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DtrART/HENT Of ACRICLLTUKE,
NEW SOUTH WALES.
SCIENCE BULLETIN, m October, 1921.
No. 19. V*
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Scale
Insects ("Coccidae") of Australia,
PART HI.
W. W. FR06GATT, F.LS.,
Governmont Entomologist.
Workers in the respective branches of Economic Science covered
by this series of Science Bulletins m\\ receive such of them as may
be of use in their special branches of study upon application to the
Under Secretary and Director, Department of Agriculture, Sydney.
tB»121 SYDNEY: WILLIAM APPLEGATC CULLICK, QOVERNMCNT PRINTER. — 1821.
No. ol Copies Issued, 1,000.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
NEW SOUTH WALES.
SCIENCE 'BULLETIN, No. 19.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE SCALE
INSECTS rCOCCIDAE") OF AUSTRALIA.
PART IIL
W. W. FROGGATt/ F.L.S.,
///
Government Entomologist.
SYDNEY: WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.
I921
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
NEW SOUTH WALES.
SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
A Descriptive Catalogue of tlie Scale
Insects CXoccidae") of Australia.
PAllT III.
SUB-FAMILY V.—Idiococcinae, Maskell.
When defining this group (1892) Maskell says : " Adult feniales active or
stationary, gall making or naked, or producing cotton or wax. Anal
tubercles entirely absent; anal ring hairless. Antennae with usually less
than seven joints. Body not prolonged posteriorly.'' In 1898. he redefined
the group: "Anal tubercles absent or rudimentary; anal ring with or
without hairs.''
When erecting this sub-family, Maskell said, " they are separated from
the Monophlebinae by the absence of anal tubercles, and by the antennae;
from the BrachysceUnae by the absence of any abdominal prolongation or
' tail ' ; from the Anthoc-occinae and Dactylopiinae by the absence of anal
tubercles and the hairless anogenital ring. They come nearer the Coccinae
m which the anogenital ring is liairless."
Tlie male coccids develop in the cavity of the female galls in most cases,
and do not form separate galls.
In Mrs. Fernald's catalogue this group is merged into the sub-family
DacUjlopimcp, but if there is any valid reason for subdividing the Coccinae,
this one is very well defined and should stand, certainly as regards the
Australian gall-making species.
SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Genus XLVIII. Sphaerococopsis^ Cockerel.
Proi'. Acad, of Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, p. 262, 1899.
Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 277, 1899.
This genus was created to give generic rank to a remarkable coccid des-
cribed bv Maskell under the name of Sphaerococcus infiati pes, which has three
pair of well-defined legs in the adult female. He defines it : " Adult female
with all the legs present ; the first four small, hind pair very large, margins
with spines; anal ring without hairs."
Sphaerococopsis injiatipes, Maskell (Fig. 1).
Sphaerococcus inflatipes. Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 238, pi. xvii, figs. 1-5,
1892.
Sphaerococopsis inflatipes, Cockerell, Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, p. 262, 1899.
The type specimens came from Myrniong, Victoria, upon an undetermined
species of eucalypt ; on the stems of the peppermint gum {Eucalyptus novae-
angliae), Uralla, and E. hotryoides, Kurnell, New South Wales.
Fig. i.— Sphaerococopsis inflatipes.
The adult female produces a central pit beneath the surface of the bark of
the trunk, or main branches, round which rises a ring of swollen tissues,
which forms a circular blister with a depression at the apex, in the centre of
which is the apical orifice. Under the opening, resting upon the centre of
the back of the enclosed coccid, is a convex semi-transparent membrane,
like a conical cap (probably the last larval moult). Diameter of blister gall,
about one-eighth of an inch.
SCALE INSECTS (" (JOCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 5
Adult female dark yellowish bro\v}i ; about one-tenth of an inch in diameter ;
circular in form, with legs and antenna? projecting when mounted in potash.
Antennae stout ; terminal joint rounded, surmounted with fine hairs. Maskell
says six-jointed, live specimens show only five, but there may be a sixth;
three pairs of legs, the first two pairs small, hind pair large, thickened ; tibiae
long, swollen to the tips ; tarsus cylindrical, first joint long, second short,
with no true tarsal claw, but bearing two slightly thickened digitules. Anal
ring distinct, showing no hairs. Hind margin of dorsal surface fringed with
dark brown spines, the central eight in contact at the base, the dorsal surface
clothed with scattered dark spines and fine hairs, thickest on the anterior
portion ; the whole surface' granulated with irregular oval tesselations, not
in contact with each other. Live specimens, when extracted from the galls,
look very much like minute crabs, the short stout antennae standing out on
either side of the head, with the hind margin of the abdominal segments
turned upward, and the swollen hind legs projecting on the sides.
Speciriiens examined from Kurnell showed that the female produces some
white meal or filaments. The anal spines were not so well defined in the
anal comb ; structure more open at the base, but comprising about twenty
instead of eight, while the hairs fringing the outer margins of the coccid are
very fine and soft.
.SCIEI^CB BULLETIN, No. 19.
Genus XL IX. Fseudopsylla, n.g.
The female cbccids produce i?olid woody galls on tlie branchlets of eiicaly pts
with an irregular opening on the upper surface.
Adult female coccid pea-shaped, circular, with two pair of stout legs ;
iintennse composed of six segments, third very long, sixth verj' small, anal
tubercles wanting ; anal ring without hairs ; legs and body clothed with
fine hairs or spines. These galls, in which the females rest, are very like
those produced by T rozia solida (a Psyllid), which cannot emerge until the
apical surface of the gall splits.
PseudopstjUa Jursutus, n.sp. (Fig. 2).
This curious gall-making coccid comes form Darwin, Northern Tei-ritory,
where Mr..C4. F; Hill collected it upon an undetermined species ot eucalyptus.
Irregular, rounded, basket-shaped galls, sessile, walls thick, mth apical
opening large and very irregular.
Adult female coccid deep red ; legs and antenna?
brownish yellow : tarsi and claws lighter coloured
than the tibipe ; with floury secretion and flocculent
matter in the gall chamber. Diameter, one-sixth of an
inch. Convex above, concave beneath, but swelling
out into a rounded form, with distinct segmental
divisions. Antenna? long, slender, first joint short,
broad, second cylindrical, about as long as the first,
third about four times the length of the second, fourth
not more than half the length, fifth short, sixth very
short and small. A dark area like a circular spiracle
in front of the base of each antennae. Legs stout,
tibi» and tarsi fringed on the inner edge, with short
black spines, margin with a few fine hairs ; tarsal claws
short, sharply curved inwards, digitules long, slender
hairs. Dorsal surface thickly covered with short spines ;
circular orifices, and short blunt rods, densest on the
abdominal segments. The anal ring without hairs :
anal tubercles wanting, and the anal segment rounded.
Immature female with three pair of legs, all similar in form, })iit the middle
pair lighter coloured than the others.
Fig. 2.—Pscii(l<,
hirxKtuK.
SCALE INSECTS ( " COCCIDiE ') OF AUSTRALIA.
Genus L. Sphaerococcus, Maskell.
Trans. New Zealand Inatitnte, vol. xxv, p. 237, 18!(2.
Cockerell, Canadian Entnmologi.it, vol. xxxT, p. 227, 1809.
This genus was created by Maskell in a paper published in 189], but lie
did not define it until the following year, where he says : " Adult females
naked or producing cotton, or wax ; anal tubercles absent ; anogenital ring
hairless. Antennae of usually less than seven joints, sometimes atrophied.
Feet sometimes absent, sometimes atro])hied, sometimes deformed. Adult
male imknown."
Cockerell, in his " Tables for the determination of the Genera of Coccidae,"'
in removing S. inflatipes into a new genus, reduces them to a well-defined
group of legless coccids, into which all the Australian species will fit.
Cockereirs definition is : " Adult female with the antennpp minute, conical ;
legs entirely al^sent ; skin with many circular glands."'
S])hacrococcu.'i acaciae, ^laskell.
Trans. N. Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 237, pi. xvi, figs. 6-11, 1892.
This species was found upon the branchlets of an undetermined species of
Acacia growing at Queanbeyan. New South Wales : it has not been recorded
since the type was collected.
The adult females globular, dark brown, each enclosed in a rounded mass
of white cotton} secretion, often aggregated in masses. Antennpe and legs
absent ; anogenital ring verv small and difficult to detect ; simple, without
hairs, anal tubercles wanting. Epidermis bearing numbers of minute tubular
spinnerets, and on. the median dorsal surface many small clear oval markings.
Spiracles large. Diameter of female, one-ninth of an inch.
Maskell gives a description of the larvae as flattened brownish creatures
with thickened legs and antennae, with the usual terminal seta?. He says :
" This insect is allied to S. casuariiiae, but differs quite sufficiently for specific
separation.'*
364. Sphaerococcus acaciae. Cat. Coccida?, p. 85.
SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Sphaerococcus cantentulatus, n.sp. (Fig. 3).
These coccids attack the youug brauchlets of the weeping myall {Acacia
pendula), growing in the Condobolin district, New South Wales, causing
them to swell out into gouty excrescences, irregularly rounded, up to an
inch in length and one-eighth of an inch in diameter. These thickened
twigs are hollow, containing a row of gall chambers, each separated from
Fig. 3. — ^phaerocnrcux canteiittilaius, n.sp.
the other. The adult female rests in the centre, upon an oval depression
or scar, through which there is sometimes an aperture ; the outer surface of
the gall mass marked with tubercles corresponding with the depressions
inside the gall chambers.
Adult female reddish brown, semi globular, wrinkled, with the abdominal
segments reduced to a point at the apex ; legs and antennae aborted.
Sphaerococcus casnarinae, Maskell.
Trans. N. Zealand ImtiliUe, vol. xxiv, p. 39, pi. viii, f. 8-20, 1891.
The type specimens were described from Victoria, where they were found
upon the basal portion of the galls of Cylindrococcus casuarinae, formed
upon the branchlets of Casuarinae quadrivulvis. I have found them in
the same situation on casuarinas growing on the cliffs at Newport, New
South Wales.
SCALE INSECTS C' COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 9
Adult female resting upon a felted cotton pad on the bract of the host gall ;
o(jgatti. The adult female develops on the gall cavity,
dull red in colour: she is dusted with white meal.
and has a bluish grey tint ; general form subglobular, tapering to the anal
extremity. Length about one-twelfth of an inch. Antennae aborted,
indistinct; appear to consist of two joints. Legs wanting. There are four
large spiracles. The epidermis bearing a number of circular multilocular
spinnerets, and a few fine spiny hairs, thickest on the abdominal region.
Anal tubercules wanting, anal ring without hairs.
370. Sphaerococcus froggatti. Cat. Coccidae, p. 86.
SCALE INSECTS ( ■ COCCIDJ: ■) OF AUSTRALIA.
11
Sphaerococcus leaii, Fuller (Fig. 6).
Journal West Australian Bureau Agricidture, vol. iv, p. 1346, 18!)7.
Tra7is. Ent. Soc. London, p. 448, pi. xv, f. 21, 1899.
The female coccids produce very curious sul)si)herical galls, with deeply
fluted sides, upon the branchlets of an undetermined spe(;ies of Casimrina,
at Perth, West Australia.
Fig. e.—Sjiha
These galls are greyish brown, and appear to be composed of a number of
distinct sections, but are solid and united on the inner surface of the basal
cavity, with the opening at the apex. Height, about half an inch. U'^ually
found in little clusters of four or five, they might be easily mistaken for
aborted seed cones of the sheoak, upon which they are developed.
Adult female pink, general form globular, filling the gall chamber, showing
slight segmentation; no anal tubercules. Dorsum bearing yellow spines.
371. Sphaerococcus leaii. Cat. Coccida?, p. 371.
Sphaerococcus leptospermi, Maskell (Fi^. 8).
Trans. New Zexdand Institute, vol. xxvi, p. 92, f. 4-14, 1893.
This species form galls upon the branchlets of the coastal leptosperm
{Leptospermmn laevigatum), common about the coast at Botany, N.S.W.
The galls are produced like a swollen elongated blister or raised excres-
cence ii^ the surface of the branchlet, the wood and bark swelling up on either
side of the bur'ed coccid, which rests in the cleft between, which forms a
12 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
narrow slit along the back of the coccid. The gall cavity is smooth above^
with the bottom covered with white meal, upon which the coccid rests
Length of gall from ^ of an inch, and the thickness from 5^ to |- inch.
Adult female fitting closely into the gall chamber, varying in colour from
olive green to brown or black, lightly covered with floury secretion. Length,
quarter of an inch. General form elliptical, about a quarter of an inch in
length. Antennae obsolete, only represented by minute tubercles ; legs
wanting. Four principal spiracles large ; epidermis covered with circular
spinneret orifices, thickest and largest on the dorsal surface. Anal ring
small, hairless; anal tubercules obsolete.
372. Sphaerococcus leftospermi. Cat. Coccidse, p. 86.
Sphaerococcus melaleucae, Maskell.
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxvi, p. 94, pi. vi, f. 15-20, 1893.
Sphaerococcus acacia var. melaleuca, Cockerell.
These insects are not uncommon on the twigs of the titree {Melaleuca
liniariifolia), growing at Penshurst, Flemington, and similar localities in the
vicinity of Sydney.
The adult females form no galls, but cover themselves with small masses
of roughened black waxy secretion, from which project smaller conical
processes of unequal length. Diameter of test, one-tenth of an inch.
Adult female dull reddish pink; general form convex, elliptical, taper-
ing to the apex. Diameter, one-twentieth of an inch. The cephalic and
thoracic segments smooth, the abdominal ones smaller, tapering, and closely
marked with convoluted corrugations. Antennae composed of five very
short joints, the last somewhat globular, with several long hairs. Legs
wanting. Thoracic spiracles rather large and close to each a group of
circular spinneret-orifices. Epidermis bearing some circidar spinnerets.
Anal ring without hairs, anal tubercles absent, with no terminal setse or hairs.
Sphaerococcus melaleuca. Cat. Coccidae, p. 85.
Sphaerococcus morrisoni, Fidler (Fig. 7).
Journal West Australian Bureau Agriculture, vol. iv, p. 1346, 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 450, pi. xv, f. 22, 1899.
This species comes from Pinjarrah, West Aus-
tralia, where it forms galls on the tips of the
branchlets of a ti-tree {Melaleuca, sp.).
Galls broadly oval, often in bunches of five
or six, greyish brown, with the surface roughened
with little bracts, constricted in the centre and
rounded to the apex, with a slight rim round
the small apical orifice. The interior of the gall is
divided into an upper and lower chamber. Length,
three-quarters of an inch ; diameter, half an
^'^- '^•~ inch
SphaerococcKS morrisoni.
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 13
Fig. 8.— I. Brac.hyscelisd(ii>lex,SchT. 2. Sphaerococciis leptofpenni, Ua.sk. 3. Cyltiulrncoecus spini/erous, Uask.
14 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
The adult female rests in the bottom of the lower chamber, with the tip
of her abdomen turned upwards.
373. Sphaerococcms morrisoni. Cat. Coccidae, ]>. 86.
Sphaerococcus newmanni, n.sp.
The coccids, forming curious rounded tests of secretion upon the twigs of
a titree {Melaleuca sp.), were collected by Mr. L. .1. Newman, at Busseltown,
West Australia.
Female puparium formed of a thin skin of light biscuit to yellowish brown
waxy secretion, which dissolves readily in caustic potash. The base is
attached to the surface of the bark, swelling out on the sides, and broadly
rounded to the summit ; it appears to be formed of three sections coalescing
along the impressed lines, one of which divides the centre and the other circles
round the apical orifice, which spins out in a little boss in the centre. Length
of puparium, one-eighth of an inch.
Fig. 9. —Sphnerococcus neivmanni. ns.ji.
Adult female dark reddish brown, much wrinkled, oval, and when treated
with ptoash giving off a rich red tint; length, about one-tenth of an inch;
she rests in the puparium with the anal segment curving round to the apical
orifice ; the cephalic portion resting upon woolly filaments, which protect
the larvpe. Antennae and legs wanting; rostrum distinct, with a curious
dark yellowish brown band extending to the anal segment, before reaching
which it forms a lance-headed ])atch, and then a transverse band, producing
a cross-like pattern, with an opaque granulated structure on the anal segment.
Larvae bright red, almost cylindrical, elongated ; legs long, well developed ;
antennae composed of four joints, the third the longest, clothed with fine
bristles that extend over the terminal joint.
Sphaerococcus obscumtus, Maskell.
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxviii, p. 403, pi. xxii, f. 10-17, 1895.
The type specimens were found upon the bark of two different wattles
{Acacia linifolia and A. ohtusiflora), growing at Hornsby, N.S.W.
SCALE INSECTS (" OOCCID^E ") OF AUSTRALIA. 15
TliH adult females iji'oduce (lei)ressions or blisters in the bark in which
thev rest, often enclosed in the larval skins. The bark, in consequence of
their presence, is often so thickl}'- covered with fumagine fundus that the
coccids are hidden from view.
Adult female dull red to brownish yellow ; globular. Diameter about
one twenty-eighth of an inch : antennse very variable, sometimes almost
obsolete, in others showing six or three very indistinct joints. Legs absent.
There are four large thoracic spiracles, each surrounded with a ring of circular
glands. Epidermis A\ath many small circular spinnerets, with large ones on
the abdominal segments ; anal ring -without hairs. On the dorsal surface
of abdomen are chitenous bands, on the upper segments short spines.
•37 i. SphfBrococcHS ohscuratiis. Cat. Coccida', p. 86.
Sphaerococcus pirogaUis, Maskell (Fig. 10).
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxvi, p. 95, pi. vii, f. 8-19, 1893.
Froggatt, Agric. Gazette, N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 18, 1898.
The remarkable galls formed by this coccid often cover the foliage of acres
of Leptuspermum flavescens, growing in the vicinity of Sydney and on the
Blue Mountains. These galls in course of development vary from green,
pink, red to light brown w^hen mature, and average up to one-quarter of an
inch in height. The general form is pear-shaped, with the summit slightly
flattened ; the basal stalk is thickened with a small slit-like opening on the
side, giving entrance into the thin hollow gall above. At the top or roof of
the gall is a circular, saucer-like structure, in which, surrounded with white
mealy secretion, rests the adult female coccid. The male coccids and larvse
may be found in the gall chamber with the female. Adult female red, sub-
circular, slightly concave beneath and convex above. Diameter, one thirty-
fifth of an inch. Antennae very obscure, apparently composed of five or six
joints, without any hairs or bristles. Legs wanting. Anal ring simple,
hairless. Four large thoracic spiracles, with the epidermis bearing circular
multiocular s]iinnerets with many long spiny hairs which, near the tip of the
abdomen, are arranged in a regular ring.
Maskell has written an exhaustive account of this species, covering four
pages of the " Transactions "' : he considers it one of the most remarkable
gall- making coccid he had ever examined.
375. Sj)haerococcus pirogallis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 87.
16
SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. VX
Fig. \0.—Sphaerococnts pirogalU
SCALE INSECTS ('■ COCCID.E ") OF AUSTRALIA. IT
Sphaerococcus pulc/ielhis, Maskell (Fig. 11).
Trans. N.Z. Institute, vol. xxix, p,. 343, pi. xxi, f. 10-13, 1897.
Fuller, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 448, 1899.
This coccid forms a curious test, somewhat like that of an adult female
Eriococcus, upon the branchlets of an un-
determined Melaleuca growing in swampy
localities. Fuller records his specimens
upon the twigs of Hypocalymma angusti-
folia, in West Australia. Tests pale biscuit
brown, formed of a waxy secretion deeply
fluted on the apical section, which is
cleft and surrounded with an impressed
line ; the basal portion below smooth,
the whole looking as if composed of
two distinct parts. Length, one-seventh
to one-twelfth of an inch.
The enclosed female black, subglobular,
filling the test ; antennse and legs aborted ;
dorsal surface covered with many small , , „
Fig. 11. — Sphaerococcus pulchelius.
tubular spinnerets.
377. Sphaerococcus pulchelius. Cat. Coccida?, p. 87.
Sphaerococcus rugosus, Maskell.
Trans. N.Z. Institute, vol. xxix, p. 322, pi. xxi, f. 5-7, 1897.
These coccids produce remarkable dark green subglobular galls, stalked
at the base, swelling out on the sides with the apex cone-shaped. The whole
surface of the gall is wrinkled, with no visible opening at the apex. They are
found upon the leaves, and sometimes on the twigs of an undetermined
species of Leptospermum, Mount Barker, West Australia. Diameter about
one-sixth of an inch.
Maskell also describes a sessile form on the leaves of an undertermined
tree, under the varietalname of elongaius, which he also figures. These
came from Albany, West Australia.
Adult female dark red, form globular, fitting closely to the interior and
covered with white meal ; antennae and legs wanting ; spiracles dilated at
both extremities ; small circular spinnerets, and short hairs on the abdominal
segments.
378. Sphaerococcus rugosus. Cat. Coccidfr.
18
SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Sphaerococcus stypheliae, Maskell (Fig. 12).
Trans. N.Z. Institute, vol. xxvii, p. 67, pi. vii, f. 1-4, 1894.
Tlii.s species was collected on the twigs uf Htijplidia {Moii.otica) elliptica,
growing at Rose Bay, near Sydney.
The adult females are enveloped in a seniiglo-
l)ular roughened mass of yellowish waxy secretion,
slightly tinted with pink, and often blackened
■vith fumagine. Diameter, about one-twentieth of
an inch.
Adult female convex, with the ventral surface
flattened, filling the whole test : general colour
dark brown or purple. Antennae aborted, but
while the feet are wanting, they are replaced by
six swollen short tubular processes like the lac tubes
of Tachardia. Epidermis covered with numbers of
circular spinneret orifices.
380. Sjyhaerococcus stypheliae. Cat. Coccidae, p. 87.
Sphaerococcus socilis, Maskell.
Trans. N.Z. Institute, vol. xxix, p. 325, pi. xxii, f. 1-7, 1897.
These coccids produce globular galls of imbri-
Fig. 12. -sphaeroconms stupheiiae. cated scales (like little pine cone'^) of a greyish
green colour, varying in hize from a pin's head to
lialf an inch in diameter. They grow upon the twigs of an undetermined
species of Melaleuca at Greraldton, West Australia.
Each gall when cut across shows a central cell with smaller galls sur-
rounding it, so that it is reall}' an outer shell covering a group of smaller
galls, each containing a number of coccids in all stages of development.
The adult female is dark red, globular, with very small antennre tipped
Avith fine hairs, legs aborted, with the epidermis bearing large tubelar s})iracles.
.379. Sphaerococcus socilis. Cat. Coccidsc, p. 87.
Sphaerococcus tepperi, Fidler.
Journal of Bureau Agriculture, West Australia, p. 1346, 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 449, pi. xv, f. 16, 1899.
A species described by Fuller, which appears to be closely allied to S.
socilis, coming froni the same locality, and on a similar food plant. The
differences, given by the author, are that the adidt female coccid is smaller,
differs in colour, and possesses a pair of aborted hind legs. The gall is
apparently very like tliat of Maskeirs species.
382. Sphaer.ococcus tepperi. Cat. Coccidee, p. 87.
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ') OF AUSTRALIA. 19
Sphaerococcu.s tnrhinata, ii.sj).
These galls were received from Mr. A. M. Lea, collected near Launceston,
Tasmania, u]ion the twigs of an undetermined species of Melaleuca.
They are light brown, smooth, turbinate galls, spotted with tiny black
dots, slightly over half an inch in height, and three-eighths of an inch in
diameter. The basal portion forms a short stout stalk or peg, broadly
rounded to the apex, which forms a conical point. The\ have a large basal
orifice on the side of the stalk, opening into a large chamber, the internal
structure resembling that of Sphaerococcus piirogallis, Mask. These galls,
usually formed in clusters of three or four on the small twigs, might easily
be mistaken by the casual observer for seed capsules.
The adult female coccids had been so badly damaged by hvmenopterous
parasites as to render their description impossible.
"2^
SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Genus LI. Cylindrococcus, Maskell.
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 41, 1891.
Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 277, 1899.
Crocidocysta, Riibsaamen, Bed. Ent. Zeit., Bd. xxxix, p. 218, 1894.
This genus was founded by Maskell for a remarkable group of coccids
tbat form curious seed capsule-like galls upon the twigs of the Gasuarinas
/sheoaks), and the species are widely distributed over Australia.
Gall -producing coccids, with only the anterior pair of legs present, the
anal segment circular, slightly convex, and not prolonged into a tail, but
bearing long fire hairs, while the cephalic and thoracic segments are almost
hairless.
Cylindrococi-ii.'^ aniflior, Maskell (Fig. 13).
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 44, pi. x, figs. 8, 1891 ; vol. xxv, p. 240,1892.
Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxxi, p. 277, 1899.
Crocidocysta froggati, Riibs., Berl. Ent. Zeit, B. xxxix, p. 219.
In 1891, Maskell described the galls without giving the maker a specific
name ; in the folloAving year he completed his description from specimens
Fig. 13. — Cylindrococcus amplior.
from Adelaide, South Australia, on Casuarina quadrivalvis ; it has also been
collected on casuarinas in south-western Victoria (C. French, junior).
The galls springing out from the branchlet usually solitary, but sometimes
in clusters of two or three, oval tapering to the tip, sessile and wonderfully
like a seed cone. The basal portion of the gall composed of a number of
reddish brown leaf-like bracts which encircle the base well up the sides,
forming a calyx-like structure, into which fits the gall proper. This is broad
at the base, oval, and tapering to a pointed apex, which is formed of the tips
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 21
of the five parallel sections coalesced together, which compose the gall ;
these tips, being bract-like, and covering the apical orifice. The whole of
the outer surface of the gall thickly clothed with a uniform coat of greyish
down, hiding the sectional structure, except at the a])ex. Variable in size,
up to one inch in height, and five-eighths of an inch in diameter in the centre.
The internal structure is solid, with a central hard smooth-walled circiular
chamber running from the base to the apex.
The adult female reddish, elongate, cylindrical, truncate at the head, with
the tip of the abdomen rounded, clothed with fine hairs ; viewed from the
dorsal surface it shows several segments, of which the first three are largest,
with rounded posterior lobes ; median segment short and concave, imder
which the larvae shelter; the last abdominal segment forms a circular plate,
with a simple hairless anal orifice in the centre. Antenna? present but short,
conical, coming to a point. Legs present, first pair very short and thickened,
the second and hind pair aborted, only represented by dark spots.
Maskell's galls were apparently old and nmch rubbed, and in his plate
do not show the curious calyx, but in a co-type he sent me many years ago
this is present, and there is no doubt this is his species.
357. Cylindrococciis amplior. Cat. Coccida?, p. 84.
Gylindrococcus casuarinae, Maskell (Fig. 14).
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 41, pi. ix, figs. 1-12, 1891.
Riibsaamen, Berl. Ent. Zeit., Bd. xxix, p. 218, tab. x, f. 1, 1894.
Maskell, Ent. Monthly Magazine, vol. xxx, p. 226, 1896.
This species is found in Victoria upon Casuarina quadrivalvis . I have not
seen it from any part of New South Wales.
Fig. 14. — Vylindrococcufi caf^nnrinue.
22 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Gall elongate, cylindrical, tapering to the apex, dull reddish brown, of a
somewhat .similar form to that of C. amplior, springing singly frona the
branchlets, sessile, the basal bracts very fine, with long spiny ones above,
forming a calyx from which the true galls emerge : these seem to be formed
of six parallel ribs coalesced together into the tubular gall, tapering to the
apex, in which the apical orifice opens into the central cylindrical tube,
which encloses the female. In fresh specimens the gall appears to be clothed
with a grey mossy covering on the outer surface. Length variable, from one
to one-quarter inch, diameter one-quarter of an inch. The adult female
resembles that of C. amplioy, but the gall is ap])arently a verv distinct struc-
ture, though constructed in the same plan.
358. Cylindrococctis casuarinae. Cat. Coccidte, p. 84.
CylindrococcKS gracilis, Fuller.
Journal. West Australian Bureau Agriculture, vol. iv, p. 1346, 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 451, pi. x, fig. 24, 1899.
Specimens obtained upon twigs of Gasuarina humilis, near Perth, West
Australia. In his first reference he says : " A species which niav perhapt
be regarded as a variety of C. sfiniferous.'' In the second, Fuller says thas
" the galls are much more slender and the imbricate bracts do not project
so much. Length, one to one and a quarter inches, diameter one-fifth of
an inch."
359. GylindrocoGcus gracilis. Cat. Coccidte, p. 84.
Cylindrococcus spiniferuf!, Maskell (Fig. 15).
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 43, pi. x, figs. 1-7, 1891.
Froggatt, Agri'. Gazette N.S.W., vol. ix, p. 498, 1898.
This is the commonest gall upon the different species of Casuarinas growing
in the coastal districts of New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia.
The type was taken on C. qaadrivrdvis.
Gall very variable in size and shape, often covering the branchlets with
their cone-shaped structures ; others on the tips of the slender branchlets
very fine and elongate. One specimen that I have springs directly from the
apex of a young seed cone.
General form rugose, oval at base, tapering to the tip, composed of a
number of stout, thickset, reddish brown, leaf -like bracts ; the basal portion
consisting of six or more often stout angulated bracts, which sometimes
SCALE INSECT.S ( • COCCID^ " OF AUSTRALIA.
23
turn outward, forming a regular star when viewed from beneath : in many
others the basal row of bracts turn upward and form a regular calyx round
the base of the next ring of seven or eight spined bracts ; above this is a
second row of similar bracts, above which, tapering to the apex, are the
elongated tips of all the internal slender tubular sections of the gall, in the
Fig. 15. — CjiUmlfococcus itpuiifeni-s.
centre of which is the cylindrical tube containing the female coccid. All
these bracts can be removed one by one, until the central tubular one is
reached containing the female coccid.
Adult female so similar in general form and structure to that of C. amplior
that Maskell states that it wovdd be difficult to separate them on the female
coccid. In one of the plates of Scott's " Australian Lipidoptera and their
Transformations," the artist has depicted a spray of Casuarina bearing these
galls, evidently under the imjiression they were the true seed ca])sules of the
sheoak.
360. Cylindrococcus spiniferus. Cat. Coccida?, p. 84.
24 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Genus LI I. Ourococcus, Fuller.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 452, 1899.
This genus was formed for three West Australian coccids, living in creyices
in the bark of trees and producing a single long glassy tail from between the
pair of anal tubercles. Abdomen tapering to the extremity; antennae
aborted, rudimentary ; legs aborted or absent.
The species are described from West Australia ; Cockerell, in his paper
in the Canadian Naturalist, entitled the " Determination of the Genera of
Coccidae," 1899, proposes to place these insects in his group Conchaspinae,
coming after Gallipappus, but in Mrs. Fernald's catalogue they are placed
after the Sphaerococcus.
Ourococcus cobbi, Fuller.
Journal Bureau Agriculture, West Australia, p. 1346, 1897. .
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 453, 1899.
Adult female found on crevices of the bark of an undetermined species of
Eucalyptus. Abdomen rounded, furnished with long glassy tail ; West
Australia.
385. Ourococcus cobhi. Cat. Coccidse, p. 88.
Ourococcus eucalypti, Fuller.
Journal Bureau Agriculture, West Australia, p. 1346, 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 452, 1899.
Adult female with similar habits and food plant to 0. cobbi, producing a
long glassy tail, but with the abdomen tapering to the extremity and ter-
minating in two incurved points ; West Australia.
386. Ourococcus eucalypti. Cat. Coccidse, p. 88.
Ourococcus casuarina', Fuller.
Journal Bureau Agriculture, West Australia, p. 1346, 1897.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 453, 1899.
The adult female in the bracts of the Casuarina branchlets ; forming
similar tails, but the tip of the abdomen tapering, and ending in two strong
tuberciiles.
384. Ourococcus casuarinae. Cat. Coccidae, p. 88.
SCALE INSECTS ('• COCCIDiE ') OF AUSTRALIA. 25
Genus LIII. Olliffia, Fuller.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 442, 1899.
Cockerell, Science, vol. iv. No. 88, p. 299, 1896.
" The adult female is stationary, with somewhat conspicuous anal tubei-
cules, apparently like those of an Eriococcus, but it differs in having a chiti-
nosed prolongation of the dorsal arc of the anal opening between them;
antennae seven-jointed, atrophied; legs atrophied or absent " (Fuller).
Olliffia eucalypti, Fuller.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 442, pi. xx, fig. 10, 1899.
The elongate adult female hidden beneath bark scales and covered with
fumagine. Abdomen with two blunt spined tubercules, between which
is the anal ring, surrounded \\ath six stout hairs ; dorsal arc produced into a
chitinous conical point; rostrum large; mentum three- jointed; epidermis
with compound spinnerets ; length, 0-04 inch.
Found on Eucalyptus sp., at Perth, West Australia.
362. Olliffia eucalypti. Cat. Coccidse, p. 85.
SUB-FAMILY VI. —Tachardinae.
The coccids comprised in this division are the lac-producing insects of
commerce, of which Tachardia {Coccus) lad is the type. The females secrete
a quantity of wax-like secretion, commonly known as lac, enveloping the
naked fleshy coccids in a more or less regularly formed structure. The male
test is small and shaped like a lady's slipper. The female coccid is furnished
with an anal ring with numerous bristles; she is an irregularly rounded
fleshy creature, with a pair of tubular appendages on the dorsal surface,
once known as lac tubes, but now considered to be breathing tubes.
This is a group small in number of species, but well represented in Australia
by several fine species.
*26 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Genus LIV. Tachardia, Hlanchard.
Zooligie M dicale, vol. 1, p. 3, 1886.
Signoret, 187(5. Maskell, 1897.
The typical form of this genus is the hie insect Coccus lacca, described by
Kerr in 1782. In 1874, Signoret formed the genn^'Carteria for the lac-forming
coccids, and was followed by Maskell and other writers ; but finding afterwards
that the name had been previously used for a group of crustaceans, he dis-
carded it, and reverted to Blanchard's later name. The adult females are
enclosed in a more or less regular shaped mass of waxy resinous secretion,
sometimes bubble-shaped, pointed, rounded and ribbed, or simply an irregular
mass. The test of the male coccid, on the other hand, is usually in all the
species shaped like a slipper, and formed of a similar waxy resin. The
female coccid is an irregular wrinkled reddish rounded creature, with a pair
of lac tubes standing out on either side of the ventral surface, which Green
considers are air tubes, the tip of the abdomen useially forming a kind of peg.
Some twenty-four sj^ecies have been described, six of which are peculiar
to Australia : the others from the southern parts of North America, Mexico^
West Indies, Brazil, Africa, a.nd India.
Tachardia acaace, Maskell.
Tra»s. Xciv Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. .56, 1891.
Targioni, Cant. I'elude Gotn. laques, p. 121, 1893.
This species was obtained by the collectors on the Elder Exploring Expedi-
tion in Central Australia upon an undeternrined species of Acacia : " The
female coccids," Maskell says, " excreting a quant ty of light red or pinkish
resinous matter, aggregated in masses or in detached irregular pieces." The
female of the usual globular form, but the extremity much less hairy and the
tubes much shorter than in T. m el ale Hcae, with the tip of the abdomen divided,
bearing two spines.
607. Tacliaidia acacia. Cat. Coccidae, ]). 12-3.
Tac/iardia aiu/idata, Froggatt (Fig. 16).
Pro. Linnein Society, S.S.W., vol. xxxvi, p. 154, 1911.
This remarkable species has onlv been found in two localities down
the south coast of New South Wales, at Eden and Milton. In both
cases upon quince trees, in neglected orchards. The waxy secretion of
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ •) OF AUSTRALIA.
27
tlie adult fouiale forming the test is dark red to black in colour, broad at
the base and ooming up to blunt ])oint
at the apex, like a large rose thorn;
viewed from above it is seen to be
fluted, with four distinct ridges. The
outer surface is smooth, with fine white
filaments curling through the openings
in the test. Height of test, a quarter
of an inch. Diameter base, one-fifth
of an inch.
The adult female is bright red, apex
shining, anal appendages and tubes
tipped with black, anal tip i)rojecting,
fringed with fine bristle-like hairs, with
fine spine above. Diameter, one-sixth
of an inch. Fig. te.—Tachardia anguluta.
Tachardia australis, Froggatt (Ffg. 17).
Agric. Gazette, N.H.W., vol. x, p. 1161, 1899.
This lac insect was first collected by nie upon the branchlets of a small
native scrub shrub {Benieria riscosa), near Narrabri, N.S.W. Later
on I found it in large quantities
on the young wood of MelaletKa
sp., grooving near Bundaberg,
Queensland.
It is figured in the plate of
lac-producmg coccids with the
original description, and from a
commercial point of view, might be
of some value if cultivated in our
ti-tree swamps.
The female tests vary consider-
ably, the typical ones like a leaf
of dark reddish wax, the basal half
dull with the upper portion a shin-
ing round bead of bright red wax.
In the Queensland specimens the
wax is more confluent, forming
Fig. 17. Tachurdia austraiis. luasses ill rings roiuul the twigs
28
SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
without any very regular structure. Female bright red, smooth, shining.
Length, 1| lines. Of the usual turbinate form, with the cephalic fold falling
over in front, and rounded like some of the Brachyscelid coccids. Dorsal
surface smooth, anal extremity short and broad, terminating with a ring of
fan-shaped hairs.
610. Tachardia australis. Cat. Coccidse, p. 123.
Tachardia convexa, Fuller.
Trans. Entom. Soc, London, p. 457, 1899.
This species comes from Western Australia, where Fuller found it upon a
species of Hypocalymma. The test is dark brown, very convex, smooth,
with two lateral filaments protruding from circular orifices. Length, 0-15
inch. Adult female elongate, thoracic tubes well developed, chitinous ring
at apex of abdomen, with ten hairs ; dorsal spine distinct, with several hairs.
Anterior spiracles large, surrounded with small pores.
611. Tachardia convexa. Cat. Coccidae, p. 123.
Tachardia decorella, Maskell (Fig. 18).
Tram. Neiv Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 247, 1892, and vol. xxvii, p. 70, 1894.
vol. xxviii, p. 408, 1896.
Barlow, Indian, Museum Notes, vol. iv, p. 58, 1896, pi. v.
Froggatt, Agric. Gazette, N.S.W., vol. x, p. 1162, pi. o, 1899.
This, a very typical Australian form, with a very wide range from South
Australia to Queensland, and is found upon a number of different native
shrubs and trees in New South
Wales, such as Monotoca elliptica,
Eugenia smithi, Myrica ceri-
fera, &c., about the vicinity of
Sydney, and on the west upon
the desert cypress {Frenella
robusta). In Queensland it has
been recorded upon orchard
trees.
Though considered an Aus-
tralian coccid, it is rather
remarkable that it has been dis-
covered in India, infesting the
tea plant and forest trees.
The covering of the adult
female is remarkable for its
regular form, the central por-
tion or larval test "being regu-
larly surrounded with ridges of
brownish yellow resin, forming a
k
r 1
W 1^
f i,# ■ ^^'**~
[
1
w \
1 ■ '"^ "^
V \ • ;
■
^^H
Fig. IS.— Tachardia decorella.
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.
2t^
circular mass, which resembles a rock-melon flattened on the summit, from
one-sixth to one-eighth of an inch in diameter. When thickly encrusting
the bark of the stems or twigs they often run into each other, and the
shape may be altered, but they always have the same ribbed structure.
Maskell points out that this species might be easily mistaken for a Cerop-
lastes, from this regularity of form.
The enclosed adult female is dark red, of the usual globular form, with the
air or lac tubes, spine and ti]) of abdomen fringed with fine hairs.
614. Tachardiae decorella. Cat. Coccidse, p. 124.
Tachardia melalettcae, Maskell (Fig. 19).
Tram. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxiv, p. 54, 1891, and vol. xxv, p. 249, 1902.
This species was originally described by Maskell from Victoria, upoR
Melaleuca nncincta, and an undetermined species of Eucalypttis; was found
in South Australia upon M. fustulata and
Astera axillaris, while Fuller records it from
Swan River, West Australia. I have found this
insect upon the young twigs of Leptopermu7)i
jlavescens, at Liverpool, New South Wales, and
other places near Sydney ; it evidently has a
wide range over Australia. Thev produce a
quantity of very dark red or purple resinous
matter, which may be scattered about on the
branchlets in some globular lumps, or running
together through the quantity of female coccids,
working upon the twig, forming irregular masses.
On the outside of these lumps may often be
noticed small quantities of white cottony fibre.
Maskell says that the adult female is much
larger than the previous species, and that the
cephalic region is covered with little patches
of subcylindrical tubes, from which the white
cottony fibre is produced.
621.
p. 125.
Tachardia melalencae. Cat. Coccidae,
Fig. 19.— rocAordia melakveae.
30 , ; SCIENCE BULLETIIS, No. 19.
SUB-FAMILY VU.—Monophlebinae.
Tlie females of this group in several genera are active, and move about
almost up to the last stage of their development, when they deposit their
eggs and die ; others are more stationary after they commence to secrete
cottony matter. Some are naked, others covered with a cottony, floury or
waxy secretion, some producing large quantities, form a mass of matted
filaments behind the female, under which the eggs are laid, and the larvae
hatched out. They are popularly known as mealy bugs, and several belonging
to the genus Icerya are very serious pests.
The adult female shows a distinct segmentation with the antennpe, con-
sisting of from ten to eleven joints, and the well-developed legs are the same
in the three pairs. The anogenital ring without hairs, and the tubercules
simple. The males are handsome little two- winged creatures, with large
facetted eyes and no ocelli. The antenna? long, clothed with fine long hairs,
and the tip of the abdomen often ornamented with woolly or glassy filaments.
The active larva? have long legs, and antenna,' covered with fine hairs. About
sixteen species included in four genera ; most of the species are peculiar to
Australia. .
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID.E ") OF AUSTRALIA. 31
Genus LV. Monophlebus, Burmeister.
Handbook of Entoiiiulogy, vol. ii, p. 80, 1835.
Westwood, Arcana Entomologica, vol. i, p. 22, 1841.
Signoret, Annals Soc. Enf. France (5), p. 363, 1875.
A frreat deal of doubt seems to exist in the minds of all desciibers of tlic
mealy bugs as to h(>\v this genus can be defined, and the latest writer, Cockerell.
has contributed a paper to the " Entomologist "" (vol. xxxv, p. 311', 1902),
in which he seems to leave the matter in still greater confusion.
The generic name Moti.ophIehu.s was used by Leach without defining it,
and until Burmeister used it in his handbook it was only a name. Westwood
then created a number of new species from the males only, but figured them
in fine coloured plates. While some writers classify the species on the joints
in the antennae of the females, others define them by the anal appendages
of the males.
Mono}Mehus ^crairjordi , Maskell {¥v: . 20).
Trans. Royal Society, South Austrnlia, pp. 101-108, 1888.
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxiii, pp. 28 and 48, 1891 ; p. 243, 1892;
p. 102, 1893.
Froggatt, Agricultural Gazette, N.S.W., vol. xvii, 1906, p. 770; and
Australian fnsects, 1907, p. 383, figs. 173-174.
This fine mealy l)ug has a very wide range along the coast from New South
Wales to Perth, West Australia; the adult female usually solitary, resting
on the trunk or branch of one of the small white stemmed gums, sometimes
slightly hidden under the shelter of a bit of dried bark : at other times quite
imcovered (m the smooth stem. The adult female is of a general light brick-
red tint, with dark reddish-brown legs and barred antenna^ ; two longitudinal
stripes of dull puri)le extend down the whole length of the dorsal surface,
ami also show on the under-surface. She is broadly oval, convex on the dorsal
siirface, which is regularly segmented. Length, three-quarters of an inch,
arid broad in proportion.
Tlu^ male is not unlike that of Iccrya jvirchasi.
, 22. Drosirlia crci'rfordi. Cat. Coccida?, p. 19.
Monophlebus fu.'icu.^, Maskell.
Trans. New Zeaiand Institute, vol. xxv. p. 224, pi. xviii, figs. 1-4, 1892.
Cockerell, The Entomologist, vol. xxv, p. 233, 1902, and p. 319.
The adult female of this species is brown, elongated, distinctly segmented.
Length about one-fifth of an inch. The antennae short, thick, seven-jointed,
third longest, rest subeoual. Cockerell forms a new genus for this species,
52 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
because the adult female has only seven joints on the antennae, but at the
same time he notes that members of the genus Monophlehus have eleven,
nine, and seven joints. Further on he says that until the males of the diiierent
species are known they cannot be classified, and yet the male of M. fuscus
is unknown. This small mealy bug was sent from New South ^Vales by Prof.
Koebele, found upon Eucalyptus.
25. Mo)M])lilebulus fuscus. Cat. Coccidae, p. 19.
Motw-phlehus illigeri, Westwood.
Arcana Entomologica, vol. i, p. 22, pi. 6, f. 4, 1841.
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Entom. France (5), vol. v, p. 365, 1875.
Cockerell, The Entomologist, vol. xxxv, p. 319, 1902.
The male only of this species was described from Tasmania, and we have
no record of a Monophlehus from Tasmania since. The rediscovery of this
species would be very interesting.
The male of the usual typical form is figured with numerous short lateral
-abdominal processes.
6. Moikophlebus illigeri. Cat. Coccidse, p. 16.
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA. 33
Fig. 20.— Mealy Bugs.
1. Monophlebiis crawfordi (Female). 2. Monopltlebm crawfordi (Female— showing Woolly Secretion).
3. CMipappus australe (Male). 4. CalUpappm aiistrale (Adult Female). 5. CaUipappus
anstrale (Female— after Egg-laying). 6. Icenja purchasi ("Cottony Cushion Scale").
t »9121— B
34
SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Genus LVI. Palaeococcus, Cockerell.
Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxvi, p. 36, 1894.
Entomologist, vol. xxxv, p. 233, 1902.
This genus includes species that were previously described in other different
genera such as Icerya and Mo^ophlehus.
Cockerell defines it as follows : " Female soft, convex, without an ovisac;
genital aperture large, considerably anterior to the end of the body ; antennse
with from nine to eleven joints. Male without caudal fleshy appendages."
Palaeococcus aiistralis, Maskell (Fig. 21).
Icerya rosae var. Australis, Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxvi, p. 101
1893, and vol. xxviii, p. 406, 1896.
Icerya australis, Cockerell, Check List, p. 323, 1896.
Palaecoccus rosae var. Australis, Froggatt, Agric. Gazette, N.S.W., vol. xvii, p.
• 773, 1906.
This mealy bug was found upon Hahea gihhosa, growing in National Park,
near Sydney, in 1893, when I then considered it a rare species, but I have
since found it not uncommon on this shrub in the same locality.
Fig. 21. — Palaencoccux australis.
The adult female is subglobular, convex on the upper surface, and measures
about one-fifth of an inch ; colour rich brown to black, with a row of yellow
spots on the margin, with another row of spots midway, so that they appear
to be two spots on each segment. The white cottony secretion forms a thin
pad beneath the coccid, a regular fringe round the dark coloured body, and
some scattered particles over it, but no true ovisac. The larvse are of the
cottony cushion scale type, red and flattish, with six-jointed antennse, and the
insects are attached to the main branchlets.
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.
35
When Maskell described this mealy bug he considered it a variety of Riley
and Howard's Icerya rosae, described from Florida, U.S.A., upon quite a
number of trees and shrubs besides the rose, but Cockerell raised it to the
rank of a distinct species.
30. PalaeocoGcus australis. Cat. Coccidae, p. 21.
Palaeococcus nudatus, Maskell (Fig. 22).
Icerya nudata. Trans. New Zealand Institute, xxviii, p. 405.
This mealy bug was found by OllifE in the gardens about Sydney, upon
the roots of cosmos, verbena, and other plants, and when sending the speci-
mens to Maskell he stated " that the insects were said to be doing very
considerable injury."
Pig. 22.— Palaeococcus nudatut.
I have never found this mealy bug as a pest in the Sydney gardens, but
found it thickly infesting the foliage of a patch of red clover growing at our
experiment farm at Wollongbar, near Lismore, though it did not seem to be
doing any noticeable damage to the crop.
The adult female is yellowish red on the front half, with abdominal portion
darker red, but the whole surface is so thickly powdered over with mealy
secretion that it appears to be snow white; it is a swollen convex insect
36 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Witt a distinct lateral ridge dividing the upper half from the ventral portion.
It measures about one-fifth of an inch in length, and one-seventh of an inch
in height.
27. Palaeococcus nudatus. Cat. Coccidae, p. 32.
Pdlaeococcus dymocki, n.sp.
This fine species was collected by Miss M. Dymock upon the basal stems
above the roots of a small undetermined shrubby plant at Spring Valley
(near Hughenden, North Queensland).
Adult female light biscuit brown or buff coloured, very lightly covered
with mealy secretion, chiefly on the margins and under-surface ; broadly
convex, rounded on dorsal surface, narrowest in front, very glightly ribbed,
broadly rounded behind. Under-surface of head and thorax corrugated,
the abdominal portion flattened and slightly flanged on the'margin. Length,
one quarter of an inch. Antennae black fringed, with fine hairs, composed
of eight segments, first three fusiform, fourth and fifth rounded, sixth and
seventh smaller and constricted on either side, eighth as long as the three
last combined, elongate, and sometimes appearing to be composed of two
fusiformed segments. Legs black, long, with fine spines along the inner
margin of femora and tibiae, digitules fine hairs, tarsus long and curved.
Epidermis covered with .scattered short hairs and minute orifices.
Larvae red, clothed with long fine hairs, forming a fringe of three on either
side of the anal segment, all over the body and on either side of the antennae.
Lightly covered with white meal, probably from the secretion on the under-
side of the mother. Antennae, eyes, mentum and legs black ; antennae very
long, composed of six segrtients, the last as long as the previous three, swollen
and round at the extremity.
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID.E ") OF AUSTRALIA. 37
Genus LVII. leery a^ Signoret.
Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. v, p. 390, 1875.
Comstock, Beport Dep. Agr. U.S., 1880, p. 547.
Maskell, Goccidae of New Zealand, 1887, p. 104.
The members of this genus are well known mealy bugs, on account of the
widespread damage one species {Icerya purchasi) did in the American orange
orchards.
The adult females have long, eleven- jointed antennae, the whole or part of
the insect clothed with fine mealy secretion or cotton, stationary, with or
without an ovisac ; segments of abdomen hardly defined. Rostrum and
mentum present. Adult males with remarkable dilated antennae, without
tassels on the abdomen.
Icerya aegyptiacae, Douglas.
(Crossotosoma.) Entomologists'' MontMy Magazine, vol. xxvi, p. 79, 1890, and Kew
Bulletin, No. 41, 1890.
Riley and Howard, Insect Life, vol. ii, p. 256, ; vol. iii, pp. 97-105, and 423 ;
vol. vii, pp. 51-271.
Newstead, Ent. Monthly Magazine, vol. xxix, p. 167, 1893, and vol. xxxiii, p. 60,
1894.
Maskell, Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 99, 1893.
The discovery of this coccid in several different parts of the world within
a few years makes it very doubtful where it originally came from, though it
was first found in Egypt (where it was a serious pest in the gardens of Cairo
and Alexandria), and has since been called the " Egyptian Icerya." It was
found in North America, Madras, India, Ceylon, and Australia ; in the latter
country by me, upon a small native plant, Goodenia ovata, at Penshurst,
near Sydney.
The adult female measures a quarter of an inch, and is more flattened,
resting on the leaf, with the cottony filaments not forming a fluted mass
behind the anal portion, as in Icerya pur chasi, but spreading round the margins
in curved and curled strands.
48. Icerya cp,gyptiaca. Cat. Coccidse, p. 24.
Icerya Tcoehelei, Maskell.
Entomologists' MontMy Magazine, vol. xxviii, p. 184, 1892.
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xv, p. 245, pi. xviii, figs. 5-11, 1892.
This species was sent by Prof. Koebele, who found odd specimens upon
Leptospermum laevigatum, both near Sydney, New South Wales, and Brisbane,
Queensland.
I have them in the same manner on the same shrub about Sydney, but it is,
comparatively speaking, a rare species.
t 99121— C
38 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
It has the same fluted cotton on the hind portion of the body as /. purchasi,
but difiers in being smaller; " of a bright red colour, but covered with dots
and patches of cottony meal, which are often so thick as to hide the body
and make the insect appear to the naked eye quite white. Length of insect
one-tenth of an inch. The dorsal pencil, the ten-jointed antennae and the
very small ovisac of the adult female " (Maskell). One of the most notice-
able and constant characters is a distinct yellow tint in the cotton behind
which, formed like that of I. purchasi, makes the adult female considerably
longer than Maskell defines it.
53. Icerya koehelei. Cat. Coccidse, p. 24.
leery a hyperici, Froggatt (Fig. 23).
Agric. Gazette, N.S.W., vol. xxx, p. 472, 1919.
The young female is of a reddish yellow colour, clothed on the dorsal
surface with a pale yellow flocculent secretion, forming flufiy patches round
the outer margin and irregular tufts all over the back, interspersed with fine
scattered hairs. From the anal extremity projects a hair-like filament of
white secretion, up to a quarter of an inch in length. Length of coccid, one
twenty-fourth of an inch.
The adult female varies in colour from a light orange yellow to a brick
red, but thickly covered with white mealy secretion, forming a marginal
fringe of woolly tufts and an irregular ridge of similar matter down the
centre of the back. Antennae and legs black. Length, slightly over one-
sixth of an inch.
In general form this species is broadly oval, rounded on the dorsal surface,
with a well-defined marginal fold running round from the insertion of the
fore legs to the anal segment, ventral surface flattened. Both the dorsal and
ventral surfaces are clothed with fine scattered hairs, longest on the sides
and anal segment. The cephalic and thoracic segments are irregularly
wrinkled, with the first eight abdominal segments uniform in size, the anal
one rounded to the apex. The antennae are composed of ten joints, basal
ones broad, but of uniform length to the tenth, which is longest, oval «,nd
rounded to the extremity. Legs well developed, coxia short, thickened near
the apex ; femora rather short and thick set ; tibia small, slender, curved
and furnished with a strong curved tarsal claw.
These coccids are very active, crawling all over the lower portions of the
twigs and roots. The species comes near Icerya nudata, Maskell, but the
structure of the mealy secretion of the female, the long single anal filament
of the young larvae, and the hairs round the margins seem constant and
distinct.
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCID^ ") OF AUSTRALIA.
^'^■^^•~^'*® St. John's Wart Coccid (Icerya hyperici, n.sp.)
flIamen\Ts°r'pmirtih?f*'**Q*'?'^- , "■ ^^^^(flrst stage). The length of the anal
niament IS remarkable. 3. Larva (second stage). Woolly secretion removed.
4. Coccid, coated with woolly secretion. 5. Coccid, enlarged to show
hairs and spinnerets. 6. Section of derm, magnified to
show structure.
40 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Icerya parchasi, Maskell.
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xi, p. 221, 1878, and reference in 1884-6-7.
Comstock, U.S. Dep. Agriculture, 1880, p. 47.
This fine mealy bug has been described and figured so often that it hardly
needs much notice. It was described by Maskell from specimens destroying
a hedge near Auckland, New Zealand, from where it spread all over the
orchards, and did an immense amount of damage; introduced into Cali-
fornia, it there became one of the most serious pests that the citrus growers
had to fight.
It is probably a native of Australia, where it is found upon wattles, and
sometimes in the gardens ; infests roses and creepers ; occasionally it finds
its way on to orange trees, but cannot be considered a citrus pest in Australia.
In Mrs. Fernald's catalogue there are about sixty references to this insect,
and it is now found in South Africa, California, Florida, Fiji, Hawaii, Mexico,
Portugal, and Trinidad.
The adult female coccid is dull red, with antennae and legs black; head
and thoracic portion flattened like a shield, the upper surface of the abdomen
covered with a thick coat of white wool, which forms a rounded mass,
extending beyond the tip of the abdomen, the whole of this wool regularly
corrugated with parallel ridges, from which it takes its popular name of the
Cottony Cushion, or Fluted Scale.
The male is a delicate two-winged creature of a general orange red tint,
with smoky wings, and the abdomen forked at the tip, and tufted with long
filaments.
59. Icerya purchasi. Cat. Coccidse, p. 25.
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 41
Genus LVIII. Callipappus, Guerin.
Revieu de Zoologique, 1849, p. 129.
Signoret, Annal. Soc. Entotn. France (5), vol. v, p. 347, 1875.
These mealy bugs are peculiar to Australia ; six species have been des-
cribed, one of which, however, is only a final dried form of another species.
The females are elongate, somewhat flattened creatures, irregularly corru-
gated, and wrinkled upon the dorsal surface, the head and thorax somewhat
angular on the sides, with long thickened antennae formed of short, well-
defined joints tapering to the extremities; the legs long, with thickened
thighs, and the tarsal claw sharp and curved inwards, so that they can cling
well to the hard surface of the bark. The under-surface forming two cavities
under the abdomen to cover the eggs.
The males with transparent tinted wings, with thickened costal margin,
short, thickset bodies, with a tuft of filaments like spun glass, often much
longer than the whole of the insect.
The males can often be taken flying about in the sunlight in search of
the female, the latter resting on a stump or branch a short distance above
the ground. From their bright red tints and beautiful tails they are popu-
larly called " Bird of Paradise flies."
The adult female, after she has deposited her eggs, often remains fixed to
the bark of the tree trunk, on which she is resting, with the under-surface of
the body attached to the bark (as if gummed), and the sharp tarsal claws
fixed in the bark. The body swollen out hard and rigid, quite unlike the
earlier normal form.
Callipappus australis, Maskell.
Coelostoma australis. Pro. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., p. 280, 1890, fig.
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 242, 1892; vol. xxvii, p. 69, 1894.
The adult female coccid is of a uniform dull blue-black tint, covered with
scattered white flakes, and short cottony secretion at the tip of the abdomen.
Elongate, rounded at the extremities, slightly convex on the dorsal surface,
distinctly segmented. Length up to one inch. Antennae eleven-jointed,
equal in length, lightly clothed with hairs.
The male is a very beautiful little dull red creature with bluish wings,
purple to red at the base, with the nervures red, with the tip of the abdomen
furnished with a tuft of beautiful filaments like spun glass, forming a fan-
shaped tail, so that it is a remarkable looking little creature flying round in
the sun in search of the resting female.
This coccid is common in New South Wales and Queensland.
79. Callipappus australis. Cat. Coccidae, p. 31.
42 SCIENCE BULLETIN, No. 19.
Callipap'pus farinosus, Fuller.
Journal of the Bureau Agriculture, West Australia, vol. iv. No. 17, 1897, p. 1346.
Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 437, 1899.
This was described from specimens found under the dead bark on a sheoak
(Casuarina). Length, one inch, of a general claret brown colour, viewed
from above, elongate, ovate, clothed with fine mealy flakes, with ten-jointed
antennae, the thoracic segments marked with transverse red bands.
A second species, described by Fuller, under the name of C. hufo, on a
number of difierent trees, is only the final, or moribund stage, of either
C. farithosa or C. tvestivoodi. I have often taken them attached to the bark
by the ventral surface, just as they are figured in " Australian Insects."
81. Callipappus farinosus. Cat. Coccidse, p. 31.
Callipappus immanis, Maskell.
Coelostoma immane. Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxvi, p. 49, 1891 ; vol. xxv,
p. 241, p. 214, 1892; and vol. xxvii, p. 69, 1894.
Tepper, Trans. Royal Society, South Australia, vol. xxiii, p. 278, 1899.
This species comes from Central Australia, where it was taken upon Acacia
aneura. Maskell described the female as varying from reddish brown to
almost black, and from one-third to an inch in length. Tepper obtained a
fine series from Port Augusta, South Australia, some of which measured one
and a half inches in length, and were dusted all over with white meal-like dust.
The males have the typical blue black bodies and rose-coloured wings.
82. Callipappus immanis. Cat. Coccidae, p. 31.
Callipappus ruhiginostis , Maskell.
Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. xxv, p. 242,1892.
It is found in Victoria and South Australia on the leaves of the honeysuckle
{Banksia integrifolia). Maskell describes it as a dark reddish-brown mealy
bug, covered with short slender filaments, giving it a rusty tint. The body
is irregularly wrinkled, with a ridge running round the outer margin.
83. Callipappus ruhiginosus. Cat. Coccidae, p. 32.
Callipappus loestwoodi, Guerin.
Revieu Zoologique, xii, p. 129, 1841.
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vol. v, p. 375, 1875.
Fuller, Journal Bureau of Agriculture, W.A., vol. iv. No. 17, p. 1346, 1897.
„ Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 437, 1899.
This typical species of the genus was described by Guerin upon eucalypts
from West Australia. Redescribed by Signoret in 1875, and recorded as
common about Perth, West Australia, by Fuller, who says : " Adult females
purple, flattish; secreting long glassy filaments. Length, one inch."
Guerin, who probably described his type from dead, dried specimens, says the
female is about half an inch in length, brownish black, covered all over with
a fine silky, yellow pubescence. Males, which Mr. Lea sent me, are of the
usual reddish colour, with the antennae very long and slender, and the
abdominal tail of silken glassy filaments, very long and brush-like.
84. Callipappus westwoodi. Cat. Coccidae, p. 32.
SCALE INSECTS (" COCCIDiE ") OF AUSTRALIA. 43
Genus LIX. Newsteadla, Green.
Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, vol. xxxviii, 1902, p. 284.
This genus was created by Green when examining material sent to him
by Mr. French from Victoria ; while identifying the specimens as the European
coccid OrtJieziafloccosa,h.e said that this species differed from all other members
of the genus, the tibio-tarsal articulation being absent in all the legs, and the
terminal joint of the antennae apparently composed of two fused joints,
forming a scape-like termination, the antennee thus consisting of seven joints
instead of eight, and also having the basal joint of the antennae very long.
Newsteadia Jloccosa, De Geer.
Coccus floccosus, Mem. Ins., vii, p. 604, 1778.
,, Douglas, Ent. Monthly Magazine, xvii, pp. 174-204, 1881 : and
„ Trans. Ent. Soc, London, p. 447, 1881, and p. 300, Pro. ix, 1881.
This is a European mealy bug that has been described under several different
names. In 1901 Mr. French sent Mr. Green some coccids found " on some
wet timber at the 300-feet level, in a mine in Gippsland, Victoria." On
examination, Green found this coccid was the well-known European mealy
bug, Orthezia jloccosa. It is doubtful if it is a native of Australia, and has
been introduced into the mine in some accidental manner.
It is a typical species of a genus, the members of which in general appear-
ance all resemble each other. The adult females being partly or wholly
covered with plates of secretion, and furnished with antennae of eight or nine
joints, usually the latter. It is usually found among grass and moss in
England.
108. Newsteadia Jloccosa. Cat. Coccidae, p. 39.
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