East coasts of Australia: Torres
Straits (‘ Alert’); Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).
Chalinopora tenella, Lendenfeld.

Chalinopora tenella, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 765 (1887).

CHALINOPORA.—CLADOCHALINA. 85

Massive sponges, with irregular protuberances; 120 millim. long and 80
millim. broad. Oseula scattered. Sponge very soft. Skeleton-net rather
irregular. Spicules: oxea, 0°14 millim. long and 0-004 millim. thick.

GrocgRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.—South and East coasts of Australia: Port
Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld); Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Chalinopora lamella, Lendenfeld.

Chalinopora lamella, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 767 (1887).

This sponge forms a thin, pedunculate, flabellitorm lamella, 120 millim. high,
60 millim. broad, and 10 millim. thick, with smooth faces and large lobes on
the free margin. Oscula marginal. Skeleton-net with narrow meshes.
Spicules: oxystrongyla, sharp-pointed, numerous, 0-11 millim. long and 0-004
millim. thick.

GerocrarnicaL Distrreurton.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).
Chalinopora siphonopsis, Lendenfeld.

Chalinopora siphonopsis, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 767 (1887).

Sponge massive, lobose, 160 millim. long and 120 millim. broad. Oscula
situated terminally on the lobes. Skeleton-net with fine meshes. Spicules:
styli, 0-14 millim. long and 0:003 millim. thick, not very abundant.

GrocrapnicaL Disrrrurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,

N.S. W. (Lendenfeli).

Genus CLADOCHALINA.

Lobose and branched Cacochalinine, with abundant small
spicules and narrow meshes of the skeleton-net.

Cladochalina euplax, Lendenfeld.

Cladochalina cuplax, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 769 ( 1887).

Massive, lobose, lamellar sponges, which attain a breadth of 80 millim. and
a thickness of 12 millim. The oscula are confined to one side; they are

86 CLADOOHALINA.—OHALINISSA.

on an average 2 millim. wide and 8 millim. apart. Skeleton-net with meshes
0-4 millim. wide and fibres 0:06 millim. thick. Spzcules: oxea, curved, 0:07
millim. long and 0-002 millim. thick.

GroGRAPHICAL DistrinuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Cladochalina mollis, Lendenfeld.

Cladochalina mollis, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 768 (1887).

Massive forms with mammiform protuberances, at the ends of which the
small oscula are situated. The sponge attains a greatest breadth of 200 millim.
and a height of 50 millim. Skeleton-net with meshes, on an average, 0°35
millim. wide and fibres 0°06 millim. thick. Spicules: oxea, curved, 0-077 millim.
long and 0:0017 millim. thick, numerous.

GrogRaPHicaL Disrrisution.—EKast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).
Genus CHALINELLA.

Cacochalinine with very fine fibres; spicules scarce and small.

Chalinella tenella, Lendenfeld.

Chalinella tenella, R.v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes,”
Zoologische Jahrbicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 770 (1887).

Small, massive, horizontally expanded, tender sponges, with oscula 1:5 millim.
wide. Skeleton-net with meshes 0°2 millim. wide and fibres 0:013 millim.
thick. Spicules : oxea, 0-033 millim. long and 0:0009 millim. thick.

GroGRAPHICAL Disrripurion.—South coast of Australia : Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfeld).

Group PACHYCHALININ.

Hard, regularly digitate, or lamellar Chalinine, with very thick
fibres.

Genus CHALINISSA.

Hard, digitate, lamellar Pachychalininze, with smooth undulating
surface, which is strengthened by a dense special surface-skeleton.

c

CHALINISSA. 87

Oscula large and numerous, but not prominent. Spicules oxea,
numerous and large in the fibres, and also in the soft parts of
the sponge.

Chalinissa elongata, Lendenfeld.

Chalinissa elongata, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 774 (1887).

The sponge consists of a bundle of few, straight, slender and erect branches,
which are 700 millim. long and 20 millim. thick. This bundle is attached by
a peduncle, 100 millim. long. Skeleton-net with meshes 0°26 millim. wide
and fibres 0:07 millim. thick. Spzcules forming a distinct axial string in the
fibres, are particularly regularly longitudinally situated: oxea, 0°083 millim.
long and 0:005 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHIOAL DistRiputTion.—East coast of Australia: Illawarra, N.S. W..
(Ramsay).

Chalinissa elegans, Lendenfeld.

Chalinissa elegans, R.v. Lendenfeld, ‘ Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes,”
Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 773 (1887).

A bundle of digitate processes 20 millim. thick and 100 millim. long, which
are attached to a rather flattened peduncle 150 millim. long, 20 millim. broad,
and 12 millim. thick. The whole sponge attains a length of 400 millim. and
a breadth of 150 millim. It has broad and low protuberances on the surface.
Oscula large and pretty abundant. Skeleton-net irregular, with meshes 0-4
millim. wide and main fibres 0-1 millim. thick. Spicules: oxea, slightly curved,
0:06 millim. long and 0-003 millim. thick.

GxrocraPuicaL Disrripution. —East coast of Australia: Broughton Islands,,
Q.; Illawarra, N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Chalinissa communis, Lendenfeld.
(Puate VIL.)

Chalinissa communis, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge--
bietes,’ Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 772 (1887).

Very large dendritic sponges with erect flattened digitate branches, and a
distinct short peduncle. The sponge attains a height of 1000 millim. and a
breadth of 500 millim.; the branches measure 8 millim. in thickness. In
large specimens the peduncle measures 50 millim. in length and 25 millim, in

88 CHALINISSA.—CERAOCHALINA.

thickness. The oscula, which are 2°5 millim. wide, are scattered over the
surface of the sponge. Skeleton-net with meshes 0°26-0-033 millim. wide and
fibres 0°053 millim. thick. Spicules: oxea, straight or slightly curved, 0:053—0:07
millim. long and 0-005-0-007 millim. thick ; abundant in the fibres and also
scattered in the soft parts of the sponge.

Chalinissa communis, var. flabellum, Lendenfeld.

Chalinissa communis, var. flabellum, R. vy. Lendenfeld, ‘ Die Chalineen des
australischen Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite
772 (1887).

Sponge with lamellar branches. The meshes of the skeleton-net measure

0:26 millim. in width, the fibres 0-053 millim. in thickness. Spicules: oxea,
0-053 millim. long and 0:007 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus PACHYCHALINA.

Irregular, digitate, lobose Pachychalininz, with conspicuous and
numerous projecting oscula and abundant very stout spicules.

Pachychalina manus, Lendenfeld.

Pachychalina manus, R. v. Lendenfeld, “‘ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 777 (1887).

Hand-shaped sponges, with few short, erect branches, which he in one plane,
attaining a length of 200 mill. The digitate processes and the lamellar
central part are 15 millim. thick. The surface is reticulate. Skeleton-net with
meshes 0°26 millim. wide, and fibres 0:08 millim. thick. Spicules: oxea,
strongly curved, 0:059 millim. long and 0-005 millim. thick.

GrocrapuicaL Distrinurion.—-Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Leadenfeld).

Genus CERAOCHALINA.

Digitate, lobose Pachychalinine, with well-developed surface-
skeleton, thick fibres and small spicules, not exceeding 0°2 millim.
in length. ‘The spicules are not numerous, and confined more
or less to the axes of the thicker main fibres.

CERAOCHALINA.—ANTHEROCHALINA. 89

Ceraochalina multiformis, Lendenfeld.

Ceraochalina multiformis, R. v. Lendenfeld, “‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 783 (1887).
Lobose, digitate, reticulate sponges. The dry skeleton is very soft. Surface
smooth. Skeleton-net with meshes 0:05-0:09 millim. wide, and fibres 10-16
millim. thick. Spicules: oxea, straight or slightly curved, pointed, 0-04—0-05
millim. long and 0-0009-0:005 millim. thick.

Ceraochalina multiformis, var. dura, Lendenfeld.

Ceraochalina multiformis, var. dura, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des aus-
tralischen Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band i. Seite
784 (1887).

Compressed, lobose, irregular sponges, which attain a maximum diameter
of 100 millim. The lobose processes are about 30 millim. broad and 15 millim.
thick. Oscula scattered over one face. Surface smooth. The sponge is pretty
hard and elastic. Skeleton-net with meshes 0°3 millim. wide and fibres 0°05
millim. thick. Spicules: oxea, straight, 0°04 millim. long and 0-0009 millim.
thick.

GuoGRAPHICAL Disrrinution.—New Zealand: Port Chalmers (Parker).

Group PLACOCHALININZ.

Frondose Chalinine with narrow meshes of the skeleton-net.
Oscula, when present, confined to one side of the lamella.

Genus ANTHEROCHALINA.

Very thin lamellar Placochalinine, with smooth surface and
without apparent oscula. ‘The skeleton consists of a dense net-
work of fibres composed of styl or oxea, and appears somewhat
renierid.

Antherochalina perforata, Lendenfeld.

Antherochalina perforata, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 788 (1887).

Sponge elegantly flabelliform, attached by a long and slender peduncle
5 millim. thick, attaining a height of 140 millim.,a breadth of 80 millim.,
and a thickness of 3 millim. Perforations are observed near the upper margin,

90 ANTHEROOHALINA.—PLACOCHALINA.

which measure 3 millim. in diameter. Surface quite smooth, without apparent
oscula. Sponge soft and resilient in the fresh state, hard when dry. Skeleton-
net with meshes 0°13 millim. wide and fibres 0-016 millim. thick. Spicules :
oxea, 0°09 millim. long and 0-003 millim. thick.

GuocraruicaL DistRipution.—East coast of Australia: Broughton Island,
Q. (Ramsay).

Antherochalina frondosa, Lendenfeld.

Antherochalina frondosa, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 787 (1887).

The sponge consists of an erect, longitudinally folded lamella, which attains
a height of 300 millim., a breadth of 150 millim., and a thickness of 3 millim.
The skeleton-net is composed of fibres which consist of abundant spicules,
and only a small quantity of spongin. The fibres measure 0-033 millim. in
thickness and the meshes are 0°13 millim. wide. Spicules: curved styl, 0°3
millim. long and 0:016 millim. thick.

GroGRAPHIOAL DistRIBUTION.—East coast of Australia (tamsay).

Antherochalina dura, Lendenfeld.

Antherochalina dura, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 788 (1887).

Flabelliform pedunculate sponges, 170 millim. broad and 7 millim. thick.
Skeleton-net with meshes 0°13 millim. wide and fibres 0:026 millim. thick.
Spicules: styli, 0-2 millim. long and 0-02 millim. thick. :

GrocraPHicaL DistTRiBuTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus PLACOCHALINA.

Large, pedunculate, more or less cup-shaped, frondose Placo-
chalininee, with a very uneven outer surface, which is covered
with ridges. Inner surface smooth. No apparent oscula. Fibres
of the skeleton-net stout.

Placochalina pedunculata, Lendenfeld.

Plakochalina pedunculata, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 791 (1887).

PLACOCHALINA, 91

Large irregular, frondose or infundibuliform, pedunculate sponges, which
attain a height of 180-250 millim., a breadth of 150-300 millim., and a thick-
ness of 8-9 millim. Surface uneven. Sponges hard and inelastic. Skeleton-
net with meshes 0:2-0°4 millim. wide, and fibres 0-003-046 millim. thick.
Spicules: oxea, 0°05-0:067 millim. long, 0:003-0-004 millim. thick.

Placochalina pedunculata, var. dura, Carter.

Plakochalina pedunculata, var. dura, R.v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des aus-
tralischen Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher, Band i. Seite 791 (1887).

Cavochalina bilamellata, H. J. Carter, ‘‘ Descriptions of Sponges from the
neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals and Maga-
zine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xvi. p. 287 (1885).

Frondose sponges with an inflated peduncle attaining a height of 180
millim., a width of 150 millim., and a thickness of 9 millim. Surface smooth
on one side; the opposite face is covered with a reticulation of projecting
ridges. Skeleton-net with meshes 0-4 millim. wide and fibres 0-033 millim, thick.
Spicules: oxea, 0°053 millim. long and 0-003 millim. thick.

GxroGRAPHICAL DisTRisution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Placochalina pedunculata, var. pocula, Lendenfeld.

Plakochabina pedunculata, var. pocula, KR. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des
australischen Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiucher (Spengel), Band 1. Seite
792 (1887).

Elegantly cup-shaped, pedunculate sponges, with apparent zones of growth,
attaining a height of 250 millim., a breadth of 300 millim., and a thickness
of 8 millim. Surface as in the foregoing variety. Skeleton-net with meshes
0:3 millim. wide and fibres 0-046 millim. thick. Spicwles: oxea, 0°053 millim.
long and 0-003 millim. thick.

GrocraruicaL DistrreuTion.—North and East coasts of Australia: Port

Jackson, N.S.W. (Lendenfeld) ; Illawarra, N. S. W. (Ramsay); Torres Straits
( Macleay).

Placochalina pedunculata, var. mollis, Lendenfeld.

Plakochalina pedunculata, var. mollis, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des
australischen Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band i. Seite —
792 (1887).

A lamella which is about 110 millim. high, 320 millim. broad, 10-12
millim. thick, and depressed in the centre. The surface is slightly undulating
on the upper side, and covered with irregular rounded ridges on the lower.

92 PLACOCHALINA.—PHYLOSIPHONIA.

Skeleton-net with meshes 0°2 millim. wide and fibres 0°04 millim. thick.
Spicules: oxea, 0-067 millim. long and 0-005 millim. thick.

GerocrRapHicaAL Disrripution.—South coast of Australia : St. Vincent’s
Gulf, S. A. (aacke).

Group SIPHONINZ,

Wide, tubular or cup-shaped, hollow, lacunose Chalininz, with
slender spicules.

Genus PHYLOSIPHONIA.

(= Siphonochalina, O. Schmidt, partim.)

Smooth, annulated, tubular Siphonine, with terminal preeoscula.
Skeleton with abundant and large spicules.

Phylosiphonia superba, Lendenfeld.

Phylosiphonia superba, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 798 (1887).

The sponge consists of a number of erect tubes, which grow out from a
repent basal mass ; it attains a height of 210 millim.; the tubes, which have a
circular transverse section, are on an average 15 millim. wide. The terminally
situated preoscula measure from 8-10 millim. in diameter. Surface smooth,
undulating. Sponge pretty hard and elastic. The colour of the living sponge
is light violet.

Skeleton-net with meshes 0°3 millim. wide and fibres 0:08 millim. thick.
Spicules. Megasclera: oxea, confined to the main fibres, measuring 0:09 millim.
in length and 0-002 millim. in thickness. Spicules scattered in the ground-
substance, of two kinds :—(1) Oxea similar to those in the main fibres, and (2)
Toxea, which measure 0:03 millim. in length and 0:0007 millim. in thickness.

GroGRaPHIcaAL Disrrreution.— East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Phylosiphonia spiculifera, Lendenfeld.

Phylosiphonia spiculifera, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 799 (1887).

The sponge consists of erect anastomosing branches, which form a reticulation.
It attains a height of 250 millim. and a breadth of 150 millim. The digitate

PHYLOSIPHONTA. 93

processes are 200 millim. long, 20 millim. thick, and irregularly cylindrical.
The preeoscula measure 20 millim. in diameter.

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0:26 millim. wide and fibres
0-067 millim. thick. Spicules: oxystrongyla 0:09 millim. long and 0-004
millim. thick are observed in the main fibres, but absent in the connecting-
fibres. Oxystrongyla similar to those in the main fibres are also found scat-
tered throughout the ground-substance.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,

Phylosiphonia intermedia, Ridley and Dendy.

Phylosiphonia intermedia, R. v. Lendenfeld, “‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 800 (1887).

Siphonochalina intermedia, S. O. Ridley and A. Dendy, “ Preliminary Report on
the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ ” Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xviii. p. 331 (1887).

Stphonochalina intermedia, S.O. Ridley and A. Dendy, ** Report on the Mon-
axonida,” The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ part 59,
p- 30 (1887).

The sponge consists of erect, cylindrical, tubular branches, 200 millim., long,
which are distally widened, and at the base 20 millim. thick ; further up they
attain a diameter of 35 millim. The terminal preosculum, which is sur-
rounded by a kind of collar, is 15 millim. wide. The surface is smooth
or uneven. The tube is here and there extended by irregular annular
thickenings.

The skeleton is composed of a network of fibres 0°04 millim. thick, with
meshes 0:3 millim. wide. In the axis of the main fibres a continuous bundle of
spicules is observed. The spicules are much less numerous in the connecting-
fibres; they are oxystrongyla, measuring 0-1 millim. in length and 0-006
millim. in thickness. Similar spicules are also observed scattered in the ground-
substance.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distrisution.— East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Phylosiphonia annulata, Ridley and Dendy.

Phylosiphonia annulata, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 798 (1887).

Siphonochalina annulata, 8. O. Ridley and A. Dendy, “ Preliminary Report on
the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ ” Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 331 (1887).

94 PHYLOSIPHONIA.—SIPHONOCHALINA.

Stphonochalina annulata, 8. O. Ridley and A. Dendy, “‘ Report on the Mon-
axonida,” The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ part 59,
p- 31 (1887).

Small, slender, erect, slightly branched tubular sponges, which attain a height
of 250 millim. A peduncle is generally observed which attains a length of
100 millim. The branches are 8 millim. thick, and distended at regular
intervals by annular thickenings.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0:033 millim. thick, with meshes
0-2 millim. wide. The spicules are very abundant, straight oxystrongyla,
0:08 millim. long and 0:0065 millim. thick.

GeroGRAPHIOAL DistTRIBuUTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Phylosiphonia stalagmitis, Lendenfeld.

Phylosiphoma stalagmitis, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 799 (1887).

The sponge consists of branches which grow out from an extensive basal
mass; these branches all lie in one plane, and frequently anastomose, so that
the whole structure assumes a somewhat flabelliform appearance. The sponge
attains a height of 140 millim. and a breadth of 100 millim. The tubular
branches have a very uneven surface; they are 30 millim. thick. The ter-
minal preosculum measures 18 millim. in diameter.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0-067 millim. thick, with meshes
0-3 millim. wide. The spzcules are straight oxystrongyla, 0-067 millim. long
and 0:007 millim. thick.

GEroGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.— East coast of Australia: Hlawarra, N.S.W.
(Lendenfeld).

Genus SIPHONOCHALINA.
Large tubular Siphonine, with smooth inner and conulated
outer surface.

Siphonochalina axialis, Lendenfeld.

Siphonochalina axialis, R. vy. Lendenfeld, ‘“ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 805 (1887).

From a repent reticulate mass, upright branches arise which are simple or
slightly branched, and which appear very irregular, in consequence of the

SIPHONOCHALINA. 95

occurrence of irregular outgrowths. The surface is conulated. The conuli are
higher and much more abundant at the distal ends of the branches than near
the base. The upright branches attain a length of 300 millim. and a thick-
ness of 20-30 millim. The conuli are about 5 millim. high. The vents are
situated terminally.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0°05 millim. thick, with meshes
0-5 millim. wide. The spicules form an axial bundle in the fibres; they
are oxea 0°1 millim. long and 0:0009 millim. thick.

GuoGRAPHICAL DisrrisuTion.—EKast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Siphonochalina laxa, Lendenfeld.

Siphonochalina lawa, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 803 (1887).

The sponge consists of a reticulate mass of tortuous, irregular tubes,
10 millim. thick ; it attains a height of 200 millim. The surface is uneven,
the conuli are not so pronounced as in other species. The terminally situated
preosculum measures 7 millim. in diameter.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0°067 millim. thick, with meshes
nearly 1 millim. wide. The spicules, oxea, are pretty abundant, 0:1 millim.
long and 0-002 millim. thick.

GeogRaprHicaL Distrinution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Siphonochalina extensa, Lendenfeld.

Siphonochalina extensa, R, vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 806 (1887).

The sponge consists of very wide, distally distended tubes, which are 120
millim. long, and at the end 135 millim. broad. The terminal vent measures
12 millim. in diameter. The surface is covered with abundant, sharp, and
pretty high conuli which point upward.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0°05 millim. thick, with meshes
0:4 millim. wide. The spicules are very abundant, and form a dense bundle
in the axis of the fibres. They are oxea 0:067-0:074 millim. long and
0-0008-0-0016 millim. thick.

GrEOoGRAPHICAL DistripuTion.—North coast of Australia; South coast of
New Guinea (Haacke).

96 SIPHONOCHALINA.

Siphonochalina typica, Lendenfeld.

Siphonochalina typica, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 804 (1887).

The sponge consists of a reticulate mass of tortuous, repent tubes, 12 millim,
thick, from which simple, erect branches, 15-20 millim. thick, arise. The
whole sponge attains a breadth of 500 millim. and a height of 300 millim.
The upright tubes anastomose here and there, or they are joined by secondary
tubes of smaller size. Scarce, sharp-pointed, and irregular conuli project from
the surface.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0°05 millim. thick, with meshes
0-5 millim. wide. The spicules, oxea, are scattered, 0:0087 millim. long
and 0:0009 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL DristTRIBUTION.—Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Siphonochalina osculata, Lendenfeld.

Siphonochalina osculata, RK. vy. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band 11. Seite 807 (1887).

Large branched sponges, which attain a height of 200 milim. The branches
are 20-25 millim. thick. The surface is covered with sharp, more or less
abundant conuli. The preeoscula are small, 2-8 millim. in diameter, and
situated on the ends and sides of the tubes.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0:08-0:01 millim. thick, with
meshes 0:26-0°3 millim. wide. The spicules, oxea, are abundant, 0-08-0-93
millim. long and 0:0013-0:002 millim. thick.

Siphonochalina osculata, var. macropora, Lendenfeld.

Siphonochalina osculata, var. macropora, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des
australischen Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band 11. Seite
807 (1887).

Tubular sponges, attaining a length of 300 millim. The tubes are 25 millim.
thick,.the vents 8 millim. wide ; the conuli abundant and sharp.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0-08 millim. thick, with meshes
0:26 millim. wide. The spicules occupy, in some parts, the whole of the
fibre, and in others they appear as axial bundles ; they are oxea, 0-093 millim.
long and 0:0013 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrRIBUTION.— West coast of Australia : Western Australia
( Baily).

SIPHONOCHALINA.—SIPHONELLA. Q7

Siphonochalina osculata, var. micropora, Lendenfeld.

Siphonochalina osculata, var. micropora, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des
australischen Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite
807 (1887).

Very hard sponges which are composed of tubular branches 150 millim.
long, 20 millim. thick. The surface is covered with pretty abundant, high,
and slender conuli. The scattered oscula are 2-4 millim. wide.

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0-3 millim. wide and fibres
O-1 thick. The spicules occupy in dense masses the whole of the fibre; they
are oxea 0-08 millim. long and 0-002 millim. thick.

GrocrapHicaL Distrripurrion.—East and North coasts of Australia: Port
Jackson, N. 8S. W. (Lendenfeld) ; Torres Straits (Macleay).

Genus SIPHONELLA.

Wide, tubular Siphonine, with rounded irregular excrescences
on the outer surface but without conuli. Very soft and tender.
The fibres of the skeleton are pretty thick. The main fibres
contain very few and small spicules; the connecting-fibres are
entirely free from spicules.

This genus is transitional between Siphonochalina and Chalinopsilla, and
connects the Chalinine with the Horny Sponges (Fam. Spongide).

Siphonella truncata, Lendenfeld.

Stphonella truncata, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 808 (1887).

Tall, distally distended, somewhat calyciform tubes which attain a height
ef 220 millim. and a width at the upper end of 45 millim. The terminal
preosculum is 25 millim. wide. The outer surface is covered with very
abundant, irregular rounded excrescences. The dry skeleton is exceedingly
tender, soft, and light.

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0°13 millim. wide and fibres
0-046 millim. thick. The spicules are very abundant: styli, 0-096 millim. long
and 0-002 millim. thick.

GerocraPpnHicaL Disrripurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

98 SIPHONELLA.—HOPLOCHALINA,

Siphonella communis, Lendenfeld.

Siphonella communis, R. v. Lendenfeld, “‘ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band 11. Seite 809 (1887).

Erect tubes, 200 millim. long and 30 millim. wide, with uneven, undulating
surface, which, however, does not bear such high protuberances as that of the
other species. The terminal preosculum is 16 millim. wide.

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0-3 millim. wide and fibres
0-04 millim. thick. Spicules are found in the main fibres only, where they
are fairly abundant; they are chiefly oxea, 0°046 millim. long and 0-0013
millim. thick.

Gro@raPHicaL DistrrpuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Group HOPLOCHALININZE.

Massive or digitate Chalinine, with exceedingly large,
obliquely situated spicules, the ends of which project beyond
the surface of the fibres, so that the latter appear very rough,
uneven, and in some cases spiny.

Genus HOPLOCHALINA.
Digitate Hoplochalinine with high conuli.

The species of this genus are imitated by the Aplysillide.

Hoplochalina dendrilla, Lendenfeld.

Hoplochalina dendrilla, R. vy. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 823 (1887).

Digitate, branched sponges, with abundant, sharp-pointed conuli, 3 millim.
high and 8 millim. apart. The sponge attains a height of 400 millim. The
digitate branches are 15-30 millim. thick, and generally appear inflated below
the distal, terminally rounded, end.

The skeleton consists of fibres which ramify in a dendritic manner, and
the final branches of which are on an average 0:2 millim. thick. The
spicules are very large, and situated obliquely, so as partly to protrude beyond
the surface of the fibres; they are oxea, 0°5 millim. long and 0-013 millim.

HOPLOCHALINA.—DACTYLOCHALINA. 99

thick. The ground-substance is opaque and quite untransparent; in this
respect our sponge differs from all the other Chalinids.

GroaRAPHicaL DrstrrpuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Hoplochalina tenella, Lendenfeld.

Hoplochalina tenella, R. y. Lendenfeld, ‘* Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 823 (1887).

Small, massive, or incrusting sponges, which attain a breadth of 30 millim.
and a height of 20 millim. The surface is covered with small conuli.

The skeleton consists of dendritically ramifying fibres, the final branches
of which are on an average 0-1 millim. thick. The spicules are very abundant
obliquely situated oxea, 0-4 millim. long and 0-013 millim. thick.

GrocRAPHICAL DisTRisuTIoN.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfed).

Hoplochalina renieroides, Lendenfeld.

Hoplochalina renieroides, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 823 (1887).

The sponge consists of straight digitate branches, which are pretty much
branched, and on an average 20 millim. thick. The whole sponge attains a
height of 200 millim.

The dendritic skeleton consists of fibres 0-067 millim. thick, which are charged
with very abundant curved oxea 0:25 millim. long and 0-013 millim. thick.

GroagRAPHicaL DistrrputTrIon.—South coast of Australia: St. Vincent Gulf,
8. A. (Haacke).

Group DACTYLOCHALININ.

Chalinine with regularly cylindrical, solid digitate processes.
The spicules are slender and numerous. Main and connecting
fibres well defined.

Genus DACTYLOCHALINA.

Dactylochalinine: with stout digitate processes. Skeleton-net

with wide meshes.
H 2

100 DACTYLOCHALINA.

Dactylochalina mollis, Lendenfeld.

Dactylochalina mollis, R. vy. Lendenfeld, ‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band 11. Seite 812 (1887).

Soft and resilient digitate sponges, which attain a length of 50 millim.
The branches are regularly cylindrical, and on an average 10 millim. thick.
The surface is smooth ; the oscula are situated terminally.

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0:3 millim. wide and fibres
0-03 millim. thick. The spicules are straight oxea, 0°09 millim. long and
0-002 millim. thick.

GuoGraParicaL Distrisurion.—EHast coast of Australia (Ramsay).

Dactylochalina monilata, Ridley.

Chalina monilata, 8. O. Ridley, “Report on the Sponges,” Report on the
Zoological Collections made during the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Alert,’ p. 394
(1884).

Dactylochalina australis, R. vy. Lendenfeld, ‘“ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 813 (1887).

Large, digitate sponges, with roughened surface and prominent oscula. The
sponge attains a length of 3800 millim. The cylindrical branches, which are
repent and anastomose here and there, are 8-20 millim. thick; there are
often so many of them that one transverse section would cut about 60 repent
branches. ;

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0-3 millim. wide and fibres
0:03-0:08 millim. thick; the spicules are curved oxea, 0:06 millim. long and
0-002 millim. thick.

Grocraputcar, Distrrpution.—North coast of Australia: Torres Straits
(‘ Alert’). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).
South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld).

Dactylochalina reticulata, Lendenfeld.

Chalina polychotoma, H. J. Carter, “ Descriptions of Sponges from the Neigh-
bourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xvi. p. 284 (1885).

Dactylochalina reticulata, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Studies on Sponges.—IV. On
two cases of Mimiery in Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 571 (1886).

Dactylochalina reticulata, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 813 (1887).

DACTYLOCHALINA.—BUCHALINA. 101

A mass of anastomosing repent digitate branches, which form an irregular
network. The whole sponge attains a length of 500 millim.; the cylindrical
digitate parts are 10 millim. thick.

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0-4 millim. wide and fibres
0-03 millim, thick. Spicules very abundant oxea, 0-067 long and 0-003
millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL Disrrisurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Dactylochalina cylindrica, Lendenfeld.

Dactylochalina cylindrica, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘* Studies on Sponges——IV. On
two cases of Mimicry in Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 570 (1886).

Dactylochalina cylindrica, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 812 (1887).

Large, digitate, reticulate sponges, which attain a length of 500 millim.
The digitate branches, which frequently anastomose, are 8 millim. thick. The
oscula are not numerous, scattered, and very prominent; they measure 3
millim. in width.

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0°3 millim. wide and fibres
0-04 millim. thick. The spicules are scarce in the connecting-fibres and
fairly abundant in the main fibres; they are straight, sharp-pointed oxea, 0-09
millim. long and 0-002 millim. thick.

GrograpuicaL Distrrsution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus EUCHALINA.

Dactylochalinine with slender digitate processes. Skeleton-net
with very fine meshes. Fibres thin ; spicules abundant ; oscula

small.
Euchalina exigua, Lendenfeld.

Euchalina exigua, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Die Chalineen des australischen Ge-
bietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 818 (1887).

Very thin, slender, ramified or simple, digitate, cylindrical branches grow
out from a common basal plate; they are 300 millim, long and 4 millim. thick.
The surface is quite smooth and slightly uneven. The oscula, 0°6 millim

wide, are abundant and scattered over the whole of the surface

102 EUCHALINA.—CHALINODENDRON.

The skeleton consists of a network, with meshes 0:1 millim. wide and fibres
0:04 millim. thick, The spicules are straight oxea, 0°09 millim. long and
0-002 millim. thick.

I distinguish two varieties :—

Euchalina exigua, var. simplex, Lendenfeld.

Euchalina ewiqua, var. simplex, R. v. Lendenfeld, “‘ Die Chalineen des austra-

lischen Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band 11. Seite 818
(1887).

With simple, straight, and unbranched digitate processes.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion.—East coast of Australha: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Euchalina exigua, var. arborea, Lendenfeld.

Euchalina exigua, var. arborea, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘ Die Chalineen des austra-

lischen Gebietes,’ Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 818
(1887).

With much branched and occasionally anastomosing digitate processes.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripurion.—West coast of Australia: Queensland
(Ramsay).

Genus CHALINODENDRON.

Dendritic Dactylochalininze, with conuli and abundant slender
oxeote spicules.

Chalinodendron ramosum, Lendenfeld.
(Prats IV. fig. 2.)

Chalinodendron ramosum, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 820 (1887).

Soft and resilient, branched, digitate, or lobose sponges, which attain a height
of 300 millim.; the branches are 8 millim. thick. The surface is covered with
small, sharp, and slender conuli. Oscula scarce, 1 millim. wide.

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0°3 millim. wide and fibres
0:03-0:06 millim. thick. The spicules are straight or slightly curved oxea, 0°11
millim. long and 0-005 millim. thick ; fairly abundant in the fibres. Similar
spicules are also scattered throughout the ground-substance.

GrEoGRAPHICAL DistrrputiIon.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

CHALINODENDRON.—ARENOCHALINA. 103

Chalinodendron dendrilla, Lendenfeld.

Chalinodendron dendrilla, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band ii. Seite 820 (1887).

Branched, erect sponges, extending in one plane, which attain a height of
120 millim. The digitate processes are compressed, 10 millim. thick and 15
millim. broad. The surface is peculiarly porous. The oscula are 0°8 millim.
wide, abundant and scattered.

The skeleton consists of a network with meshes 0:34 millim. wide and fibres
0:016-0:13 millim. thick. The spicules are strongyla, 0-13 millim. long and
0-006 millim. thick, fairly abundant in the fibres. Exceedingly fine strongyla,
0-13 millim. long and only 0-001 millim. thick, are observed in the ground-
substance.

GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Group ARENOCHALININZ.

Chalininz with foreign bodies in the main and spicules in the
connecting-fibres.

Genus ARENOCHALINA.

Digitate Arenochalininze, with foreign bodies in the main and
proper spicules in the connecting-fibres.

Arenochalina mirabilis, Lendenfeld.

Arenochalina mirabilis, R. y. Lendenfeld, ‘ Die Chalineen des australischen
Gebietes,” Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Spengel), Band il. Seite 821 (1887).

Small branched sponges, with compressed branches 12 millim. broad and
8 millim. thick.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres, with irregularly rectangular
meshes 0:4—0-8 millim. wide. The main fibres are charged with sand; the
connecting-fibres are entirely filled with dense masses of spicules. The main
fibres are knotty, 0:05 millim. thick; the connecting-fibres are perpendicular
to the main fibres and about half as thick. The spicules are oxea, 0°02 millim.
long and 0-004 millim, thick.

GerocrapHicaL Disrripution.—North coast of Australia: Torres Straits
(Macleay).

104 CHALINOPSILLA.

Familia SPONGIDA.

Cornacuspongiz with small ciliated chambers under 0:05
millim. wide, without proper spicules, never clathriform.

The Spongidee are allied to the Homorrhaphide. We may assume that they
have been derived from them by the loss of the proper spicules.

Genus CHALINOPSILLA.

Ramified Spongide with digitate branches, with special surface-
skeleton and smooth surface ; imitating various species of Chali-
nine. Supporting-skeleton forming a network with square
meshes. Connecting-fibres mostly unbranched.

This genus was originally established by me under the name Chalinopsis.

Chalinopsilla australis, n. sp.

Repent incrusting or branched and reticulating sponges, with large conspi-
cuous and protruding circular oscula. Swface-skeleton composed of primary
and secondary fibres. Supporting-skeleton with narrow meshes 0-4 milim.
wide and main fibres 0-2-0°35 millim. thick. The connecting-fibres are
simple and 0:05-0:08 millim. thick. The skeleton is entirely free from foreign
bodies. The central part of the reticulate variety and the basal part of the
incrusting variety are lacunose, in consequence of the great size of the
exhalant canals in these parts of the sponge.

Chalinopsilla australis, var. reticulata, nov.

Irregular, decumbent, reticulate sponges. The branches are much and
irregularly curved, knotty, and of varying thickness; their transverse section
is more or less circular; they ramify and anastomose with each other very
frequently. The termini of the branches are situated at one end of the
elongate, horizontally expanded, sponge. The sponge attains a length of
100 millim. and more, and rises 20-30 millim. over the base of attachment ;
it is attached at numerous points throughout the length of the digitate branches,
which are 8-15 millim. thick. The oscula are conspicuous and very numerous
on the upper side of the branches, but rare or absent on the lower side ;
they are circular, slightly raised over the surrounding surface, 1°5-3 millim.
wide and 8-6 millim. apart. The distribution of the oscula is somewhat
irregular ; they often congregate in small groups of 5-15, and are, within

mh :; 5
these groups, very close together. the surface is smooth. The sponge is,

CHALINOPSILLA. 105

when alive, of a light greyish-brown colour. The skeleton is light chestnut-
brown. The sponge is very soft and can be compressed between the fingers
to the thickness of paper with ease. It is not very elastic.

The skeleton is destitute of foreign bodies. The swrface-skeleton consists of
a superficially extending network of stout fibres, which are 0:07 millim. thick
and which connect the distal ends of the main fibres of the supporting-skeleton
in straight lines. As most of the adjacent main fibres are thus connected a
network with pretty regular triangular meshes is produced, which are on an
average 0:8 millim wide. They are occupied by a very fine net of secondary
fibres, which are perpendicular to the primary fibres and ramify to a certain
extent. These secondaries are 0:02 millim. thick, and the rather irregular
meshes which they form 0:16 millim. wide. Usually four or five primary fibres
radiate from the end of each main fibre; sometimes, however, there are as
few as two; very rarely six are observed, never more. .

The supporting-skeleton consists of longitudinal main fibres, which are on
an average 0°5 millim. apart in the interior of the sponge, but become more
distant towards the surface, which they reach in graceful curves and on which
they abut perpendicularly. The main fibres are 0-17 millim. thick; they are
connected by mostly simple perpendicular connecting-fibres, which are 0-05
millim. thick and about as far apart as the main fibres, so that the meshes
formed by the network of the supporting-skeleton generally appear more or
less quadratic. The connecting-fibres are joined to the main fibres by wide
trumpet-shaped extensions of their bases, so that the surface of the main
fibre appears drawn out to form the connecting-fibres, and is thus rendered

very irregular and uneven.

GEOGRAPHICAL Disrrisution.—East coast of Australia: Queensland (Ram-
say). New Zealand: Port Chalmers (Parker).

Chalinopsilla gracilis, Vosmaer.

Veline gracilis, G. Vosmaer, “ Studies on Sponges.—I. Veline gracilis,” Mit-
theilungen der Zoologischen Station in Neapel, Band_iy. Seite 437 (1883).

Long, cylindrical, straight tubes, widened towards the upper end, in small
bunches of 2-10, attached by a narrow base. These tubes are erect and gene-
rally coalesce in their lower portions for some distance. Their proximal part
often appears solid and only the distal portion tubular. Exceptionally they
attain a height of 400 millim. and a width of 40 millim. Ordinary specimens
are about half that size. The terminal vent—a preosculum—occupies the
whole of the terminal face, leaving only a narrow and sharp margin round it.
The outer surface is smooth; the oscula are confined to the imner side—the

wall of the central cavity. Alive the sponge is greyish purple ; the dry skeleton

106 CHALINOPSILLA.

is light greyish yellow, elastic, very soft, and compressible. The interior
appears lacunose.

The surface-skeleton consists of stouter primaries and very slender secondary
fibres. The latter are on an average only 0-02 millim. thick. The meshes are
0-15-0°2 millim. wide.

The supporting-skeleton consists of a very regular network of horny fibres,
which are entirely free from foreign bodies. Main and connecting-fibres have
the same thickness—on an average 0-07 millim. The meshes are from 0:5-0:9
millim. wide, quadratic or triangular, with rounded corners.

(This description is based on the Australian specimens examined by me, and
somewhat differs from Vosmaer’s description.)

GroGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTion.—Mediterranean (Vosmaer).
North coast of Australia: Torres Straits (Lendenfeld).

Chalinopsilla radix, n. sp.

Forming a dense and low bushy mass of straight, erect, cylindrical branches,
which grow out from the upper extended end of a short peduncle. The
sponge attains a height of 70 millim. and a breadth of 60 millim.; the branches
are 5 millim. thick, and rounded at the ends; they are occasionally slightly
ramified, but never coalesce with each other, so as to form massive fan-shaped
or reticulated structures. The surface is smooth. ‘The oscula are small,
circular, 1 millim. wide, and scattered over the whole of the surface; gene-
rally they are arranged in longitudinal rows, which may contain one or more
series of oscula. The colour of the living sponge is light grey, with an orange
tint; this tint is not always observed, and may be due to the presence of
embryos, which are reddish. The skeleton is hard and cannot be compressed
between the fingers more than one fourth or one third. The living sponge is
softer.

The surface-skeleton consists of a network of simple, unbranched fibres con-
necting the termini of the main fibres. There are no secondary fibres. The
fibres are, on an average, 0°03 millim. thick and widened at the ends, where
they join the ends of the main fibres. The meshes in the network of the
surface-skeleton are mostly triangular and, on an average, 0-2 millim. wide.

The supporting-skeleton is free from foreign bodies. The main fibres are
0:06 millim. thick and on an average only 0-25 millim. apart. ‘The connecting
fibres are very short, simple, and very regularly situated, always perpendicular
to the main fibres; they are 0-035 millim. thick and 0-5 millim. apart. The
meshes of the network are rectangular, 0°5 millim. long and 0°25 millim. broad ;
their longest diameter is situated longitudinally, parallel to the main fibres.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiBpuTION.—East coast of Australia (Ramsay).

CHALINOPSILLA. 107

Chalinopsilla imitans, Lendenfeld.

Chalinopsis imitans, R. v. Lendenfeld, *‘ Studies on Sponges.—IV. On two
cases of Mimicry in Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, vol. x. pp. 569, 570 (1886).

This large and elegant species imitates Dactylochalina cylindrica very closely.
The sponge consists of a number of very regular digitate branches, which
grow out froma short and stout stem, expanded below and firmly attached
to the sea-bottom. It is about as long as thick, and tapers towards the
upper end, from which the branches grow out. There are two or three
branches which deviate at an angle of about 45° from the perpendicular.
From the upper side of these laterally extending branches a number of up-
right processes are given off, which are only very slightly ramified, and
which stand erect and are parallel to each other. When these vertical pro-
cesses appear branched, the main branch does not deviate from its direction,
although it is not thicker than the other branch. The upright processes are
digitate, regularly cylindrical, and have a smooth surface; they are slightly
bent in an undulating fashion, and taper terminally to a narrow conic end.
The sponge attains a height of 600 millim., and the branches are 8 millim.
thick. The stem has a thickness of 15-20 millim. The oscula are small and
scattered over the whole of the surface; they measure only 0-6 millim. in
diameter, and easily escape observation. The dry skeleton is light grey. The
sponge is very hard and uncompressible.

The surface-skeleton consists of a network of primary superficial fibres,
which are, on an average, 0°16 millim. thick; between these a network of
secondary fibres 0:06 millim. thick is spread out.

The supporting-skeleton consists of longitudinal main fibres, with an average
thickness of 0°4 millim., and unbranched connecting-fibres 0°35 millim. thick,
which are perpendicular to the main fibres. In the main fibres of the
supporting-skeleton, and also in the primary fibres of the surface-skeleton,
scattered small foreign bodies (sand-grains, with an average diameter of 0-04
millim.) are met with.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBuTION.—East coast of Australia: Iawarra, N. 8S. W.
(Ramsay).

Chalinopsilla dichotoma, Lendenfeld.

Chalinopsis dichotoma, R. y. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Studies on Sponges.—IV. On two
cases of Mimicry in Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
New South Wales, vol. x. p. 570 (1886).

The sponge is erect and branched, with digitate, more or less upright, and

108 CHALINOPSILLA.

regularly dichotomously dividing processes. It attains a height of 400 millim.
The branches are cylindrical, on an average 12 millim. thick, and taper to
conic sharp-pointed ends. From a stout stem, which is attached: by a
trumpet-shaped, extended base, and has a thickness of about 20 millim. and
a length of 40 millim., three or four branches grow out. All the branches
originate from the upper end of the stem and extend upward and slightly
outward. They are dichotomously branched, exceptionally one of the branches
is thicker than the other; as a rule, however, this is not the case. At
the branching points they are much widened and compressed, particularly
near their distal, often nearly flabellar ends. ‘The oscula are scattered and
numerous, slightly prominent, 2 millim. wide and 5-7 millim. apart, often
situated in longitudinal rows. The surface, apart from the prominent
oscula, is smooth and slightly undulating. The dry skeleton is light greyish
brown; spirit-specimens are darker. When dry, the sponge is hard and
resisting ; in spirit, however, soft, elastic, and easily compressible between the
fingers.

The surface-skeleton consists of a simple network, without a distinction of
primary and secondary fibres. The supporting-skeleton is composed of main
and connecting-fibres. The former extend longitudinally in the axes of the
digitate processes, where they form occasional and irregular anastomoses.
From these axial supporting fibres branches are given off, which extend
towards the surface in a plumose fashion and enclose an angle of about 15°
with the longitudinal axial fibres. They are slightly branched, but do not seem
to form anastomoses, except close to their base. They are 0:2 millim. thick
and 0:5 millim. apart. Thinner ones, however, are by no means rare, and
the thin main fibres appear more approximated to each other than the thicker
ones. The numerous ramifications of these main fibres and their varying
thickness renders the whole structure more irregular than the skeleton of most
other species. The connecting-fibres are, for the most part, simple connections
of adjacent main fibres perpendicular to the latter ; occasionally, however, they
appear slightly branched. They are, on an average, 0:06 millim. thick and 0-5
millim. apart, and joined to the main fibres by trumpet-shaped extensions of
their bases; the meshes accordingly appear well rounded off. All the fibres
are charged with foreign bodies—siliceous spicules, sand, &c.; these form an
axial thread in the main fibres of the supporting-skeleton, which is about half
as thick as the fibre, and surrounded by a clear layer of spongin. At the
joining-points of the connecting-fibres these columns of foreign bodies are
drawn out to form conic points, which extend some distance into the con-
necting-fibres.. In the connecting-fibres themselves an often interrupted
series of foreign bodies is observed, which lies axially, and appears as a con-

tinuation of the conic protuberances on the columns in the main fibres above

CHALINOPSILLA. 109

mentioned. The foreign spicule-fragments in these fibres are situated nearly
longitudinally ; at the joining-points, however, their position is very irregular.
The fibres of the surface-skeleton contain similar foreign bodies.

GerocRAPHICAL DistrripuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port. Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Chalinopsilla elegans, n. sp.

The sponge is erect, much branched, and appears reticulate, in consequence
of the frequent anastomoses of the branches. It attains a height of 300
millim. The branches, which rise from a small base or from the upper end of
a very stout and short peduncle, are irregularly cylindrical. The surface is
uneven, undulating ; the oscula are scattered, rather scarce, prominent, circular,
2-5 millim. wide. The branches average 15 millim. in thickness; they are
terminally rounded off and, although in their main course erect, much and
irregularly bent.

The dry skeleton is chestnut-brown and pretty hard, compressible between
the fingers to about half its thickness.

The swrface-skeleton consists of a simple network, in which primary and
connecting-fibres cannot be distinguished.

The supporting-skeleton is composed of smooth main fibres and thin un-
branched connecting-fibres, which join adjacent main fibres, and are perpendi-
cular to them. The main fibres have an average thickness of 0°22 millim. and are
0:55 millim. apart; the connecting-fibres are 0-07 millim. thick, and about as far
apart as the main fibres, so that a network with quadratic meshes is produced.
In all the fibres foreign bodies of small size are found; these form a dense
axial column about two thirds as thick as the fibre in the centre. The super-
ficial portion of the fibre is free from foreign bodies. The building-material
used by this sponge consists of a variety of things, among which tetraxon

foreign spicules and sand-grains predominate.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiBuTION.— West coast of Australia: Western Australia
(Baily).

Chalinopsilla arborea, n. sp.

Very irregular dendritic sponges, with a more or less developed peduncle
and irregular lobose and short ramifications or slender digitate knotty and
irregular branches.

The surface is undulating, uneven, but smooth. The oscula are always

scattered and prominent ; their size, however, is subject to great variations.

110 CHALINOPSILLA.

The sponge is pretty hard, fairly compressible, and very inelastic. The colour
is lighter or darker brown in the living state; dry skeletons of C. a. micro-
pora are yellowish, of other varieties dirty brown.

The surface-skeleton consists of a network of threads composed of foreign
bodies (sand-grains), which are held together by a very small and hardly per-
ceptible quantity of spongin. The fibres are 0-1 millim. thick and the meshes
0:5 millim. wide.

The supporting-skeleton consists of stout and knotty main fibres, which are,
on an average, 0°2-1°6 millim. thick and 0°9-1'4 millim. apart; they are
parallel, and extend longitudinally in the axis and central portion of the sponge,
curving gracefully in a plumose fashion towards the surface. The connecting-
fibres are 0°08 millim. thick, and on an average 1 millim. apart; they are
perpendicular to the main fibres and scarcely at all branched; generally,
however, divided at their bases of attachment into two or three roots. The
foreign bodies forming the surface-skeleton are small sand-grains, about
0:05 millim. in diameter ; they are packed very closely. In the main fibres
of the supporting-skeleton scattered and large sand-grains are met with, on
an average 0°25 millim. thick and 0:3 millim. apart, always situated axially.
In the connecting-fibres very small monaxonid siliceous spicules are some-
times observed; these form a single axial row. They are often fragmentary,
but sometimes also intact. Often they make the impression of proper spicules :
oxea, 0°07 millim. long and 0-006 millim. thick, rather abruptly and sharp
pointed. As, however, these entire spicules always occur together with broken
fragments, I am inclined to consider them as foreign.

Chalinopsilla arborea imitates various species of Chalinine, and the specimens
always grow in close proximity to the sponges imitated. The spicules found
in the connecting-fibres of the Chalinopsilla arborea varieties are very similar
to those of the imitated Chalinine, and I believe they derive their spicules
from decayed specimens of the species they imitate.

Chalinopsilla arborea, var. macropora, Duchassaing & Michelotti.

Callyspongia tenerrima, Duchassaing et Michelotti, ‘Les éponges de la mer
Caraibe,” p. 57 (1864).

Dactylia chalinifornis, H. J. Carter, “Descriptions of Sponges from the
Neighbourhood of Port Philip Heads, South Australia,’ Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 309 (1885).

Dactylia palmata, H. J. Carter, 1. ¢. p. 319.

Dendritic sponges attached by a stout stem, which attains a length of 50
millim. in some specimens, but appears quite short and rudimentary in
others. The stem is generally about 15 millim. thick. From its upper end

CHALINOPSILLA. WIL

irregular branches are given off; these are always very thick, generally
compressed, more or less lamellar, terminating with wide, rounded, lobose
ends, or tapering to irregular slender points. The whole sponge attains a
height of 280 millim.; the breadth of the branches varies from 10-30 millim.,
their thickness rarely exceeds 8 millim. and is generally 6 millim. The
surface is smooth and undulating. The concavities sometimes appear as trans-
verse incisions in the branches, particularly in the bushy forms, which generally
have rather more cylindrical processes. In the flabelliform specimens these
concavities are not so deep and not nearly so well defined.

The oscula are scattered irregularly over the surface of the stem and the
branches; sometimes they are particularly numerous on the margin of com-
pressed branches, arranged in longitudinal rows, but scattered oscula are never
absent on the flat faces of these flabellar branches. The oscula are slightly
prominent, circular, and 1:7-3 millim. wide, those of one and the same speci-
men are all fairly of the same size.

The sponge is pretty hard and inelastic; thick branches can, however, in
consequence of their size, be compressed between the fingers to one third of
their diameter. The colour of the living sponge is, according to Carter, “ buff,
dark brown, or reddish orange”; according to Duchassaing and Michelotti,
“jaune un peu rosé.”

The surface-skeleton consists of a simple network of strings of foreign bodies,
0-1 millim. thick, with irregular polygonal meshes 0°5 millim. wide. The
foreign bodies are small sand-grains, with an average diameter of 0-035,

The supporting-skeleton consists of knotty parallel main fibres, 0°6 millim.
thick and 1-4 millim. distant, which contain large (0°25 millim.) scattered sand-
grains, which are on an average 0°13 millim. apart. The connecting-fibres
usually have two roots, but otherwise they are hardly at all branched; they
generally contain an axial series of siliceous spicules, and are 0:08 millim. thick
and 1 millim.apart. The spicules are longitudinally situated oxea, 0-07 millim.
long and 0-006 millim. thick, intact or more or less fragmentary.

GrograPHicaL Disrripurion.—Gulf of Mexico: St. Thomas, Viecques
(Duchassaing § Michelottr).

South coast of Australia : Port Phillip Heads, V. (Wilson). East coast of
Australia ; Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).

New Zealand: Port Chalmers (Parker).

Chalinopsilla arborea, var. micropora, Carter.

Dactylia chaliniformis, H. J. Carter, ‘‘ Descriptions of Sponges from the Neigh-
bourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 309 (1885).

ta CHALINOPSILLA.

The sponge appears as an irregular, partly repent and partly erect branching
structure; the branches grow out from one point and ramify in an irregular
manner; they are irregularly curved and not parallel to each other. ‘The
whole sponge attains a length of 250 millim., and the branches are, on an
average, 8 millim. thick. The surface is very uneven, so that the branches
attain a knotty appearance. The oscula are situated in regular longitu-
dinal rows ; they are circular and small, less than 1 millim. wide, and do not
project over the surface. The sponge is very hard and incompressible. The
colour of the living sponge is light yellow.

The surface-skeleton consists of a simple network of fibres, 0-1 millim.
thick, which are entirely composed of foreign bodies ; the meshes between
them are, on an average, 1°5 millim. wide. The foreign bodies are small
sand-grains, with an average diameter of 0°05 millim.

The supporting-skeleton consists of knotty parallel main fibres, 0°6 millim.
thick and 1:4 millim. distant, which contain large scattered sand-grains, with
an average diameter of 0°25 millim.; these are about 0°18 millim. apart. The
connecting-fibres usually have two roots, but are otherwise hardly at all
branched; they generally contain an axial series of siliceous spicules, which
appear longitudinally situated; these spicules are oxea, 0-07 millim. long and
0-006 millim. thick, intact or more or less fragmentary.

Groaraputcat DisrrrpuTion.—Mauritius (Canterbury Museum).

North coast of Australia: Torres Straits (Macleay). South coast of Aus-
tralia: Port Phillip Heads, V. (Wilson). Hast coast of Australia: Queensland
(Ramsay).

Chalinopsilla arborea, var. ramosa, Marshall.

Psammoclema ramosum, W. Marshall, “ Untersuchungen tiber Dysideiden und
Phoriospongien,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxv.
Seite 190 (1880).

Psammoclema ramosum, N. de Poléjaeff, ‘‘ Report on the Keratosa,” Reports on
the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ part xxxi.
p- 43 (1884).

Irregularly branched cylindrical sponges, apparently more or less repent, and
attached at several points along the side. The digitate branches are rounded at
the ends; they do not form anastomoses ; the central one is generally thicker, and
appearsasa stem. The sponge attains a length of 200 millim. ; the branches are,
on an average, 8 millim. thick, whilst the stem, the surface of which is not nearly
so even as that of the branches, attains a thickness at some places of 20 millim.
andmore. The surface is quite smooth; the oscula are about 2°5 millim. wide and

CHALINOPSILLA. US

uniformly scattered over it; where the surface is undulating the oscula are
situated on the prominent parts of it. The sponge is greyish brown in spirit ;
in the dry state pretty soft, compressible, but not elastic.

The surface-skeleton consists of a regular network of bands of foreign bodies,
which are 0°3 millim. broad; the polygonal meshes between them have a
similar width. The supporting-skeleton consists of knotty longitudinal main
fibres 0:5 millim. thick, and, on an average, 1:5 millim. distant ; these are
filled with foreign bodies, the clear spongin layer around them is only 0°05
millim. thick. No spicules have been observed in the connecting-fibres, which
are, on an average, 0°05 millim. thick, and mostly unbranched.

GEOGRAPHICAL DIsrRIBuTIoN.—South coast of Australia: Bass Straits; off
East Monceour Island (‘ Challenger’).

Chalinopsilla impar, Carter.

Dactylia impar, H. J. Carter, ‘‘ Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbour-
hood of Pert Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 309 (1885).

The sponge consists of a number of branches, which grow up from a
common centre. All these branches lie in one plane, and are laterally com-
pressed in the same direction as the whole sponge; they coalesce in their
proximal half to form a continuous plate, from the margin of which the
distal, free portions of the branches project. The central lamella is irregular ;
the ends of the branches are all parallel and upright, and rounded at their
distal ends. The whole sponge attains a breadth of 150 millim., a height
of 120 millim., and a thickness of 6 millim. The free distal portions of the
branches are somewhat irregular in shape, from 5-12 millim. broad, but
never more than 6 millim. thick. The surface is uneven, undulating. The
highly prominent oscula are arranged im longitudinal rows, which extend along
the narrow margin of the branches, and centripetally from these in radial rows
over the central lamellar part of the sponge; they are, on an average,
1:5 millim. wide, and project sometimes as much as 4 millim. over the surface.
The sponge is very hard and scarcely compressible. The colour of the dry
skeleton is orange-yellow.

The surface-skeleton consists of a network of fibres, composed of sand-
grains of various size. The fibres are 0-2 millim. thick, and the irregular
meshes between them 0:4 millim. wide. The sand-grains vary in size from
0:1-0-2 millim. The inhalant pores are situated in the membranes, which
are expanded in the meshes; between them abundant scattered sand-
grains, similar to those constituting the fibres of the surface-skeleton, are
found. The supporting-skeleton consists of slightly uneven main fibres, which

I

114 CHALINOPSILLA.

are more branched than in most other species, 0°3 millim. thick, and 1-1°5
millim. apart; these fibres contain numerous scattered axially-situated
sand-grains, which average 0-4 millim. in size. The connecting-fibres
re unbranched and very scarce; they measure 0°1 millim. in thickness
and are 1-2 millim. apart. There are no foreign bodies in the connecting-
fibres.

GrocRaPHi10aL DistRrpurioy.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip
Heads, V. (B. Wilson).

Chalinopsilla repens, Selenka.

Ditela repens, E. Selenka, ‘‘ Ueber einige neue Schwamme aus der Siidsee,”
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xvii. Heft 4 (1867),
Seite 567.

Euspongia repens, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Luspongia,” Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 3, p. 524 (1885).

Digitate, repent, and irregular incrusting sponges. The digitate parts
occasionally coalesce to form lamellose extensions; usually, however, they
remain isolated. They attain a length of 100 millim., are cylindrical, ter-
minally rounded, and 12-20 millim. thick. The surface is slightly roughened
by indications of conuli. No sand is found in the skin, which is protected by
a dense tangential network of fibres. The oscula measure from 2 to 4 millim.
in width, are circular, and occasionally slightly raised over the surface; they
are situated terminally, but also occur on the sides, particularly of large and
irregular digitate portions.

The skeleton is very tender and soft, and can be pressed between the leaves
of a book like a flower. The colour of the sponge in spirit is yellow; the
skeleton is grey, with a brownish hue.

The surface-skeleton is composed of a dense and uniform network, the
fibres of which have an average thickness of 0-017 millim.; the meshes are
0-05 millim. wide and rather irregular. The main fibres of the supporting-
skeleton extend in a longitudinal direction along the oscular tube, which
occupies the central part of the hollow digitate processes. These fibres emit
branches, which curve gracefully towards the surface and terminate in the
superficial skeleton; they are on an average 1 millim. apart, measure 0°08
millim. in thickness, and are filled with sand-grains, which cause the surface
of the fibre to become very knotty. In the interior of the sponge a very re-
cular network of connecting-fibres is met with. These are differentiated into
primaries and secondaries: the former are simple, straight or slightly curved,

CHALINOPSILLA.—PHYLLOSPONGTIA, 115

very rarely branched, never bent at their joining-points with the secon-
daries, perpendicular to the main fibres, which they connect, and 0-015 millim.
thick. The thickness of the secondaries varies from 0:0033-0-01 millim.
The meshes of the network are irregularly rectangular, 0°27 millim. wide.

GrocRAPHICAL DistrRipuTIon.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(F. Miller, Lendenfeld).

Genus PHYLLOSPONGIA.

Frondose, caliculate, or branched, never massive, lamellar Spon-
gide ; with smooth, granular, or grooved surface and numerous
oscula, Ciliated chambers spherical, 0:02-0:04 millim. wide, with
special efferent canals. Fibres of the supporting-skeleton slender.

Phyllospongia velum, n. sp.

The sponge has the shape of a curved lamella attached by a narrow base.
From the base, and also from the concave side of the lamella, small, lobose
or band-shaped fronds grow out. There are often anastomosing ridges on the
concave face. The sponge attains a height of 200 and a breadth of 160 millim. ;
the average thickness is 3°5 millim. , The main lamella together with the
small fronds form an irregular cup more or less open on one side. The sur-
face is smooth and slightly undulating. Oscula are scattered over the greater
part of the inner side of the cup. On the outer surface oscula are also present,
but not near so numerous, and always clustered in such places opposite which
there are no oscula on the inner surface. It is therefore quite correct to say
that the vents are distributed in a one-sided manner. The oscula are | millim.
wide and 6 millim. apart. Spirit-specimens are soft, flexible, and elastic.
Dry specimens which have not been washed out are pretty hard; the colour
of dry specimens is whitish or light brown.

The surface-skeleton consists of a network of horny fibres, without foreign
bodies. The termini of the main fibres of the supporting-skeleton, which abut
on the surface, are connected by straight, stout, primary tangential fibres
0:06 millim. thick. Three to five, generally four, such primary fibres radiate
from each main-fibre terminus. The wide interstices between these fibres
are occupied by a fine network of secondary tangential fibres, which are
much branched and continually anastomose ; these are 0:03 millim. thick,
and the meshes between them 0:15 millim. wide. In the dermal membrane

abundant sand-grains and other foreign bodies are found between the fibres
ne]

116 PHYLLOSPONGIA.

of this tangential network; thus a thin but very tough cortex is formed.
The main characters of the supporting-skeleton are the uniformity in thickness
of main and connecting-fibres and the absence of foreign bodies in the fibres.
All the fibres are about 0°04 millim. thick. The meshes of the supporting-
skeleton are about 0°15 millim. wide. Phyllospongia velum imitates certain
forms of Placochalina.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIpuTION.— West coast of Australia: Western Australia
(Barly).

Phyllospongia elegans, n. sp.

This sponge has the shape of a large, horizontally expanded lamella, supported
by a comparatively long and slender peduncle 30 millim. high, cylindrical,
12 millim. thick, and attached to the centre of the circular sponge. The
margins of the lamella are much folded, curved upward, and drawn out,
to form rounded upturned lobes. The sponge attains a diameter of 200
millim. From the upper surface a great number of lobes grow out, which
cover the whole of it. These lobes are folded longitudinally, and on an average
25 millim. high; they coalesce here and there, and so an exquisitely flower-
shaped structure is produced. The outer surfaces of the 1°8 millim. thick
lamelle are slightly roughened by the projection of the distal ends of the
main fibres. The inner surfaces are deeply grooved (in the skeleton) ; these
grooves ramify, and the numerous branch grooves radiate towards the margin.
The basal portions of the main central grooves are about 2 millim. wide. The
branches decrease rapidly in width as they approach the margin. These
grooves appear, as described, in the skeleton only ; in the living sponge they
are occupied by lacunose tissue and covered with fine membranes, in which
numerous oscula 0°8 millim. wide are situated. The mouths of the exhalant
canals appear as conspicuous holes in the floor of the grooves. The sponge is
hard, elastic, and not compressible; the colour is pinkish in the fresh state; the
dry skeleton is light brown.

The surface-skeleton consists of a thin sand-cortex, which is supported by a
network of fibres 0-02 millim. thick, with meshes 0-2 millim. wide. Primary
and secondary connecting-fibres cannot be distinguished in the surface-net.
The main fibres of the supporting-skeleton are only 0-05 millim. thick, and
contain small, axially situated, scattered sand-grains; they are, on an
average, 0°3 millim. apart: the connecting-fibres are slightly branched, free
from foreign bodies, and 0-016 millim. thick.

GuoeraprnmicaL Disrripurtion.—West coast of Australia: Western Aus-
valia (Bazly). Hast coast of Australia (Jtamsay).

PHYLLOSPONGIA.

Phyllospongia foliascens, auct.

Carterwospongia radiata, N.de Polejaeff, “ Report on the Keratosa,” Report on
the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ vol. xi.
part xxxi. pp. 67, 68 (1884).

Carteriospongia otahitica, A. Hyatt, ‘ Revision of the North-American Porifers :
Part II.,’ Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. ii.
p- 541 (1877).

Carteriospongia otahitica, N. de Poléjaeff, 1. c. p. 69.

Carteriospongia vermifera, A. Hyatt, 1. c. pp. 542, 548.

Carterispongia fissurata, 8. O. Ridley, “Spongiida” : Report on the Zoological
Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H.M.S.

‘ Alert,’ p. 886 (1884).

Carterispongia lamellosa, 8. O, Ridley, 1. ¢. p. 386.

Carterispongia otahitica, 8. O. Ridley, 1. c. pp. 385, 595.

Halispongra stellifera, J. S. Bowerbank, “ Contribution to a General History
of the Spongiada.—Part IV.,” Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London, p. 298 (1874).

Halispongia ventriculordes, J. 8. Bowerbank, 1. ¢. p. 301.

Spongia elegans &c., Carolus Clusius, Exoticorum libri decem, lib. vi. cap. 11,
p. 123, Antverpiz (1605).

Spongia fissurata, J. de Lamarck, “Sur les Polypiers empatés,” Annales du
Muséum dhistoire naturelle, tom. xx. p. 382 (1818).

Spongia foliascens, P. 8. Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, Hage, p. 395 (1766).

Spongia foliata aspera &e., J. Petiver, Petrigraphia Americana (1712).

Spongia infundibuliformis, J. Petiver, J. c.

Spongia infundibuliformis &e., J. Everard Rumphius, Amboynsche Rariteyt-
kamer, Amsterdam, vi. p. 254 (1741).

Spongia lamellosa, HK. Ehlers, Die Esper’schen Spongien in der zoologischen
Sammlung der k. Universitit Erlangen, p. 15 (1870).

Spongia lamellosa, E. J. Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere, Theil ii. p. 270 (1794).

Spongia otahitica, J. S. Bowerbank, 0. c. p. 303.

Spongia otahitica, E. J. Esper, U. c. Theil I., p. 209.

Spongia otahitica, J. de Lamarck, l. c. p. 382.

Cup-shaped or flabelliform, erect sponges, attached by a short and slender
peduncle, which is generally simple, constricted near the centre, and expanded
below to form a disk, by means of which it is attached. Sometimes the
pedunele is divided below into three or four root-like parts. The lamellar
upper part varies very much in shape: the simplest form is an irregularly fan~
shaped circular lamella, which extends in one plane; the upper margin is
generally irregular, often drawn out to form lobes of varying shape. Such

Its PHYLLOSPONGIA.

specimens grow to a height of 280 millim. and a breadth of 320 millim., and
are 4-6 millim. thick.

A more complicated form is that of a pedunculate fan-shaped lamella,
which is folded radially; the folds are irregular and not very deep. These
specimens are much smaller, possibly young stages of the foregoing. In others
the lamella is curved like a watch-glass, and from its concave side secondary
lamellee or ridges grow out, which for the most part extend radially. Forms
of this kind lead to the more regularly calyciform specimens, which are much
more frequent. The usual form is that of a slender, conical cup, slightly
inflated at its lower end. These cups attain a height of 200 millim. and more.
Most of the specimens, however, do not exceed 150 millim. in height. The
margin of the cup is generally a very regular circle, which lies in a horizontal
plane; its diameter is slightly smaller than the height of the sponge. The
margin is very thin and sharp. Just below it the wall of the cup does not
exceed 2°5 millim. in thickness; further down it becomes stouter, and near
the peduncle attains a thickness of 4 millim. Longitudinal ridges, in some
specimens, project from the outer surface of the cup.

However much the shape of the sponge may vary, the surface always pos-
sesses the same character. In dry specimens it is cut up by deep furrows
into small square fields, and shows in the fresh state and in spirit-specimens
irregular groups of very blunt, slightly projecting conuli, divided from each
other by concave, perfectly smooth membranes, which correspond to the
grooves of dry specimens. The groups of conuli are, on an average, 2
millim. broad and 3 millim. long, whilst the depressed membranes between
them have a width of 1:5 millim. or less. There is no difference in the
structure of the two sides of the lamella or cup-wall in this respect. The
oscula are small: on an average, in the living sponge, 0°5 millim. wide, and
always situated in the membranes which cover the grooves: they are confined
to one side of the lamella; in the case of the caliculate forms they are always
found on the inner surface.

The colour of the living sponge is bright red or flesh-colour ; in spirit the
colour darkens. Dry specimens are brilliantly white, in consequence of the
sand-cortex forming a white skin over the sponge. Dry washed-out skeletons
are of a dull light-brown colour. The sponge is soft and flexible in spirit
and also when dry; washed-out specimens can be compressed between the
fingers to two thirds.

From the inhalant pores, which are situated in small groups on the pro-
jecting conulous portions of the surface, the water passes into the narrow
inhalant canals. The ciliated chambers are spherical, and measure 0-033 millim.
in diameter. From each chamber a canal 0:014 millim. wide and 0:01-
0-07 millim. long, arises, which opens into one of the wide and irregular

PHYLLOSPONGIA. 119

exhalant canals. The latter lead into the loose and lacunose tissue which
occupies the grooves below the aconulous membranes. There are constric-
tions at the openings of the exhalant canals into these lacune. Appa-
rently sphincters are situated here, which regulate the water-current. ‘The
grooves are traversed by fine membranes, perforated by large holes connecting
the different cavities. All the lacune in the different parts of the sponge com-
municate with each other; and in particular it is important to note that the
lacune@ in the grooves on both sides of the lamellar sponge are in com-
munication, by means of large oblique canals perforating the sponge and leading
from the grooves of the outer surface to those of the inner. These lacunse
finally open out into the oscula. There is no difference in the structure of the
lacunge in the grooves of the two sides.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres in the interior and a dense sand-
cortex on the surface. The former—the supporting-skeleton—is composed of
main fibres 0:18 millim. thick, which radiate from the peduncle and extend to
the margin of the lamella or cup. There is only a single layer of these fibres
in the sponge, which occupies the centre of the lamella. The main fibres are
continuously branched, the branches extend radially like the stems; they
have an uneven surface, and are charged with large axially situated sand-grains,
which lie so close together that they form a continuous column. Although
these primary main fibres bend irregularly, they always extend, on the whole,
radially. From these fibres, which constitute the main support of the sponge,
branches are given off which curve towards the surfaces of the lamelle and
ramify in a penicillate manner. All the branches are curved so as to abut per-
pendicularly on the surface. They are, on an average, 0:12 millim. thick ;
stand pretty close together in the projecting conulous portions of the sponge,
but are absent in the lacunose tissue of the grooves; they are similar to the
central fibres above described, and like them contain an axially situated column
of foreign bodies. Between these main fibres a network of connecting-fibres,
0:025-0:06 millim. thick, extends. These are entirely free from foreign
bodies of any kind. They are branched and form a true network, the meshes
of which are, on an average, 0-2 millim. wide and of varying shape. Also
these connecting-fibres are principally found in the more solid conuliferous
portion of the sponge and in the centre. Exceptionally, however, they extend
also for some distance into the fine membranes, which are expanded in the
lacunose tissue of the grooves. Such fibres are, however, very much thinner
than the ordinary connecting-fibres, measuring only 0-01 millim. in thickness.

GrograpuicaL Distripution.—Otaheite (Hillis); Zanzibar (Hyatt); Glorioso
Islands (‘ Alert’); Seychelle Islands (‘ Alert’); Amirante Islands (‘ Alert’);
Admiralty Islands; off Wild Island (‘Challenger’); Philippines (British
Museum) ; Moluccas ( Wallace).

[20 PIHYLLOSPONGIA.—-LEIOSELLA.

North coast of Australia: Bird Island (‘ Alert’), Thursday Island (‘ Alert ’),
Torres Straits (‘ Alert’), Channel Rocks (‘Alert’), off Wednesday Island,
Cape York (‘Challenger’), South coast of New Guinea (A. B. Meyer).
West coast of Australia: Western Australia (Baily). South coast of Aus-
tralia: Phillip’s Island, Port Phillip, V. (Hyatt). Hast coast of Australia :
Port Molle, Q. (‘ Alert’); Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

New Zealand: Port Chalmers (Parker).

Genus LEIOSELLA.

Compressed, cup-shaped, branched, or flabellar Spongide,
with smooth surface, a very fine skeleton-net, and foreign
spicule-fragments in the fibres. Without a continuous cortical
sand-armour.

Leiosella compacta, Carter.

Euspongia compacta, H. J. Carter, ‘‘ New Sponges: observations on old ones,
and a proposed new Group,” Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
ser. 5, vol. x. p. 106 (1882).

Euspongia compacta, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Huspongia,” Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 527 (1885).

Irregularly vase-shaped or thick frondose sponges, which attain a height of
100 millim. and a breadth of 110 millim. The free margins are rounded off,
and the lamella has a very uniform thickness of 2 millim. The vase-shaped
specimens are conic, with a shghtly everted margin, and attached by a com-
paratively broad base, not pedunculate. The more irregular frondose or lobose
specimens consist of a small basal mass, from which one or a few curved or
slightly folded fronds arise. The oscula are small, measuring 0°5—1 millim. in
width, and seattered over one face of the fronds; in the cup-shaped specimens
they are found on the inner side. In dry skeletons very minute grooves are
sometimes observed radiating from the oscula so as to render their appearance
somewhat stellate ; otherwise the surface is perfectly smooth. There is no
shagreen-like structure in it, nor are there any conuli.

The living sponge is black. Dry skeletons are dark brown, stiff, but easily
compressible, and not very elastic.

The swrface-skeleton consists of fibres 0-007—-0:012 millim. thick, which are
free from foreign bodies, and form a network with irregular meshes 0-1 millim.

wide. A few scattered sand-grains are also found in the skin. The main

LEIOSELLA. OT

fibres of the supporting-skeleton are 0-04 millim. thick and slightly knotty, cored
with large, irregular, longitudinally disposed spicule-fragments. The connect-
ing-fibres measure 0-01—0-02 millim. in thickness, are free from foreign bodies,
and form an irregular network with irregularly polygonal, angular, meshes,
0-03-01 millim. wide. There are also foreign spicule-fragments scattered in
the ground-substance.

GuoGRAPHIOAL DistRIBuTION. — West coast of Australia: Freemantle,
W. A. (Bowerbank). East coast of Australia (Jukes, Lendenfeld).

Leiosella levis, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia levis, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.
—Part VI. The Genus Luspongia,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 536 (1885).

Very irregular, ramified, horizontally extending sponges, which are composed
of numerous compressed, irregularly curved fronds, the free margins of which
are rounded and divided by broad incisions into lobose or digitate parts. These
fronds grow out from an extended base attached at several pomts. The sponge
attains a length of 200 millim., a breadth of 120 millim., and a height of 70
millim. The fronds are uniformly 8-10 millim. thick.

The surface is smooth. With a magnifying-glass a regular network of
arenaceous ridges can be discerned in it. The oscula are chiefly situated on
the free margins of the fronds, where they form an irregular row; a few are
also found on the faces of the fronds. They are slightly elevated, and measure
1 millim. in width.

The living sponge is dirty greyish brown. Dry skeletons have a similar
colour, but are of a lighter hue. The dry skeleton is hard, only slightly com-
pressible, and elastic.

The shagreen-like surface consists, as mentioned above, of a network of
ridges, chiefly composed of sand-grains and foreign spicule-fragments. These
ridges are about 0-07 millim. broad and not very prominent. The rounded
meshes are occupied by fine perforated membranes, which contain no
foreign bodies, and in each of which one, two, or three oval inhalant pores,
when dilated 0:02-0:03 millim. wide, are situated. Narrow canals 0:03
millim. wide lead, pervading the on an average 0-2 millim. thick skin, down
from these into extensive subdermal cavities, which consist of a network of
anastomosing tangential canals. The inhalants which arise from the floor of
the subdermal cavities are perpendicular to the surface ; their final ramifica-
tions measure 0:03-0:06 millim. in width, and extend for the most part longi-
tudinally. The ciliated chambers measure 0-037 millim. in diameter, are
spherical or pear-shaped, with a mouth 0-02 millim. wide, which leads into a

122 LEIOSELLA.

short, special, efferent canal. The exhalants join to form lacunose canals in
the interior, which are pervaded by fine membranes, and which open into the
irregularly radially disposed oscular tubes.

The surface-skeleton consists of a network of stout ridges composed of large
sand-grains and spicule-fragments, which are held together by a small quantity
of spongin cement. The spongin is here and there drawn out to form short
and slender fibres connecting more distant sand-grains with each other.

The main fibres of the supporting-skeleton are joined to the surface-net by
trumpet-shaped extensions at their distal ends. They are 0-07 millim. thick,
knotty, or even spiny, and filled with very irregularly disposed abundant
spicule-fragments and sand-grains. The connecting-fibres measure 0-018-0-027
millim. in thickness, are slightly curved, and free from foreign bodies; they
form a very irregular network, with polygonal meshes 0°12-0-24 millim. wide.
The variability of the thickness of the connecting-fibres is in co-relation with
the variability in the size of the meshes.

GnoGRAPHIOAL DistriBution.— West coast of Australia: Swan River, W. A.
(British Museum). South coast of Australia: Tasmania (British Museum).
East coast of Australia: Broughton Island (Ramsay); Port Jackson, N.S. W.
(Lendenfeld, Ramsay).

Leiosella silicata, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia silicata, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.
—Part VI. The Genus Luspongia,’ Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 545 (1885).

Small, horizontally extended, lobose, and vertically compressed sponges.
The largest specimens attain a length of 70 millim., a breadth of 40 millim.,
and a height of 20 millim. The lamelle are on an average 14 millim. thick.
The surface is perfectly smooth in the living sponge. There are, however, in
hardened specimens, which are always slightly contracted, depressions between
the termini of the main fibres in the skin; the latter then appear as conuli.
The oscula are small and numerous, scattered irregularly over the surface, or
arranged in rows; they are circular, measure 1 millim. in diameter, and
slightly raised over the surface. The sponge is hard and elastic.

In the living state this species is of a greyish rose-colour; in spirit it
becomes darker grey on the surface and lighter grey in the interior. The dry
skeleton is light brown.

The inhalant pores measure, when dilated, 0:01 millim. in diameter, and are
circular. There are always a great number of pores, often as many as 30
in one pore-sieve. The canals which lead down from the pores are oblique,
and join to form larger tubes, which extend tangentially and open into the

LEIOSELLA. 123

subdermal cavity, composed of reticulating, irregular, tangential canals. These
subdermal cavities measure on an average 0°14 millim. in width; some of
them attain a diameter of 0°6 millim. The inhalants proper, which arise from
the floor of the subdermal cavity, rarely exceed 0°2 millim. in width. The
ciliated chambers are attached to the final ramifications of these canals ; there
are no special efferent canals. The small exhalants join to form large canals,
which are irregular, sometimes attain a width of 0-7-0-9 millim., and open
into the oscular tubes; the latter are perpendicular to the surface, about
1-2 millim. wide, straight, and circular in transverse section. As already men-
tioned, the oscula are about 1 millim. wide, so that the tubes appear contracted
distally.

The histological structure of this species presents some very striking pecu-
liarities. I cannot say to what extent these are due to the excellence of the
material of this species at my disposal, and to what extent to specific pecu-
liarities.

Granular amceboid wandering cells were observed in great abundance in the
skin; these lie under the external epithelium, and also occur in the walls of
the canals leading down into the subdermal cavities. Glandular elements are
likewise very abundant in the skin ; these are pyriform and filled with large,
conspicuous, and highly light-refracting granules. Numerous transition forms
between these amceboid and gland-cells are observed. In some of the glandular
cells, particularly in those which possess very abundant and large granules, no
nucleus is seen. It appears that the glandular cells are entirely converted into
the secretion. My sections show that the ripe gland-cells, without nucleus,
are expelled in toto from the sponge; they are often observed passing through
the ectodermal epithelium or lying on its outer surface. The cells which are
in this way expelled are replaced by ameeboid wandering cells, and so it appears
probable that gland-cells may be formed when an emergency occurs, and that
they need not necessarily always be present. This may account for the fact
that F. E. Schulze and others have failed to observe them.

The most interesting structures, however, are the highly developed sense-
organs, the synocils. In my original description I stated (loc. cit.) that sen-
sitive spindle-shaped cells had been seen by me. I failed, however, at that
time to interpret correctly what I saw. In specimens hardened with osmic
acid and stained with picrocarmin,° irregular conic truncate protuberances
are observed on the outer surface. These protuberances are broader than high.
Below them highly colourable spindle-shaped cells are found in groups of four
to eight, disposed in such a manner as to converge towards the low conical
process in which they terminate. I do not doubt that this structure is similar
to that observed in Calcareous sponges and described by me as a synocil.
We find, namely, in hardened specimens of Calcareous sponges very often

124 LPIOSELLA.

similar low cones on the surface, with converging sense-cells. Professor
Stewart’s beautiful sections show that very long, high, conic, pointed pro-
tuberances are present on the surface of the living sponge, and there can be
no doubt that the low cones are simply protuberances of this kind shrunk
through the influence of the hardening reagents employed in preparing the
sections. I consider myself justified, therefore, in assuming that also in
Leiosella silicata the low cones are retracted synocils, entirely similar to those of
Caleareous sponges. The synocils are in the living sponge probably 0-08 millim.
long, and at the base 0-017 millim. thick ; they are covered with very thin ecto-
dermal pavement-cells, which appear drawn out to form curved plates. Nuclei
can be discerned in these cells. In the synocil slender spindle-shaped sense-
cells are found, which diverge below. The distal ends of these extend up into
the summit of the synocil. Some of these cells are higher up in the synocil
than others, so that their thickened centres, in which the very elongate oval
nuclei are situated, do not he at the same level. The proximal ends of these
cells are probably in connection with ganglion-cells below. I have, however,
failed to observe the latter. The sense-cells themselves differ from those found
in the synocils of Calcareous sponges, inasmuch as they are slender and regu-
larly spindle-shaped, and their two ends are similar. In the synocils of Calca-
reous sponges these cells are rather different, and often appear multipolar,
somewhat pear-shaped, with one very long centrifugal process. I cannot say
whether synocils are more widely distributed in this genus. I have not
observed them in any other species.

The skeleton of the surface consists of scattered spicule-fragments and sand-
grains, and a network of fibres 0-01 millim. thick, with polygonal, angular
meshes, 0°15 millim. wide.

The main fibres of the supporting-skeleton are irregularly curved and often
abruptly bent at the joiming points of the connecting-fibres, so as to form a
zigzag line; they are 0:04—0-066 millim. thick, knotty, and cored with irre-
gularly disposed spicule-fragments and a few sand-grains. The connecting-
fibres are 0°016-0:025 millim. thick, and contain comparatively abundant
spicule-fragments in their axis. These are always disposed regularly longi-
tudinally, and never render the surface of the fibres uneven, as they do in the
main fibres. The meshes of the network formed by the connecting-fibres are
irregularly polygonal, somewhat rounded, and on an average 0:09-0:18 millim.
wide.

GerocrapnicaL Distrrsution.—North coast of Australia: Northern Terri-
tory, S.A. (Haacke); Torres Straits (Macleay). East coast of Australia: Port
Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld, Itamsay).

EUSPONGIA. 125

Genus EUSPONGIA.

Massive Spongide with distinct main and branched, continually
anastomosing connecting-fibres. The meshes of the connecting-
fibre-net are mostly under 0-04 millim. wide. The surface is conu-
lated and destitute of a dense cortex. Vestibular spaces absent
or small.

Euspongia officinalis, auct.

Euspongia officinalis, E. Graeffe, ‘* Uebersicht der Seethierfauna des Golfes
von Triest, nebst Notizen iber Vorkommen, Lebensweise, Erscheinungs-
und Fortpflanzungszeit der einzelnen Arten,’ Arbeiten aus dem zoolo-
gischen Institute der Universitat Wien und der zoologischen Station in
Triest, Band iv. Heft 2, Seite 3 (1882).

Euspongia officinalis, R. v. Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Euspongia,” Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 528 (1885).

Euspongia officinalis, N. de Poléjaeff, ‘“ Report on the Keratosa,” Report on the
Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger’ during the years
1873-76: Zoology, vol. xi. part xxxi. p. 53 (1885).

Euspongia officinalis, 8. O. Ridley, “‘Spongiida”: Report on the Zoological
Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H.M.S.
‘ Alert, 1881-82, p. 379 (1884).

Euspongia officinalis, F. EH. Schulze, “ Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die
Entwicklung der Spongien. VII. Mittheilung: Die Familie der Spon-
gid,” Zeitschrift fir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxii. Heft 4,
Seite 616 (1879).

Spongia officinalis, J. 8S. Bowerbank, A Monograph of the British Spongiada,
vol. 1. p. 205, Ray Society (1864).

Spongia officinalis, H. J. Carter, “Some Sponges from the West Indies and
Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum, described with general and
classificatory remarks,” Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5,
vol. ix. no. 52, p. 270 (1882).

Spongia officinalis, K. Ehlers, Die Esper’schen Spongien in der zoologischen
Sammlung der k. Universitit Erlangen, p. 12 (1870).

Spongia officinalis, E. J. C. Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere, Theil ii. p. 218 (1794).

Spongia officinalis, A. Hyatt, “ Revision of the North-American Poriferx, with
remarks upon foreign species.—Part II.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society
of Natural History, vol. ii. p. 511 (1877).

126 EUSPONGIA.

Spongia officinalis, C. vy. Linné, Systema Nature (1758).
Spongia officinalis, P. S. Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, p. 87 (1768).

(Other synonyms will be found in the descriptions of the varieties.)

In shape and size this species (the common bath-sponge) varies pretty
much, but it is, as a rule, not difficult to assign any given specimen to it if it
is a true £. officinalis. A glance at the figures given by F. E. Schulze (loc, cit.)
will give an adequate idea of the range of form within this species.

The varieties EZ. o. adriatica, E. 0. mollissima, E. 0. rotunda, E. o. lobosa, and
E. 0. dura are massive, attached by a broad base, or pedunculate, erect, club- or
cup-shaped. Cup-shaped forms are particularly frequent in the variety £. o.
mollissima. EE. 0. nitens and £. 0. spinosa are low incrusting forms. JZ. 0. trre-
gularis and E. o. exigua are irregularly lobose and branched ; and FE. 0. lamella
and E. o. perforata appear lamellar, frondose. The true bath-sponge does
not grow to a very large size. The ordinary specimens measure 100-250
millim. in their largest diameter ; the largest specimens I have seen are only
300 millim. broad. We never observe such gigantic specimens as in the various
species of Hippospongia, which are also used for bathing-purposes.

The surface of the living sponge is covered with abundant small conuli, which
are in most of the varieties on an average 1 millim. high and 3 millim. apart.
They are generally broad, rounded, and blunt—often so much so that they
appear as more or less semi-spherical protuberances ; they never seem to be
high and slender. The conuli are particularly small in Z. 0. spinosa. Although
foreign bodies are generally pretty abundant in the skin, no special cortex is
produced. In £. 0. spinosa a superficial reticulation of arenaceous threads
is observed. The appearance of the surface of dry skeletons is more
varied. We generally observe the whole of it covered very uniformly with
small conic, denticulate, villi-like processes, which are of uniform height and
which terminate in a continuous surface. J. 0. rotunda, E. o. lobosa, and E. o.
dura are more smooth than the other varieties. Here the superficial villi are
particularly low, in E. 0. lobosa only 0-3 millim. high, and sometimes altogether
absent in portions of the surface. The surface of £. 0. irregularis appears
knotty, uneven, and much more irregular; whilst that of Z. 0. lamellais rather
irregular in consequence of the presence of concavities, about 5 millim. wide,
into which the oscular tubes open. Grooves are sometimes observed on the
surface of the skeleton, which, according to F. E. Schulze, correspond to large
tangential canals belonging to the system of subdermal cavities; these are
situated radially, and particularly well developed on the margin of the cup-
shaped forms of £. 0. mollissuma.

The oscula are large and conspicuous in most specimens of the varieties
E. 0. adriatica, mollissima, and rotunda, in which they often attain (in skele-

EUSPONGIA. 277

tons) a diameter of 10 millim. In the other varieties the oscula rarely
exceed 2 millim. in diameter. The oscula are confined to the upper surface or
the inner side of cup-shaped forms in the three varieties above mentioned, in
which the vents are large and conspicuous. In the other forms, Z. 0. nitens,
&e., they are scattered more or less irregularly over the whole of the surface.
In £. 0. lamella concavities 4-6 millim. wide, into which oscular tubes of small
size open, are met with on the surface. These depressions, which are sur-
rounded by frills, are apparently homologous to the large oscular tubes of the
first three varieties. Lipostomous forms without apparent oscula are rare:
I have observed a few such in the variety Z. 0. rotunda. The number and dis-
tribution of the large oscula in Z. 0. adriatica, EL. 0. mollissima, and E. 0. rotunda
is subject to great variations. Sometimes a single large osculum, the oscular
tube leading up to which is divided by septa, is observed in the centre of the
upper surface. Often a few large and irregularly scattered oscula are found in
the upper surface, scattered or in groups. In Z£. 0. rotunda the oscula are
very often arranged more or less regularly in longitudinal rows, which in
some individuals become exceedingly regular, prominent, and conspicuous.
In these the oscula in the rows are found not only on the upper surface, but
also on the sides, of the sponge. These lateral oscula often appear (in the
skeleton) very elongate, extended in the direction of the ridge on which they
lie, and slit-shaped, 4-8 millim. broad and 10-25 millim. long. The oscula
are surrounded by sphincter membranes, which are very TLL and assist
in regulating the water-current.

The colour of the living sponge is dull. No bath-sponge has a bright
colour. £.0. adriatica and E. 0. mollissima are lighter coloured than Z. 0. ewigua
and £. 0. rotunda, whilst the colour of #. 0, nitens appears particularly variable.
It varies from light yellowish brown in young individuals of £. 0. adriatica
to dark brown in the same variety when adult and in Z. 0. mollissima; and to
black in #. 0. rotunda. The upper surface is generally darker coloured than
the lower, which difference is similar to that observed in the Chondroside,
and attributable to a photographic chemical effect of the daylight, which,
illuminating the upper side more than the lower, turns this a darker hue than
the other, which is always in the shade. The colour in the interior is lighter
than on the surface, often yellowish, sometimes rust-red.

The dry skeletons are yellowish to dark brown; their colour depends to a
great extent on the method of maceration. The bath-sponges in use are
generally bleached artificially, and much lighter in colour than beach-worn or
simply macerated skeletons. . 0. irregularis is conspicuous by the bright
straw-colour of its dry skeletons. 4. 0. rotunda has also a light-coloured
yellowish-brown skeleton. The other varieties have brown skeletons; that of
E. 0. eargua is particularly dark—dark brown or dirty grey.

128 BUSPONGIA.

The rigidity is subject to variations within certain limits. The skeletons of
all varieties are moro or less elastic, and rebound when thrown against a hard
surface. The utility and commercial value of the varieties depend principally
on their elasticity and tenacity. £.0. mollissima and E. 0. irregularis are more
elastic than the others, The least elastic form is FH. 0. dura. L£. 0. rotunda
is much less tenacious than the other varieties. All the forms, with the excep-
tion of H. 0. dura, are pretty soft and compressible. The last-named appears
hard and resisting, and is useless for practical purposes.

In the concave fields between the low ridges which connect the conuli
a network of bands composed of spindle-shaped, probably muscular, cells
is observed; these radiate from the conuli, ramify, and are connected
by numerous transverse bands. In the meshes of this primary network
secondary reticulations are sometimes observed. The meshes are occupied by
perforated membranes. Below these, large subdermal cavities, differently
developed in the different varieties, are observed. They may appear nearly
continuous, very extensive, and interrupted only by the stout columns of
tissue which support the conuli and the narrow bands connecting the
muscular trabecule in the skin with the internal tissue; or they may be
reduced to mere extensions or inflations of the inhalant canal-stems, as in
E. 0. spinosa. The largest subdermal cavities are observed in F. 0. nitens. The
small grooves in the surface of the skeleton of certain forms, particularly
E. o. mollissima, are occupied in the living sponge by very large canals, which
belong to the system of subdermal cavities. From these subdermal cavities
large inhalant canal-stems extend down into the interior of the sponge. In
most of the forms these are large and conspicuous, on an average 0°5-1 millim.
wide and 2 millim. apart. They show numerous annular constrictions, which
divide them into series of more or less spherical inflations, so that the whole
canal attains an appearance somewhat similar to that of the cecum of a
rabbit. The small inhalant branch canals originate from these inflations,
and the entrances to them are often so abundant and close together that
these parts of the canal-walls appear sieve-like. The final ramifications of
these canals do not exceed 0:01 millim. in width; they open direct into the
ciliated chambers, which are pear-shaped, 0:03-0°04 millim. wide, and con-
stricted towards the efferent aperture, which leads into a small special
efferent canal, having the appearance of a neck belonging to the chamber.
F. E. Schulze is of opinion that there are several very small afferent pores
leading from the final branches of the inhalant canals into the ciliated chamber.
These pores are simple perforations in the convex aboral part of the ciliated
chamber. -

The necks of the ciliated chambers, the small special efferents, open into
larger canals, which join to form oscular tubes 2-5 millim. wide. These

EUSPONGIA. 129

are sometimes pervaded by fine membranes. The latter are particularly highly
developed in £. 0. exiguwa, where they divide the peripheric part of the lacu-
nose oscular tubes into small compartments. The central part of the oscular
tube is, however, always free from these membranes, so that a clear passage is
left in the middle. The oscular tubes are straight and regularly cylindrical in
E. 0. adriatica, E. 0. mollissima, and E. 0. rotunda; in the other varieties they
are more curved, and often very irregular. The oscula are surrounded by
sphincter membranes. I. EH. Schulze says that the oscula are sometimes
covered by perforated membranes. I do not believe that this occurs in this
species, and am of opinion that this observation may refer to his variety
H. 0, tubulosa, which I do not regard as a form of Huspongia at all, but as a
flippospongia.

The skeleton consists of main and connecting-fibres. The former extend
radially from the base upwards and terminate in the conuli. They are gene-
rally only slightly ramified. The branches are given off under very sharp
angles, and soon attain a direction parallel to that of the stems. Only in Eo.
Jobosa the main fibres are much and irregularly branched. The main fibres
are knotty or pretty smooth, and always contain foreign bodies; these are
generally pretty scarce, scattered, and confined to the axis, more abundant
in #. 0. dura and in ZL. o. lobosa than in the other varieties. Those of
HE. officinalis, var. spinosa, contain large spicule-fragments and appear very
spiny. The connecting-fibres are of comparatively uniform thickness. The
thinner ones—not taking young fibres into account—are never less than half
as thick as the thickest. They are always free from foreign bodies. The main
fibres measure 0:04—0-2 millim. in thickness, in most of the varieties from 0:04
—0:06 millim.; some of them are as much as 0:09 millim. thick in FZ. 0. eaigua.
The very areniferous main fibres of Z£. 0. lobosa and FE. 0. dura are 0:1-0:2
millim. thick. The thickness of the connecting-fibres is given by I. E. Schulze
at 0°03—-0-035 millim. Taking the young fibres into account, the measurements
are, according to my own observations, 0:013-0:033 millim. In £. o. nitens
a special surface-net of exceedingly slender fibres, measuring only 0:005-0-007
millim. in breadth, is described by O. Schmidt. The meshes of the network
formed by the anastomoses of the connecting-fibres are rounded, polygonal, or
elongate and irregular. In Z£. o. lobosa the meshes are sometimes rectangular.
The thickest connecting-fibres (some attaining a breadth of 0-09 millim.) are
observed in £. 0. ewigua. The thickness of the connecting-fibres and the width
of the meshes are pretty uniform in the other varieties. The meshes measure
0-1—0-4 millim., on an average 0-2 millim., in width.

The histology of this species has been carefully studied by F. E. Schulze.

The species Huspongia officinalis was established in a somewhat similar sense
to that which I give it by F. EB. Schulze in 1879. Sponges belonging to it
have been described first by Aristoteles, who distinguished three varieties of

K

130 EUSPONGIA.

the bath-sponge, one of which, ordyya ruxvds, belongs to this species. All
the older authors refer to it. Linné established the name Spongia officinalis.
O. Schmidt described a number of distinct forms which F. E. Schulze
afterwards placed in this species. A. Hyatt attempted to classify all these
forms, and also to take into account those described by Duchassaing and
Michelotti. Hyatt’s work is very cumbersome, and his species, subspecies,
and varieties are evidently untenable and quite unrecognizable from his descrip-
tions. With the aid of the excellent photographic plates which accompany
Hyatt’s work I have, however, been enabled to recognize a number of his
forms, which are distributed among the varieties.

Euspongia officinalis, var. mollissima, O. Schmidt.

Euspongia officinalis, var. mollissima, F, E. Schulze, “ Untersuchungen tiber den
Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien.—VII. Mittheilung. Die Familie
der Spongide,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Bd. xxxii. Seite
616 (1879).

Spongia mollissima, O. Schmidt, Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres, Seite
23 (1862).

Spongia officinalis, subspecies mediterranea, var. mollissima, A. Hyatt, “ Revi-
sion of the North American Poriferse.—Part LI.,” Memoirs of the Boston
Society, vol. ii. p. 511 (1877).

Spongia officinalis, subspecies mediterranea, var. zimoceiformis, A. Hyatt,
ic. p. OL 1 G8i7)-

GEOGRAPHICAL Distrisution.—Mediterranean (0. Schnudt, F. E. Schulze).

Euspongia officinalis, var. dura, Hyatt.

Euspongia officinalis, var. dura, R. v. Lendenfeld, “‘ A Monograph of the Aus-
tralian Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Huspongia,”’ Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 531 (1885).

Spongia lignea, A. Hyatt, ‘“ Revision of the North American Poriferse.—
Part II.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society, vol. ii. p.511 (1877).

Irregular, horizontally extended sponges, which show indications of the
formation of conic processes on the upper surface, and attain a maximum diameter
of 160 millim. The surface is continuous and pretty smooth, the oscula are
scattered and small. The dry skeleton is hard, according to Hyatt (loc. cit.),
like cork.

The skeleton is, according to Hyatt (loc. cit.), very dense, more so than that
of any other sponge. This is, however, very much exaggerated. The main
fibres are on an average 0°5 millim. apart, closer together than in any other

BUSPONGIA. 131

variety, and measure 0:12-0-2 millim. in thickness ; they are completely filled
with foreign bodies, chiefly sand-grains. The surface of the main fibre is
slightly knotty. The connecting-fibres form a very regular network with
rounded polygonal meshes, which are 0-1-0-3 millim., on an average 0°16
millim., wide. The fibres are straight and very abruptly angularly bent at the
joining points; they are 0-025-0-033 millim. thick. I do not consider it
necessary to divide this variety further, as Hyatt has done.

I am rather doubtful whether all the sponges which Hyatt places in his
species lignea really belong to this variety, but it is not possible for me to
decide this.

GrograputcaL Disrripurion.— Bermudas (Peabody Academy Coll.). Mau-
ritius (Musewm Comparative Zoology Coll.). Pearl Island, Panama Bay (Yale
College Coll.).

West coast of Australia: Western Australia (Baily). South coast of Aus-
tralia: Port Phillip, V. (Zendenfeld). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Philadelphia Acad. Ooll.).

Euspongia bailyi, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia bailyi, R.v. Lendenfeld, ** A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.
—Part VI. The Genus Huspongia,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 535 (1885).

Large, erect, cup-shaped sponges, which are attached by a broad base.
The sponge generally consists of a single, pretty symmetrical cup; some-
times, however, two cups may be fused to form a single sponge. The whole
Sponge attains a height of 200 millim. and a similar width. The cup is
comparatively shallow, its depth being, in tall individuals, equal only to a third
of the height. In those, however, which are low and broad the cup may be
two thirds as deep as the whole sponge is high. In every case there is a very
large, solid, basal mass, the upper part of which only grows out on its margin
to form the cup. The cavity of the cup is semispherical. The margin is
regularly circular.

The outer surface of the skeleton is very rough and uneven, covered
with high, irregularly longitudinal ridges, from which high villi and other
irregular outgrowths of varying shape arise. The inner side of the cup is
comparatively smooth ; here numerous round holes, averaging 3 millim. in
diameter, the oscula, are situated. These are very abundant at the base of the
cup, but absent near the margin. The dry skeleton is light brown, pretty
soft, and elastic.

The main fibres are straight, on an average 0:7 millim. apart, and extend

from the base upward and outward, terminating in the villi on the outer sur-
K 2

NB) EUSPONGIA.

face of the cup. They measure 0-1 millim. in thickness, are smooth, and do
not contain any foreign bodies. The connecting-fibres are straight, 0-03-
0:04 millim. thick, and form a very regular network with angular, polygonal,
meshes 0:5 millim. wide.

GroGRAPHICAL DistriBurion.— West coast cf Australia: Western Australia
(Baily).

Euspongia pikei, Hyatt.

Stelospongos piket, A. Hyatt, “ Revision of the North-American Poriferse.—
Part IL.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society, vol. i. p. 522 (1877).

Lamellar, lobose, somewhat branched sponges, which attain a height of
150 millim. ; the compressed lobose processes or branches are 6—10 millim. thick.
The oscula are situated on the rounded margin. The surface of the dry
skeleton is comparatively smooth, covered only with very small villi. The dry
skeleton is dirty brown, pretty soft, and very elastic.

The main fibres of the skeleton are irregular, flattened, and perforated—
trelliswork-like. These perforated plates attain a maximum width of 0-25
millim. No foreign bodies are observed in them. The connecting-fibres of
the internal skeleton are of somewhat variable thickness; most of them
measure 0:008-0:012 millim., a few as much as 0°022 millim.

In the skin, and in the walls of the larger canals, a network of exceedingly
fine fibres, only 0°005—0-007 millim. thick, is observed. The fibres in the
interior are straight, and angularly bent at the joining points; the meshes
polygonal, angular, 0-2 millim. wide.

GroarapHicaL DistrrBpurion. —Mauritius (Pike).
East coast of Australia (Ramsay).

Euspongia irregularis, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia trregularis, R. v. Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Huspongia,” Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 485 (1885).

The shape of the different varieties, and even of different individuals of one
and the same variety of this species, varies very much. It is lobose or massive,
but never digitate, sometimes bulbous and spherical. The lobes are always
flattened and irregular, and measure about 8 millim. in thickness. Occa-
sionally no massive central part is developed, but in any case the outgrowths
or branches are compressed, so that the lobose character is retained.

The skeleton is elastic and not very hard. The colour is light brownish

EUSPONGIA. es

yellow, but varies according to the size or age of the sponge. The largest
specimens are very dark in colour, while smaller ones are of a light
melange. In spirit, the colour is fairly well preserved, but becomes duller
and lighter. Beach-worn skeletons differ very much in colour. Some varieties
are dark dirty greyish brown; some have a remarkable orange-brown colour,
similar to burnt sienna, and others are light yellow.

The surface of all the varieties has the same structure. It is covered
with small, distally rounded conuli rather irregularly disposed, on an average
1 millim. high and 2 millim. apart. Often two adjacent conuli coalesce,
whereby the irregularity in the configuration of the surface is much increased.
Sometimes there are zones 3 millim. in breadth without conuli, running up one
side of the digitate processes in a longitudinal direction. The oscula are scat-
tered over the outer surface of the sponge in an irregular manner. In those
specimens which possess aconulous zones, we always find the oscula in these
zones. The oscula are circular, and measure from 1—4 millim.in width. Slightly
magnified, the surface presents the appearance of a very regular network.
The meshes of this network measure from 0-1—0°4 millim. in width. In #. 7.
silicata they are the largest (0-4 millim.), and in Z. 2. jacksonana the smailest,
measuring only 0-1 millim. This network is composed of a system of projecting
bands on the surface, which are about as broad as the concave fields between
them. Generally an abundance of sand-grains and other foreign material is
found in them, so that the whole structure attains the appearance of a very
regular sand-net. Long siliceous spicules are found in it in great numbers ;
these are of course foreign, ‘collected, and not produced, by the sponge.
The depressed portions of the surface between this network are the pore-
sieves—thin unprotected membranes perforated by the inhalant pores. The
reticulate structure of the surface is developed in a similar manner in the fields
between the conuli and in the aconulous portions, as also in the surface of the
vestibular spaces. It is absent only in the surface of the true canals of the
sponge, and consequently a structure very useful in determining which canals
are true canals and which are vestibular.

The canal-system of all the varieties is the same. In each pore-sieve
there are one or two large inhalant circular or oval pores, measuring on an
average 0:03 millim. in diameter. Their size is variable, but I have never
observed them entirely closed, although the strong muscular cells disposed in
rings around them, which form true sphincters, can contract them to a quarter
of their ordinary width. The largest pores observed by me measured
0:05 millim., the smallest 0-012 millim. From these pores narrow canals
lead in an oblique direction down through the thick skin; these canals have
au average width of 0-04 millim., which measurement corresponds to the
measurement of the dilated pores as seen from the surface. The skin which

134 EUSPONGIA.

covers the subdermal cavities is on an average 0:06 millim. thick. The latter
are formed by the repeated anastomosis of tangentially extending canals of
circular transverse section, which undermine the skin throughout the entire
surface. These canals vary very much in size; they measure from 0-25-1
millim. in diameter, and extend in the digitate and lobose processes mainly in a
longitudinal direction. Very few and distant larger inhalant canals extend
from these downward into the interior of the sponge, where they ramify very
much and give rise to numerous cylindrical canals, which extend mainly in a
longitudinal direction. These measure 0:05 millim. in diameter, and are
surrounded by the ciliated chambers. The latter open into wider exhalant,
likewise longitudinally disposed canals, which measure on an average 0-2 millim.
in diameter. The latter coalesce to form wide, irregularly disposed tubes
which lead, extending in a tangential direction, into the extensive lacune of
the exhalant system.

It has been mentioned above that the oscula are usually surrounded by
aconulous zones, which are destitute of horny fibres and represented in the
skeleton by irregular grooves and depressions. These askeletous parts are
occupied by an exceedingly lacunose tissue, with few chambers and very wide
exhalant canals. .

The structure of the skeleton of the different varieties agrees in the following
points :—The main fibres are cored with foreign bodies, and are on an average
1 millim. apart. They are not much curved, extend radially from the base
of the sponge upward and outward, and are branched in a penicillate manner.
The connecting-fibres form a very regular network, when they are of uniform
thickness, but when the thickness of the connecting-fibres varies the meshes
become irregular. The network is more dense in the vicinity of the main fibres
than elsewhere. The connecting-fibres are always free from foreign bodies.

Euspongia irregularis, var. silicata, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia irregularis, var, silicata, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the
Australian Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Huspongia,” Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 495 (1885).

The main fibres contain abundant foreign bodies in their axis; these are
chiefly siliceous spicules of other sponges, forming 90 per cent. of all the
foreign bodies ; the other 10 per cent. are Foraminifera—shells, &c., but there
is hardly any sand. As the foreign bodies are only found in the axis, the
surface of the main fibres is smooth. The main fibres generally have a cir-
cular transverse section, but occasionally they are flattened and form perforated
plates. No foreign bodies are found in those portions of the main fibres
which are converted into perforated plates. The thickness of the main fibres is

EUSPONGIA.—HIPPOSPONGIA. 135

0-1 millim, The foreign spicule-fragments occasionally attain a length of 0-14
millim. The meshes of the connecting-fibre-net are of the same size in the
vicinity of the main fibres as in intermediate parts of the sponge ; they are
occasionally very regular, and measure 0-23 millim. in width. The greater
number, 70 per cent. of the connecting-fibres, are uniformly 0-04 millim.
thick. There are places in the sponge where all the fibres are 0-04 millim.
thick, whilst in others the thinner ones, which measure only 0-014 millim. in
thickness, prevail ; in these parts the network is more irregular.

GroerapuicaL Distrizurion.—South coast of Australia; St. Vincent Gulf,
S. A. (Haacke). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8S. W. (Lendenfeld),
Fiji (Australian Museum) ; Chatham Islands (Parker).

Genus HIPPOSPONGIA.

Spongide traversed by extensive vestibular lacune, with a
skeleton the connecting-fibres of which form a network with
meshes 0*1—0°4 millim. wide. The species with a wide-meshed
skeleton-net are soft and elastic.

Elippospongia canaliculata, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia canaliculata, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Huspongia,” Proceedings of the Linnean

Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 502 (1885).

Irregular, massive, spherical sponges, attached by a small, slightly protruding
portion of the broad base, and bearing on the upper side numerous short hollow
digitate processes.

The skeletons particularly, but to a certain extent also dry specimens, show
deep and irregular, more or less longitudinally disposed grooves in the surface,
which occasionally reach down to the internal cavities of the hollow digitate
processes. The development of these grooves and digitate processes is different
in the different varieties.

The skeleton is very elastic, but at the same time harder than that of
Euspongia officinalis.

The surface is destitute of conuli and appears very smooth. With a magni-
fying-glass a very regular and uniform network can be discerned init. There
is no difference in the structure of the external surface and that of the ex-
tensive vestibular spaces in the interior. The network is similar to the one
described above of Euspongia irregularis, being produced by lines raised over

136 HIPPOSPONGIA.

the surface. The meshes of the network are 0:16 millim. wide, and the raised
lines 0:08 millim. broad. The latter consist of sand-grains, which measure
from 0:15-0:28 millim. In the meshes of this network the pore-sieves, each
with 8-20 small pores, are situated. Corresponding to the grooves in the
skeleton above described, there are askeletous portions of the sponge, mostly
disposed in longitudinal lines, the surfaces of which are destitute of conuli, and
often more or less retracted or collapsed ; the small circular oscula, 1-2 millim.
wide, are confined to these areas; they are disposed in lines, and on an
average 10-15 millim. apart.

Circular vents are situated on the summits of the digitate processes, which
closely resemble oscula, but are in reality the entrances to the system of vesti-
bular lacunee—the large cavities in the digitate processes. These lacune havea
circular transverse section and measure 5 to 12 millim. in width; they are mostly
upright, vertical, and here and there form anastomoses. About one half to two
thirds of the whole sponge is occupied by these vestibular spaces, which are
connected with the outer world only by the pseudoscula on the summits of the
processes. No oscula open into these cavities, their walls are perforated only
by inhalant pores, and so they appear as an outward appendage to the inha-
lant system—a vestibule.

The inhalant pores can be entirely closed at the option of the sponge. In
consequence of this, the number in each pore-sieve found open and visible is
very variable. The greatest number counted by me in one pore-sieve was 20.
The pores are circular, and uniformly scattered over the whole of the pore-
sieve. When fully dilated they measure 0-01 millim. in diameter. The pores
on the inner surface open into the vestibule, those of the outer surface into the
outer world. Below the pore-sieves extensive subdermal cavities are met with ;
these are larger below the inner surface than below the outer. The subdermal
cavities below the inner vestibular surface are composed of irregular, tangential,
and mostly longitudinal canals with an irregularly oval transverse section, which
may attain 3 millim. in their largest diameter. Such immense subdermal cavities
are rare. The subdermal cavities below the outer surface consist of similar
irregular longitudinal canals, which, however, are very much narrower and
more radially compressed, attaining a width of 1 and a height of 0-5 millim.
Canals extend from these extensive cavities down towards the interior of
the sponge; these have an average diameter of 0-1 millim., a circular or oval
transverse section, and extend in a more or less longitudinal direction. They
ramify continually, and the smallest final ramifications, which have the same
shape as the larger canals, measure 0:02 millim. in width. The ciliated
chambers form three fourths of spheres and measure 0°032 millim., in diameter.
The exhalant canals are similar in shape, size, and direction to the inhalant
ones, and join to form larger stems, which do not extend longitudinally, but
curve towards the askeletous portions of the sponge, obtaming a more and

HIPPOSPONGIA. 137

more transverse direction the larger they become. The askeletous. portions of
the sponge are much less dense than other parts, and occupied by a very loose
lacunose tissue. These lacunz communicate and open out into the short and
wide oscular tube; they are on an average 0°6 millim. wide, and the membranes
which separate them are in some places only 0-005 millim. thick. In portions
also of this askeletous part, ciliated chambers are found, particularly in the
depth ; no chambers open directly into the large oscular tube, which measures
1-2 millm. in diameter. The skeleton is often interrupted throughout the
entire thickness of the sponge-lamella between the vestibular space and the
outer surface. Im such cases the lacunose tissue formed by the congregation
of the exhalant canals extends down to the vestibule.

The main fibres of the skeleton extend from the point of attachment outward
and upward, mainly in a longitudinal direction, and branch in a more or less
penicillate manner. They are distally joined to the arenaceous cortex, and it
is clearly visible that the sand-core of the main fibres is a direct continuation
of the sand in the skin. The main fibres curve in their distal portions grace-
fully outward, and all their ends abut on the outer surface. The main fibres
grow just below the outer skin. It is very remarkable that no main fibres
are joined to the inner surface—the cortex—on the vestibular side. The
consequence of this is that the cortex on the inner side ean readily be detached,
whilst the cortex on the outer side appears firmly attached. In detail the
main fibres, although always completely filled with foreien bodies, differ in the
different varieties. The connecting-fibres form two systems. Thicker primary
tangential, and thinner secondary radial connecting-fibres are usually distin-
guished. ‘The mode of ramification varies in the varieties. The connecting-
fibres never contain foreign bodies,

The skeletous part of the sponge is divided from the askeletous portion by a
membrane, which extends down from the outer surface to the bottom of the
groove. ‘This membrane surrounds the part of the sponge occupied by the large
exhalant lacune; it consists of radially disposed, parallel, elongate, spindle-
shaped cells, which measure 0-032 millim. in length and in their centre 0:0015
millim. in thickness. The ends of these cells are very slender, forming
extremely fine threads. The elongate oval nucleus is situated in the middle of
the length, but not in the axis of the cell; it lies near the side and measures
0-0034 millim. in length and 0:0011 millim. in width. The cell is entirely
filled with very granular and highly colourable protoplasm. The granules
are remarkable for their large size, which may be estimated at 000025 millim.
The ground-substance in which these granules are imbedded does not refract
the light very much; the granules, however, are highly refracting. The
ground-substance refracts the light simply, whilst the granules show when
examined with the polarizer that they refract the light doubly, in a similar

manner as the discs in the striated muscles of higher animals. These granules

138 HIPPOSPONGIA.

are scattered throughout the cell in an irregular manner, but still they show a
tendency to arrange themselves in transverse rows or discs. In this way the
cells of the muscular membrane of our sponge may be regarded as a tran-
sition form between the simple undifferentiated contractile elements of sponges
and the striated muscular cells of higher Coelentera. This membrane is
perforated at the base by the exhalant canals, which lead from the more dense,
skeletous portion of the sponge into the askeletous lacune.

This muscular membrane above described is thickened at its distal margin.
In transverse sections through this distal thickening we find that no spindle-
shaped cells take part in its formation, but that it is composed of a highly
colourable granular mass, in which large nuclei are abundant. The latter
are spherical and measure 0-002 millim. in diameter. From the sides of this
structure granular threads extend in a tangential direction, and from its
distal surface slender, straight or curved spindle-shaped cells arise. The
distal parts of these reach the outer surface. The cells are curved in such a
manner that the end is nearly perpendicular to the surface. These cells are
0:02 millim. long; at the ends 0:0005 millim. and in the middle 0:0015
millim. thick. They are filled with granular protoplasm, which imbibes
staining fluids very readily and is turned dark brown by the action of osmic
acid. In the central swelling an oval nucleus, 0°002 millim. long and 0:0006
millim. broad, is situated. I am of opinion that this structure should be con-
sidered an organ of sense, comparable to the ring-nerve of the craspedote
Medusz or the sensitive and ganglion-cells which form a circular zone in the
entoderm of the manubrium of certain hydroid polyps. The distal thickening
of the membrane consists of ganglion-cells the nuclei of which are apparent,
the limits of which, however, remain indistinct. The spindle-shaped cells in
the skin should be regarded as sensitive elements and their basal processes
as nerves, which lead from the sensitive to the ganglion-cells below. The
tangential granular threads represent tangential nerves, which lead from the
ring-nerve to other parts of the surface.

Hippospongia canaliculata, var. dura, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia canaliculata, var. dura, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the
Australian Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Euspongia,” Proceedings of
the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 502 (1885).

The main fibres are in this variety slightly and gracefully curved, 0:1 millim.
thick and on an average 1:3 millim. apart; they taper towards the distal end,
which supports the dermal sand-cortex. They are entirely filled with small
foreign bodies, chiefly sand-grains. The connecting-fibres are clearly distin-
guished into primary tangential and secondary radial fibres. The former are

HIPPOSPONGIA. 139

on an average 0°3 millim. apart, straight or gracefully curved, appearing like
ropes suspended from the upright main fibres. They are not bent at the
joining points with the secondaries, rarely divide into two roots where they
join the main fibres, and are generally perfectly simple and not at all branched.
They extend in a trumpet-shaped manner at the base, where they join the
main fibres, and measure on an average 0:03 millim. in thickness. The thick-
ness, however, is proportional to the length, inasmuch as the longer fibres are
always thicker than the shorter ones.

Many of the secondary connecting-fibres are quite simple and connect,
extending in a more or less radial direction, the primary connecting-fibres with
each other. They are generally perpendicular to the primaries. Many are
ramified, and they altogether form an irregular network of fibres of varying
thickness, which connects the primaries. The thickness of the secondaries
varies from 0:01 to 0:02 millim.; they are attached to the primaries by broad,
trumpet-shaped extended bases.

GEOGRAPHICAL Disrripution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N. 8. W. (Ramsay).

Hippospongia canaliculata, var. elastica, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia canaliculata, var. elastica, R. y. Lendenfeld, ‘* A Monograph of the
Australian Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Huspongia,” Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 502 (1885).

The main fibres are slightly and gracefully curved, and taper more abruptly
towards their ends than in the foregoing variety. They have a smooth surface,
measure 0-1 millim. in thickness, and are a little closer together than in other
varieties. They contain axial foreign bodies, chiefly sand-grains, which,
however, are not near so numerous as in &. ¢. dura.

The connecting-fibres are not so distinctly differentiated into primaries and
secondaries as in the variety above described. The primaries are on an average
0-4 millim. apart and angularly bent at the joining points with the secondaries.
They do not appear as graceful curves pendent between adjacent main fibres,
but rather as broken lines, composed of longer or shorter, straight portions
which are joined at angles approaching very closely to 180°. They measure
0:028 millim. in thickness. Also here we find those which extend between
distant main fibres thicker than those which join main fibres more close
together. The secondaries are rarely simple, they generally ramify and anas-
tomose to form a regular network, the meshes of which are 0-3 millim. wide.
The thickness of the secondaries varies from 0-005 to 0°025 millim. ; the very
thin ones are rare; the intermediate ones most numerous. As the primaries
are bent at the joiming points and the secondaries approach the thickness of

140 HIPPOSPONGIA.
the primaries, the differentiation between primaries and secondaries becomes

indistinct. This becomes particularly apparent between main fibres, which lie
close together.

GuograpruicaL DistrrBuTion.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfeld).

Hippospongia canaliculata, var. mollissima, Lendenfeld.

Juspongia canaliculata, var. mollissima, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of
the Australian Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Huspongia,” Proceedings
of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 502 (1885).

The main fibres are on an average 0-9 millim. apart and 0:14 millim. thick.
They contain foreign bodies, small sand-grains measuring only 0:014 millim.,
in great abundance. Their surface is roughened by a few small knobs.
These fibres are never straight or gracefully curved, but appear irregu-
larly bent and twisted, a peculiarity which characterizes the variety. The
differentiation between primary and secondary connecting-fibres is still less
clearly expressed than in the foregoing variety, although also in this one the
two can be distinguished, at least in certain parts of the sponge. The pri-
maries are composed of straight portions, which join at angles not so near to
180° as in the previous variety. Occasionally the portions between the joining
points are slightly curved. The primaries are 0-4 millim. apart, and on an
average 0:032 millim. thick; their thickness is, however, subject to unusual
variations and not proportional to the length of the fibres, as in the other
varieties. The secondaries form a very irregular network, and there are no
simple unbranched ones at all. The meshes average a diameter of 0-2 millim.
The secondaries vary very much in thickness, from 0-008 to 0-03 millim.; some
of them are as thick as the primaries.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution.—LEast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Hippospongia reticulata, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia reticulata, R. v. Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Euspongia,” Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 541 (1885).

A mass of reticulating folded lamelle attaining a length of 350 millim.
and a height of 200 millim. The vestibular spaces have an average
width of 20 millim., the apertures on the surface which lead into them are
10-15 millim. wide, circular or irregular. The external surface is conulated,

HIPPOSPONGTA. 141

that of the vestibular lacune smooth. The grooves on the surface of the
skeleton are very irregular, 2-4 millim. wide. Dry skeletons are hard and
elastic, dark dirty brown in colour.

The skeleton consists of smooth main fibres 0-058 millim. thick, which are
cored with abundant small sand-grains (0°009 millim.), and between which a
network of connecting: fibres 0-03 millim. thick is spread out, the irregularly
polygonal meshes of which average 0-2 millim. in width.

GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBuTION.—Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson
Wollongong, N. S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Hippospongia galea, Lendenfeld.

Euspongia galea, R. v. Lendenfeld, “* A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.
—Part VI. The Genus Luspongia,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales, vol. x. p. 543 (1885).

Cup-shaped sponges, attaining a height of 250 millim. and a breadth of 260
millim. The distal portion of the cup is cylindrical, the margin continuons
and circular. Just below it the cup-wall is thin, but it increases rapidly as
we approach the base, where it attains a thickness of 100 milliim. The
massive body is pervaded by extensive vestibular canals. The outer surface
is irregular, covered with deep longitudinal grooves at varying intervals,
whilst the inner surface appears more even. Both surfaces are perforated by
numerous holes, 1-10 millim. wide, which are situated in close proximity to
each other.

The dry skeleton is of a bright amber colour, hard and elastic.

The skeleton consists of main fibres 0:04-0:07 millim. thick, which are slightly
knotty and cored with more or less longitudinally disposed fragments of foreign
siliceous spicules. The connecting-fibres are much branched and continually
anastomose to form a very fine network with polygonal meshes, Stouter and
more slender connecting-fibres can be distinguished. The stouter ones form a
wide-meshed network, in the meshes of which the slender fibres expand.
The former, which measure on an average 0-027 millim. in thickness, can be
regarded as primary connecting-fibres, and the latter, which are only 0-008

millim. thick, as secondary connecting-fibres. Both are free from foreign
bodies.

GroarapntcaL DistriputTion.—South coast of Australia: Tasmania (British
Museum Coll.) East coast of Australia (Ramsay).

142 THORECTA.

Genus THORECTA, n. gen.

Spongide with a loose skeleton-net, with meshes 0°5—-1-2 millim.
wide ; stout, simple or branched connecting-fibres, and a thick
sand-cortex on the smooth surface. Without superficially extend-
ing oscular tubes and corresponding grooves in the skeleton.

Thorecta exemplum, n. sp.

Synonyms will be found below in the descriptions of the varieties.

In this species I combine some different varieties, which are connected with
each other by abundant transition forms. All the sponges belonging to it are
erect, attached, with a small base, or pedunculate. 7. ewemplum, var. prima,
is lamellar, flabelliform, curved, with oscula 1:5-3 millim. wide, which are
abundant on, and confined to, the concave side of the lamellar sponge. In
T. exemplum, var. secunda, which is an elegant cup-shaped form, the margins
of the curved lamella of 7. ewemplum, var. prima, have joined, and the lower
part has formed a peduncle. The 2~3 millim. wide oscula are accordingly
confined to the inner surface of the cup. A further development in this
direction is presented by 7. exemplum, var. tertia, a pedunculate, somewhat
wedge-shaped sponge, on the upper surface of which one large 10-15 millim.
wide central and several smaller 1—2 millim. wide scattered oscula are observed.
Here the cavity of the cup has been filled up more or less, and nothing is left
of it but the large central oscular tube.

The other variety, 7. evemplum, var. marginalis, diverges in a different
direction. It is pedunculate, erect, and compressed, more or less flabellar,
and the 3-5 millim. wide oscula are situated marginally, in pretty regular
rows on the crests of a number of longitudinal, regularly meridional, or more
often slightly curved ridges.

Tt will be seen from this that in this species some of the frequent variations
in the form of sponges are particularly forcibly illustrated, and I have named
the species “‘ eawemplum” on account of this.

I have drawn attention to this sponge on account of its variability on a
previous occasion *. Since then I have examined a great many other speci-
mens, and the views expressed by me with regard to them (Joc. cit.) have been
confirmed.

The surface is, in most of the varieties, even or slightly undulating. Only
in 7. ewemplum, var. tertia, it appears deeply pitted in consequence of the
presence of high prominent ridges, which form a network, in the meshes of

* R. vy. Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Horny Sponges.—Part VI. The Genus Hw
spongia,’ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. ix. pp. 807, 308 (1885)

THORECTA. 143

which the pit-like depressions are situated; these are sometimes 10 millim.
deep and deeper. The surface is covered with a stout sand-cortex, which is
perforated by round holes, 0°5-0°8 millim. wide and about 1 millim. apart.
The cortex, which is composed of sand-grains, is 0°7—1 millim. thick, and covers
the whole of the surface in a very uniform manner.

The sponges belonging to this species do not grow to a very large size. The
tallest attain a height of 300 millim.

The colour of the living sponge is yellow-greenish or grey. The dry skeleton,
destitute of the sand-cortex, appears light chestnut or greyish brown; it is
soft, compressible, and elastic.

The main fibres of the supporting skeleton are 0-067 millim. (7. exemplum,
var. tertia) to 0°13 millim. (7. evemplum, var. prima) thick, and slightly knotty.
They are rarely (7. ewemplum, var. secunda) free from bodies. Generally they
contain scattered sand-grains &e. The connecting-fibres are 0:04 millim.
(T. exemplum, var. tertia) to 0-1 millim. (7. exemplum, vars. marginalis and
prima) thick, simple or slightly branched, and free from foreign bodies. The
meshes are mostly square, 0°5—1-2 millim. wide.

The superficial layers of spongin in the fibres are very clearly stratified. In
the axis of the connecting-fibres a pith-thread can be discerned.

In the perforations of the sand-cortex thin sieve-like membranes are spread
out, in each of which fifteen to twenty-five oval inhalant pores, 0-07 millim.
wide, are observed. rom each pore-sieve a wide canal leads downwards.
This opens directly into one of the 0°8 millim. wide, cylindrical, straight canals
which extend perpendicularly to the surface down into the interior of the
sponge. These large inhalant canal-stems are joined at their distal ends by
tangential, not very wide canals, which undermine the sand-cortex. From the
large perpendicular inhalant canal-stems small branches are given off which
ramify irregularly. The final ramifications of the inhalant canal-system are
not under 0:09 millim. wide. The ciliated chambers are 0-045 millim.
wide, regularly spherical, and destitute of special efferent canals. They open
direct into the final ramifications of the exhalant canal-system, which are 0:04—
0-06 millim. wide. The larger exhalant canal-systems are pervaded by fine
membranes, which partly divide them into separate compartments.

The wider oscular tubes are generally smooth and destitute of sphincter-
membranes.

Thorecta exemplum, var. prima, nov.

Lamellar, erect, curved sponges, which may attain a more or less cup-shaped
form by the approximation of the lateral. margins of the curved lamella. The
sponge attains a height of 150 millim. and a breadth of 100 millim. The
lamella is about 10 millim. thick. The free margin is pretty sharp, the lamella
thinning out towards it.

144 THORECTA.

The oscula are confined to the concave side of the lamellar sponge, 1-5-3
millim. wide, very abundant, and 2 millim. apart. The specimens from the
Northern localities are more open, flabelliform ; those from Port Jackson and
Port Phillip more caliculate.

The dry skeleton is reddish brown and stiff.

The skeleton consists of smooth or uneven main fibres 0°13 millim. thick,
which contain very few and scattered foreign bodies. They are about 1 millim.
apart. The connecting-fibres are 0-1 millim. thick, simple, slightly branched, or
attached to the main fibres by two roots. The meshes are irregular or mostly
square, 0°3—-12 millim. wide.

Groerapuicat Distrinution.—North coast of Australia: Northern Terri-
tory, 8. A. (Haacke). South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld).
East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8S. W. (Lendenfeld); Bellinger River,
N.S. W. (British Musewm Coll.); Broughton Island (ftamsay).

Thorecta exemplum, var. secunda, Hyatt.

Spongelia rectilinea, var. tenuis, A. Hyatt, “ Revision of the North-American
Poriferee.—Part IT.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History,
vol. ii. p. 537 (1877).

Stelospongus flabelliformis, var. latus, H. J. Carter, “‘ Description of Sponges
from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 305 (1885).

Pedunculate, regularly cup-shaped sponges, which attain a height of 250
milli. The peduncle is conical, extending above, and measures in large
specimens at the base about 4 millim., and at the upper end 10 millim. in
thickness.

The upper cup-shaped part, the body proper of the sponge, is generally
broader than high, and attains a width of 250 millim. The margin of the cup
is pretty regularly circular, even or undulating. The wall is very thick below,
and thins out towards the margin. The cavity of the cup is very shallow.
The outer surface is uneven, often pitted; the inner surface smooth. The
oscula are 2-3 millim. wide and confined to the inner side of the cup. The
largest are situated at the base, and they become smaller as we approach the
margin. At the base the oscula are 10-20 millim., near the margin only 4—6
millim. apart.

The colour of the living sponge is pretty bright sulphur-yellow.

The dry skeleton is soft and compressible, light brown.

The skeleton consists of knotty and irregular main fibres 0:08 millim. thick,
which are free from foreign bodies, and curved or straight connecting-fibres,
about 0°6 millim. thick. The meshes are irregular, 0°5-1 millim. wide.

THORECYA. 145

This sponge is mentioned by Carter (loc. cit.) “as a variety” of Stelospongus
flabelliformis, “* which might be termed Stelospongus latus.”

GeEogRAPHICAL Distrisution.—North coast of Australia: Northern Terri-
tory, S. A. (Haacke). West coast of Australia: Western Australia (Baily).
South coast of Australia: Port Phillip Heads, V. (B. Wilson); Phillip Island, V.
(Boston Society Coll.); Port Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld). East coast of Australia :
Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld); near Sydney, N. S.W. (Philadelphia
Society Coll.).

Thorecta exemplum, var. tertia, Hyatt.

Spongelia rectilinea, var. erccta, A. Hyatt, “ Revision of the North-American
Porifere.—Part II.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History,
vol. 11. p. 537 (1877).

Stelospongos cribriformis, var. stabilis, A. Hyatt, loc. cit. p. 531.

Stelospongus cribrocrusta, H. J. Carter, “Supplement to the Descriptions ef
Mr. J. B. Wilson’s Australian Sponges,” Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, ser. 5, vol. xviii. p. 371 (1886).

Pedunculate sponges which sometimes attain a height of 150 millim., but
generally are only 100 millim. high. The peduncle is cylindrical, straight er
curved, and of the nearly uniform thickness of 4 millim. throughout; it is
generally short, about 20 millim. long, sometimes altogether undistinguishable,
and in other cases as much as 200 millim. long. The body of the sponge
itself appears massive, conical, irregular, widening above; it attains a largest
horizontal transverse diameter of 50 millim.

The surface is in large specimens generally covered with a network of broad
and high ridges, the interstices between which appear as polygenal or roundish
pits, sometimes as much as 12 millim. deep. The oscula are confined to the
upper surface. In smaller specimens generally a number of vents, 1-2 millim.
wide, are observed, situated in irregular rows on the summits of low sharp
ridges on the upper surface. Each osculum is slightly prominent. In large
specimens there is generally one large osculum in the middle, which measures
10-15 millim. in diameter, and a number of scattered small oscula round it.
The latter are not visible in dry specimens destitute of the sand-cortex. The
surface is covered with a cortex 1 millim. thick, composed of sand-grains. This
cortex is perforated by circular holes 0°7 millim. wide, which are 0-4-1 millim.
apart.

The skeleton consists of slightly knotty main fibres, 0°067 millim. thick,
which are about 1 millim. apart and joined by connecting-fibres 0-04—0-035
millim. thick. The main fibres are cored with an axial string of pretty large
sand-grains and spicule-fragments. The connecting-fibres are straight or
curved; some ef them appear simple and unbranched, joining adjacent main

I,

146 THORECTA.

fibres, and perpendicular to them, whilst others give off a few branches. The
branched connecting-fibres are more prevalent towards the surface than in the
interior. The meshes are irregular, 0°7—-1 millim. wide. In the stem the
network appears more uniform; here the main fibres are 0:2 millim. thick
and only 0°5 millim. apart. The connecting-fibres are 0-04—0-1 millim. thick,
and the meshes irregular, 0-4 millim. wide.

The inhalant pores appear as circular or oval perforations, 0-07 millim. wide,
in the thin membranes, which are spread out in the round meshes of the
superficial cortical sand-net. Wide canals lead down from them, perforating
the sand-cortex. These open directly into the large imhalant canal-stems,
which are 0-8 millim. wide, straight and cylindrical, and extend perpendicularly
from the surface down into the interior of the sponge. They are distally
joined by a few, not particularly wide, tangential canals. The inhalant branch
canals are often provided with annular constrictions ; their final ramifications
are about 0:09 millim. wide, twice as broad as the ciliated chambers. The
latter are spherical and sessile on the (0°04—0-06 millim. wide) exhalants, that is
to say there are no special efferent canals. The ciliated chambers are 0-045
millim. wide. The efferent pore is about half as wide as the chamber. The
exhalants join to form canals 2-3 millim. wide, in which membranes are
expanded, partially dividing them into series of compartments im open com-
munication with each other by large holes in the dividing membranes.

In several specimens very regularly spherical bodies, measuring 0°5—2 millim.,
were observed in the ground-substance; these are composed of small round
cells, which appear to bud inwardly from the wall. Near the surface—the
margin in a section—these cells often stand in more or less regular radial
rows, thus indicating that they bud from the wall. The interior of this body
has not nearly so dense a structure as the wall. In it only scattered cells,
similar to those in the wall, are observed. The whole structure is surrounded
by an endothelial layer of flattened mesodermal célls. The round cells in these
bodies measure 0-01 millim. and are regularly spherical ; neither a nucleus nor
a cell-wall can be demonstrated in them when detached from the wall, and their
protoplasm is not affected by ordinary staining-fluids. Those cells which lie
close to the wall, however, and which appear to be younger than the detached
ones, are readily stained. Iam rather inclined to regard this structure as a
parasite or commensal of a vegetable nature. It seems that the vital cells of
this parasitic organism are situated in the wall of the whole structure, and
rapidly produce spores, which bud from the wall and finally lie detached in the
interior.

This structure may be similar to that described by Poléjaeff * in his Caco-
spongia levis (Stelospongia australis).

* N. de Poléjaeff, Report on the Keratosa.—Reports on the Results of the Voyage of
Ii.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ vol. xi. part 24, p. 56 (1884).

THORECTA, 147

GuograrnicaL Distrrpution.—Key West (Yale Ovilege Coll.); Havana
(Museum of Comparative Zoology Coll., Cambridge, Mass.).

South coast of Australia: Phillip Island, V. (Boston Society Coll.) ; Port
Phillip Heads, V. (B. Wilson); Western Port, V. (B. Wilson). East coast of
Australia: Port Jackson, N. S. W. (Lendenfeld); New Zealand (British
Museum Coll.).

Thorecta exemplum, var. marginalis, nov.

Erect, very regularly shaped, often symmetrical, more or less pedunculate
sponges, which attain a height of 150-300 millim. and a width of 30-50 millim.
The sponge is compressed, often lamellar; it tapers towards the upper end,
and also towards the narrow base or the short peduncle, and accordingly
appears more or less fusiferm.

Longitudinal, meridional, or slightly curved ridges are observed projecting
from the surface ; these are sometimes, particularly in large specimens, so highly
developed that they appear as lamellar structures which may attain a width of
30 millim. and a thickness of 6-12 millim.

The oscula are 4 millim. wide and confined to the crests of these projecting
ridges, where they are about as far apart as wide. These oscula-rows extend
nearly down to the peduncle.

Smaller specimens are often very symmetrical, particularly those from the
West coast of Australia. A radial quadrilateral symmetry is observed in them.
The transverse section appears as an elongate square with projecting corners.
This figure is perfectly symmetrical, and the same figure is produced by every
transverse section, with the exception of those through the regularly cylindrical
peduncle. The broad and the narrew sides of this sponge are concave, and the
oscula situated in four regular meridional rows on the four meridional crests.
They are in these smaller (only 100 millim. high) specimens 3 millim. wide and
6 millim. apart.

The dry skeleton is greyish brown and very soft.

The skeleton consists of very knotty main fibres, 0°07-0-1 millim. thick,
which are cored with large sand-grains; and comparatively much branched
connecting-fibres, 0°046 millim. thick, which occasionally form dense trellis-like
reticulations in the vicinity of the main fibres. The larger meshes are irregular
or square, 1 millim. wide.

The surface-skeleton consists of bands of sand-grains, 0:7 millim. broad,
which form a dense network with more or less circular meshes 0-4 millim. wide.
In the perforated membranes, which are spread out in them, spicule-fragments
are abundant.

GeroGRAPHIcAL DistrrBuTIon.—Mauritius (Canterbury Musewm Coll., Christ-
church, N. Z.).

148 THORECTA.

West coast of Australia: Western Australia (Baily). South coast of Aus-
tralia: St. Vincent Gulf, 8. A. (ZZaacke). East coast of Australia: Illawarra,
N.S. W. (British Museum Ooll.); Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).

Thorecta gracillimus, n. sp.

Cup-shaped pedunculate sponges, which attain a height of 180 millim. and
a width of 90 millim. The margin*f the cup, which is a little broader than
high, is regularly circular and lies in a horizontal plane. The wall of the cup
is 14 millim. thick ; it does not taper towards the margin, where it appears
rounded off. From the bottom of the cavity of the cup a canal originates,
which extends in the peduncle nearly down to the base. The whole structure
thus becomes like a champagne-glass. The oscula are 2°5 millim. wide and
confined to the inner side of the cup, where they are very abundant.

The dry skeleton is light brown, transparent, with a golden lustre, and stiff.

The main fibres of the skeleton are 0:1 millim. thick, very knotty, and cored
with a single row of exceedingly large sand-grains 0:6 millim. apart. The
connecting-fibres are curved and slightly branched, 0:04-0:05 millim. thick.
The meshes are irregular, 0°6—0°9 millim. wide.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRibuTion.— West coast of Australia: Freemantle,W. A.
(Bowerbank Coll.), East coast of Australia (Jtamsay).

Thorecta squalidus, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a number of erect, more or less perpendicular, tubular
parts, which coalesce for the greater part of their length. These tubes are
generally situated in a row, so that the whole sponge attains a somewhat
flabelliform appearance. Protuberances project from the upper margins, on the
summits of which the oscula, 10-15 millim. wide, are situated. The whole
sponge attains a height of 200 millim. The tubular parts are 40 millim. thick ;
they coalesce near the broad base of attachment to form a continuous wall
40-50 millim. in thickness.

The dry skeleton is hard, slightly compressible, and elastic. It is composed
of main fibres 0-1 millim., and simple connecting-fibres 0:03—0-05 millim. thick.
Both kinds of fibre are free from foreign bodies, and show a very distinct
stratification of the spongin-layers.

GEOGRAPHICAL DisrripuTion.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfeld). North coast of Australia: Northern Territory, 8. A. (/aacke).
East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Ramsay). New Zealand :
Port Chaimers (Parker).

THORECTA.—APLYSINOPSIS. 149

Thorecta ramsayii, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a somewhat meandriform, irregularly folded lamella,
with smooth surface. The skeleton is comparatively very dense and much
harder than in other species. The oscula are conspicuous and situated chiefly
on the margin and on the projecting folds of the lamella.

The skeleton consists of a network composed of main fibres 0-1 millim. thick,
cored with abundant small sand-grains; and slightly branched connecting-
fibres, 0°05 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL DiIsTRIBUTION.— West coast of Australia : Western Australia
(Baily). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus APLYSINOPSIS, n. gen.

Spongidz with a skeleton composed of pithed fibres, distin-
guished into main and simple or slightly branched connecting-
fibres ; with meshes of the skeleton-net 1°5-2 millim. wide; small
ciliated chambers 0°03-—0:035 millim. wide, and conuli on the
surface.

Aplysinopsis elegans, n. sp.

The sponge consists either of a single pedunculate, cylindrical, or pyriform
erect tube, with a terminal osculum 20 millim. wide, or of several such which
erow out from a common peduncle. The whole sponge attains a height of
150 millim., and each tube is 40-80 millim. wide. The slender forms with
cylindrical tubes are generally smaller than the pyriform ones. Longitudinal
rows of blunt conuli are observed on the surface, these are more regular in the
vicinity of the osculum than further down. The conuli are 1 millim. high and
3 millim. apart.

The colour of the living sponge is flesh-colour on the surface and yellowish
white in the interior; the skeleton is light chestnut-brown, stiff, but com-
pressible.

The main fibres of the skeleton are 0°18 millim. thick, and cored with an axial
string of very small sand-grains. The connecting-fibres are slightly ramified,
the branches are mostly given off at right angles. At the joining points, and
particularly where the connecting-fibres are attached to the main fibres, they
are yery much distended in the direction of the fibre, which they join ina
trumpet-shaped manner. In the middle the connecting-fibres are about 0-14
millim. thick. The meshes are square, 15 millim. wide.

A single layer of moderately sized sand-grains and a few scattered spicule-
fragments are observed in the skin, forming a very regular reticulation com-

150 APLYSINOPSIS.

posed of bands 0°04—0°1 millim. broad. The meshes in this network are round,
rather irregular, 0:03-0:08 millim. wide. The membranes spread out in these
meshes are free from foreign bodies. In each two to four oval inhalant pores
are situated, which are 0:01-0:03 millim. wide. When distended these pores
occupy nearly the whole of the mesh, and then nothing remains of the sieve-
membrane but a few fine threads between the pores.

From each mesh a canal, 0:08—0-1 millim. wide, leads down into a system of
anastomosing tangential canals, which undermine the skin. The most slender
of these are 0°06 millim. wide. They join to form larger stems, which converge
and open into the upper ends of large perpendicular canals 1 millim. wide,
which extend down into the interior of the sponge. These inhalant canal-stems
are 2-3 millim. apart; annular strictures are observed in them. Slender branches
are given off from these stems in great abundance. The ciliated chambers are
somewhat irregularly spherical, 0-033 millim, wide, and destitute of special
efferent canals.

GrograpPuicaL Disrrinutrion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Aplysinopsis digitata, n. sp.
(Prats XIT.)

Erect massive sponges, with large, regularly cylindrical, digitate processes.
The whole sponge attains a height of 250 millim. ‘The processes are straight,
and uniformly 20-30 millim. thick. From the upper rounded end a cylindrical,
about 15 millim. broad and 10-20 millim. long tube arises, which surrounds
the osculum. On the summit of each of the three to six processes observed,
one osculumn 10 millim. wide is situated. A straight, regularly cylindrical tube
—the oscular tube—extends downwards from each osculum; this is uniformly
10 millim. wide, and situated axially in the processes, so that the latter appear
regularly tubular. Below, in the massive basal part of the sponge, these
oscular tubes are continued in the shape of curved, somewhat tortuous canals,
which do not anastomose, however.

The surface is covered with blunt conuli, 2°5 millim. high and 2-4 millim.
apart.

The colour of the living sponge is light red on the surface and dirty grey in
the interior.

The skeleton consists of main fibres 0°3 millim. thick, and simple connecting-
fibres 0-16 millim. thick. Large sand-grains form an axial column in the former.
In the latter pith-cylinders 0-1 millim. wide are observed.

The inhalant canal-system is similar to that of A. elegans. The large inha-
lant stems are perpendicular to the surface and terminate close to the wall of
the central oscular tube. The exhalants have a more irregular course, and are

APLYSINOPSIS.—LUEFARIA. 155)

mostly cut transversely in radial longitudinal sections. The final ramifications
of the inhalant canal-system are remarkably slender, only 0-02 millim. wide ;
they open by large, generally very conspicuous mouths, 0-01 millim. wide, into
the slightly irregularly spherical ciliated chambers. The latter are 0-036 millim.
wide, and destitute of special efferents. The final ramifications of the exhalant
system are much wider than those of the inhalant system: the narrowest over
O-4 millim. wide ; always wider than the chambers.

The ground-substance in the vicinity of the ciliated chambers is very granular
and opaque.

Embryos in various stages of development have been observed in some
specimens of this species. They do not appear confined to any particular
region, but seem to be scattered throughout the whole of the sponge.

GerogRaPHican Distrisution.—North coast of Australia: Torres Straits
(Macleay). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus LUFFARIA.

Spongidee with a skeleton composed of thick-walled pithed
fibres, which are distinguished into longitudinal main fibres, stout
reticulating primary connecting-fibres, and slender secondary con-
necting-fibres ; the latter form a fine network in the polygonal
meshes of the primaries.

Luffaria variabilis, Pol¢jaeft.

Luffaria variabilis, N. de Polejaeff, Report on the Keratosa.—Reports on the
Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ Zoology, vol. xi.
p- 69 (1884).

Massive, lobose, or slender digitate sponges. The digitate forms are ramified ;
the cylindrical branches straight and pretty uniformly 8-12 millim. thick.
They attain a length of 250 millim. and are distally rounded. ‘The massive
lobose forms are horizontally expanded, attached by a narrow base, and attain
a height of only about 50 millim. In the digitate forms the cylindrical
branches grow out from a small basal mass.

The surface is covered with small, sharp, and slender conuli, 1:2 ~nillim.
high, which are extended below. The conuli are about 2°5 millim. apart. The
oscula are circular or oval, 2-8 millim. wide, and rather scarce ; they are
scattered irregularly over the surface. No oscula are found on the summits
of the digitate processes. Aconulous patches are figured by Poléjaeff on the

surface of the massive form.

152 LUFFARIA.—APLYSINA.

The skeleton consists of main fibres and primary and secondary connecting-
fibres. The main fibres are knotty, 0°2 millim. thick, 1°5—2 millim. apart, and
cored with an axial string of sand-grains. The primary connecting-fibres are
0-067 millim. thick, and form by frequent anastomoses a network with poly-
gonal meshes, 0°6-1 millim. wide. The secondary connecting-fibres are 0:01
millim. thick, and form reticulations which occupy the meshes of the network
of the primaries. The meshes of this very fine reticulation formed by the
secondaries are polygonal, and only 0:16 millim. wide. Poléjaeff gives a figure
of this network (Joc. cit. pl. ix. fig. 5). The pith-cylinder in the primary con-
necting-fibres is about half as thick as the fibre.

The surface is protected by abundant small sand-grains which are imbedded
in it. The inhalant pores are situated in groups of tento twenty. The groups
are very distant ; there are only one or two such groups of inhalant pores in
each of the concave fields between the rounded and only slightly projecting
ridges which connect the conuli. The subdermal canal-system is very highly
developed. The subdermal cavity is continuous, 0°5-1 millim. wide, and
divided into separate compartments by fine membranes and slender trabeculz,
which are spread out in it. The canals in the interior are very narrow. The
ground-substance contains abundant granules, and appears remarkably opaque
and untransparent.

Poléjaeff (loc. cit.) has described this sponge. I have re-examined his types,

and agree with him that the digitate and massive forms should not be described
as distinct varieties.

GuoerapnicaL Distripution.—North coast of Australia: Torres Straits
(Macleay) ; off Api, New Hebrides (‘ Challenger’); on reefs off Tahiti (‘ Chal-
lenger’).

Genus APLYSINA.

Spongidz with small ciliated chambers 0:025-0:035 millim.
wide, and a skeleton composed of a loose network of pithed fibres,
which are not clearly distinguished into main and connecting-

fibres. ‘The surface is conulated, and not protected by a thick
cortex of sand.

Aplysina spiculifera, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a low incrusting mass, from the upper surface of
which large and irregular, somewhat club-shaped, digitate processes arise,
which attain a length of 100 millim., and a maximum thickness of 35 millim.
A large circular osculum is situated on or near the summit of each branch.

APLYSINA. 153

Sometimes there are also smaller oscula on the sides of the digitate processes.
The surface is covered with very large, pretty sharp, and very slender conuli,
10-14 millim. high and about 5 millim. apart.

The sponge is dull grey in spirit, the dry skeleton pretty soft and elastic.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal irregularly ramifying fibres, which are
0-1 millim. thick, and contain more or less abundant spicule-fragments. The
branches are 0:04-0:08 millim. thick, contain fewer spicule-fragments, and
anastomose to form a network with meshes about 1 miilim. wide. The pith
forms 41; of the fibres.

GrograpHuicaL Distrrpurion.—South coast of Australia; Port Phillip, V-
(Lendenfeld). ast coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Aplysina cacos, n. sp.

Cake-shaped sponges, attaining a breadth of 100 millim. and a height of 70
millim. From the upper surface digitate precesses arise, on the summits of
which the oscula are situated terminally. These processes are 10 millim.
thick, and coalesce for the greater part of their length.

The skeleton consists of an exceedingly loose network of longitudinal
areniferous fibres 0°5 millim. thick, and transverse fibres 0°14 millim. thick,
which contain only few foreign bodies.

GrograpHicaL DisrripurTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Aplysina crassa, Hyatt.

Aplysina fusca, H.'J. Carter, “‘ Report on the Sponges dredged up from the
Gulf of Manaar,” Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5,
vol. vi. p. 458 (1880).

Aplysina fusca, H. J. Carter, “Contributions to our Knowledge of the
Spongida,” Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. vii.
p. 105 (1881).

Aplysina fusca, 8. O. Ridley, “‘ Spongiida:” Report on the Collections made
in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Alert,’ p. 600
(1884).

Dendrospongia crassa, A. Hyatt, “ Revision of the North-American Porifera.—
Part I.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society, vol. 1. p. 402 (1874).

Digitate, solid, or hollow tubular sponges which attain a height of 150
millim. The digitate processes are cylindrical, curved, and about 25 millim.
thick. The surface is covered with irregular conuli, 2 millim. high and 6
millim. apart. The oscula are large and scattered in the solid forms, and
terminally situated in the tubular ones.

154 APLYSINA.

The colour of the sponge when preserved in spirit is dirty copper-red, some-
what similar to the colour of spirit-specimens of A. aerophoba. The dry
skeleton is dark reddish brown, very hard and stiff, somewhat brittle.

The skeleton consists of fibres 0°5-0°7 millim. thick, which extend longitudi-
nally upwards in the middle of the digitate branches in the case of the solid
forms, or in the wall of the oscular tubes in the hollow ones. They are here
pretty close together, 1-1-5 millim. only apart. From them dendritically rami-
fying branches are given off, which extend to the surface. The final ramifi-
cations of these terminate in the conuli. These fibres are of very varying
thickness, some of them are nearly as thick as the longitudinal fibres in the
interior. The most slender branches are about 0°16 milli. thick.

According to Ridley (loc. cit.) the fibres of the Seychelles specimen are not
over 0:7 millim. thick, whilst according to Carter (loc. cit.) the fibres of his
Australian specimen are over 1 millim. thick. The same is the case with
Hyatt’s Dendrospongia crassa from Nassau. I agree with Ridley in con-
sidering such distinctions insuflficent to warrant the establishment of separate
species.

The pith forms, in the specimen examined by me, 7/5 of the fibre. In
Hyatt’s fig. 1 (loc. cit.) of Dendrospongia crassa an axial canal =‘; of the thick-
ness of the fibre is represented. The width of these canals, which always make
their appearance in the dry skeleton, often depends on the degree of desiccation,
and cannot always be considered identical with the thickness of the axial
pith-cylinder in the fibres of the living sponge. The width of the meshes of
the network formed by the irregularly anastomosing fibres is 1-3 millim.

According to Carter (loc. cit.) the spongin cortex of the fibres consists of
loosely-jointed, concentric, cylindrical layers, and cells are said by him to occur
in the outermost layers. I have not seen any cells of this kind in the speci-
mens examined by me. Ridley (Joc. cit.) describes abundant granular cells in
the skin. These measure 0°013 millim. and are colourless in the Australian
specimens, and measure only 0-008 millim. and are brown in the specimen
from the Seychelles Islands.

The ciliated chambers are very abundant in the interior and exceedingly
small ; they measure only 0-026 millim. in diameter.

This species shows in the structure of its skeleton some similarity with
Dendrilla, a hollow-fibred sponge of another order. Particularly the dendritic
mode of ramification of the fibres is similar to that of Dendrilla. The small
spherical ciliated chambers, however, show clearly that it is a true Aplysina.

Why Hyatt (Joc. cit.) has placed “* Aplysina aerophoba, O. Schmidt, pars,”
as a synonym of Dendrospongia crassa, I do not know; they are very
different.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution.—Atlantic: Nassau (Boston Society Coll.).

DYSIDEOPSIS. a6

wt
Or

Indian Ocean: Seychelles Islands (‘ Alert’) ; Gulf of Manaar ( Warren).
South-west coast of Australia (Bowerbank Coll.). West coast of Australia :
Western Australia (Baily).

Genus DYSIDEOPSIS, n. gen.

Spongide with large spherical ciliated chambers 0:04-0°-048
millim. wide, and a skeleton composed of a uniform network of
areniferous fibres which are not clearly distinguished into main
and connecting-fibres. With conuli on the surface.

Dysideopsis elegans, n. sp.

Erect, branched, digitate sponges which consist of a small bunch of upright,
regularly cylindrical processes, 6 millim. thick, which grow out from a common
basal mass. The whole sponge attains a height of 120 millim. The processes
are distally rounded. The surfaceis covered with elegantly shaped conuli,
2-3 millim. high and 1-3 millim. apart. The slopes of the conuli are very
concave, and so they appear very slender in their distal portions. The conuli
are connected by prominent ridges, the height of which is inversely propor-
tional to the distance of the conuli, which they connect. The oscula are
scattered, rather scarce, 1 millim. wide.

The living sponge is very dark brown or nearly black on the surface, and
dull brown in the interior. This colour is retained by spirit-specimens.

The skeleton consists of fibres 0-06-0:08 millim. thick, which are pretty
smooth, and completely filled with small sand-grains. The fibres are straight,
pretty sharply angularly bent at the joining points, and anastomose to form a
network with irregular, more or less polygonal meshes, which are on an average
0-4 millim. wide. Main and connecting-fibres cannot be distinguished at all.
The conuli are supported by a bundle of three or four radial fibres, which
approximate distally and give off tangential branches.

The subdermal system is represented by large separate tangential canals,
which are situated radially round the conuli, between the very stout muscular
bands which radiate from them. ‘The ciliated chambers are spherical, pear-
shaped, on an average 0:048 millim. wide.

GroeraPHicaL Disrrisution.—East coast of Australia: Port Denison, Q
(Ramsay).
Dysideopsis digitata, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a small bunch of short, cylindrical, slightly curved,
digitate processes, which are 12 millim. thick, and attain a length of 40

156 DYSIDEOPSIS.—HALME.

millim. ; they are erect, grow out from an incrusting base, and appear slightly
thickened distally, sometimes even club-shaped, and rounded at the end. The
surface is covered with very slender and sharp-pointed conuli, 1 millim. high
and 2-3 millim. apart. The oscula are 2 millim. wide, situated terminally
on the digitate processes, and provided with sphincter-membranes. ‘The
sponge is light grey in spirit, very soft and compressible.

The skeleton consists of a uniform network of fibres 0°12 millim. thick, which
are filled with large sand-grains. The meshes of the network are irregular, on
an average 0°6 millim. wide. The ciliated chambers are spherical, pear-shaped,
and very large, measuring 0°045 millim. in diameter.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistTriputTion.— East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Dysideopsis sulphurea, n. sp.

Small, incrusting, only 3 millim. high sponges. The surface is covered
with conuli 3 millim. high and 4 millim. apart. The colour of the living
sponge is bright sulphur-yellow,

The skeleton consists of a network of irregularly curved fibres 0°25 millim.
thick, with meshes 1°8 millim. wide.

GEOGRAPHICAL DisrRiBuTIoN. — Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Genus HALME.

Spongide which consist of reticulate lamelle, with a skeleton
composed of single rows of large sand-grains or arenaceous knotty
main fibres joined by exceedingly fine connecting-fibres.

Halme simplex, Lendenfeld.

Halme simplex, R. v. Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.
—Part V. The Aulenine,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, vol. x. p. 301 (1885).

Low incrusting sponges, which attain a height of 12-20 millim. and a
horizontal extent of 100 millim. From a basal plate numerous lamelle arise,
which coalesce regularly in such a manner as to produce conic, honeycomb-
like cells. There is no dermal lamella. The free margins of the septa are
continuous, slightly undulating; their surface appears granular. The colour

HALME. 157

of fresh, preserved, and dry specimens is dark brown or black. The sponge is
resilient when fresh, brittle and friable in the dry state.

The skeleton is composed of main and connecting-fibres. The former appear
as simple, uniserial, pretty straight columns of nearly spherical sand-grains
0-07 millim. in size, which are not invested by a conspicuous spongin coating,
and held together by a minimum quantity of horny cement. ‘The connecting-
fibres are simple or slightly branched, 0-008 milli. thick; they do not anas-
tomose to form a reticulation. The surface is protected by an arenaceous
cortex.

GroerapHtoaL Distrisution.—Indian Ocean: Mauritius.
North coast of Australia: Torres Straits (Jacleay); Northern Territory,
S.A. (Haacke). South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld).

Halme globosa, Lendenfeld.

Halme globosa, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.—
Part V. The Aulenine,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, vol. x. p. 303 (1885).

Bulbous, more or less spherical sponges, attached by a small base, which
attain a diameter of 30-60 millim. In the living state this sponge has a
greyish-purple colour, which is subject to variations. The purple is always
the game, but the grey varies, according to the nature of the foreign bodies in
the dermal lamella, from light to dark grey. In spirit, if well preserved, the
sponge retains its dull purple colour; dry specimens are brownish grey. The
dermal lamella is a marginal thickening of the internal lamell, the distal parts
of which appear wedge-shaped in sections. The contour of the pseudoscula, in
the surface, is rounded; they measure on the surface 8 millim., and in the
narrowest part below 5 millim. in width, and are about 7 millim. apart.

The skeleton consists of knotty main and reticulating connecting fibres. The
wide inhalant canals are pervaded by numerous fine membranes, which contain
a great number of highly colourable, amceboid wandering-cells.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTIoN.—South coast of Australia, St. Vincent Gulf,
S. A. (Haacke); Port Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld).

Halme nidus vesparum, Lendenfeld.

Halme nidus vesparum, R. v. Lendenfeld, “A Monograph of the Australian
Sponges.—Part V. The Auleninx,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
New South Wales, vol. x. p. 288 (1885).

Holopsamma laminefavosa (partim), H. J. Carter, “ Descriptions of Sponges

158 HALME.

from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia (con-
tinued),” Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 212
(1885). |

The ordinary shape of this species is that of a more or less irregular bulb,
from which exerescences often arise ; these attain in some specimens a digitate
shape: and sometimes the whole sponge consists entirely of digitate processes
which vary in length from 70-120 millim. ; these are cylindrical, 12-18 millim.
thick, and have a circular transverse section. Rarely the sponge expands in
the shape of a lamella, attached by a small base. The largest bulbous speci-
mens attain a diameter of 60 millim. The sponge is grey, with a slight violet
tinge when alive; in spirit and dry it is grey, and has the colour of the sand
which forms its cortex.

The whole sponge consists of a honeycomb-like reticulation surrounded
by a dermal lamella. The latter is the only portion visible from outside.
It is perforated by numerous pseudoscula. The appearance of the other-
wise smooth surface depends on the distribution, shape, and size of these
apertures. In some specimens they are circular, 2 millim. wide, and 3-4
millim. apart ; in others smaller and further apart, particularly in the basal
portion of the sponge. Sometimes they are larger, quite close together, and
polygonal. They rarely equal the cells in the honeycomb below in size. In
this case there is no proper dermal lamella. These pseudoscula lead into the
vestibular lacunze—the cells of the honeycomb. The whole sponge can be
compared to a honeycomb covered by a beehive, perforated by numerous aper-
tures, which are in direct communication with the cells inside. The osculaare
circular, and measure about 0°3 millim.in diameter. The oscular tubes are
0:4—1-5 millim. wide, and appear considerably constricted at their termination.
The oscula are confined to the walls of the vestibular spaces ; none are found
on the external surface.

The skeleton consists of main and connecting-fibres. The main fibres extend
from a basal horny plate upwards ; distally they curve slightly outward, ramify
in a penicillate manner, and coalesce to form a reticulation. They are on an
average 0°3 millim. thick, and filled with a dense mass of large sand-grains. The
outer spongin coating measures only 0-01 millim. in thickness, and consequently
the surface of the fibres appears exceedingly uneven and knotty. These fibres
are joined by connecting-fibres 0-02 millim. thick, which are very simple,
inostly straight, perpendicular to the main fibres, and only slightly ramified.
The connecting-fibres are free from foreign bodies. With a high power a very
slender axial thread can be discerned in them, which swells to a little conic
granular extension at the point where the connecting-fibre joins the main fibre.
The cortex must be regarded as an integral part of the skeleton, as the
main fibres are coalesced with it. The sand-grains of the cortex measure 0-1

HALME. 159

millim. in diameter, and are cemented by spongin. The cortex has a thickness
of about 0°35 millim. The canals leading into the vestibular lacune are short
and circular, cylindrical perforations of the external lamella. In their walls
the layer of sand-grains is only half as thick as on the outer surface. As we
proceed downward, the size of the sand-grains and the thickness of the cortex
decrease rapidly, until in the interior the sand-grains measure only 0:02
millim. in diameter and the cortex 0-05 millim. in thickness. We must
assume that the sponge exerts some active influence on the selection and
distribution of the sand-grains.

GrograpuicaL DisrripuTion.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfeld). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld) ;
Port Stephens, N. 8. W. (Ramsay).

Halme micropora, Lendenfeld.

Halme micropora, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.

Part V. The Auleninew,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, vol. x. p. 304 (1885).

Holopsamma laminefavosa (partim), H. J. Carter, ‘‘ Descriptions of Sponges
from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,’ Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 212 (1885).

Massive, irregular, globose, or cup-shaped sponges, which attain a breadth of
70 millim. and a height of 40 millim. The sponge consists of an irregular
honeyeomb-like reticulation. There is no dermal lamella, but the outermost
cells of the honeycomb are distally closed by thin membranes, which are per-
forated by small holes. These membranes are concave, and occupy the depressed
polygonal areas which lie between the network formed by the free margins of
the lamelle. There are also membranes in the very regular, radially situated
cells of the honeycomb. The living sponge is bright yellow; preserved and
dried specimens are light grey. The sponge is hard and incompressible, the
surface is protected by an arenaceous cortex.

The supporting skeleton consists of irregular rows of sand-grains about
0:15 millim. in size, which are not in contact with each other, and appear

connected by very fine unbranched spongin-fibres.

GnocrapnicaL Disrrisution.—East coast of Australia; Illawarra, N.S. W.

(Ramsay).

160 HALME.

Halme villosa, Lendenfeld.

Aulena villosa, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘“‘ A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.
—Part V. The Aulenine,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, vol. x. p. 809 (1885),

Massive, spherical, or oval sponges attached by a small base, but never
pedunculate, attaining a height of 40 millim. and a breadth of 30 millim.
The colour of the living sponge is yellowish grey, but seems to be subject to
variations. Inspirit and dry it appears dirty grey. The surface is covered
with abundant cylindrical, terminally rounded conuli, which are about 2 millim.
high, 0°8 millim. thick at the base, and 1°4 millim. apart. The direction in
which these conuli protrude from the surface varies. They invariably radiate
from a common centre ; but this centre may be situated further up or lower
down, as the case may be. In some specimens this centre coincides with the
centre of the sponge, and the conuli stand perpendicular to the surface; in
others, again, it lies near the base of the sponge, and then the conuli tend
upward. It appears that the locality where the sponge grows has something
to do with the position of the conuli. These conuli are soft and resilient, and
move with the water-currents, so that the sponge appears villous. Between
the conuli very fine, soft, and tender membranes, perforated by large circular
pseudoscula, which lead into the system of vestibular lacunse below, are spread
out. These vents are circular, and situated in groups of 1-4; they measure
2-5 millim. in width. The difference between this and other species of Halme
lies in the fact that in them the body consists of lamella, and in this species
of cylindrical trabecule. Whilst in most species of Halme the vestibular lacune
are simple empty spaces between the sponge-lamelle, they are traversed by
numerous fine membranes (which subdivide them into smaller, more or less
spherical compartments) in H. villosa. ‘These compartments are connected by
large circular pores in the membranes which are spread out between them.
It is apparent that by movements of these membranes the direction and force
of the water-current can be greatly influenced. We find that there are
nervous and muscular elements in these membranes, by the united action of
which, no doubt, the water-current is regulated. The meshes of the network
formed by the true body of the sponge measure 1-2 millim. in width; this is
the extent of the vestibular lacune.

The compartments into which the vestibular spaces are divided are more or
less spherical, and measure 0°2-0°5 millim. in width. This structure has a
froth-like appearance, and fills the whole of the vacant space in the meshes.
The thickness of the membranes is on an average 0°017 millim. The circular
pores in them are situated in the middle of the fields, limited by the lines where
the membranes join. They are pervaded by slender horny fibres which sup-
port them.

HALME. 161

The canal-system is rather complicated. The inhalant pores are scattered
all over the surface, on an average 0-2 millim. apart; they are circular, oval,
and apparently very liable to change in shape and size; it seems that they can
be dilated and contracted at the option of the sponge very considerably. Their
average width is about 0°04 millim. They are covered outside by a fine
and tender sieve-membrane, with numerous, about 20, circular pores. From
the inhalant pores short, circular, and cylindrical canals, about 0-04 millim.
long and as wide as the pores themselves, lead down into the subdermal cavity.
The latter is not very highly developed, and consists of a system of wide, anas-
tomosing, radially depressed canals extending tangentially and undermining
the skin. The outerside is flat, and lies in a plane parallel to the outer surface.
The floor is very irregular, forming wide, conic extensions which lead into the
inhalant canals. The average width of the subdermal cavity is only 0°03
millim. The inhalant canals are much curved and only slightly ramified, more
or less circular in transverse section, and average about 0:18 millim. in diameter ;
they are accordingly much wider than the subdermal cavity. Their ramifica-
tions are irregular. The exhalant canals are much more irregular in shape
than the inhalant ones, and of similar average width. Also these are slightly
and irregularly ramified, and join to form lacunose cavities—the oscular tubes.
The average width of these tubes is 0°6—0°8 millim.; they are constricted just
below the circular oscula, which are not raised over the surface and appear
scattered irregularly. The width of the osculum is 0°12 millim. The ciliated
chambers are spherical, and 0:04 millim. wide; they form a dense layer
taking up the whole of the thickness of the lamellew, which divide the inhalant
from the exhalant canals.

The skeleton consists of a pretty reguiar network of fibres which do not
contain any foreign bodies. Main and connecting-fibres cannot be distinguished.
The fibres have a thickness of 0-006—0-02 millim., and form a pretty loose net-
work. In the true body of the sponge the meshes average 0-2 millim., and in
the vestibule-tissue 0°5 millim. in width. At the joining-points of the fibres,
in the true body of the sponge, only sand-granules 0°14 millim. in size are
situated, one in each joining-point. These sand-grains, which form an integral
part of the skeleton, are enclosed in a spongin coating, which is about half as
thick as the fibres ; it is stratified, but the layers are not very clearly visible.
There can be no doubt that these sand-grains are_ originally attached to the
tips of the conuli, and from thence apparently wander centripetally, as they
actually remain in the same place whilst the sponge grows, and the conuli
extend beyond them.

This species is interesting for the development of the nervous elements which
I have discovered in the membranes pervading the vestibular lacune.

162 HALME.

Halme villosa, var. auloplegma.

Aulena villosa, var. auloplegma, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the Aus-
tralian Sponges.—Part V. The Aulenine,” Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 3, p. 318 (1885).

Halmopsis australis, R. vy. Lendenfeld, 7. ¢. p. 320.

Spherical sponges, with vents which are of uniform size and distributed over
the whole of the surface.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistriputTion.—EKast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Halme flabellum, Lendenfeld.

Aulena flabellum, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ A Monograph of the Australian Sponges.
—Part V. The Aulenine,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, vol. x. p. 318 (1885).

Compressed, frondose, flabelliform sponges, attached by a short peduncle,
generally growing erect. This species does not attain a large size. The
specimens do not exceed 40 millim. in height, 50 millim. in width, and 5 millim.
in thickness. The peduncle has a circular transverse section, and is about
8 millim. thick ; it is very short, and constricted in the middle. The surface
appears villous, because it is covered with cylindrical, distally rounded pro-
cesses, 3 millim. long and 1 millim. thick; these stand very close together,
and are arranged in longitudinal rows, extending from the peduncle to the
upper margin of the lamella. All these processes are turned upward, and do
not project radially. Pseudoscula, measuring 8 millim. in diameter, are
sometimes observed on the upper margin of the lamella. These Mardorus-
forms are, however, rare. The usual form is the Auloplegma.

The colour of living, preserved, and dried specimens is always pretty much
the same, dirty grey. Fresh specimens are soft and resilient; dry skeletons
compressible, inelastic, and friable.

Between the projecting conuli or villi perforated membranes are spread out,
which divide the lacunar vestibule-spaces of the interior from the outer world.
The true body of the sponge appears as a reticulation, the meshes of which are
occupied by the vestibular spaces. The latter are traversed by muscular mem-
branes which deflect and regulate the water-current by their movements. The
trabecule are, like the spaces between them, about 1 millim. broad. On
the surface of the true body of the sponge oscula and groups of small inhalant
pores are observed, which open either direct into the outer water (on the
projecting villi), or indiscriminately into the vestibular spaces (in the interior

HALME.—STELOSPONGIA. 163

of the sponge). The oscula are about 0°5 millim. wide. The canals are wide,
and there is very little organized substance in the sponge compared with the
quantity of foreign bodies in the skeleton and the voluminous vestibular
lacunee.

The skeleton consists of a rather irregular network of fibres, which vary in
thickness from 0:003-0-018 millim. At the points of junction of the fine
fibres, knots are formed. The longitudinal fibres, which are much thicker than
the others—on an average 0°015 millim.—can be regarded as main fibres.
Both the thick and slender fibres are charged with foreign bodies ; the former
to such an extent that they attain a knotty surface. Among these, foreign
siliceous spicules are particularly prevalent. Sand-grains, on an average 0°12
millim. in size, are abundant in the thick, but absent in the slender fibres. The
foreign bodies in the latter appear as an axial string of broken foreign siliceous
spicules. These fragments are very uniform in size and on an average 0-06
millim. long. Some spicules appear intact: none seem, however, to be proper
spicules.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTiIon.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld) ; Broughton Island (Ramsay).

Genus STELOSPONGIA.

Spongidee with large ciliated chambers, wide subdermal cavities,
and a skeleton-net with wide meshes, which is generally streng-—
thened by longitudinal trellis-like fascicles of closely approximated
fibres.

Stelospongia serta, n. sp.

Lobose, massive, irregular sponges, which attain a maximum diameter of
160 millim. The continuous surface is covered with very small conuli 0-4
millim, high and 1-2 millim. apart. The oscula, which measure 1:4 millim. in
width, are scattered chiefly over the prominent parts. Light brown colour, in
spirit.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0°018—0°03 millim. thick; these
approximate here and there to form rather indistinct fascicles in which the
meshes are 0°3 millim. wide. In the interstitial network the meshes average
1 millim. in width. At the joining-points of the fibres in the fascicles occa-
sionally very large sand-grains are observed, which measure on an average 0°5
millim. in diameter ; they may be single, or there may be two or three together
ina cluster. The whole structure is exceedingly similar to the skeleton of
certain species of Halme.

M 2

164 STELOSPONGIA.

The canal-system is rather remarkable. The inhalant pores lead into a
somewhat complicated system of tangentially extending, irregular canals with
annular strictures; these finally open out into very wide, tangentially ex-
tending, irregularly cylindrical canals, which measure on an average 1 millim.
in width. The narrow inhalants proper arise from these wide canals. The
ciliated chambers are 0-041 millim. wide, regularly spherical, and provided
with very short special efferents or opening directly into the wider exhalants.

Our sponge shows in many respects great affinity to Halme; it connects the
genera Halme and Stelospongia both in respect to the large size of the sub-
dermal canals, which might be regarded as vestibules, and in the structure of
the skeleton.

GuograPHicaL Distrrpution.—New Zealand: Port Chalmers (Parker).

Stelospongia mirabilis, n. sp.

Irregularly massive sponges which attain a maximum diameter of 70 millim.

The skeleton is composed of flabelliform trelliswork-lke bands 6 millim.
broad. These consist of numerous main fibres 0°2 millim. thick, which are
charged with fairly abundant foreign bodies. The connecting-fibres are very
short and quite simple; they join adjacent main fibres, are 0-10-16 millim.
thick, and contain hardly any foreign bodies.

GrograPHicaL DrstrrpuTion.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfeld). East coast of Australia: Port Molle, Q. (Ramsay).

Stelospongia canalis, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a number of digitate processes which grow out from
a common basal mass. It attains a height of 210 millim. and a breadth of
170 millim. The digitate branches are straight and extend obliquely upwards ;
they are not perpendicular and parallel. These processes are regularly cylindrical
in their basal portion, and appear conic, tapering to a narrow end distally.
The transverse section is pretty regularly circular throughout. Near their
base, where they are thickest, the digitate branches measure 30 millim. near
the end, 18 millim. in diameter. On the surface of the skeleton grooves
10 millim. deep and about equally wide are observed, which extend regularly
longitudinally up the branches, one on each digitate process. On the surface
of the massive central part of the sponge these grooves are more irregular,
and anastomose here and there. In the living sponge these grooves are
covered with a fine membrane. The surface of the living sponge is covered
with small broad conuli, 0°5 millim. high, which are on an average 1°5 millim,
apart. In the membranes which cover the grooves in the skeleton there are,
of course, no conuli. These membranes, which are more or less depressed,

STELOSPONGIA 165

appear therefore as very conspicuous, concave, longitudinally extending
aconulous zones. In most cases oscula 5-8 millim. wide are observed on the
summits of the digitate processes.

The living sponge is light purplish brown; the dry skeleton dark chestnut-
brown, pretty stiff, and elastic.

The skeleton consists of simple main fibres, which are joined by simple or
slightly branched connecting-fibres. The main fibres extend longitudinally
upwards in the digitate branches of the sponge, closely following the inner
side of the superficially situated oscular tube; they continually give off
branches which extend upward and outward, and appear curved in a plumose
manner. The main fibres have aslightly uneven, undulating surface, are 0-16—
0-2 millim. thick, and on an average 0°8 millim. apart, except close to the
oscular tube, where they stand closer together. They are free from foreign
bodies and terminate in the surface with several slender, more or less pointed
branches, in a somewhat pitchfork-like manner. The connecting-fibres are
0:04 millim. thick, pretty straight, and slightly angularly bent at the rare
branching points ; they are mostly transverse and simple, connecting adjacent
main fibres. The meshes are mostly square, with pretty sharp corners, and
1 millim. wide.

The inhalant pores lead into irregular, tangential, radially compressed
canals, about 0:1 millim. wide, in which no annular strictures are observed.
These open out into longitudinally extending canals, 0°6—1 millim. wide, which
lie just below the surface, and from the floor of which the inhalants proper
arise. The ciliated chambers are spherical, 0:043 millim. wide, and destitute
of special efferent canals. The exhalant canals join to form larger longitudinal
canals, which extend upward below the floor of the 5-8 millim. wide oscular
tubes which occupy the grooves in the skeleton. There is one such superficially
situated oscular tube in each digitate process. The longitudinal exhalants,
which form a kind of subdermal system below the floor of the oscular tube, open
out into it by small constricted apertures. The membrane which covers the
oscular tube outside is perforated, and appears very similar to the ordinary
sieve-membranes, which are expanded over the entrances to the inhalant
system. ‘The pores in this fine membrane are round, on an average 0-1 millim.
wide and about as much apart. In the trabecule between them stout bands of
slender spindle-shaped muscular cells are observed. A terminal osculum may
be present or absent. There can be no doubt that the water is expelled by the
small pores in the membrane covering the oscular tube, and it appears very
remarkable that the structure of this membrane should be so similar to that of
a common inhalant pore-sieve.

GerograpuicaL DisrrieuTion.—South coast of Australia (Gunn). Hast
coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).

166 STELOSPONGTA.

Stelospongia australis, n. sp.

The synonyms will be found below in the descriptions of the varieties.

Pyriform, erect, pedunculate, flabelliform, lobose, or low incrusting sponges,
which attain a maximum height of about 300 milim. ‘The varieties S. a, cana-
hieulata, S. a, villosa, S. a. conulata, and S. a. fovea are erect, radially symmetrical,
more or less pedunculate and pyriform, or club-shaped. Irregular colonies of
pyriform individuals of these varieties occur, in which their distal ends
remain distinct ; sometimes, however, they may be entirely joined, as occa-
sionally in S. a. fovea. In S.a. levis we meet with thick flabellar forms which
appear as more or less laterally fused pyriform individuals distinct in their
distal portions. S. a. conulissima is small, low, and incrusting.

The surface is covered with large conuli in all the varieties, with the excep-
tion of S. a. levis, the surface of which is partly smooth, and partly covered with
small conuli. In the other five varieties the conuli are 1-5 millim. high and
1-4 millim. apart. The distal ends of the fascicles of main fibres which
support these conuli project in the skeleton as tufts or villi 1°5-10 millim.
over the surface. They are longer and more slender in S. a. villosa than in the
other varieties. These projecting fascicle-termini are scattered uniformly over
the surface, as, for instance, in S. a. villosa; or arranged in more or less
regularly longitudinal rows, as particularly in S. a. canaliculata ; or they are
arranged in lines which form a very regular network with polygonal meshes in
the surface, as in S.a. fovea. The oscula are always very large and conspi-
cuous, 8-12 millim. wide and circular. In the pyriform varieties there is
always one osculum only, and this is situated centrally on the summit of the
sponge. In the colonies there is, of course, an osculum on the summit of each
one of the fused individuals. In S. a. levis an osculum is observed on the
side near the summit of each of the processes which rise from the margin
of the flabelliform sponge. In S. a. conulissima the oscula are few in number,
scattered over the surface, and surrounded by a funnel-shaped tube 8-18
millim. long, which is supported by longitudinal fascicles of main fibres. In
skeletons these appear as very conspicuous frills round the ogcula.

The colour of living specimens is brown, with a more or less distinct violet
tinge, on the surface, and grey or yellowish in the interior. The dry skeletons
are light to dark brown, stiff, but slightly compressible and elastic.

The main support of the skeleton consists of flattened, band-shaped, occa-
sionally also cylindrical fascicles of main fibres, which extend upwards along
the wall of the centrally situated oscular tube, and give off branches curving in
a plumose manner outwards to the surface. The fascicles are 0°8-6 millim.
wide. The most slender are observed in S. a. conulata, where they are cylin-
drical ; and the widest in S. a. fovea, where they are exquisitely band-shaped,
about 0-7 millim. thick, and here and there 6 millim. wide. These fascicles

STELOSPONGIA. 167
consist of longitudinal main fibres, which are 0°1—0°28 millim. thick, and cored
with a pretty slender axial string of foreign spicule-fragments. They are
joined by short and simple transverse fibres 0-04—0-12 millim. thick, which are
free from foreign bodies. The meshes in the fascicles are square, round, irre-
gular, 0°2-0°6 millim. wide; or oval, 0:4—0°6 millim. long and 0:08-0:12
millim. broad. Such oval meshes are observed in NS. a. canaliculata, S. a. conu-
lata, and S. a. villosa. The interstices between these fascicles are occupied by
a pretty loose network of fibres, 0-04—0-1 millim. thick, which are free from
foreign bodies. The meshes formed by them are 0°6—1°5 millim. wide, irre-
gular, or more often polygonal, with rounded corners.

The inhalant pores are oval, 0-04-0:06 millim. wide, and situated in small
groups on the outer surface of the sponge. There are no inhalant pores at all
in the walls of the wide central cavities, which are true oscular tubes. No
small circumyallate oscula are situated on the surface. The inhalants lead into
slender canals, which open into tangentially extending canals 1-1°5 millim.
wide, from the floors of which large inhalant canal-stems originate, which are
straight, cylindrical, and 0-8 millim. wide. These give off branch-canals 0°16
millim. wide. The stout stems are pretty regularly perpendicular to the surface,
the branch-canals irregular. The ciliated chambers are spherical, 0°045 millim.
wide, and destitute of special efferent canals; they open directly into the
exhalants, which join to form larger stems 2-3 millim. wide, which extend
upward and inward, and cross the fascicles of main fibres at nearly right angles.
It is clear that in this case the direction of the main fibres is not parallel, or
even adapted to that of the large canals, as it is generally assumed to be. The
ciliated chambers have very small, under ordinary circumstances imperceptible,
afferent pores. There are no large apertures connecting the inhalant canals
with the ciliated chambers, as represented by Poléjaeff in plate v. fig. 3 of his
‘Challenger’ Report on Keratosa. The large exhalant stems open out into
the wide centrally situated oscular tube, in which annular strictures are
observed. These are particularly highly developed in S. a. conulata, where
they often extend to form veritable sphincter-membranes. The oscular tube of
S. a. fovea, on the other hand, is pretty smooth.

I have observed in the membranes dividing the canals of the subdermal
system very abundant large granular cells, particularly in S. a. conulata. The
ova mature in endothel-capsules, which are situated in the meshes of the
fascicles of main fibres.

I divide this species, the conception of which in this extent is new, into
six varieties, among which several sponges previously described by Carter,
Hyatt, and Poléjaeff, as Cacospongia and Stelospongos, are distributed. To two
of the varieties no previously described sponges appear referable. The species

168 STELOSPONGIA.

has a wide range. It has been obtained from the West Indies, the South
Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, and the Australian Seas. The centre of distri-
bution lies in the latter, where some of the varieties are among the most
common sponges.

Stelospongia australis, var. conulata, Hyatt.

Stelospongos levis, A. Hyatt, “ Revision of the North American Poriferse.—
Part IT.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society, vol. ii. p. 530 (1877).

Stelospongos levis, var. rotundus, A. Hyatt, 7. c. p. 530.

Stelospongus levis, H. J. Carter, “ Descriptions of Sponges from the Neigh-
bourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 303 (1885).

Pyriform pedunculate sponges, which attain a height of about 150 millim.
Specimens 200 millim. high are rare. The sponge is generally erect, radially
symmetrical, with a perpendicular axis. Sometimes, however—probably in such
cases where the sponge grows on an inclined plane—the lower attenuated
portion, which is drawn out to form the peduncle, appears slightly curved.
The greatest width, 50-80 millim., is observed just above the middle, about
60 millim. below the distal end. The sponge has a regularly circular trans-
verse section. The peduncle is about 20 millim. thick, cylindrical, about 30
millim. long, and widened above. The surface is covered with pretty blunt
conuli, which often terminate in several points, and are somewhat variable in
size, 1-2-5 millim. high and 2-4 millim. apart. Hyatt (oc. cit.) distinguishes
two varieties according to the size of the conuli; this distinction cannot, how-
ever, be upheld, as the conuli vary in one and the same individual as much as in
Hyatt’s varieties. The conuli are always much higher and further apart on the
body of the sponge than on the peduncle ; they are connected by slightly promi-
nent ridges which surround concave, polygonal, rarely triangular fields. In the
skeleton villi or tufts are observed on the surface which support the conuli of
the living sponge. There is always one single osculum which is situated
terminally on the summit of the sponge ; it is circular, 8-12 millim. wide, and
surrounded by a very thin wall, about 8 millim. high, which appears as a tubular
outgrowth from the summit of the sponge. This tube is supported by longi-
tudinal fascicles of main fibres which appear as a frill round the osculum in
the skeleton. Carter’s Stelospongus levis sometimes has more than one osculum.
Occasionally several such pyriform sponges are partially fused at their bases,
and in such cases an osculum is, of course, observed on the summit of each
individual of the colony. Such forms are, however, not so frequent in this as
in some other varieties. Carter’s polyoscular specimens are such colonies.

This sponge is perhaps the most common in Australian waters, but although
hundreds of specimens have passed through my hands, yet I did not find a

STELOSPONGTA. 169

very wide range of form. The specimens from warmer water—from the
northern localities—are slightly rougler than those from the south.

The colour of the living sponge is violet-brown on the surface, greyish in the
interior. Dry skeletons are light chestnut-brown, pretty stiff, and elastic.

The skeleton consists of more or less band-shaped fascicles which extend
longitudinally up the middle of the pyriform sponge, following the oscular
tube, and emitting branches which curve towards the surface in an elegantly
plumose fashion. The fascicles are 0:8-1 millim. broad; the individual main
fibres in them are 0-1 millim. thick, and cored with abundant and large spicule-
fragments ; they appear fused at intervals of about 0-4 millim., and are only
0-08 millim. apart. The meshes in the fascicles accordingly appear very elon-
gate, oval; they are 0-08 millim. broad and 0-4 millim. long. The connecting-
fibres are straight or slightly curved, 0-06 millim. thick. The meshes are
irregular ; the larger ones measure 1°5 millim. in width.

The inhalant pores are confined to the outer surface of the sponge, where
they lie in small groups of four to eight. They are oval, distended, 0-04—0-06
millim. wide, and lead into slender irregular canals which open out into the
wide subdermal cavities, which appear as irregularly tangentially extending
canals 1-1-5 millim. wide. From the floors of these the particularly large and
conspicuous inhalant stems, about 0°8 millim, wide, arise; they are straight,
extend perpendicularly to the surface down into the interior of the sponge,
and give off abundant branch-canals 0-16 millim. wide. The dermal layer is
destitute of ciliated chambers. In the interior they are very abundant,
spherical, 0°045 millim. wide, and not provided with special efferent canals.
They open direct into the pretty narrow exhalant canals. The latter join to
form larger stems, which extend obliquely upward and inward, and open out
into the centrally situated vertical oscular tube, which is 8-10 millim. wide.
The latter is provided with very conspicuous annular constrictions at short
intervals, which often appear drawn out to form sphincter-membranes.

The membranes which separate the canals of the subdermal system are
charged with very abundant oval granular cells. The ova mature in special
endothel-capsules which are situated in the small meshes of the fascicle-
bundles.

Whether the sponges mentioned as identical in the list of synonyms are
really the same is quite certain only in the case of Carter’s Stelospongus levis,
the type of which I have re-examined. In identifying Hyatt’s forms, I mainly
relied on his photographic representations. It seems to me not improbable
that Ridley’s Hircima hispida from Chili is a young specimen of this sponge.

GroerapuicaL Distripurton.—Pacific Ocean (United States Exploring Ex-
pedition).
Australia (Cumming). North coast of Australia: Northern Territory, S. A.

170 STELOSPONGIA.

(Haacke) ; Thursday Island, Torres Straits (Lord Stanley). South coast of
Australia: King George’s Sound, W. A. (Lendenfeld); Port Phillip, V. (Len-
denfeld); Port Phillip Heads, V. (Boston Soc. Coll., B. Wilson) ; Tasmania
(Catten). East coast of Australia: New South Wales (Acad. Philadelphia
Coll.); Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld); Broughton Island (Ramsay) ;
Swan River, Q. (Brown, Jansen).

New Zealand: Port Chalmers (Parker).

Stelospongia australis, var. fovea, Pol¢jaeff.
(Pirate XI.)

Cacospongia amorpha, N. de Poléjaeft, Report on the Scientific Results of
the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ Zoology, vol. xi. Keratosa, p. 57
(1884).

Regularly radially symmetrical, pyriform, pedunculate sponges, which attain
a height of 200 millim. The peduncle is distended below, to form a basal
plate by which the sponge is attached, and constricted further up, measuring
at the narrowest point about 20 millim. in diameter. It is regularly cylindrical
in transverse section, and attains a length of about 25 millim. It widens above,
and there is no clear limit between the peduncle and the true body of the
sponge—it passes gradually into it. The body of the sponge itself is oval or
fusiform, drawn out below to form the peduncle, and above to the slightly raised
and large, centrally situated terminal osculum. The body has a regularly cir-
cular transverse section, and is in the middle about 80 millim. thick. More
irregular or slightly compressed forms occur, but they are very rare. The
surface is covered with large and conspicuous conuli, disposed in lines which
form a network with very uniform polygonal meshes. In the skeleton this
network—here formed by the distal ends of the band-shaped fascicles of main
fibres—becomes still more apparent. The concave fields between the ridges
are about 3 millim. deep. The conuli are higher in the joining-points of the
ridges than elsewhere, and protrude over the ridges themselves 0°7-1'5 millim.
They are smaller and closer together, and the polygonal fields between them
less distinct, at the upper and lower ends of the sponge than in the middle.
‘The measurements given above refer to the surface of the central part of the
sponge. Longitudinal rows of concave fieds are occasionally more or less
fused. Sometimes two or more individuals coalesce to form a polyoscular
colony. The oscula are generally situated on the summits of the distal distinct
parts of the coalesced individuals, which are rarely fused throughout, in which
case the oscula lie in the upper distended margin. The oscula are always
surrounded by membranes—frills of longitudinal fascicles of main fibres in the
skeleton—which are particularly conspicuous in those colonies which consist

STELOSPONGIA. iy

of entirely fused individuals. Poléjaeff’s Cacospongia amorpha from Bahia
does not differ at all from some of the Australian specimens of this variety.

The living sponge is greyish yellow in the interior, and pretty light violet-
brown on the surface. The dry skeleton is light chestnut-brown, stiff, com-
pressible, and very elastic.

The skeleton consists of broad and thin band-shaped fascicles, which are
joined by a loose network of connecting-fibres. The band-shaped fascicles
extend towards the surface, where they measure 1-6 millim. in width. On the
sides of the pyriform sponge they are very regularly disposed in such a manner
as to form the sides of radially situated pyramids, the bases of which abut on
the surface. The free terminal margins of the bands project, forming the
exquisite reticulate structure characteristic of the variety. The sides of the
pyramids, surrounded by fascicles, may consist of one single broad band, or
they are composed of a number of parallel narrow bands, which stand behind
each other, like the leaves of a book, and separated by intervals 0°5 millim. wide.
The bands are expanded perpendicularly to the side of the pyramid, which, in
the aggregate, they form. The individual main fibres in the fascicles are 0-12
millim. thick and 0:3 millim. apart, slender, knotty, and cored with small
spicule-fragments. The transverse fibres are slightly branched, or more often
simple and free from foreign bodies, 0:04-0:08 millim. thick. The meshes in
the fascicles are round or irregular, on an average 02 millim. wide. The con-
necting-fibres which form the network between the fascicles are 0:08-0-1
millim. wide, gracefully curved, and free from foreign bodies. The meshes in
this network are 1:4 millim. wide, polygonal, with rounded corners.

GuoerapHican Distripution.—South Atlantic Ocean: Bahia (‘Challenger’).

Australia (Cumming). North coast of Australia: Northern Territory, 8. A.
(Haacke). West coast of Australia: Western Australia (Baily). South coast
of Australia: Tasmania (Majendie). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld) ; Broughton Island (Ramsay).

Stelospongia australis, var. levis, Poldjacff.

Cacospongia levis, N. Poléjaeff, Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage
of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ Zoology, vol. xi. part xxxi. Keratosa, p. 56 (1884).

Erect lobose massive sponges, composed of several separate individuals which
stand side by side and are fused at the base. Thus a somewhat flabelliform
structure, attached by a small base, or sometimes pedunculate, is produced.
The shape of this variety is more variable than that of the others. The whole
sponge attains a height of 150 millim., a breadth of 120 millim., and a thick-
ness of 30 millim. The surface is quite smooth, except in some places where

72 STELOSPONGIA.

it is rather roughened by the ascending primary fibres (Poléjaeff, loc. cit.).
I do not quite understand this description. The type-specimens of Poléjaeff’s
Cacospongia levis are nearly smooth, only here and there indications of small
conuli are observed in them. The surface of the skeleton is smooth. A circular
osculum 8 millim. wide is situated close to the summit of each marginal
process.

The dry skeleton is dark brown, pretty hard, slightly compressible and
elastic. According to Poléjaeff, the outer surface of spirit-specimens is black,
and the interior yellowish grey.

The skeleton consists of cylindrical or slightly compressed fascicles, 1 millim.
thick and on an average 1°5 millim. apart. The main fibres in the fascicles
are 0°24 millim. thick, cored with abundant spicule-fragments, 0°12 millim.
apart, and joined by short transverse fibres 0-06 millim. thick. The meshes
in the fascicles are square, with rounded corners ; 0°4—0°6 millim. wide. The
connecting-fibres are gracefully curved and very uniformly 0-04 millim. thick ;
the meshes between them are irregular and 1 millim. wide.

The specimens from the deep water off Barra Grande, described by Poléjaeff
(loc. cit.) as Cacospongia levis, which is one of the only three horny sponges
which have been procured from depths exceeding 250 fathoms, are in every
respect identical with some of the numerous specimens of this variety dredged
by me in shallow water on the Australian coast.

GrocrapHicaL Distripution.—South Atlantic Ocean: off Barra Grande
(‘ Challenger’).

North coast of Australia: Northern Territory, 8. A. (Haacke). West coast
of Australia: Freemantle, W. A.(Bowerbank Coll.). South coast of Australia :
Port Phillip, V.(Lendenfeld). East coast of Australia: Swan River, Q. (British
Museum Coll.).

Stelospongia australis, var. conulissima, Hyatt.

Stelospongia friabilis, A. Hyatt, “ Revision of the North American Poriferee.—
Part II.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society, vol. i. p. 530 (1877).

Small, horizontally extended, incrusting sponges, which are only 14-18
millim. high. The surface is covered with conuli, 4 millim. high and 3 millim.
apart. In the skeleton projecting band-shaped fascicles of main fibres are
observed on the surface, which are 4 millim. long, 2°5 millim. broad, and 0-2
millim. thick ; these are about 3 millim. apart, and stand in irregular longi-
tudinal rows. On the upper surface one or a few oscula, 8-10 millim. wide,
are observed, surrounded in the skeleton by frills of fibre-fascicles.

The dry skeleton is dirty dark brown, stiff, but compressible, and pretty
elastic.

STELOSPONGIA. lite

The skeleton consists of slightly compressed or cylindrical fascicles, about
1 millim. thick, which are 2-4 millim. apart and joined by a loose network.
The main fibres in the fascicles are 0-2 millim. thick, and cored with spicule-
fragments. The transverse fibres are on an average 0-08 millim. thick; the
meshes rounded, square, or circular, 0-3 millim. wide. The connecting-fibres
are curved, 0:06-0:08 millim. thick, and anastomose to form a network with
irregular meshes, 1*2 millim. wide.

GrogRaPHicaL Distripution.—I ndian Ocean : Zanzibar (Boston Society Coll.,
Peabody Academy Coll.).
Australian Seas (British Museum Coll.). East coast of Australia (Ramsay).

Stelospongia costifera, Lamarck.

Spongia costifera, J. de Lamarck, Histoire des animaux sans vertébres, edit. 2,
tom. li. p. 555 (1836).

Large, very regularly cup-shaped sponges, attached by a broad, sometimes
perforated base, and broader than high. The walls of the cup are very regularly
convex, so that the whole sponge appears basket-like, semispherical. It attains
a height of 250 millim. and a width of 400 millim. The free margin is quite
continuous and circular, or oval. The wall of the cup is in large specimens
about 18 millim. thick; it becomes slightly thinner towards the rounded
margin. The surface is covered with longitudinal ridges, which are more
marked on the outer side than on the inner. The ridges in the basal portion
of the outer side are very high and appear somewhat irregular, because tuft-
like exerescences arise from them. The adjacent tufts of different ridges
sometimes coalesce, and thus the whole structure is rendered very irregular.
Further up the tufts are smaller and more regularly situated in rows,
forming conspicuous ridges, which are at the margin about 6 millim. apart.
All the ridges appear serrated in consequence of the projection of small tufts
at regular intervals. The ridges on the inner side are, in skeletons, of uniform
character throughout, 5-8 millim. apart, 2-3 millim. broad, and raised only
slightly over the surface. Near the margin they run parallel to each other
longitudinally, and they do not anastomose in the marginal zone; further
down, however, they reticulate, forming a network with polygonal meshes,
which are 4-5 millim. wide and disposed in longitudinal rows.

The living sponge is dark red, nearly black—a colour which is retained by
spirit-specimens. The dry skeleton is chestnut-brown, very stiff, slightly com-
pressible, and elastic.

The skeleton consists of longitudinally disposed fascicles, which extend per-
pendicularly to the surface, and which are connected by a loose network of
fibres. These bands are about 2 millim. thick and on an average 6 millim. apart ;

174 STELOSPONGIA,.

they extend from the base to the margin of the cup-shaped sponge. Occasionally
they are branched under very sharp angles, so that there is a much greater
number of bands at the margin than at the base, and the interval between the
bands remains fairly uniform throughout. The bands are composed of densely
woven longitudinal main fibres, which are 0-2 millim. thick, on an average
0-3 millim. apart, and cored with a very slender axial thread of small longi-
tudinally disposed foreign spicule-fragments. They are joined by connecting-
fibres, which appear distended in the plane of the adjacent main fibres, and
often fused to form perforated plates. They are 0-2—0-24 millim. thick, and
free from foreign bodies. The meshes are 0-04—0:4 millim. wide and perfectly
round. The connecting-fibres are straight or slightly curved, 0:12 millim.
thick: the meshes between them are square or irregular, slightly rounded at
the corners ; the larger ones are on an average 1 millim. wide.

In the skin of well-preserved specimens small, conuli-like protuberances,
0:05 millim. high, are observed. In each of these a large granular cell with oval
nucleus is situated. In the point of the conic process a small, very strongly
refringent granule can generally be detected. I am rather inclined to regard
these structures as sense-organs, although the granular cell in the little
conulus does not differ essentially from the ordinary granular cells which are
abundant in the skin.

GroGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.—A merican coast of North Atlantic: Bahamas
(Bowerbank Coll.).

North coast of Australia: Darnley Island, Torres Straits (Macleay). Nor-
thern Territory, 8. A. (Haacke). West coast of Australia: Western Australia
(Baily). East coast of Australia: Port Molle, Q. (amsay).

Stelospongia pulcherrima, n. sp.
(Pirate X.)

Elegant, cup-shaped, regularly conical sponges, attaining a height of 200
millim. and a width at the margin of 130 millim. The sponge is slender,
higher than broad, and attached by a narrow base. The wall of the cup is about
8 millim. thick, and thins out towards the narrow, continuous, and regularly
circular margin. The inner surface is covered with longitudinally disposed
anastomosing ridges, which cover it with a network of meshes 15 millim. long
and 2°5 millim. wide. The outer surface is covered with very much higher
and more conspicuous, sharp and narrow ridges, which project about 4 millim.
over the concave fields between them ; they are on an average 9 millim. apart.
In the upper half they extend regularly longitudinally and do not anastomose ;
in the basal half they form a very regular reticulation with polygonal meshes
about 10 millim. wide. The limit is very clearly defined, parallel to the margin.

STELOSPONGIA.—HIRCINIA. 175

The dry skeleton is exceedingly hard, of a bright brown colour with a golden
hue in transmitted light.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal band-shaped fascicles, radiating from
the base to the margin of the cup-shaped sponge. These bands are situated
perpendicularly to, and project very much beyond, the external surface ; they
are joined by a loose interstitial network. The main fibres in the fascicles are
0-16—0°4 millim. thick, on an average 0°5 millim. apart, and cored with abun-
dant spicule-fragments. The transverse fibres in them are on an average 0-16
millim. thick, and contain scattered spicule-fragments. The meshes are square,
with rounded corners, more or less quadratic, 0°3—0°8 millim. wide; the
smaller they are the more circular do they become. The connecting-fibres are
pretty uniformly 0-1 millim. thick, and curved ; they anastomose to form a
network with meshes 1 millim. wide. All fibres show a very distinct stratifi-
cation, particularly towards the surface.

It is possible that Hyatt’s Hircinia campana, var. typica *, may be identical
with this sponge. The figure is somewhat similar, but there is no description.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distrrpution.— West coast of Australia: Western Aus-
tralia (Baily).

Genus HIRCINIA.

Spongidee with a skeleton composed of more or less fascicular
main fibres, with meshes 0°5-3 millim. wide in the interstitial
network, and filaments in the ground-substance.

Hircinia variabilis, F. E. Schulze.

Hircinia variabilis, F. E. Schulze, “ Untersuchungen tber den Bau und die
Entwicklung der Spongien,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie,
Band xxxiu. Seite 13 (1879).

Other synonyms will be found in the description of the variety.

Sponges of very variable shape. The simplest forms are incrusting. It
appears that this shape, which appears common to the young stage of all forms
of H. variabilis, is retained by some individuals throughout life. These then
appear horizontally expanded, more or less cake-shaped. More often the
sponge grows perpendicularly more rapidly than horizontally, and then attains
an irregular globose form. Very frequently, however, different parts of the
sponge grow with different rapidity, and then irregular rugose, tubercular, or
even lobose and digitate forms are produced. But in any case the sponge

* A. Hyatt, “Revision of the North American Porifer.—Part II,,” Memoirs of the
Boston Society, vol. ii. pl. xv. fig. 12.

176 HIRCINIA.

appears as a crust from the upper surface of which these processes arise.
Sometimes the crust is much curved, raised in the centre, attached at the
margin only, and perforated. According to the shape the following varieties
can be distinguished :—Incrusting or thicker and somewhat cake-shaped,
H. v. hirsuta; massive, globose, with circumvallate oscula, H. v. flaves-
cens; massive, globose, without circumvallate oscula, H. v. typica; digitate,
branched, H. v. dendroides; lamellar, raised in the centre, attached at the
margin, and perforated, H. v. galea; thick, flabelliform, erect, H. v. lingua ;
with conic outgrowths, on each of which a terminal osculum is situated, H. v.
mammillaris ; and, finally, irregular, with rows of crateriform oscula, H. v.
oros. The surface is covered with rather blunt conuli, 1-2 millim. high, which
are 1-3 millim. apart. The dimensions and the shape of these conuli are often
subject to as great variations on the surface of one and the same individual as
on individuals of different varieties. Living sponges of this species appear to
have lower conuli than specimens preserved in spirit, and the method of pre-
servation seems greatly to influence their appearance. The oscula are always
large and conspicuous. They are, in the case of the massive and incrusting
forms, scattered over the upper surface, but always appear to be situated on the
summits of the protuberances of those varieties which have an uneven surface.
In the flabelliform H. v. lingua the oscula are situated marginally, and in Z. v.
oros in rows on the summit of ridges which project from the surface. The
oscula are often circumyallate, and lie at the base of concave aconulous depres-
sions in the surface; this is particularly pronounced in H. v. flavescens. In
certain forms of this variety —Hircinia dilobes, O. Schmidt—groups of oscula
are often observed in these depressions. The oscula are 1-5 millim. wide.

The colour of the living sponge varies from light to dark brown. This
colour is confined to a superficial layer 2 millim. thick.

The skeleton is in all the varieties the same. The stouter main fibres attain a
thickness of 0:2 millim., are 1-2 millim. apart, and radiate from the base.
They are for the most part simple, but in places dissolved into a trelliswork-
like structure composed of slender fibres. Here and there they are flattened ;
but this peculiarity has, according to F. E. Schulze, not such an importance
as some authors, particularly Carter, who established a special group—Platyfibra
—for the horny sponges with flattened fibres, attach to it. The main fibres
are cored with foreign bodies, chiefly spicule-fragments, which are not very
abundant, and irregularly scattered. The connecting-fibres are generally
slightly branched, and attached to the main fibres by two or more roots ; very
scarce scattered foreign bodies are found in them here and there. The con-
necting-fibres are on an average 0°05 millim. thick; the larger meshes of the
network which they form are about 1 millim. wide, and irregularly polygonal.
The filaments are, according to F. E. Schulze, 4-8 millim. long, and in the
centre 0:006 millim. thick; towards the ends they gradually taper to 0-003

HIRCINIA. bere
millim., and end with a terminal pyriform swelling 0-006-0:01 millim. thick—
the terminal knot. F. E. Schulze has studied the filaments of this species
very carefully. They consist of an axial thread, surrounded by a pith-hke
substance, which forms the bulk of the structure. The outermost layer is very
hard and resisting, and forms a kind of cuticle on the surface of this pith-
cylinder. In the terminal knots concentric layers are observed in the super-
ficial part, and often large granules in the interior. Occasionally similar knots
are situated in the course of the fibre, and then it may happen that three or
four fine threads issue from one such knot. The amount of nitrogen in
the filaments has been calculated by Maly at 9-2 per cent., whilst the percentage
of nitrogen in the spongin-fibres is over 16 per cent. The filaments are
generally more abundant on the surface than in the interior.

The inhalant pores are pretty uniformly scattered over the surface. They are
about 0-04 millim. wide, and lead into special perpendicular canals of similar
dimensions, which penetrate the skin and open into the subdermal cavities,
0-1-0°3 millim. wide, which undermine the skin. These appear as anastomosing,
irregular tangential, radially compressed canals with an oval transverse
section. The inhalant canal-stems proper, which arise from the floor of this
subdermal cavity, are on an average only 0:1 millim. wide, and show very
marked annular strictures. The ciliated chambers are 0:04 millim. wide, pyri-
form, and provided with very short special efferent canals. The afferent pores
leading from the final ramifications of the inhalant system into the chambers
are small. There appear to be several afferent pores to each chamber. The
ova and developing embryos are surrounded by special capsules, compared by
Schulze to membrane proprie. The collar-cells are confined to the aboral
portion of the chamber. Most of the specimens examined by F. E. Schulze
were females. In one, however, he observed sperm-balls besides ova. He
assumes therefore that in this species not male and female, but hermaphro-
ditic and female individuals can be distinguished. In a superficial layer,
2 millim. thick, abundant dark brown spherical structures 0°01 millim. in size have
been observed by F. E. Schulze, which he regards as parasitic Alge. He has
observed stages of fission, but no further development. These structures are
probably not so much parasitic as symbiotic. They were regarded by Kolli-
ker and Poléjaeff as young stages of the filaments—not so, however, by F. E.
Schulze.

I distinguish eight varieties of this species for the reception of a number of
species described by O. Schmidt and other forms. These varieties are by no
means well defined, but appear as sections in the continuous series of changing
forms met with in this species. In choosing the limits of the sections of these
series to be distinguished as varieties, I have adhered to F. E. Schulze’s views.

Ws HIRCINIA.

Hircinia variabilis, var. dendroides, O. Schmidt.

Hirecinia dendroides, O. Schmidt, Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres, Seite
32 (1862).

Hircinia dendroides, O. Schmidt, Die Spongien der Kiiste von Algier, Seite 5
(1868).

Hircinia variabilis, pars, F. E. Schulze, “ Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und
die Entwicklung der Spongien.—VIII. Die Gattung Hircinia, Nardo,
und Oligoceras, n. gen.,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie,
Bd. xxxii. Seite 12 (1879).

Sponges with branched, long and slender, digitate processes, which arise
from an incrusting base. The branches anastomose here and there. Orange-
yellow or red on the surface. The main fibres are more split up to form trellis-
like fascicles in this than in the other varieties. The filaments are very abun-
dant, 0:0023 millim. thick.

GroerapHicaL Distripurion.—Mediterranean: Adriatic, Quarnero, coast
of Dalmatia (O. Schmidt). Coast of Algiers, La Calle (Lacaze-Duthiers).

Indian Ocean: Mascarene Islands, Providence Reef (‘ Alert’).

North coast of Australia: South coast of New Guinea (Haacke); Isle of
Pines, Torres Straits (British Museum Coll.).

Hircinia campana, Lamarck.

Hireinia campana, O. Schmidt, Grundziige einer Spongienfauna des Atlantischen
Gebietes, Seite 31 (1870).

Hircinia campana, var. fixa, A. Hyatt, “Revision of the North-American
Porifere.—Part II.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society, vol. ii. p. 546
(1877).

Mireinia campana, var. typica, A. Hyatt, l. ¢. p. 546.

Polytherses campana, Duchassaing et Michelotti, Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe,
p- 68 (Haarlem, 1864).

Spongia campana, J. B. de Lamarck, “Sur les Polypiers empatés ; Eponges,”
Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, tom. xx. p. 385 (1813).

Spongia campana, J. B. de Lamarck, Histoire des animaux sans vertébres,
tom. il. p. 553 (1816).

Stematumena scyphus, J. 8S. Bowerbank, *‘ Observations on the Spongidee, with
Descriptions of some new Genera,” Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, ser. 1, vol. xvi. p. 407 (1845).

Large, flabelliform, cup-shaped, or pedunculate, lamellar or also horizontally

HIRCINIA. 179

expanding sponges, which attain a height of 300 millim. Specimens are often
met with which consist of an irregular erect basal mass, the margin of the
upper surface of which is extended horizontally or obliquely upwards so as to
form a dise or cup with very thick walls which thin out towards the sharp
margin. The basal mass is in other specimens much reduced in size, and
appears as a stout peduncle only ; such forms, however, are rare. More often
it happens that the whole sponge consists of a thin, curved, frondose, irregu-
larly flabelliform plate, which is attached by a long line atthe base. The lateral
margins of this curved ear-shaped frond may meet and coalesce to form an
irregular calyculate structure. In these forms, which are usually large, the
walls of the cup are only 8-12 millim. thick, and much thinner and more
regular than in those of the first-mentioned series of forms in which a central
basal mass is observed. The surface is covered with conuli, arranged in more
or less regular longitudinal rows which appear as projecting ridges. The
conuli are larger on the outer convex than on the inner concave surface of the
lamellar parts, and also exhibit a diminution in number and corresponding
increase in size towards the base of the sponge. The longitudinal ridges are
2-3 millim. apart, the conuli 0°5-2 millim. high—according to their position—
and, in the ridges, on an average 1 millim. apart. The oscula are generally
confined to the inner surface, occasionally also found on the margin, but never
on the outer convex surface of the sponge; they are 1-2 millim. wide, and
scattered over the concave surface, or arranged in groups of about 20, extend-
ing over an area 10-15 millim. wide. The colour of the living sponge is dark
dull red on the surface, and lighter, more yellowish in the interior. The dry
skeleton is dark brown and hard.

The skeleton consists of radially situated columns of pretty closely packed
foreign bodies 0-2 millim. thick, attached to each other partly by continuous
masses of spongin cement, or by small isolated short and slender fibres, which
are on an average 0:03 millim. thick. These more or less perforated, or even
trellis-like main fibres are on an average 3 millim. apart, and joined to each
other by connecting-fibres 0:04 millim. thick. The latter form trellis-like
structures extending in the plane in which the main fibres lie, to which
they are attached. Halfway between the main fibres the connecting-fbres
form slender bundles, within which they approximate each other very closely,
being about 0-06—0-1 millim. apart. Between these bundles roundish meshes,
2-4 millim. wide, intervene. Towards the main fibres the connecting-fibres
diverge, the most diverging of the one extending to the joining-point of
the most diverging connecting-fibres of the next bundle. The filaments are
very abundant throughout the whole of the sponge; they are 0-01-0-014
millim. thick, and densely covered with brown spots on the surface. Bower-
bank’s representation of these filaments (Joc. cit.) is very good.

Pretty abundant foreign bodies are found in the skin. The subdermal

N 2

180 HIRCINIA.

cavities are comparatively small, but the exhalant ‘canal-stems are often
distended to form irregular lacunar spaces 1-3 millim. wide in the interior of
the sponge.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrputTIon.—North Atlantic: Bahamas ; Cuba; St. Thomas
(British Mus. Coll.; Duchassaing and Michelotti); Couch Reef, Florida (Bos-
ton Soc. Coll.).

East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Hircinia australis, n. sp.

Massive sponges with lobose or digitate processes, which are generally erect
and more or less branched. The whole sponge attains a height of 200 millim. ;
the branches are generally slightly compressed, on an average 20 millim. broad,
12 millim. thick, and 30 millim. long. The surface is covered with conic,
sharp-pointed conuli 2-3 millim. high, which are about 4 millim. apart. The
oscula are 2-4 millim. wide, and scattered over the prominent parts of the
sponge. The colour of the living sponge is pale red on the surface and dirty
white in the interior; these colours are retained by spirit-specimens.

The skeleton consists of very dense longitudinal fascicles of simple main fibres
in which an irregular row of scattered sand-grains is observed. These fascicles
do not exceed 0°3 millim. in width. In some places they are condensed to a
single main fibre, 0-1 millim. thick. These longitudinal main fibres or fascicles
are about 1 millim. apart, and joined by simple or more or less fascicular con-
necting-fibres. Some of the simple connecting-fibres attain a thickness of 0:08
millim. in the middle, and extend where they join the main fibre to 0:02 millim.
More slender connecting-fibres, attached by several roots, and measuring only
0-05 millim. in width, are more frequent. The meshes between the fascicles
are square, with rounded corners, 0:8-1:2 millim. wide. The filaments are
0-006 millim. thick, and generally covered with brown spots.

The inhalant canal-stems are very large and abundant, on an average 0°3
millim. wide, and just below the surface 0:5 millim. apart. The ciliated
chambers measure 0-033 millim. in width.

GnOoGRAPHICAL DisTRIBuTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Hircinia calyculata, n. sp.

Elegantly cup-shaped sponges, which attain a height of 250 millim. In
some specimens the cup is about as broad as deep ; in others much shallower.
The margin is always turned outward, and often slightly recurved, so that the
whole structure becomes vase-shaped. The wall of the cup is 30 to 40 millim.

HIRCINIA. 181

thick at the base, and thins out toward the sharp margin. The cup grows out
from a basal mass of varying size. On the inner surface conuli 2-3 milim
high are observed, situated in rows, which form irregular ridges on the surface,
often anastomosing to form a network with irregular polygonal meshes. The
outer surface is covered with irregular, short, digitate processes 10 millim.
thick, which are rather irregularly distributed, and often coalesce to form
lamellar outgrowths with sharp margins. The whole of the outer surface is
covered with very small conuli 0°5 millim. high. The oscula are 3 millim,
wide, and scattered over the outer surface of the cup-shaped sponge. The
colour of the living sponge is dark reddish brown on the surface, and
intensely orange-yellow in the interior. These colours are retained by spirit-
specimens.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal fascicles of fibres, in which large sand-
grains are contained, chiefly at the joining points of the slender fibres which
form the trellis-like fascicles. The connecting-fibres are mostly simple, 0-07
0-1 millim, thick, and attached to the main fibres by numerous diverging roots,
which are about 0°05 millim. broad. ‘The longitudinal fascicles are 0°8 millim.
broad, and the individual fibres uniformly 0-04—0-07 millim. thick. The meshes
are 2-3 millim. wide, roundish. The filaments are very abundant, smooth, and
hyaline, 0:004—-0-007 millim. thick; on the surface of some of them brown
spots are observed. The terminal knots are oval, 0-008 millim. broad.

GxEoGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTIon.— West coast of Australia: Western Australia
(Bailey). East coast of Australia: Illawarra, Port Jackson, N.S8.W. (Len-

denfeld).

Hircinia arenosa, n. sp.

Cup-shaped, more or less pedunculate sponges, which are either tall and
slender, much higher than broad, or low and flat, extended horizontally. In
every case the cup-shaped part of the sponge is very regularly conic. The tall
and slender specimens attain a much larger size than the others, being often
250 millim. high. The peduncle is short, cylindrical, and distended above, so
that it does not appear clearly distinguished from the upper cup-shaped portion
of the sponge. The wall of the cup is in large specimens very uniformly 12
millim. thick. In the smallest I have seen the wall measured 8 millim. The
free margin is pretty regularly circular, and lies in a plane perpendicular to
the axis of the sponge. The tall specimens with a peduncle are particularly
regular in shape. Those, however, which are not pedunculate, and also the
smaller horizontally extending ones, are more irregular; in these the margin
is uneven, slightly undulating. The free margin is rounded off. The surface
of smaller specimens is always perfectly smooth, and also the largest have a
perfectly smooth inner surface. On the outer surface of very large specimens

182 HIRCINIA.

indications of irregular ruge or gyriform protuberances are observed, which
are often arranged in transverse rows. The oscula are small, 0°5-1:5 millim.
wide, and confined to the inner surface of the cup-shaped sponge; they are
larger and more numerous near the margin of the cup than further down.

The colour of the living sponge is brownish pink. Dry specimens are grey
or white, according to the nature of the foreign bodies which form the stout
cortex on the surface. Dry skeletons are very hard and incompressible.

The skeleton consists of knotty and irregular main fibres, 0:2 millim. thick,
which extend longitudinally upward from the base of attachment to the margin
of the cup. These fibres contain a continuous series of large sand-grains, and
appear, in fact, as a single column of large sand-grains cemented together by
spongin. The main fibres form two layers parallel to the surface of the cup,
which are equally distant from the surfaces and from each other, so that the
wall of the cup is divided by them into three distinct layers of nearly equal
thickness—an inner layer and two superficial ones. From these main fibres
slender branches, 0-05 millim. thick, are given off at frequent intervals. Most of
these branches extend in an irregular plumose manner to the surface, and per-
vade the superficial layers on either side. In the cortical layer only very few
and distant branches are observed. The branches in the superficial layers form
a network with polygonal meshes 1-1-5 millim. wide. Large sand-grains are
frequently observed in their joining points. The distal ramifications of these
fibres enter the sand-cortex on the surface, which is 0°5 millim. thick. The
filaments are hyaline and smooth, in the middle 0:002—0:0025 millim. thick.
The terminal knots are 0:004 millim. broad. The filaments are pretty abundant,
and appear uniformly distributed throughout the sponge; they do not join to
form bundles to any large extent.

The inhalant pores are 0:002 millim. wide, oval, and scattered over the
outer and inner surface of the cup-shaped sponge. They lead into slender
canals which penetrate the sand-cortex. These are much and irregularly
curved, wending their way through the dense mass of large sand-grains
which form the cortex. The subdermal cavities into which they lead are
represented by tangential canals, 0°-1—0°3 millim. wide, with annular strictures
at frequent intervals, which are pervaded by numerous exceedingly fine mem-
branes. Small groups of such subdermal canals converge to give birth to
inhalant canal-stems, 0°3 millim. wide, which lead perpendicularly down from
the surface into the interior of the sponge. These inhalant canal-stems never
extend into the central askeletous layer of the sponge. Abundant slender
branch-canals arise from their sides and supply the whole of that portion of
the sponge which lies outside the main fibres. The ciliated chambers are
strictly confined to these layers, none being found in the central layer. The
ciliated chambers are 0-033 millim. wide, and provided with short special
efferent canals leading into the exhalant branches, which are mostly about

HIRCINIA. 183

0-1 millim. wide, and join to form larger canals with irregular annular strictures.
These lead from the outer layers of the sponge into the central layer, and
there open out into one of the oscular tubes, 0°5-1 millim. wide, which extend
longitudinally upwards in this layer, then bend abruptly round and open out
by the oscula on the inner surface. These oscular tubes show very distinct
annular strictures at pretty frequent intervals. The two superficial layers, the
one below the inner and the other below the outer surface, have the same
structure.

The ground-substance in the vicinity of the ciliated chambers is charged
with pretty abundant granules. The ground-substance in the central layer,
however, which lies in the vicinity of the oscular tube, contains alike no ciliated
chambers, no small canals, and no granules. Cells appear to be scarce in this
tissue. Stellate elements are observed at long intervals. Just below the
surface of the oscular tubes circular muscles are observed ; these are particularly
well developed in the annular strictures.

Some specimens of this sponge are rather similar to Phyllospongia vasiformis.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion.— West coast of Australia: Western Australia
(Baily). South coast of Australia: Port Phillip Heads, V. (B. Wilson). East
coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).

Hircinia halmiformis, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a meandrically folded lamella, 15-80 millim. thick,
and attains a breadth of 75 millim. and a length of 85 millim. The surface is
perfectly smooth. The oscula are 2 millim. wide, scattered over the whole of
the surface, and on an average 5 millim. apart. They lead into a system of
anastomosing lacunose oscular tubes in the interior of the sponge, which might
perhaps be considered as vestibular cavities of the exhalant system, being rather
similar to the exhalant vestibular spaces of certain species of Halme.

The skeleton consists of a pretty uniform network of loose columns of large
sand-grains, 0°8 millim. thick. The meshes formed by this network are elon-
gate, oval, on an average 2 millim. long and 0:8 millim. broad. The sand-
grains in the column are on an ayerage 0-2 millim. apart, and connected by
short, straight, and unbranched spongin-fibres, 0:03-0:05 millim. thick. Each
sand-grain is enveloped by a thin coating of spongin.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistriputTion.— West coast of Australia: Western Australia
(Baily).

184 HIRCINIA.

Hircinia gigantea, Ridley.

Cacospongia irreqularis, N.de Poléjaeff, Report on the Scientific Results of the
Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ Zoology, vol. xi. Keratosa, p. 63 (1884).

Hireinia horrens, 8S. O. Ridley, “ Spongiida” : Report on the Zoological Col-
lections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H.M.S.
‘ Alert,’ p. 387 (1884).

Massive, globose, more or less regularly spherical sponges, which are attached
by a broad base and attain a very large size. Most of the specimens have a
diameter of about 300 millim., but I have seen one which measured nearly
half a metre across and weighed about a hundredweight. The surface is
covered with blunt and irregular, often truncate conuli, about 4 millim. high,
which are on an average 8 millim. apart. The oscula are circular, 15 millim.
wide, and confined to the upper side of the sponge. Besides these, a few other
holes, 5-15 millim. wide, are found in the surface, leading down into extensive
lacune 10-15 millim. wide, which pervade the whole of the sponge. These
are so numerous that septa only 5-15 millim. thick are left between them.
They are inhabited by great numbers of small Decapods. The living sponge
is pretty soft and compressible; large specimens partly collapse when taken
from the water. The dry skeleton is stiffand elastic. The colour of the living
sponge is dull orange-red on the surface, and lighter in the interior. The
upper surface is more intensely coloured than the lower.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal, irregular, cylindrical, dense fascicles
1-1°5 millim. thick, 1-3 millim. apart, and connected at intervals of 3 millim.
by transverse fascicles, which taper from both trumpet-shaped extended ends
to the centre, where they are only about 0-4 milim. thick. The trumpet-
shaped basal extensions are nearly 1 millim. wide. The fascicles are composed
of fibres 0:04 millim. thick, which are about 0:02 millim. apart and frequently
fused or joined by short and stout transverse fibres. Towards the surface
of the fascicle the fibres are closer together than in the interior: here two
or three are often fused for a considerable length. The filaments are arranged
in very remarkable band-shaped bundles, about 0-06 millim. thick, which extend
principally longitudinally in the walls of the small canals. The filaments are
0:0015 millim. thick, and covered with brown spots; their terminal knots are
oval, 0°0025 millim. broad.

The inhalant pores are 0:02 millim. wide, and lead into very short canals
which penetrate the thin skin. No foreign bodies, or only very few, are con-
tained in the latter. Below it subdermal canals, 0:3—0-7 millim. wide, extend,
from which the inhalant canal-stems, 0°2-0-4 millim. wide, originate. The
branches of the inhalant system are very wide, measuring on an average 0°1—0-2

HIRCINIA.—STYLOTELLA. 185

millim. in diameter. The ciliated chambers are 0:022 millim. wide, and desti-
tute of special efferent canals. The exhalant branches are 0:1-0-2 millim.
wide. All the canals are destitute of annular strictures. The ground-
substance is pretty transparent; in some specimens I have observed a great
many small, highly light-refracting bodies of varying shape, which are 0-0006—
0-0012 millim. in size, and may possibly be identical with the “spores” and
“‘dumbbell-shaped ” bodies described by Poléjaeff in some other species.

GuOGRAPHICAL DistriputTion.—North coast of Australia: Lat. 9° 49’ S.,
Long. 139° 42’ E., Torres Straits (‘ Challenger’); Prince of Wales Channel,
Torres Straits (‘Alert’). Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N.S. W.
(Lendenfeld).

Familia HETERORRHAPHIDA,

Cornacuspongie with very little spongin. Megasclera of various
forms. Microsclera commonly present, but never chelee. Marine,
without gemmule.

Subfamilia STYLOTELLINA.

Heterorrhaphide without differentiated microsclera, and without
a hard spicular rind.

Genus STYLOTELLA, Lendenfeld.

Heterorrhaphide of very soft texture. Megasclera styli, in
bundles and scattered. No microsclera.

Stylotella digitata, n. sp.

Trregularly branching sponges, with cylindrical, digitate processes tapering
towards the distal end. Oscula small, scattered, and inconspicuous. Surface
smooth. In the living state intensely orange-coloured.

The skeleton consists of irregular, often flattened and band-shaped, longitu-
dinal fibres, which have an average thickness of 0°12 millim., and often approxi-
mate each other so closely that hardly any space is left between them. The
sponge, in fact, appears occupied entirely by a dense mass of longitudinally
disposed spicules. Besides these also irregularly scattered transverse spicules
are found. The spicules are styli, generally straight, sometimes slightly curved,

186 STYLOTELLA.

particularly at the truncate end. They are on an average 0°25 millim. long
and 0:004 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL Disrripution.—North coast of Australia: Torres Straits (Mac-
leay). Hast coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

New Zealand: Nelson (Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, N. Z., Coll.) ;
Lyttleton (Haast, Lendenfeld).

Stylotella polymastia, n. sp.
(Prats IV. fig. 1.)

Massive sponges with numerous, irregular, mostly fistular processes arising
from the upper surface. The sponge is attached by a broad base and attains a
maximum diameter of 300 millim. The oscula are situated terminally on the
summits of the processes.

The skeleton consists of a somewhat irregular network of fibres in the central
part of the body and of longitudinal fibres in the processes. The fibres
are about 0-2 millim. thick, and composed of irregularly situated spicules.
The meshes of the skeleton-net are on an average 0:3 millim. wide. Besides
these, abundant spicules are scattered irregularly in the ground-substance.
The spicules are straight or very slightly curved styli, which attain a length of
0:7 millim. and a thickness of 0°22 millim. The pointed end is pretty sharp.
The spicule itself appears somewhat fusiform, the thickest portion les nearer
the truncate than the pointed end. Towards the simply rounded truncate end
the spicule tapers considerably to about one half of its maximum thickness.
Similar smaller and more slender spicules are found together with these in
abundance.

GrogRaPHicaL DistrinuTion.—East coast of Australia (Ramsay).

Stylotella rigida, n. sp.

Erect sponges, attached by a broad base with cylindrical digitate processes,
which terminate with rounded dome-shaped ends, on the summits of which the
circular oscula are situated. The size of the oscula varies from 1-3 millim.

The skeleton consists of slightly branched slender fibres, which extend
upward and outward in a plumose manner. They are on an average 0:03
millim. thick. The meshes between them are 0°2 millim. wide, and filled with
dense masses of irregularly scattered spicules. These scattered spicules are so
numerous as often to obliterate the fibres altogether. The spicules are straight
or slightly curved styli, attaining a length of 0-2 millim. and a thickness of
0-006 millim, They are cylindrical, pretty abruptly, but not very sharp-pointed

STYLOTELLA.—RHIZOCHALINA, 187

at one end, and simply rounded at the other; they hardly taper at all towards
the rounded end. The thickest part of the spicule lies nearer to the pointed
than to the blunt end; the latter often appears slightly thickened and divided
from the body of the spicule by a hardly perceptible constriction.

GeEoGRAPHICAL DistrrBuTION.—LHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Stylotella aplysilloides, n. sp.

Small and incrusting sponges, which extend horizontally to a length of 150
millim. and attain a height (thickness) of 5 millim. From the upper smooth
surface conic protuberances arise, on the summits of which the circular oscula
are situated, which measure 2—4 millim. in width. Vertical oscular tubes lead
down from them into the body of the sponge.

The skeleton consists of a network composed of spicule-bundles. The fibres,
which extend longitudinally and which are to be considered as main fibres, are
composed of pretty regularly situated and closely packed parallel spicules. The
bundles which connect them are not so pronounced, and it is often difficult to
say whether these main fibres are connected by secondary fibres or whether
they are only held together by the spicules scattered abundantly in the ground-
substance. The spicules are straight or very slightly curved styli, 0°13 millim.
long and 0:06 millim. thick. They are perfectly cylindrical, of uniform thick-
ness throughout; one end is sharp and abruptly pointed, the other simply
rounded off.

GnoGRAPHICAL DistrinuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Subfamilia PHL@ODICTYINAZ.

Heterorrhaphidee which consist of body and fistulze, with a stout
spicular rind. Megasclera oxea or strongyla. Microsclera absent
or when present sigmata.

Genus RHIZOCHALINA.

Massive Heterorrhaphide with hollow roots and fistule. Spi-
cules in bundles.

188 RHIZOCHALINA.

Rhizochalina ramsayi, un. sp.
(Puate ITI.)

Large spherical massive sponges, attaining a diameter of 250 millim., at-
tached by stout roots, arising from the lower side, to the mud of the sea-
bottom. These roots attaim a length of 300 millim. and are repeatedly
branched. From the upper surface and the sides numerous fistular tubes,
with an average width of 4 millim. and a height of 35 millim., arise, which
stand close together and are parallel, all tending upwards. From the centre
of the upper surface 2-5 much wider and shorter tubes, 20 millim. wide and
only 25 millim. high, originate, the cavities of which are occupied by a reticu-
late structure. Both the large and the small tubes are oscular tubes, and their
terminal apertures oscula. The surface is, apart from these highly prominent
oscula, quite smooth. The colour of the living sponge is yellow.

The skeleton consists of a network of spicule-bundles with regular oval meshes.
The ground-substance contains very few scattered spicules. The fibres are on
an average 0:12 millim. thick, and the meshes 0:14 millim. wide and 0°35
millim. long. The spicules forming the fibres are regularly longitudinally dis-
posed and closely packed. The spicules are not very sharp-pointed, generally
slightly curved, oxystrongyla, 0°15 millim. long and 0-007 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL Disrripution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (amsay).

Rhizochalina petrosia, n. sp.

Massive lobose sponges, with smooth surface and scattered oscula, which are
on an average 2 millim. wide.

The skeleton consists of bands of longitudinally disposed spicules. These
bands are irregular, 0:1-0-3 millim. thick. The spicules are very slightly
curved, cylindrical oxea, 0°7 millim. long and 0-015 millim. thick, with sharp-

pointed ends.

GrogRraPpHicaL Distripution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Subfamilia GELLIN AZ.

Megasclera oxea or strongyla. Microsclera always present—
sigmata. No rind or fistule.

GELLIODES.—GELLIUS. 189

Genus GELLIODES.

Heterorrhaphide of erect habit and well-defined form. Fibres
distinct and compact. Spicules smooth—oxea and stigmata.

Gelliodes poculum, Ridley & Dendy.

Gelliodes poculum, Ridley & Dendy, “ Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida
collected by H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’” Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, ser. 5, vol. xviii. p. 334 (1886).

The sponge consists of a thin incrusting lamella, from which large funnel-
shaped calices arise. Colour in spirit brownish yellow. Texture soft, spongy,
but very tough and fibrous. Surface uneven, but fairly smooth.

Skeleton: (a4) Main, a reticulation of stout horny matter, sparsely cored by
uniserially arranged spicules ; (6) Dermal, a closer reticulation of stout horny
fibre, with few axial spicules, but echinated abundantly by tufts of outwardly
projecting spicules. Spicules: Megasclera short, fusiform oxea, sharp-pointed,
slightly curved, measuring 0:2 x 0-014 millim.; microsclera large slender sig-
mata, measuring 0°12 x 0-004 millim.

GrogRAPHICAL DisrriputTion.—EHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (‘ Challenger,’ Lendenfeld).

Genus GELLIUS.

Heterorrhaphidee with very little horny matter in the skeleton,
which is chiefly composed of rods and sigmata.

Gellius panis, n. sp.

The sponge consists of irregularly curved lamelle, attached by a small base.
The lamelle are tender and transparent, measuring about 4 millim. in thick-
ness, and often perforated so that the whole structure appears very loose.
The sponge attains a height of 80 millim. The surface is smooth, the oscula
are somewhat irregular and scattered.

The skeleton consists of a rather loose network of spicules, in which fibres
can hardly be distinguished. The meshes of this network are, for the most
part, enclosed either by single spicules or by irregular and very loose bundles
containing 2-5 series of them. The megasclera are oxea, slightly curved,
sharp-pointed, and cylindrical in the middle. They are on an average 0:2
millim, long and 0:007 millim. thick. Microsclera: sigmata, 0:03 millim. long

190 . GELLIUS.—TEDANIA.

and 0-003 millim. thick, of very variable shape. The sigmata either form simple
curves or spirals. They are very numerous and found in all parts of the
sponge. On the surface where the megasclera are more abundant the sigmata
are not so numerous as in the interior.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistTRIBuTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (ftamsay).

Gellius raphidiophora, n. sp.

Massive sponges which are attached by a broad base and attain a height of
50 millim. With large and conspicuous oscula, which are generally situated
on the summits of the irregular elevations which protrude from the upper
surface of the sponge.

The skeleton consists of loose spicule-bundles connected by single spicules.
The megasclera are oxea, straight or slightly curved, cylindrical in the middle,
with sharp and rather abruptly pointed ends, on an average 0°24 millim. long ;
their thickness is exceedingly variable, from 0-002—0-006 millim. Microsclera
sigmata, scattered in the ground-substance, not numerous and very small, on
an average 0:018 millim. long and 0:0001 millim. thick.

GroGRAPHICAL DistriputTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Subfamilia TEDANIINA.

Megasclera styli, oxea or tylota. Microsclera long hair-like
trichites.

Genus TEDANIA.

Heterorrhaphidee with smooth megasclera and the trichite
microsclera.

Tedania rubicunda, n. sp.

Massive sponges with smooth surface, from the upper surface of which digi-
tate processes arise. These are at the base 30-40 millim. thick, 50 millim.
long, conic, tapering rapidly towards their distal ends. On the summits of
these conical processes the oscula are situated. The sides of the distal portions
of these processes are excavated by deep longitudinal grooves, which reach
nearly down to the central oscular tube. The sponge is, in the living state, of
a bright orange-red colour. This colour is more pronounced and intense on
the surface than in the interior.

TEDANIA. 191

The skeleton consists of irregular bands of spicules which extend longitudi-
nally. These are connected by numerous single spicules, scattered irregularly
in the ground-substance. The spicules are so abundant that they appear as
dense masses in thin sections. The spicules are straight or slightly curved,
usually S-shaped tylota. They are of uniform thickness throughout. The
rounded end is often divided from the body of the spicule by a slight constric-
tion. The spicules attain a length of 0°3 millim. and a thickness of 0-005
millim. Besides these also styli and oxea of similar dimensions and trichites
are met with; these, however, are rare.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distrinurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Tedania laxa, n. sp.

The sponge consists of irregular branches growing out from a central, more
or less spherical mass, attached by a small base. ‘These processes converge
above and stand close together. The whole sponge attains a height of 200
millim. and a thickness of 150 millim. The branches are very irregular, slender
and knotty, on an average 3 millim. thick. Generally there is a spherical
swelling at the distal end, similar to the annular thickenings or knots which
are observed further down. ‘The surface is smooth. The oscula are not
apparent. The colour of the living sponge is bright brick-red.

The skeleton consists of irregular longitudinal bands of spicules, which are
connected by single spicules, very abundantly scattered in the ground-substance.
Although the spicules are so numerous, the sponge is very soft. The megasclera
are styli, tylota, and oxea. The styli are prevalent; they are on an average
0°3 millim. long and 0:005 millim. thick. Trichites rare.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrRIBuTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Tedania rubra, n. sp.

Massive sponges, attached by a broad base; from the upper surface pro-
cesses arise; those nearest the centre of the sponge are dome-shaped. The
surface is smooth. The oscula are inconspicuous, circular, 2-3 millim. wide, and
particularly abundant on the summits of the processes. The sponge attains a
height of 80 millim. and a width of 120 millim.

The skeleton consists of frequently branched and anastomosing longitudinal
fibres. In the meshes of this network dense masses of irregularly scattered
spicules are observed. ‘The fibres consist of regularly longitudinally disposed
spicules, and are on an average 0°025 millim. thick. The spicules are styli,
tylota, and oxea. The prevalent styli are generally slightly curved, and on an

192 TEDANIA.—PHORIOSPONGIA.

average 0°3 millim. long and 0-006 millim. thick, cylindrical, abruptly pointed.
The rounded end often appears slightly thickened. Very thin and irregularly
curved hair-like spicules are pretty abundant, particularly in the surface.

GrocRaPHicaL DistripuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N. 8. W. (Ramsay).

Tedania tenuispina, n. sp.

Small, elegantly branched, erect sponges, attached by a small base, and
attaining a height of 60 millim. The branches grow up in one plane, are angu-
larly bent, and appear somewhat antler-shaped. The surface is roughened by
projecting spicules. The oscula measure 1 millim. in diameter, are circular,
numerous, and scattered. The colour of the living sponge is bright orange-
yellow.

The skeleton consists of a network of spicule-bundles, 0:03 millim. thick, the
meshes of which are occupied by dense masses of irregularly scattered spicules.
The spicules are chiefly styli, a few tylota and oxea are also found. The styli
are abruptly pointed at the one, and not thickened at the other, blunt end.
They are on an average 0°22 millim. long and 0-006 millim. thick. Besides these
a few large spirally curved spicules, equal in size to the styli, are also found.

GrograpPnicaL Distrisurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Familia SPONGELIDZ.

Cornacuspongi with large sac-shaped ciliated chambers, a clear
ground-substance, and a supporting-skeleton composed of solid
horny fibres which are destitute of proper spicules.

Subfamilia PHORIOSPONGINGZ.

Spongelidze with proper spicules, sigmata, or rods in the ground-
substance.

Genus PHORIOSPONGIA.

Spongelide with a skeleton composed of abundant large scat-
tered sand-grains, which are partly joined by slender fibres ;
with rod-shaped spicules and large sigmata in the ground-
substance.

PHORIOSPONGIA. 193

Phoriospongia levis, n. sp.

Large irregular or lamelliform, short and stout sponges, with digitate pro-
cesses, which attain a height of 120 millim. and a thickness of 12 millim. The
surface is roughened by the projection of short, stout, cylindrical, terminally
rounded conuli. Circular pseudoscula, about 7 millim. wide, are found in a
row on the margin of the frondose and on the summits of the processes of the
digitate forms. The lacunose spaces in the intervals of the reticulation of the
more solid sponge-tissue are circular canals, on an average 2 millim. wide,
pervaded by fine membranes. The sponge is in all conditions sand-grey.
Dry specimens are soft and friable. When alive the sponge is pretty tough
and slightly elastic.

The skeleton consists of a rather irregular reticulation of fibres 0-01 millim.
thick. In the body of the sponge, but not in the membranes pervading the
vestibular lacune, roundish sand-grains, 0°2-0°3 millim. in size, are scattered.
These are on an average 0°5 millim. apart, surrounded by a layer of spongin,
and attached to each other by the fibres of the skeleton-net. Siliceous spicules
of two kinds are scattered throughout the sponge. ‘These spicules are not in
connection with the supporting skeleton-net. The spicules are (a) strongyla,
0-1 millim. long and 0-0012 millim. thick, and (5) curved sigmata, which are
very slender and 0:03 millim, long.

GroGRaPHicaL Distrrpution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Phoriospongia reticulum, Marshall.

Phorrospongia reticulum, W. Marshall, “ Ueber Dysideiden und Phoriospongien,”
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxy. Seite 124 (1880).

Massive, horizontally extending, cake-shaped sponges, with irregular or
polygonal depressions on the surface between a reticulation of curved and
irregularly anastomosing ridges. The oscula are 1-5-4 millim. wide, and scat-
tered or arranged in rows in the circumference of the upper surface. Dry
skeletons are soft and friable.

The skeleton consists of an irregular network of tortuous bands, 0°6-1
millim. broad, composed of loosely scattered sand-grains, which do not appear
to be at all connected with each other. The sand-grains are on an average
0-2 millim. broad and about equally far apart. The meshes between these
bands of sand-grains are 1-3 millim. wide. In the surface a layer, 0:5 millim.
thick, of similar isolated sand-grains is observed. Spicules are very abundant
in the ground-substance ; these are sigmata, 0-05 millim. long, and uniformly
scattered throughout the whole of the sponge. According to Marshall, styli
and tylostyli are present. The inhalant pores are confined to the depressions

Oo

194 PHORIOSPONGIA.

in the surface, where they form small groups; they are, according to Marshall
(loc. cit.), 0:04 millim. wide. Slender canals lead down from them to the sub-
dermal cavities penetrating the sand-cortex. The subdermal cavities, which
undermine it, are 0°2—0°3 millim. wide, and appear in the shape of irregular
tangential canals. At intervals of about 1°5 millim., inhalant trunks, 0°3
millim. wide with annular strictures, arise from them; these are irregularly
curved and follow in their course the centres of the meshes formed by the
arenaceous bands. Small inhalant branch-canals, which are about 0:09 millim.
wide, radiate from them ; also in these, annular strictures are observed. The
ciliated chambers are oval, nearly 0:1 millim. long, and about 0-06 millim.
broad; they open with very wide apertures into the smooth-walled exhalant
branch-canals, about 0:08 millim. wide, which lead into the tortuous oscular
tube ; transverse membranes are often observed in it.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distrreution.—South coast of Australia: Bass Straits
(Marshall). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Phoriospongia lamella, n. sp.

Erect, lamellar, generally irregularly flabelliform sponges, attached by a
narrow base. The lamella is uniformly 10-15 millim. thick, and more or less
curved. Specimens in which the lamella is radially folded are not infrequent,
but more often the lamella is simple. The free margin is rounded, continuous,
undulating, or lobose. In large specimens often secondary lamelle are
observed growing out from the primary one. Pedunculate specimens with
perfectly continuous free margin occur but rarely, and have only been obtained
at Broughton Island. The whole sponge attains a height of about 100 millim.
and a breadth of 220 millim. The surface is perfectly smooth and shiny in
the living sponge, and also in spirit-specimens ; in dry specimens it appears
rather granular or wrinkled. Oscula are very conspicuous and prominent,
2-4 millim. wide, scattered over one face of the lamella in some specimens
and absent in others. I establish two varieties for these accordingly, which,
however, differ in no other respect from each other than in this.

The colour of the living sponge is greyish pink on the surface, dull grey in
the interior. Spirit-specimens are grey, but occasionally they retain a slight
pinkish hue. Dry specimens are light brownish grey—the colour depending
on the nature of the foreign bodies which form the skeleton. In the living
state and in spirit the sponge is pretty tough, but inflexible; it can easily be
broken. Dry specimens are more or less friable.

The skeleton consists of isolated sand-grains, 0-4—0°8 millim. in size, which
form single interrupted series, which anastomose to an irregular network
with rounded meshes about 1 millim. wide. The surface is protected by a

PHORIOSPONGIA.—SIGMATELLA. 195

cortex 0°8 millim. thick, composed of large, loosely scattered sand-grains,
similar to those in the interior. Abundant spicules are observed in the ground-
substance; these are of three kinds: (a) very numerous and uniformly dis-
tributed, strongly recurved sigmata, 0°047 millim. long; (6) rather scarce
sigmata, 0°01 millim. long, in the walls of the larger inhalant canals ; and (c)
rather scarce and irregularly scattered strongyla, 0-1 millim. long and 0-003
millim. thick. The outermost layer of the superficial cortex is composed of
small foreign bodies, intermingled with both kinds of sigmata.

The subdermal cavities are represented by narrow tangential canals, groups
of which converge towards large irregularly spherical cavities, about 1 millim.
wide, situated below the cortex at intervals of 2-8 millim. From these local
distentions of the subdermal cavities the inhalant canal-stems arise. The
latter are about 0-3 millim. wide, provided with annular strictures, and irregu-
larly curved, following the centres of the meshes formed by the sand-grain
series. The ciliated chambers are comparatively long and slender, measuring
on an average 0:08 millim. in length and 0:03 millim. only in width. The
exhalant canals join to form proper oscular tubes only in P. lamella, var. oscu-
lata, but open direct by numerous vents, about 0°3 millim. wide, in the other
variety.

Phoriospongia lamella, var. panis, nov.

Lamellar, erect, more or less flabelliform sponges, with a continuous or
slightly undulating margin. Without any conspicuous prominent oscula. The
exhalant canals open by vents 0°3 millim. wide, which are scattered over both
faces of the lamellar sponge.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N. 8. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Genus SIGMATELLA, n. gen.

Spongelidze with a supporting-skeleton composed of a network

of very areniferous fibres, with rod-shaped and often sigmata
microsclera.

Sigmatella australis, n. sp.
(The synonyms will be found in the description of the varieties.)

Large, tubular, erect sponges, which often attain a height of 200 millim.
The whole sponge may consist of a single, irregularly cylindrical, upright tube, as
in the case of some specimens of S. a. tubaria ; or more frequently of a bunch

02

196 SIGMATELLA.

of slightly curved tubes, which grow up from a common base. These tubes attain
a maximum width of about 40 millim. a little way over the base, and taper from
thence gradually towards the upper end, which rarely exceeds 15 millim. in
thickness, and on the summit of which the circular osculum, 6—8 millim. wide,
is situated terminally. This is the most frequent form assumed by S. a.
tubaria. It may, however, occur that these tubes arrange themselves in one
perpendicular plane and coalesce for the greater part of their length, thus
producing a stout flabelliform structure on the undulating or lobed free margin,
of which the oscula are situated ina row. For these forms the variety S. a.
flabellum has been established. The surface is pretty smooth, or slightly
granular, shagreen-like. The oscula are 6-8 millim. wide, and confined to the
summits of the cylindrical tubes or the margins of the flabellar forms, where
they always occupy the summits of the processes in case the margin is lobed
or dentate.

The specimens referable to S. a. tubaria are dull orange-yellow when alive,
those of S. a. flabellum pink. In the dry state and in spirit they all appear
grey. There is no difference between the two varieties, except in their shape
and colour, so that the following anatomical description applies equally to both.
Sigmatella australis is comparatively tough and can be compressed without
breaking when alive, but it is fragile and more or less friable in the dry state.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres, composed of dense masses of
sand-grains, uniformly 0:03 millim. in size, which are held together by a very
small quantity of spongin. These sand-grains are so well packed that the
surface of the fibres appears smooth. From the base of the sponge longitu-
dinal fibres, on an average 0-1 millim. thick, extend upwards parallel to the
large oscular tubes, which terminate in the vents above described. None of
these fibres approach the outer surface or the wall of the oscular tube; they
are confined to the intermediate part of the sponge, and are about 0°5 millim.
apart. They are connected by simple transverse fibres, 0°04—0-08 millim. thick.
From the main fibres branches of similar dimensions are given off towards
the outer surface, and also in the direction of the oscular tube. ‘These
repeatedly anastomose and form a network with very irregular meshes, about
0-3 millim. wide. The outer surface is protected by a cortex, 0-1 millim. thick,
of densely packed sand-grains, which are similar to those in the fibres. A
single layer of small sand-grains underlies the wall of the oscular tube. There
do not appear to be any scattered sand-grains in the interior, although such
have been described by Marshall, who gives a somewhat different account of
the structure of the skeleton. The ends of the fibres of the supporting-skeleton
are joined to the cortex. Proper spicules are observed in the ground-substance ;
these are of two kinds:—A. Rods: rather scarce, and apparently confined to
the superficial layer, 0:12 millim. long and 0-002 millim. thick. Most of these
are rounded at both ends—strongyla, but styli and tylota are also occasionally

SIGMATELLA. 197

met with. All these spicules are pretty straight. B. Sigmata: exceedingly
abundant throughout the whole of the sponge, particularly in the canal-walls,
very small and slender, only 0°01 millim. long. Neither Marshall nor Carter
mention any proper picules.

The cortex is not continuous, but appears as a reticulation of arenaceous
bands of varying breadth, the meshes between which are irregular, rounded,
and on an average 0:2 millim. wide. Fine membranes, which are free from
foreign bodies and which contain small spicules, chiefly small sigmata, are
spread out in them. In each of these membranes a single inhalant pore,
or a small group of two to five pores, is observed. The pores are 0:04—-0-1
millim. wide and mostly circuiar. They lead into pretty wide canals, which
penetrate the sand-cortex and open out into the subdermal cavities, which are
very narrow, only about 0°04 millim. wide. Inhalant canal-stems, 0:08 millim.
wide, with annular strictures, arise from the subdermal cavities. These are
ramified, but do not give off numerous narrow branch-canals, their branches
being nearly as wide as the trunks. The ciliated chambers are supplied direct
from them. They are oval, about 0:07 millim. long, 0:04 millim. broad, and
open with wide mouths into the exhalant canals, the narrowest of which are
over 0:08 millim. wide. The exhalants join to form canals which extend
longitudinally, 0-3 millim. wide, and often traversed by prominent strictures
in their walls. They bend round abruptly at a nearly right angle, and open
by a circular mouth, 0:4 millim. wide, into the central oscular tube. It may
perhaps appear doubtful whether the mouths of the exhalant stems should
not be considered as the true oscula, and the large vents on the surface as
preoscula. The mouths of these exhalant stems are about 1 millim. apart, and
pretty uniformly distributed over the wall of the oscular tube. The oscular
tubes themselves are cylindrical, and extend from the superficial vent right
down to the base of the sponge. They have a uniform width of 6-8 millim.
throughout, appear regularly cylindrical, and follow the curvatures of the tubes
in S. a. tubaria, but always appear perfectly straight in S. a. flabellum.

Sigmatella australis, var. tubaria, Marshall.

Dysidea tubulosa, H. J. Carter, ‘Some Sponges from the West Indies and
Acapulco,” Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 275
(1882).

Psammascus decipiens, W. Marshall, “ Ueber Dysideiden und Phoriospongien,”
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxy. Seite 93 (1880).

The sponge consists of an irregular upright cylindrical tube, or more fre-
quently of a bunch of such tubes, which grow up from a common base. These
tubes attain a length of 200 millim.; they are thickest a little way above the

198 SIGMATELLA.

base, and taper from thence gradually towards the upper end. On the summit
a circular vent, 7 millim. wide, is situated terminally. The tubes attain in their
lower portion a maximum thickness of 40 millim., but rarely exceed 15 millim.
in width at the upper end. The colour of the living sponge is dull orange,
spirit-specimens are dark grey. In the structure of the surface and the general
anatomy this variety does not show any distinctive features.

Carter states that his Dysidea tubulosa may be identical with Terpios jania,
Duchassaing and Michelotti. According to Carter (Joc. cit.), our sponge lives
symbiotically with a Coralline, Janta. No Janie were observed by me in the
Australian specimens.

Marshall (Joc. cit.) has given a detailed description of this sponge. Although
this does not tally very well with the observations made by me, I am inclined
to consider his sponge identical with mine, and that the discrepancy is to
a great extent due to the bad state of preservation of Marshall’s specimens.

GrogRAPHICAL Distripution.—Coast of North America: Nassau (C. Warren).
South coast of Australia: Bass Straits (Marshall). East coast of Australia :
Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).

Sigmatella australis, var. flabellum, nov.

Large, erect, flabelliform sponges, which attain a height of 200 millim., a
breadth of 140 millim., and a maximum thickness of 40 millim. The free
margin is rounded, undulating, or divided by incisions into short and stout
digitate marginal lobes. The lamellz are composed of a number of radiating
tubes, 8 millim. wide, which lie in one plane and terminate with vents 6-8
millim. wide, situated on the margin of the lamella. The walls of these tubes
are fused throughout their entire length, except in those specimens the margins
of which are serrated, in which the distal portions of the tubes remain isolated.
The colour of the living sponge is pinkish grey ; dry and spirit-specimens are
erey. In the structure of the surface and the general anatomy this variety
does not show any distinctive features.

Grograpruican Distripution.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfeld). ast coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).

Sigmatella macropsamma, 0. sp.

Flabelliform sponges with radial longitudinal ridges on the surface, attaining
a height of 80 millim., a breadth of 70 millim., and a thickness of 17 millim.
The ridges are 5-15 millim. thick at the base, and have a sharp free margin.

SIGMATELLA. 199

The colour of the living sponge is greyish brown. The oscula are 1 millim.
wide, scarce, and scattered.

The fibres of the skeleton are composed of large sand-grains. Microsclera
strongyla, 0-26 millim. long and 0-003 millim. thick, very abundant.

GroerapuicaL DistRipution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Sigmatella corticata, n. sp.

(The synonyms will be found below in the descriptions of the varieties.)

The range of form assumed by different specimens of this species, which
I have grouped in the five varieties papillosa, mammillaris, elegans, flabellum,
and serrata, is certainly a very wide one, as, indeed, might be expected, con-
sidering that this species is one of the most common sponges in Australian
waters. Large adult specimens never appear to be incrusting or massive,
although such forms are often assumed by small ones of S. ¢. papillosa. Larger
specimens of this variety possess more or less fused lobose or digitate processes.
Large semispherical protuberances are observed on the surface of the otherwise
pretty massive variety of S. ¢. mammillaris. The other three varieties are
distinctly lamellar. SS. ¢. elegans consists of a much folded, somewhat flower-
shaped plate about 8 millim., thick; the other two varieties are expanded in
one plate, and appear flabelliform. S. ¢. flabellum is thick, abruptly cut off at the
margin with a special marginal face ; S.¢. serrata is thinner. The margin of
this variety appears serrate or dentate, in consequence of the projection from
it of digitate processes which are of uniform size and situated radially. The
surface is smooth or shagreen-like in all the varieties, except in S. ¢. papillosa
and S. ¢. flabellum. In the variety S. c. papillosa the surface is always uneven,
rugose, tubercular, or covered with a regular network of slightly projecting
ridges. The faces of the lamella in S. ¢. flabellum bear low and irregular pro-
jections. The arrangement of the oscula is a very definite one in this variety.
In S. ¢. papillosa, mammillaris, and serrata the oscula are few in number, large
and conspicuous, and situated terminally on the summits of the processes, or
scattered irregularly over the surface in small specimens which have no pro-
cesses. In S. ¢. elegans the oscula are small, slightly prominent, and scattered
over one face of the lamellw; in S. c. flabellum they are confined to the
marginal face, and are variable in size and pretty abundant.

The colour of the living sponge is always yellow or red ; particularly S. c.
papilosa appears very bright brick-red, whilst the other varieties are more or
less orange-coloured. All the varieties are always grey on the surface in the
dry state, but often retain the yellow colour in the interior. In the fresh state

200 SIGMATELLA.

these sponges are pretty soft and compressible and quite inelastic ; dry, fragile
and friable.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres composed entirely of foreign
bodies, spicule-fragments, sand-grains, &c., cemented by a very small quan-
tity of spongin. These fibres are, on an average, 0-2 millim. thick; they
extend from the base of attachment longitudinally upward, and are joined by
simple unbranched fibres of equal dimensions. Thus a network with irregu-
larly square meshes, about 0°6 millim. wide, is formed. The surface is protected
by a sand-cortex 0°3-0°5 millim. thick, to which the superficial fibres of the
supporting skeleton are attached, often by trumpet-shaped extensions. This
cortex is not continuous, but consists of a network of arenaceous bands with
meshes 0°5-1 millim. wide; the bands themselves are about as wide as the
meshes which they surround. In the ground-substance proper spicules of two
kinds are met with:—A. Rods: these are not equally abundant in different
specimens, and often much more frequent in one part of the sponge than in
another. They are 0°17 millim. long and 0:03-0:04 millim. thick. Most
of them are blunt on both ends (strongyla), but styli and oxea also occur.
B. Sigmata: these are exceedingly small and rare, so that one often fails to
find any in a given specimen. I have never been able to observe them in dried
specimens, but have, on the other hand, always found them in the specimens
properly preserved by myself. Neither Carter nor Marshall, nor any of the
other authors, have recorded the presence of proper spicules. The sigmata
are only 0:005 millim. long and uniformly curved.

Marshall gives a most extraordinary description of the structure of the canal-
system of his Dysidea favosa, which I believe to be identical with S. ¢. papillosa-
According to this author the inhalant pores are situated in the membranes
which expand in the meshes between the superficial reticulation of projecting
arenaceous bands. Below each of these membranes a large cavity is supposed
to be situated, from which exceedingly slender canals lead down to the im-
mensely large sac-shaped ciliated chambers, which are also connected with each
other by slender transverse canals. A lateral connection of ciliated chambers
with each other by special canals is altogether unprecedented in sponges, and
my own observations by no means confirm Marshall’s statement, the incorrect-
ness of which is probably due to the bad state of preservation of the specimens
at his disposal.

According to my own observations, three to ten inhalant pores 0:02 millim.
wide are situated in each of the membranes which occupy the meshes of the
dermal reticulation. These lead into subdermal cavities about 0°5 millim. wide,
which expand below these perforated plates, and are pervaded by numerous
trabeculae and membranes, dividing them into smaller compartments. The
cavities under different pore-sieves are in communication with each other by
large apertures. From the floor of each cavity several inhalant canal-stems

SIGMATELLA. 201

0-2 millim. wide originate, which are provided with annular strictures. These
are themselves branched, but do not appear to give off secondary ramifica-
tions. They supply direct the ciliated chambers, which are 0:07 millim. long
and about 0:04 millim. broad. The exhalant canals are about as wide as the
inhalants, and join to form larger stems, which open out into the large and
conspicuous oscular tubes. These are curved and tortuous in the massive and
lobose varieties, but appear straight and radiating from the base to the
marginally situated oscula in S. ¢. flabellum and serrata. Only in S. ¢. elegans
the oscula are small and inconspicuous.

Carter states that Spongiophaga pottsi occurs in his Dysidea kirkii. Although
I have often found filaments in sponges with an arenaceous skeleton somewhat
similar to that of Sigmatella, I have never found them in any true Spongelid.

The ciliated chambers of all the sponges which contain filaments are small,
spherical, pyriform; and probably Carter had true Hircinie before him.
Symbiotic oscillarians are also recorded by Carter in the same sponge. He
compares them to the oscillarians discovered by IF. E. Schulze, where they
already occur in the embryo, and confounds them, by an oversight, with the
filaments.

Sigmatella corticata, var. papillosa, Marshall.

Dysidea argentea, W. Marshall, “Ueber Dysideiden und Phoriospongien
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxy. Seite 107 (1880).

Dysidea callosa, W. Marshall, /. c. p. 104.

Dysidea favosa, W. Marshall, /. c. p. 98.

Dysidea favosa, S. O. Ridley, “ Spongida:” Report on the Zoological Collections
made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H.MLS. ‘ Alert,’
p- 388 (1884).

Dysidea granulosa, H. J. Carter, “‘Supplementary Report on the Specimens
dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar,” Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, ser. 5, vol. vii. p. 376 (1881).

Dysidea kirkii (partim), H. J. Carter, l. ¢. p. 374.

Dysidea kirkii (partim), H. J. Carter, “ Description of Sponges from the Neigh-
bourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 216 (1885).

Holopsamma laminefavosa (partim), H. J. Carter, /. ¢. p. 212.

Spongelia kirki, A. Hyatt, “Revision of the North-American Poriferze.—
Part I1.,” Memoirs of the Boston Society, vol. i. p. 539 (1877).

Irregularly massive incrusting sponges, which are when young horizontally
expanded, cake-shaped, and attached by a broad base. Larger specimens
appear erect, and possess irregular, lobose, or even digitate tortuous processes,
which rise from the upper surface to a varying height. These may coalesce

902 SIGMATELLA.

laterally, and thus very irregular forms are produced. The surface is always
irregular, rugose, tuberculated, or covered with a network of slightly projecting
ridges, in the meshes between which fine perforated membranes are observed.
The extreme forms are different enough, but they are connected to such an
extent by transitions that no distinction can be drawn, particularly as dif-
ferent parts of the surface of one and the same specimen often exhibit a very
different appearance. I believe that these differences are to a certain extent
also due to differences in the mode of preservation of the specimens; but I
have observed that the structure of the surface is also in the case of living
specimens subject to great variations. I have for this reason found it advis-
able to combine three species of Dysidea, distinguished by Marshall chiefly on
account of the difference in the structure of the surface, into this one variety,
to which also a number of the specimens in the British Museum labelled
Dysidea kirkii and Holopsamma laminefavosa by Carter, belong. However,
by no means all sponges so named by Carter belong to it.

The oscula are large, conspicuous, and few in number. They are always
situated on the summits of the processes in the lobose and digitate speci-
mens, and occupy prominent positions in the irregularly massive ones. In
the small cake-shaped specimens the oscula are irregularly scattered over the
surface, and not prominent. They appear to increase in size with the
specimens. The oscula of small specimens are only about 2 millim. wide,
whilst those of the largest attain a diameter of 8-12 millim.

The colour of the living sponge is bright brick-red on the surface, dull orange
in the interior. Dry specimens are light grey on the surface, but often to a
certain extent retain the yellow colour in the interior.

The anatomical structure of this variety does not present any distinctive
features. The description of the canal-system given by Marshall of his Dysidea

favosa, which strongly challenges criticism, is discussed above in the description
of the species.

GroeRaPHicaL Distrrnurron.—European coast: coast of Suffolk (W. B.
Clarke).

Coast of Africa: Algoa Bay (Bowerbank Coll.).

Indian Ocean: Mauritius (Canterbury Museum).

North coast of Australia: Port Darwin (‘ Alert’). South coast of Australia :
St. Vincent Gulf, S. A. (South Australian Institute); Tasmania (Bowerbank
Coll.); Bass Strait (Marshall); Phillip’s Island, Port Phillip, V. (Boston Soe.
Coll.); Port Phillip Heads, V. (B. Wilson); Port Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld) ;

Western Port, V. (Lendenfeld). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld, Ramsay).

New Zealand (British Museum Coll.).

SIGMATELLA. 203

Sigmatella corticata, var. flabellum, nov.

Erect flabelliform sponges with a broad, perfectly continuous free margin.
The sponge attains a height of 200 millim., a breadth of 300 millim., and a
thickness of 20-40 millim. It is attached by a narrow base, and the lamella
increases in thickness towards the margin, where it appears cut off very
abruptly. A special terminal face is thus formed, which extends all along
the margin. Near the base it is narrow, but gradually widens above, where it
attains a maximum width of 40 millim. The sides of the lamella are rough-
ened by low and irregular projections. Sometimes one or a few small lamelle
grow up from the same base by the side of the large one, but these never appear
to coalesce with the main lamella further up. The surface is, apart from the
slight projections on the faces, pretty smooth, somewhat shagreen-like. The
oscula are confined to the marginal face, where they are abundant and arranged
in several irregular rows. They are rather variable in size, from 3-8 millim.
wide. In very large specimens a slight depression in the central line of the
marginal face divides the latter into two slightly projecting parts, on which the
oscula are then arranged in two distinct zones. In smaller specimens there
is no indication of such a depression, and the oscula are arranged in a single
row. Straight cylindrical oscular tubes, which converge towards the base of
attachment, extend down from the marginal oscula.

The colour of the living sponge is bright orange-yellow. Dry specimens are
very light grey.

There are, apart from the radial arrangement of the oscular tubes, no
distinctive anatomical structures to be recorded in this variety. The external

shape it assumes is a very remarkable one, and without precedent in other
sponges.

GrograPutcaL DistRipution.—South coast of Australia: Port Phillip Heads,

V. (B. Wilson); Port Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld). East coast of Australia: Port
Jackson, N. 8. W. (amsay, Lendenfeld).

Sigmatella corticata, var. serrata.

Dysidea kirkii (partim), H. J. Carter, “ Descriptions of Sponges from the
Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals and Maga-
zine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 216 (1885).

Regularly shaped, erect, flabelliform, lamellar sponges, attached by a narrow
base or pedunculate, attaining a height of 170 millim., a breadth of 220 mil-
lim., and a thickness of 15 milliim. From the upper semicircular free margin
radially situated digitate processes arise, which are situated at equal intervals,
so that the margin attains a regular serrated appearance. These digitate pro-

204 SIGMATELLA.—HAASTTIA.

cesses are regularly cylindrical, about 30 millim. long and 15 millim. thick ;
they are distally rounded or cut off abruptly—truncate. The surface is smooth.
On the summit of each of the digitate processes which crown the upper margin
a circular osculum 4 millim. wide is situated. The colour of the living sponge
is dull yellowish. Dry specimens are grey.

The oscular tubes are perfectly straight, cylindrical, and of uniform width
throughout ; they extend right down to the base of the sponge, from whence
they radiate to the margin, where they terminate in the oscula on the summits
of the digitate processes.

There are no other anatomical peculiarities of a distinctive nature to be
recorded in this variety.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.—South coast of Australia: Port Philip Heads,
V. (B. Wilson); Port Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld). Hast coast of Australia : Port
Jackson, N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).

Subfamilia SPONGELIN &.

Spongelidee without proper spicules in the ground-substance.

Genus HAASTIA, n. gen.

Spongelidee the skeleton-fibres of which are sheathed with a
dense layer of minute oval siliceous spicules.

Haastia navicularis, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a bunch of erect, cylindrical, digitate processes, about
15 millim. thick, which grow up from an extensive basal incrusting mass. The
whole sponge attains a height of 150 millim. The surface is covered with
uniformly distributed conuli, 1 millim. high, which are 1-5-2 millim. apart.
The oscula are confined to the summits of the digitate processes. The colour
of the living sponge is pinkish grey. In spirit it is light grey. The sponge
is soft, resilient, compressible, and pretty elastic.

The skeleton consists of a very loose network with irregularly square meshes
2 millim. wide. Main and connecting-fibres can be distinguished, The main
fibres are 0-4 millim. thick, knotty, and completely filled with foreign bodies.
The connecting-fibres are simple, unbranched, irregularly curved, and about
0-2 millim. thick; they do not contain so many foreign bodies as the main
fibres. A sheath of oval siliceous bodies surrounds the fibres.

GerogrAPHIcaAL Distrrsution.—New Zealand: Port Lyttelton (Haast,
Lendenfeld).

PSAMMOPEMMA.—SPONGELTA. 205

Genus PSAMMOPEMMA.

Spongelide with a skeleton composed of abundant large sand-
grains, which are partly joined by slender spongin-fibres. Without
proper spicules.

Psammopemma rugosum, 2. sp.

Erect lamellar sponges, which attain a height of 150 millim. and a thickness
of 20 millim. The surface is covered with irregular longitudinally extending
rugose protuberances, on an average 5 millim. broad and 3 millim. high. The
oscula are 3-4 millim. wide, and confined to the prominent parts of the sponge ;
they are not very numerous. The living sponge is dull brick-red; dry speci-
mens are dirty brown, pretty hard, but friable.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal bands of large sand-grains, 1 millim.
thick, which are connected by transverse arenaceous fibres 0-003 millim. thick,
in which the amount of spongin is comparatively great. The sand-grains in
the longitudinal bands are for the most part isolated, although some of them
appear cemented by a very small quantity of spongin where they come in con-
tact with each other. A very remarkable and uniform network of fibres, 0°006
millim. thick, with meshes 0°06 millim. wide, pervades the whole of the ground-
substance. Jam rather doubtful about the nature of this reticulation. The
fibres do not seem to consist of spongin, but are somewhat granular. It may
possibly be the result of shrinkage, as the specimens at my disposal were not
well preserved.

GroGRAPHIcAL Distrinurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus SPONGELIA.

Spongelidee with a skeleton composed of areniferous fibres ;
without proper spicules.

Spongelia spinifera, I. E. Schulze.

Spongelia spinifera, F. EK. Schulze, “ Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die
Entwicklung der Spongien.—VI. Die Gattung Spongelia,’ Zeitschrift
fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxii. Seite 152 (1879).

Spongelia spinifera, var. parviconulata, N. de Polejaeff, Reports on the Scien-

206 SPONGELIA.

tific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ Zoology, vol. xi.
Keratosa, p. 41 (1884).

Small, incrusting, massive, cake-shaped, or upright lamellar sponges, which
attain a thickness of 30 millim. The surface is covered with large conuli,
which in large adult specimens attain a height of 6 millim. and are 6-10 millim.
apart. In small, young specimens the conuli are only 4 millim. wide. I believe
that the ‘Challenger’ sponges described by Poléjaeff as Spongelia spinefera,
var. parviconulata, were young specimens of this species. There is generally
only one osculum, 10 millim. wide, ina large specimen. In smaller specimens
there are generally several oscula 2-3 millim. wide. The colour of the living
sponge is greyish violet. Spirit-specimens are generally dirty greyish yellow
in colour. The sponge is soft and resilient.

The skeleton consists of a number of separate dendritically ramified fibres
which are not connected with each other by any transverse fibres. These den-
dritic fibres consist of an axial column of sand-grains and spicule-fragments,
which is surrounded by a stout layer of stratified spongin. The final ramifi-
cations of these fibres, which terminate in the conuli—about four conuli are in
large specimens supplied with the branches of one fibre—are 0-05 millim.
thick. At the base the stems often attain a thickness of 0:8 millim. and
more.

From the conuli twenty-five to thirty stout bands radiate, which ramify and
anastomose to form a very conspicuous network of prominent ridges with
meshes 1-1°5 millim. wide in the surface. These are traversed by secondary
bands which divide the large primary meshes into secondary ones, 0°3 millim.
wide. In each of these eight or ten inhalant pores, 0°04 millim. wide, are
situated. The subdermal cavities are larger in this than in the other species,
and traversed by irregular membranes and trabecule. The inhalant trunks are
0:25 millim. wide and numerous ; they are only slightly branched themselves, but
give off numerous little branchlets which supply the ciliated chambers. The
latter are oval, and most of them measure 0:08 millim. in length and 0-055
millim. in width. There are, however (at least in the Australian specimens
examined by me), a few much larger chambers of similar shape, which are 0°12
millim. long and 0:067 millim. broad. The exhalant canals extend downwards

and open out into irregular lacune extending at the base of the sponge, from
which the oscular tubes arise.

GuoagrarHican Disrrinution.—Adriatic: Lesina, Dalmatian coast (7. £.
Schulze).

South coast of Australia: Port Phillip (Zendenfeld). East coast of Australia :
Port Jackson, N. 8. W. (‘ Challenger, Lendenfeld).

SPONGELIA. 207

Spongelia elastica, F. E. Schulze.

Spongelia pallescens, subspecies elastica, F. KE. Schulze, ‘‘ Untersuchungen iiber
den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien.— VI. Die Gattung Spongelia,”
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxii. Seiten 150, 154
(1879).

(Other synonyms will be found below in the description of the variety.)

The different varieties of this species differ to a great extent in shape. S. e.
massa is incrusting or massive, horizontally expanded, cake-shaped, without
processes of any kind, whilst S. ¢. lobosa is erect, attached by a narrow base,
and generally possesses lobose processes which arise from the upper surface.
S. ¢. stellidermata is a long and narrow flabelliform sponge, which thins out
towards the serrated margin. The surface is covered with conuli 1°5-3 millim.
high, which are 1°5-3°5 millim. apart. The conuli are smaller and closer
together in S. ¢. massa than in the other two varieties. The oscula are 3-10
millim. wide, scattered over the upper surface in S. ¢. massa, confined to the
summits of the lobes in S. ¢. lobosa, and arranged in a row along the margin in
S. ¢. stellidermata. The colour of the living sponge is greyish blue in S. e.
massa, brick-red in S. e. stellidermata, and violet in S. e.lobosa. The dry skele-
tons of all the varieties are light greyish brown, pretty soft, compressible, and
elastic; but S. ¢. massa appears more elastic than the other varieties, and
approaches in elasticity the bath-sponge.

The skeleton consists of knotty main fibres, 0°2 millim. thick, which are 1:5-
3 millim. apart. They are closer together in S. ¢. massa than in the other
varieties, and appear as columns of pretty densely packed large foreign bodies,
which are cemented by a small quantity of spongin. The connecting-fibres are
0:04-0:06 millim. thick, and mostly free from foreign bodies. They are
generally much branched, and anastomose to form a network with irregular
meshes, on an average 0-2 millim. wide. Only in the tubular parts of the
sponge the connecting-fibres appear more simple. Here they are often un-
branched, and the meshes between them square. The skeleton-net does not
pervade the whole of the sponge in a uniform manner, but appears, particu-
larly in S. ¢. lobosa, confined to the septa of more dense tissue, 1-3 millim. thick,
which divide the lacunose tracts from each other. These are often situated
radially, and so the skeleton attains a somewhat honeycomb-like appearance,
which is particularly well developed in the Australian specimens of this variety.
In some of the Adriatic specimens, for which O. Schmidt established the species
Spongelia perforata, similar but more irregularly arranged askeletous lacunose
tracts are observed. The subdermal cavities are pretty highly developed ; the
ciliated chambers are rather irregular, sac-shaped, on an average 0°08 millim.
long and 0:06 millim. broad. The final ramifications of the inhalant canals are

208 SPONGELIA.

much narrower than the ciliated chambers, whilst the branches of the exhalant
system, into which the ciliated chambers open with wide apertures, are always
much larger than the chambers themselves. Sperm-balls and embryos were
observed in S. ¢. massa by F. HE. Schulze. The most highly developed embryos
observed in the body of the mother were elongate, cylindrical, convex at one
end and concave at the other. The embryo consists of a single layer of very
slender and long ectoderm-cells on the surface, and it is filled with a hyaline
substance, in which numerous cells are imbedded. The nuclei of these cells are
much larger than the nuclei of the ectoderm-cells. These cells of the interior
possess numerous fine processes, which anastomose with each other and appa-
rently also with the thread-like centripetal ends of the ectoderm-cells. The
whole of the embryo is colourless, with the exception of the ectoderm-cells
which clothe the concave depression at the end. An Oscillaria, which
- F. E. Schulze names 0. spongelia, is nearly always found in the Mediterranean
specimens of this species, and already occurs in the embryo. I have found the
same or a very similar alga in the specimens dredged by me on the east coast of
Australia, and am inclined to think that it lives symbiotically with the sponge.

Spongelia elastica, var. lobosa, O. Schmidt.

Spongelia fistularis, O. Schmidt, Zweites Supplement zu den Spongien des
Adriatischen Meeres, Seite 28 (1866).

Spongelia pallescens, H. J. Carter, ‘‘ Descriptions and Figures of Deep-sea
Sponges and their Spicules,” Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
ser. 4, vol. xvii. p. 232 (1876).

Spongelia pallescens, subspecies elastica, var. lobosa, F. KH. Schulze, ‘‘ Untersuch-
ungen iiber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien.—VI. Die Gat-
tung Spongelia,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxii.
Seiten 150, 154 (1879).

Spongelia perforata, O. Schmidt, Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres,
Seite 28 (1862).

Large, erect, massive or lobose sponges, which are attached by a narrow base
and attain a height of 300 millim. The surface is covered with conuli, on an
average 2°5 millim. high and 2°5-3°5 millim. apart. The oscula are 4—10
millim. wide, and scattered over the prominent parts of the sponge. The colour
of the living sponge is violet on the surface and greyish in the interior. Dry
skeletons are pretty stiff, but compressible and very elastic.

The skeleton is confined to the septa which divide the radial lacunose tracts
from each other, so that it appears more or less honeycombed with cells 3-8
millim. wide. F, E. Schulze made a slight confusion in establishing this variety.
He calls it, in the place where it is mentioned for the first time, ramosa (I. ¢.

SPONGELIA. 209

p. 150, second line from below). But in all other places it is named lobosa.
I take the former to be a misprint.

This variety seems to be particularly often inhabited by Stephanocyphus
mirabilis, Allman, a Hydroid, the perisare of which was erroneously regarded
as an essential part of the sponge by O. Schmidt, who based his species
Spongelia fistularis on the presence of these perisarc-tubes.

GrograpuicaL Distrreution.—Adriatic (F. E. Schulze). Spalato, Lesina,
Lissa, Dalmatian coast (O. Schmidt). North Atlantic (‘ Porcupine’).

South coast of Australia: Port Phillip, V. (Lendenfeld). ast coast of
Australia: Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Spongelia ramsayi, n. sp.

Irregular, meandrically-folded lamellar sponges, which attain a maximum
diameter of 140 millim. The sponge is very hard. The oscula, which measure
2 millim. in diameter, are situated on one face only of the lamella.

The main fibres of the skeleton are very knotty and charged with sand-grains,
which are on an average 0°25 millim. in size; the connecting-fibres contain
scattered foreign bodies, and are 0:1 millim thick.

GxrograpHicaL Distrisution.—Indian Ocean, Mauritius (Canterbury Mu-
seum, Christchurch, N. Z., coll.).

New Zealand (Lendenfeld), Chatham Islands (Parker).

Spongelia cacos, un. sp.

The sponge consists of a mass of irregularly curved, digitate processes, which
are on an average 20 millim. thick.

The skeleton is composed of a network of smooth fibres 0°16 millim. thick,
which are charged with abundant small foreign bodies. The meshes of the
network are irregular or oval, on an average 1:5 millim. wide.

GEOGRAPHICAL DisrripuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Spongelia sagum, n. sp.

Perfectly smooth incrusting sponges, with a lobose outline, attaining a
thickness of 3 millim. and a horizontal diameter of 50 millim. The living
sponge is brick-red, and has a peculiar lustre, which makes it appear very
similar to certain Chondroside.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres charged with particulary large

P

210 SIDERODERMA.

sand-grains. The fibres measure 0:3 millim. in thickness, and the polygonal
or square meshes of the network are 1:2 millim. wide.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion.—EHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S.W. (2amsay, Lendenfeld).

Familia DESMACIDONIDZ.

Cornacuspongiz with a supporting skeleton composed of spicu-
liferous, often echinated fibres. Generally with chele in the
ground-substance. If chele are absent, the fibres are echinated
by projecting spicules.

Subfamilia ESPERELLIN A.

Fibres not echinated.

Genus SIDERODERMA.

Desmacidonidee with mammiform projections and a dense ex-
ternal rind of closely packed tangentially disposed megasclera.
Soft in the interior. Megasclera smooth. Microsclera isochele,
trichites, and (usually) sigmata.

Sideroderma navicelligerum, Ridley & Dendy.

(Puate II. fig. 2.)

Sideroderma navicelligerum, 8. O. Ridley and A. Dendy, “ Preliminary Report
on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger,” Annals and Maga-
zine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xviii. p. 348 (1886).

Hemispherical, sessile sponges, with a hard and dense rind about 1 millim.
thick, composed of closely packed tylota. The surface is covered with nume-
rous papille, some of which bear terminal vents. Colour in spirit pale
yellow.

Spicules:—(1) Tylota with a long cylindrical shaft and an oval head at each
end, length 0:28-0:595 millim., diameter in middle of shaft 0-0063-0-0126
millim.; (2) very fine long trichites, in bundles measuring about 0:45 by 0°17
millim.; (3) sigmata: (a) large, measuring 0:06 by 0-0047 millim., and (0)
small, measuring 0:0189 by 0-015 millim.; (4) tridentate isochele, length
0-019 millim. ; (5) very minute isochele of peculiar form, shaft much expanded
laterally all along, so as to become oval and flattened, and notched in front in

SIDERODERMA.—ESPERELLA. 211

the centre, with one small oval tooth at each end, sharply curved, length
0-01 millim.

GrograpHicaL Disrripution.—Off New Guinea (‘ Challenger’).
East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Sideroderma zittelii, n. sp.

Incrusting sponges, which attain a thickness of 15 millim. and a horizontal
extent of 60 millim. From the surface peculiar tubercles and digitate processes
arise, which may attain a height of 15 millim ; these processes have a circular
transverse section, and are at the base 6 millim. thick. The surface is con-
tinuous, shining. The colour of spirit-specimens is light brown on the surface,
greyish in the interior. The rind is very dense, the interior lacunose and soft.

The skeleton consists of spicule-bundles and scattered spicules in the interior,
and a stout cortex on the surface. The cortex consists of two layers—an outer,
composed of trichites mostly perpendicular to the surface and chele; and an
inner layer, which consists of tangentially disposed styli and oxea. The
spicule-fibres in the interior form a loose network. Of particular interest are
very conspicuous spicule-bundles 0:3-0-5 millim. thick, which extend longitu-
dinally upward in the digitate processes. They lie just below the cortex, and
are situated at regular intervals of 0-1-0-2 millim. In each process there are
twelve to fourteen such longitudinal spicule-fibres. The megasclera are styli
and oxea, measuring 1 x 0-016 millim. The former are more numerous ; they
sometimes exhibit slight indications of annular thickenings at intervals of
0-08 millim. The oxea are slightly curved, and equally sharp-pointed at both
ends. The microsclera are trichites and chele. The former measure 0°15-0-2

x0:005 millim.; the latter are very small isochele, with a notch in the
middle.

GuroGRAPHICAL DistrIBuriIon.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Genus ESPERELLA.

Desmacidonide with small megasclera. Microsclera: palmate
anisochel, and sometimes sigmata.

Esperella ridleyi, n. sp.

Dendritically ramifying sponges, which attain a large size. The shape is
subject to extensive variations, according to which I divide the species into
Several varieties.

P2

212 ESPERELLA.

The skeleton consists of a network of horny fibres, in which abundant longi-
tudinally disposed spicules are contained. These fibres form a network with
oval longitudinally-situated meshes. The fibres are, on an average, 0-12 millim.
thick, and the meshes 0-3 millim. wide. The spicules are so abundant in the
longitudinal main fibres as to render the horny substance hardly visible. In
the transverse connecting-fibres, however, which are of the same thickness as
the main fibres, the spicules are confined to the axial portion of the horny
fibre. These supporting spicules of the fibre-net are styli. They are, on an
average, 0°22 millim. long and 0-05 millim. thick, cylindrical and abruptly
pointed, the blunt end simply rounded off. They are often irregularly curved,
sometimes even S-shaped. In the ground-substance between the fibres, parti-
cularly just below the surface of the sponge, abundant scattered microsclera are
met with. These are of four kinds :—(1) spicules similar to those in the fibres ;
(2) diancistra, 0-2 millim. long and 0-009 millim. thick, with very sharp recurved
points; these are rare and confined to the surface; (3) irregularly curved
spicules which are pointed at each end, and which may be regarded as an
irregular form of toxea; (4) chele, 0-03 millim. long, with unequal ends.

Esperella ridleyi, var. robusta, nov.
(Puate VI.)

Stout dendritic sponges, which attain a height of 500 millim., attached by a
small base, from which the cylindrical, erect, simple branches arise. These
branches attain a thickness of 30 millim., and are terminally rounded ; they
consist of a reticulate structure. The sponge is exceedingly hard and
incompressible.

GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION.— West coast of Australia: Western Australia
(Baily).

Esperella ridleyi, var. intermedia, nov.

Incrusting sponges, from the upper side of which cylindrical erect processes
arise, which are om an average 25 millim. thick and attain a height of 200
millim. These processes are generally slightly ramified, and consist of a
similar reticulate structure as those of the foregoing variety.

The fibres of the skeleton are thinner than in &. r. robusta, and the spicules
are not so abundant in them. In consequence of this, the sponge is much
softer and more elastic.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.— West coast of Australia: Western Australia
(Baily).

ESPERELLA. Piles

Esperella serpens, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a reticulation of branched and often anastomosing
cylindrical and digitate parts, which have an average thickness of 4 millim.,
and which form an irregular horizontally expanded cake-shaped structure,
attached by a broad base.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal spicule-bundles which are on an average
0°03 millim. thick, 0°15 millim. apart, and connected by single spicules.
Besides these there are spicules scattered irregularly in the ground-substance.
All the spicules are uniform in shape: styli, 0-22 millim. long and 0-005
millim. thick. They are cylindrical in the centre, and very abruptly pointed
at the sharp end. Towards the blunt end they taper slightly to an incon-
spicuous constriction which divides the somewhat knob-shaped blunt end from
the body of the spicule. In the ground-substance microsclera of two kinds are
found :—1, sigmata; 2, chele. The sigmata are simple curves with abruptly
bent, pointed ends, clasp-shaped, 0:02 millim. long, and pretty scarce; the
chele are anisochele, 0:018 millim. long, and the curved palmate portion on
one end is about twice as long as that on the other.

GrocRaPHicaL DistripuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Esperella penicillium, n. sp.

The sponge is composed of anastomosing branches, on an average 7 millim.
thick. The surface is covered with small, sharp, and slender projections
which stand very close. The oscula are scattered, 2 millim. wide. Alive the
sponge is of a deep orange-yellow colour.

The skeleton consists of a network of spicule-bundles, which extend upwards,
are frequently branched, and form numerous anastomoses, so that longitu-
dinally disposed elongate meshes are formed. There are no transverse con-
necting-fibres, nor many spicules scattered in the ground-substance. The
spicules forming the fibres of the supporting skeleton are styli and strongyla,
0°35 millim. long and 0-006 millim. thick. The two ends of the strongyla are
equal and similar to the blunt end of the much less frequent styli, which
occur only exceptionally, and have an abruptly pointed sharp end. These
spicules are straight, or rarely slightly curved, cylindrical in the centre and
tapering slightly towards the blunt end, which consists of a slight thick-
ening, and appears somewhat knob-shaped. There are microsclera of two
kinds—sigmata and chele. The sigmata are pretty rare, their ends are
unequal or equal, inasmuch as both or only one may be abruptly recurved and
sharp-pointed, They are 0:045 millim. long. The chele are anisochele, 0°033

214 ESPERELLA.—MYXILLA.

millim. long. The palmate extension on one end is about two thirds as long
as that at the other. These chele are mostly situated in groups 20 or more
together ; the ends with the smaller palmate extension of all the chelze of one
group are attached to each other, so that the chele radiate from a common
centre, forming spherical clusters.

GroGRAPHICAL Disrtrrpurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Subfamilia ECTYONIN &.

Fibres echinated by laterally projecting spicules.

Genus MYXILLA.

Desmacidonide the magasclera of which are usually spined
styli; with comparatively little spongin in the fibres. Micro-
sclera: tridentate chele.

Myxilla jacksoniana, n. sp.

Massive, lobose sponges with conspicuous oscula.

The skeleton consists of a very regular network of single spicules, which only
here and there combine to form loose and irregular bundles of two or more
series of spicules. The supporting spicules are styli, slightly curved, sharp,
and abruptly pointed at one end, and very slightly thickened at the other;
they attain a length of 0:2 millim. and a thickness of 0-007 millim. Besides
these also a few tylota are found, which, however, are very scarce; these are
0-2 millim. long and 0-004 millim. thick. Their ends are very slightly
thickened, some of them might in fact be regarded as strongyla. Microsclera
arev ery abundant throughout the whole of the sponge; these are sigmata
and chele. The sigmata are prevalent and have very abruptly recurved
pointed ends; they are on an average 0:04 millim. long and 0-002 millim.
thick. The chele are about a third as large as the sigmata.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTIon.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

CLATHRIODENDRON. Pils

Genus CLATHRIODENDRON, nu. gen.

Desmacidonidee with exceedingly large tylostylote megasclera
scattered in the ground-substance. The spongin-fibres of the
supporting skeleton contain only few spicules. Hchinating
spicules spined styli.

Clathriodendron arbuscula, n. sp.

The sponge has the shape of a tree all the branches of which are slightly
compressed and flattened, 12 millim. broad, of uniform thickness through-
out, and tending upwards. The surface is conulated, and bears numerous
sharp and slender projections, which are on an average 2°5 millim. high. The
oscula are scattered and very small.

The skeleton consists of a network of horny fibres, 0°05 millim. thick. The
meshes are elongate, longitudinally disposed, on an average 0°5 millim. long
and 0°3 millim. broad. In the axis of the horny fibres large styli are found
which attain a length of 0°35 millim., a thickness of 0°12 millim., and which
form a single series in the fibre. The fibres are echinated by abundant blunt
and somewhat club-shaped styli, 0-084 millim. long and 0-011 millim. thick at
the base. The spines are numerous, stout, and about 0-004 millim. high.
The echinating styli are attached at an angle of 50° to the surface of the fibre ;
only a very small part of the spicule is imbedded in the fibre. In the ground-
substance styli similar to those in the fibres are met with.

GrograruicaL Distripurion.—EHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

_. Clathriodendron irregularis, n. sp.

Sponges which consist of a few stout branches, arising from a small base
and tending upwards. These branches are 25 millim. thick, and consist of an
irregular reticulation, being perforated by oval holes and canals in every
direction. The whole sponge attains a height of 150 millim. The surface is
very irregular; the skeleton and spiculations are simiar to those of the foregoing
species.

GerograPpHicaAL Disrrreurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

216 CLATHRIODENDRON.—-KALYKENTERON.

Clathriodendron nigra, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a mass of very slender branches arising from a small
base. These are somewhat compressed, and on an average 4 millim. thick.
They ramify in an irregular dichotomous manner, and appear slightly thick-
ened at their distal ends. ‘

The skeleton consists of bundles of straight or slightly curved styli, which are
0-7 millim. long and 0:017 millim. thick. These fibres are disposed longitudi-
nally and transversely, and form a network with square meshes. They are
0:07 millim. thick, and the meshes 0:05 millim. wide. Here and there these
fibres are also connected by single spicules, similar to those within the fibres.
There is hardly any horny substance visible. The fibres are echinated by styl
0-1 millim. long and 0-01 millim. thick, with very small spines. These are
comparatively very scarce, and stand singly at long intervals, projecting at an
angle of about 45 degrees from the spicule-bundles which form the fibre.

GrograPnicaL Distripurion.—Hast coast of Australia (amsay).

Genus KALYKENTERON, nov. gen.

Exceedingly hard and tough cup-shaped Desmacidonide, with
a skeleton composed of very thick spicule-bundles which are
echinated by spined strongyla.

Kalykenteron elegans, n. sp.

A very elegant, conical, cup-shaped sponge attaining a height of 220 millim.
The margin of the cup is circular and has a diameter of 120 millim. Both
surfaces are very irregular and covered with numerous projections of varying
shape and size. The outer surface is somewhat rougher than the inner. The
small circular oscula are confined to the latter.

The skeleton consists of a dense network of exceedingly thick fibres. The
main fibres, which extend longitudinally from the base to the margin of the
cup, are 0-2 millim. thick. The connecting transverse fibres have an average
diameter of 0-07 millim. The meshes of the network are 0°48 millim. wide.
The fibres consist of dense masses of oxea which are all parallel and disposed
longitudinally. These oxea are curved in the middle, on an average 0°27
millim. long and 0-012 millim. thick, not very sharp, and rather abruptly

KALYKENTERON.—CLATHRISSA. O17

pointed. The fibres are echinated by spined strongyla 0-09 millim. long, and
0-011 millim. thick at the stouter end, which is attached to the fibre, and 0-006
millim. thick at the free projecting end. Both ends are slightly thickened.
The body of the spicule is nearly cylindrical and bears numerous short and
stout spines, so as to attain more a rough than a spined appearance.

GroGRAPHICAL DistrisuTion.— West coast of Australia: Western Australia
(Baily).

Kalykenteron silex, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a meandriform lamella which grows up from a small
base of attachment; it is somewhat flower-shaped, often caliculate. The
whole sponge attains a height of 120 millim. The lamella is pretty uniformly
6 millim. thick and rounded at the margin.

The skeleton consists of spicule-bundles 0-2 millim. thick, composed of large
and stout styli. There is hardly any spongin discernible. The fibres are
echinated by spined styli 0-09 millim. long and 0-008 millim. thick.

GrOGRAPHICAL DistrIBuTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Molle, Q.
(Ramsay).

Genus CLATHRISSA, n. gen.

Desmacidonide with a skeleton composed of dense bundles of
slender oxea, with very little spongin ; echinated by spined styl.

Clathrissa arbuscula, n. sp.
(PiaTe V. fig. 2.)

Small, irregular, lobose or digitate sponges, with erect processes, attaining a
height of 150 millim. The living sponge is very soft and resilient, orange-red
in colour. Spirit-specimens are brownish grey. The whole of the surface is
covered with densely situated villous, distally rounded or thickened outgrowths,
which are about 1:5 millim. thick and from 2-8 millim. long.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal, much-branched main fibres, 0-04 millim.
thick, and on an average 0-2 millim. apart, composed of dense masses of
spicules which are straight, cylindrical oxea, 0-18 millim. long and 0-007
thick. The horny substance which binds these spicules together is only very
slightly developed and difficult to observe. The fibres are echinated by spined
conic, mostly straight or slightly curved styli 0°12 millim, long, and at their

218 CLATHRISSA.

thickened proximal end 0:009 millim. thick, which stand very steep, often nearly
perpendicular. .

GEOGRAPHICAL DistTrRipuTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Clathrissa elegans, n. sp.

Tree-shaped branched sponges of large size and elegant shape, consisting of
a short vertical stem about 15 millim. thick, from which numerous more
slender branches grow out. These tend upwards and are curved in such a
manner as to become perpendicular in their distal portions. Fresh sponges
of this species are soft and resilient. Alive, in spirit, and dry it is dark brown
in colour.

The skeleton consists of a network of spicule-bundles 0°027 muillim. thick,
and on an average 0:025 millim. apart. These consist of densely packed
straight oxea 0°2 millim. long and 0-004 millim. thick; some of them attain a
much larger size. Occasionally styli are observed. The fibres are echinated
by spined styli, which are more numerous towards the surface than in the
interior. These styli are on an average 0:09 millim. long and 0:06 millim.
thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,

N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Clathrissa pumila, n. sp.

Small, incrusting, conulated sponges, of a light rose-colour in the fresh state
and grey when preserved in spirit. The conuli are on an average 2 millim.
high and 4 millim. apart. Small oscula 0°8 millim. wide are scattered irre-
gularly over the surface.

The skeleton consists of perpendicular fibres 0:09 millim. thick, which ter-
minate in the conuli. They are composed of styli and oxea, cemented by a
small quantity of spongin. The ends of the spicules often protrude beyond
the surface of the fibre. They measure on an average 0:2 millim. in length
and 0-005 millim. in thickness. These fibres are echinated by densely packed
perpendicularly situated, spined styli, which are on an average 0-11 millim.
long, and at the base 0-007 millim. thick. The chelse scattered in the ground-
substance are very abundant, 0-012 millim. long. Besides these there are also
spicules similar to those in the fibres, scattered in the ground-substance.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

CLATHRISSA.—ECHINONEMA. 219

Clathrissa pumila, var. rubra, nov.

Massive or incrusting sponges with small conuli about 1 millim. high, which
are very close together. The largest specimens attain a height of 20 millim.
The colour of the living sponge is bright scarlet.

The skeleton is similar to that of the species.

GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRipuTion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N. 8. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus ECHINONEMA.

Desmacidonide with fibres which are so excessively echinated
that the dense masses of echinating spicules hide the fibre from
view.

Echinonema anchoratum, Carter.

ichinonema anchoratum, H. J. Carter, ‘Supplementary Report on the Speci-
mens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar, together with others from the
vicinity of Bass Rocks and from Bass Straits respectively,” &c., Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. vil. p. 878 (1881).

Digitate, irregularly branched sponges, which are generally very hard.

The skeleton consists of a more or less dense network of horny fibres, which
are cored with siliceous spicules, and in the different varieties from 0:04-
0:07 millim. thick. The spicules form an axial thread in their centre. They
are situated longitudinally and pretty abundant: oxea in the different varieties
from 0°1-0°27 millim. long and from 0:004—0:006 millim. thick. The fibres
are densely echinated by spined styli. The spines are very numerous, high,
and sharp. The styli are in the different varieties from 0-074—0-095 millim. long,
and 0:006-0-01 millim. thick at the base, which is inserted in the clear cortical
spongin-layer of the fibre. The chelz in the ground-substance are isochele,
with long and sharp marginal teeth, and small rounded central lobes; they
are 0-014 millim. long and much curved.

Echinonema anchoratum, var. ramosa, nov.

Sinall, erect, digitate sponges with irregular and high processes all over the
surface.

The skeleton is composed of a dense network of fibres 0:04 millim. thick.
Spicules: oxea 0°16 millim. long and 0:004 millim. thick, abundant in the

220 ECHINONEMA.

axis of the fibres. Fibres densely echinated by spined styli, which are straight,
conical, or slightly curved, 0:074 millim. long, and at the base 0-006 millim.
thick. Chele abundant in the ground-substance, 0:014 millim. long.

GEOGRAPHICAL DristripuTion.—-East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Echinonema anchoratum, var. dura, nov.

Very hard dendritic sponges, in the living state light yellow.

The skeleton consists of a loose network of fibres 0°07 millim. thick, cored
with abundant longitudinally disposed oxea, which are 0°2—-0-27 millim. long
and 0:006 millim. thick, densely spined with conic styl 0-095 muillim. long,
and at the base 0°01 millim. thick. Chel scarce.

GroGRAPHICAL Distrrpurion.—East coast of Australia (Ramsay).

Echinonema anchoratum, var. lamellosa, nov.

Frondose, flabelliform, lamellar sponges.

The skeleton consists of a close reticulation of fibres 0:04 millim. thick, which
are cored by dense masses of oxea, 0°1 millim. long and 0-004 millim. thick,
and echinated by not quite so abundant spined styli, which are on an average
0-08 millim. long, and at the base 0:009 millim. thick. Chelee scarce.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiBuTiIon.—New Zealand : Port Chalmers (Parker).

Echinonema levis, n. sp.

Large, digitate, or lobose erect sponges, which have a perfectly smooth and
continuous surface. Smaller specimens appear more massive, whilst larger
ones are generally composed of digitate, distally rounded, cylindrical processes.
Some of the specimens are lamellar, flabelliform or frondose, with slightly
irregular serrated margin. The sponge attains a height of 200 millim. Colour
in the living state and in spirit grey.

The skeleton consists of irregularly curved, for the mos* part longitudinally
extending fibres, 0°03 millim. thick, which contain abundant straight or slightly
curved styli, 0°27 millim. long and 0:007 millim. thick. The fibres are densely
echinated by spined conical styli, 0°08—0-1 millim. long, and at the base 0-007
millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution.— East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

ECHINONEMA.—CLATHRIA. CN

Echinonema rubra, n. sp.

Large, erect, digitate or dendritic, sometimes flabelliform or irregularly
frondose sponges, attaining a height of 300 millim. The processes or branches
are cylindrical and distally rounded. The sponge is in the living state of a
bright scarlet colour, which is sometimes retained by spirit-specimens. The
surface is irregularly grooved.

The skeleton consists of fibres 0-07 millim. thick, which form a pretty wide-
meshed network. These fibres are cored by bundles of slightly curved styli
0-2 millim. long and 0-005 millim. thick, and pretty densely echinated by very
spiny, somewhat cylindrical styli, 0°7 millim. long and 0-009 millim. thick.
The thickness of the cortical layer of spongin, free from longitudinal spicules,

in the fibres is a very conspicuous feature of this species.

GrocrapHicaL Distripution.—LEast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S, W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus CLATHRIA.

Desmacidonid with a skeleton composed of bundles of spicules
invested by spongin from which spined styl protrude.

Clathria macropora, 2. sp.

Irregular, massive, lobose sponges, attaining a height of 200 millim. The
sponge appears more or less upright, higher than broad. The surface is rather
irregular, undulating or grooved. The oscula are very conspicuous, and
scattered over the whole of the surface; they are on an average 5 millim.
wide and fairly abundant.

The skeleton consists of a network of mostly longitudinally disposed fibres
0:13 millim. thick, which contain an axial bundle 0-07 millim. thick of slender
oxea and styli, the former being more numerous. These spicules are 0-14 millim.
long and 0:004 millim. thick. The fibres are echinated by exceedingly spiny
styli, which have a length of 0:09-0-012 millim. The spines are recurved,
and confined to the lower two thirds of the spicules. The spined styl are at
the base 0-01 millim. thick.

- GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiBuTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Stephens,
N.S. W. (Ramsay). New Zealand: Nelson Bay (Canterbury Museum, Christ-
church, N. Z., coll.).

222 CLATHRIA.—THALASSODENDRON.

Clathria pyramida, n. sp.

Massive sponges with rough surface, covered with regularly pyramidal pro-
cesses, attaining a maximum diameter of 150 millim., and attached by a broad
base. The living sponge is of a dark violet colour.

The skeleton consists of fibres 0°09 millim. thick, which contain an axial
bundle 0:04 millim. thick, of slender straight styli 0°26 millim. long and 0-004
millim. thick. They are echinated by rather scarce spined styli, which are
distributed in a more or less verticillate manner, 0°1 millim. long, and covered
with low spines, particularly in their basal portion, and there 0-008 millim. thick.
Abundant spicules of two kinds are scattered throughout the ground-sub-
stance :—(1) styli, similar to those in the fibres ; (2) chelee, 0°02 millim. long.

GEOGRAPHICAL DisrriputTion.—EKast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Clathria australis, un. sp.

Flabelliform sponges with irregular, more or less circular outline. The
lateral margins are continuous, simply convex; the upper margin is slightly
undulating. The two faces of the lamellar sponge are covered by longitudinal,
radially disposed grooves which extend from the broad base of attachment to
the upper margin. Insome specimens two or more such lamellz are joined by
a transverse piece. The sponge attains a height of 150 millim., and the
lamella is 30 millim. thick.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres, which can be distinguished into
main and connecting-fibres. The main fibres are entirely filled with spicules,
and on an average 0'1 millim. thick. The connecting-fibres are 0:03 millim.
thick, and free from spicules. The spicules of the main fibres are straight
styli, 0°015 millim. long and 0:006 millim. thick. The main fibres are
echinated with scarce, spined styli, 0-1 millim. long and 0-007 millim. thick.

GeEoGRAPHICAL Disrrisurion.—South coast of Australia : Port Phillip, V.
(Lendenfeld).

Genus THALASSODENDRON, n. gen.

Desmacidonidee with a supporting skeleton composed of horny
fibres partly without spicules in the interior, and echinated by
scarce, pretty smooth styl.

THALASSODENDRON. 223

Thalassodendron digitata, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a mass of stout digitate processes, which are more
or less upright and grow out froma broad basal mass. The processes are
inflated at the base, conic, tapering towards the abrupt end, which bears a ter-
minal osculum. ‘The surface of the skeleton appears peculiarly villous.

The skeleton consists of spiculiferous main fibres and aspiculous con-
necting-fibres. The former are 0-05 millim. and the latter 0:03 millim.
thick. The spicules in the former are slender, terminally thickened, straight
or irregularly curved, strongyla 0-2 millim. long. ‘The main fibres are
echinated by smooth and stout, blunt styli, 0-1 millim. long, and at the base
0:01 millim. thick. The echinating styli are often confined to the distal
surface of the fibres.

GHoGRAPHICAL Distrrpution.—North coast of Australia: Torres Straits
(Macleay).

Thalassodendron typica, n. sp.

Horizontally expanded, broad, irregularly caliculate or flabelliform and
curved sponges. ‘The free margin of the cup is pretty narrow, and generally
incised at one place, so that the whole structure does not appear radially sym-
metrical. The sponge attains a height of 200 milim. The margin of the cup
measures in large specimens 250 millim. in diameter. The surface is covered
with radially situated, longitudinal ridges which are about 8 millim. apart. The
wall of the cup has an average thickness of 12 millim.

The skeleton consists of main and connecting-fibres. ‘The former are 0°11
millim. thick, and filled with spicules ; the latter 0-05 millim. thick, and aspi-
culous. The spicules in the former are straight styli, 0-2 millim. long, and
0-005 millim. thick. They are slightly echinated by styli, scarce, stout, smooth
or slightly spined, 0:03--007 millim. long, and at the base 0-008 millim. thick,
often entirely imbedded in the horn-substance of the fibre.

GuogRaruicaL Distrrpurron.—East coast of Australia (Ramsay).

Thalassodendron rubens, n. sp.

Large, branched, erect sponges, which consist either of a bunch of digitate
processes, or which appear more flabelliform. The branches are about 6 millim.
thick. The surface is slightly grooved.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres, 0-08—-0-2 millim. thick, which
contain somewhat irregularly disposed styli, 0°15-0-25 millim. long and 0-004—

224 THALASSODENDRON.

0-007 millim. thick. They are echinated by rather scarce, rough, or slightly
spined styli, 0:06-0:07 millim. long and 0-006 millim. thick.

Thalassodendron rubens, var. dura, nov.

Large, branched, erect sponges, which attain a height of 700 millim. and a
breadth of 500 millim., consisting of a bunch of numerous digitate, here and
there compressed and laterally, particularly at the branching points, distended
processes. The surface is slightly grooved.

The skeleton consists of a pretty dense network of exceedingly thick fibres.
The irregular rounded meshes measure 0:1—-0°3 millim. in width. The fibres
are on an average 0-2 millim. thick, and approximate in some places to form
perforated plates. Abundant, somewhat irregularly disposed, cylindrical styl,
0:15-0:25 millim. long and 0-004—0-007 millim. thick, are observed in the fibres.
These are more numerous in the longitudinal than in the transverse fibres.
The fibres are echinated by rough or slightly spined styli, on an average 0-07
millim. long and 0-006 millim. thick. The echinating styli are not abundant.

GroGRAPHICAL Distrisurion.—LEast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Thalassodendron rubens, var. lamella, nov.
(Puate VII.)

Large, erect, branched sponges, composed of a number of compressed,
laterally distended branches, extending in one plane, which anastomose occa-
sionally. The surface is slightly grooved.

The skeleton consists of a network of irregularly curved fibres, on an average
0:08 millim. thick, which contain very irregularly disposed styli, 0°16 millim.
long and 0:006 millim. thick. The fibres are echinated by slightly spiny and
blunt styl, 0-06 millim. long and 0-006 millim. thick. These are pretty scarce.

GrocrarHicaL Distrreution.—EHast coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

Thalassodendron paucispina, n. sp.

Large, irregular, digitate sponges, the processes of which are branched, com-
pressed, and expanded more or less in a plane, so that the whole sponge attains
a somewhat flabelliform appearance.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal main fibres 0-1 millim. thick, which are
on an average 0:26 millim. apart, and joined by mostly simple transverse
connecting-fibres 0:07 millim. thick. In both pretty abundant and rather

THALASSODENDRON.—PLECTISPA. 225

irregularly disposed styli, 0-3 millim. long and 0-011 millim. thick, are observed ;
these are more abundant in the main than in the connecting-tibres. The
fibres are echinated by two kinds of spicules :—(1) smooth styli, 0°1 millim.
long and 0:007 millim. thick; (2) spined styli, 0°08 millim. long and 0-006
millim. thick. Both kinds are scarce. Very abundant spicules, similar to those
in the fibres, are found scattered throughout the ground-substance.

GEOGRAPHICAL DisrripuTiIon.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Thalassodendron brevispina, n. sp.

Large branched sponges, with very irregular digitate processes.

The skeleton consists of mostly longitudinally disposed irregular main fibres ,
0:07-0:15 millim. thick, which are joined by short and simple connecting-
fibres, 0°05 millim, thick; in some places they approximate and coalesce to
form perforated plates. In the main fibres a very regular axial bundle, 0:03
millim. thick, of spicules is observed. There are no spicules in the connecting-
fibres. The spicules in the main fibres are styli, 0:02 millim. long and 0:009
millim. thick. Small rough styli, 0°05 millim. long and 0:005 millim. thick,
are observed protruding at right angles from the axial spicule-bundle. These
are evidently homologous to the echinating spicules of other species, but most
of them do not protrude beyond the surface of the spongin-cortex of the fibres,
which are not echinated accordingly.

GxrogRAPHICAL Distrrpution.—East coast of Australia (amsay).

Thalassodendron viminalis, n. sp.

The sponge consists of a number of pretty regularly cylindrical upright
branches, which are not much branched. The surface is rough or slightly conu-
lated, but not grooved.

The skeleton consists of mostly longitudinally disposed fibres, 0:08 millim.
thick, which contain rather scarce, slightly curved, blunt styli, 0°14 millim. long
and 0-006 millim. thick. The fibres are echinated by very scarce smooth styli,
0:5 millim. long and 0-005 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTIon.—East coast of Australia: Illawarra, N. S.W.
(Ramsay).
Genus PLECTISPA, n. gen.

Elegantly reticulate Desmacidonide, the fibres of which contain
only few spicules. The superficial fibres are always echinated on
Q

226 PLECTISPA.

the distal surface by smooth styli. The fibres in the interior are
often not echinated at all.

Plectispa elegans, nu. sp.

The sponge consists of a reticulate mass of regularly cylindrical digitate
branches, which are on an average 5 millim. thick. The surface is pretty
smooth.

The skeleton consists of main and connecting-fibres. The former measure
0-2 millim. in thickness and contain abundant styli, 0°16 millim. long and
0-006 millim. thick. The connecting-fibres form a dense network with rounded
meshes 0:03-0°15 millim. wide; they are on an average 0:07 millim. thick,
and contain scattered spicules similar to those in the main fibres. The super-
ficial fibres are echinated on the distal surface by fairly abundant smooth styli,
0:07 millim. long and 0:005 millim. thick.

GroGRAPHICAL Distrinution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Plectispa arborea, 1. sp.

Dendritically ramifying sponges, which attain a height of 300 milim. The
stem, which is clearly defined, is attached by an extensive basal plate, slightly
compressed, and about 8 millim. thick. The surface is rough.

The skeleton consists of an exceedingly dense network of fibres. The longi-
tudinal fibres are on an average 0°1 millim. thick; the others, which can be
regarded as connecting-fibres, measure 0:02-0:05 millim. The latter form a
network with polygonal meshes, 0°14 millim. wide. The longitudinal fibres
contain styli, 0-08 millim. long and 0-004 millim. thick, which are not very
abundant. Scattered spicules are also found in the connecting-fibres. The
fibres are echinated by very scarce smooth styli, 0°05 millim. long and 0-004
millim. thick.

GrograPHicaL Disrripution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Plectispa macropora, nt. sp.

Small and tender reticulate honeycomb-like sponges, which appear massive
or incrusting and attain a height of 40 milliim. The meshes of the honeycomb
are very uniformly 5 millim. wide and regularly polygonal.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0°05 millim. thick, which are
filled with slender straight or curved styli, 0°2 millim. long and 0-004 millim.

PLECTISPA.—CLATHRIOPSAMMA, 227

thick. The fibres are pretty abundantly echinated by slightly spined or rough
styli, 0-07 millim. long and 0:006 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL DtstrreuTion.—North coast of Australia: Torres Straits
(Macleay).

Genus CLATHRIOPSAMMA, n. gen.

Desmacidonidee with a sand-cortex and a skeleton composed of
horny fibres, charged with foreign spicule-fragments and echinated
by smooth styli.

Clathriopsamma lobosa, un. sp.

Irregularly ramified, exceedingly hard sponges, with a smooth surface. The
branches are cylindrical, and often terminally thickened and rounded at the
end; they attain a thickness of 25 millim.

The skeleton consists of longitudinal main fibres 0-1 millim. thick, and simple
transverse connecting-fibres 0°03 millim. thick. Abundant foreign bodies are
found in both. The fibres are echinated by spined styli, 1:05 millim. long
and 0:006 millim. thick, which are fairly abundant.

The position of this species appears somewhat doubtful; it shows affinities
to the genus Auwlena.

GroGRAPHICAL Disrripurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,

N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Clathriopsamma reticulata, n. sp.

Repent sponges, which consist of a reticulate mass of smooth cylindrical
processes about 5 millim. thick.

The skeleton consists of a network of fibres 0:12 millim. thick, with meshes
on an average 0°3 millim. wide. The fibres contain irregularly disposed styli
of varying dimensions. They are echinated by very spiny and stout styli, 0°05
millim. long and 0-009 millim. thick, which are fairly abundant.

GrogRraPHicaL Distripution.—East coast of Australia (Jtamsay).

Familia AULENIDZE.

Reticulate Cornacuspongiz with a skeleton composed of stout
fibres, which form a network with small meshes. Ciliated cham-
bers small, spherical. Ground-substance transparent. Without

QZ

228 AULENA.

proper spicules in the ground-substance, but sometimes with
echinating spicules on the superficial fibres.

Genus AULENA.

Aulenide which consist of a honeycomb-like folded lamella.
The fibres of the skeleton are charged with foreign bodies and
form a dense network. The superficial fibres are echinated on the
distal surface. With sand-cortex.

Aulena laxa, Lendenfeld.

Halme lava, R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Second Addendum to the Monograph of the
Australian Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, vol. x. part 4, p. 847 (1886).

Irregular, decumbent, and horizontally expanded or massive and erect
sponges, with irregular upright digitate processes, which are about 30 millim.
thick and 200 millim. high. These processes are rounded at their distal
ends, or cut off abruptly. The smaller, more or less incrusting forms attain a
length of 60 millim. and a height of 20 millim. The sponge consists of a very
loose honeycomb structure, the meandriform lamell of which are 1—2 millim.
thick. The cells of the honeycomb are of varying size, 10-20 millim. wide.
There is no central cavity. The surface of the lamelle which appear slightly
thickened distally, that is in the outer surface of the sponge, is pretty smooth.

The skeleton is composed of a network of fibres in the interior. The main
fibres contain large scattered sand-grains and are 0-2 millim. thick; the con-
necting-fibres measure 0:02-0:03 millim. The reticulation is very dense, the
meshes measuring only 0:2 millim.in width. From the outermost main fibres,
which form a tangential reticulation, echinated fibres extend to the surface.
The fibres of the tangential network are likewise echinated on their distal sur-
face. No spicules are attached to the fibres in the interior. These echinating
spicules are styli, 0:06-0:067 millim. long and 0:0048—0-006 millim. thick.
The surface itself is protected by a layer of sand 0-1 millim. thick. The super-
ficial echinated fibres appear to be connected with the sand-cortex.

Aulena laxa, var. minima, Lendenfeld.

Halme lava, var. minima, v. Lendenfeld, “‘ Second Addendum to the Monograph
of the Australian Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales,” vol. x. part 4, p. 847 (1886).

AULENA. 229

Small, incrusting, horizontally expanded sponges. From the upper surface
irregular lobose processes may arise, which are never higher than broad. The
network of the sponge-lamella is dense. The lamelle are on an average
1 millim. thick, and the cells of the honeycomb 10 millim. wide. The surface
is smooth. Small oscula measuring 0°5 millim. in width are scattered sparsely
over the whole of the surface. The colour of fresh specimens is yellowish
grey. In spirit and dry they appear darker brown. The living sponge is very
soft and resilient ; dry skeletons are hard and inelastic.

The skeleton of the interior consists of slightly knotty main fibres 0-2 millim.
thick, containing large scattered sand-grains, and connecting-fibres 0-028
millim. thick, which are free from foreign bodies. The outermost main fibres
are echinated on their external side. Perpendicular fibres 0-027 millim. thick
extend from them to the surface; these contain no foreign bodies, and
are echinated by very irregularly disposed styli, which are straight, cylindrical,
abruptly pointed, and measure 0-067 millim. in length and 0-0048 millim.
in thickness. There are no spicules scattered in the ground-substance. The
surface is protected by a sand-cortex, on the lower side of which the echinated

fibres abut perpendicularly with trumpet-shaped extensions.

GuogRapuican Distrrpurton.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Aulena laxa, var. digitata, Lendenfeld.

Halme laxa, var. digitata, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “ Second Addendum to the Mono-
eraph of Australian Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, vol. x. part 4, pp. 847-848 (1886).

This sponge attains a height of 300 millim. and a breadth of 70 millim.
The digitate processes which arise from the basal massive portion of the sponge
attain a length of 200 millim. and a thickness of 30 millim. The surface is
uneven, undulating. The distal ends of the branches are rounded or cut off
abruptly. The meshes of the honeycomb have a width of 20 millim., and
the lamella itself is 2 millim. thick. The surface is smooth; the scattered
oscula measure 0°5 millim. in diameter. The colour of the fresh sponge is
light grey or white. Fresh specimens are soft and resilient, dry skeletons
hard and inelastic. Just below the outer surface, canals 0-11 millim. wide are
observed, which appear to communicate; these represent the subdermal cavity.
In the interior the canals measure 0:08 millim. in diameter.

The internal skeleton is composed of main fibres, 0:07 millim. thick, which
are pretty smooth and contain axially scattered sand-grains. The connecting-
fibres are 0-008 millim. thick. The tangential net of main fibres below the

230 AULENA.

surface is composed of fibres 0-09 millim. thick, which are different from the
main fibres in the interior, inasmuch as conic projections arise from their outer
side, which are about half as high as these fibres are thick. These conic pro-
tuberances are densely echinated, and on an average as far apart as they are
high. There are no spines in the spaces between them. From these tangential
fibres, perpendicular echinated fibres extend to the surface. The latter contain
foreign bodies—sand-grains, which, however, are smaller than those in the
main fibres of the interior. The perpendicular fibres, which abut with trumpet-
shaped extensions on the dermal sand-cortex, are slightly branched, 0:0067
millim. thick, and very densely and regularly spined. The spicules are straight,
abruptly pointed, cylindrical styli, 0°067 millim. long and 0-006 millim. thick.
There are no spicules scattered in the ground-substance.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistTRIBUTION.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Aulena gigantea, Lendenfeld.

Halme gigantea, R. vy. Lendenfeld, ‘Second Addendum to the Monograph
of the Australian Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, vol. x. part 4, p. 847 (1886).

The varieties of this species differ from each other only in their external
appearance. They consist of a basal mass, which may have a diameter
of 100 millim., attached by a broad base. It varies very much in height,
forming sometimes half or more of the whole sponge, and reduced at other
times to a low lamella. Digitate processes grow out from the upper
side of the basal mass; these are either irregular with bulbous outgrowths,
or slender and conic, or also regularly fusiform, thickened in the middle.
These processes attain a length of 400 millim., and a greatest width of
60 millim. The whole sponge is hollow, so that the digitate processes
appear tubular, closed at the ends. The central cavity is about as wide as the
wall is thick. The latter consists of an exquisitely honeycombed structure ; it
is perforated by large polygonal canals, which lead from the outer surface to
the central tube, and which in their course extend centripetally downwards.
These tubes are, in the variety micropora 3 millim., in intermedia 5 miliim.,
and macropora 7 millim. wide. The septa between these tubes are formed by
lamelle only 1 millim. thick ; they terminate in the surface in a regular reticula-
tion with polygonal meshes. The free margin is slightly thickened, so that the
superficial holes which lead into these tubes are smaller than the tubes are
wide. These marginal thickenings are about 2 millim. wide. The colour of
all the varieties in spirit and when dry is dark brownish grey. In the

AULENA. esl

fresh state the sponges are soft and resilient, in the dry state hard and inelastic.
The tubes which lead from the surface to the central cavity, together with the
atter, are to be considered as vestibular lacune. On the surface of the honey-
comb-like lamella groups of inhalant pores and oscula are scattered indiscri-
minately. The inhalant pores lead into irregular subdermal cavities, which
appear as tangential canals 0°12 millim. wide. The inhalant and exhalant
canals are, on an average, 0°05 millim. wide. The ciliated chambers are sphe-
rical, 0-025 millim. wide, and open direct into the exhalant canals. The efferent
pore is about one fourth as wide as the chamber.

Dermal skeleton: siliceous spicules are scattered irregularly in the skin;
0-2 millim. below it a network of stout fibres extends parallel to the surface.
The fibres forming this network are on an average 0-1 millim. thick, and cored
with an axial series of large sand-grains. They contain no siliceous spicules,
and are not echinated. From their outer side short fibres arise which extend
perpendicularly to the surface, and appear to consist of fragments of foreign
siliceous spicules, cemented by a small quantity of spongin. These fibres are
generally slightly branched, the branches tending upwards and abutting per-
pendicularly on the surface. They are 0:03 millim. thick, and echinated by
projecting styli, which are given off at an angle of about 45°, and point out-
ward. The supporting skeleton consists of a network of longitudinally-
extending, irregular, and much curved anastomosing main fibres, which are
0-12-0:14 millim. thick, and, similarly to the fibres of the tangential net-
work, cored with a single series of sand-grains. The connecting-fibres are
0:04-0:06 millim. thick, and generally extend, without branching, from one
main fibre to another. In the interior of the sponge no spicules of any kind
are found. Those scattered in the surface are partly foreign, like those which
are found in the axes of the echinated fibres. Among them strongyla, 0-14
millim. long and 0-002 millim. thick, are frequent. The spicules which echinate
the fibres are conical styli 0:07-0:09 millim. long, and at the base 0:02-0:03
millim. thick.

This species resembles certain forms of Ectyonine, particularly of the genus
Clathriopsamma, so closely that I do not hesitate to consider them closely
allied.

Aulena gigantea, var. macropora, Lendenfeld.

Halme gigantea, var. macropora, R. vy. Lendenfeld, “Second Addendum to the
Monograph of the Australian Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 4, p. 850 (1886).

Holopsamma laminefavosa (partim), H. J. Carter, “ Descriptions of Sponges
from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 212 (1885).

232 AULENA.

This sponge attains a height of 250 millim. The digitate processes are
fusiform, centrally thickened; at the distal and proximal ends 30 millim.,
and in the centre 60 millim. thick. The largest holes in the surface are
7 millim. wide. Spicules in the echinated fibres of the surface very abundant.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION.— West coast of Australia: Freemantle, W. A.
(Bowerbank Coll.). East coast of Australia: Port Jackson, N. 8S. W. (Lenden-
feld). South coast of Australia: Port Phillip Heads, V. (B. Wilson).

Aulena gigantea, var. intermedia, Lendenfeld.

Halme gigantea, var. intermedia, R. y. Lendenfeld, ‘Second Addendum to the
Monograph of the Australian Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 4, p. 849 (1886).

This sponge consists of a low incrusting basal mass, from which irregular
digitate processes arise. These possess irregular thickenings, so that their
surface appears undulating. They attain, in large specimens, a thickness of
100 millim. and a length of 300 millim. The meshes in the honeycomb
reticulation are 5 millim. wide. The central tube is not quite so wide as
the walls are thick. The spicules forming the spines of the echinated super-
ficial fibres are comparatively scarce. The colour of the living sponge is bright
yellow.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution.—Fast coast of Australia: Broughton Islands
(Ramsay).

Aulena gigantea, var. micropora, Lendenfeld.

Halme gigantea, var. micropora, R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘‘ Second Addendum to the
Monograph of the Australian Sponges,” Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. x. part 4, p. 849 (1886).

This sponge consists of an erect lamellar basal portion, from the upper
margin of which four or five digitate processes, which all lie in one plane, grow
up. These are upright, conic, 60 millim. broad at the base, regularly circular
in transverse section, and taper towards the distal end, which is only
10 millim thick. The whole sponge attains a height of 250 millim. The
meshes of the honeycomb are 3 millim. wide. The echinated fibres of the
surface-skeleton are very short, only about twice as long as the spicules.

GEOGRAPHICAL DistTRIBUTION.—East coast of Australia; [lawarra, N.S. W.
(Ramsuy).

HYATTELLA. 233

Genus HYATTELLA, n. gen.

Aulenids of reticulate, not honeycombed structure, with exten-
sive vestibular cavities, which are wider than the septa between
them. The thicker connecting-fibres exceed 0°03 millim. The
meshes of the skeleton-net are about 0°2 millim. wide. The
fibres contain only a small quantity of foreign material. Without
proper spicules of any kind.

Hyattella clathrata, Carter.

Hircinia clathrata, H. J. Carter, “‘ Report on the Sponges dredged up from
the Gulf of Manaar, together with others from the sea in the vicinity of
Bass Rocks and from Bass Straits respectively, presented to the Liverpool
Free Museum by Capt. H. Cawne Warren,” Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, ser. 5, vol. vii. p. 866 (1881).

Irregularly ramified or cup-shaped sponges, which consist of a network of
stout, compressed, band-shaped trabecule. The sponge appears in the form
of a massive incrustation, from the upper surface of which short and thick
processes arise. These may remain isolated or (and this is the rule in large
specimens) they coalesce in many places, thus forming an irregular reticula-
tion. Very often they join along the whole length to form a continuous wall
surrounding a central cavity, and thus producing a cup-shaped form. The
sponge attains a height of 200 millim. and more, and a breadth of 180 millim.
These sponges are generally erect, much higher than broad, and extending
distally, in the case of the caliculate forms, to produce the irregularly lobose
margin of the cup, which is always deeper than broad. The digitate branches
of the ramose forms are 15-20 millim. thick, and the wall of the cup of the
caliculate specimens has a similar thickness. The trabeculae which compose
the sponge are 2-5 millim. thick, and the elongate oval holes in the fairly con-
tinuous surface, which are disposed longitudinally, measure 2-5 millim. in
breadth and 10-20 millim. in length. The vestibular canals which lead down
from these holes have similar dimensions. The free margins of the lamelle are
not thickened but simply rounded. The branches or the cup-wall are hollow.
The central cavity is continuous and uninterrupted, the trabecule being
confined to the external surface. These central cavities are about one third as
wide as the parts in which they lie. It will be seen from this that Hyattella
clathrata resembles Aulena gigantea in the structure of its vestibular system
very much, The surface is conulated. ‘The conuli are small, about 0°8 millim.

234 HYATTELLA.—AXINELLA.

high in the skeleton and 1°5 millim. apart. The dry skeleton is dark chestnut-
brown, very hard and only slightly compressible.

The skeleton consists of a very dense network. The main fibres are
0-1 millim. thick, 0°4 millim. apart, and contain very little sand in the axis.
The connecting-fibres measure 0°042 millim. in thickness, are straight and
thickened at their base, so that the meshes, which are 0:3 millim. wide,
appear rounded, polygonal, or more or less circular.

GerocraPHicaL Disrripution.—Atlantic: St. Domingo (British Museum
Coll.).

Indian Ocean: Ceylon, Trincomalee (Warren); Aden (British Museum
Coll.).

West coast of Australia: Western Australia (Baily). East coast of Aus-
tralia: Port Denison, Q. (Ramsay).

Familia AXINELLIDZ.

Cornacuspongiz with large subdermal cavities and a skeleton
composed of a dense axial column of reticulating fibres, from which
distant branches extend in a plumose manner to the surface.
Megasclera chiefly styh. Microsclera rarely present ; never chele.

Genus AXINELLA.

Axinellidee with oxeote and stylote megasclera; without micro-
sclera. Sponges generally ramified, bush-like. Ramification
usually dichotomous.

Axinella hispida, Montagu.

Dietyocylindrus hispidus, J. 8. Bowerbank, A Monograph of British Sponges,
vol. i. p. 108 (1866).

Spongia hispida, G. Montagu, “An Essay on Sponges, with Descriptions of
all the Species that have been discovered on the coast of Great Britain,”
Memoirs of the Wernerian Society, vol. ii. (1812).

Sponge pedicelled, arborescent; branches long and slender, dividing dicho-
tomously or trichotomously. Surface smooth, somewhat hispid. Oscula and
pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, aspiculous.

Skeleton: spicules large and long styli, and spined oxea. Dermal spicules
same as those of the internal skeleton. Microsclera styli and oxea, long and
very slender, in bundles (trichites).

AXINELLDA. 235

Axinella hispida, var. gracilis, nov.

The sponge consists of a small bunch of cylindrical digitate processes, which
are slightly ramified. It attains a height of 120 millim. The cylindrical
branches have a regularly circular transverse section, and are about 4 millim.
thick.

The spicules of the supporting skeleton are 0°14 millim. long and 0-005
millim. thick.

GrograpHicaL Distrisution.— East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Axinella hispida, var. tenella, nov.

Small, soft, and resilient sponges, which appear as bushes of slightly
compressed digitate branches, ramifying in an irregularly dichotomous
manner, and attaining a height of 40 millim. They are slightly widened
distally, and appear truncate.

The spicules of the supporting skeleton are chiefly styli, 0-2 millim. long and
0-005 millim. thick.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distrinurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Axinella aurantiaca, n. sp.

(Puate V. fig. 1.)

Large and pretty stiff sponges, which are branched in a regularly dichoto-
mous manner. The branches are regularly cylindrical, and taper towards their
ends, in some cases so much so that they appear pointed. The surface is
smooth, not velvet-like as in most of the other species. The processes are on
an average 8-10 millim. thick, and not so frequently branched as in other
species. The whole sponge attains a height of 200 millim. It is, in the living
state, of a bright orange colour. In spirit it becomes pale.

The skeleton consists of a dense network of slightly curved styli, measuring
0:29 x 0:007 millim., pervaded by fibres 0-1 millim. thick, composed of similar
spicules, in the axis. In the lacunose superficial layer, which is about 1 millim.
thick, no scattered spicules are observed. This part of the sponge is pervaded
only by the plumose fibres, which abut on the surface with trumpet-shaped
extensions. Microsclera absent.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distrinution.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay, Lendenfeld).

236 AXINELLA.—SPIROPHORELLA.

Axinella inflata, n. sp.

Exceedingly soft and resilient ramifying sponges, with cylindrical terminally
inflated branches. The whole sponge has the shape of a bush, which attains a
height of 100 millim.

The skeleton consists of scattered styli measuring 0-1 x 0-006 millim., and
bundles of similar spicules in the axial and plumose spiculiferous fibres in the

superficial part of the sponge.

GuroarapuicaL Disrrinurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Ramsay).

Axinella obtusa, n. sp.

Small dichotomously-branched sponges, attaining a height of 60 millim.
The branches are slightly flattened, and abont 5 millim. thick; they become
more compressed towards their distal ends, where they are only 1—2 millim.
thick, 8 millim. broad, and appear truncated. The branches are mostly
situated in one plane, so that the whole sponge attains a decidedly flabelliform
appearance.

The skeleton consists of a dense mass of slightly curved styli, measuring
0-12 x 0-006 millim., pervaded by bundles of similar spicules 0-02 millim. thick
in the axial part of the sponge. In the superficial lacunose portion no scat-
tered spicules are observed. The plumose spiculiferous fibres abut on the
surface with trumpet-shaped extensions, and their terminal spicules protrude
beyond it, rendering its appearance velvet-like.

GuocRraPHicaAL DisrripuTion.— East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

Genus SPIROPHORELLA, n. gen.

Axinellide with abundant spiral microsclera *.

Spirophorella digitata, n. sp.

Irregular massive sponges of small size, with large prominent oscula. The
colour of spirit-specimens is light grey.
The skeleton consists of radial main and simple unbranched transverse

* This genus appears very similar to the genus Spiretta, above described (p. 42), which
belongs to the order Chondrospongix. Iam not in a position to decide the question whether
this similarity is due to relationship or converging development,

SPIROPHORELLA. 237

connecting-fibres. All the fibres are charged with abundant oxea. In the
outer surface and also in the canal-walls abundant spiral microsclera of small
size are observed. Similar spicules are also found in the ground-substance.
Below the outer surface these spicula form a true cortex.

GEOGRAPHICAL Distripurion.—East coast of Australia: Port Jackson,
N.S. W. (Lendenfeld).

JEG Far Se

TO THE

AUSTRALIAN GENERA OF SPONGES

DESCRIBED IN THIS CATALOGUE.

( With skeleton composed of calcareous spi-
culesan (Walcaren)/n.- castro <inna Sue eee Ht

0 < With skeleton composed of siliceous spicules,
horny fibre, or foreign bodies; or without

( Skeleton (SilICGAR steve ans chases Sine taevelce (2), p. 240.
, Without distinct chambers. (Asconide.) .. 3

1 With sac-shaped chambers. (Syconide.) .. (4)
| With spherical chambers. (Leuconide.) .. (5)

3) With triactine spicules only .............. Ascetta, p. 2.

( Superficially projecting spicules, when present,
uniformly distributed over the surface.

(4) < Spicules diact, triact, and tetract ........ Sycandra, p. 3.
Distant spines on the surface, composed of
[s bunches of diacts. Sponge thin-walled .. Grantessa, p. 5.
{ With triactine spicules only .............. Leucetta, p. 6.
(5) With triact and diact spicules .... ....... Leucortis, p. 8.
With diact, triact, and tetract spicules...... Leucandra, p. 9.

( With triaxon, monact to hexact siliceous spi-
| cules, slightly developed mesogloea, and
large sac-shaped or irregular chambers.
(Hexactinellida.)

Without siliceous spicules; with a skeleton

40

(10)

|
|
|
z
:
|

12

(11) {

|

\

KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA.

composed of pithed horny fibres without
foreign bodies, sometimes also with triaxon
horny spicules, or without any skeleton at
all. Chambers large, oval, sac-shaped, or
branched. Ground-substance hyaline and
transparent. (Hexaceratina.)..........

With a skeleton composed of tetract or monact

siliceous supporting-spicules, or rarely with-
out a skeleton. Microsclera, when present,
stellate or spiral. Chambers small, usually
spherical, rarely oval. Canals narrow. The
spicules are never cemented by spongin.
Sponges frequently corticate. (Chondro-

SPOMGID) ies ela eractosie seriec keke te oe enes

With asupporting-skeleton composed of mon-

axon siliceous spicules cemented by spongin,
or of horny fibre with or without proper
spicules or foreign bodies ; or of scattered
foreign bodies. Microsclera never stellate.
Megasclera never tylostylote. Sponges
never corticate. (Cornacuspongiw.)......

With triaxon horn-spicules. (Darwinellide.)
Without triaxon horn-spicules............
With horny fibres. (Aplysillide.) ........
Without skeleton. (Halisarcide.) ........
With cells in the spongin-wall of the fibres. .

Without cells in the spongin-wall of the fibres

Sponges lamellar, generally incrusting. Ske-

leton composed of numerous isolated slightly
TAMIMCC MbICS «cake atc see one eee ee

Sponges erect, massive. Skeleton composed

of one or a few stout horny stems, from
which numerous branches originate ......

Chambers regular sac-shaped; subdermal

cavity occupied by a network of trabecule .

bo

(7), p. 241.

(8), p. 242,

9

10

(11)

Ianthella, p. 22.
12

Aplysilla, p. 26.

Dendrilla, p. 27.

Bajalus, p. 30.

KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA. O41

( Supporting - spicules tetract and monact.

(Metraxomias eases <lo's cent vis store: detente 13
(7) < Supporting - spicules exclusively monact.
(Monaxontasynie wie estes. sult eee (14), p. 242.
UNo supporting-spicules. (Oligosilicina.).... (15), p. 242.

iS Spicules irregular, articulating. (Lithistide.)
Spicules regular, not articulating.......... 16
| Supporting-spicules tetract and monact .... 17
16

Supporting-spicules chiefly monact ........ (18)

With spherical spicules (sterrasters) in the
GOMLEX7 rn (CREOCUEEY)) ccven yet atenote tiie) vere) ote 19

| Without spherical spicules (sterrasters), with

stellates or small rod-shaped microsclera.
(SWAGGER SOc e.cemomoad sod (20)

Ih

Without microsclera. (Ancorinide.) ...... (21)

|

| With sigmate, spiral, or rod-shaped micro-
N

c

Sclera.. ((etilllidees)\ ig stro os ss eee ces 4 (22)
Oscula in a group at the bottom of a depres-
sion; ectochone shallow .............. Geodia, p. 33.
19 y Oscula scattered; ectochone deep ........ Isops, p. 34.
Oscula similar to the inhalant pores ; with re-
curved spicules, ejected on touch, on the
| surface ...-.--.. sees eect eee e ences Cydonium, p. 36.

€ With stellate microsclera ; without sand.... Stelletta, p. 37.

| Wath sand) im thescorbex, Seis. ale vera. < Psammastra, p. 38.

microsclera inserted perpendicularly in the
SUMP EACO Me toyota teed cue val of hetin ct omere ra ao) en a1 af ashes Thalassomora, p. 40.

ee | Without stellates or sand, with rod-shaped

(
C2i eA WiiblecOrtexs lyre nevoir oi stsrelatel oie p\--2) «eho ay Ancorina, p. 41.
(22) With abundant, small, spiral micresclera.... Spiretta, p. 42.

(18) IW hh ott MALCOBCISTA: 4762.0. 22. sy0yep0y000 er opsyeie'e. ove Tethyopsilla, p. 45.
R

ata KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA,

( With stellate microsclera. (Tethydex.) .... 23

Without microsclera, with chone. (Sollasel-

| HG; tase hee Meee Reece (24)
| With spined, spiral or irregular microsclera.

Gay _ (Spirastrellide.): sew once me care aace ee oe (25)
With smooth sigmate microsclera. (Subera-

| matide.)

Without microsclera and without chone.

(Subortitd))) tome ee io ae oenie ie eres (26)
PA Wath stellates only: A oc)s< 9 sic eure eieominn 2 oie Tethya, p. 46.
2
With stellates and small rods ............ Tethyorrhaphis, p.52.
(24) Sponges digitate.......... 6. sees ee eee eee Sollasella, p. 56.

(Sponges massive, solid, with pretty smooth

SUTEACE secx hice auclare wee ete eis 8 ais hie ies ole Spirastrella, p. 57.
Sponges cavernose, with tubercles on the sur-

face. Microsclera stout spined strongyla.. Papillina, p. 58.

(25) < ,

| Sponges regularly honeyeombed .......... Raphyrus, p. 60.

| Sponges very cavernose, with tubercular pa-

| pill on the surface. Microsclera very

|_ abundant; slender spined oxea.......... Papillissa, p. 64.

i Sponge massive or-digitate: .............. Suberites, p. 65.
(26) 4 Sponusemetiedlate jap. - rele lene Plectodendron, p. 66.

| Sponge lives in tubular cavities excavated in

shells cb entering cree hie kate ser Cliona, p. 67.
With stout stellate microsclera............ Chondrilla, p. 68.

(15) |

Without spicules of any kind ............ Chondrosia, p. 72.

Freshwater sponges with gemmule. (Spon-
(8) eillidies)) Ae-qiaemiee tee ek a ef eae. 27

Marine sponges without gemmule ........ (28), p. 243.

¢ Gemmulz surrounded by spined oxea...... Spongilla, p. 74.
| Gemmule surrounded by amphidises with
27 4 unequal terminal! discs) 207... seme or Tubella, p. 75.

; Gemmule surronnded by amphidiscs with
equal terminal dis0s: -..-.0:%:00-u-o ee ese Meyenia, p. 76.

KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA.

( Skeleton uniform

OO Le, 8 (00s) (a e.g aOye 6) & 0) 0) 6) S sys 8m

| Skeleton forming an axial stem composed of

(28) d a dense network of spicule-bundles, from

29

which distant fibres extend in a plumose
manner to the surface. Subdermal cavities
very large. (Axinellide.)..........-..-

oo

( Supporting-skeleton composed of cemented,
usually oxeote spicules, without micro-
sclera. Skeletal fibre never echinated.
(Glomorchaphidee:))< 25-5. 2.9.6 a2 4e-

| Supporting-skeleton composed of solid or
| pithed horny fibre or scattered foreign
bodies, without proper spicules of any kind.
Ground-substance granular. | Chambers
| spherical and small. (Spongide.)

evreeee

Supporting-skeleton composed of cemented
spicules, usually with sigmate or other
microsclera. Without chele. Skeletal
fibres never echinated. The supporting-
skeleton of the forms without microsclera

| consists usually of strongylote or stylote
| spicules. (Heterorrhaphide.)..........
|
<

Supporting-skeleton composed of solid horny
fibre, usually very rich in foreign material ;
or of scattered foreign bodies. Without
proper spicules in the fibres. Microsclera,
when present, sigmata or rods. Chambers
larger, oval. Ground-substance hyaline
and transparent. (Spongelide.)

|

| Supporting-skeleton composed of cemented

| spicules. Microsclera chelew, to which
others may be added. When chele absent,

| skeletal fibres echinated by proper spicules.

(Desmacidonide.)

FIO CONC ACs) Ch CR ONC CE ICCC OSC

Supporting-skeleton composed of horny fibre,
with or without foreign bodies. Without

| proper spicules in their axis. The super-
| ficial fibres may be echinated by proper

spicules. Microsclera absent. Chambers
| small and spherical. Sponges hard, reti-
| culate. (Aulenide.) ........6- +0 sees

(30), p. 249.

31

(32), p-

(33), p-

(34), p.

(35), p-

bo

47

ho

49.

243

244 KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA.

( Without distinct horny fibre..............
| Wath*distinet horny fibres)... ar

( Spicules singly form a network with triangular
meshes. Sponge soft, fragile ..........

Skeleton composed of a dense network of stout
spicule-bundles. Sponge hard..........

37 < Skeleton composed of a loose network of
spicule-bundles. Sponge massive, soft....

ee eee

| Skeleton composed of a network of spicule-

bundles. Amount of spongin comparatively
| great. Sponge thin, lamellar, flower-shaped,
andipretty ClastiC-.n 0. ccm ce cee eis Oc e

Sponges massive, irregular. Fibres thin.
Spiculesislendene: 2.5 sue aos eeniale e

Hard, irregularly digitate or lamellar sponges,
with very thiek wbres).. cf ac2.. eth

Frondose sponges with narrow meshes of the
skoletonenet prs. cn cet pevcics cieisteters aac eh

| Tubular or cup-shaped sponges with slender
SPICHIES Caner ec ee ae eee ole
(38) < Massive or digitate sponges with large
obliquely situated and partly protruding

BPICWIOS.tnacibie « e\cpeieintch See aie oat stone

| Sponges with solid, slender, cylindrical, regular
digitate processes. Spicules slender and
numerous. Main and connecting-fibres
mvelldefined (pastas Verte citestem uve nte stele

Digitate sponges with foreign bodies in the

main and proper spicules in the connecting-
HUTS! Baroraist etree <a stone oc ee eee etl

39

Spices scancea’. 4 aeeciys cis ea neti e st sues

Sponge massive, meshes of the skeleton-net

Wide... e oewa tel pata ieee Aine rere Ap ete

|
L
| Spicules abumdamti- mts ae < orcsoeeyee ee
46 |
\

Sponge lobose sce ecciesn.: ataloiete es le

Reniera, p. 77.

Petrosia, p. 80.

Halichondria, p. 80.

Reniochalina, p. 82.

39

bo
—
On

(40), p.

bo
SS
ON

(41), p.

(42), p. 245.

(43), p. 245.

(44), p. 245.

(45), p. 245.
46
(47), p. 245.

Cacochalina, p. 83.
48

KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA. 245

( Oscula large and conspicuous. Meshes of the
| i ae
| skeleton-net often irregular, over 0°5 millim.

48 < WiC One ae RVMe ers situs ales ft ioral eahenate es Chalinopora, p. 84.
| Oscula not conspicuous. Skeleton-net regular.
7 Meshesumder 0-4 milli: wider... .0-42 <2 Cladochalina, p. 85.
(47) Fibres'slender..........++-ecesceseseees Chalinella, p. 86.
( Spicules abundant. Oscula conspicuous, but
| not prominent........+. se eeeeeeeeeees Chalinissa, p. 86.
(40)
| Spicules abundant. Oscula prominent...... Pachychalina, p. 88.
( Spicules scarce. Fibres thick .....--.++-- Ceraochalina, p. 88.
( Sponge-lamella under 5 millim. thick. Sur-
Coveres [Viner aver BUI Oe HOR NOISE a oS Antherochalina,p.89.
Ga | Sponge-lamella over 10 millim. thick. Surface
(Oe Cirevullar’ . 2 .ee).0som sik verter eh ace tare Placochalina, p. 90.
(Spicules abundant. Surface smooth, usually
animated) | taemieis cesses, fers = fone! =i Phylosiphonia, p. 92.
(42) < Spicules abandant. Surface conulated...... Siphonochalina, p.93.
Spicules very scarce. Surface covered with
\ irreeular outgrowths ......--++-+++see Siphonella, p. 97.
gt 8
(438) Withhigh conuli............-- sss esses Hoplochalina, p. 98.
Surface smooth ..........se esse eeeeees 49
(44) | | :
Surface covered with small conuli........-- (50)
( Digitate processes stout, over 8 millim. thick.
| Meshes of the skeleton-net wide .....--. Dactylochalina, p.99.
49 4 Digitate processes slender, usually under 5
millim. thick. Meshes of the skeleton-net
e Very smally rans seemigcs aust fers Euchalina, p. 101.
(50) Dendritically ramifying sponges ..-------: Chalinodendron, ee
[p. 102.

(45) Pretty soft and compressible sponges .-..-- Arenochalina, p. 103.

246 KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA.

( Meshes of the skeleton-net small, usually
| about 0-3 millim. wide. Fibres solid, simple,

not forming. trellis-like structures. .With-
| out filaments. Sponges not honeycombed.

| Meshes of the skeleton-net usually larger,

(82) < readily visible with naked eye. Fibres
| solid or pithed. Simple or fascicular.

| Sometimes replaced by foreign bodies. The

| forms with small meshes of the skeleton-

L net honeycombed. Filaments present or
ADSOWD cs keee ce cre ce w osteoe enene waists Coste ye hers

-Sponges not cavernose, with smooth or
prooved SUELACO .\.. vy ensseies oo oe esse ph
Sponges solid or cavernose. Usually conu-
lated; the cavernose forms sometimes with
smooth surface and a sand-cortex.......

On
_—
Re ES

Sponges usually with digitate branches and
smooth surface, without cortex. Con-
necting-fibres simple, unbranched ......

Frondose, caliculate, or branched sponges
with smooth or grooved surface, or pro-
tected by a cortex. When the surface is
smooth the lamella is barely 1 millim.
Thick yan cee ene sear emesis oF cere rer

Compressed, usually lamellar sponges, with a
smooth surface without cortex,with branched

| connecting-fibres and a very fine skeleton-

Nr 1S peolamen eget Miche Ss DR IRL atte TE

Vestibular cavities absent or small; surface

| CONULATCM are Elsie Cet te Gee ee

|

(54) 2 Vestibular cavities wider than the intervening

| septa. Surface conulated, or protected by

(a sand-cortex and smooth ..............

Wathout/filamients = 0.6 .).5 gi ss ss ols isles 6.0

(52) |
With filamentsr 2 iN Sco! sen. cisyoe onaree mite
With smooth cribriform cortex of sand ....
55 4 Surface usually conulated, sometimes irre-
PY sular, mevervsmoothiy invcrsc ciarm is

51

(52)

53

. (54)

Chalinopsilla, p. 104.

Phyllospongia, p.115.

Leiosella, p. 120.

Euspongia, p. 125.

Hippospongia, p. 135.
55

(56), p. 247.
Thorecta, p. 142.

KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA, 247

5

_ Bibres:pithed mauacsce ens te toettine aa oe 58
‘
IID OS SONG geserg yop acted e ester) ee kreeeis eer e (59)

( Main and connecting-fibres distinguished.
| The former contain foreign bodies; the
| latbertare Sip era sty ots cya ol bic cased Sees torus Aplysinopsis, p. 149.

Main and connecting-fibres distinguished.

The latter of two kinds: primaries and

58 < secondaries. The primaries form a loose
| network, the meshes of which are occupied

| by a reticulation formed by the slender

BECOME ABLE Sherry eben ten sraver sects hex ever ortious, ss Luffaria, p. 151.
Main and connecting-fibres not distinguished ;
(Oi skeleton-net uaitormi, <<.) <2 ch0 6 es Aplysina, p. 152.
Fibres simple; skeleton very rich in sand .. 60

(59) 1 Main fibres fascicular, generally without much
POT Material. fo see Late tele stk a COn)

Surface conulated. Skeleton composed of a
uniform network of strings of sand-grains. Dysideopsis, p. 155.

Surface irregular, sometimes honeycombed.
Main and connecting-fibres distinguished.
Skeleton very areniferous, sometimes re-
placed by large scattered sand-grains, more
or less attached to each other by slender

[
|
e!
|
|
L

HIDE OGRE MARS 6, stele dah Pet eeseV cys Sintra aie. Bud saere Halme, p. 156.
(61) Surface conulated .. ...... fs ees Stelospongia, p. 163.
(66) ‘Bibres usually-tascicular: ©0202. 02 sett: Hircinia, p. 175.

( Without microsclera and without a hard spi-
cular rind or fistulae. Megasclera styl .. Stylotella, p. 185.

(33) < Without microsclera; witha rind and fistule.
Megasclera oxystrongyla .............. Rhizochalina, p. 187.
(GMucroscloraipreseat! scsense sic sees on 62

Microsclera sigmata. Spongin highly deve-
) lees or Hele eh ce ancl apedc ao uscn onde Gelliodes, p. 159.
: ) Microsclera sigmata. Very little spongin .. Gellius, p. 189.
\Microsclera trichites ...........2c0sse0- Tedania, p. 190.
With sigmate or rod-shaped microsclera .... 63

eo Caen
Without sigmata or rods .............. »- -(64), p. 248,

248 KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA.

( Supporting-skeleton composed of large sand-
| grains. Large sigmata always present

63
| Supporting-skeleton horny. Microsclera

\@> small siomata orwodser ce sn cee ane

Supporting-skeleton horny. Fibres invested
by a sheath composed of small spindle-
shaped siliceous bodies ...............-

(64) < Supporting-skeleton composed chiefly of large
sand-grains ; without a fibre-sheath......

Supporting-skeleton horny; without a fibre-
Weiieheating eerie: uisel Tat ach cheer a eee ee

(95) Fibres without echinating spicules ........
Fibres with echinating spicules............

( With rind. Microsclera isochele, trichites,

- and usally sigmata.. 5.40.00). 2c nok

Without rind. Megasclera palmate aniso-
L chelw, and sometimes sigmata ..........

Echinating spicules spined styli ..........
(66) } Echinating spicules spined strongyla ......
Echinating spicules smooth styli ..........

( Megasclera in the fibres spined styli ......

| Megasclera in the fibres large smooth styli ..

67

Megasclera in the fibres small and slender
smooth oxea and sometimes styli........

fibres with axial bundles of spicules, from
which the not numerous echinating spicules
PEOGUUM ON. boa Pols cltiove ie Aaekeeaitie ayhoa i ec

The supporting-skeleton consists of dense
70 < bundles of spicules with very little spongin,
from which the fairly numerous echinating

BPICiles PrOerudD, s.4 oe kocsis mec re eee

The supporting-skeleton consists of spicule-

}
L
( The supporting-skeleton is composed of horny
bundles. The echinating spicules are so

numerous as completely to hide the fibre to
which they are attached ..............

Phoriospongia, p.192.

Sigmatella, p. 195.

Haastia, p. 204.

Psammopemma,
[p. 205.

Spongelia, p. 205.

65
(66)

Sideroderma, p. 210.

Esperella, p. 211.
67

(68), p. 249.
(69), p. 249.
Myxilla, p. 214.

Clathriodendron,
[p- 215.

70

Clathria, p. 221.

Clathrissa, p. 217.

Echinonema, p. 219.

KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA. 249
(68) Sponge cup-shaped ; fibres stout .......... Kalykenteron, p. 216.

(6 { Without foreign bodies in any of the fibres... 71
With foreign bodies in some of the fibres .. (72)

| Sponge erect, lamellar or branched, solid .. Thalassodendron,

71 [p. 222.
[ Sponge honeycomb-like................+- Plectispa, p. 225.
(2) Wath sand-cortex 2.4553. 2.04.62 ce snore onic Clathriopsamma,

[p- 227.
With echinating spicules on the superficial
| fibres and abundant foreign bodies in the

(36) BClebOM saws sfafe vote ais arse lia oe Seis Sl ewera ners Aulena, p. 228.
| Without echinating spicules, and with only
\ few foreign bodies in the fibres.......... Hyattella, p. 233.
) Without spiral microsclera .............. Axinella, p. 234.
With abundant spiral microsclera ........ Spirophorella, p. 236.

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GENERAL INDEX.

The names employed in this Catalogue are printed in roman type and the synonyms
in italics.

Alecyonium, 23, 24, 65.

amorpha (Cacospongia), Poléjaeff, 170.
anchoratum (Ichinonema), 219.
(Echinonema), Carter, 219.
Ancorina (Genus), 41-42.
Ancorinide (Familia), 41-42.
annulata (Phylosiphonia), 93.
(Phylosiphonia), Lendenfeld, 95.
—— (Stphonochalina), Ridley, 95, 94.
Antherochalina (Genus), 89-90.
Aplysilla (Genus), 26-27.

Aplysilla, 28.

Aplysillidz (Familia), 22-50.
aplysilloides (Stylotella), 187.
Aplysina (Genus), 152-155.
Aplysina, 26, 28.

Aplysinopsis (Genus), 149-151.
arborea (Chalinopsilla), 109.
(Euchalina exigua, var.), 102.
(Euchalina exigua, vay.), Lenden-
feld, 102.

(Plectispa), 226.

—— (Sycandra), 3.

—— (Sycandra), Haeckel, 5.

—— (Sycandra), Lendenfeld, 3.
(Sycon), Poléjaeff, 3.

arbuscula (Clathrissa), 217.
(Clathriodendron), 215.
Arenochalina (Genus), 105.
Arenochalinine (Group), 103.
arenosa (Hircinia), 181.

argentea (Dysidea), Marshall, 201.
aruense (Flabellum), Rumpf, 25.

Ascetta (Genus), 2.

Ascones (Haeckel), 1.

Asconidz: (Iamilia), 1—2.

aspera (Grantia), Gray, 18.

—— (Grantia), O. Schmidt, 18.

— (Leucandra), 18.

—— (Leucandra), Haeckel, 18.

(Sycinula), O. Schmidt, 19.

aspergillum (Euplectella), 20.

—— (Luplectella), Claus, 20.

—— (Luplectella), Marshall, 20.

—— (Euplectella), Owen, 20.

(Euplectella), Schulze, 20.

asperum (Sycon), O. Schmidt, 19.

Aulena (Genus), 228-252.

Aulena, 160-162.

Aulenide (Familia), 227-254.

auloplegma (Aulena villosa, yar.), Len-
denfeld, 162.

(Halme villosa, var.), 162.

aurantiaca (Axinella), 235.

australiensis (Chondrilla), 71.

— (Chondrilla), Carter, 71.

(Chondrilla), Lendenfeld, 71.

australis (Ancorina), 41.

(Chalinopsilla), 104.°

— (Clathria), 222.

— (Dactylochalina), Lendenfeld, 100.

— (Halmopsis), Lendenfeld, 162.

— (Haurcinia), 180.

— (Reniera), 78.

—— (Sigmatella), 195,

—— (Spirastrella), 57.

252 GENERAL INDEX.

australis (Stelospongia), 165.

axialis (Siphonochalina), 94.
(Stphonochalina), Lendenfeld, 94.
Axinella (Genus), 234-256.
Axinellide (Familia), 254-237.

bailyi (Euspongia), 151.
(Luspongia), Lendenfeld, 181.
Bajalus (Genus), 30-82.

Basta, 24,

basta (Ianthella), 24.

(Lanthella), Gray, 24.

—— (Spongia), Esper, 25.

—— (Spongia), Lamarck, 25.

— (Spongia), Lamouroux, 25.
(Spongia), Pallas, 25.
bilamellata (Cavochalina), Carter, 91.
brevispina (Thallassodendron), 225.

Cacochalina (Genus), 83-84.
Cacochalininz (Group), 85-86.
cacos (Aplysina), 153.
(Spongelia), 209.
Cacospongia, 170, 171, 184.

cactus (Aplysilla), Schulze, 28.
(Spongelia), Selenka, 28.
cespitosa (Aplysina) Carter, 28.
(Dendrilla), 28.

Calcarea (Classis), 1-19.

callosa (Dysidea), Marshall, 201.
Callyspongia, 110.

calyculata (Hircinia), 180.
campana (Hircinia), 178.
(Hircinia), Hyatt, 178.

—— (Hircinia), O. Schmidt, 178.
(Polytherses), Duchassaing et
Michelotti, 178.

(Spongia), Lamarck, 178,
canaliculata (Hippospongia), 135.
(ippospongia), Lendenfeld, 135.
canalis (Stelospongia), 164.
Carteriospongia, 117.
Carterispongia, 117.

cataphracta (Leucandra), 10.
—— (Leucandra), Haeckel, 10.
(Leucandra), Lendenfeld, 10.
cavernosa (Dendrilla), 29.
(Dendrilia), Lendenfeld, 29.
Cavochalina, 91.

Ceraochalina (Genus), 88-89.

Chalina, 100.
Chalinella (Genus), 86.
chaliniformis (Dactylia), Carter,110, 111.
Chalinine (Subfamilia), 83-103.
Chalinissa (Genus), 86-88.
Chalinodendron (Genus), 102-103.
Chalinopora (Genus), 84-85.
Chalinopsilla (Genus), 104-115.
Chalinopsis, 107.
Chondrilla (Genus), 68-72.
Chondrillidz (Familia), 68-72.
Chondrosia (Genus), 72-74.
Chondrosidz (Familia), 72-74.
Chondrospongie (Ordo), 52-74.
Choristida (Group), 53-46.
Cladochalina (Genus), 85-86.
Cladochalina, 84.
clathrata (Hircinia), Carter, 233.
(Hyattella), 253.
Clathria (Genus), 221, 222.
clathriformis (Halichondria), 82.
Clathriodendron (Genus), 215, 216.
Clathriopsamma (Genus), 227.
Clathrissa (Genus), 217-219.
Cliona (Genus), 67.
collectrix (Chondrosia), 74.
(Reniera), 78.
communis (Chalinissa), 87.
(Chalinissa), Lendenfeld, 87.
—— (Siphonella), 98.
(Stphonella), Lendenfeld, 98.
compacta (Euspongia), Carter, 120.
(Euspongia), Lendenfeld, 120.
— (Halichondria), Lieberkuhn, 65.
— (Leiosella), 120.
concentrica (Ianthella), 22.
(Lanthella), Hyatt, 22.
(Lanthella), Schulze, 22.
conica (Leucandra), 17.
(Leucandra), Lendenfeld, 17.
conulata (Stelospongia australis, var.),
168.
conulissima (Stelospongia australis,
var.), 172.
conulosa (Tethyorrhaphis), 55.
Cornacuspongiz (Ordo), 74-237.
corticata (Chondrilla), 70.
(Chondrilla), Lendenfeld, 70.
—— (Sigmatella), 199.
—— (Tethya), 48.

GENERAL INDEX. V5e

costifera (Spongia), Lamarck, 173.
(Stelospongia), 173.

crassa (Aplysina), 153.
(Dendrospongia), Hyatt, 153.
cribriformis (Stelospongos), Hyatt, 145.
cribrocrusta (Stelospongus), Carter, 145.
cruor (Aplysina), Carter, 26.
Cydonium (Genus), 36, 37.

cylindrica (Dactylochalina), 101.
(Dactylochalina), Lendenfeld, 101,
107.

Dacetylia, 110, 111, 1138.

Dactylochalina (Genus), 99-101.

Dactylochalinine (Group), 99-103.

Darwinellidz (Familia), 22.

decipiens (Psammascus), Marshall, 197.

Dendrilla (Genus), 27-30.

dendrilla (Chalinodendron), 103.

(Chalinodendron), Lendenfeld, 103.

—— (Hoplochalina), 98.

(Hoplochalina), Lendenfeld, 98.

dendroides (Hircinia variabilis, var.),
178.

dendroides (Hircinia), O. Schmidt, 178.

Dendrospongia, 153.

Desmacidonidee (Familia), 210-227.

dichotoma (Chalinopsilla), 107.

(Chalinopsis), Lendenfeld, 107.

Dictyocylindrus, 254.

digitata (Aplysinopsis), 150.

(Aulena laxa, var.), 229.

—— (Dendrilla), 29.

—— (Dysideopsis), 155.

— (Halichondria rubra, var.), 81.

(Halme laxa, var.), Lendenfeld,
229.

-—— (Sollasella), 56.

— (Spirophorella), 236.

— (Stylotella), 185.

(Thalassodendron), 223.

Ditela, 114.

domuncula (Alcyonium), Olivi, 65.

(Suberites), 65,

—— (Suberites), Nardo, 65.

(Suberites), O. Schmidt, 65.

dura (Antherochalina), 90.

(Antherochalina), Lendenfeld, 90.

— (Ceraochalina multiformis, var.),
89.

dura (Ceraochalina multiformis, var.),
Lendenfeld, 89.

—— (Echinonema anchoratum, var.),
220.

—— (Euspongia canaliculata, var.),
Lendenfeld, 158.

—— (Euspongia officinalis, var.), 180.

(Luspongia officinalis, var.), Len-

denfeld, 130.

(Hippospongia canaliculata, var.),

158.

(Placochalina pedunculata, var.),
91.

—— (Placochalina pedunculata, var ),
Lendenfeld, 91.

(Thalassodendron rubens, var.),
224.

Dysidea, 197, 201, 203.

Dysideopsis (Genus), 155-156.

Echinonema (Genus), 219-221.

Ectyonine (Subfamilia), 214-227.

elastica (Euspongia canaliculata, vay.),
Lendenfeld, 159.

(Hippospongia canaliculata, var.),
139.

—— (Spongelia), 207.

(Spongelia pallescens, subsp.),
Schulze, 207.

elegans (Aplysinopsis), 149.

(Chalinissa), 87.

— (Chalinissa), Lendenfeld, 87.

—— (Chalinopsilla), 109.

—— (Clathrissa), 218.

—— (Dendrilla), 27.

—— (Dysideopsis), 155.

—— (Kalykenteron), 216.

—— (Leucortis), 8.

— (Phyllospongia), 116.

—— (Plectispa), 226.

—— (Plectodendron), 66.

(Spongia), Clusius, 117.

elongata (Chalinissa), 87.

(Chalinissa), Lendenfeld, 87.

—— (Spongelia rectilinea, var.), Hyatt,
145.

erinaceus (Cydonium), 36.

(Leucandra), 14.

Esperella (Genus), 211-214.

Esperelline (Subfamilia), 210-214.

254. GENERAL INDEX.

Euchalina (Genus), 101-102.

euplax (Cladochalina), 85.

(Cladochalina), Lendenfeld, 85.

Euplectella (Genus), 19-20.

Euplectellidz (Familia), 19-20.

Euspongia (Genus), 125-155.

Euspongia, 114, 120, 121, 122, 138, 139,
140, 141.

exemplum (Thorecta), 142.

exigua (Euchalina), 101.

(Euchalina), Lendenfeld, 101.

extensa (Siphonochalina), Lendenfeld, 95.

(Siphonochalina), 95.

Ffavosa (Dysidea), Marshall, 201.

(Dysidea), Ridley, 201.

Jissurata (Carterispongia), Ridley, 117.

(Spongia), Lamarck, 117.

(Tethya), 48.

Jistularis (Spongelia), O. Schmidt, 208.

fica (ircinia campana, var.), Hyatt,
178.

flabelliformis (Ianthella), 25.

(Llanthella), Fleming, 23.

— (Lanthella), Gray, 25.

— (lanthella), Poléjaeff, 23.

—— (lanthella), Ridley, 24.

— (Janthella), Schulze, 25.

— (Spongia), Esper, 23.

—— (Spongia), Lamarck, 23, 25.

—— (Spongia), Linné, 25, 25.

(Spongia), Pallas, 23.

— (Spongia), Royen, 23, 25.

—— (Stelospongus), Carter, 144.

(Verongia), Ehlers, 25.

Flabellum, 23.

flabellum (Aulena), Lendenfeld, 162.

(Chalinissa communis, var.), 88.

(Chalinissa communis, var.), Len-

denfeld, 88.

(Halme), 162.

—— (Sigmatella australis, var.), 198.

(Sigmatella corticata, var.), 205.

fluviatilis (Meyenia), 76.

—— (Meyema), Carter, 76.

(Spongilla), auctorum, 76.

foliascens (Phyllospongia), 117.

(Spongia), Pallas, 117.

foliata (Spongia), Petiver, 117.

fovea (Stelospongia australis, var.), 170.

Friabilis (Stelospongos), Hyatt, 172.
frondosa (Antherochalina), 90.
(Antherochalina), Lendenfeld, 90.
Susca (Aplysina), Carter, 153.
(Aplysina), Ridley, 153.

galea (Euspongia), Lendenfeld, 141.
(Hippospongia), 141.

Gellinz (Subfamilia), 188-190.
Gelliodes (Genus), 189-190.
Gellius (Genus), 189.

Geodia (Genus), 33, 34.

Geodidz (Familia), 33-37.
gigantea (Aulena), 230.

(Halme), Lendenfeld, 230.
— (Hircinia), 184.
(Tethyorrhaphis), 54.

gigas (Psammastra), 39.

globosa (Cacochalina), 84.
(Cacochalina), Lendenfeld, 157.
—— (Halme), 157.

(Halme), Lendenfeld, 157.
gracilis (Axinella hispida, var.), 235.
(Chalinopsilla), 105.

—— (Velne), Vosmaer, 105.
gracillimus (Thorecta), 148.
Grantessa (Genus), 5-6.

Grantia, 18.

granulosa (Dysidea), Carter, 201.
grifithsi (Raphyrus), Bowerbank, 60.

Haastia (Genus), 204.

Halichondria (Genus), 80-82.

Halichondria, 65.

Halisarcide (Familia), 30-82.

Halispongia, 117.

Halme (Genus), 156-163.

Halme, 228.

halmiformis (Hircinia), 183.

Halmopsis, 162.

hebes (Petrosia), 80.

Heteroccela (Ordo), 2-19.

Heterorrhaphide (Familia), 185-
192.

Hexaceratina (Ordo), 21-82.

Hexactinellida (Ordo), 19-21.

Hippospongia (Genus), 135-141.

Hircinia (Genus), 175-185.

Tireinia, 233.

hispida (Axinella), 234.

GENERAL INDEX. 255

hispida (Spongia), Montagu, 254.
hispidus (Dictyocylindrus), Bowerbank,
234.
hixonii (Raphyrus), 61.
(Raphyrus), Lendenfeld, 61.
Holopsamma, 157, 159, 201, 231.
Holtenia (Genus), 20.
homet (Ianthella), Gray, 25.
(Lanthella), Schulze, 25.
Homoceela (Ordo), 1-2.
Homoderma, 2.
Homorrhaphide (Familia), 77-105.
Hoplochalina (Genus), 98-99.
Hoplochalinine (Group), 98-99.
horrens (Hircinia), Ridley, 184.
Hyalonema (Genus), 21.
Hyalonematide (Familia), 21.
Hyattella (Genus), 233, 254.

Ianthella (Genus), 22-25.

ianthelliformis (Dendrilla), 29.

imitans (Chalinopsilla), 107.

imitans ( Chalinopsis), Lendenfeld, 107.

impar (Chalinopsilla), 113.

(Dactylia), Carter, 113.

inflata (Axinella), 236

(Spongia), Delle Chiaje, 19.

(Tethya), 49.

infundibuliformis (Spongia), Petiver,
D7:

(Spongia), Rumphius, 117.

intermedia (Aulena gigantea, var.), 232.

(Esperella ridleyi, var.), 212.

(Halme gigantea, var.), Lenden-

feld, 232.

(Phylosiphonia), 95.

—— (Phylosiphania), Lendenfeld, 95.

—— (Stphonochalina), Ridley & Dendy,
93.

aregulare (Alcyonium), Seba, 23, 24.

trregularts (Cacospongia), Poléjaeff, 184.

(Clathriodendron), 215.

—— (Euspongia), 152.

—— (Euspongia), 132.

Isops (Genus), 34-36.

jacksoniana (Myxilla), 214.

Kalykenteron (Genus), 216, 217.
Keratophyton, 23, 25.

kirkii (Dysidea), Carter, 201, 203.
(Spongelia), Hyatt, 201.

levis (Tethya), 51.

(Tethyorrhaphis), 52.

lamella (Chalinopora), 85.

(Chalinopora), Lendenfeld, 85.

—— (Phoriospongia), 194.

—— (Reniochalina), 83.

(Thalassodendron rubens,var.) 224.

lamellosa (Spongia), Esper, 117.

(Carterispongia), Ridley, 117.

(Echinonema anchoratum, var.),

220.

(Spongia), Ehlers, 117.

laminefavosa (Holopsamma), Carter,
157, 159, 201, 231.

latus (Stelospongus flabelliformis, var.),
Carter, 144.

laxa (Aulena), 228.

( Halme), Lendenfeld, 228,

—— (Siphonochalina), 95.

—— (Siphonochalina), Lendenfeld, 95.

(Tedania), 191.

laxus (Bajalus), 30.

(Bajalus), Lendenfeld, 30.

Leiosella (Genus), 120-124.

Leucandra (Genus), 9-19.

Leucetta (Genus), 6-8.

Leucones, 6.

Leuconide (Familia), 6-19.

Leucortis (Genus), 8, 9.

levis (Cucospongia), Poléjaeff, 171.

— (Echinonema), 220.

—— (Luspongia), Lendenfeld, 121.

—— (Leiosella), 121.

—— (Phoriospongia), 193.

—— (Stelospongia australis, var.), 171.

—— (Stelospongos), Hyatt, 168.

(Stelospongus), Carter, 168.

lignea (Spongia), Hyatt, 130.

Lithistida (Group), 32.

lobosa (Clathriopsamma), 227.

(Reniera), 79.

—— (Spongelia elastica, var.), 208.

(Spongelia pallescens, subsp. elas-
tica, var.), Schulze, 208.

Luffaria (Genus), 151, 152.

lutea (Papillissa), 64.

Lyssacina (Subordo), 19-21.

256 GENERAL INDEX.

macropora (Aulena gigantea, var.), 231.

— (Chalinopsilla arborea, var.), 110.

— (Clathria), 221.

—— (Halme gigantea, var.), Lenden-
feld, 231.

(Plectispa), 226.

—— (Siphonochalina osculata), 96.

—— (Siphonochalina osculata, vav.),
Lendenfeld, 96.

macropsamma (Sigmatella), 198.

majus (Keratophyton), Boerhave, 28,
25.

mammillata (Halichondria), 81.

manus (Pachychalina), 88.

(Pachychalina), Lendenfeld, 88.

marginalis (Thorecta exemplum, var.),
147.

marina (Basta), Rumpf, 24.

meandrina (Leucandra), 9.

meandrina (Leucandra), Lendenfeld, 9.

mediterranea (Spongia officinalis, subsp.),
Hyatt, 150.

megarrhaphea (Reniera), 79.

megarrhaphis (Leucetta), 7.

(Leucetta primigenia,var.), Haeckel,

lod

te

Mesodermalia (Phylum), 1-257.

Meyenia (Genus), 76-77.

micropora (Aulena gigantea, var.), 232.

(Chalinopsilla arborea, var.), 111.

(Halme gigantea, var.), Lenden-

feld, 252.

(Halme), 159.

—— (Halme), Lendenfeld, 159.

— (Siphonochalina osculata), 97.

(Stphonochalina osculata, var.),
Lendenfeld, 97.

microrrhaphis (Leucetta), 6.

( Leucetta), Lendenfeld, 6.

— (Leucetta primigenia,var.), Haeckel,
6.

(Leucetta primigenia, var.), Rid-
ley, 6.

minima (Aulena laxa, var.), 228.

(Halme laxa, var.), Lendenfeld,
228.

mirabilis (Arenochalina), 105.

(Arenochalina), Lendenfeld, 103.

(Stelospongia), 164.

mollis (Cladochalina), 86,

mollis (Cladochalina), Lendenfeld, 86.

(Dactylochalina), 100.

— (Dactylochalina), Lendenfeld, 100.

— (Placochalina pedunculata), 91.

—— (Placochalina pedunculata, vay.),
Lendenfeld, 91.

mollissima (Euspongia canaliculata,var.),
Lendenfeld, 140.

(Euspongia officinalis, subsp. medi-

terranea, var.), Hyatt, 130.

(Euspongia officinalis, var.), 150.

(Euspongia officinalis, var.),

Schulze, 130.

(Hippospongia canaliculata, var.),
140.

— (Spongia), O. Schmidt, 130.

Monaxonida (Subordo), 46-67.

monilata (Chalina), Ridley, 100.

(Dactylochalina), 100.

multiformis (Ceraochalina), 89.

(Ceraochalina), Lendenfeld, 89.

multistella (Tethya), 46.

Myxilla (Genus), 214.

nevus (Aplysina), Carter, 26.

navicelligerum (Sideroderma), 210.

(Stderoderma), Ridley & Dendy,
210.

navicularis (Haastia), 204.

neptuni (Poterion), 65.

(Potertion), Harting, 65.

nidus vesparum (Halme), 157.

(Halme), Lendenfeld, 157.

nigra (Clathriodendron), 216.

(Geodia), 53.

— (Thallassomora), 40.

—— (Tubella), 75.

(Tubella), Lendenfeld, 75.

nigricans (Papillina), O. Schmidt, 60.

nucula (Chondrilla), Carter, 68.

obtusa (Axinella), 236.
Oligosilicina (Subordo), 68-74,
officinalis (Euspongia), 125.
(Luspongia), Graeffe, 125.
—— (Luspongia), Lendenfeld, 125.
—— (Euspongia). Poléjaeff, 125.
— (Luspongia), Ridley, 125.
—— (Luspongia), Schulze, 125.
—— (Spongia), Bowerbank, 125.

GENERAL INDDPX. 257

officinalis (Spongia), Carter, 125.
(Spongia), Ehlers, 125.

—— (Spongia), Esper, 125.

—— (Spongia), Hyatt, 125.

—— (Spongia), Linné, 126.

(Spongia), Pallas, 126.

osculata (Siphonochalina), 96.
(Siphonochalina), Lendenfeld, 96.
otahitica (Carteriospongia), Hyatt, 117.
(Carteriospongia), Poléjaeff, 117.
—— (Carterispongia), Ridley, 117.
—— (Spongia), Bowerbank, 117.
—— (Spongia), Esper, 117.

—— (Spongia), Lamarck, 117.

Pachychalina (Genus), 88.

Pachychalinine (Group), 86-89.

pallescens (Spongelia), Carter, 203.

(Spongelia), Schulze, 207.

palmata (Dactylia), Carter, 110.

pandzea (Reniera), 79.

panis (Gellius),"189.

(Papillina), 58.

(Phoriospongia lamella, var.), 195.

papillata (Chondrilla), 71.

—— (Chondrilla), Lendenfeld, 71.

Papillina (Genus), 58-60.

Papillina, 60, 61.

Papillissa (Genus), 64.

papillosa (Sigmatella corticata, var.),
201.

parviconulata (Spongelia spinifera, var.),
Poléjaeff, 205.

patera (Spongia), Hardwicke, 65.

paucispina (Thalassodendron), 224.

pedunculata (Placochalina), 90.

( Placochalina), Lendenfeld, 90.

penicillium (Hsperella), 215.

perforata (Antherochalina), 89.

(Antherochalina), Lendenfeld, 89.

—— (Spongelia), O. Schmidt, 208.

Petrosia (Genus), 80.

petrosia (Rhizochalina), 188.

Phoriospongia (Genus), 192-195.

Phoriospongine (Subfamilia), 199-
204.

philippense (Rete), Petiver, 25.

phillipensis (Tethya), 50,

Phleeodictyine (Subfamilia), 187-188.

Phyllospongia (Genus), 115-120.

Phylosiphonia (Genus), 92-94.

pikei (Huspongia), 152.

(Stelospongos), Hyatt, 132.

Placochalina (Genus), 90-92.

Placochalininze (Group), 89-92.

Plectispa (Genus), 225-227.

Plectodendron (Genus), 66-67.

pocula (Placochalina pedunculata), 91.

(Placochalina pedunculata, vayr.),
Lendenfeld, 91.

poculum (Gelliodes), 189.

( Gelliodes), Ridley & Dendy, 189.

polychotoma (Chalina), Carter, 100.

polymastia (Stylotella), 186.

Polytherses, 178.

porosa (Spiretta), 43.

Poterion (Genus), 65.

pourtalesii (Holtenia), 20.

(Holtenia), Marshall, 20.

—— (Holtenia), O. Schmidt, 20.

prima (Thorecta exemplum, var.), 143.

primigenia (Leucetta), Haeckel, 6, 7.

(Leucetta), Ridley, 6.

procumbens (Ascetta), 2.

—— (Ascetta), Lendenfeld, 2.

Psammascus, 197.

Psammastra (Genus), 38-40.

Psammoclema, 112.

Psammopemma (Genus), 205.

pulcherrima (Stelospongia), 174.

pumila (Clathrissa), 218.

pyramida (Clathria), 222.

radiata (Carteriospongia), Poléjaeff,
bie
radix (Chalinopsilla), 106.
ramosa (Chalinopsilla arborea, var.),
112.
ramosum (Chalinodendron), 102.
(Chalinodendron), Lendenfeld, 102.
—— (Psammoclema), Marshall, 112.
(Psammoclema), Poléjaeff, 112.
ramsayi (Chondrosia), 72.
(Chondrosia), Lendenfeld, 72.
—— (Meyenia fluviatilis, var.), 76.
—— (Meyenia fluviatilis, var.), Lenden-
feld, 76.
—— (Rhizochalina), 188.
—— (Spongelia), 209,
—— (Spongilla), Haswell, 76.
S

258 GENERAL INDEX.

ramsayi (Sycandra), 4.

(Sycandra), Lendenfeld, 4.

(Thorecta), 149.

ramulosa (Papillina), 59,

raphidiophora (Gellius), 190.

Raphyrus (Genus), 60-64.

rectilinea (Spongelia), Hyatt, 144, 145.

Reniera (Genus), 77-80.

Renierinz (Subfamilia), 77-83.

renieroides (Hoplochalina), 99.

(Hoplochalina), Lendenfeld, 99.

Reniochalina (Genus), 82, 83.

repens (Chalinopsilla), 114.

—— (Ditela), Selenka, 114.

(Euspongia), Lendenfeld, 114.

Rete, 25.

reticulata (Chalinopsilla australis, var.),
104,

—— (Clathriopsamma), 227.

— (Dactylochalina), 100.

—— (Dactylochalina), Lendenfeld, 100.

—— (Luspongia), Leudenfeld, 140,

(Hippospongia), 140.

reticulum (Phoriospongia), 198.

(Phoriospongia), Marshall, 198.

rhaphidiophora (Spiretta), 43.

Rhizochalina (Genus), 187, 188.

ridleyi (Hsperella), 211.

rigida (Stylotella), 186.

robusta (Esperella ridleyi, var.), 212.

rosea (Aplysilla), 26.

(Aplysilla), Schulze, 26.

— (Dendrillia), Lendenfeld, 28.

—— (Verongia), Barrois, 26.

Rossellidz (Familia), 20, 21.

rotundus ( Stelospongos levis, var.), Hyatt,
168.

rubens (Thalassodendron), 223.

rubicunda (Tedania), 190.

rubra (Clathrissa pumila, var.), 219.

(Hchinonema), 221.

—— (Halichondria), 80.

(Tedania), 191.

rugosum (Psammopemma), 205.

sacca (Grantessa), 5.

(Grantessa), Lendenfeld, 5.
saccharata (Leucandra), 16.

—— (Leucandra), Haeckel, 16.
—— (Leucandra), Lendenfeld, 16.

saccharata (Leucandra), Ridley, 16,

sagum (Spongelia), 209,

sceptroides (Spongilla), 75.

(Spongilla), Haswell, 75.

(Spongilla), Lendenfeld, 75.

seyphus (Stematumenia), Bowerbank,
178.

secunda (Chondrilla), 68.

(Chondrilla), Lendenfeld, 68.

(Thorecta exemplum, var.), 144.

serpens (Esperella), 213.

serrata (Sigmatella corticata, var.), 203.

serta (Stelospongia), 163.

Sideroderma (Genus), 210-211.

sieboldii (Hyalonema), 21.

(Hyalonema), Gray, 21.

—— (Hyalonema), Marshall, 21.

—— (Hyalonema), M. Schultze, 21.

—— (Hyalonema), ¥. E. Schulze, 21.

Sigmatella (Genus), 195-204.

silex (Kalykenteron), 217.

silicata (Huspongia irregularis, var.),
154.

(Euspongia irregularis, var.), Len-
denfeld, 134.

— (Luspongia), Lendenfeld, 122.

(Leiosella), 122.

Silicea (Classis), 19-257.

simplex (Kuchalina exigua, var.), 102.

(Euchalina exigua, var.), Lenden-

feld, 102.

(Halme), 156.

(Halme), Lendenfeld, 156.

Siphonella (Genus), 97-98.

Siphonine (Group), 92-98.

Siphonochalina (Genus), 94-97.

Siphonochalina, 92, 95.

siphonopsis (Chalinopora), 85.

(Chalinopora), Lendenfeld, 85.

Sollasella (Genus), 56-57.

Sollasellidee (Familia), 56—57.

sollasi (Isops), 34.

spiculifera (Aplysina), 152.

— (Phylosiphonia), 92.

(Phylosiphonia), Lendenfeld, 92.

spinifera (Spongelia), 205.

(Spongelia), Poléjaeff, 205.

(Spongelia), Schulze, 205.

Spirastrella (Genus), 57-58.

Spirastrellidz (Familia), 57-64.

GENERAL INDEX. 259

Spiretta (Genus), 42-44.
Spirophorella (Genus), 236-237.
Spongelia (Genus), 205-210.
Spongelia, 28, 76, 130, 144, 145, 201.
Spongelidz (Familia), 192-210.
Spongeline (Subfamilia), 204-210.
Spongia, 19, 23, 25, 65, 117, 125, 126,
173, 178, 254.
Spongidze (Familia), 104-185.
Spongilla (Genus), 74-75.
Spongillide (Familia), 74-77.
squalidus (Thorecta), 148.
stabilis (Stelospongos ecribriformis, var.),
Hyatt, 145.
stalagmitis (Phylosiphonia), 94.
—— (Phylosiphonia), Lendenfeld, 94.
—— (Reniochalina), 82.
Stelletta (Genus), 87-88.
Stellettide (Familia), 37-41.
stellifera (Halispongia), Bowerbank,
nef
Stelospongia (Genus), 165-175.
Stelospongos, 132, 145, 168, 172.
Stelospongus, 144, 145, 168.
Stematumenia, 178.
stewartii (Tethyopsilla), 45.
Stylotella (Genus), 185-187.
Stylotelline (Subfamilia), 185-187.
subarmigera (Chalinopora), 84.
(Chalinopora), Lendenfeld, 84.
—— (Cladochalina), Ridley, 84.
Suberamitide (Familia), 65.
suberea (Papillina), O. Schmidt, 60.
Suberites (Genus), 65, 66.
Suberitidze (Familia), 65-67.
sulphurea (Dysideopsis), 156.
superba (Phylosiphonia), 92.
—— (Phylosiphonia), Lendenfeld, 92.
Sycandra (Genus), 3-5.
Sycinula, 19.

Sycocarpus, 3.

Sycocercus, 3.

Sycocubus, 5.

Sycon, 3, 19.

Sycones, 2.

Syconidee (Familia), 2-6.
Syconine (Subfamilia), 5-5.
Sycotrobus, 5.

Tedania (Genus), 190-192.

Tedaniine (Subfamilia), 190-192.

tenella (Axinella hispida, var.), 236.

—— (Chalinella), 86.

— (Chalinella), Lendenfeld, 86.

—— (Chalinopora), 84.

— (Chalinopora), Lendenfeld, 85.

—— (Dendrilla), 27.

— (Hoplochalina), 99.

(Hoplochalina), Lendenfeld, 99.

tenerrima (Callyspongia), Duchassaing
et Michelotti, 110.

tenuis (Spongelia rectilinea, var.), Hyatt,
144.

tenuispina (Tedania), 192.

tertia (Thorecta exemplum, var.), 146.

Tethya (Genus), 46-52.

Tethydz (Familia), 46-56.

tethyoides (Stelletta), 38.

(Tuberella), 56.

-— (Tuberella), Keller, 56.

Tethyopsilla (Genus), 45-46.

Tethyopsillide (Familia), 44-46.

Tethyorrhaphis (Genus), 52-50.

Tetillidz (Familia), 42-44.

Tetractina (Tribus), 53.

Tetraxonia (Subordo), 32-46.

Thalassodendron (Genus), 222-225.

Thalassomora (Genus), 40, 41.

Theneidz (Familia), 42.

Thorecta (Genus), 142-149.

Trianina (Tribus), 33-46.

truncata (Siphonella), 97.

(Stphonella), Lendenfeld, 97.

tubaria (Sigmatella australis, var.),
197.

Tubella (Genus), 75, 76.

tuberculata (Tethyorrhaphis), 53.

Tuberella (Genus), 56.

tubulosa (Dysidea), Carter, 197.

typica (Dendrilla rosea, var.), 28.

(Mireinia campana, var.), Hyatt,
178.

— (Leucandra), 11.

—— (Leucandra), Lendenfeld, 11.

—— (Leucandra), Poléjaetf, 11.

—— (Siphonochalina), 96.

—— (Stphonochalina), Lendenfeld, 96.

— (Thalassodendron), 225.

Uteinz (Subfamilia), 5-6.

260 GENERAL INDEX.

vaginata (Leucandra), 14.

(Leucandra), Lendenfeld, 14.
variabilis (Luffaria), 151.

(Luffaria), Poléjaeff, 151.

— (Hircinia), 175.

(hirecinia), Schulze, 175.

Veline, 105.

velum (Phyllospongia), 115.
ventriculoides (Halispongia), Bower-

bank, 117.

vermifera (Carteriospongia), Hyatt, 117.

Verongia, 23, 26.

villosa (Aulena), Lendenfeld, 160, 162.
(Halme), 160.

— (Leucandra), 12.

(Leucandra), Lendenfeld, 12.
viminalis (Thalassodendron), 225.
violacea (Aplysilla), 26.

(Aplysilla), Lendenfeld, 26.

Vosmaeria, 2.

zimocerformis (Euspongia officinalis,
subsp. mediterranea, var.), Hyatt, 130.
zittelii (Sideroderma), 211.

THE END.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

Plate I.

on

1xoOnlil.

. — 38. Raphyrus h

ina panis

1. 2. Papill

Plate ITI.

l. Halichondria rubra var. digitata.

2. Sideroderma navicelligerum.

Plate III.

Rhizochalina ramsayi.

MINSOWRI UOApUSpoOUT[eYyHO *%Z — “eiIzsvMATOM BI[9IOT[AY ‘T

“AT 9F8Id

Plate V.

— 2. Clathrissa arbuscula.

1. Axinella aurantiacea.

Plate VI.

3
~
n”
=}
Q
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H
4
ine]
=
4
Ps
o
fe
Ko}
4
4
io~}
4
—
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oO
Qy
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Plate VII.

Thallassodendron rubeus var. lamella.

Plate VIII. 8.

Chalinissa communis.

Plate IX.

Janthella basta.

10.

Plate X.

Stelospongia pulcherrima.

Plate XI.

Stelospongia australis var. fovea,

Aig ts

Plate XII. 12.

. .

Aplysinopsis digitata.

Microfcrmed by

Preservation

Services

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