BIOLOGY

LIBRARY
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EXCHANGE
JAN 30 1914

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES

ON THE TOPOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION OF SOME

LOCALITIES VISITED BY THE EXCURSION IN DENMARK

ARRANGED FOR THE MEMBERS OF L' ASSOCIATION

INTERNATIONALE DES BOTANISTES

JUNE 22nd— JULY 3rd 1913.

EDITED

BY THE

! DANSK BOTANISK FORENING.

DANSK BOTANISK FORENINGS FORLAG
K0BENHAVN 1913

PRIS 75 0RE

B/OLOGY
UBRARY

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES

ON THE TOPOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION OF SOME LOCALITIES

VISITED BY THE EXCURSION IN DENMARK ARRANGED FOR

THE MEMBERS OF L'ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE DBS

BOTANISTES, JUNE 22nd-JULY 3rd 1913.

EDITED BY THE

DANSK BOTANISK FORENING.

A Geological Sketch of Denmark.

Denmark is a young country. It is true that in the island of Born-
holm, Archean rocks and Cambro-silurian as well as Rhsetico-liassic
formations occur, but in the rest of Denmark the Senonian and Danian
stages of the Cretaceous system are the oldest known. A deposit of
chalk, hundreds of metres thick, supports the younger formations. It
lies directly under the drift in the most northern Jutland and in the
south-eastern parts of the Danish islands. In the rest of Denmark it
is overlaid by Danian limestones and Tertiary deposits.

As a rule these formations occur in regular, horizontal layers, but
in the cliffs of M0en the strata of the chalk are inclined and bent, and
numerous displacements along vertical and sloping thrust-planes have
destroyed the original connection of the strata and pushed chalk-layers
over the till and interglacial sand which originally formed the sur-
face of the country, so that these young deposits now occur between
the chalk-layers; at such places brooks have eroded picturesque gullies.

The Danish Tertiary deposits are clays and sands. In the vicinity
of Silkeborg especially, Miocene brown-coal is found. Where this is
closely examined, it is found to pass downwards into a freshwater-mud,
which proves that the brown-coal is autochtone and deposited in
freshwater-basins. Plant-fossils are found both in the brown-coal and
in the mud. The brown-coal hitherto found has not been valuable
enough to pay exploitation.

Of the deposits of the Ice Age till (boulder <*lay) is the most impor-
tant. It forms the greater part of the surface of the islands and of the

546276

land on the eastern side of Jutland, south of the Limfjord, as well as
in the western part of this arm of the sea, and as a result these
districts are the most fertile of Denmark. Moraine sand forms a great
part of the surface in a girdle extending from the frontier through
Central Jutland into Vendsyssel, as well as in the » hill-islands « in West
Jutland.

Stratified gravel, sand and clay frequently occur over, under and
between the moraine deposits. In the islands and in East Jutland they
are most commonly covered by till, in West Jutland they not only
form the large » heath-plains «, but also appear in the surface of the
hills. By far the greater part of these stratified deposits are glacio-
fluvial, some of them however are shown by the fossils to be
interglacial. In some localities in East Jutland (e. g. Fredericia, and
Hollerup near Langaa) interglacial lacustrine marls and diatom-earth
are found, while interglacial peat-bogs occur at Brorup, Hollund S0-
gaard, and other places between Kolding and Esbjerg. The interglacial
flora is characterized by Picea excelsa, Carpinus betulus, Brascnia pur-
purea, and Dulichium spathaceum.

The »heath-plain« (Hedeslette), the »hill-land« (Bakkeland), and
the »moraine-flat« (Morseneflade) are the principal topographical types
of the drift.

The heath-plains are leached plains with very gentle, regular
slopes. They consist of glacio-fluvial sands with almost horizontal
stratification. The sand, whose original content of lime has been
washed out, is infertile. Extensive areas are not yet cultivated. As
a rule the vegetation consists only of heath. The heath-plains are
interrupted by more hilly areas, known as »hill-islands« (Bakkeoer) .

The hill-land is characterized by hillocks and hollows, or by
interrupted ridges and troughs, following one another in rapid succes-
sion, and without apparent order in their arrangement. The hollows
and troughs are often without outlets, and frequently contain marshes,
ponds and lakes. Deep gullies and valleys often occur. In the hill-
land the drift varies, till and moraine-sand predominate, but stratified
sand and clay may be frequently still of great importance. Then the
hills may be heath-clad and form hill-heaths. The most beautiful
scenery in Denmark is found in the hill-land, and here grow our woods
of native trees.

The moraine-flats may be nearly level, but are more usually gently
undulating, the undulations involving long gentle sags and swells,
They consist chiefly of till, for which reason the soil is fertile and
normally without woods.

These three types of scenery occur in all lowlands which have
been covered by an ice-sheet. Their development is caused by phe-
nomena connected With the margin of the ice. The longer this has

5o km

Fig. 1. Jutland peninsula with lines indicating different stages of ice-margins.

remained stationary in any position the more typical the landscapes
have become.

The heath-plains are composed of material washed out from the
ice by the streams issuing from it and deposited in advance of the
ice-margin.

The hill-land was accumulated at the edge of the ice and beneath its
margin. Here the ice on melting, gradually left the greater part of the
material brought along with it, and here the deposition has been most
irregular.

The moraine-flats have been developed beneath the ice at some
distance from the edge where it still was so thick and moved so quickly
that it eroded the underlayer. The moraine-flats form broad depres-
sions surrounded by hill-land. The greater part of the material de-
posited in the hill-land has been removed from the depression, and the
relatively thin deposits of till and sand which now compose the sur-
face of the flats have doubtless been formed at the final melting of
the ice.

The dotted lines of the map Fig. 1 show in Jutland where
the margin of the ice remained stationary in position for a considerable
period of time. The thick dotted line indicates (after N. V. Ussing)
that position of the ice-edge which has been of greatest importance
for the development of the topographical features of Jutland. The
dotted areas west of the line are the large heath-plains surrounding
the hill-islands, which are parts of hill-land, formed during the pre-
ceding ice-invasion, and whose topography has become less rough dur-
ing the long epoch which has elapsed since its formation. East of
the thick dotted line is the hill-land of the last ice-invasion with its
still fresh and rough topography.

The present water-courses of Denmark are rather insignificant, but
in the Ice Age this was not the case. Then the precipitation of exten-
sive regions in Scandinavia was brought to Denmark in the shape of
ice, and the melting ice formed large rivers which eroded con-
siderable river-valleys in the countries in front of the ice-edge (e. g.
the valley of Gudenaa). To another valley-type belong the » fjord-
valleys «. In contradistinction to common valleys they are distinguished
by having an uneven bottom and forming a series of connected depres-
sions. Where the sea penetrates into a fjord-valley a long narrow and
deep fjord is formed; where the sea has no admittance we often have
elongated lakes where the bottom may be lower than the surface of
the sea. The longest of these fjord-valleys reach from the Kattegat
to the eastern border of the heath-plains (sketched on Fig. l). Such
a valley extends from Aarhus through Brabrandse (so = lake), Ravns0.
Knudse, Julse, Borres0, and Thorso in the environs of Silkeborg. These
valleys have been used by the subglacial streams, which deposited the
heath-plains, when they escaped from the ice. Some of the lakes in
these valleys owe their existence to ice-masses, which were detached
from the main ice during its recession and buried by deposits of sand;
later when the buried ice-blocks melted, depressions marking their site
resulted and these are now filled by lakes.

After the ice had finally left Denmark, the climate continued to
be cold for a long time. Considerable masses of clay were washed
down into the depressions and formed deposits of Dryas-clay. The
interesting discovery has been made, that a climatic oscillation took
place during the formation of the Dryas-clay. In several localities a

5

layer of mud or marl (the Aller0d-Iayer) occurs in the Dryas-clay, and
the plant-remains of this layer indicate, that during its deposition the
climate was not so severe as when the clay-layers with arctic plant-
remains under it and over it were deposited. Quite recently also
»muld« from this warmer period has been found, preserved in
a singular manner. In the till on the surface of which the mould
was formed, masses of ice, detached during the recession of the land-
ice, were buried. They held out for a long time but finally they melted
and left hollows in which the Aller0d-muld was buried under clay,
mud and peat.

Finally, the definite increase of temperature set in, and the peat-
layers now formed show us that an immigration of trees took place,
first the birch and the aspen, then the fir followed by the oak and
lastly the beech.

Victor Madsen.

1. Fane.

Fan0 is a sand island formed from marine sand by the help of the
wind; probaby it rests on formations of the Ice Age, but this it not known.

Fane is increasing in extent both at the northern end and towards
the east. The former may result perhaps from a slight raising of the
land. From the accompanying map (Fig. 2), it "will be seen that in
the northern part 2 — 3 parallel ridges of dunes have been thrown up,
the one outside the other, and in the N. W. there is a very extensive
sandy plane, where new ridges are forming.

I. Sand-dune- formation. On the stretch between the hotels
and the north-west end, signs of the incipient formation of dunes will
be noticed. Here we find first:

1. Triticetum Tritici juncei; which collects the drifting sand (size
of the sand grains 0,5— >0,25 mm).

2. Ely mm arenarius and Psamma arenaria migrate on to these low
dunes, and build them somewhat higher and form the high dunes.
Elymus only occurs nearer the sea, Psamma goes far inland. On the
sand between and on the outermost dunes we may find halophytes,
such as Cakile maritima, Honckenya peploides, Glaux maritima, Sali-
cornia herbacea, Atriplex hastata. On the naked sand between the
dunes small whitish sand heaps will be noticed; these are formed by
tunnel-forming insects (species of Bledius and others) .

3. Between the tufts of the two high dune-grasses there is some
slight protection from the wind and here there is also room for
a number of other, especially more delicate plants, such as the following:
Airopsis prcecox, Campanula rotundifolia, Carex arenaria, Cerastium se-
midecandrum, C. tetrandrum, Corynephorus canescens, Draba verna,

Eryngium maritimum, Festuca rubra var. arenaria, Galium verum, Hy-
pochoeris radicata, Jasione montana, Koeleria glauca var. intermedia,.
Lathyrus maritimus, Leontodon auctumnalis, Lotus corniculatus, Phleum
arenarium, Sedum acre, Senecio vulgaris var. radiatus, Sonchus arven-
sis, Teesdalea nudicaulis, Thymus serpyllum, Vicia cracca, Viola tricolor
var. arenaria., V. canina etc.

The cover gradually becomes denser; more species are added, among
others Silene Otites and several dwarf and creeping shrubs, such as

Fig. 2. Northern part of Fano.

Empetrum, Calluna, Salix repens, Sarothamnus scoparius, Rosa pimpi-
nellifolia etc.

Af A 1 g a e there are very few, but in dark humous sand we may find
Zygogonium ericetorum, Gloeocapsa and others. Of lichens we find
a number, especially Cladoniae (C. aculeata, rangiferina, foliacea subsp.
alcicornis, uncialis) and Cornicularia aculeata. Of mosses there are
many, especially Tortula ruralis, Dicranum scoparium, Grimmia eri-
coides et var. canescens, Hypnum albicans, H. lutescens, H. triquetrumr
H. squarrosum etc.

In the hollows between the dunes and on the excavations caused
by the wind we may find a number of fungi (Psilocybe ammophila,
Inocybe maritima, Marasmius oreades and others, often in quantities) ,

The »whiteand mobile dunes« are nearest the sea, where
the wind brings new sand and often breaks down the already existing
dunes. These change, when the vegetation grows more close to »gray
dunes«, with at first a thin, low, often unstable cover, which however
is able at last to suppress the high dune grasses.

Several of the herbs, mosses, lichens and dwarf shrubs mentioned
may appear in the form of associations, and the dunes farther
from the sea especially will often show a Calluna association.

II. Sandy salt-marsh. On the north end of the island we have
quite a different development. Here we find large sandy flats (sestuaria,
Vades, Watten), covered by water at flood-tide, dry at ebb-tide.

1. Outermost is the sand -worm flat with thousands of
characteristic excrement-heaps formed by Arenicola marina. This worm
lives in an U-shaped tube with branches up to 40 cm. long. The en-
trance is marked by a funnel-like depression caused by the worm in-
gesting the sand and water; the excrements are expelled at the other
opening.

2. In more shallow water live millions of a small crab, Corophium
grossipes, which also dwells in U-shaped but much smaller tubes; at
flood-tide it emerges from the tube and we can notice its tracks on the
sand. Many birds seek their food here on these Corophium-sestuaria.

3. Belt of the sand algae. This begins in the Corophium-
aesluarium but it extends farther inland on bottom which is
not so often covered by the water. It is especially Myxophyceae
of many genera, which bind together the sand grains and form a layer
ca. 2 — 5 mm. thick about 1 mm. below the surface. Many diatoms and
some few other algae also live here intermingled and the tunnel-digging
insects occur on the drier of these flats.

4. An association of iron sulphide bacteria forms black
masses of sand under the surface.

Nearer the land the flowering plants begin.

5. Farthest out is a Salicornia association (Salicornietum S.
herbaceae), very open with blue-green alga bottom.

6. The Glyceria association (G 1 y c e r i e t u m Gl. maritimae).
These species collect the drifting sand and form low tufts.

7. Successively many other plants immigrate, first especially h a-
lophytes and others, such as Cakile maritima, Cochlearia danica,
Agrostis alba f. stolonifera, Juncus Gerardi, Glaux maritima, Cochlearia
danica, Atriplex hastata, A. patula, Festuca rubra, Honckenya peploides,
Matricaria inodora, Odontites rubra, Plantago coronopus, P. maritima,
Potentilla anserina, Sagina maritima, Spergularia salina, Triglochin mari-
timiim, Trifolium fragiferum, T. repens etc. Gradually a low, dense
carpet is formed on the sand, a marshy meadow, a s an d marsh,
which affords nourishment to the cows of Nordby.

Many other, less halophilous plants, herbs and mosses, occur on

-8

the older and higher ground, the earlier associations being gradually
crowded out. Many ant heaps. Transitional stages in the formations
occur.

III. Clayey salt-marsh. In the bay east and south of Nordby
and at other places on the east coast of Fane, where the water is calmer
than on the west and north coasts, the fine particles of clay and or-
ganic material suspended in the water fall to the bottom, the plants
lending great assistance. Here extensive banks of mud are formed.
»mud flats« (»S 1 i k - V a d e r«) ; an excellent example is seen south of
Nordby.

1. Zostera association, Zosteretum Z. marinae. These soft
muddy flats are covered by large masses of narrow-leaved Zostera
marina. During flood-tide the long leaves entrap the mud. wThich is
further fixed by the blue-green algae. We also find Zostera minor,
Ruppia maritima and Zannichellia.

2. Salicornia association. Where the ground becomes
higher we find Salicornia herbacea, which continues the work of trap-
ping the mud during flood-tide. Among its erect, stiff plants live many
small snails (Hydrobia etc.) which cover the bottom with their excrements.

3. Where the ground is still higher we find G 1 y c e r i e t u m G.
maritime, forming a soft grassy turf, in which other flowering plants
appear further inland (Aster Tripolium, Atriplex hastata, Glaux mari-
tima, Glyceria distans, Juncus Gerardi, Plant ay o maritima, Sperfjularia
marina, Sp. salina, Triglochin maritimum, Limonium vuhjare).

4. On higher and drier ground we find: Armeria maritima, Arte-
misia maritima. Festuca rubra, Odontites rubra f. littoralis, Potentilla
anserina, Scirpus compressus, Sc. rufus etc.

In the stiff clay soil the flood-tide forms deep, often river-like chan-
nels. Characteristic of the marshy meadows are the many holes formed
in it.

By means of ditches the inhabitants strive to add to the land. In
these ditches we find the Zostera association in the middle, the Salicornia
association marginal and uppermost the Glyceria association.

5. Further west the ground becomes partially covered by drifting
sand. The vegetation is principally a Festuca-association,
Festucetum F. rubrae, with Armeria vulgaris and many similar species
correlated with the dry ground. Eug Warming

Dune -heaths. The land inside the sea-dunes of the west coasl
consists partly of old sand-ridges, partly of plains with remains of
travelling dunes. The broad, central part of the island is chiefly covered
by heath, but a beginning has now been made there writh the planting
of pines (Pinus montana); on the north and south ends of the island,
that is nearest the villages, the plains and hollows between the ridges

9

have long been under cultivation or, in the lowest hollows where there
is most moisture, used as hay fields.

Some few low spots are filled with water the whole year round
and here we find a hydrophyte formation (Potamogeton
natans, P. gramineus, Myriophylfum, Littorella, Lobelia, Helosciadium.
inundation, Scirpus fluitans and others) and a h e 1 o p h y t e for-
mation (chiefly of Cyperaceae: Carex rostrata, C. Goodenoughii,
Scirpus Tabernaemontani, Heleocharis palustris and H. multicaulis;
further Polygonum amphibium, Glyceria fluitans, Phragmites, Meny-
anthes, Comarum and others) ; then follows as a rule a Cyperaceae
mars h. Many hollows are filled with water for a longer or
shorter period of the year, but not in the summer time; according to
the amount of moisture in the bottom of these they are usually covered
either by Littorella uniflora, Heleocharis multicaulis or Aira setacea..
Ascending from the dampest spots up to the top of the low dunes, we
pass a series of different plant associations, whose position is deter-
mined by the requirements of the species composing them with regard
to the moisture in the soil; as examples may be mentioned, progressing
from moister to drier ground:

1. Littorella association.

2. Heleocharis multicaulis association, with Ra-
nunculus flammula etc.

3. Aira setacea association.

4. Lower Cyperaceae marsh, especially of Rhynchospora
fusca.

5. Higher Cyperaceae marsh, especially of Carex
Goodenoughii and C. panicea; further Drosera, Potentilla erecta,
Lycopodium inundatum.

6. Erica heather moor: Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris,
Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Genista anglica, Salix
repens, Potentilla erecta etc.; here also the rare Carex trinervis.

7. Calluna heath; in addition to Calluna, Salix repens, Em-
petrum, Genista anglica, Vaccinium uliginosum etc., often also
many herbs, most often Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Antho-
xanthum.

8. Thymus-Salix- P s a m m a dunes.

9. P s a m m a dunes.

Naturally, the extension of the various associations varies according
to the greater or less slope of the ground, and where the bottom of
the hollows is relatively high, one or several of the associations
mentioned are of course wanting; further, we find differences in the
associations or belts, which are due in part at least to the influence
of man, for example harvesting of hay and heather (Ling) or to
grazing: the chamaephytes (small shrubs) of both the Erica and Cal-

10

luna heaths have been entirely or partially suppressed for the sake of
the herbs, especially the grasses, which - - as dominant species —
replace each other from below upwards as follows: Nardus — Sieglingia
- Anthoxanthum. These gradually take the place of the heath, as can
be seen especially at the north end of the island.

C. Raunkicer.

2. Borris Heath.

The Borris heath or moor, about 1875 hectares in area,
was bought by the Government in 1903 and since then has remained as a
preserve, except that the army uses it as a shooting range in August-
September. Geologically it forms a portion of the Sender-
O m m e plain and is, like our other uncultivated heath plains,
a marked Calluna heath. The level surface, sloping slightly towards
the west, is broken only by a few systems of ridges running in the
main from N. W. to S. E., inland sand-ridges, which have been piled
up on the old heath bottom. Their maximum height is 20 — 25 m.
Several of these ridges have been subjected to a very obvious wind
erosion and have assumed different forms according to the condition of
stability they were in at the beginning of the erosion (examples B 1 ae s-
bjerg, Muldsande, Fillingsand). The lowest parts of the
area are filled with moss-bogs or peat already formed, on which the
dominant moor plants, Calluna, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale and others
have long made themselves at home. As typical examples of such peat
bogs may be mentioned the Langedam bog in the southern part of
the moor and K i 1 d e s 0 bog in its northern part; both of these bogs
have an open lakelet in the centre, which is becoming covered over on
the lee side, towards the west, whilst on the windward side, east, there
are steep banks of peat, which are constantly being eroded by the
waves. The Kildeso bog is formed from a lake, which owed its origin
to a sand-ridge (Sobjergene) damming up the outlet of the water.
Examination of the peat of this bog down to a depth of l1^ m. revealed
no other tree remains except thin twigs of Populus tremula, which may
be considered to have come from an aspen scrub, some few remains
of which are still to be found at one place on the side of the ridge.
The remains of oak and birch, so frequent in the bogs of West Jut-
land, especially on the »Bakke0er«, are here quite wanting and this
fact, together with the other, that the surface of the heath is here
barren and unsuitable for tree vegetation, makes it probable, that the
area has never borne woods like most of the other Jutland heaths,
but ever since the Ice Age has had the character of a heather moor.

The above explanation has already indicated, what formations
we may expect to find.

11

A. Ghamaephyte and Nanophanerophyte

formations.

The Chamaephytes of the heather moor (especially Calluna, Em-
petrum nigrum, Erica tetralix, Arctostaphylos uva ursi) are dominant,
wherever there is not too much moisture, chiefly on the mineral soil, but
also on the sufficiently dry peaty ground; on the latter we often find
in addition theVnanophanerophyte Myrica gale. According to the dom-
inant plant we may divide these formations into:

1. Callunetum.

2. Ericetum.

3. Myricetum.

4. Mixed formations (especially Calluna-Empetrum heath and Cal-
luna-Erica heath).

The Callunetum. According to the dampness, richness and exposure
of the ground Calluna assumes a very variable appearance, and the
age of the crop makes a distinct mark on the physiognomy. Young
communities form fresh, brownish green carpets, but soon the growth
becomes open and tufty, Cladonia rangiferina is added, and thus,
by contrast also with the pale colour of the old heather stems, the brown
colour of the older Callunetum becomes spotted with gray. Often
we meet with a very open Calluna heath on high and dry ground with
sparsely covered sandy spots between the tufts of heather; the first immi-
grants on sand of this kind (formed by heath fires, gusts of wind or
the like) are Polytrichum pilosum and lichens (Lecidea decolorans,
Cetraria islandica); later we often find a community of grasses and
sedges (Aira flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Weingartneria, Carex are-
naria and others) with their accompanying plants and gradually the
Chamaephytes arrive. At many places, especially on the slopes of the
ridges, the Callunetum assumes a yellowish-green tone from abundance
of mixed and even predominating Empetrum; at places Arctostaphylos
forms dense mats, or Vaccinium vitis idaea becomes very prominent.
As commoner, accompanying plants in the dry Callunetum, in ad-
dition ta the above species, we may note: Antennaria dioeca, Arnica
montana, Carex panicea, C. pilulifera, Genista anglica, Hieracium pilo-
sella, H. umbellatum, Juncus squarrosus, Nardus stricta, Potentilla erecta,
Salix repens, Solidago virga aurea; Stereodon ericetorum often forms
a dense mat under the heather tufts. — On stony, wind-swept ground
the heather shows only a paltry growth, whereas on peaty soil it forms
very strong tufts up to a metre high; on such spots it is mixed
with Erica tetralix, and other accompanying plants are also added to
some extent: Andromeda polifolia, Eriophorum polystachyum, E. vagi-
natum, Juncus species, Molinia coerulea, Myrica gale, Oxycoccus pa-
luster, Scirpus caespitosus; Leucobryum and other mosses, especially
tufts of Sphagnum.

12

The Ericetum is found on somewhat wetter ground than the Cal-
luna formation; here also as a rule much Cladonia rangiferina is
intermixed. The accompanying plants just mentioned from the Calluna
moor are also characteristic of the Erica moor. The Erica formation
finely developed is often seen as a belt round about the bogs, the
ground nearest these becoming too wet for Calluna. Mixed forma-
tions of Calluna and Erica are frequent. The heather moor, where
Erica is dominant, is often visible from a long distance owing to the
fact, that Scirpus caespitosus, Juncus species, Eriophorum, Molinia and

s

Fig. 3. Sketch of Borris heath indicating the boundaries of different fires.
The arrow shows the orientation. In the north-west corner is seen a part of
Skjern Aa (river) near the village of Borris. The boundaries of the different
fires are indicated 'by different dotted lines, as also by figures; e. g. 69, 90,
93 etc. indicate the areas burnt in the years 1869, 1890, 1893; 90 — 93 thus
means the area burnt in the years 1890 and 1893 and so on.

other glumiflores are present in quantities and give the formation a
light, yellowish green appearance.

The Myricetum. At some places on the moor Myrica gale forms
dense, metre-high communities on old peaty soil; it may appear almost
pure or mixed with Erica, Calluna and the species mentioned above
under the Calluna moor.

B. The formation of mosses and h e 1 o,p h y t e s
connected with the water.

Scattered about the heather moor, especially towards the south, we
find basins which contain water, at any rate for a great part of the year.

13

As a rule mosses cover the bottom of the basin, various species
according to the height of the water; usually there is a covering of
helophytic phanerogams, which may be very numerous at the margin:
Agrostis canina, Carex Gpodenoughii, Eriophorum polystachyum, E. vagi-
natum, Juncus fiUformis, J . lamprocarpus, J. supinus, Rhyncospora alba,
Scirpus paluster and others. According to the degree of moisture these
moss-bogs may be divided into: Sphagnum bogs (Sph. cuspidatum and
others), Dicranum bogs (D. scoparium var.), Grimmia bogs (G. hypno-
ides), Polytrichum bogs (P. gracile) and Stereodon bogs (S. imponens).

In the Sphagnum bogs there may be water over the moss till late
in the summer, whilst the other bogs very soon dry up and are only
filled with water in the autumn and winter. A zonal formation of the
mosses mentioned — according to the degree of moisture -- can be
observed in the same bog. A later stage of the development may be
represented by the Agrostis canina bog and the sedge bog, these plants »
dominating over the mosses.

Common to all the formations on the heather moor is their acido-
philous character; under the heath, the moor and the true peat the
sand can be differentiated into Blysand and Al (moorpan) owing to the
action of reducing humous acids.

Lastly, it may be mentioned, that four large heath fires have de-'
vastated the heather moor during the past generation (1869, 1890, 1893,
1909) ; the first and third of these occurred in the dry season of the year
and burnt away most of the heath plants, wThilst the second and last
arose in spring and did less damage. After the last fire the vegetation
is still young; the areas burnt in 1869 and 1890 have regained their
original appearance, whereas the piece burnt in 1893 still shows a
physiognomic difference from the old heath.

C. Ferdinandsen.

3. Knude Moor.

Knude moor just to the south of Herning is a heather moor,
that is, a moor covered with Ericaceae (Erica tetralix and Calluna vul-
garis etc.). The actual heather moor is about 380 hectares in area,
changing gradually over to grass moor in the east; a small part has
been converted into permanent pasture and meadow, but the greater
part is still uncultivated, though showing many signs of cultural in-
roads, in the shape of numerous fires, making of roads, peat digging,
ditches etc. The greatest depth of the peat so far measured is 4,7 m;

The. vegetation of the still almost undisturbed moor consists of
an Erica-Scirpus-caespitosus-Sphagnum formation. The surface is

14

uneven, with elevations built up on Cyperaceae tufts and cushions of
Sphagnum and now covered by Ericaceae, and level parts formed of
Sphagnum cuspidatum, S. recurvum and S. tenellum and partially
grown over by Eriophorum polystachyum, Rhynchospora alba, Drosera
rotundifolia and D. intermedia. Above the level-forming Sphagna come
the cushion-forming: Sphagnum papillosum, S. medium and 5. rubellum.
In and on the cushions we also find: Cephalozia catenulata, Odonto-
schisma Sphagni, Gymnocybe palustris, Stereodon cupressiformis, S.
ericetorum, Hypnum parietinum, Polytrichum commune and others.
Of the Cyperaceae Scirpus caespitosus is more abundant than Eriopho-
rum vaginatum, whilst the reverse seems to be the case in other Da-
nish high moors. The tufts are strongest on the boundary of the
Sphagnum levels. Among the Ericaceae Erica tetralix on undrained
ground is commoner than Calluna, which is more dominant on drier
parts. Myrica is more richly represented than is usual in Danish
high moors; it reaches its strongest development on the elevations,
but likewise wanders out onto the Sphagnum levels. Other accom-
panying plants are Oxycoccus palustris, Andromeda, Empetrum, Salix
repens and Betula pubescens. — On certain parts of the moor, which
have probably been less affected by fires, Cladonia rangiferina has a
considerable extension; it occurs especially along with cushion-forming
Sphagna and on the elevations; here also we have Cladonia uncialis,
C. cocci/era, C. Floerkeana, C. pyxidata and Lecidea uliginosa.

Cultivation is carried out mainly on the uncut moor. Since 1891
the Danish Heath Society (»Det danske Hedeselskab«) has exper-
imentally reclaimed about 36 hectares and planted about 6 hectares.
The method followed has been as a rule the following. The rough moor
is drained down to !2/3 m. under the original surface. Then the vegeta-
tion is burnt off, the largest tufts are cut down and all is levelled with the
earth from the ditches. After adding 500 to 100 kg. of CaO per hec-
tare the ground is left untouched for 1 to 2 years. Then a layer of
clay 2.5 — 4 cm. thick is added; further about 36 m.3 of clay marl
(with 25 to 30 °/0 chalk) per hectare, which corresponds to 6000 to
9000 kg. CaO per hectare. After this (in the month of March) 180 kg.
of 37 °/0 potash manure and 270 kg. phosphates are added, for meadow;
smaller quantities for pasture. Nitrogenous manure is not given, but
in general a compost is added. The moor is afterwards worked over
with the disc-harrow (March — April) and a light harrow. In the
same year experiments are made with Leguminosae (peas and vetches).
The disc-harrow is used again in the autumn and following spring.
This year the ground is laid out for grass: grass and clover seed (with
a covering crop, in general oats) covered with the light harrow; the
ground is rolled. First and second two years grass crops taken; then
grazing. - - By means of this comparatively simple and cheap method
of cultivation good meadow and pasture lands have been successfully

15

obtained. In course of time, however, most of the ground has to be
relaid, but one field, used partly as meadow partly as pasture, has
been kept as such for 18 years. - - At the same time various exper-
iments have been made with regard to quantities of chalk, amount of
drainage, seed mixtures etc.

A. Mentz.

4. Silkeborg.

Forest and heath vegetation. As we pass further from
the level country - - the large fluvio-glacial sand plains between the
low hills (»Bakke0er«) of earlier Ice Age formations --on the way
from Herning to Silkeborg, the landscape gradually becomes very uneven;
we enter the large glacial marginal formations of the last Ice Period and
pass by the great line of the marginal moraine marked on the map (Fig. l) .
In the hollows between the heath-covered hills we see low oak shrubs,
remnants of the old oak woods, which have gone under in the struggle
with man and his domestic animals, poor soil, west wind and the
heather. We can picture the course of development. After the ice
melted away, the land became covered with a vegetation of low arctic
plants (Dry as and others), remains of which are found in the clay
layer under the moors and in the deepest layer of these; immigrants
gradually arrived, the aspen (Populus tremula) and birch, but the true
vegetation of the high wood first began with the pine woods (Pinus
silvestris), which were afterwards supplanted by the oak wood, and this
again on the good soil of the land had to give way to the beech wood. In
West Jutland it is the heather, which in many places has replaced the
oak. The pine as a primitive, wild-growing tree has disappeared from
Denmark; all the conifer-woods now found here have been planted in the
course of the last 150 years, or are descendants from planted trees. The
principal Pinus species planted in WTest Jutland is the mountain pine
(Pinus montana), which flourishes well in the windy climate; other
plantations are found of the Scotch pine (P. silvestris), but mainly of the
common spruce (Picea excelsa). The conifers are spreading especially
in Jutland at the expense partly of the beech wood, partly of the heath.

In the environs of Silkejborg the ground-soil is for the most part
sand. The sandy hills are covered by beech woods, the wetter hollows
chiefly by birch and alder (Alnus glutinosa); woods of conifers also

occur- Eug. W.

In Denmark, which in climatological-pedological respects belongs
to the humid regions of Europe, decomposition of the ordinary remains
of organic life on high-lying areas (i. e. away from water-basins and

16

their developments: swamp and marsh J generally leads to two main
forms, »muld« (e. p. vegetable mould of Darwin; ordinary humus of
Warming) and »mor< (raw-humus of German terminology). -

The »muld« consists of the mineral soil in intimate mixture with
remains of plants and animals in various degrees of decomposition. The
mixing is carried on in nature mainly by animals, especially earth-
worms; the organic refuse is quickly decomposed (in the woods as a
rule in the course of a year) and the decomposition is effected in the
main by bacteria, which by energetic cellulose fermentation and sub-
division of the peptones rapidly brings the constituents of the refuse
masses into circulation again. The nitrogenous compounds are decom-
posed under development of nitric acid. The natural muld soil has
an aggregate structure (gritty) and is loosely deposited, thus easily
permeable by air and water; it reacts neutral, faintly acid or faintly,
alkaline.

The phanerogamic vegetation on this soil varies according to the
warmth and light of the place, the moisture of the soil and its content
of assimilable mineral constituents. -

The »mor« is formed, when the organic refuse is deposited above
the mineral soil, the fusion element, the animal life, being absent or
where the latter for various reasons is unable to carry out the mixing
of the soil and the humous elements w^ith sufficient energy. In the de-
composition, humifaction, of the organic refuse above the soil the fungi
play a prominent part, the bacteria a more subordinate role. Decom-
position proceeds slowly, extending often over many decades, and dur-
ing this process large quantities of humic acids are developed (colloi-
dal, non-absorptive saturated humous materials). On being carried
down into the mineral soil by rain-wrater, these » acids « withdraw from
the soil's uppermost layer a large quantity of decomposable mineral
compounds (iron salts, hydrate of lime, alkalies and alkaline earths
etc.), which by absorption are deposited at some distance from the
surface and may give rise to the formation of hardpan. Even the
uppermost humus layer has a variable texture, from loose deposits to
a very dense and firm felt; the washed-out layer under the »mor« is
always dense with very small porous capacity (» pore-volume «) ; the
hardpan layer may vary from being earthy and loose to a perfectly
dense and firm, stone-hard layer, impermeable by plant roots, with
its single grains fused together by colloidal, humic compounds. The
soil always reacts strongly acid. The bacterial vegetation in the »mor«-
covered areas decreases greatly, both in number of individuals and in
virulence, with little ability to decompose cellulose and to split up the
peptones, and with reduction or cessation of the development of nitric
acid. In further stages of the »mor« -formation and especially in the
old deposits of this kind a considerable portion of the nitrogenous
compounds of the organic refuse is fast bound in resistant fungal my-

17

celia and is thus withdrawn from circulation, so that this soil in its most
distinctive forms — especially the old heaths - - only has a small
quantity of ammonium compounds, produced mainly by physico-chemi-
cal means, to provide the phanerogamic vegetation with nitrogen, and
absolutely no nitric acid. The main character of typical »mor« as
a soil for vegetation is therefore its poverty in assimilable nitrogen,
and its vegetation consists, so far as known, exclusively or almost ex-
clusively of plant-species with endotrophic mycorhiza, which possibly
through their assimilation of the nitrogen of the air become independent
of; the assimilable nitrogenous compounds of the soil (Ericaceae etc.,
Frank, Stahl).

The phanerogamic vegetation varies on this soil not only accord-
ing to the same ecological factors as on the »muld«-soil, but likewise
according to the different biological conditions set up by the thallophytic
vegetation in the ground. -

»Muld« and »mor« are therefore the results of biological processes
in variable combination with climatic and pedological conditions and
the plant-associations react in the most marked degree to the different
stages of this interplay.

The old heaths in many parts are probably derived from the
post-glacial period of the tundras and where the soil content has
been most extracted, the »mor« -formation is carried to its greatest
extent with quite dominant fungal decomposition of the vegetative refuse,
with extreme reduction of the bacteria life and with almost complete
cessation of nitric acid production. It supports especially the Calluna-,
Empetrum- and Lichen-heaths. The young heath is better; it was covered
for the most part by the glacial mass of the last glacial period and
its soil as a rule has suffered less from the extraction of its content.
This young heath has in great part been covered by woods, which have
been supplanted by Calluna-heaths with Hypnum, Hylocomium and
others. Here some formation of nitric acid still occurs in the soil and
the vegetation is richer, more varied and with frequent occurrence of
remnants of woods.

But even the dominant plant-association of phanerogams has a
considerable influence on whether the locality is readily exposed to
»mor« -formation or not. The Ericaceae (not only Calluna but the
whole series of related forms) affords ready access to malignant »mor«
with accompanying transformation of the underlying soil. Of forest
trees the beech, especially on dry and sandy soil, is disposed to further
the formation of »mor«, and the beech association growing on muld
soil can during its development change the nature of the soil in such
a way, that after a generation »mor« is formed, which hinders the
regenerating of even the mother association, a renewal by natural means
being excluded. Less exposed to »mor« -formation are Picea- and Abies-

18

associations, least or not at all various deciduous trees with light foliage,
as the oak.

Silkcborg forest is an example of this. The old Jutlandic oak
woods on the sandy soil, which have still been able to withstand the
immigration of the heath, have preserved the »muld« character of the
soil for thousands of years, for they must be considered as Ihe direct
descendants of the extensive oak woods of the post-glacial period before
the late immigration of the beech. Even in historical times the woods
at Silkeborg have been such oak woods with »muld« soil, into which the
beech has immigrated. Now the oak has quite disappeared as a plant-
association from these woods, and the chief natural tree is the beech,
which in its ascendency has transformed the »muld« of the soil to
»mor« and thus produced a condition in the humous ground, which
will probably no longer permit the beech wood to renew itself without
the interference of man.

P. E. Muller.

5. Viemose Forest.

The ground is stiff, usually brownish clay with good mould. The
wood consists mostly of oaks (Quercus robur), with a few beeches.
It is an old cultivated forest, where the oak has long been grown to
obtain timber for shipbuilding and other use. The undergrowth is
formed of hazel (Corylus avellana), often changed with beech or elm
(Ulmus glabra), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) and ash. Other shrubs
are: Crataegus, Cornus sanguinea, Evonymus europaeus, Rhamnus fran-
gula, Viburnum Opulus, Rubus idaeus. On the good ground in the light
and sheltered surroundings we have a luxuriant vegetation of woodland
plants, such as Anemone, Primula, Stellaria nemorum, Actaea, Arum,
Paris, Galeobdolon, Asperula, various Orchidacece and others.

Eug. W.

6. Meens Klint (Chalk cliffs of M0en).

The Island of M 0 e n lies to the south of Sealand, separated by
sounds from the latter and the island of Falster; its other coasts are
washed by the open Baltic. The easternmost part of Moen, »H0je
M0en«, forms a part by itself, separated from the remainder by a north
to south depression, Borre Mose and Bussemark Mose, both
of which lie only 1 — 3 m. above the sea. This depression now consists

19

of wet meadows and fens with two overgrown small lakes and is of
very recent origin; in a late post-glacial period it was a sound and
H0je M0en was thus an independent island. Even in historic times the
village B o r r e, which at the present day lies in the centre of the de-
pression 3 km. from the sea, was a port engaged mainly in the herring
fishery (in the year 1510 the Lubeck fleet sailed up through the narrow
entrance and sacked the town; but in 1648 the complaint was made,
that only small boats could reach up to it).

From the Borre depression the land ascends somewhat steeply to-
wards the east in more or less irregular waves and forms the compact
mass, which is called H 0 j e M 0 e n. The highest points (A b o r r e-
b j e r g, 143 m., and Kongsbjerg, 135 m.) lie close out towards the
sea yet inside the coast line, which for almost the whole way consists
of steep chalk cliffs broken by deep clefts; the highest points of the
cliffs are Dronningestolen (Queen's Seat) and H y 1 1 e d a 1 s
Klint (128 m.). The chalk layers in the cliffs are inclined, bent and
much displaced (see Introduction), which is believed to have occurred
at a very late period; but the surface of the land is covered by moraine
clay and sand, the chalk not appearing on the surface except on the
side of the cliffs. The deep clefts (» falls «) are filled with moraine
deposits, which are also found here and there in streaks and pockets
enclosed between the chalk layers. In the clefts and many other places
we find freshwater springs and small water-courses, surrounded by a
very luxuriant spring-water vegetation. At the base of the cliffs there
is a narrow foot (beach), which, however, when the water is high and
the wind blowing onshore, is often entirely covered by the waves
which break against the cliff. --At many places on H0je M0en there
are numerous larger or smaller landslip hollows (pot holes, Jord-
faldshuller), which are supposed to have been formed by the gradual
dissolving of certain parts inside the chalk by the constant infiltration of
water; in this way holes or caves were formed and the roof at last has
fallen in. The characteristic hollows thus formed have fairly steep
sides and a flat bottom and may be filled with water, the earlier existing
outlet having become stopped up. In any case one of the three small
lakes on H0je M0en (Hunoso, Aborres0 and G j e d d e s 0) has
been formed in this way, namely, Aborre Lake. - - The greater part of
H0je M0en is cultivated land, but considerable stretches of wood also
occur (ca. 700 hectares) as well as a certain amount of pasture grassland
and the coastal tract.

The plant associations on the chalk cliffs of M0en, which
are of special interest to botanists, are mainly the following (considering
here only the associations which occur (a) above on the surface of the
cliffs, (b) on the slopes and (c) on the base at the coast) :

1. The cliff wood (Klinteskoven) is a pure beech wood
(Fagus association), in which Fagus silvatica is practically the only

20

timber tree. A few Prunus airium, P. 'padus, Sorbus aucuparia, Ulmus
glabra (U. montana) and Acer campestre occur singly1.

The beech wood is not quite like the ordinary Danish beech woods
on muld soil; the rich content of chalk in the ground causing some dif-
ference in the flora. We find, namely, various calciphilous species,
which are elsewhere rare in Denmark, such asEpipactis atrorubens(on\y
on Moen's cliff), Ccphalanthera rubra, C. grandiflora, Orchis purpureus,
O. ustulatus, Anacamptis pyramidalis (the last three mainly outside the
true beech wood) ; also, more frequently and more abundantly than
elsewhere, Coralliorhiza, Monotropa, Neottia, Hieracium caesium, Carex
digifata, Primula acaulis (P. vulgaris) and Dentaria bulbifera, which
however are less bound to the chalk than the previous group.

The specific richness of the Orchidaceae on M0en's cliff is sur-
prisingly great; to those already mentioned should be added Epipogon
(extremely rare), Epipactis varians, E. latifolia, Orchis masculus and
on marshes and meadows 0. latifolius, 0. incarnatus, O. maculatus, Epi-
pactis palustris (Aborre Lake), Listera ovata and Herminium monorchis.

Large parts of the wetter and more shaded beech wood are covered
by a monotonous Equisetum vegetation. Equisetetum E.
.hiemalis, whose sombre colour and constant rustling of the siliceous
stems in the wind have a peculiar, gloomy effect.

Apart from these peculiarities the ground vegetation has
the usual character plants: Anemone nemorosa, A. ranunculoides, Oxalis
acetosella, Mercurialis perennis, Asperula odorata, Lathyrus vernus, He-
patica triloba, Pulmonaria obscura etc. as the spring aspect; gras-
ses (Dactylis glomerata subsp. lobata, Bromus asper (B. Benekeni), B.
ramosus, Festuca gigantea, Melica, Poa nemoralis, M ilium effusum) and
various herbs (Sanicula europaea, Circaea lutetiana, C. alpina, Pirola
minor, Ramischia secunda and others) as the summer aspect.

The flora of the cliff wood is also famous for the frequently occur-
ring hybrids between P. acaulis, P. elatior and P. officinalis (P. veris),
and for several interesting mosses (Hypnum molluscum, Tham-
nium alopecurum, Encalypta streptocarpa, Neckera crispa) and
lichens (Solorina saccata, Collema auriculatum, Leptogium scotinum,
Pannaria nigra, Peltigera aphthosa, Sticta herbacea and Urceolaria
scruposa] .

2. The scrub on the edge and sides of the cliffs forms a
variegated plant association or rather several associations; the two most
characteristic shrubs are Hippophaes rhamnoides (mostly on the edge
of the cliff) and Juniperus communis (on the slopes); but we also find

1 As planted trees at a number of places occur oaks (Quercus robur).
Further, coniferous woods occur planted at several places (e. g. Aborre-
bjerg) mostly of Picea excelsa, more rarely Pinus austriaca and P. strobus.

21

in the scrub dwarfed beeches, Crataegus oxyacantha, Prunus spi-
nosa, Lonicera xylosteum (usually on somewhat wet soil), Cornus san-
guinea, Acer campestre, Salix species of the Caprea group (wet), as
also, special (in Denmark) to M0en's cliff Ribes alpinum and subspon-
taneous Daphne Laureola. The ground and the stems of the shrubs are
sometimes covered by Hedera.

The ground vegetation growing among these shrubs varies to a great
extent according to the denseness of the scrub and the wetness and
consistency of the soil; the Jumper scrub is the driest and most open,
the Salix scrub is wet and the Hippophaes scrub is very dense. The
species of the ground vegetation come partly from the ground flora
of the beech wood, partly from the associations of the open slopes and
lastly, in the wet clefts, from the association of the spring-water ve-
getation.

The last, the vegetation of the » falls «, is something
characteristic of M;0en and merits more detailed mention. The beech
wood or the scrub like to follow the water trickling down through
the clefts (»falls«), the trees and shrubs covering the slopes whilst the
bottom of the clefts is filled by the hygrophilous vegetation. This is
remarkable for its enormous luxuriance, consisting of a large number
of hygrophilous species, of which only the characteristic species of a
single »fall« (Maglevandsfald) need be mentioned: Equisetum
maximum (in great quantities), E. fluviatile, E. arvense f. nemorosa and
the hybrid between the last two, Carex paniculata, Scrophularia alata,
Juncus glaucus, Cardamine impatiens and Festuca silvatica. The water
in the course of the »fall« is cold and rich in chalk; in another fall
(Jydeleje t) calcareous tuff can even be seen under formation. The
fauna in the water-courses of both these »'falls« is characteristic, con-
taining alpine Phryganeae and the remarkable flat-worm Planaria alpina,
which is otherwise not known from Denmark and is considered to be a
glacial relict.

3. The vegetation of the open slopes. The scrub
on the summit of the cliffs leads gradually with decreasing number of
shrubs to the open slopes. These harbour on the whole a species-rich plant
vegetation, varying greatly according to the nature of the soil, as the
latter may vary from pure sand to chalk-rich clay; on the whole the
sand is predominant and the vegetation has thus a distinct xerophilous
character. Among the more prominent species of perennial herbs oc-
curring in the summer aspect may be named; Silene nutans,
Astragalus glycyphyllus, Daucus.carota, Galium verum, Campanula per-
sicifolia, Scabiosa columbaria, Helichrysum arenarium, Artemisia cam-
pestris, Senecio Jacobaea, Centaurea scabiosa, Carlina vulgaris, Cirsium
acaule, Hieracium umbellatum, Calamintha acinos, Thymus chamaedrys,
Origanum vulgare, Rumex auriculatus, Briza media, Avena pratensis,

22

Festuca arumlinacea, Poa compressa, Cynosurus cristatus, Polygala
vulgaris, Fragaria vesca, Linum catharticum, Phleum Boehmeri, Helian-
themum chamcecistus, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium arvense, Filipendula
hexapetala. In spring a quantity of mainly annual species appear
on these slopes (a therophytic, spring a s p e c t) , e. g. species of
Myosotis, Erophila verna, Teesdalea, Stenophragma thalianum, Alsine
viscosa (only on M0en), Holosteum umbellatum, Cerastium semidecan-
drum, Aira praecox, A. caryophyllea, Saxifraga tridactylites, and in ad-
dition the perennial species Potentilla minor, Saxifraga graniilata, An-
thoxanthum, Arabis arenosa and others.

On the gradation from scrub to open slope we meet with plants
such as Lithospermum officinale, Orchis ustulatus, O. maculatus, O.
purpureus, Anacamptis, Picris hieracioides, Hypericum montanum, Tri-
folium pratense (in a specially hairy form), Botrychium Lunaria, Pla-
tanthera etc.

The large number of names, to which many others could be added,
show best what a variegated plant vegetation occurs both in the scrub
and on the open slopes. The ecology of these associations is still but
little known; it is to be hoped, that future investigations will lead to
a more ecological subdivision, for the present \ve must be content with
the purely physiognomical1.

4. The lithophilous vegetation on the chalk cliffs is
quite inconsiderable. The steep, bare surface of the cliffs is in general
naked and if any vegetation occurs, it is only insignificant algae (e. g.
Gongrosira Debaryanum, Stichococcus bacillaris, TrentepohHa aurea,
diatoms and a few Myxophyceae) and the small moss Seligeria calcarea.
Cracks and fissures are not formed in the comparatively soft chalk and
there is thus no place for higher plants (Chomophytes). Where such
occur on ledges and slopes, they are only small out-runners from the
vegetation of the wood, scrub or slope. Ledges and slopes occur mainly
in the lower part of the cliffs and at the foot, produced by the sliding
down of the chalk mould.

5. The narrow strand region (sand) ,- which lies off the foot
of the cliffs, is usually quite devoid of vegetation. Here and there
however, we find a few individuals of a poor sand -beach ve-
getation such as Cakile, Salsola kali, Atriplex littoralis, A. hastata
and more occasional guests, as Tussilago farfarus, Festuca arundinacea
etc. -

The number of species of vascular plants on H0je M0en is stated
to be 578 (Rostrup). -

Short notes on the vegetation of M0en are to be found inBotanisk

1 It has some resemblance to the chalk scrub and grassland associations of
South England (cf. Tansley, Types of British Vegetation, pp. 171 — 181).

23

T i d s s k r i f t, vols. 7, 11, 13, 19, 24 and 29; in C. P u g g a a r d, M0ens
Geologie, Copenhagen 1851 (by J o h. L a n g e) ; and in E u g. War-
ming, Dansk Plantevaekst, I. Strandvegetation, 1906, pp. 24 — 29. Hith-
erto, no fuller reports on the vegetation of this beautiful island have
appeared.

C. H. Ostenfeld.

Some Literature on the vegetation of the localities to be visited
in Jutland (Nos. 1 — 4) :

Baagee, J., og Ravn, F. Kolpin: Exkursionen til jydske S0er og Vand-

10b. -- Botan. Tidsskr., 20. 1896.

Dalgas, E.: Geografiske Billeder fra Heden. Kjebenhavn 1867 — 68.
Galloe, 0., og Jensen, C.: Plantevsexten paa Borris Hede. Botan. Tidsskr.,

27. 1906.
Mentz, A.: Studier over danske Hedeplanters 0kologi I og II. Botan.

Tidsskr., 27 (1906), 29 (1909).

- Studier over Likenvegetationen paa Heder. Ibid., 23. 1900.

- Trrek af Mosvegetationen paa jydske Heder. Ibid., 24. 1902.

- Studier over danske Mosers recente Vegetation. Ibid., 31. 1912.
Mtiller, P. E.: Studier over Skovjord. -- Tidsskr. for Skovbrug, 3 og 7.

1878, 1884.

- Studien iiber die natiirl. Humusformen. Berlin 1887.

- og Weis, F.: Studier over Skov- og Hedejord. III. Det forstl. For-
segsvsesen i Danmark III. 1913.

- og Helms, Johs.: Forseg med Anvendelse af Kunstg0dning til Gran-
kultur i midtjydsk Hedebund. Ibid.

Raunkicer, C.: Vesterhavets 0st- og Sydkysts Vegetation. Festskrift,

Borchs Kollegiums 200-Aars Jubilaeum. 1889.
Warming, Eug.: Botaniske Exkursioner I og II. Vidensk. Medd., Naturh.

Forening, K0benhavn 1890 — 1891.

- Exkursioner til Fan0 og Blaavand i 1893 og 1899. Botan. Tidsskr.
19 (1893) og 25 (1902).

- Bidrag til Vadernes, Sandenes og Marskens Naturhistorie. Under
Medarbejde af C. Wesenberg-Lund o. fl. -- K. Danske Vid. Selsk.
Skr. 7. R. II. 1904.

— Dansk Plantevaekst. I Strandvegetation. II Klitterne. K0benhavn
1906, 1907—1909.

— Fra det brsendte Himmelbjerg. — Botan. Tidsskr., 33 (1913).

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